title: Stripping voltammetric measurement of trace metal ions using screen-printed carbon and modified carbon paste electrodes on river water from the Eerste-Kuils River System.
abstract: Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) and carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) were prepared as "mercury-free" electrochemical sensors for the determination of trace metal ions in aqueous solutions. SPCEs were coated with conducting polymer layers of either polyaniline (PANI), or polyaniline-poly(2,2'-dithiodianiline) (PANI-PDTDA). Furthermore, CPEs containing electroactive compounds with reactivity towards metal ions were employed to obtain enhanced selectivity. Optimised experimental conditions for Hg(2+), Pb(2+), Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) determination included the supporting electrolyte concentration, deposition potential (E(d)) and accumulation time (t(acc)). For the modified carbon paste sensors (MCPEs) it was found that -400 mV is an adequate deposition potential and an accumulation time of 120 s was adequate for the determination using the different constructed electrodes. Initial results showed linearity in the examined concentration range between 1 × 10(-9) M and 1 × 10(-6) M using the SPCE/PANI-PDTDA sensor on laboratory prepared standard solutions, while good selectivity for the different metal ions were obtained. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) was determined for each of the sensors and for the SPCE/PANI-PDTDA sensor it was found to be 2.2 × 10(-13) M, while for the SPCE/PANI sensor the LOD was determined to be 8.4 × 10(-11) M. The MCPE sensors also showed good linearity between the concentration range of 1 × 10(-3) to 1 × 10(-9) M. The LOD values for the various MCPE sensors, were found to be Hg(II) - 1.3 × 10(-7) M; Cd(II) - 2.9 × 10(-7) M; Ni(II) - 3.2 × 10(-7) M; and Pb(II) - 1.7 × 10(-7) M for the CPE/PANI-PDTDA sensor. For the CPE/PANI sensor the LOD values were Hg(II) - 1.5 × 10(-5) M; Cd(II) - 8.6 × 10(-7) M; Ni(II) - 9.5 × 10(-7) M; and Pb(II) - 1.3 × 10(-6) M. For the CPE/MBT sensor the LOD values were Hg(II) - 3.8 × 10(-5) M; Cd(II) - 1.4 × 10(-6) M; Ni(II) - 1 × 10(-6) M; and Pb(II) - 6.3 × 10(-5) M. Very low detection was obtained for the SPCE/PANI-PDTDA sensor in Hg(2+) determination, while the MCPE sensors delivered sensitive simultaneous detection for Hg(2+), Pb(2+), Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) metal ions.
authors.affiliation: NRE, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, South Africa. vsomerset@csir.co.za
authors.forename: Vernon S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Somerset
authors.forename: Lucas H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Emmanuel I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Iwuoha
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D004566:Electrodes; D005843:Geography; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry*; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry; D008628:Mercury / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D014867:Water; D007854:Lead; D002244:Carbon; D009532:Nickel; D008628:Mercury