title: Multi-parametric neuroimaging reproducibility: a 3-T resource study.
abstract: Modern MRI image processing methods have yielded quantitative, morphometric, functional, and structural assessments of the human brain. These analyses typically exploit carefully optimized protocols for specific imaging targets. Algorithm investigators have several excellent public data resources to use to test, develop, and optimize their methods. Recently, there has been an increasing focus on combining MRI protocols in multi-parametric studies. Notably, these have included innovative approaches for fusing connectivity inferences with functional and/or anatomical characterizations. Yet, validation of the reproducibility of these interesting and novel methods has been severely hampered by the limited availability of appropriate multi-parametric data. We present an imaging protocol optimized to include state-of-the-art assessment of brain function, structure, micro-architecture, and quantitative parameters within a clinically feasible 60-min protocol on a 3-T MRI scanner. We present scan-rescan reproducibility of these imaging contrasts based on 21 healthy volunteers (11 M/10 F, 22-61 years old). The cortical gray matter, cortical white matter, ventricular cerebrospinal fluid, thalamus, putamen, caudate, cerebellar gray matter, cerebellar white matter, and brainstem were identified with mean volume-wise reproducibility of 3.5%. We tabulate the mean intensity, variability, and reproducibility of each contrast in a region of interest approach, which is essential for prospective study planning and retrospective power analysis considerations. Anatomy was highly consistent on structural acquisition (~1-5% variability), while variation on diffusion and several other quantitative scans was higher (~<10%). Some sequences are particularly variable in specific structures (ASL exhibited variation of 28% in the cerebral white matter) or in thin structures (quantitative T2 varied by up to 73% in the caudate) due, in large part, to variability in automated ROI placement. The richness of the joint distribution of intensities across imaging methods can be best assessed within the context of a particular analysis approach as opposed to a summary table. As such, all imaging data and analysis routines have been made publicly and freely available. This effort provides the neuroimaging community with a resource for optimization of algorithms that exploit the diversity of modern MRI modalities. Additionally, it establishes a baseline for continuing development and optimization of multi-parametric imaging protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1679, USA. bennett.landman@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Bennett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Aliya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gifford
authors.forename: Deepti S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Vikram
authors.forename: Issel Anne L
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jonathan A D
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bogovic
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Samson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jarso
authors.forename: Seth A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joel
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pekar
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Jerry L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: Peter C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: van Zijl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult