title: Characterising metabolic resistance in pyrethroid-insensitive pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) from Poland and Switzerland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) has become the most important pest of oilseed rape in Europe, but its control has been greatly hindered by pyrethroid resistance. Target-site resistance has been implicated previously, and, whilst synergism has been found with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), the exact nature of metabolic resistance has remained unknown. The use of PBO, in conjunction with its analogue EN 16/5-1, has allowed the characterisation of metabolic resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro assays in combination with in vivo studies using PBO and EN 16/5-1 showed that high synergism of pyrethroids was primarily correlated with an oxidative mechanism, although a limited contribution by esterases was implicated in one population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differential synergism has enabled the characterisation of pyrethroid resistance in populations of M. aeneus. It was found to be principally due to an oxidative-based mechanism, and, if a synergist were to be used to inhibit this enzyme group, renewed control against resistant pests could be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK.
authors.forename: Despina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Philippou
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wegorek
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zamojska
authors.forename: Melanie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: Graham D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Moores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029688:Brassica napus / Q000469:parasitology*; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004950:Esterases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007700:Kinetics; D010574:Pesticide Synergists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D011044:Poland; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; D011722:Pyrethrins; D004950:Esterases; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide