title: Residual economic burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae- and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-associated disease following vaccination with PCV-7: a multicountry analysis.
abstract: This paper estimates the annual direct medical and caregiver costs of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi)-associated diseases in children younger than 10 years in Canada, Germany, Mexico, and Norway after vaccination with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7). Per-episode direct medical costs for treating Sp- and NTHi-associated diseases were summarised from the literature for three countries, and a Delphi panel was used to estimate resource use and the per-episode costs for Mexico. Per-episode or annual costs were inflated to 2008 local currency and converted to 2008 United States (US) dollars using purchasing power parities. The analysis was for 1 year; therefore, costs were not discounted. Sp- and NTHi-associated diseases resulted in current annual national costs of $179-$260 million ($5.43-$7.89 per capita) in Canada, $290-$435 million ($3.53-$5.29 per capita) in Germany, $277-$432 million ($2.59-$4.05 per capita) in Mexico, and $20-$28 million ($4.35-$6.17 per capita) in Norway. Although acute otitis media (AOM) was associated with the lowest per-case costs, it accounted for between 45% and 88% of the national direct medical costs and between 67% and 96% of caregiver costs for Sp- and NTHi-associated diseases. Sp- and NTHi-associated diseases continue to result in substantial direct medical and caregiver costs despite current PCV-7 vaccination programs.
authors.affiliation: RTI Health Solutions, PO Box 12194, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. stalbird@rti.org
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Talbird
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caporale
authors.forename: Afisi S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ismaila
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines