title: Relationships among leadership practices, work environments, staff communication and outcomes in long-term care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the role that work relationships have on two long-term care outcomes: job satisfaction and turnover intention.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is easy to overlook the impact that human relations have in shaping work environments that are conducive to organizational effectiveness. Employee job satisfaction and retention are important organizational outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and seventy-five nursing and other staff from 26 long-term care facilities were surveyed about their work environments, work group relationships, observed leadership practices, organizational support, job satisfaction and turnover intention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher job satisfaction was associated with lower emotional exhaustion burnout, higher global empowerment, higher organizational support, higher psychological empowerment, stronger work group cohesion and higher personal accomplishment. Higher turnover intention was associated with lower job satisfaction, higher emotional exhaustion burnout, more outside job opportunities, weaker work group cohesion, lower personal accomplishment and higher depersonalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No relationship was found between leadership practices and job satisfaction or turnover intention. Stronger work group relationships, stronger sense of personal accomplishment and lower emotional exhaustion have direct effects on increasing job satisfaction and lowering turnover intention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To retain long-term care staff, attention should be paid to fostering positive work group cohesion, supporting and acknowledging staff accomplishments and minimizing staff burnout.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ann.tourangeau@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tourangeau
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cranley
authors.forename: Heather K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Spence Laschinger
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pachis
mesh_terms: D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000517:prevention & control; D003142:Communication; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D017146:Models, Organizational; D010563:Personnel Turnover / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*