title: Endosomal escape pathways for delivery of biologicals.
abstract: Despite continuous improvements in delivery systems, the development of methods for efficient and specific delivery of targeted therapeutic agents still remains an issue in biological treatments such as protein and gene therapy. The endocytic pathway is the major uptake mechanism of cells and any biological agents, such as DNA, siRNA and proteins. These agents become entrapped in endosomes and are degraded by specific enzymes in the lysosome. Thus, a limiting step in achieving an effective biological based therapy is to facilitate the endosomal escape and ensure cytosolic delivery of the therapeutics. Bacteria and viruses are pathogens which use different mechanisms to penetrate the membranes of their target cells and escape the endosomal pathway. Different mechanisms such as pore formation in the endosomal membrane, pH-buffering effect of protonable groups and fusion into the lipid bilayer of endosomes have been proposed to facilitate the endosomal escape. Several viral and bacterial proteins have been identified that are involved in this process. In addition, chemical agents and photochemical methods to rupture the endosomal membrane have been described. New synthetic biomimetic peptides and polymers with high efficacy in facilitating the endosomal escape, low pathogenicity and toxicity have been developed. Each strategy has different characteristics and challenges for designing the best agents and techniques to facilitate the endosomal escape are ongoing. In this review, several mechanisms and agents which are involved in endosomal escape are introduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of science, University of Utrecht, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Amir K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Varkouhi
authors.forename: Marije
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scholte
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.forename: Hidde J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Haisma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000187:drug effects; D008954:Models, Biological; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D011506:Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D004247:DNA