title: The role of obesity as a modifying factor in patients undergoing non-surgical periodontal therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Earlier studies have shown an association between obesity and periodontitis, which is mediated by cytokine production. The aim of this study is to assess the role of obesity as a modifying factor on periodontal clinical parameters and on circulating proinflammatory cytokine levels in subjects undergoing non-surgical periodontal treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven obese subjects and 25 normal-weight subjects were enrolled in this study. Subjects in both groups had generalized chronic periodontitis. The periodontal parameters measured before and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy were: visible plaque index, bleeding gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. In addition, subjects underwent anthropometric measurements and serum analyses of fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Periodontal therapy significantly decreased visible plaque index, bleeding gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth of 4 to 6 mm, probing depth ≥7 mm, clinical attachment level of 4 to 6 mm, and clinical attachment level ≥7 mm in both groups (P ≤0.05). Circulating proinflammatory cytokines significantly decreased in obese and normal-weight subjects after periodontal treatment (P ≤0.05). However, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels remained higher in obese subjects 3 months after treatment (P ≤0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity does not seem to play a negative role by interfering in the improvement of the periodontal clinical response or decreasing circulating proinflammatory cytokine levels after periodontal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Master of Dental Science Course, School of Dentistry, Educational Foundation of Barretos (UNIFEB), Barretos, Brazil. elizangelazuza@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Elizangela P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Zuza
authors.forename: Eliane M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.forename: Ana Luiza V
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carrareto
authors.forename: Juliana R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: Iracilda Z
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Carlos
authors.forename: Letícia H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Theodoro
authors.forename: Benedicto Egbert C
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Toledo
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000628:therapy; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000628:therapy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha