title: The effects of low frequency electrical stimulation on satellite cell activity in rat skeletal muscle during hindlimb suspension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability of skeletal muscle to grow and regenerate is dependent on resident stem cells called satellite cells. It has been shown that chronic hindlimb unloading downregulates the satellite cell activity. This study investigated the role of low-frequency electrical stimulation on satellite cell activity during a 28 d hindlimb suspension in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mechanical unloading resulted in a 44% reduction in the myofiber cross-sectional area as well as a 29% and 34% reduction in the number of myonuclei and myonuclear domains, respectively, in the soleus muscles (P < 0.001 vs the weight-bearing control). The number of quiescent (M-cadherin(+)), proliferating (BrdU(+) and myoD(+)), and differentiated (myogenin(+)) satellite cells was also reduced by 48-57% compared to the weight-bearing animals (P < 0.01 for all). Daily application of electrical stimulation (2 × 3 h at a 20 Hz frequency) partially attenuated the reduction of the fiber cross-sectional area, satellite cell activity, and myonuclear domain (P < 0.05 for all). Extensor digitorum longus muscles were not significantly altered by hindlimb unloading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that electrical stimulation partially attenuated the decrease in muscle size and satellite cells during hindlimb unloading. The causal relationship between satellite cell activation and electrical stimulation remain to be established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Bao-Ting
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Simon S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hong-Hui
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yu-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Shu-Kuan
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Hong-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ying-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ella W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Yeung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018008:Myogenin / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D032496:Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D018008:Myogenin; C070896:M-cadherin; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine