title: Ectopic fat storage in the pancreas, liver, and abdominal fat depots: impact on β-cell function in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic fat content (PFC) may have deleterious effects on β-cell function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that ectopic fat deposition, in particular pancreatic fat accumulation, is related to β-cell dysfunction in individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study in 64 age- and body mass index-matched individuals, with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 16, 60% males), IFG (n = 29, 52% males), or IFG/IGT (n = 19, 63% males) was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants underwent the following: 1) a combined hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and hyperglycemic clamp, with subsequent arginine stimulation to quantify insulin sensitivity and β-cell function; 2) proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess PFC and liver fat content (LFC); and 3) magnetic resonance imaging to quantify visceral (VAT) and sc (SAT) adipose tissue. The disposition index (DI; insulin sensitivity adjusted β-cell function) was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IFG and IFG/IGT were more insulin resistant (P < 0.001) compared with NGT. Individuals with IFG/IGT had the lowest values of glucose- and arginine-stimulated C-peptide secretion (both P < 0.03) and DI (P < 0.001), relative to IFG and NGT. PFC and LFC gradually increased between NGT, IFG, and IFG/IGT (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively), whereas VAT and SAT were similar between groups. No direct associations were found between PFC, LFC, VAT, and SAT and C-peptide secretion. The DI was inversely correlated with PFC, LFC, and VAT (all P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PFC was increased in individuals with IFG and/or IGT, without a direct relation with β-cell function.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Center/Department of Internal Medicine, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. nj.vdzijl@vumc.nl
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: van der Zijl
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.forename: C C M
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Moors
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: van Raalte
authors.forename: M H A
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Muskiet
authors.forename: P J W
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pouwels
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Blaak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diamant
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism; D005223:Fats / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010186:Pancreatic Function Tests; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000378:metabolism; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005223:Fats