title: A novel mechanism for electrical currents inducing ventricular fibrillation: The three-fold way to fibrillation.
abstract: It has been long recognized that there are 2 methods for inducing VF (ventricular fibrillation) with electrical currents‥ These are: (1) delivering a high-charge shock into the cardiac T-wave, and (2) delivering lower level currents for 1-5 seconds. Present electrical safety standards are based on this understanding. We present new data showing a 3(rd) mechanism of inducing VF which involves the steps of delivering sufficient current to cause high-rate cardiac capture, causing cardiac output collapse, leading to ischemia, for sufficiently long duration, which then lowers the VFT (VF threshold) to the level of the current, which finally results in VF. This requires about 40% of the normal VF-induction current but requires a duration of minutes instead of seconds for the VF to be induced. Anesthetized and ventilated swine (n=6) had current delivered from a probe tip 10 mm from the epicardium sufficient to cause hypotensive capture but not directly induce VF within 5 s. After a median time of 90 s, VF was induced. This 3(rd) mechanism of VF induction should be studied further and considered for electrical safety standards and is relevant to long-duration TASER Electronic Control Device applications.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. kroll051@umn.edu
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.forename: Dorin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panescu
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: Dhanunjaya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lakkireddy
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000628:therapy*; D001698:Biomedical Engineering / Q000379:methods; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy