title: Absence of detectable xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected blood donors or individuals in Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since the identification of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer patients in 2006 and in chronic fatigue syndrome patients in 2009, conflicting findings have been reported regarding its etiologic role in human diseases and prevalence in general populations. In this study, we screened both plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) collected in Africa from blood donors and human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals to gain evidence of XMRV infection in this geographic region.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 199 plasma samples, 19 PBMNC samples, and 50 culture supernatants from PBMNCs of blood donors from Cameroon found to be infected with HIV-1 and HIV-1 patients from Uganda were screened for XMRV infection using a sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using highly sensitive nested PCR or RT-PCR and real-time PCR assays capable of detecting at least 10 copies of XMRV plasmid DNA per reaction, none of the 268 samples tested were found to be XMRV DNA or RNA positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results failed to demonstrate the presence of XMRV infection in African blood donors or individuals infected with HIV-1. More studies are needed to understand the prevalence, epidemiology, and geographic distribution of XMRV infection worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. shixing.tang@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Shixing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jiangqin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ragupathy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viswanath
authors.forename: Phillipe N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Nyambi
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Redd
authors.forename: Armeta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dastyar
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Spacek
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Durga
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaddam
authors.forename: Krishnakumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Devadas
authors.forename: Indira K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Hewlett
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000821:virology*; D000349:Africa; D001782:Blood Donors; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D014766:Viremia / Q000821:virology*; D058008:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral