title: Tramadol use in zoologic medicine.
abstract: Numerous analgesics are available for use in animals, but only a few have been used or studied in zoologic species. Tramadol is a relatively new analgesic that is available in an inexpensive, oral form, and is not controlled. Studies examining the effect of tramadol in zoologic species suggest that significant differences exist in pharmacokinetics parameters as well as analgesic dynamics. This article reviews the current literature on the use of tramadol in humans, domestic animals, and zoologic species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. msouza@utk.edu
authors.forename: Marcy J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Sherry K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000502:physiology; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol