title: Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to insects, mediated by an earthworm-produced organic soil amendment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vermicompost is an organic soil amendment produced by earthworm digestion of organic waste. Studies show that plants grown in soil amended with vermicompost grow faster, are more productive and are less susceptible to a number of arthropod pests. In light of these studies, the present study was designed to determine the type of insect resistance (antixenosis or antibiosis) present in plants grown in vermicompost-amended potting soil. Additionally, the potential role of microarthropods, entomopathogenic organisms and non-pathogenic microbial flora found in vermicompost on insect resistance induction was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings show that vermicompost from two different sources (Raleigh, North Carolina, and Portland, Oregon) were both effective in causing Arabidopsis plants to be resistant to the generalist herbivore Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). However, while the Raleigh (Ral) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as both non-preference (antixenosis) and milder (lower weight and slower development) toxic effect (antibiosis) resistance, Oregon (OSC) vermicompost plant resistance was expressed as acute antibiosis, resulting in lower weights and higher mortality rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vermicompost causes plants to have non-preference (antixenosis) and toxic (antibiosis) effects on insects. This resistance affects insect development and survival on plants grown in vermicompost-amended soil. Microarthropods and entomopathogens do not appear to have a role in the resistance, but it is likely that resistance is due to interactions between the microbial communities in vermicompost with plant roots, as is evident from vermicompost sterilization assays conducted in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. yasmin_cardoza@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Yasmin J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Cardoza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D001181:Arthropods / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology*; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D012987:Soil