title: Antioxidant effects of Citharexylum spinosum in CCl₄ induced nephrotoxicity in rat.
abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant effect of the chloroform extract of Citharexylum spinosum (CSCE) (Family: Verbenaceae) leaves in Sprague-Dawley male rats. The different groups of animals were administered with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4); 20% in olive oil, 2 ml/kg body weight) 7 doses (i.p.) at 48 h interval. The CSCE at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg or silymarin at a dose of 50 mg/kg were administered intragastrically after 24 h to the CCl(4) treated rats. The effect of CSCE or silymarin on urine and serum markers (urea, creatinine, creatinine clearance, protein, albumin, urobilinogen and nitrite) was measured in CCl(4)-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Further, the effects on lipid peroxidation (TBARS), enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase) and non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH) were estimated in the kidney samples. The CSCE and silymarin produced significant renal protective effects by restoring the concentration of urine and serum markers. Activity level of antioxidant enzymes and GSH contents were increased while lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was decreased, dose dependently with CSCE and silymarin. Decrease in body whereas increase in kidney weight induced with CCl(4) was restored with CSCE and silymarin. Chemical composition of CSCE indicated the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and very low amount of saponins. Total flavonoids estimated were (127 ± 14.6) as rutin equivalent mg/g of the extract. From these results, it is suggested that CSCE possesses potent nephroprotective and antioxidant properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 4400, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Rashid
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siddique
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D002252:Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology; D029648:Verbenaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012838:Silymarin; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D010088:Oxidoreductases