title: Effect of socioemotional stress on the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during advanced life support in a randomized manikin study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether socioemotional stress affects the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during advanced life support in a simulated manikin model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized crossover trial with advanced life support performed in two different conditions, with and without exposure to socioemotional stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the Stavanger Acute Medicine Foundation for Education and Research simulation center, Stavanger, Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paramedic teams, each consisting of two paramedics and one assistant, employed at Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 19 paramedic teams performed advanced life support twice in a randomized fashion, one control condition without socioemotional stress and one experimental condition with exposure to socioemotional stress. The socioemotional stress consisted of an upset friend of the simulated patient who was a physician, spoke a foreign language, was unfamiliar with current Norwegian resuscitation guidelines, supplied irrelevant clinical information, and repeatedly made doubts about the paramedics' resuscitation efforts. Aural distractions were supplied by television and cell telephone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome was the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: chest compression depth, chest compression rate, time without chest compressions (no-flow ratio), and ventilation rate after endotracheal intubation. As a secondary outcome, the socioemotional stress impact was evaluated through the paramedics' subjective workload, frustration, and feeling of realism. There were no significant differences in chest compression depth (39 vs. 38 mm, p = .214), compression rate (113 vs. 116 min⁻¹, p = .065), no-flow ratio (0.15 vs. 0.15, p = .618), or ventilation rate (8.2 vs. 7.7 min⁻¹, p = .120) between the two conditions. There was a significant increase in the subjective workload, frustration, and feeling of realism when the paramedics were exposed to socioemotional stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this advanced life support manikin study, the presence of socioemotional stress increased the subjective workload, frustration, and feeling of realism, without affecting the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway. bjco@sus.no
authors.forename: Conrad Arnfinn
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bjørshol
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Myklebust
authors.forename: Kjetil Lønne
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Cato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bjørkli
authors.forename: Eirik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Illguth
authors.forename: Eldar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Søreide
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunde
mesh_terms: D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008021:Life Support Systems; D008348:Manikins; D009664:Norway; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D011361:Professional Competence; D011584:Psychology; D011786:Quality Control; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*