title: Driver acceptance of false alarms to simulated encroachment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated driver acceptance of alerts to left-turn encroachment incidents that do not produce a crash. If an event that produces a crash is the criterion for a "true" alert, all the alerts we studied are technically false alarms. Our aim was to inform the design of intersection-assist active safety systems.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The premise of this study is that it may be possible to overcome driver resistance to alerts that are false alarms by designing systems to issue alerts when and only when drivers would expect and accept them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were passengers in a driving simulator that presented left-turn encroachment incidents. Participant point of view, the direction of encroachment, and postencroachment time (PET) were manipulated to produce 36 near-crash incidents. After viewing each incident, the participant rated the relative acceptability of a hypothetical alert to it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated-measures ANOVA and logistic regression indicate that acceptability varies inversely with PET. At PET intervals less than 2.2 s, driver point of view and encroachment direction interact. At PET intervals more than 2.2 s, alerts to lateral encroachments are more acceptable than alerts to oncoming encroachments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Driver acceptance of alerts by active safety systems will be sensitive to context.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the utility of eliciting subjective criteria to inform system design to match driver (user) expectations. Intersection-assist active safety systems will need to be designed to adapt to the interaction of driver point of view, the direction of encroachment, and PET.
authors.affiliation: Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. kip51smith@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kip
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jan-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Källhammer
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011482:Protective Devices; D013548:Sweden