Health technology diffusion in developing countries: a case study of CT scanners in Brazil.
BACKGROUND
The development of products and services for health care systems is one of the most important phenomena to have occurred in the field of health care over the last 50 years. It generates significant commercial, medical and social results. Although much has been done to understand how health technologies are adopted and regulated in developed countries, little attention has been paid to the situation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Here we examine the institutional environment in which decisions are made regarding the adoption of expensive medical devices into the Brazilian health care system.


METHODS
We used a case study strategy to address our research question. The empirical work relied on in-depth interviews (N = 16) with representatives of a wide range of actors and stakeholders that participate in the process of diffusion of CT (computerized tomography) scanners in Brazil, including manufacturers, health care organizations, medical specialty societies, health insurance companies, regulatory agencies and the Ministry of Health.


RESULTS
The adoption of CT scanners is not determined by health policy makers or third-party payers of public and private sectors. Instead, decisions are primarily made by administrators of individual hospitals and clinics, strongly influenced by both physicians and sales representatives of the medical industry who act as change agents. Because this process is not properly regulated by public authorities, health care organizations are free to decide whether, when and how they will adopt a particular technology.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study identifies problems in how health care systems in LMICs adopt new, expensive medical technologies, and suggests that a set of innovative approaches and policy instruments are needed in order to balance the institutional and professional desire to practise a modern and expensive medicine in a context of health inequalities and basic health needs.
Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. hudson@usp.br
Hudson P
HP
Silva
Ana L D
AL
Viana
D001938:Brazil; D003906:Developing Countries; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D007221:Industry; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*