Disgust and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Disgust may be a key emotion and target for psychotherapeutic interventions in borderline personality disorder (BPD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at explicit and implicit-automatic levels. However, automatically activated disgust reactions in individuals with these disorders have not been studied. Disgust and its correlation with childhood abuse were assessed in women with BPD, but without PTSD; women with PTSD, but without BPD; women with BPD and PTSD; and healthy women. Disgust sensitivity, anxiety and depression were measured by self-report. Implicit disgust-prone (relative to anxiety-prone) self-concept was assessed using the Implicit Association Test. Women with BPD and/or PTSD reported more disgust sensitivity than controls. The implicit self-concept among patients was more disgust-prone (relative to anxiety-prone) than in controls. Women with BPD, with PTSD, or BPD and PTSD did not differ significantly in self-reported disgust levels or implicit disgust-related self-concept. Among women with BPD and/or PTSD, current psychiatric comorbidity (major depression, anxiety disorder, eating disorder, or substance-related disorder) did not affect disgust-related variables. More severe physical abuse in childhood was associated with a more anxiety-prone (less disgust-prone) implicit self-concept. Independent of psychiatric comorbidity, disgust appears to be elevated at implicit and explicit levels in trauma-related disorders. Psychotherapeutic approaches to address disgust should take implicit processes into account.
Department of Social and General Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland. nicolas.ruesch@dgsp.uzh.ch
Nicolas
N
Rüsch
Daniela
D
Schulz
Gabi
G
Valerius
Regina
R
Steil
Martin
M
Bohus
Christian
C
Schmahl
D000328:Adult; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012649:Self Concept; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult