title: A mixed longitudinal anthropometric study of craniofacial growth of Colombian mestizos 6-17 years of age.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the craniofacial growth of Colombian mestizos. Four age cohorts, including a total of 458 children and adolescents (262 males and 216 females), were included in this mixed-longitudinal study. The cohorts were first measured at ages 6, 9, 12, and 15 and every year thereafter for 3 years. Eight anthropometric measurements were taken, including three cranial (head perimeter, head width, and head length), two craniofacial (maxillary and mandibular length), and three facial (face height, bizygomatic width, and bigonial width). Multilevel analyses showed that all dimensions increased between 6 and 17 years of age. The cranium grew less than the craniofacial, which in turn grew less than the facial dimensions. In addition, vertical dimensions showed more growth than antero-posterior dimensions, which in turn grew more than transverse dimensions. None of the measurement showed statistically significant growth differences between subjects with normal occlusion and Class I or Class II malocclusions. Males were generally larger than females and showed greater growth rates. Except for facial width, whose yearly velocities decreased regularly with age, an adolescent growth spurt was evident for most of the male measurements. Yearly velocities for females followed a simpler decelerating pattern. The results provide reference data for Colombian mestizos, for whom normative data of other ethnic groups are not applicable. While occlusion had little or no effect, there were gender differences, as well as important growth differences between cranial and facial measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, CES University, Medellin, Colombia.
authors.forename: Cleidy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arboleda
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Buschang
authors.forename: Jesus A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Botero
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roldan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003105:Colombia; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology*; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D012737:Sex Factors; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development