title: Preschool psychopathology reported by parents in 23 societies: testing the seven-syndrome model of the child behavior checklist for ages 1.5-5.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the fit of a seven-syndrome model to ratings of preschoolers' problems by parents in very diverse societies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents of 19,106 children 18 to 71 months of age from 23 societies in Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and South America completed the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5). Confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the seven-syndrome model separately for each society.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary model fit index, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), indicated acceptable to good fit for each society. Although a six-syndrome model combining the Emotionally Reactive and Anxious/Depressed syndromes also fit the data for nine societies, it fit less well than the seven-syndrome model for seven of the nine societies. Other fit indices yielded less consistent results than the RMSEA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The seven-syndrome model provides one way to capture patterns of children's problems that are manifested in ratings by parents from many societies. Clinicians working with preschoolers from these societies can thus assess and describe parents' ratings of behavioral, emotional, and social problems in terms of the seven syndromes. The results illustrate possibilities for culture-general taxonomic constructs of preschool psychopathology. Problems not captured by the CBCL/1.5-5 may form additional syndromes, and other syndrome models may also fit the data.
authors.affiliation: Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA. Masha.Ivanova@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Masha Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Achenbach
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rescorla
authors.forename: Valerie S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Rebecca P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bilenberg
authors.forename: Gudrun
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authors.lastname: Bjarnadottir
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capron
authors.forename: Sarah S W
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: De Pauw
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Anca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrean
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doepfner
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duyme
authors.forename: Valsamma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.forename: Nese
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.forename: Elaheh Mohammad
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Esmaeili
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ezpeleta
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frigerio
authors.forename: Miguel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Halldor S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Gudmundsson
authors.forename: Suh-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.forename: Pranvera
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jetishi
authors.forename: Roma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jusiene
authors.forename: Young-Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Solvejg
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lecannelier
authors.forename: Patrick W L
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montirosso
authors.forename: Kyung Ja
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plueck
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pomalima
authors.forename: Mimoza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahini
authors.forename: Jaime R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Zynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Simsek
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sourander
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: Karla G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Bernardine S C
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Yen-Tzu
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zubrick
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D057189:Checklist; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013577:Syndrome