title: Understanding adherence to guidelines in the intensive care unit: development of a comprehensive framework.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been hailed as a useful method of translating evidence into practice. Several CPGs have been published that provide recommendations for feeding patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Despite a rigorous development process and active dissemination of these guidelines, their impact on nutrition practice has been modest. The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive framework for understanding adherence to nutrition CPGs in the critical care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple case studies were completed at 4 Canadian ICUs. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 7 key informants at each ICU site who were asked about their perceptions and attitudes toward guidelines in general and the Canadian Critical Care Nutrition CPGs specifically. Interview transcripts and related documents were analyzed qualitatively using a framework approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5 key components of the developed framework were characteristics of the CPGs, the implementation process, institutional factors, provider intent, and the clinical condition of the patient. These key themes encapsulate numerous itemized factors that contribute to guideline adherence either as barriers or enablers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to nutrition CPGs is determined by a complex interaction of multiple factors that act as barriers or enablers. The comprehensive framework for adherence to CPGs in the ICU attempts to elucidate this process and provides a useful template for future research. Future quality improvement initiatives should assess local barriers to change and design interventions to overcome these barriers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Naomi E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suurdt
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ouellette-Kuntz
authors.forename: Daren K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Heyland
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D044623:Nutrition Therapy / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic