title: Survival of porcine mesenchymal stem cells over the alginate recovered cellular method.
abstract: Although previous studies have established alginate as a three-dimensional scaffold for chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), little is known about the cytotoxic effects of the polymerizing and chelating reagents used in the alginate recovered cellular method. Swine MSCs (sMSC) were suspended in the polymerizing agent, CaCl(2), and viability was assessed using a trypan blue exclusion assay at intervals over 2 h. MSCs were also suspended in two different chelating agents, 55 mM sodium citrate and 50 mM EDTA, and viability was calculated. Finally, sMSCs and human MSCs were encapsulated and cultured in vitro. The sMSC were collected at day 4 and the cells were recovered by chelation. Encapsulated hMSCs were cultured with TGFβ3 and IGF-1 and assayed by qRT-PCR for collagen types I and II and sox9 with encapsulated human dermal fibroblasts and chondrocytes as controls recovered on days 0, 7, and 14. Only 53% of sMSCs were viable after 10 min in CaCl(2), the standard polymerization period, whereas 94% of encapsulated sMSCs in polymerized alginate were alive at 15 days. After 20 min in chelating agents, sodium citrate and EDTA, only 46% and 17% of the cells, were viable, respectively. The alginate recovered sMSCs yielded 12% survival. Human MSCs upregulated cartilage-specific collagen type II over the 14-day culture. Collagen I remained unchanged in the hMSCs. Alginate is a suitable agent for chondrodifferentiation of MSCs and can be dissolved by chelation, but the agents involved in hydrogel polymerization and cell recovery should be altered to improve MSC survival.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Jonah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Zaleski
authors.forename: Geoffroy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nourissat
authors.forename: Terrill P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Julien
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaremchuk
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D004339:Drug Compounding; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D024043:Collagen Type II; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002122:Calcium Chloride