title: Measuring output factors of small fields formed by collimator jaws and multileaf collimator using plastic scintillation detectors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the practice of using high-energy photon beams to create therapeutic radiation fields of subcentimeter dimensions (as in intensity-modulated radiotherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery) grows, so too does the need for accurate verification of beam output at these small fields in which standard practices of dose verification break down. This study investigates small-field output factors measured using a small plastic scintillation detector (PSD), as well as a 0.01 cm3 ionization chamber. Specifically, output factors were measured with both detectors using small fields that were defined by either the X-Y collimator jaws or the multileaf collimator (MLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A PSD of 0.5 mm diameter and 2 mm length was irradiated with 6 and 18 MV linac beams. The PSD was positioned vertically at a source-to-axis distance of 100 cm, at 10 cm depth in a water phantom, and irradiated with fields ranging in size from 0.5 x 0.5 to 10 x 10 cm2. The field sizes were defined either by the collimator jaws alone or by a MLC alone. The MLC fields were constructed in two ways: with the closed leaves (i.e., those leaves that were not opened to define the square field) meeting at either the field center line or at a 4 cm offset from the center line. Scintillation light was recorded using a CCD camera and an estimation of error in the median-filtered signals was made using the bootstrapping technique. Measurements were made using a CC01 ionization chamber under conditions identical to those used for the PSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Output factors measured by the PSD showed close agreement with those measured using the ionization chamber for field sizes of 2.0 x 2.0 cm2 and above. At smaller field sizes, the PSD obtained output factors as much as 15% higher than those found using the ionization chamber by 0.6 x 0.6 cm2 jaw-defined fields. Output factors measured with no offset of the closed MLC leaves were as much as 20% higher than those measured using a 4 cm leaf offset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors' results suggest that PSDs provide a useful and possibly superior alternative to existing dosimetry systems for small fields, as they are inherently less susceptible to volume-averaging and perturbation effects than larger, air-filled ionization chambers. Therefore, PSDs may provide more accurate small-field output factor determination, regardless of the collimation mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, Unit 94, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Ramesh C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Tailor
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Archambault
authors.forename: Lilie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Therriault-Proulx
authors.forename: A Sam
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Beddar
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010969:Plastics; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012588:Scintillation Counting / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics