title: Modeling and simulation of the main metabolism in Escherichia coli and its several single-gene knockout mutants with experimental verification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is quite important to simulate the metabolic changes of a cell in response to the change in culture environment and/or specific gene knockouts particularly for the purpose of application in industry. If this could be done, the cell design can be made without conducting exhaustive experiments, and one can screen out the promising candidates, proceeded by experimental verification of a select few of particular interest. Although several models have so far been proposed, most of them focus on the specific metabolic pathways. It is preferred to model the whole of the main metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli, allowing for the estimation of energy generation and cell synthesis, based on intracellular fluxes and that may be used to characterize phenotypic growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, we considered the simulation of the main metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, and the anapleorotic pathways using enzymatic reaction models of E. coli. Once intracellular fluxes were computed by this model, the specific ATP production rate, the specific CO₂ production rate, and the specific NADPH production rate could be estimated. The specific ATP production rate thus computed was used for the estimation of the specific growth rate. The CO₂ production rate could be used to estimate cell yield, and the specific NADPH production rate could be used to determine the flux of the oxidative PP pathway. The batch and continuous cultivations were simulated where the changing patterns of extracellular and intra-cellular metabolite concentrations were compared with experimental data. Moreover, the effects of the knockout of such pathways as Ppc, Pck and Pyk on the metabolism were simulated. It was shown to be difficult for the cell to grow in Ppc mutant due to low concentration of OAA, while Pck mutant does not necessarily show this phenomenon. The slower growth rate of the Ppc mutant was properly estimated by taking into account the lower specific ATP production rate. In the case of Pyk mutant, the enzyme level regulation was made clear such that Pyk knockout caused PEP concentration to be up-regulated and activated Ppc, which caused the increase in MAL concentration and backed up reduced PYR through Mez, resulting in the phenotypic growth characteristics similar to the wild type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was shown to be useful to simulate the main metabolism of E. coli for understanding metabolic changes inside the cell in response to specific pathway gene knockouts, considering the whole main metabolic pathways. The comparison of the simulation result with the experimental data indicates that the present model could simulate the effect of the specific gene knockouts to the changes in the metabolisms to some extent.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Tuty Asmawaty Abdul
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kadir
authors.forename: Ahmad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mannan
authors.forename: Andrzej M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kierzek
authors.forename: Johnjoe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000465:Algorithms; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D006019:Glycolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009249:NADP; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate