title: Effects of Orthosiphon grandiflorus, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Phyllanthus amarus extracts on risk factors for urinary calcium oxalate stones in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the antilithic effect of Orthosiphon grandiflorus, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Phyllanthus amarus extracts on known risk factors for calcium oxalate stones in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  We divided 30 male Wistar rats into 5 equal groups. Controls were fed a standard diet and the remaining groups received a 3% glycolate diet for 4 weeks to induce hyperoxaluria. One glycolate fed group served as the untreated group and the others were given oral extracts of Orthosiphon grandiflorus, Hibiscus sabdariffa or Phyllanthus amarus at a dose of 3.5 mg daily. We collected 24-hour urine and blood samples. Kidneys were harvested for histological examination. We measured the renal tissue content of calcium and oxalate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Hibiscus sabdariffa group showed significantly decreased serum oxalate and glycolate, and higher oxalate urinary excretion. The Phyllanthus amarus group showed significantly increased urinary citrate vs the untreated group. Histological examination revealed less CaOx crystal deposition in the kidneys of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Phyllanthus amarus treated rats than in untreated rats. Those rats also had significantly lower renal tissue calcium content than untreated rats. All parameters in the Orthosiphon grandiflorus treated group were comparable to those in the untreated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hibiscus sabdariffa and Phyllanthus amarus decreased calcium crystal deposition in the kidneys. The antilithic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa may be related to decreased oxalate retention in the kidney and more excretion into urine while that of Phyllanthus amarus may depend on increased urinary citrate. In contrast, administering Orthosiphon grandiflorus had no antilithic effect.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Organ-Oriented Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Surachet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woottisin
authors.forename: Rayhan Zubair
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Chatchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yachantha
authors.forename: Pote
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sriboonlue
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis; D031584:Hibiscus; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D031342:Orthosiphon; D029803:Phyllanthus; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D002129:Calcium Oxalate