title: Grandmothers raising grandchildren: results of an intervention to improve health outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of an intervention to improve the health of grandmothers raising grandchildren in parent-absent homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal, pretest-posttest design.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was composed of 529 female caregivers with a mean age of 56.7 years (range 38-83) who were predominantly low-income African Americans. Data were collected prior to the intervention and again at 12 months when the intervention was complete. The intervention involved home visitation by registered nurses and social workers, as well as other support services. The Short Form-36 was used to assess physical and mental health, using eight multi-item scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison of pre- and posttest mean scores on the SF-36 indicated significantly (p < .003) improved mean scores for vitality, physical effects on role functioning, emotional effects on role functioning, and mental health. No significant differences were found for other attributes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary findings suggest that grandmothers raising grandchildren may benefit from a home-based intervention designed to improve health attributes. Implications for nursing practice, policy, and research are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The health of grandmother caregivers is critical to their ability to parent grandchildren successfully. Nurses practicing in a variety of settings are in a unique position to identify and address the health challenges of grandmothers who are raising grandchildren.
authors.affiliation: College of Health and HumanSciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA. skelley@gsu.edu
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Whitley
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Campos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002654:Child Care / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006304:Health Status; D006792:House Calls; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015397:Program Evaluation; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012657:Self-Help Groups; D012923:Social Class; D015144:Southeastern United States