title: Estimation and characterization of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs from Chinese iron foundries.
abstract: The iron foundry industry is considered to be a potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This study investigated the emission factors and total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) from iron foundries in China. The concentrations and the World Health Organization toxicity equivalents (WHO-TEQs) are presented and the congener profiles are discussed in this paper. In the present work, 26 fly ash samples were collected and tested to quantify the PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs generated by 14 plants of different scales, and five stack gas samples were collected from two (named as EFG and LFG) of those plants. The emission levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs indicated that hot-air cupolas had lower emissions than cold-air cupolas. When iron ore lump and sinter were used as raw material, the emission factors were about 250ng TEQt(-1) of product. However, if the raw material was scrap, the emission factors varied owing to the different contents of organic materials in the raw materials. It was found that the mean WHO-TEQ values of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 144 and 34.2pgNm(-3) in stack gas and 20.0 and 1.58pgg(-1) in fly ash. In multiple tests, it was estimated that the mean emission factors of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 365 and 10.9ng WHO-TEQt(-1) released to residue and 2719 and 555ng TEQt(-1) released to air. The total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from Chinese iron foundries with cupola furnaces released to residue and air were 16.8 and 146g WHO-TEQ in 2008, respectively.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Pu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Guorui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wenbin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D002244:Carbon / Q000633:toxicity; D002681:China; D060729:Coal Ash; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007501:Iron; D008669:Metallurgy; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001572:Benzofurans; D060729:Coal Ash; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004147:Dioxins; D052638:Particulate Matter; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D002244:Carbon; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D007501:Iron