title: Risk factors of alcohol problem drinking among female bar/hotel workers in Moshi, Tanzania: a multi-level analysis.
abstract: There is limited information on alcohol problem drinking, which has been associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, among female bar/hotel workers in Africa. This paper aimed to identify the individual- and facility-level determinants of alcohol problem drinking in this setting. Problem drinking was defined based on the CAGE alcohol screening scale. Multi-level logistic regression was used to identify individual- and facility-level factors associated with problem drinking. About 37.3% of women (N = 1629) were classified as having probable or definite problem drinking. In multi-level analysis, main characteristics associated with problem drinking included: having 3-4 partners in the past 5 years compared to having 1-2, used a condom in the last sex comparing to non-use, history of transactional sex, having more pregnancies, and facilities whose employees do not live on the premises. Interventions which combine alcohol and sexual risk reduction counseling are urgently needed in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. tony.ao@LSHTM.ac.uk
authors.forename: Trong Thanh-Hoang
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ao
authors.forename: Noel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sam
authors.forename: Ireen
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kiwelu
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahal
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wyshak
authors.forename: Saidi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapiga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult