title: Botulinum toxin in facial rejuvenation: an update.
abstract: Since its initial approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 20 years ago for the treatment of strabismus, hemifacial spasm, and blepharospasm in adults, botulinum toxin (BTX) has become one of the most frequently requested products in cosmetic rejuvenation around the world. After years of clinical success and consistent safety in the upper face, the use of BTX has expanded and evolved to include increasingly complicated indications. In the hands of adept injectors, the focus has shifted from the treatment of individual dynamic rhytides to shaping, contouring, and sculpting, alone or in combination with other cosmetic procedures, to enhance the aesthetic appearance of the face. Although recent reports have questioned the safety of BTX, 25 years of therapeutic and over 20 years of cosmetic use has demonstrated an impressive record of safety and efficacy when used appropriately by experienced injectors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, 943 West Broadway, Suite 740, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4E1.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carruthers