title: Betulinic acid inhibits endotoxin-stimulated phosphorylation cascade and pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E(2) production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Betulinic acid (BA) is a naturally occurring triterpenoid widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. We previously reported that BA inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin-6 production through modulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). This study attempted to identify other mechanisms through which BA modulates LPS signalling in mononuclear cells. The effects of BA on signalling pathways downstream were focused on in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the ability of BA to interfere with p38 and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation as well as Akt phosphorylation and nuclear factor-κB activation using LPS-activated hPBMCs as an in vitro model. LPS-induced endotoxin shock in mice was the in vivo model employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BA inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 protein expression and prostaglandin E(2) production and also attenuated LPS-induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation, but not p38 in hPBMCs. BA abolished LPS-induced IκBα phosphorylation and thus normalized the levels of IκBα in cytosol. BA also inhibited LPS-induced reactive oxygen species formation and lactate dehydrogenase release. Interestingly, BA improved the life span of mice in endotoxin shock and also inhibited PGE(2) production and myeloperoxidase activity in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BA modulates LPS-induced COX-2 expression in hPBMCs by inhibiting ERK and Akt pathways as well as by modulating IκBα phosphorylation. At the same time, no cell toxicity was observed. The effect of the drug was confirmed through in vivo experiments. The study gives an insight into the molecular mechanisms of BA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Vijayan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Viji
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helen
authors.forename: Varma R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Luxmi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011458:Prostaglandins E / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D011458:Prostaglandins E; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014315:Triterpenes; D009195:Peroxidase; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D000094062:Betulinic Acid