title: Continuous bupivacaine infusion post-iliac crest bone graft harvesting in pediatric cleft surgery: role and comparison with ketorolac.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use of intravenous ketorolac and iliac crest bupivacaine infusion in the management of iliac crest donor-site pain in the pediatric cleft population. The null hypothesis was there is no difference with respect to pain scores between ketorolac and iliac crest bupivacaine infusion as analgesic adjuncts to intravenous opioids.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 54 children and adolescents (27 boys, 27 girls) undergoing alveolar cleft repair or Le Fort I osteotomy were assigned randomly in a prospective, single-blinded fashion to one of three groups: intravenous ketorolac plus iliac crest normal saline infusion, intravenous ketorolac plus iliac crest bupivacaine infusion, or iliac crest bupivacaine infusion alone. Iliac crest infusions and ketorolac were administered for 48 hours or until discharge, whichever occurred first. All patients received morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome was pain score, and secondary outcomes were morphine consumption and satisfaction scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain scores, morphine consumption, and satisfaction scores were not significantly different among groups. Estimated costs were significantly higher for bupivacaine infusion than intravenous ketorolac.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iliac crest donor-site pain is well managed in this patient population. Intravenous ketorolac and iliac crest bupivacaine infusion provide comparable analgesia for iliac crest bone graft donor-site pain in children and adolescents.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Pétroz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adeli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bissonnette
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000637:transplantation*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019340:Osteotomy, Le Fort; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009020:Morphine; D002045:Bupivacaine; D020910:Ketorolac