title: Studies on the effects of heparin products on pregnancy-associated plasma protein A.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous low molecular weight (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) increase the circulating concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), a novel cardiac risk marker, in haemodialysis and coronary angiography patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further investigate the mechanisms of heparin effects, free PAPP-A was analysed in serial serum samples collected during haemodialysis (intravenous LMWH), carotid endarterectomy or abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery (intravenous UFH), treatment at intensive care unit (subcutaneous LMWH), and coronary angiography (intravenous bivalirudin). PAPP-A was extracted from plaque tissue samples of endarterectomy and aneurysm patients. The interaction between heparin products and free PAPP-A was studied with gel filtration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After intravenous UFH and LMWH free PAPP-A increased significantly but bivalirudin had no effect. After LMWH bolus in haemodialysis patients 85% of free PAPP-A was cleared with a half-life of 13.1 min and the rest with a half-life of 96.6 min. Subcutaneous LMWH led to lower and slower free PAPP-A elevation. PAPP-A extracted from plaque tissues was in free form and extraction was strongly enhanced by LMWH. Heparin products increased the molecular size of free PAPP-A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heparin-induced PAPP-A elevation is seen in various patients and should be taken into account when PAPP-A is studied as a biomarker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. saara.wittfooth@utu.fi
authors.forename: Saara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wittfooth
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tertti
authors.forename: Mauri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lepäntalo
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Porela
authors.forename: Qiu-Ping
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tynjälä
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Inkinen
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perttilä
authors.forename: K E Juhani
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Airaksinen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006629:Hirudins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A; C074619:bivalirudin