title: Emergent properties and structural patterns in sexually transmitted infection and HIV research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite remarkable progress in the scientific understanding of the biological characteristics of the pathogens, pathogenesis and immunology, human sexual behaviour and population transmission dynamics, there are still considerable knowledge gaps regarding the heterogeneity and determinants of epidemics of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV. To understand more fully the causes of STI and HIV epidemics it is necessary to reconcile individual and population approaches and bring together sociological and biomedical streams of research.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined the implications of approaching the study of STI and HIV epidemics from the perspective that individual and population-level characteristics and interactions result in emergent properties and structural patterns that cannot be easily predicted. In addition to offering examples from the research literature, female sex work is analysed as an example of a complex adaptive system and the implications for STI and HIV epidemics are examined in that context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previous research in this field has provided compelling examples of how the complex interplay of individuals and resulting structural patterns including sexual networks can influence the patterns of emergence and the trajectory of STI and HIV epidemics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approaching the study of STI and HIV epidemics as emergent phenomena arising from complex interactive systems with diverse structural patterns offers a promising avenue for developing a more coherent understanding of these epidemics. It would also promote consilience between sociological, population and biomedical disciplines that could open new vistas for the science of public health.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T6, Canada. james_blanchard@umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Sevgi O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Aral
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012107:Research Design; D011477:Sex Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult