title: Application of calcined waste fish (Labeo rohita) scale as low-cost heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis.
abstract: This paper explores the feasibility of converting waste Rohu fish (Labeo rohita) scale into a high-performance, reusable, low-cost heterogeneous catalyst for synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil. The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that a significant portion of the main component of fish scale i.e. HAP (hydroxyapatite) could be transformed into β-tri-calcium phosphate when calcined above 900°C for 2 h. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) morphology studies of the calcined scale depicted a fibrous layer of porous structure; while a BET surface area of 39 m(2)/g was measured. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimal parametric conditions viz. methanol/oil molar ratio, 6.27:1, calcination temperature, 997.42°C and catalyst concentration, 1.01 wt.% of oil corresponding to a maximum FAME yield of 97.73%. Reusability results confirmed that the prepared catalyst could be reemployed up to six times, procreating a potentially applicable avenue in biodiesel synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. rajat_chakraborty25@yahoo.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bepari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D019149:Bioreactors; D002384:Catalysis; D002411:Cation Exchange Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D005399:Fishes; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000517:prevention & control; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D002411:Cation Exchange Resins; D007220:Industrial Waste; D013024:Soybean Oil