title: Diesel particulate matter induces receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) expression in pulmonary epithelial cells, and RAGE signaling influences NF-κB-mediated inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) are cell-surface receptors expressed by alveolar type I (ATI) epithelial cells and are implicated in mechanisms of alveolar development and sustained pulmonary inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that diesel particulate matter (DPM) up-regulates RAGE in rat ATI-like R3/1 cells and human primary small airway epithelial cells (SAECs), leading to an inflammatory response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, we found that RAGE mRNA and protein are up-regulated in cells exposed to DPM for 2 hr. Use of a luciferase reporter containing nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) response elements revealed decreased NF-κB activation in cells transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for RAGE (siRAGE) before DPM exposure compared with cells transfected with scrambled control siRNA (siControl). In addition, immunostaining revealed diminished nuclear translocation of NF-κB in DPM-exposed cells transfected with siRAGE compared with cells transfected with siControl before DPM stimulation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that in R3/1 cells DPM induced secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), two cytokines induced by NF-κB and associated with leukocyte chemotaxis during an inflammatory response. Incorporating siRAGE was sufficient to significantly decrease DPM-induced MCP-1 and IL-8 secretion compared with cells transfected with siControl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data offer novel insights into potential mechanisms whereby RAGE influences pulmonary inflammation exacerbated by DPM exposure. Further research may demonstrate that molecules involved in RAGE signaling are potential targets in lessening the degree of particulate matter-induced exacerbations of inflammatory lung disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA. paul_reynolds@byu.edu
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Karisa M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wasley
authors.forename: Camille H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D056809:Alveolar Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D001335:Vehicle Emissions