title: Tobacco smoking as a risk factor of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung: pooled analysis of seven case-control studies in the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO) was established in 2004, based on the collaboration of research groups leading large molecular epidemiology studies of lung cancer that are ongoing or have been recently completed. This framework offered the opportunity to investigate the role of tobacco smoking in the development of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), a rare form of lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our pooled data comprised seven case-control studies from the United States, with detailed information on tobacco smoking and histology, which contributed 799 cases of BAC and 15,859 controls. We estimated the odds ratio of BAC for tobacco smoking, using never smokers as a referent category, after adjustment for age, sex, race, and study center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratio of BAC for ever smoking was 2.47 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.08, 2.93); the risk increased linearly with duration, amount, and cumulative cigarette smoking and persisted long after smoking cessation. The proportion of BAC cases attributable to smoking was 0.47 (95% CI 0.39, 0.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis provides a precise estimate of the risk of BAC for tobacco smoking.
authors.affiliation: The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. paolo.boffetta@i-pri.org
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: Vijayvel
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jayaprakash
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kofi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asomaning
authors.forename: Joshua E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Muscat
authors.forename: Ann G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Loic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Marchand
authors.forename: Michele L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.forename: Shawn M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Rayjean J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Christiani
mesh_terms: D002282:Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*