title: Complications of growth-sparing surgery in early onset scoliosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Review of available literature, authors' opinion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe complications associated with growth-sparing surgical treatment of early onset scoliosis (EOS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  EOS has many potential etiologies and is often associated with thoracic insufficiency syndrome. The growth of the spine, thorax, and lungs are interrelated, and severe EOS typically involves disturbance of the normal development of all 3. Severe EOS may be treated during growth with surgical techniques, intended to preserve growth while controlling deformity, the most common of which are spinal "growing rods" (GR) or "vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib" (VEPTR). Although presently popular, there is minimal long-term data on the outcome of growth-sparing surgical techniques on EOS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Potential adverse outcomes of GR or VEPTR treatment of EOS include failure to prevent progressive deformity or thoracic insufficiency syndrome, an unacceptably short or stiff spine or deformed thorax, increased family burden of care, and potentially negative psychological consequences from repeated surgical interventions. Neither technique reliably controls all deformity over the entirety of growth period. Infections are common to both GR and VEPTR. Rod breakage and spontaneous premature spinal fusion beneath rods are troublesome complications in GR, whereas drift of rib attachments and chest wall scarring are anticipated complications in VEPTR treatment. Indications for GR and VEPTR overlap, but thoracogenic scoliosis and severe upper thoracic kyphosis are best treated by VEPTR and GR, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons planning treatment of EOS should anticipate the many complications common to growth-sparing surgery, share their knowledge with families, and use complications as one factor in the complex decision as to when and whether to initiate the repetitive surgeries associated with GR or VEPTR in the treatment of severe EOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, USA. akbarnia@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Behrooz A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Akbarnia
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Emans
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D012272:Ribs / Q000601:surgery; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome