A marginal structural model to estimate the causal effect of antidepressant medication treatment on viral suppression among homeless and marginally housed persons with HIV.
BACKGROUND
Depression strongly predicts nonadherence to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antiretroviral therapy, and adherence is essential to maintaining viral suppression. This suggests that pharmacologic treatment of depression may improve virologic outcomes. However, previous longitudinal observational analyses have inadequately adjusted for time-varying confounding by depression severity, which could yield biased estimates of treatment effect. Application of marginal structural modeling to longitudinal observation data can, under certain assumptions, approximate the findings of a randomized controlled trial.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether antidepressant medication treatment increases the probability of HIV viral suppression.


METHODS
Community-based prospective cohort study with assessments conducted every 3 months.


METHODS
Community-based research field site in San Francisco, California.


METHODS
One hundred fifty-eight homeless and marginally housed persons with HIV who met baseline immunologic (CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, <350/μL) and psychiatric (Beck Depression Inventory II score, >13) inclusion criteria, observed from April 2002 through August 2007.


METHODS
Probability of achieving viral suppression to less than 50 copies/mL. Secondary outcomes of interest were probability of being on an antiretroviral therapy regimen, 7-day self-reported percentage adherence to antiretroviral therapy, and probability of reporting complete (100%) adherence.


RESULTS
Marginal structural models estimated a 2.03 greater odds of achieving viral suppression (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-3.58; P = .02) resulting from antidepressant medication treatment. In addition, antidepressant medication use increased the probability of antiretroviral uptake (weighted odds ratio, 3.87; 95% CI, 1.98-7.58; P < .001). Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy increased by 25 percentage points (95% CI, 14-36; P < .001), and the odds of reporting complete adherence nearly doubled (weighted odds ratio, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.20-3.13; P = .006).


CONCLUSIONS
Antidepressant medication treatment increases viral suppression among persons with HIV. This effect is likely attributable to improved adherence to a continuum of HIV care, including increased uptake and adherence to antiretroviral therapy.
Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California at San Francisco, USA.
Alexander C
AC
Tsai
Sheri D
SD
Weiser
Maya L
ML
Petersen
Kathleen
K
Ragland
Margot B
MB
Kushel
David R
DR
Bangsberg
D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects; D016903:Drug Monitoring
D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents