title: Early life stress paradigms in rodents: potential animal models of depression?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While human depressive illness is indeed uniquely human, many of its symptoms may be modeled in rodents. Based on human etiology, the assumption has been made that depression-like behavior in rats and mice can be modulated by some of the powerful early life programming effects that are known to occur after manipulations in the first weeks of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Here we review the evidence that is available in literature for early life manipulation as risk factors for the development of depression-like symptoms such as anhedonia, passive coping strategies, and neuroendocrine changes. Early life paradigms that were evaluated include early handling, separation, and deprivation protocols, as well as enriched and impoverished environments. We have also included a small number of stress-related pharmacological models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find that for most early life paradigms per se, the actual validity for depression is limited. A number of models have not been tested with respect to classical depression-like behaviors, while in many cases, the outcome of such experiments is variable and depends on strain and additional factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because programming effects confer vulnerability rather than disease, a number of paradigms hold promise for usefulness in depression research, in combination with the proper genetic background and adult life challenges.
authors.affiliation: RG Neurobiology of Stress, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany. mschmidt@mpipsykl.mpg.de
authors.forename: Mathias V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Onno C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D051379:Mice; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*