title: Expression analysis of the early chemokine response 4 h after in vitro traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The importance of cytokine- and chemokine-mediated neuroinflammation in the progress of brain injury is becoming increasingly evident. We investigated the early local cytokine and chemokine expression and the development of tissue injury after moderate mechanical hippocampus trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drop-weight trauma in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Staining of necrotic tissue, PCR array and evaluation, real-time PCR, statistical analysis with a two-tailed, independent t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12 and 24 h after trauma, the tissue injury spread from the primary mechanical lesion to the entire hippocampal formation. A pronounced up-regulation of distinct chemokine transcripts was found 4 h after in vitro traumatic brain injury which preceded the development of the secondary injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhanced expression of inflammatory genes might contribute to the development of the secondary trauma and could pinpoint future neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective targets for research and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Astrid V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Fahlenkamp
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coburn
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czaplik
authors.forename: Yu-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ryang
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kipp
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossaint
authors.forename: Cordian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines