title: The relationship between processing speed and working memory demand in systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence from a visual n-back task.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Working memory (WM) deficits have been reported previously in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the relationship between information processing speed (PS) and WM deficits in SLE is unknown. This study examined whether or not PS slowing could account for the WM deficits observed in SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A visual n-back task was used to measure simple and complex PS and WM in 40 SLE patients and 36 healthy controls. Simple PS was defined as reaction time (RT) to correct responses under a very low WM load condition (0-back), while complex PS was defined as RT to correct responses under moderate and high WM load conditions (1 and 2-back).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that SLE patients performed as well as the controls at the lower WM load conditions but had fewer correct responses than controls under the highest WM load condition (2-back). SLE patients had slower RTs than controls under all conditions, but they had relatively greater RT slowing than controls under the higher WM load conditions. Further, when RT for simple PS was subtracted from complex PS, SLE patients still showed slower complex PS for the 1- and 2-back compared with controls. Both simple and complex PS slowing were related to poorer accuracy scores on the 2-back condition, only for the SLE group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The n-back task provides a sensitive measure of PS and WM. The results suggest that PS deficits alone could not account for the WM deficits in SLE. Disease duration, disease activity, and depression did not appear to account for the observed PS and WM deficits.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY14203, USA. shucard@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shucard
authors.forename: Wing H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ashley S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Safford
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Shucard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult