title: Utility of real-time diagnosis using contact endoscopy for oral and lingual diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we prospectively investigated the diagnostic accuracy of CE findings in oral and lingual diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2004 and December 2009, CE was used to examine 66 patients with oral and lingual diseases at Hyogo College of Medicine Hospital. Blood vessel networks and superficial cell layers in the mucosal epithelium of normal and lesion sites were observed after staining with 1% methylene blue. Endoscopic diagnoses (CE diagnosis) were compared with subsequent definitive diagnoses based on pathological findings. The sensitivity and specificity for CE diagnosis were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On CE findings, SCC showed the characteristics of absent and tortuous blood vessels, heterogeneous distribution, and increased nucleus/cytoplasm (N/C) ratio. Leukoplakia showed no atypical cells, abundant cornified layers, or cytoplasm without nuclei. Lesions were pathologically classified into three groups: 46 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 10 leukoplakias, and 10 other benign lesions (n=66). In 4 patients with SCC, malignancy was underestimated by CE findings. The overall diagnostic rate of the CE was 93.9% (62/66 patients). The sensitivity and specificity of SCC were 0.913 (42/46 patients) and 1.0 (20/20 patients), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The usefulness of contact endoscopy (CE) as an in vivo real-time diagnostic instrument that can deliver results prior to pathological confirmation was suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan. nobuo@hyo-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saeki
authors.forename: Kenzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuzuki
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Negoro
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nin
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sagawa
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uwa
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mohri
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishigami
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakagami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000473:pathology; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019723:Endoscopes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008751:Methylene Blue