title: Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities.
abstract: In Europe, the Neolithic transition (8,000-4,000 B.C.) from hunting and gathering to agricultural communities was one of the most important demographic events since the initial peopling of Europe by anatomically modern humans in the Upper Paleolithic (40,000 B.C.). However, the nature and speed of this transition is a matter of continuing scientific debate in archaeology, anthropology, and human population genetics. To date, inferences about the genetic make up of past populations have mostly been drawn from studies of modern-day Eurasian populations, but increasingly ancient DNA studies offer a direct view of the genetic past. We genetically characterized a population of the earliest farming culture in Central Europe, the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK; 5,500-4,900 calibrated B.C.) and used comprehensive phylogeographic and population genetic analyses to locate its origins within the broader Eurasian region, and to trace potential dispersal routes into Europe. We cloned and sequenced the mitochondrial hypervariable segment I and designed two powerful SNP multiplex PCR systems to generate new mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal data from 21 individuals from a complete LBK graveyard at Derenburg Meerenstieg II in Germany. These results considerably extend the available genetic dataset for the LBK (n = 42) and permit the first detailed genetic analysis of the earliest Neolithic culture in Central Europe (5,500-4,900 calibrated B.C.). We characterized the Neolithic mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and geographical affinities of the early farmers using a large database of extant Western Eurasian populations (n = 23,394) and a wide range of population genetic analyses including shared haplotype analyses, principal component analyses, multidimensional scaling, geographic mapping of genetic distances, and Bayesian Serial Simcoal analyses. The results reveal that the LBK population shared an affinity with the modern-day Near East and Anatolia, supporting a major genetic input from this area during the advent of farming in Europe. However, the LBK population also showed unique genetic features including a clearly distinct distribution of mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies, confirming that major demographic events continued to take place in Europe after the early Neolithic.
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. wolfgang.haak@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haak
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Balanovsky
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koshel
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zaporozhchenko
authors.forename: Christina J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Clio S I
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Der Sarkissian
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nicklisch
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dresely
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balanovska
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villems
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meller
authors.forename: Kurt W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Alt
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005060:Europe; D005580:Fossils; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial