title: Use of anticoagulant agents and risk of bleeding among patients admitted with myocardial infarction: a report from the NCDR ACTION Registry--GWTG (National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry--Get With the Guidelines).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate anticoagulant use patterns and bleeding risk in a contemporary population of patients with acute coronary syndrome.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current practice guidelines support the use of unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, bivalirudin, or fondaparinux in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Little is known about how these agents are selected in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2007 and June 2009, data were captured for 72,699 patients with NSTEMI and 48,943 patients with STEMI at 360 U.S. hospitals for the NCDR ACTION Registry-GWTG (National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry-Get With the Guidelines). Patients were categorized based on anticoagulant strategy selected during hospitalization and their CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of ACC/AHA [American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association] Guidelines) bleeding risk category.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least 1 anticoagulant was administered to 66,279 patients (91.2%) with NSTEMI and 46,149 patients (94.3%) with STEMI. Among STEMI patients, unfractionated heparin was most commonly used (66%), followed by bivalirudin (14%) and low molecular weight heparin (8%). In NSTEMI patients, unfractionated heparin was also the most commonly used anticoagulant (42%), followed by low molecular weight heparin (27%) and then bivalirudin (13%). There were significant differences in anticoagulant use by age, risk factors, concomitant medications, and invasive care. There was a 5-fold difference in the rate of bleeding between patients in the lowest and highest CRUSADE bleeding risk groups, which was consistently observed in most anticoagulant groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a wide variability in the use of anticoagulant regimens with significant differences according to baseline characteristics and concomitant therapies. Major bleeding is common, though a great degree of the variability in the rate of bleeding is largely based on differences in baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and invasive treatment strategies, rather than specific anticoagulant regimens.
authors.affiliation: TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Mitul B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kadakia
authors.forename: Nihar R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Karen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Anita Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Foody
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Wiviott
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Scirica
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000009:adverse effects; D006629:Hirudins / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000009:adverse effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; C074619:bivalirudin