title: Early development of children with major birth defects requiring newborn surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates following cardiac or non-cardiac surgery for major birth defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1 June 2002 to 31 July 2004, infants born ≥ 33 weeks gestation who underwent major birth defect surgery were enrolled prospectively. Infants were assessed at a mean corrected age of 24 months (standard deviation (SD) = 8 months, range 18-36 months) using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Second Edition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 118 study infants, 79 (66%) were male, the mean gestation was 38.5 weeks (SD 1.9 weeks) and mean birthweight was 3194 g (SD 653 g). Forty-five infants (47%) had undergone general surgery for non-cardiac defects. The majority of infants (73%) performed below average in cognitive and language skills. Mental delay was found in 41% of infants; 16% were significantly delayed. Fine and gross motor skills were below average in 60% of infants. Twenty-six percent of infants had motor delay; 9% were significantly delayed. Both the mean Mental Development Index (M = 88, SD = 19.8) and mean Psychomotor Development Index (M = 93, SD = 19.3) were significantly below the normative mean (d = 0.8, P < 0.001 and d = 0.5, P < 0.001, respectively). One in five children had global developmental delay. There was no significant difference in outcome between the cardiac and general surgery groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of infants performed below average on a standardised test of infant development. Our results show that infants requiring newborn surgery for major birth defects are at high risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. We recommend that follow-up programmes include systematic multidisciplinary developmental monitoring and early intervention.
authors.affiliation: Grace Centre for Newborn Care, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia. karenw4@chw.edu.au
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laing
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ungerer
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Badawi
authors.forename: Kaye
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spence
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009420:Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development*; D009517:New South Wales; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult