title: An anatomical study of the proximal hamstring muscle complex to elucidate muscle strains in this region.
abstract: Muscle strain injuries are common in sports, and a high incidence is reported for the hamstring muscles, especially in the proximal region, where the long head of the biceps femoris muscle is most frequently affected. To look for some architectural peculiarities, which would make this muscle vulnerable, 101 legs of embalmed human cadavers were dissected and descriptively examined, morphometric data were obtained in the proximal region, and slices of plastinated specimens were microscopically examined. The 3 muscles composing the proximal hamstring complex are partly twisted around each other and possess common fibrous adhesions. Biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles form a common head, to which the ST contributes the majority of fascicles extending 9 cm down from the ischiac tuberosity, thereby attaching to the common tendon at a remarkable pennation angle. The first BF fascicles origin from the common tendon only at 6 cm distance from the ischiac tuberosity. It is concluded that the high incidence of proximal BF strains may be a misinterpretation due to insufficient imaging and the complex architecture. It is suggested that the pennation angle at which the ST inserts to the common tendon makes this muscle especially vulnerable for strains during forced eccentric contractions.
authors.affiliation: Physiology & Anatomy, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Battermann
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Appell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dargel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koebke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology