title: Students' performance in phonological awareness, rapid naming, reading, and writing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  phonological awareness, rapid naming, reading and writing in students with learning difficulties of a municipal public school.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to characterize and compare the performance of students from public schools with and without learning difficulties in phonological awareness, rapid naming, reading and writing.
  
  
  METHODS
  participants were 60 students from the 2nd to the 4th grades of municipal public schools divided into 6 groups. Each group was composed by 10 students, being 3 groups of students without learning difficulties and 3 groups with students with learning difficulties. As testing procedure phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, oral reading and writing under dictation assessments were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the results highlighted the better performance of students with no learning difficulties. Students with learning difficulties presented a higher ratios considering time/speed in rapid naming tasks and, consequently, lower production in activities of phonological awareness and reading and writing, when compared to students without learning difficulties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  students with learning difficulties presented deficits when considering the relationship between naming and automatization skills, and among lexical access, visual discrimination, stimulus frequency use and competition in using less time for code naming, i.e. necessary for the phoneme-grapheme conversion process required in the reading and writing alphabetic system like the Portuguese language.
authors.affiliation: Fonoaudióloga, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Marília, SP, Brazil. sacap@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Simone Aparecida
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Capellini
authors.forename: Simone Cristina
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lanza
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009275:Names; D010700:Phonetics; D011930:Reaction Time; D011932:Reading; D012660:Semantics; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013334:Students / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014956:Writing / Q000592:standards*