Recurrent pain is associated with decreased selective attention in a population-based sample.
Studies which have examined the impact of pain on cognitive functioning in the general population are scarce. In the present study we assessed the predictive value of recurrent pain on cognitive functioning in a population-based study (N=1400). Furthermore, we investigated the effect of pain on cognitive functioning in individuals with specific pain complaints (i.e. back pain, gastric pain, muscle pain and headache). Cognitive functioning was assessed using the Stroop Color-Word Interference test (Stroop interference), the Letter-Digit-Substitution test (LDST) and the Visual Verbal learning Task (VVLT). Pain was measured with the COOP/WONCA pain scale (Dartmouth Primary Care Cooperative Information Project/World Organization of National Colleges, Academies, and Academic Associations of General Practice /Family Physicians). We controlled for the effects of age, sex, level of education and depressive symptoms. It was demonstrated that pain had a negative impact on the performance on the Stroop interference but not on the VVLT and the LDST. This indicates that subjects who reported extreme pain had more problems with selective attention and were more easily distracted. Effects were in general larger in the specific pain groups when compared to the associations found in the total group. Implications of these findings are discussed. The experience of recurrent pain has a negative influence on selective attention in a healthy population.
School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), European Graduate School for Neuroscience (Euron), Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
C P
CP
Gijsen
J B
JB
Dijkstra
M P J
MPJ
van Boxtel
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D057189:Checklist; D018672:Community Health Planning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult