title: Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: four families.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare condition that usually presents soon after birth and is potentially life-shortening if not treated. The defining abnormality is hypoventilation during sleep which requires life-long treatment with artificial ventilation. This syndrome may also be associated with generalised dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system and a sub-group with associated Hirschsprung's disease. The genetic basis of CCHS has been identified as mutations in the PHOX2B gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present four families, three with autosomal dominant inheritance and familial clustering, and one with a de novo mutation resulting in CCHS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that nasal mask ventilation from birth can provide adequate treatment and improved quality of life for these children. Phenotypic variability in expression of disease is seen in families with the same mutations in PHOX2B gene. The psychosocial costs of the disease and the unrecognised 'morbidity barter' that is part of current management needs to be factored into in all stages of management from childhood to adolescence to adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Grace Centre for Newborn Care, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Sadasivam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005799:Genes, Dominant / Q000235:genetics; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D059765:Homologous Recombination / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007040:Hypoventilation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D015300:Ventilator Weaning
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C109220:NBPhox protein; D014157:Transcription Factors