title: Effect of retirement on major chronic conditions and fatigue: French GAZEL occupational cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, using longitudinal analyses, if retirement is followed by a change in the risk of incident chronic diseases, depressive symptoms, and fatigue. Design Prospective study with repeat measures from 7 years before to 7 years after retirement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large French occupational cohort (the GAZEL study), 1989-2007. Participants 11 246 men and 2858 women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory disease, diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke, mental fatigue, and physical fatigue, measured annually by self report over the 15 year observation period; depressive symptoms measured at four time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average number of repeat measurements per participant was 12.1. Repeated measures logistic regression with generalised estimating equations showed that the cumulative prevalence of self reported respiratory disease, diabetes, and coronary heart disease and stroke increased with age, with no break in the trend around retirement. In contrast, retirement was associated with a substantial decrease in the prevalence of both mental fatigue (odds ratio for fatigue one year after versus one year before retirement 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.18 to 0.21) and physical fatigue (0.27, 0.26 to 0.30). A major decrease was also observed in depressive symptoms (0.60, 0.53 to 0.67). The decrease in fatigue around retirement was more pronounced among people with a chronic disease before retirement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal modelling of repeat data showed that retirement did not change the risk of major chronic diseases but was associated with a substantial reduction in mental and physical fatigue and depressive symptoms, particularly among people with chronic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. hugo.westerlund@stress.su.se
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westerlund
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ferrie
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh-Manoux
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pentti
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melchior
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leineweber
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jokela
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siegrist
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zins
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D005222:Mental Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D013997:Time Factors