title: Investigation of the material properties of alginate for the development of hydrogel repair of dura mater.
abstract: The collagenous dura mater isolates the brain from the external environment and requires a secure closure following invasive neurosurgery. This is typically accomplished by approximation of the dura mater via sutures and adhesives. In selected cases, however, large portions of dura mater require excision, necessitating a tissue replacement patch. The mild reaction conditions and long-term biocompatibility of alginate evince strong candidacy for these applications. This study investigates the potential of diffusion and internally gelled alginates for these applications. Specifically, we quantified the viscosity, gel rate, syneresis level, compressive strength, compressive modulus, complex modulus and loss angle in the context of dura mater repair. The ideal sealant would have a rapid cross-link speed, while the ideal dura mater replacement would have a low level of syneresis. Both applications require a compressive modulus of 20-100 kPa and a complex modulus of 1-24 kPa. The data collected in this study suggests that the use of 1.95 wt% 43 mPa s alginate with 200 mM CaCl(2) is sufficient for approximating the dural membrane for closure alone or in conjunction with suture. Alternatively, the use of 1.95 wt% 43 mPa s alginate with 100 mM CaCO(3) is sufficient for tissue replacement in large dural defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA. enunamak@umich.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nunamaker
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Daryl R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kipke
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000601:surgery*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D012212:Rheology; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020100:Hydrogels; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D002122:Calcium Chloride