title: International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB₁ and CB₂.
abstract: There are at least two types of cannabinoid receptors (CB(1) and CB(2)). Ligands activating these G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) include the phytocannabinoid Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, numerous synthetic compounds, and endogenous compounds known as endocannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists have also been developed. Some of these ligands activate or block one type of cannabinoid receptor more potently than the other type. This review summarizes current data indicating the extent to which cannabinoid receptor ligands undergo orthosteric or allosteric interactions with non-CB(1), non-CB(2) established GPCRs, deorphanized receptors such as GPR55, ligand-gated ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, and other ion channels or peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors. From these data, it is clear that some ligands that interact similarly with CB(1) and/or CB(2) receptors are likely to display significantly different pharmacological profiles. The review also lists some criteria that any novel "CB(3)" cannabinoid receptor or channel should fulfil and concludes that these criteria are not currently met by any non-CB(1), non-CB(2) pharmacological receptor or channel. However, it does identify certain pharmacological targets that should be investigated further as potential CB(3) receptors or channels. These include TRP vanilloid 1, which possibly functions as an ionotropic cannabinoid receptor under physiological and/or pathological conditions, and some deorphanized GPCRs. Also discussed are 1) the ability of CB(1) receptors to form heteromeric complexes with certain other GPCRs, 2) phylogenetic relationships that exist between CB(1)/CB(2) receptors and other GPCRs, 3) evidence for the existence of several as-yet-uncharacterized non-CB(1), non-CB(2) cannabinoid receptors; and 4) current cannabinoid receptor nomenclature.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. rgp@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pertwee
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Howlett
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Abood
authors.forename: S P H
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Marzo
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Elphick
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Greasley
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kunos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mechoulam
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; D063387:Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D010802:Phylogeny; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; D063387:Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D002186:Cannabinoids; D008024:Ligands; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid