title: Molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Ontario, Canada.
abstract: Surveillance of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance and the molecular characterization of the mechanisms underlying these resistance phenotypes are essential in order to establish correct empirical therapies, as well as to describe the emergence of new mechanisms in local bacterial populations. To address these goals, 149 isolates were collected over a 1-month period (October-November 2008) at the Ontario Public Health Laboratory, Toronto, Canada, and susceptibility profiles (8 antibiotics) were examined. Mutations in previously identified targets or the presence of some enzymes related to resistance (r), nonsusceptibility (ns) (resistant plus intermediate categories), or reduced susceptibility (rs) to the antibiotics tested were also studied. A significant proportion of nonsusceptibility to penicillin (PEN) (89.2%), tetracycline (TET) (72.3%), ciprofloxacin (CIP) (29%), and macrolides (erythromycin [ERY] and azithromycin; 22.3%) was found in these strains. Multidrug resistance was observed in 18.8% of the collection. Although all the strains were susceptible to spectinomycin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) (ceftriaxone and cefixime), 9.4% of them displayed reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. PBP 2 mosaic structures were found in all of these ESC(rs) isolates. Alterations in the mtrR promoter, MtrR repressor (TET(r), PEN(ns), ESC(rs), and ERY(ns)), porin PIB (TET(r) and PEN(ns)), and ribosomal protein S10 (TET(r)) and double mutations in gyrA and parC quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) (CIP(r)) were associated with and presumably responsible for the resistance phenotypes observed. This is the first description of ESC(rs) in Canada. The detection of this phenotype indicates a change in the epidemiology of this resistance and highlights the importance of continued surveillance to preserve the last antimicrobial options available.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion, Public Health Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Vanessa G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rebbapragada
authors.forename: Jingyuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tijet
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Perusini
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Towns
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Roberto G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Melano
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020682:Cefixime / Q000494:pharmacology; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002511:Cephalosporins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D020682:Cefixime