title: An eye movement analysis of the effect of interruption modality on primary task resumption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effect of interruption modality (visual or auditory) on primary task (visual) resumption to determine which modality was the least disruptive.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Theories examining interruption modality have focused on specific periods of the interruption timeline. Preemption theory has focused on the switch from the primary task to the interrupting task. Multiple resource theory has focused on interrupting tasks that are to be performed concurrently with the primary task. Our focus was on examining how interruption modality influences task resumption.We leverage the memory-for-goals theory, which suggests that maintaining an associative link between environmental cues and the suspended primary task goal is important for resumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three interruption modality conditions were examined: auditory interruption with the primary task visible, auditory interruption with a blank screen occluding the primary task, and a visual interruption occluding the primary task. Reaction time and eye movement data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The auditory condition with the primary task visible was the least disruptive. Eye movement data suggest that participants in this condition were actively maintaining an associative link between relevant environmental cues on the primary task interface and the suspended primary task goal during the interruption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that maintaining cue association is the important factor for reducing the disruptiveness of interruptions, not interruption modality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interruption-prone computing environments should be designed to allow for the user to have access to relevant primary task cues during an interruption to minimize disruptiveness.
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, Fairfax 22030, Virginia, USA. rratwani@gmu.edu
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ratwani
authors.forename: J Gregory
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Trafton
mesh_terms: D001244:Association; D001288:Attention; D001307:Auditory Perception; D003463:Cues; D005133:Eye Movements; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D011930:Reaction Time; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014796:Visual Perception