title: Do indicated preventive interventions for depression represent good value for money?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevention of depression is of growing interest to researchers and policy makers. However, the question of whether interventions designed to prevent depression provide value for money at a population level remains largely unanswered. The current study assesses the cost-effectiveness of two indicated interventions designed to prevent depression: a brief psychological intervention based on bibliotherapy and a more comprehensive group-based psychological intervention following opportunistic screening for sub-syndromal depression in general practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Economic modelling using a cost utility framework was used to assess the incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of the two interventions within the Australian population context, modelled as add-ons to current practice. The perspective was the health sector and outcomes were measured using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Uncertainty was measured using probabilistic uncertainty testing and important model assumptions were tested using univariate sensitivity testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The brief bibliotherapy intervention had an ICER of AU$8600 per DALY and the group-based psychological intervention had an ICER of AU$20 000 per DALY. The majority of the uncertainty simulations for both interventions fell below the cost-effectiveness threshold value of $50 000 per DALY. Extensive sensitivity testing showed that the results were robust to the assumptions made in the analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following screening in general practice, both psychological interventions, particularly brief bibliotherapy, appear to be good value for money and worthy of further evaluation under routine care circumstances. Acceptability issues associated with such interventions, particularly to primary care practitioners as providers of the interventions and health system administrators, also need to be considered before wide-scale adoption is contemplated.
authors.affiliation: Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. cathy.mihalopoulos@deakin.edu.au
authors.forename: Cathrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mihalopoulos
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pirkis
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D001638:Bibliotherapy / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D011614:Psychotherapy, Brief / Q000191:economics*; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000191:economics*