title: Evaluation of antioxidant activity of vanillin by using multiple antioxidant assays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vanillin, a compound widely used in foods, beverages, cosmetics and drugs, has been reported to exhibit multifunctional effects such as antimutagenic, antiangiogenetic, anti-colitis, anti-sickling, and antianalgesic effects. However, results of studies on the antioxidant activity of vanillin are not consistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically evaluated the antioxidant activity of vanillin using multiple assay systems. DPPH radical-, galvinoxyl radical-, and ABTS(+)-scavenging assays, ORAC assay and an oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay (OxHLIA) were used for determining the antioxidant activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vanillin showed stronger activity than did ascorbic acid and Trolox in the ABTS(+)-scavenging assay but showed no activity in the DPPH radical- and galvinoxyl radical-scavenging assays. Vanillin showed much stronger antioxidant activity than did ascorbic acid and Trolox in the ORAC assay and OxHLIA. In the ABTS(+)-scavenging assay, ORAC assay and OxHLIA, vanillin reacted with radicals via a self-dimerization mechanism. The dimerization contributed to the high reaction stoichiometry against ABTS(+) and AAPH-derived radicals to result in the strong effect of vanillin. Oral administration of vanillin to mice increased the vanillin concentration and the antioxidant activity in plasma. These data suggested that antioxidant activity of vanillin might be more beneficial than has been thought for daily health care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of the present study, we propose the addition of antioxidant capacity to the multifunctionality of vanillin.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan. atai@pu-hiroshima.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawano
authors.forename: Futoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yazama
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002839:Chromans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012756:Sheep; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002839:Chromans; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010851:Picrates; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; C100058:vanillin; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C010643:6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid; C020338:galvinoxyl