title: Sonographic assessment of abdominal vein dimensional and hemodynamic changes induced in human volunteers by a model of abdominal hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients affected by intra-abdominal hypertension, bladder or gastric pressure measurement may be usefully integrated by ultrasounds in order to detect early hemodynamic impairment. The purpose of this study was to search for changes in abdominal vein size and flow induced by intra-abdominal hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physiologic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postoperative intensive care unit of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four echographic assessments of vessel sizes and blood velocities were randomly performed in the following settings: 1) baseline, 2) intra-abdominal hypertension simulated by a tight pelvic stabilizer around the waist, 3) noninvasive ventilation with a facial mask, and 4) intra-abdominal hypertension plus noninvasive ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model of intra-abdominal hypertension was validated in eight subjects by measuring gastric pressure. During intra-abdominal hypertension, 1) the inferior vena cava was compressed (significant decrease of both anteroposterior and lateral diameters) and deformed (decreased anteroposterior/lateral diameter ratio), and deformation, but not compression, was attenuated by noninvasive ventilation associated with intra-abdominal hypertension; 2) the portal vein was also compressed (decreased diameter); and 3) blood velocities did not change significantly in the inferior vena cava, portal vein, right suprahepatic vein, or right external iliac vein. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, an inferior vena cava section area (normalized for body surface) of lower than 1 cm²/m² discriminated between intra-abdominal hypertension presence and absence with a sensitivity of 65.6% and a specificity of 87.5% (p = .0001). Noninvasive ventilation alone did not significantly affect vein sizes and velocities. The resistive index, calculated by pulse wave Doppler signal from segmental branches of the right renal artery, increased slightly, but significantly, during intra-abdominal hypertension alone, suggesting an increase of intrarenal pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulated intra-abdominal hypertension was associated with decreased inferior vena cava section area and increased resistive index in renal arteries. Further studies are now needed to investigate whether these changes may be of value to integrate bladder or gastric pressure measurement in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. f.cavaliere@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavaliere
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cina
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biasucci
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soave
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gargaruti
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonomo
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Proietti
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000098:blood supply; D034841:Abdominal Cavity; D000328:Adult; D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012016:Reference Values; D012494:Sampling Studies; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult