title: [Cutaneous necrosis at apomorphine injection points].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apomorphine is a specific dopaminergic agonist used in the treatment of severe fluctuations of Parkinson's disease, particularly in patients on L-dopa. The drug is usually given subcutaneously, either as several daily injections or via a continuous subcutaneous delivery system. We describe two cases of localized cutaneous necrosis at the points of subcutaneous apomorphine injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two male patients presenting Parkinson's disease were treated by subcutaneous injection of apomorphine. One month later, asymptomatic necrotic lesions measuring from 2 to 5 mm appeared at the injection sites. Complete blood count, standard and advanced coagulation studies and screening tests were normal. One patient had taken acetylsalicylic acid. A skin biopsy showed normal epidermis, oedema of the papillary dermis with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates, reticular dermal infiltrate with neutrophils, and necrosis of the reticular dermis and hypodermis in one patient, and in the other, necrosis in the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis and skin appendages, with dermal leucocytoclastic vasculitis and cytosteatonecrosis. Due to the severity of necrosis, apomorphine was stopped, resulting in improvement of skin lesions in one patient. In the second, due to the localized nature of the lesions and the improvement in the patient's quality of life since the introduction of apomorphine, the drug was continued, resulting in the appearance of new lesions, which continued to be limited to the injection sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first description of biopsy-proven apomorphine-induced localized skin necrosis. Reported cutaneous side effects of the drug include pruritic subcutaneous nodules corresponding to panniculitis with large numbers of eosinophils, allergic contact dermatitis, pigmented nodules resulting from oxidation of apomorphine, and nonspecific rashes. Cutaneous necrosis at injection sites could arise through various mechanisms: localized vasoconstriction ("dopamine necrosis"), direct toxicity of the injected drug, local manifestations of pre-existent coagulation disorders, immunological mechanisms or poor administration technique involving intravascular injection. The specific pharmacodynamic properties of apomorphine rule out vasomotor phenomena in the aetiology of such necrosis. Screening tests for thrombophilia were negative in the first patient. Although the underlying mechanism of this form of necrosis remains unknown, an immunological mechanism of the immune complex type could be considered aetiologically relevant on histological grounds due to the presence of vasculitis in one of the two patients.
authors.affiliation: CHU de Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dadban
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bessis
authors.forename: M-S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Portet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guillot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D001058:Apomorphine