title: Sensitive carbohydrate detection using surface enhanced Raman tagging.
abstract: Glycomic analysis is an increasingly important field in biological and biomedical research as glycosylation is one of the most important protein post-translational modifications. We have developed a new technique to detect carbohydrates using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) by designing and applying a Rhodamine B derivative as the SERS tag. Using a reductive amination reaction, the Rhodamine-based tag (RT) was successfully conjugated to three model carbohydrates (glucose, lactose, and glucuronic acid). SERS detection limits obtained with a 633 nm HeNe laser were ∼1 nM in concentration for all the RT-carbohydrate conjugates and ∼10 fmol in total sample consumption. The dynamic range of the SERS method is about 4 orders of magnitude, spanning from 1 nM to 5 μM. Ratiometric SERS quantification using isotope-substituted SERS internal references allows comparative quantifications of carbohydrates labeled with RT and deuterium/hydrogen substituted RT tags, respectively. In addition to enhancing the SERS detection of the tagged carbohydrates, the Rhodamine tagging facilitates fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection of carbohydrates. Current fluorescence sensitivity of RT-carbohydrates is ∼3 nM in concentration while the mass spectrometry (MS) sensitivity is about 1 fmol, achieved with a linear ion trap electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS instrument. Potential applications that take advantage of the high SERS, fluorescence, and MS sensitivity of this SERS tagging strategy are discussed for practical glycomic analysis where carbohydrates may be quantified with a fluorescence and SERS technique and then identified with ESI-MS techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States.
authors.forename: Karthikeshwar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vangala
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yanney
authors.forename: Cheng-Te
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: Wells W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Rong-Fong
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Sige
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sygula
authors.forename: Dongmao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis*; D054794:Glycomics / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012235:Rhodamines; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D012235:Rhodamines; C029773:rhodamine B