title: Coal-burning roasted corn and chili as the cause of dental fluorosis for children in southwestern China.
abstract: To find the pathologic cause of the children's dental fluorosis in southwestern China, diet structure before the age of 6 and prevalence rate of dental fluorosis (DF) of 405 children were investigated, and the fluorine and arsenic content of several materials were determined. The prevalence rate of DF of children living on roasted corn before the age of 6 is 100% with nearly 95% having the mild to severe DF; while that of children living on non-roasted corn or rice is less than 5% with all having very mild DF. The average fluorine and arsenic concentration are 20.26 mg/kg and 0.249 mg/kg in roasted corn, which are about 16 times and 35 times more than in non-roasted corn, respectively. The average fluorine concentration is 78 mg/kg in coal, 1116 mg/kg in binder clay and 313 mg/kg in briquette (coal mixed with clay). The average arsenic concentration of coal is 5.83 mg/kg, the binder clay is 20.94 mg/kg, with 8.52 mg/kg in the briquette. Living on roasted corn and chili is the main pathologic cause of endemic fluorosis in southwestern China. The main source of fluorine and arsenic pollution of roasted corn and chill is the briquette of coal and binder clay.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China. luokl@igsnrr.ac.cn
authors.forename: Kun-li
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shi-xi
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003031:Coal; D003296:Cooking; D004032:Diet; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D003031:Coal