title: Contribution of diet and major depression to incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite significant improvements in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), it is still a major cause of mortality and morbidity among the Iranian population. Epidemiological studies have documented that risk factors including smoking and the biochemical profile are responsible for the development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Psychological factors have been discussed as potential risk factors for coronary heart disease. Among emotional factors, depression correlates with coronary heart disease, particularly myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study was conducted on 120 cases (69 males and 51 females) of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 120 controls, with a mean age of 62.48 ± 15.39 years. Cases and controls were matched by age, residence and sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that severe depression was independently associated with the risk of AMI (P = 0.025, OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-5.8). The analysis of variables indicated that risk factors for developing depression were unmarried, low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), total dietary fiber (TDF) and carbohydrates. The levels of these dietary factors were lowest in severely depressed patients compared to those categorised as moderate or mild cases. Furthermore, severely depressed subjects were associated with higher levels of total cholesterol, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) and WHR. Age, income, a family history of coronary heart disease, education level, sex, employment and smoking were not associated with severe depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated that severe depression symptoms are independent risk factors for AMI. Furthermore, severe depression was associated with an unhealthy diet and AMI risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Teymoor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yary
authors.forename: Kourosh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soleimannejad
authors.forename: Firdaus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abd Rahim
authors.forename: Mirnalini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kandiah
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aazami
authors.forename: Seyedehozma Jafar
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Poor
authors.forename: Wong Teck
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Wee
authors.forename: Golnaz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aazami
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated