title: Initial evaluation of posterior cruciate ligament injuries: history, physical examination, imaging studies, surgical and nonsurgical indications.
abstract: Compared with anterior cruciate ligament injuries, posterior cruciate ligament injuries are a rare event. The mechanisms are predictable and a thorough physical examination is mandatory to rule out or define combined injury patterns. Stress radiography and magnetic resonance imaging studies are very helpful adjuncts. Acute and chronic injuries require slightly different approaches. As our understanding of normal and pathologic knee joint kinematics develops, nonoperative rehabilitation goals and operative techniques continue to evolve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, The Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez-Vidriero
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Donald H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010808:Physical Examination; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome