title: Cytotoxicity of set polymer nanocomposite resin root-end filling materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cytotoxicity of two forms of the novel root-end filling materials, polymer nanocomposite (PNC) resins [C-18 Amine montmorillonate (MMT) and VODAC MMT] both containing Chlorhexidine Diacetate Salt Hydrate 2%, and to compare it to that of two widely accepted commercially available materials, ProRoot® MTA and Geristore®.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elutes of experimental materials extracted after 24 h, 1, 2 and 3 weeks were interacted with the mouse fibroblasts L-929 using a colorimetric cell viability assay (MTS) based on mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity. Using 100% and 50% concentrations of the extracted elutes of the experimental materials the effect of different concentrations of elutes on the cells was analysed. In the positive control group Hygrogold® was added to the cell culture to arrest cells bioactivity. In the negative control group, fresh Dulbecco's Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum was used to enhance cell bioactivity. Differences in mean bioactivity values were assessed using a t-test and one-way anova (P<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was found in cytotoxicity between ProRoot® MTA, Geristore® and PNC resin C-18 Amine MMT on 24 h, 1, 2 and 3 weeks samples. Sample elutes of PNC resin VODAC MMT, however, revealed cytotoxic activity during most of these experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytotoxicity of the elutes of PNC resin C-18 Amine MMT was not significantly different from that of ProRoot® and Geristore®. PNC resin VODAC MMT, revealed significantly more cytotoxicity compared to the other tested materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. smodares@uthsc.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Modareszadeh
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chogle
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mickel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kowsar
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salamat
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qutbudin
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000187:drug effects; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; C074933:Geristore; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D010087:Oxides; D011108:Polymers; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D001546:Bentonite; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D002710:Chlorhexidine