title: Loss of heterozygosity and SOSTDC1 in adult and pediatric renal tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deletions within the short arm of chromosome 7 are observed in approximately 25% of adult and 10% of Wilms pediatric renal tumors. Within Wilms tumors, the region of interest has been delineated to a 2-Mb minimal region that includes ten known genes. Two of these ten candidate genes, SOSTDC1 and MEOX2, are particularly relevant to tumor development and maintenance. This finding, coupled with evidence that SOSTDC1 is frequently downregulated in adult renal cancer and regulates both Wingless-Int (Wnt)- and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced signaling, points to a role for SOSTDC1 as a potential tumor suppressor.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate this hypothesis, we interrogated the Oncomine database to examine the SOSTDC1 levels in adult renal clear cell tumors and pediatric Wilms tumors. We then performed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and sequencing analyses of SOSTDC1 in 25 pediatric and 36 adult renal tumors. Immunohistochemical staining of patient samples was utilized to examine the impact of SOSTDC1 genetic aberrations on SOSTDC1 protein levels and signaling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the Oncomine database, we found that SOSTDC1 levels were reduced in adult renal clear cell tumors and pediatric Wilms tumors. Through SNP and sequencing analyses of 25 Wilms tumors, we identified four with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 7p and three that affected SOSTDC1. Of 36 adult renal cancers, we found five with LOH at 7p, two of which affected SOSTDC1. Immunohistochemical analysis of SOSTDC1 protein levels within these tumors did not reveal a relationship between these instances of SOSTDC1 LOH and SOSTDC1 protein levels. Moreover, we could not discern any impact of these genetic alterations on Wnt signaling as measured by altered beta-catenin levels or localization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that genetic aberrations near SOSTDC1 are not uncommon in renal cancer, and occur in adult as well as pediatric renal tumors. These observations of SOSTDC1 LOH, however, did not correspond with changes in SOSTDC1 protein levels or signaling regulation. Although our conclusions are limited by sample size, we suggest that an alternative mechanism such as epigenetic silencing of SOSTDC1 may be a key contributor to the reduced SOSTDC1 mRNA and protein levels observed in renal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Blish
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: A Julian
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Garvin
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Willingham
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Torti
authors.forename: Suzy V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Torti
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000328:Adult; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002897:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 / Q000235:genetics; D016162:Genes, Wilms Tumor; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; C480733:SOSTDC1 protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins