title: Ergonomic factors related to drop-off detection with the long cane: effects of cane tips and techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effect of cane tips and cane techniques on drop-off detection with the long cane.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Blind pedestrians depend on a long cane to detect drop-offs. Missing a drop-off may result in falls or collision with moving vehicles in the street. Although cane tips appear to affect a cane user's ability to detect drop-offs, few experimental studies have examined such effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A repeated-measures design with block randomization was used for the study. Participants were 17 adults who were legally blind and had no other disabilities. Participants attempted to detect the drop-offs of varied depths using different cane tips and cane techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drop-off detection rates were similar between the marshmallow tip (77.0%) and the marshmallow roller tip (79.4%) when both tips were used with the constant contact technique, p = .294. However, participants detected drop-offs at a significantly higher percentage when they used the constant contact technique with the marshmallow roller tip (79.4%) than when they used the two-point touch technique with the marshmallow tip (63.2%), p < .001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The constant contact technique used with a marshmallow roller tip (perceived as a less advantageous tip) was more effective than the two-point touch technique used with a marshmallow tip (perceived as a more advantageous tip) in detecting drop-offs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the study may help cane users and orientation and mobility specialists select appropriate cane techniques and cane tips in accordance with the cane user's characteristics and the nature of the travel environment.
authors.affiliation: Western Michigan University, Department of Blindness and Low Vision Studies, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49002-5218, USA. dae.kim@wmich.edu
authors.forename: Dae Shik
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Robert S Wall
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: Amy B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Curtis
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002183:Canes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012656:Self-Help Devices; D014110:Touch