title: Direct measurement of instantaneous source speed for a HDR brachytherapy unit using an optical fiber based detector.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several attempts to determine the transit time of a high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy unit have been reported in the literature with controversial results. The determination of the source speed is necessary to accurately calculate the transient dose in brachytherapy treatments. In these studies, only the average speed of the source was measured as a parameter for transit dose calculation, which does not account for the realistic movement of the source, and is therefore inaccurate for numerical simulations. The purpose of this work is to report the implementation and technical design of an optical fiber based detector to directly measure the instantaneous speed profile of a 192Ir source in a Nucletron HDR brachytherapy unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  To accomplish this task, we have developed a setup that uses the Cerenkov light induced in optical fibers as a detection signal for the radiation source moving inside the HDR catheter. As the 192Ir source travels between two optical fibers with known distance, the threshold of the induced signals are used to extract the transit time and thus the velocity. The high resolution of the detector enables the measurement of the transit time at short separation distance of the fibers, providing the instantaneous speed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accurate and high resolution speed profiles of the 192Ir radiation source traveling from the safe to the end of the catheter and between dwell positions are presented. The maximum and minimum velocities of the source were found to be 52.0 +/- 1.0 and 17.3 +/- 1.2 cm/s. The authors demonstrate that the radiation source follows a uniformly accelerated linear motion with acceleration of [a] = 113 cm/s2. In addition, the authors compare the average speed measured using the optical fiber detector to those obtained in the literature, showing deviation up to 265%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of the authors' knowledge, the authors directly measured for the first time the instantaneous speed profile of a radiation source in a HDR brachytherapy unit traveling from the unit safe to the end of the catheter and between interdwell distances. The method is feasible and accurate to implement on quality assurance tests and provides a unique database for efficient computational simulations of the transient dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Mathematics, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil. r.a.minamisawa@fz-juelich.de
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Minamisawa
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rubo
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Seraide
authors.forename: J R O
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D055100:Optical Fibers; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes