title: A new automated system to identify a consistent sampling position to make tissue Doppler and transmitral Doppler measurements of E, E' and E/E'.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transmitral pulse wave (PW) Doppler and annular tissue Doppler velocity measurements provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information. However, they depend on an echocardiographer manually selecting positions to make the measurements. This is time-consuming and open to variability, especially by less experienced operators. We present a new, automated method to select consistent Doppler velocity sites to measure blood flow and muscle function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our automated algorithm combines speckle tracking and colour flow mapping to locate the septal and lateral mitral valve annuli (to measure peak early diastolic velocity, E') and the mitral valve inflow (to measure peak inflow velocity, E). We also automate peak velocity measurements from resulting PW Doppler traces. The algorithm-selected locations and time taken to identify them were compared against a panel of echo specialists - the current "gold standard".
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm identified positions to measure Doppler velocities within 3.6 ± 2.2mm (mitral inflow), 3.2 ± 1.8mm (septal annulus) and 3.8 ± 1.5mm (lateral annulus) of the consensus of 3 specialists. This was less than the average 4mm fidelity with which the specialists could themselves identify the points. The automated algorithm could potentially reduce the time taken to make these measurements by 60 ± 15%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our automated algorithm identified sampling positions for measurement of mitral flow, septal and lateral tissue velocities as reliably as specialists. It provides a rapid, easy method for new specialists and potentially non-specialists to make automated measurements of key cardiac physiological indices. This could help support decision-making, without introducing delay and extend availability of echocardiography to more patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. nmd04@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Niti M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Dhutia
authors.forename: Graham D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Willson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rueckert
authors.forename: Kim H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Alun D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Darrel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index