title: Primary stability, insertion torque and bone density of cylindric implant ad modum Branemark: is there a relationship? An in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protocols of immediate loading have been reported in several studies. It has also been demonstrated that the cause of failure of immediate loaded implants is due to the micromotion on the bone-implant interface induced by immediate loading. There should be a minimum gap between the implant and the peri-implant bone, without micromotions occurring above a definite threshold risk as they induce bone resorption and fibrosis around the implant. Measurement of the torque necessary to insert an implant in the bone is a parameter for measuring initial stability. The higher the implant insertion torque, the higher the initial stability attained. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the correlation between the micromotion of cylindric screw implants ad modum Branemark and the insertion torque in bone of different densities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The test was carried out on 2 × 2 cm samples of fresh bovine bone of three different densities: hard (H), medium (M) and soft (S). One hundred and fifty hexa implants ad modum Branemark were used, 3.75 mm in diameter and 9 mm long. To screw in the implants, a customized manual key was used, controlled digitally to evaluate the peak insertion torques. Ten implants were prepared for each torque (20, 35, 45, 70 and 100 N/cm). The bone sample was then fixed on a loading device, which allowed evaluating the micromotion. On each sample, we applied a 25 N horizontal force.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that the peak insertion torque and the implant micromotion are statistically correlated, and statistically significant differences in H and M bone were found compared with S bone. In S bone, we noted a micromotion significantly higher than the risk threshold, and it was not possible to reach peak insertion torque above 35 N/cm. In H and M bone, the micromotion is below the threshold of all insertion torques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing the peak insertion torque, we can reduce the extent of the micromotion between the implant and the bone when submitted to lateral forces in vitro. In soft bone, the micromotion was always high; hence, immediate loading of implants in low-density bone should be evaluated with care.
authors.affiliation: Bio.C.R.A., Histologic Department, Pescara, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trisi
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Benedittis
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perfetti
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berardi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D008422:Materials Testing; D009038:Motion; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants