title: Reciprocity between abscisic acid and ethylene at the onset of berry ripening and after harvest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ripening of grape berry is generally regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), and has no relationship with ethylene function. However, functional interaction and synergism between ABA and ethylene during the beginning of grape berry ripening (véraison) has been found recently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expressions of VvNCED1 encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and VvGT encoding ABA glucosyltransferase were all increased rapidly at the stage of véraison and reached the highest level at 9th week after full bloom. However, VvCYP1 encoding ABA 8'-hydroxylase and VvβG1 encoding berry β-glucosidase are different, whose expression peak appeared at the 10th week after full bloom and in especial VvβG1 remained at a high level till harvest. The VvACO1 encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase, the VvETR2 (ethylene response 2) and VvCTR1 (constitutive triple response 1) had a transient expression peak at pre-véraison, while the VvEIN4 (ethylene insensitive 4) expression gradually increased from the véraison to one week before harvest stage. The above mentioned changes happened again in the berry after harvest. At one week before véraison, double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) not only inhibited the release of ethylene and the expression of related genes but also suppressed the transcription of VvNCED1 and the synthesis of ABA which all might result in inhibiting the fruit ripening onset. Treatment with ABA could relieve the double block and restore fruit ripening course. However, after harvest, double block treatment with NiCl2 plus 1-MCP could not suppress the transcription of VvNCED1 and the accumulation of ABA, and also could not inhibit the start of fruit senescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The trace endogenous ethylene induces the transcription of VvNCED1 and then the generation of ABA followed. Both ethylene and ABA are likely to be important and their interplaying may be required to start the process of berry ripening. When the level of ABA reached the peak value, part of it will be stored in the form of ABA-GE. While after harvest, abiotic stresses principally (such as dehydration, harvest shock) could induce the transcription of VvNCED1 and the accumulation of ABA, thus starting the process of fruit senescence.
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Jianxun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Guojun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leng
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D003521:Cyclopropanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000235:genetics; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D009532:Nickel / Q000494:pharmacology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D027843:Vitis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D005030:Ethylenes; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; C022838:nickel chloride; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D009532:Nickel; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C036216:ethylene; D049308:Dioxygenases; C109043:9-cis-epoxy-carotenoid dioxygenase; C107203:abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; C412563:1-methylcyclopropene