title: Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the Queen's Day tragedy.
abstract: Eye movements during exposure to distressing mental images reduce their vividness and emotional intensity, which may be due to both tasks competing for working memory (WM) resources. WM theory predicts an inverted U-shaped relationship between degree of taxing and beneficial effects: greater taxing of WM will more greatly reduce vividness/emotionality, but extremely taxing tasks prevent holding the image in mind, thereby reducing benefits. This study examined whether mental arithmetic (subtraction) tasks during visual imagery reduce image vividness/emotionality ratings, and taxing WM and reduced vividness/emotionality show the predicted quadratic relationship. A non-clinical sample retrieved a distressing image of the Queen's Day tragedy (which occurred 1-3 months earlier in the Netherlands), and rated it for vividness and emotionality. Participants were assigned to one of four conditions: exposure alone or exposure with concurrent 'simple' subtraction, 'intermediate' subtraction, or 'complex' subtraction. Afterwards, vividness and emotionality were rated again. A reaction time task showed that the subtraction tasks increasingly taxed WM. Consistent with WM theory, exposure with subtraction reduced image vividness and emotionality compared to exposure alone. The expected inverse U-curve relationship was found for emotionality, but not for vividness: simple or intermediate subtraction had more beneficial effects than no dual-task or complex subtraction. Clinical implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands. i.m.engelhard@uu.nl
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Engelhard
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Hout
authors.forename: Monique A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smeets
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009426:Netherlands; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome