title: Beak condition and cage density determine abundance and spatial distribution of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, and chicken body lice, Menacanthus stramineus, on caged laying hens.
abstract: Adult White Leghorn hens (Hy-Line strain W-36) were inoculated with either northern fowl mites or chicken body lice, and the ectoparasite populations were monitored over periods of 9 to 16 wk. Two beak conditions (beak trimmed or beak intact) and 2 housing densities (1 or 2 hens per 25 × 31 cm suspended wire cage) were tested. Populations of both ectoparasites were at least 10 times lower on beak-intact hens compared with populations on beak-trimmed hens. Cage density did not influence mite numbers, but higher numbers of lice (2 to 3 times) developed on hens held at the higher cage density. Louse distribution on the body and louse population age structure were also influenced by host beak condition. Beak-intact hens had a higher proportion of lice under the wings, whereas beak-trimmed hens had the majority of lice on the lower abdomen. Louse populations on beak-trimmed hens also comprised relatively more immature stages than populations found on beak-intact hens. The effects are likely related to decreased grooming efficiency by beak-trimmed hens and, in the case of lice, the higher host density. The high mite and louse populations on most commercial caged laying hens are probably a direct result of beak trimming. However, selection of more docile breeds that can be held without trimming may allow the hens themselves to reduce ectoparasites below economically damaging levels. This could benefit producers, animal welfare advocates, and human health by reducing 1) costs of beak trimming, 2) pesticide treatment costs (including human and bird chemical exposure concerns), and 3) objections to beak trimming from the animal welfare community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. mullens@mail.ucr.edu
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mullens
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Owen
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D001502:Beak / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D010373:Lice Infestations / Q000662:veterinary; D008924:Mite Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D008925:Mites / Q000502:physiology*; D010058:Oviposition; D010575:Pesticides / Q000191:economics; D011156:Population Density; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D012867:Skin / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides