title: Pain management in ferrets.
abstract: The growing popularity of ferrets as pets has created the demand for advanced veterinary care for these patients. Pain is associated with a broad range of conditions, including acute or chronic inflammatory disease, neoplasia, and trauma, as well as iatrogenic causes, such as surgery and diagnostic procedures. Effective pain management requires knowledge and skills to assess pain, good understanding of the pathophysiology of pain, and general knowledge of pharmacologic and pharmacodynamic principles. Unfortunately, scientific studies on efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of analgesic drugs in the ferret are limited. However, basic rules on the treatment of pain and mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of analgesic drugs in other species can be adapted and applied to pain management in ferrets. This article aims to make an inventory of what is known on the recognition of pain in ferrets, what analgesic drugs are currently used in ferrets, and how they can be adopted in a patient-orientated pain management plan to provide effective pain relief while reducing and monitoring for unwanted side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.154 NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. h.vanoostrom@uu.nl
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Oostrom
authors.forename: Nico J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Schoemaker
authors.forename: Joost J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Uilenreef
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D005289:Ferrets / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000662:veterinary*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics