title: Measuring how well the NHS looks after its own staff: methodology of the first national clinical audits of occupational health services in the NHS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the quality of occupational health care provided to National Health Service (NHS) staff. We designed the first national clinical audits of occupational health care in England. We chose to audit depression and back pain as health care workers have high levels of both conditions compared with other employment sectors. The aim of the audits was to drive up quality of care for staff with these conditions. The object of this paper is to describe how we developed an audit methodology and overcame challenges presented by the organization and delivery of occupational health care for NHS staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed two retrospective case note audits which ran simultaneously. Sites submitted up to 40 cases for each audit. We used duplicate case entry to test inter-rater reliability and performed selection bias checks. Participants received their site's audit results, benchmarked against the national average, within 4 months of the end of the data entry period. We used electronic voting at a results dissemination conference to inform implementation activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Occupational Health departments providing services to 278 (83%) trusts in England participated in one or both audits. Median kappa scores were above 0.7 for both pilot and full audits, indicating 'good' levels of inter-rater reliability. In total, 79% of participants at a dissemination conference said that they had changed their clinical practice either during data collection (52%) or following receipt of their audit results (27%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical audit can be conducted successfully in the occupational health setting. We obtained meaningful data that have stimulated local and national quality improvement activities. Our methodology would be transferable to occupational health settings outside the NHS and in other countries.
authors.affiliation: Health and Work Development Unit, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK. sian.williams@rcplondon.ac.uk
authors.forename: Siân
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peel
authors.forename: Samuel B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smedley
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054869:Clinical Audit; D003219:Confidentiality; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*