title: In vitro modulatory effects of Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica and Orthosiphon stamineus on cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Andrographis paniculata (AP), Centella asiatica (CA) and Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) are three popular herbs traditionally used worldwide. AP is known for the treatment of infections and diabetes and CA is good for wound healing and healthy skin while OS is usually consumed as tea to treat kidney and urinary disorders. Interaction of these herbs with human cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19), a major hepatic CYP isoform involved in metabolism of many clinical drugs has not been investigated to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the modulatory effects of various extracts and major active constituents of AP, CA and OS on CYP2C19 activities were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  S-mephenytoin, the CYP2C19 substrate probe, was incubated in the presence or absence of AP, CA and OS components. The changes in the rate of metabolite (hydroxymephenytoin) formation were subsequently determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based enzyme assay to characterize the modulatory effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the herbal extracts studied, AP ethanol extract and CA dichloromethane extract exhibited mixed type inhibition towards CYP2C19 with K(i) values of 67.1 and 16.4 μg/ml respectively; CA ethanol extract and OS petroleum ether extract competitively inhibited CYP2C19 activity (K(i)=39.6 and 41.5 μg/ml respectively). Eupatorin (a major active constituent of OS) was found to significantly inhibit CYP2C19 by mixed type inhibition (K(i)=7.1 μg/ml or 20.6 μM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was observed that AP, CA and OS inhibited CYP2C19 activity with varying potency. While weak inhibitory effect was observed with AP, moderate to strong inhibition was observed with CA dichloromethane extract and eupatorin, the major OS constituent. Therefore care should be taken when these CA and OS components are co-administered with CYP2C19 substrates (such as omeprazole, proguanil, barbiturates, citalopram, and diazepam).
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Badrul Amini
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Abd-Rashid
authors.forename: Zakiah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Rusli
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Joon Wah
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: Peter C K
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Pook
authors.forename: Hui Meng
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Er
authors.forename: Chin Eng
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D035685:Andrographis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D028041:Centella / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D041743:Herb-Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D031342:Orthosiphon / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C526146:Centella asiatica extract; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014315:Triterpenes; C103110:eupatorin; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19