title: Landau-Kleffner syndrome: a rare auditory processing disorder series of cases and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical presentation and treatment of 3 children with an Auditory Processing Disorder with an identifiable neurological cause: Landau-Kleffner syndrome. This classical syndrome is well recognized in pediatric neurology but the diagnosis is less well known to Pediatric Otolaryngology, Speech Language Pathology and Audiology services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of three patients with Landau-Kleffner syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases, pharmacological intervention led to clinical and electroencephalographic improvement, but all patients had long-term difficulty with understanding sounds in a noisy environment. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain was normal in all three patients. Their language disturbance improved over time. Speech language intervention was helpful in addressing communication difficulties arising from the auditory processing/receptive and expressive language disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multidisciplinary assessment is the key for early diagnosis, treatment and follow-up in patients with this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fandiño
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Usher
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: Frederick K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Kozak
mesh_terms: D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018887:Landau-Kleffner Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D035583:Rare Diseases; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000379:methods; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids