title: Nutritional supplements, COX-2 and IGF-1 expression in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutritional factors are associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer progression, yet mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the effects of lycopene and fish oil supplements versus placebo on the normal prostate microenvironment, among men pursuing active surveillance for low-burden prostate cancer. We hypothesized that lycopene or fish oil supplements would down-regulate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) gene expression, respectively, reflecting putative proliferation (IGF-1) and inflammatory (COX-2) pathways relevant to carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a 3-month randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial comparing prostate tissue gene expression profiles (assessed by qRT-PCR) among men with favorable-risk prostate cancer receiving either 30 mg/day lycopene, 3 g/day fish oil (including 1,098 mg eicosapentaenoic and 549 mg docosahexaenoic fatty acids) or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 69 men (22 assigned to lycopene, 21 to fish, and 26 to placebo), there was no difference in the change from baseline to the 3 months in IGF-1 expression level between the placebo and lycopene arms (p = 0.93) nor in COX-2 expression between the placebo and fish arms (p = 0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to placebo, 3-month intervention with lycopene or fish oil did not significantly change IGF-1 and COX-2 gene expression in the normal prostate microenvironment in men with low-burden prostate cancer. Further analysis of global gene expression profiles may shed light on the bioactivity and relevance of these nutrients in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, USA. june.chan@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: June M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Magbanua
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.forename: Jeffry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simko
authors.forename: Katsuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Scot
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Federman
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mattie
authors.forename: Millie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hughes-Fulford
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haqq
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D057832:Watchful Waiting
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005395:Fish Oils; D002338:Carotenoids; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D000077276:Lycopene