title: Burden of antimicrobial resistance in European hospitals: excess mortality and length of hospital stay associated with bloodstream infections due to Escherichia coli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined excess mortality and length of hospital stay (LOS) attributable to bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by third-generation-cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli in Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective parallel matched cohort design was used. Cohort I consisted of patients with third-generation-cephalosporin-resistant E. coli BSI (REC) and cohort II consisted of patients with third-generation-cephalosporin-susceptible E. coli BSI (SEC). Patients in both cohorts were matched for LOS before infection with patients free of the respective BSI. Thirteen European tertiary care centres participated between July 2007 and June 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cohort I consisted of 111 REC patients and 204 controls and cohort II consisted of 1110 SEC patients and 2084 controls. REC patients had a higher mortality at 30 days (adjusted odds ratio = 4.6) and a higher hospital mortality (adjusted hazard ratio = 5.7) than their controls. LOS was increased by 8 days. For SEC patients, these figures were adjusted odds ratio = 1.9, adjusted hazard ratio = 2.0 and excess LOS = 3 days. A 2.5 times [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.9-6.8] increase in all-cause mortality at 30 days and a 2.9 times (95% CI 1.2-6.9) increase in mortality during entire hospital stay as well as an excess LOS of 5 days (95% CI 0.4-10.2) could be attributed to resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in E. coli BSI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morbidity and mortality attributable to third-generation-cephalosporin-resistant E. coli BSI is significant. If prevailing resistance trends continue, high societal and economic costs can be expected. Better management of infections caused by resistant E. coli is becoming essential.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M E A
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: de Kraker
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolkewitz
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nagler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Icket
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalenic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horvatic
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaasch
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Paniara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Argyropoulou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bompola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skally
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raglio
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dumpis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melbarde Kelmere
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borg
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xuereb
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ghita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kolman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grabljevec
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lansbury
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grundmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D018550:Cephalosporin Resistance; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins