title: Hypothalamic sites of leptin action linking metabolism and reproduction.
abstract: A critical amount of energy reserve is necessary for puberty initiation, for normal sexual maturation and maintenance of cyclicity and fertility in females of most species. Therefore, the existence of circulating metabolic cues which directly modulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis is predictable. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is one of these cues having been studied extensively in the context of regulating the reproductive physiology. Humans and mice lacking leptin (ob/ob) or leptin receptor (LepR, db/db) are infertile. Leptin administration to leptin-deficient subjects and ob/ob mice induces puberty and restores fertility. LepR is expressed in brain, pituitary gland and gonads, but studies using genetically engineered mouse models determined that the brain plays a major role. Recently, it has been made clear that leptin acts indirectly on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting cells via actions on interneurons. However, the exact site(s) of leptin action has been difficult to determine. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the field focused on the identification of potential site(s) or specific neuronal populations involved in leptin's effects in the neuroendocrine reproductive axis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donato
authors.forename: Roberta M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cravo
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frazão
authors.forename: Carol F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Elias
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008660:Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin