title: Developing a monitoring protocol for visitor-created informal trails in Yosemite National Park, USA.
abstract: Informal trails created or perpetuated by visitors is a management challenge in many protected natural areas such as Yosemite National Park. This is a significant issue as informal trail networks penetrate and proliferate into protected landscapes and habitats, threatening ecological integrity, aesthetics, and visitor experiences. In order to develop effective strategies for addressing this problem under an adaptive management framework, indicators must be developed and monitoring protocol must be established to gather timely and relevant data about the condition, extent, and distribution of these undesired trail segments. This article illustrates a process of developing and evaluating informal trail indicators for meadows in Yosemite Valley. Indicator measures developed in past research were reviewed to identify their appropriateness for the current application. Information gaps in existing indicator measures were addressed by creating two new indices to quantify the degree of informal trailing based on its land fragmentation effects. The selected indicator measures were applied to monitoring data collected between 2006 and 2008. The selected measures and indices were evaluated for their ability to characterize informal trail impacts at site and landscape scales. Results demonstrate the utility of indicator measures in capturing different characteristics of the informal trail problem, though several metrics are strongly related to each other. The two fragmentation indices were able to depict fragmentation without being too sensitive to changes in one constituent parameter. This study points to the need for a multiparameter approach to informal trail monitoring and integration with other monitoring data. Implications for monitoring programs and research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7106, USA. Leung@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Yu-Fai
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Newburger
authors.forename: Marci
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Brittany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Woiderski
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D004779:Environment Design; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011998:Recreation; D016138:Walking