title: Strategies for elimination of cyanogens from cassava for reducing toxicity and improving food safety.
abstract: Toxicity of cassava arises due to the presence of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin which are hydrolysed by endogenous enzyme linamarase to acetonecyanohydrin (ACN) and cyanide (CN) which are toxic. Major research efforts to eliminate/reduce cyanoglucosides have focused on (i) development of acyanogenic cassava varieties by breeding; (ii) controlling its metabolism; and (iii) processing to remove cyanogens. The cyanoglucoside (CNG) content in cassava is genetically controlled and cultivars may be classified as low (<50 μg/g), medium (50-100 μg/g) and high CN (>100 μg CN eq./g) varieties. Molecular techniques for reducing tuber CNG have focused on development of transgenic plants with reduced expression of cyt P 450 in leaves, or increased expression of hydroxynitrilelyase in tuber. For immediate solution, CNG content can be reduced using several processing methods. Traditional methods used for processing include boiling, drying, parboiling and drying, baking, steaming, frying and preparation of flour. These processes result in CN losses ranging from 25% to 98%. The cyanogen level in the final product is influenced both by the tuber CNG and the method of processing. In order to achieve safe levels of 10 μg/g in cassava products, new methods of processing, especially for cassava containing more than 250 μg CN eq./g, remains a challenging problem.
authors.affiliation: Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram 695 017, Kerala, India. balanambisan@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Bala
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nambisan
mesh_terms: D003486:Cyanides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D005511:Food Handling; D059022:Food Safety; D005960:Glucosides / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D002365:Manihot / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003486:Cyanides; D005960:Glucosides; D009570:Nitriles; C011206:cyanogen; C021514:cyanogenic beta-glucosidase; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; C005091:linamarin; C001556:lotaustralin