title: Disturbed expression of splicing factors in renal cancer affects alternative splicing of apoptosis regulators, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cancer. One of the processes disturbed in this cancer type is alternative splicing, although phenomena underlying these disturbances remain unknown. Alternative splicing consists of selective removal of introns and joining of residual exons of the primary transcript, to produce mRNA molecules of different sequence. Splicing aberrations may lead to tumoral transformation due to synthesis of impaired splice variants with oncogenic potential. In this paper we hypothesized that disturbed alternative splicing in ccRCC may result from improper expression of splicing factors, mediators of splicing reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using real-time PCR and Western-blot analysis we analyzed expression of seven splicing factors belonging to SR proteins family (SF2/ASF, SC35, SRp20, SRp75, SRp40, SRp55 and 9G8), and one non-SR factor, hnRNP A1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1) in 38 pairs of tumor-control ccRCC samples. Moreover, we analyzed splicing patterns of five genes involved in carcinogenesis and partially regulated by analyzed splicing factors: RON, CEACAM1, Rac1, Caspase-9, and GLI1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the mRNA expression of splicing factors was disturbed in tumors when compared to paired controls, similarly as levels of SF2/ASF and hnRNP A1 proteins. The correlation coefficients between expression levels of specific splicing factors were increased in tumor samples. Moreover, alternative splicing of five analyzed genes was also disturbed in ccRCC samples and splicing pattern of two of them, Caspase-9 and CEACAM1 correlated with expression of SF2/ASF in tumors. We conclude that disturbed expression of splicing factors in ccRCC may possibly lead to impaired alternative splicing of genes regulating tumor growth and this way contribute to the process of carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piekielko-Witkowska
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wiszomirska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wojcicka
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poplawski
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boguslawska
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tanski
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nauman
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009857:Oncogenes; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction