title: High Frequency of anti-protein Z IgM and IgG autoantibodies in women with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein Z (PZ) system is an anticoagulant pathway involved in the physiologic regulation of coagulation, and PZ deficiency reportedly enhances prothrombophilic mechanisms, including those implicated with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage (RSM). We investigate plasma anti-PZ IgM and IgG levels in RSM women and in multiparous control women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-PZ IgM and IgG levels were measured in 265 RSM women and 283 age-matched control women by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated anti-PZ IgG (P < 0.001) and IgM (p < 0.001) titers were seen in patients. The areas under the curves for ROC curve for anti-PZ IgM (0.898 ± 0.044) and IgG (0.898 ± 0.042) demonstrated no variation in diagnostic capacity. Multivariate analysis confirmed the association of elevated anti-PZ IgM [adjusted odds ratio, aOR (95% CI) = 6.46 (2.44-17.11)] and IgG [aOR (95% CI) = 7.44 (2.54-21.79)] as independent predictors of RSM after adjusting for confounding covariates and demonstrated a clear gradation of increasing RSM risk associated with increased antibody titers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of anti-PZ IgM and IgG antibodies are risk factors for RSM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
authors.forename: Mai S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sater
authors.forename: Ramzi R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.forename: Salma A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Al-Hammad
authors.forename: Fatema A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Abdalla A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.forename: Wassim Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Almawi
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D001323:Autoantibodies; D001798:Blood Proteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; C026080:plasma protein Z