title: Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake with Aspergillus flavus in laterally aerated moving bed bioreactor.
abstract: Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was employed to enhance the nutritive values of palm kernel cake (PKC) for poultry feeding. Aspergillus flavus was isolated from local PKC and utilized to increase the mannose content of PKC via the degradation of β-mannan in PKC; evaluation was done for batch SSF in Erlenmeyer flasks and in a novel laterally aerated moving bed (LAMB) bioreactor. The optimum condition for batch SSF in flasks was 110% initial moisture content, initial pH 6.0, 30 °C, 855 μm particle size, and 120 h of fermentation, yielding 90.91 mg mannose g⁻¹ dry PKC (5.9-fold increase). Batch SSF in the LAMB at the optimum condition yielded 79.61 mg mannose g⁻¹ dry PKC (5.5-fold increase) within just 96 h due to better heat and mass transfer when humidified air flowed radially across the PKC bed. In spite of a compromise of 12% reduction in mannose content when compared with the flasks, the LAMB facilitated good heat and mass transfer, and improved the mannose content of PKC in a shorter fermentation period. These attributes are useful for batch production of fermented PKC feed in an industrial scale.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Program, School of Engineering and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag No. 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yoke Phooi
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Horng Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: Jidon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janaun
authors.forename: Kamatam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krishnaiah
authors.forename: Auti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000388:Air; D028023:Arecaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D001231:Aspergillus flavus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D013696:Temperature; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014866:Waste Products