title: An economic analysis of usual care and acupuncture collaborative treatment on chronic low back pain: a Markov model decision analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The collaborative treatment of acupuncture in addition to routine care as an approach for the management of low back pain (LBP) is receiving increasing recognition from both public and professional arenas. In 2010, the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs (MOHW) of South Korea approved the practice of doctors and Oriental medical doctors (acupuncture qualified) working together in the same facility and offering collaborative treatment at the same time for the same disease. However, there is little more than anecdotal evidence on the health and economic implications of this current practice. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness and costs of acupuncture in addition to routine care in the treatment of chronic LBP patients in South Korea.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Markov model was developed to synthesise evidence on both costs and outcomes for patients with chronic LBP. We conducted the base case analysis, univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses, and also performed the value of information analysis for future researches. Model parameters were sourced from systematic review of both alternatives, simple bibliographic reviews of relevant articles published in English or Korean, and statistical analyses of the 2005 and 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHNS) data. The analyses were based on the societal perspective over a five year time horizon using a 5% discount rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base case, collaborative treatment resulted in better outcomes, but at a relatively high cost. Overall, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of a collaborative practice was 3,421,394 KRW (Korean rate Won) per QALY (Quality adjusted life year) (2,895.80 USD per QALY). Univariate sensitivity analysis of indirect non-medical costs did not affect the preference order of the strategies. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis revealed that if the threshold was over 3,260,000 KRW per QALY (2,759.20 USD per QALY), the probability for cost-effectiveness of a collaborative practice would exceed 50%. At 20,000,000 KRW per QALY, which is recommended using per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as the threshold, the probability would be 72.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of our findings, acupuncture collaborative therapy for patients with chronic LBP may be cost-effective if the usual threshold is applied. Further empirical studies are required to overcome the limitations of uncertainties and improve the precision of the results.
authors.affiliation: Seoul National University, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea. drkim@wonkwang.ac.kr
authors.forename: Namkwen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bongmin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Taejin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Soonman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D055048:Integrative Medicine / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D008390:Markov Chains; D018803:Models, Economic; D056910:Republic of Korea; D016896:Treatment Outcome