National School Lunch Program participation and sex differences in body mass index trajectories of children from low-income families.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate participation patterns in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) among low-income children from kindergarten to fifth grade and to examine the ways in which participation influences sex differences in the trajectories of body mass index (BMI) through the eighth grade.


METHODS
Longitudinal, secondary data analysis.


METHODS
Sample of low-income US children who entered kindergarten in 1998.


METHODS
Girls (n = 574) and boys (n = 566) from low-income families who participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort.


METHODS
Participation in the NSLP.


METHODS
Temporary and persistent patterns of NSLP participation, and age-specific and sex-specific BMI raw scores calculated at 5 data points.


RESULTS
Among the low-income children who attended schools that participated in the NSLP, both the children who persistently participated in the program and those who temporarily participated in the program displayed similar socioeconomically disadvantaged factors. Nonlinear mixed models indicated a larger rate of change in BMI (ie, an increase) among low-income, participating girls than among low-income, nonparticipating girls; however, mean BMIs did not significantly differ between low-income girls who participated and those who did not participate. No significant differences were observed among low-income boys.


CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest that participation in the NSLP is associated with rapid weight gain for low-income girls but not for low-income boys.
Department of Human Development Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. dch19@psu.edu
Daphne C
DC
Hernandez
Lori A
LA
Francis
Emily A
EA
Doyle
D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States