title: [Neuroendocrine bladder cancer: oncological emergency?].
abstract: Neuroendocrine bladder cancer is extremely rare, with an estimated incidence of 0.5%- 0.7%. In bladder cancers there is no evident connection between the neuroendocrine phenotypic expression and the clinical history. However, prognosis is usually poor and the survival rate at 5 years does not exceed 8%, if untreated. METHODS. We are here describing three case reports of bladder carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation, which is extremely aggressive and leads rapidly to death. At the present time, the local control of these tumors is achieved by radical cystectomy and radiotherapy; they can be both associated to chemotherapy. However, since these lesions are fairly rare, there is no gold standard therapy and there are no prospective studies on the management of these tumors. CONCLUSIONS. Considering the quick evolution and progression of any variant of the neuroendocrine tumors of the bladder, urologists and anesthetists should see them as real oncological emergencies. A prompt intervention through radical surgery with cystectomy and linfadenectomia, and the anathomo-pathologist's systematic investigation of the scraps could make the approach therapeutic and not only palliative. Prospective studies on neo-adjuvant chemotherapy as well as experimental studies about target therapies may yield new guidelines on the tumor management.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiorito
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lucca
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oderda
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mondino
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berta
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valentino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zitella
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pacchioni