title: Learning disorders in children with epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Learning Disorders (LD) are defined as disorders that interfere with academic performance or with daily activities that require reading, writing or mathematical skills in subjects with a normal intelligence quotient (IQ). The prevalence of LD in the general population has been found to be 2-10%, and reading disorders are the most frequent subtype. Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders in childhood. LD are more common in children with epilepsy than in the general population. As a consequence, the risk of cognitive impairment in children with epilepsy is high, and a review of the literature needs to be fully presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Narrative review including articles regarding LD in children with various epileptic syndromes published in the international medical literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LD are more frequent among children with epilepsy. The etiology is multifactorial, being affected by the type of epileptic syndrome, the age of onset and the antiepileptic treatment being selected. LD can be either permanent or state-dependent. Each category has different treatment protocols and prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the fact that the findings of the studies discussed in our article support the evidence that epilepsy in childhood impairs the cognitive function, we should not underestimate the role of demographic and psychosocial factors on academic performance of children with epilepsy. Despite the high prevalence of LD, a healthy family and school environment can help reduce its impact on the patient's quality of life.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA General Hospital, Elaiones Pilaias, Thessaloniki 55535, Greece. eepav@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pavlou
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gkampeta
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence