title: The epidemiological characteristics of the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Sarpang and Zhemgang districts of Bhutan.
abstract: This study was undertaken to compare the epidemiological characteristics of the 2007 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in two districts of Sarpang and Zhemgang in Bhutan. Zhemgang district recorded a significantly higher cumulative incidence in all species (26.9%) as well as for cattle (29.3%) compared to Sarpang (6.5% and 7.4%, respectively). The case fatality for cattle in Zhemgang (14.1%) was significantly higher than in Sarpang (3.3%). A total of 404 cattle and 73 pigs died of FMD in Zhemgang, whereas only 21 cattle died in Sarpang. Although all four species were affected in Sarpang, no sheep or goats were affected in Zhemgang. Spatiotemporal analyses showed the existence of four significant clusters, a primary one in Sarpang and three secondary clusters in Zhemgang. The virus belonged to the PanAsia strain of the Middle-East South-Asia topotype (O serotype), and the strain was closely related to the PanAsia strain that circulated in Bhutan during the 2003/2004 outbreaks. The severity of FMD infection in Zhemgang district could be attributed to low vaccination coverage (36.5% in 2006 when compared to 87.6% in Sarpang), inadequate biosecurity, poor nursing care of the sick animals and delayed reporting to the livestock centre. This study highlights the ability of the PanAsia strain of the O serotype to cause unprecedented morbidity and mortality, especially in a naïve population. The study also highlights the benefits of maintaining good herd immunity in the susceptible population, through adequate vaccination coverage, to minimize the severity of infection and limit the spread of disease from infected to non-infected herds.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan. kinduk2009@gmail.com
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dukpa
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001631:Bhutan / Q000453:epidemiology; D002417:Cattle; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D006041:Goats / Q000821:virology; D007109:Immunity; D015994:Incidence; D012703:Serotyping / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep / Q000821:virology; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary