title: Use of proton-pump inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux are common in pregnancy, but there are limited data on the risk of birth defects associated with exposure to proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) in early pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cohort study to assess the association between exposure to PPIs during pregnancy and the risk of major birth defects among all infants born alive in Denmark between January 1996 and September 2008. We linked data from nationwide registries, including individual-level information on exposure to PPIs (prescriptions), birth defects, and potential confounders. Major birth defects, diagnosed within the first year of life, were categorized according to the standardized classification scheme of the European surveillance of congenital anomalies (EUROCAT). Our primary analyses assessed the use of PPIs from 4 weeks before conception through 12 weeks of gestation and from 0 through 12 weeks of gestation (first trimester).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 840,968 live births, 5082 involved exposure to PPIs between 4 weeks before conception and the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. There were 174 major birth defects in infants whose mothers had been exposed to PPIs during this period (3.4%), as compared with 21,811 in the group whose mothers had not been exposed (2.6%) (adjusted prevalence odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 1.44). In analyses limited to exposure during the first trimester, there were 118 major birth defects among 3651 infants exposed to PPIs (3.2%), and the adjusted prevalence odds ratio was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.91 to 1.34). The risk of birth defects was not significantly increased in secondary analyses of exposure to individual PPIs during the first trimester or in analyses limited to the offspring of women who had filled PPI prescriptions and received enough doses to have a theoretical chance of first-trimester exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large cohort, exposure to PPIs during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with a significantly increased risk of major birth defects. (Funded by the Danish Medical Research Council and the Lundbeck Foundation.).
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. bjp@ssi.dk
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pasternak
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hviid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D050498:Live Birth; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D015995:Prevalence; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors