title: Acute imidazenil treatment after the onset of DFP-induced seizure is more effective and longer lasting than midazolam at preventing seizure activity and brain neuropathology.
abstract: Diazepam (DZ), the preferred anticonvulsant benzodiazepine (BZ) for the treatment of organophosphate (OP) nerve agent-induced seizures and neuronal damage, has been associated with unwanted effects such as sedation, amnesia, cardiorespiratory depression, anticonvulsant tolerance, and dependence liability. In a search for safer and more effective anticonvulsant BZs against OP-induced seizure and neuronal damage, we have previously shown that imidazenil (IMD), a low-intrinsic efficacy positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) action at α1-containing GABA(A) receptors, which has high intrinsic efficacy at α2-, α3-, and α5-containing GABA(A) receptors, is more potent and longer lasting than DZ pretreatment at protecting rats from diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP)-induced electrocorticographic (ECoG) seizures and neuronal damage. The effects of IMD were observed at doses that are devoid of sedative, amnestic, and anticonvulsant tolerance actions. In the present study, we compared the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of a combination of atropine (2 mg/kg, ip) and pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM, 20 mg/kg, ip) with IMD (0.5 mg/kg, ip) or midazolam (MDZ, 0.5-2 mg/kg, ip) administered after the onset of DFP (1.5 mg/kg, sc)-induced seizure activity. The severity of DFP-induced ECoG seizures was assessed by continuous radio telemetry recordings in unrestrained and freely moving rats. Furthermore, the extent of neuronal damage was evaluated using a neuron-specific nuclear protein immunolabeling and fluoro-jade B staining procedure. We report here that IMD is more efficacious and longer lasting than sedating doses of MDZ in protecting rats from DFP-induced ECoG seizures and neuronal damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Bashkim
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kadriu
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guidotti
authors.forename: Erminio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Auta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007531:Isoflurophate / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000378:metabolism; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013686:Telemetry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D007093:Imidazoles; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C546339:Rbfox3 protein, rat; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D007531:Isoflurophate; C082661:imidazenil; D008874:Midazolam