title: Review and update of involuntary facial movement disorders presenting in the ophthalmological setting.
abstract: We review the existing literature on the involuntary facial movement disorders-benign essential blepharospasm, apraxia of eyelid opening, hemifacial spasm, and aberrant facial nerve regeneration. The etiology of idiopathic blepharospasm, a disorder of the central nervous system, and hemifacial spasm, a condition involving the facial nerve of the peripheral nervous system, is markedly different. We discuss established methods of managing patients and highlight new approaches.
authors.affiliation: Corneoplastic Unit, Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, Sussex, UK.
authors.forename: Adam H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Elston
authors.forename: Marie-Helene
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Marion
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D001072:Apraxias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000002:abnormalities*; D019569:Hemifacial Spasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009416:Nerve Regeneration