title: Women and anabolic steroids: an analysis of a dozen users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an in-depth analysis of 12 female self-reported anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Web-based survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Web-based survey was posted on 38 discussion boards of various fitness, bodybuilding, weightlifting, and steroid Web sites between February and June 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a survey regarding demographics and use of AAS and other performance-enhancing agents (PEAs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 1519 strength-trained subjects fully completed and submitted a valid survey. Five hundred eighteen subjects were self-reported AAS users consisting of 12 women and 506 men. One thousand one subjects were non-AAS users consisting of 230 women and 771 men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic data and use of AAS and other PEAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The female AAS users reported using an average of 8.8 PEAs in their routine. Compared with male AAS users and female non-AAS users, respectively, female AAS users were more likely to have met criteria for substance-dependence disorder (58.3% vs 23.4%; P = 0.01; 58.3% vs 9.1%; P < 0.001), have been diagnosed with a psychiatric illness (50.0% vs 17.4%; P = 0.01; 50.0% vs 22.2%; P = 0.04), and have reported a history of sexual abuse (41.7% vs 6.1%; P < 0.001; 41.7% vs 15.3%; P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female AAS users practice polypharmacy. Female AAS users are more likely to have qualified for substance-dependence disorder, have been diagnosed with a psychiatric illness, and have a history of sexual abuse than both male AAS users and female non-AAS users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Touro University-CA, Vallejo, California, USA. eric.ip@tu.edu
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: Mitchell J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tenerowicz
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D056352:Athletes; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D052018:Bulimia Nervosa / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D055070:Resistance Training; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances; D045165:Testosterone Congeners