title: Percutaneous extraction of cardiac pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads with evolution mechanical dilator sheath: a single-centre experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The growing problem with endocardial lead infections and lead malfunctions has increased the interest in percutaneous lead removal technology. In this report, we present our initial experience in percutaneous lead extraction with a novel hand-powered sheath, the Evolution mechanical dilator sheath.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 13 months between June 2009 and July 2010, 41 leads in 23 patients were removed. All of the extracted leads were >12 months old, and indications for extraction were based on the recommendations of the Heart Rhythm Society. The leads were removed by using the Evolution mechanical dilator sheath (Cook Medical) with the rotational cutting force only, without laser or radiofrequency energy. Indications for lead removal included cardiac device infection in 7 (30.4%) cases, lead malfunction in the 15 (65.2%) cases, and lead displacement in the remaining 1 case (4.4%). In 14 (60.9%) cases, the extracted device was a pacemaker, and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) in 9 (39.1%) of them. Among 41 leads, 25 (60.9%) were right ventricular, 14 (34%) were atrial, and 2 (4.8%) were coronary sinus electrode. The median time from the preceding procedure was 74 months (25-180 months). Complete procedural success with Evolution system alone was achieved in 19 (82%) patients (35 leads). Four leads were completely removed with snaring and in two leads, partial success was achieved with a remaining ventricular tip smaller than 1.5 cm. Clinical success was 100%, and all of the patients discharged uneventfully without a major complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience confirms that the mechanical technique with Evolution system is an effective first-line method for chronically implanted pacemaker/ICD leads. Continued investigation is required to evaluate success and complication rates in comparison with other techniques.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06100, Sıhhıye, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oto
authors.forename: Kudret
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aytemir
authors.forename: Hikmet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yorgun
authors.forename: Uğur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Canpolat
authors.forename: Ergün Barış
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Giray
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kabakçı
authors.forename: Lale
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tokgözoğlu
authors.forename: Hilmi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Özkutlu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004868:Equipment Failure; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies