title: GRAIL: a unique mediator of CD4 T-lymphocyte unresponsiveness.
abstract: GRAIL (gene related to anergy in lymphocytes, also known as RNF128), an ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3), utilizes a unique single transmembrane protein with a split-function motif, and is an important gatekeeper of T-cell unresponsiveness. Although it may play a role in other CD4 T-cell functions including activation, survival and differentiation, GRAIL is most well characterized as a negative regulator of T-cell receptor responsiveness and cytokine production. Here, we review the recent literature on this remarkable E3 in the regulation of human and mouse CD4 T-cell unresponsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Chan C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.forename: Leon L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Jack T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C Garrison
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fathman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C520250:RNF128 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases