title: Cavernous hemangioma of the orbital apex: pathogenetic considerations in surgical management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To consider the pathogenesis and growth of cavernous hemangioma, particularly within the crowded orbital apex, in decisions regarding surgical indications, timing, and technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A perspective based on analysis of the microanatomic relationships and growth potential of apical cavernous hemangiomas, with representative case studies illustrating management recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of microscopic findings in typical and vision-loss cases; review of tumor growth patterns as reported in observational and interventional studies; consideration of surgical approaches and reported functional outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An ongoing, local hemodynamic imbalance may drive the proliferation of a cavernous hemangioma. Extension into neighboring tissue induces a fibrous capsule, which is continually reconstituted as the lesion expands, and which may incorporate visually critical structures in the confines of the apex. The extent of this microanatomic intimacy is not detectable preoperatively. The tumor's remaining growth potential at the time of diagnosis or following incomplete resection is not predictable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients without significant vision deficits should be observed for progression. Those with significant deficits or signs of progression should be offered timely surgery, with recognition of the risks. The surgical approach should be individualized based on macroanatomic relationships. The decision to intervene should not be a commitment to complete resection at any cost; intraoperative recognition of "inoperable" attachments may dictate modifications in order to preserve vision.
authors.affiliation: Section of Orbital and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. gjharris@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Gerald J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D009918:Orbital Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields