title: Evaluation of spherical fiducial localization in C-arm cone-beam CT using patient data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  C-arm based cone-beam CT (CBCT) has been recently introduced as an in-situ 3D soft tissue imaging modality. When combined with image-guided navigation, it provides a streamlined clinical workflow with, potentially, improved interventional accuracy. A key component in these systems is image to patient registration. The most common registration method relies on fiducial markers placed on the patient's skin. The fiducials are localized in the volumetric image and in the interventional environment. When using C-arm CBCT, the small spatial extent of the volumetric reconstruction makes this registration approach challenging, as the volume must include both the anatomy of interest and the fiducials. The authors have previously proposed a semiautomatic localization approach that addresses this challenge, with evaluation carried out using anthropomorphic phantoms. To truly evaluate the algorithm's utility, the evaluation must be carried out using clinical data. In this article, the authors extend the evaluation of the approach to data sets acquired in a clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine CBCT data sets were obtained in three interventional radiology procedures as part of a clinical trial evaluating a commercial navigation system. Fiducials were localized in the volumetric coordinate system directly from the projection images using the evaluated localization approach. Localization was assessed using two quality measures fiducial registration error to quantify precision and fiducial localization error to quantify accuracy. The fiducials used in this study are 6 mm spheres embedded in a custom registration phantom used by the navigation system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, the proposed approach was able to localize all five fiducial markers embedded in the registration phantom. The approach's mean (std) fiducial registration error was 0.29 (0.13) mm. The mean (std) localization difference as compared to direct volumetric localization was 0.82 (0.34) mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the current evaluation using data from clinical cases, the authors conclude that the localization approach is sufficiently accurate for use in thoracic-abdominal interventions, and that it can simplify the current workflow while reducing cumulative radiation to the patient due to repeated CBCT scans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Imaging Science and Information Systems (ISIS) Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA. zivy@isis.georgetown.edu
authors.forename: Ziv
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yaniv
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted