title: Epidemic levels of drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR and XDR-TB) in a high HIV prevalence setting in Khayelitsha, South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is emerging as a significant threat to tuberculosis control in high HIV prevalence countries such as South Africa, limited data is available on the burden of drug resistant tuberculosis and any association with HIV in such settings. We conducted a community-based representative survey to assess the MDR-TB burden in Khayelitsha, an urban township in South Africa with high HIV and TB prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adult clinic attendees suspected for pulmonary tuberculosis in two large primary care clinics, together constituting 50% of the tuberculosis burden in Khayelitsha. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) for isoniazid and rifampicin was conducted using a line probe assay on positive sputum cultures, and with culture-based DST for first and second-line drugs. Between May and November 2008, culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in 271 new and 264 previously treated tuberculosis suspects (sample enriched with previously treated cases). Among those with known HIV status, 55% and 71% were HIV infected respectively. MDR-TB was diagnosed in 3.3% and 7.7% of new and previously treated cases. These figures equate to an estimated case notification rate for MDR-TB of 51/100,000/year, with new cases constituting 55% of the estimated MDR-TB burden. HIV infection was not significantly associated with rifampicin resistance in multivariate analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an extremely high burden of MDR-TB in this setting, most likely representing ongoing transmission. These data highlight the need to diagnose drug resistance among all TB cases, and for innovative models of case detection and treatment for MDR-TB, in order to interrupt transmission and control this emerging epidemic.
authors.affiliation: Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia. hcox@burnet.edu.au
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McDermid
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Odelia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coetzee
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Marinus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coetzee
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Cutsem
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goemaere
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D058872:Epidemics; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012293:Rifampin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D004977:Ethambutol; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin