Performance simulation of an x-ray detector for spectral CT with combined Si and Cd[Zn]Te detection layers.
The most obvious problem in obtaining spectral information with energy-resolving photon counting detectors in clinical computed tomography (CT) is the huge x-ray flux present in conventional CT systems. At high tube voltages (e.g. 140 kVp), despite the beam shaper, this flux can be close to 10⁹ Mcps mm⁻² in the direct beam or in regions behind the object, which are close to the direct beam. Without accepting the drawbacks of truncated reconstruction, i.e. estimating missing direct-beam projection data, a photon-counting energy-resolving detector has to be able to deal with such high count rates. Sub-structuring pixels into sub-pixels is not enough to reduce the count rate per pixel to values that today's direct converting Cd[Zn]Te material can cope with (≤ 10 Mcps in an optimistic view). Below 300 µm pixel pitch, x-ray cross-talk (Compton scatter and K-escape) and the effect of charge diffusion between pixels are problematic. By organising the detector in several different layers, the count rate can be further reduced. However this alone does not limit the count rates to the required level, since the high stopping power of the material becomes a disadvantage in the layered approach: a simple absorption calculation for 300 µm pixel pitch shows that the required layer thickness of below 10 Mcps/pixel for the top layers in the direct beam is significantly below 100 µm. In a horizontal multi-layer detector, such thin layers are very difficult to manufacture due to the brittleness of Cd[Zn]Te. In a vertical configuration (also called edge-on illumination (Ludqvist et al 2001 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48 1530-6, Roessl et al 2008 IEEE NSS-MIC-RTSD 2008, Conf. Rec. Talk NM2-3)), bonding of the readout electronics (with pixel pitches below 100 µm) is not straightforward although it has already been done successfully (Pellegrini et al 2004 IEEE NSS MIC 2004 pp 2104-9). Obviously, for the top detector layers, materials with lower stopping power would be advantageous. The possible choices are, however, quite limited, since only 'mature' materials, which operate at room temperature and can be manufactured reliably should reasonably be considered. Since GaAs is still known to cause reliability problems, the simplest choice is Si, however with the drawback of strong Compton scatter which can cause considerable inter-pixel cross-talk. To investigate the potential and the problems of Si in a multi-layer detector, in this paper the combination of top detector layers made of Si with lower layers made of Cd[Zn]Te is studied by using Monte Carlo simulated detector responses. It is found that the inter-pixel cross-talk due to Compton scatter is indeed very high; however, with an appropriate cross-talk correction scheme, which is also described, the negative effects of cross-talk are shown to be removed to a very large extent.
Philips Research Laboratories Europe, 52066 Aachen, Germany. christoph.herrmann@philips.com
Christoph
C
Herrmann
Klaus-Jürgen
KJ
Engel
Jens
J
Wiegert
D002104:Cadmium; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007700:Kinetics; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012825:Silicon; D013691:Tellurium; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015032:Zinc
C474490:CdZnTe; D002104:Cadmium; D015032:Zinc; D013691:Tellurium; D012825:Silicon