title: Reliability of distal upper extremity posture matching using slow-motion and frame-by-frame video methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effects of video playback speed on posture matching reliability of the distal upper extremity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Video is frequently used in ergonomic assessments, yet there remains a need to determine the effects of viewing speed on posture observations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 7 graduate students experienced with posture-based observational methods. Categorical posture scales were used to evaluate forearm pronation/supination, wrist flexion/extension, wrist radioulnar deviation,and hand activity from workplace video at three playback speeds (quarter, half, and real time). Wrist flexion/extension was also evaluated with a frame-by-frame video method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posture counts increased with slower viewing speeds for the wrist and hand, but percentage durations in each posture category were similar for all methods. Posture matching interrater reliability scores increased with slow-motion video playback but remained low even for quarter-time video playback. The highest interrater scores were found in the frame-by-frame analysis of wrist flexion/extension for three posture categories (percentage agreement = 84.9% +/- 1.3%; kappa = 0.54 +/- 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although slower video playback speeds increased the number of posture counts for the wrist and hand scales, percentage durations were similar, and reliability scores increased only slightly with slow-motion video playback.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reviewing video using slow-motion or frame-by-frame methods improves distal upper extremity posture matching reliability. However, ergonomic assessment tools based on percentage duration may not be appreciably enhanced by slowing viewing speed. Thus, the increased viewing time with slower playback should be justified with respect to assessment needs.
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kociolek
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keir
mesh_terms: D006804:Ergonomics / Q000379:methods*; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015588:Observer Variation; D011187:Posture; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D034941:Upper Extremity; D014741:Video Recording; D014953:Wrist