title: Titanium nitride oxide coating on rough titanium stimulates the proliferation of human primary osteoblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Titanium is widely used in contemporary endosseous implantology and there is considerable thrust to further promote osseointegration by implant surface modifications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a titanium-nitride-oxide (TiNOx) coating on commercially pure microroughened titanium by assessing the proliferation and differentiation of human primary osteoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell proliferation, gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteoprotegerin and osteocalcin secretion were analyzed for a time course of 3 weeks, with or without additional stimulation by 1.25(OH)(2) vitamin D(3) 100 nM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 1.5-fold increase in the proliferation rate of cells grown on TiNOx-coated titanium as compared with uncoated surfaces was observed. SEM views indicated that the cells' normal morphology with their numerous extensions was maintained. The differentiation process on the TiNOx surface was only affected to a minor degree and translated into a slight delay in osteoblast maturation when compared to uncoated titanium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pending confirmation of these results in vivo, TiNOx coatings could potentially accelerate and enhance osseointegration.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomaterials, University of Geneva, Switzerland. stephane.durual@unige.ch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durual
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pernet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rieder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mekki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cattani-Lorente
authors.forename: H W A
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Wiskott
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology; D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000032:analysis; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D002120:Calcium Channel Agonists; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003764:Dental Materials; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D058626:Plasma Gases; C434243:titanium-nitride-oxide; D015675:Osteocalcin; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002117:Calcitriol; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid