title: Distal radial and ulnar landmarks used in percutaneous pin fixation: anatomical relationship to the superficial radial and ulnar nerves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The radial and ulnar styloids as well as Lister's tubercle are important surgical landmarks in the surgical treatment of distal forearm fractures. There have been limited studies assessing their relative safety in terms of their distance from superficial nerves which are in danger during surgical procedures. The aim of this cadaveric study was to assess and compare the distance of superficial nerves to these important surgical landmarks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty embalmed cadaveric upper limbs were dissected exposing the nerves and tendons around the wrist. The radial styloid, Lister's tubercle, ulnar styloid and nerve branches were marked with pins. The distance of the nearest nerve branch to each landmark was measured with a digital calliper. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS for Windows 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) using Friedman Tests and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median distance of the nearest nerve branch to the radial styloid was 5.42 mm, to the Lister's tubercle was 16.68 mm and to the ulnar styloid was 13.56 mm. There was unequal safety for these three surgical landmarks regarding proximity to nerve branches (p < 0.00001). Paired comparison using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed that the Lister's tubercle was safer than the radial styloid (p < 0.0001) and ulnar styloid (p = 0.04). In addition, the ulnar styloid was safer than the radial styloid (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a higher risk of injury to superficial nerves when operating near the radial styloid as it is significantly closer to nerve branches as compared to Lister's tubercle and ulnar styloid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tryfonidis
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Jass
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hayton
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D002102:Cadaver; D005542:Forearm / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005592:Fracture Fixation; D006801:Humans; D011826:Radial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014953:Wrist / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation