title: Pharmacodynamics of telavancin studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of infection.
abstract: The antibacterial effects of telavancin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin against six Staphylococcus aureus strains (1 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA] strain, 4 methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA] strains, and 1 vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus [VISA] strain) and three Enterococcus sp. strains (1 Enterococcus faecalis strain, 1 Enterococcus faecium strain, and 1 vancomycin-resistant E. faecium [VREF] strain) were compared using an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of infection. Analyzing the data from all five vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) strains or all 4 MRSA strains showed that telavancin was superior in its antibacterial effect as measured by the area under the bacterial kill curve at 24 h (AUBKC(24)) and 48 h (AUBKC(48)) in comparison to vancomycin or teicoplanin (P < 0.05). Telavancin was also superior to vancomycin and teicoplanin in terms of its greater early killing effect (P < 0.05). Against the three Enterococcus spp. tested, telavancin was superior to vancomycin in terms of its AUBKC(24), AUBKC(48), and greater early bactericidal effect (P < 0.05). Dose-ranging studies were performed to provide free-drug area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h in the steady state divided by the MIC (fAUC/MIC) exposures from 0 to 1,617 (7 to 14 exposures per strain) for 5 VSSA, 4 VISA, and the 3 Enterococcus strains. The fAUC/MIC values for a 24-h bacteriostatic effect and a 1-log-unit drop in the viable count were 43.1 ± 38.4 and 50.0 ± 39.0 for VSSA, 3.2 ± 1.3 and 4.3 ± 1.3 for VISA, and 15.1 ± 8.8 and 40.1 ± 29.4 for the Enterococcus spp., respectively. The reason for the paradoxically low fAUC/MIC values for VISA strains is unknown. There was emergence of resistance to telavancin in the dose-ranging studies, as indicated by subpopulations able to grow on plates containing 2× MIC telavancin concentrations compared to the preexposure population analysis profiles. Changes in population analysis profiles were less likely with enterococci than with S. aureus, and the greatest risk of changed profiles occurred for both species at fAUC/MIC ratios of 1 to 10. Maintaining a fAUC/MIC ratio of >50 reduced the risk of subpopulations able to grow on antibiotic-containing media emerging. These data help explain the clinical effectiveness of telavancin against MRSA and indicate that telavancin may have clinically useful activity against Enterococcus spp., and perhaps also VISA, at human doses of 10 mg/kg of body weight/day. In addition, they support a clinical breakpoint of sensitive at ≤1 mg/liter for both S. aureus and Enterococcus spp.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation (BCARE), Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, United Kingdom. alasdair.macgowan@nbt.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Alasdair P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: MacGowan
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomaselli
authors.forename: Heather C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bowker
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006095:Gram-Positive Cocci / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D000077427:Lipoglycopeptides; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D017334:Teicoplanin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D000077427:Lipoglycopeptides; D017334:Teicoplanin; D014640:Vancomycin; C487637:telavancin