title: Shock wave lithotripsy is not predictive of hypertension among community stone formers at long-term followup.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Concern exists over the subsequent development of hypertension after shock wave lithotripsy for the treatment of symptomatic urolithiasis. Referral bias and lack of long-term followup have been limitations of prior studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all Olmsted County, Minnesota residents with a diagnosis of urolithiasis from 1985 to 2008. The charts were electronically queried for hypertension and obesity by diagnostic codes, and use of shock wave lithotripsy by surgical codes. All patients first diagnosed with hypertension before or up to 90 days after the first documented kidney stone were considered to have prevalent hypertension and were excluded from analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association of shock wave lithotripsy with a subsequent diagnosis of hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 6,077 patients with incident urolithiasis with more than 90 days of followup. We excluded 1,295 (21.3%) members of the population for prevalent hypertension leaving 4,782 patients with incident urolithiasis for analysis. During an average followup of 8.7 years new onset hypertension was diagnosed in 983 (20.6%) members of the cohort at a mean of 6.0 years from the index stone date. Only 400 (8.4%) patients in the cohort were treated with shock wave lithotripsy. There was no significant association between shock wave lithotripsy and the development of hypertension in univariate (p = 0.33) and multivariate modeling controlling for age, gender and obesity (HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.84, 1.27; p = 0.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large population based cohort of kidney stone formers we failed to identify an association between shock wave lithotripsy and the subsequent long-term risk of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. Krambeck.amy@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Krambeck
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rule
authors.forename: Xujian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bergstralh
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gettman
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lieske
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology*; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors