title: CaM kinase kinase beta-mediated activation of the growth regulatory kinase AMPK is required for androgen-dependent migration of prostate cancer cells.
abstract: While patients with advanced prostate cancer initially respond favorably to androgen ablation therapy, most experience a relapse of the disease within 1-2 years. Although hormone-refractory disease is unresponsive to androgen-deprivation, androgen receptor (AR)-regulated signaling pathways remain active and are necessary for cancer progression. Thus, both AR itself and the processes downstream of the receptor remain viable targets for therapeutic intervention. Microarray analysis of multiple clinical cohorts showed that the serine/threonine kinase Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) is both highly expressed in the prostate and further elevated in prostate cancers. Using cellular models of prostate cancer, we have determined that androgens (a) directly increase the expression of a CaMKKβ splice variant and (b) increase functional CaMKKβ protein levels as determined by the phosphorylation of both CaMKI and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), two of CaMKKβ's primary substrates. Importantly, inhibition of the CaMKKβ-AMPK, but not CaMKI, signaling axis in prostate cancer cells by pharmacological inhibitors or siRNA-mediated knockdown blocks androgen-mediated migration and invasion. Conversely, overexpression of CaMKKβ alone leads to both increased AMPK phosphorylation and cell migration. Given the key roles of CaMKKβ and AMPK in the biology of prostate cancer cells, we propose that these enzymes are potential therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Frigo
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Bryan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wittmann
authors.forename: Abigail M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: Qianben
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Myles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Means
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: McDonnell
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054737:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D007527:Isoenzymes; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011494:Protein Kinases; D054737:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase; D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases