title: Automatic sleep staging based on ballistocardiographic signals recorded through bed sensors.
abstract: This study presents different methods for automatic sleep classification based on heart rate variability (HRV), respiration and movement signals recorded through bed sensors. Two methods for feature extraction have been implemented: time variant-autoregressive model (TVAM) and wavelet discrete transform (WDT); the obtained features are fed into two classifiers: Quadratic (QD) and Linear (LD) discriminant for staging sleep in REM, nonREM and WAKE periods. The performances of all the possible combinations of feature extractors and classifiers are compared in terms of accuracy and kappa index, using clinical polysomographyc evaluation as golden standard. 17 recordings from healthy subjects, including also polisomnography, were used to train and test the algorithms. When automatic classification is compared. QD-TVAM algorithm achieved a total accuracy of 76.81 ± 7.51 % and kappa index of 0.55 ± 0.10, while LD-WDT achieved a total accuracy of 79 ± 10% and kappa index of 0.51 ± 0.17. The results suggest that a good sleep evaluation can be achieved through non-conventional recording systems that could be used outside sleep centers.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza. Leonardo da Vinci 32, Italy. matteo.migliorini@mail.polimi.it
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Migliorini
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nisticò
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kortelainen
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arce-Santana
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cerutti
authors.forename: Martin O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Mendez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001450:Ballistocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D001513:Beds; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D014159:Transducers