title: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP) genotyping assay for detection of genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
abstract: In this paper an assay for the detection of genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP) is presented, in order to be further applied in a portable Lab-On-Chip (LOC) device. A substantial part of these reagents were based on the literature (11th International Histocompatibility Workshop, IHW), bearing the advantage of proven successful implementation in genotyping, while others were designed for this study. More precisely, our methodology discriminates HLA-DRB1 as DRB1*01, *04 and *10, which include shared epitope (SE) alleles associated with RA and additionally DRB1*15 allele, including DRB1*1501 associated with MS (broad genotyping method). To further present the basic elements of the assay for high resolution genotyping of SE DRB1 alleles, we provide as an example the case of HLA-DRB1*10 alleles (HLADRB1* 100101, *100102, *100103, *1002 and *1003). Regarding the methodology for developing a detection assay, for SNPs associated with RA or MS the basic steps are presented. DNA sequence data are obtained from IMGT/HLA and SNP database. Online software tools are used to define hybridization specificity of primers and probes towards human DNA, leading to hybridization patterns that uniquely designate a target allele and evaluate parameters influencing PCR efficiency. Respecting current technological limitations of autonomous molecular-based LOC systems the approach of broad genotyping of HLA-DRB1*01/*04/*10/*15 genes, is intended to be initially used, leaving, high resolution genotyping of SE alleles for future implementations. This method is easy to be updated and extended to detect additional associated loci with RA or MS.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Medical Technology and Intelligent Information Systems, Dept. of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece. konikol@cc.uoi.gr
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.forename: Fanis G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Kalatzis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giannakeas
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markoula
authors.forename: Anthi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chatzikyriakidou
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Dimitrios I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Fotiadis
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics*; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D059811:HLA-DRB1 Chains; D015345:Oligonucleotide Probes