title: An on-farm survey of spatial and temporal stratifications of 17β-estradiol concentrations.
abstract: 17β-estradiol (E2) is a natural estrogenic hormone found in animal manure and urine, which may cause endocrine disruption in sensitive organisms. 17β-Estradiol has been widely detected in the environment, and animal agriculture may be an important source. The objectives of this study were to investigate the potential sources and/or spatial and temporal characteristics contributing to detections of E2 at the farm-scale. Soil cores, segmented into 0.15m increments, were taken down to the water table from four locations (three potential E2 sources and one control) at or around a swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) farm on five different dates between 2006 and 2007. Estradiol was quantified in the soil-water extracts using liquid chromatography-with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Estradiol detections were widespread and found in 128 out of 345 extractions (37%). Concentrations ranged from 0 to 1910 ng L⁻¹ (porewater equivalents). A location that received field application of manure had significantly lower E2 concentrations compared to other locations. Also, the spring 2007 E2 concentrations were significantly higher than all other sample dates, perhaps related to climatic and hydrological events. Results suggested E2 was not directly related to manure sources, but was widespread in this environment. Where E2 was detected, highest concentrations favored the upper profile, while the greatest frequency of detections was in the lower profile and near the water table. Detections of E2 were associated with high organic mater contents in the upper profile and high sand contents in the lower profile. The study suggests that E2 is widespread in some soil environments, raising questions as to the source and mechanisms that facilitate its transport and mobility.
authors.affiliation: Nat. Resour. Conserv. Serv., Fargo Soil Survey Office, ND 58103, USA.
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Schuh
authors.forename: Francis X M
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Heldur
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakk
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Desutter
authors.forename: Karl G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Eakalak
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oduor
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D004958:Estradiol