title: Modeling scatter-to-primary dose ratio for megavoltage photon beams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A three-parameter semiempirical model for scatter-to-primary dose ratio (SPR) is proposed to fit PDD (or TPR) and S(p) beam data. The SPR formula proposed in this study is more accurate than the previously published formula utilizing two parameters, especially for lower energy megavoltage photon beams, because the effect of backscattered photons is now taken into account.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monte Carlo (MC) calculated SPR for photon energy spectrum between 60Co and 24 MV are used to evaluate the accuracy of the models. Based on fitting the MC data, the dependence of the SPR parameters (a0, w0,d0) with the attenuation coefficients of the photon beams is obtained and they were incorporated into the authors' optimization routine. The ability of the optimization routine to fit measured clinic data is examined for photon energies ranging from 60Co to 25 MV for all major cobalt and linear accelerator manufacturers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors' model successfully fits the measured photon beam data for field size (E/3-40 cm), where E is photon energy in MV and for clinically usable depths, d(max) to 20 cm for 60Co, d(max) to 30 cm for 4 MV, and d(max) to 40 cm for 6 MV and higher photon energies. The maximum error among these fits is better than 2% for photon energies above 60Co.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new SPR formula, along with the optimization routine, can serve as an efficient tool for performing quality control of x-ray beam data that conforms to AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee TG40 and Therapy Physics Committee TG142 reports on beam data requirement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 2 Donner, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Ken Kang-Hsin
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes