title: Fluid manipulation among individuals with lower urinary tract symptoms: a mixed methods study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, qualitatively and quantitatively, how individuals use fluid manipulation to self-manage the urinary symptoms of daytime frequency, urgency and urine leakage and the underlying rationale for this behaviour.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Lower urinary tract symptoms are prevalent and burdensome, and little is known about how individuals with lower urinary tract symptoms manipulate their fluid intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed methods design included statistical analysis of data from a population-based survey of urologic symptoms and qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative data came from 5503 participants of the baseline Boston Area Community Health Survey, a population-based, random sample epidemiologic survey of urologic symptoms. Qualitative data came from in-depth interviews with a random subsample from Boston Area Community Health of 152 black, white and Hispanic men and women with LUTS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative data showed that some respondents restricted fluid intake while others increased it, in both cases with the expectation of improved symptoms. Quantitative data showed that fluid intake was greater in men and women reporting frequency (p < 0·001). Women with frequency drank significantly more water (p < 0·001), while women with urgency drank significantly less water (p = 0·047).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found divergent expectations of the role of fluids in alleviating symptoms, leading some individuals to restrict and others to increase fluid intake. Individuals with lower urinary tract symptoms may need guidance in fluid management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses should be aware that patients may self-manage lower urinary tract symptoms by restricting fluid intake, putting them at risk for dehydration, constipation and urinary tract infection, but also that they may be increasing their fluid intake, which could worsen symptoms. This study pinpoints a specific area of need among patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and provides a practical opportunity for nurses to assist their patients with behavioural and fluid management by emphasising the clinical guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. elstad@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Elstad
authors.forename: Nancy N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Maserejian
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McKinlay
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tennstedt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000628:therapy*