title: Apoptotic effect of alpha-mangostin on head and neck squamous carcinoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to measure the cytotoxic effect of alpha-mangostin on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines, to evaluate the apoptotic aspect of dead cells, and to identify the molecular mechanism involved in apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human HNSCC cell lines HN-22, HN-30 and HN-31 were treated with alpha-mangostin. The apoptotic effects of alpha-mangostin on HNSCC cells were determined by observation the morphological changes of cells, immunofluorescence for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and DNA fragmentation analysis. The expression of bax, bcl-2, and p53 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alpha-mangostin showed excellent apoptotic effects on HNSCC cell lines, which induced the down-regulation of bcl-2, but up-regulation of bax and p53 in HN-22, HN-30 and HN-31.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that the induction of apoptosis by alpha-mangostin seemed to be modulated by bcl-2, bax and p53 level in HNSCC cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University, Mueng, Phitsanulok, Thailand. ruchadapornk@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ruchadaporn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaomongkolgit
authors.forename: Niratcha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaisomboon
authors.forename: Prasit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavasant
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D044004:Xanthones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C000606775:BCL2L11 protein, human; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C478985:PDRG1 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D044004:Xanthones; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C021053:mangostin