title: Factors affecting the STR amplification success in poorly preserved bone samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factors affecting the success of short tandem repeat (STR) amplification of poorly preserved samples are generally known, but as of yet, they have seldom been systematically assessed. Using two different maximum likelihood-based methods, the relative importance of DNA quantity, degradation and inhibition in STR genotyping was studied with DNA extracts from a set of old bone samples. First, the effects of different factors related to PCR amplification were estimated with a generalized linear mixed model. Second, error rates of allelic drop-out and drop-in were estimated on the basis of the frequency and nature of mismatches between replicates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In autosomal STR analyses, the most important factor was the DNA quantity, followed by the degradation, whereas in Y-chromosomal STR analysis, the most important factor was the degradation. Inhibition was a minor concern in STR analyses of poorly preserved bones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The success of PCR amplification depends largely on the template DNA quality (amount and degradation), but these problems can be partly compensated for by different primer design and amplification chemistry. Consequently, the relative roles of the compromising factors differ according to the kit used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 40, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. antti.sajantila@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Mikko T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Putkonen
authors.forename: Jukka U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Palo
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: Minttu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sajantila