title: Youth motorcycle-related brain injury by state helmet law type: United States, 2005-2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Twenty-seven states have youth-specific helmet laws even though such laws have been shown to decrease helmet use and increase youth mortality compared with all-age (universal) laws. Our goal was to quantify the impact of age-specific helmet laws on youth under age 20 hospitalized with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Our cross-sectional ecological group analysis compared TBI proportions among US states with different helmet laws. We examined the following null hypothesis: If age-specific helmet laws are as effective as universal laws, there will be no difference in the proportion of hospitalized young motorcycle riders with TBI in the respective states. The data are derived from the 2005 to 2007 State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We examined data for 17 states with universal laws, 6 states with laws for ages <21, and 12 states with laws for children younger than 18 (9287 motorcycle injury discharges).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In states with a <21 law, serious TBI among youth was 38% higher than in universal-law states. Motorcycle riders aged 12 to 17 in 18 helmet-law states had a higher proportion of serious/severe TBI and higher average Abbreviated Injury Scores for head-region injuries than riders from universal-law states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  States with youth-specific laws had an increased risk of TBI that required hospitalization, serious and severe TBI, TBI-related disability, and in-hospital death among the youth they are supposed to protect. The only method known to keep motorcycle-helmet use high among youth is to adopt or maintain universal helmet laws.
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Control, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. hw@injurycontrol.com
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Yll
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Agimi
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000592:standards*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult