title: Independent evolution of the core and accessory gene sets in the genus Neisseria: insights gained from the genome of Neisseria lactamica isolate 020-06.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genus Neisseria contains two important yet very different pathogens, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, in addition to non-pathogenic species, of which N. lactamica is the best characterized. Genomic comparisons of these three bacteria will provide insights into the mechanisms and evolution of pathogenesis in this group of organisms, which are applicable to understanding these processes more generally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-pathogenic N. lactamica exhibits very similar population structure and levels of diversity to the meningococcus, whilst gonococci are essentially recent descendents of a single clone. All three species share a common core gene set estimated to comprise around 1190 CDSs, corresponding to about 60% of the genome. However, some of the nucleotide sequence diversity within this core genome is particular to each group, indicating that cross-species recombination is rare in this shared core gene set. Other than the meningococcal cps region, which encodes the polysaccharide capsule, relatively few members of the large accessory gene pool are exclusive to one species group, and cross-species recombination within this accessory genome is frequent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three Neisseria species groups represent coherent biological and genetic groupings which appear to be maintained by low rates of inter-species horizontal genetic exchange within the core genome. There is extensive evidence for exchange among positively selected genes and the accessory genome and some evidence of hitch-hiking of housekeeping genes with other loci. It is not possible to define a 'pathogenome' for this group of organisms and the disease causing phenotypes are therefore likely to be complex, polygenic, and different among the various disease-associated phenotypes observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK. julia.bennett@zoo.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Julia S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Georgios S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Vernikos
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quail
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cherevach
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parkhill
authors.forename: Martin C J
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Maiden
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001482:Base Composition / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D023061:Gene Order / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D042806:Neisseria lactamica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010802:Phylogeny; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins