title: Handgrip strength as a simple indicator of possible malnutrition and inflammation in men and women on maintenance hemodialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the validity of handgrip strength (HGS) as a simple screening instrument for malnutrition and inflammation in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) by correlating it with malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of the Prospective Study of the Prognosis in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (PROHEMO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Satellite dialysis units in the city of Salvador, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 274 men and 162 women on MHD. MAIN PREDICTOR VARIABLE: HGS was chosen as the main predictor variable in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An MIS ≥6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared with men, women were found to have lower HGS values (19.38 ± 6.48 kg vs. 29.07 ± 8.67 kg; P < .001) and higher MIS (6.38 ± 3.84 vs. 5.57 ± 3.39; P = .032). HGS was found to be inversely correlated with MIS among women (Spearman's ρ = -.360; P < .001) as well as men (Spearman's ρ = -0.384; P < .001); this inverse correlation was observed in patients with and without diabetes, different racial groups, younger and older subjects, incident (<3 months) and prevalent patients, in the case of both genders. Among both men and women, every one standard deviation lower of HGS was associated with more than two-fold higher odds for MIS ≥6, after adjusting for age, race, duration of dialysis, and Kt/V. These associations remained statistically significant after more extensive adjustments. The optimized cutoff point of HGS for MIS ≥6 was 28.3 kg for men (sensitivity = 70.0%; specificity = 66.0%) and 23.4 kg for women (sensitivity = 87.0%; specificity = 43.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower HGS values were independently associated with higher MIS among patients on MHD across several subgroups. These results suggest that HGS is a valid screening instrument for malnutrition and inflammation in patients on MHD.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Ferreira
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Cácia Mendes
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.forename: Gildete Barreto
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Maria Tereza Silveira
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Márcia Silva
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Luzdivina Ucha
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Pisoni
authors.forename: Antonio Alberto
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult