Efficacy of an insecticide paint against malaria vectors and nuisance in West Africa--part 2: field evaluation.
BACKGROUND
Widespread resistance of the main malaria vector Anopheles gambiae to pyrethroids reported in many African countries and operational drawbacks to current IRS methods suggest the convenience of exploring new products and approaches for vector control. Insecticide paint Inesfly 5A IGR™, containing two organophosphates (OPs), chlorpyrifos and diazinon, and one insect growth regulator (IGR), pyriproxyfen, was tested in Benin, West Africa, for 12 months.


METHODS
Field trials were conducted in six experimental huts that were randomly allocated to one or two layers of insecticide at 1 Kg/6 m2 or control. Evaluations included: (i) early mosquito collection, (ii) mosquito release experiments, (iii) residual efficacy tests and (iv) distance tests. Early mosquito collections were performed on local populations of pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. As per WHOPES phase II procedures, four entomological criteria were evaluated: deterrence, excito-repellence, blood-feeding inhibition and mortality. Mosquito release experiments were done using local malaria-free An. gambiae females reared at the CREC insectarium. Residual efficacy tests and distance tests were performed using reference susceptible strains of An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus.


RESULTS
Six months after treatment, mortality rates were still 90-100% against pyrethroid-resistant mosquito populations in experimental huts. At nine months, mortality rates in huts treated with two layers was still about 90-93% against An. gambiae and 55% against Cx. quinquefasciatus. Malaria-free local mosquito release experiments yielded a 90% blood-feeding inhibition in the absence of a physical barrier. A long-term residual efficacy of 12 months was observed by WHO-bioassays in huts treated with two layers (60-80%). Mortality after an overnight exposition at distances of 1 meter was 96-100% for up to 12 months.


CONCLUSIONS
The encouraging results obtained on the insecticide paint Inesfly 5A IGR™ in terms of mortality, be it in direct contact or at a distance, and its new operational approach could constitute an additional option in malaria control efforts in areas of pyrethroid resistance. Phase III studies will be performed to assess the product's epidemiological impact and sociological acceptance.
Departamento de Parasitologa, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. bmosqueira@yahoo.com
Beatriz
B
Mosqueira
Joseph
J
Chabi
Fabrice
F
Chandre
Martin
M
Akogbeto
Jean-Marc
JM
Hougard
Pierre
P
Carnevale
Santiago
S
Mas-Coma
D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D001541:Benin; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000494:pharmacology; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects*; D003976:Diazinon / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010150:Paint; D011722:Pyrethrins; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D011725:Pyridines; C055613:pyriproxyfen; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D003976:Diazinon