title: Simulation of fruit-set and trophic competition and optimization of yield advantages in six Capsicum cultivars using functional-structural plant modelling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many indeterminate plants can have wide fluctuations in the pattern of fruit-set and harvest. Fruit-set in these types of plants depends largely on the balance between source (assimilate supply) and sink strength (assimilate demand) within the plant. This study aims to evaluate the ability of functional-structural plant models to simulate different fruit-set patterns among Capsicum cultivars through source-sink relationships.
  
  
  METHODS
  A greenhouse experiment of six Capsicum cultivars characterized with different fruit weight and fruit-set was conducted. Fruit-set patterns and potential fruit sink strength were determined through measurement. Source and sink strength of other organs were determined via the GREENLAB model, with a description of plant organ weight and dimensions according to plant topological structure established from the measured data as inputs. Parameter optimization was determined using a generalized least squares method for the entire growth cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fruit sink strength differed among cultivars. Vegetative sink strength was generally lower for large-fruited cultivars than for small-fruited ones. The larger the size of the fruit, the larger variation there was in fruit-set and fruit yield. Large-fruited cultivars need a higher source-sink ratio for fruit-set, which means higher demand for assimilates. Temporal heterogeneity of fruit-set affected both number and yield of fruit. The simulation study showed that reducing heterogeneity of fruit-set was obtained by different approaches: for example, increasing source strength; decreasing vegetative sink strength, source-sink ratio for fruit-set and flower appearance rate; and harvesting individual fruits earlier before full ripeness. Simulation results showed that, when we increased source strength or decreased vegetative sink strength, fruit-set and fruit weight increased. However, no significant differences were found between large-fruited and small-fruited groups of cultivars regarding the effects of source and vegetative sink strength on fruit-set and fruit weight. When the source-sink ratio at fruit-set decreased, the number of fruit retained on the plant increased competition for assimilates with vegetative organs. Therefore, total plant and vegetative dry weights decreased, especially for large-fruited cultivars. Optimization study showed that temporal heterogeneity of fruit-set and ripening was predicted to be reduced when fruits were harvested earlier. Furthermore, there was a 20 % increase in the number of extra fruit set.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. yuntao.ma@cau.edu.cn
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wubs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heuvelink
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Cournède
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Reffye
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D002212:Capsicum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D003710:Demography; D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D013997:Time Factors