The emerging link between alcoholism risk and obesity in the United States.
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of obesity has risen sharply in the United States in the past few decades. Etiologic links between obesity and substance use disorders have been hypothesized.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether familial risk of alcohol dependence predicts obesity and whether any such association became stronger between the early 1990s and early 2000s.


METHODS
We conducted analyses of the repeated cross-sectional National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (1991-1992) and National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2001-2002).


METHODS
The noninstitutionalized US adult population in 1991-1992 and 2001-2002.


METHODS
Individuals drawn from population-based, multistage, random samples (N = 39 312 and 39 625).


METHODS
Obesity, defined as a body mass index (calculated from self-reported data as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 30 or higher and predicted from family history of alcoholism and/or problem drinking.


RESULTS
In 2001-2002, women with a family history of alcoholism (defined as having a biological parent or sibling with a history of alcoholism or alcohol problems) had 49% higher odds of obesity than those without a family history (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-1.61; P < .001), a highly significant increase (P < .001) from the odds ratio of 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.16) estimated for 1991-1992. For men in 2001-2002, the association was significant (odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.38; P < .001) but not as strong as for women. The association and the secular trend for women were robust after adjustment for covariates, including sociodemographic variables, smoking status, alcohol use, alcohol or drug dependence, and major depression. Similar trends were observed for men but did not meet statistical significance criteria after adjustment for covariates.


CONCLUSIONS
These results provide epidemiologic support for a link between familial alcoholism risk and obesity in women and possibly in men. This link has emerged in recent years and may result from an interaction between a changing food environment and predisposition to alcoholism and related disorders.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. rick@wustl.edu
Richard A
RA
Grucza
Robert F
RF
Krueger
Susan B
SB
Racette
Karen E
KE
Norberg
Pamela R
PR
Hipp
Laura J
LJ
Bierut
D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology