title: The use of communal rearing of families and DNA pooling in aquaculture genomic selection schemes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional family-based aquaculture breeding programs, in which families are kept separately until individual tagging and most traits are measured on the sibs of the candidates, are costly and require a high level of reproductive control. The most widely used alternative is a selection scheme, where families are reared communally and the candidates are selected based on their own individual measurements of the traits under selection. However, in the latter selection schemes, inclusion of new traits depends on the availability of non-invasive techniques to measure the traits on selection candidates. This is a severe limitation of these schemes, especially for disease resistance and fillet quality traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we present a new selection scheme, which was validated using computer simulations comprising 100 families, among which 1, 10 or 100 were reared communally in groups. Pooling of the DNA from 2000, 20000 or 50000 test individuals with the highest and lowest phenotypes was used to estimate 500, 5000 or 10000 marker effects. One thousand or 2000 out of 20000 candidates were preselected for a growth-like trait. These pre-selected candidates were genotyped, and they were selected on their genome-wide breeding values for a trait that could not be measured on the candidates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high accuracy of selection, i.e. 0.60-0.88 was obtained with 20000-50000 test individuals but it was reduced when only 2000 test individuals were used. This shows the importance of having large numbers of phenotypic records to accurately estimate marker effects. The accuracy of selection decreased with increasing numbers of families per group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new selection scheme combines communal rearing of families, pre-selection of candidates, DNA pooling and genomic selection and makes multi-trait selection possible in aquaculture selection schemes without keeping families separately until individual tagging is possible. The new scheme can also be used for other farmed species, for which the cost of genotyping test individuals may be high, e.g. if trait heritability is low.
authors.affiliation: Nofima Marin AS, Ås, Norway. Anna.Sonesson@nofima.no
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sonesson
authors.forename: Theo H E
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Meuwissen
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Goddard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods*; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D040582:Inheritance Patterns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012641:Selection, Genetic
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D004247:DNA