title: Monitoring and surveillance of chronic non-communicable diseases: progress and capacity in high-burden countries.
abstract: The burden of chronic, non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries is increasing. We outline a framework for monitoring of such diseases and review the mortality burden and the capacity of countries to respond to them. We show data from WHO data sources and published work for prevalence of tobacco use, overweight, and cause-specific mortality in 23 low-income and middle-income countries with a high burden of non-communicable disease. Data for national capacity for chronic disease prevention and control were generated from a global assessment that was done in WHO member states in 2009-10. Although reliable data for cause-specific mortality are scarce, non-communicable diseases were estimated to be responsible for 23·4 million (or 64% of the total) deaths in the 23 countries that we analysed, with 47% occurring in people who were younger than 70 years. Tobacco use and overweight are common in most of the countries and populations we examined, but coverage of cost-effective interventions to reduce these risk factors is low. Capacity for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, including monitoring and surveillance operations nationally, is inadequate. A surveillance framework, including a minimum set of indicators covering exposures and outcomes, is essential for policy development and assessment and for monitoring of trends in disease. Technical, human, and fiscal resource constraints are major impediments to the establishment of effective prevention and control programmes. Despite increasing awareness and commitment to address chronic disease, concrete actions by global partners to plan and implement cost-effective interventions are inadequate.
authors.affiliation: Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. alwana@who.int
authors.forename: Ala
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alwan
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Maclean
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Edouard Tursan
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: d'Espaignet
authors.forename: Colin Douglas
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mathers
authors.forename: Gretchen Anna
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bettcher
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology