title: Evaluation of resident attitudes and self-reported competencies in health advocacy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The CanMEDS Health Advocate role, one of seven roles mandated by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons Canada, pertains to a physician's responsibility to use their expertise and influence to advance the wellbeing of patients, communities, and populations. We conducted our study to examine resident attitudes and self-reported competencies related to health advocacy, due to limited information in the literature on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a pilot experience with seven internal medicine residents participating in a community health promotion event. The residents provided narrative feedback after the event and the information was used to generate items for a health advocacy survey. Face validity was established by having the same residents review the survey. Content validity was established by inviting an expert physician panel to review the survey. The refined survey was then distributed to a cohort of core Internal Medicine residents electronically after attendance at an academic retreat teaching residents about advocacy through didactic sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey was completed by 76 residents with a response rate of 68%. The majority agreed to accept an advocacy role for societal health needs beyond caring for individual patients. Most confirmed their ability to identify health determinants and reaffirmed the inherent requirements for health advocacy. While involvement in health advocacy was common during high school and undergraduate studies, 76% of residents reported no current engagement in advocacy activity, and 36% were undecided if they would engage in advocacy during their remaining time as residents, fellows or staff. The common barriers reported were insufficient time, rest and stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical residents endorsed the role of health advocate and reported proficiency in determining the medical and bio-psychosocial determinants of individuals and communities. Few residents, however, were actively involved in health advocacy beyond an individual level during residency due to multiple barriers. Further studies should address these barriers to advocacy and identify the reasons for the discordance we found between advocacy endorsement and lack of engagement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sedlak
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fok
authors.forename: Roger Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001955:British Columbia; D002983:Clinical Competence; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003479:Curriculum; D003625:Data Collection; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D010819:Physician's Role; D012941:Social Responsibility; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires