title: The efficacy of intravenous ketorolac for pain relief in single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of preoperative intravenous ketorolac in reducing intraoperative and postoperative pain and improving patient satisfaction in patients undergoing single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed with 67 patients who underwent horizontal recti muscle surgery with adjustable sutures. The test group received intravenous ketorolac (60 mg) before surgery, and the control group received intravenous normal saline. Topical 0.5% proparacaine was administered to both groups during surgery. Vital signs including heart rate and blood pressure were recorded every 10 min throughout the surgery. The patients were asked to rate their maximum intraoperative and postoperative pain scores using a numerical pain rating scale. Patient satisfaction was also assessed using a five-point analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ketorolac-premedicated patients had less pain both during and after surgery (P = 0.033 and P = 0.024, respectively). There were no differences in vital signs during surgery and patient satisfaction between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous ketorolac, when administered preoperatively for single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery under topical anaesthesia, was effective in reducing pain during and after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rhiu
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D019990:Perioperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D020910:Ketorolac