Craniofacial ciliopathies: A new classification for craniofacial disorders.
Craniofacial anomalies are some of the most variable and common defects affecting the population. Herein, we examine a group of craniofacial disorders that are the result of defects in primary cilia; ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelles that transduce molecular signals and facilitate the interactions between the cell and its environment. Based on the frequent appearance of craniofacial phenotypes in diseases born from defective primary cilia (ciliopathies) we propose a new class of craniofacial disorders referred to as craniofacial ciliopathies. We explore the most frequent phenotypes associated with ciliopathic conditions and the ciliary gene mutations responsible for craniofacial defects. Finally, we propose that some non-classified disorders may now be classified as craniofacial ciliopathies.
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Samantha A
SA
Brugmann
Dwight R
DR
Cordero
Jill A
JA
Helms
D000818:Animals; D002923:Cilia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D002925:Ciliary Motility Disorders / Q000145:classification*; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000145:classification*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
C098623:IFT88 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins