title: Removal of estrogens through water disinfection processes and formation of by-products.
abstract: Estrogens constitute a recognized group of environmental emerging contaminants which have been proven to induce estrogenic effects in aquatic organisms exposed to them. Low removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants results in the presence of this type of contaminants in surface waters and also even in finished drinking water. This manuscript reviews the environmental occurrence of natural (estrone, estradiol and estriol) and synthetic (ethynyl estradiol) estrogens in different water matrices (waste, surface, ground and drinking water), and their removal mainly via chemical oxidative processes. Oxidative treatments have been observed to be very efficient in eliminating estrogens present in water; however, disinfection by-products (DBPs) are generated during the process. Characterization of these DBPs is essential to assess the risk that drinking water may potentially pose to human health since these DBPs may also have endocrine disrupting properties. This manuscript reviews the DBPs generated during oxidative processes identified so far in the literature and the estrogenicity generated by the characterized DBPs and/or by the applied disinfection technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos Engineering School, São Paulo University, Brazil. pereira.or@gmail.com
authors.forename: Renata Oliveira
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Postigo
authors.forename: Miren López
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Alda
authors.forename: Luiz Antonio
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D002700:Chloramines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004964:Estriol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004970:Estrone / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D004967:Estrogens; D010087:Oxides; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004970:Estrone; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D002713:Chlorine; D004958:Estradiol; D010126:Ozone; C025109:chlorine dioxide; D004964:Estriol