title: Medial and lateral pin versus lateral-entry pin fixation for Type 3 supracondylar fractures in children: a prospective, surgeon-randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of medial and lateral (crossed pin) and lateral-entry pin techniques for Gartland Type 3 supracondylar humerus fractures in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pediatric orthopaedists were divided into the 2 treatment groups (medial and lateral pins or lateral only pins) based on pre-study pinning technique preferences. Patients were randomized into 1 of the 2 pinning technique treatment groups based on which attending was on call at the time of patient presentation. One hundred and four patients met inclusion criteria. Forty-seven patients underwent lateral-entry pinning and 57 underwent crossed pinning. The 2 groups were similar with respect to age, sex, preoperative neurovascular injury, direction of fracture displacement, and timing of surgery. Outcome parameters measured included radiographic maintenance of reduction, iatrogenic neurovascular complications, and rate of infection. All radiographic measurements, and interobserver reliability, were determined by a 3 physician panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the interobserver reliability data showed a strong correlation and this data allowed 95% confidence that a change in Baumann's angle of more than 6 degrees and humerocapitellar angle of more than 10 degrees was significant. The lateral-entry patients experienced a median absolute change of Baumann's angle of 3.7 degrees with 12 patients having greater than 6 degrees loss of reduction; whereas those in the medial and lateral-pin group saw a median change of 2.9 degrees with 10 patients having greater than 6 degrees loss of reduction. In terms of the humerocapitellar angle, the lateral-entry patients experienced a median absolute change of 4.8 degrees with 11 patients having greater than 10 degrees loss of reduction; whereas those in the medial and lateral-pin groups saw a median change of 5.1 degrees with 17 patients having greater than 10 degrees loss of reduction. There was no significant difference in infection rate between the 2 groups but 2 cases of iatrogenic neurovascular injury occurred in patients who had a medial pin placed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no statistical difference in the radiographic outcomes between lateral-entry and medial and lateral-pin techniques for the management of Type 3 supracondylar fractures in children when evaluated in this prospective and surgeon-randomized trial, but 2 cases of iatrogenic injury to the ulnar nerve occurred with medially placed pins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 2.
authors.affiliation: OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, NC 28207, USA. glenngaston@hotmail.com
authors.forename: R Glenn
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gaston
authors.forename: Taylor B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Cates
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Devito
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fabregas
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanco
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000145:classification / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies