title: An anatomic study of the coracoid process as it relates to bone transfer procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Latarjet and Bristow procedures address recurrent anterior shoulder instability in the context of a significant bony defect. However, the bony and soft tissue anatomy of the coracoid as they relate to coracoid transfer procedures has not yet been defined. The purpose of this study was to describe the soft tissue attachments of the coracoid as they relate to the bony anatomy and to define the average amount of bone available for use in coracoid transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten paired fresh frozen shoulders from deceased donors were dissected, exposing the coracoid, lateral clavicle, and acromion, along with the coracoid soft tissue attachments. The bony dimensions of the coracoid and the locations and sizes of the soft tissue footprints of the coracoid were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean maximum length of the coracoid available for transfer (ie, distance from the coracoid tip to the anterior border of the coracoclavicular ligament) was 28.5 mm. The mean distance from the coracoid tip to the anterior pectoralis minor was 4.6 mm, to the posterior pectoralis minor was 17.7 mm, to the anterior coracoacromial ligament was 7.8 mm, and to the posterior coracoacromial ligament was 25.7 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Average dimensions of the bony coracoid and average locations and sizes of coracoid soft tissue footprints are provided. This anatomic description of the coracoid bony anatomy and its soft tissue insertions allows surgeons to correlate the location of their coracoid osteotomy with the soft tissue implications of the coracoid transfer as the native anatomy is manipulated in these nonanatomic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Division of Sports Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hariri
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: McAdams
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology*