title: Process evaluation of appreciative inquiry to translate pain management evidence into pediatric nursing practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Appreciative inquiry (AI) is an innovative knowledge translation (KT) intervention that is compatible with the Promoting Action on Research in Health Services (PARiHS) framework. This study explored the innovative use of AI as a theoretically based KT intervention applied to a clinical issue in an inpatient pediatric care setting. The implementation of AI was explored in terms of its acceptability, fidelity, and feasibility as a KT intervention in pain management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed-methods case study design was used. The case was a surgical unit in a pediatric academic-affiliated hospital. The sample consisted of nurses in leadership positions and staff nurses interested in the study. Data on the AI intervention implementation were collected by digitally recording the AI sessions, maintaining logs, and conducting individual semistructured interviews. Data were analysed using qualitative and quantitative content analyses and descriptive statistics. Findings were triangulated in the discussion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three nurse leaders and nine staff members participated in the study. Participants were generally satisfied with the intervention, which consisted of four 3-hour, interactive AI sessions delivered over two weeks to promote change based on positive examples of pain management in the unit and staff implementation of an action plan. The AI sessions were delivered with high fidelity and 11 of 12 participants attended all four sessions, where they developed an action plan to enhance evidence-based pain assessment documentation. Participants labeled AI a 'refreshing approach to change' because it was positive, democratic, and built on existing practices. Several barriers affected their implementation of the action plan, including a context of change overload, logistics, busyness, and a lack of organised follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this case study supported the acceptability, fidelity, and feasibility of AI as a KT intervention in pain management. The AI intervention requires minor refinements (e.g., incorporating continued follow-up meetings) to enhance its clinical utility and sustainability. The implementation process and effectiveness of the modified AI intervention require evaluation in a larger multisite study.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence S, Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. tricia.orr@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seers
authors.forename: Souraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidani
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watt-Watson