title: Safety and efficacy of prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in different regions of the world.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), demographics, procedural characteristics and adjunctive medications differ globally. We examined whether there were differential effects of prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in the multinational TRITON-TIMI 38 study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We divided the enrollment into 5 pre-specified geographic regions. Patients were randomized to prasugrel or clopidogrel without regard to country of enrollment. End points are expressed as Kaplan-Meier failure estimates through 15 months. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards model. Additional sensitivity analyses were performed by dividing countries into categories based on the Human Development Index (HDI), which is a composite measure of social and economic development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  13,608 patients were enrolled. Clinical characteristics including age, comorbidities, ACS presentation, stent types, and adjunctive medications differed broadly among regions. Despite these differences, no regional heterogeneity was observed with prasugrel compared to clopidogrel in the reduction of ischemic events (HR range: 0.76-0.87, p(interaction)>0.10 for each) and stent thrombosis (HR range: 0.34-0.72, p(interaction)>0.10 for each) or in the increased rate of non-CABG TIMI major bleeding (HR range: 1.16-1.76, p(interaction)>0.10 for each). There was a consistent trend in net clinical benefit (all cause death/MI/stroke/non-CABG TIMI major bleeding) favoring prasugrel (HR range: 0.81-0.97, p(interaction)>0.10 for each). Consistent results were also observed regarding the safety and efficacy of prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in both developed and developing countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite differences in patient demographics, procedural techniques and adjunctive medications, consistent reduction in ischemic events and increased bleeding were seen with prasugrel compared with clopidogrel throughout the world.
authors.affiliation: TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. cruff@partners.org
authors.forename: Christian T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ruff
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Giugliano
authors.forename: Elliott M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Antman
authors.forename: Sabina A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Chaim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: Herbertus
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Merkely
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baracioli
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schersten
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seabro-Gomes
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Braunwald
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Wiviott
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068799:Prasugrel Hydrochloride; D058921:Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D058921:Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists; D013876:Thiophenes; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D000068799:Prasugrel Hydrochloride; D013988:Ticlopidine