Lifetime costs of medical care after heart failure diagnosis.
BACKGROUND
Heart failure (HF) care constitutes an increasing economic burden on the health care system, and has become a key focus in the health care debate. However, there are limited data on the lifetime health care costs for individuals with HF after initial diagnosis.


RESULTS
Olmsted County residents with incident HF from 1987 to 2006 were identified. Direct medical costs incurred from the time of HF diagnosis until death or last follow-up were obtained using population-based administrative data through 2007. Costs were inflated to 2008 US dollars using the general Consumer Price Index. Inpatient, outpatient, and total costs were estimated using a 2-part model with adjustment for right censoring of data. Predictors of total costs were examined using a similar model. A total of 1054 incident HF patients were identified (mean age, 76.8 years; 46.1% men). After a mean follow-up of 4.6 years, 765 (72.6%) patients had died. The estimated total lifetime costs were $109 541 (95% confidence interval, $100 335 to 118 946) per person, with the majority accumulated during hospitalizations (mean, $83 980 per person). After adjustment for age, year of diagnosis, and comorbidity, diabetes mellitus and preserved ejection fraction (≥50%) were associated with 24.8% (P=0.003) and 23.6% (P=0.041) higher lifetime costs, respectively. Higher costs were observed at initial HF diagnosis and in the months immediately before death in those surviving >12 months after diagnosis.


CONCLUSIONS
HF imposes a significant economic burden, primarily related to hospitalizations. Variations in cost over a lifetime can help identify strategies for efficient management of patients, particularly at the end of life.
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Shannon M
SM
Dunlay
Nilay D
ND
Shah
Qian
Q
Shi
Bruce
B
Morlan
Holly
H
VanHouten
Kirsten Hall
KH
Long
Véronique L
VL
Roger
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged