title: Total salvianolic acid improves ischemia-reperfusion-induced microcirculatory disturbance in rat mesentery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of total salvianolic acid (TSA) on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced rat mesenteric microcirculatory dysfunctions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into 5 groups (n = 6 each): Sham group and I/R group (infused with saline), TSA group, TSA + I/R group and I/R + TSA group (infused with TSA, 5 mg/kg per hour). Mesenteric I/R were conducted by a ligation of the mesenteric artery and vein (10 min) and subsequent release of the occlusion. TSA was continuously infused either starting from 10 min before the ischemia or 10 min after reperfusion. Changes in mesenteric microcirculatory variables, including diameter of venule, velocity of red blood cells in venule, leukocyte adhesion, free radicals released from venule, albumin leakage and mast cell degranulation, were observed through an inverted intravital microscope. Meanwhile, the expression of adhesion molecules CD11b/CD18 on neutrophils was evaluated by flow cytometry. Ultrastructural evidence of mesenteric venules damage was assessed after microcirculation observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  I/R led to multiple responses in mesenteric post-capillary venules, including a significant increase in the adhesion of leukocytes, production of oxygen radicals in the venular wall, albumin efflux and enhanced mast cell degranulation in vivo. All the I/R-induced manifestations were significantly reduced by pre- or post-treatment with TSA, with the exception that the I/R-induced increase in mast cell degranulation was inhibited only by pre-treatment with TSA. Moreover, pre- or post-treatment with TSA significantly attenuated the expression of CD11b/CD18 on neutrophils, reducing the increase in the number of caveolae in the endothelial cells of mesentery post-capillary venules induced by I/R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that TSA protects from and ameliorates the microcirculation disturbance induced by I/R, which was associated with TSA inhibiting the production of oxygen-free radicals in the venular wall and the expression of CD11b/CD18 on neutrophils.
authors.affiliation: Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Xia
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yu-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bai-He
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xiao-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jing-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Fu-Long
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Chuan-She
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jing-Yan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D018821:CD18 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007773:Lactates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008643:Mesentery / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014699:Venules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053630:Depsides
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D039481:CD11b Antigen; D018821:CD18 Antigens; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D002934:Cinnamates; D007773:Lactates; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C111703:salvianolic acid K; C066201:salvianolic acid A; C076944:salvianolic acid B; D053630:Depsides