Lung-cancer reduction from smoking cessation and radon remediation: a preliminary cost-analysis in Northamptonshire, UK.
Domestic radon levels in parts of the United Kingdom are sufficiently high as to increase the risk of lung-cancer among residents. Public health campaigns in the county of Northamptonshire, a designated radon Affected Area with 6.3% of homes having average radon levels in excess of the UK Action Level of 200 Bq m(-3), have encouraged householders to test for radon and then, if indicated to be necessary, to carry out remediation in their homes. These campaigns have been only partially successful, since to date only 40% of Northamptonshire houses have been tested, and only 15% of those householders finding raised levels have proceeded to remediate. Those who remediate have been shown to have smaller families, to be older, and to include fewer smokers than the average population, suggesting that current strategies to reduce domestic radon exposure are not reaching those most at risk. During 2004-2005, the NHS Stop-Smoking Services in Northamptonshire assisted 2847 smokers to quit to the 4-week stage, the 15% (435) of these 4-week quitters remaining quitters at 1year forming the subjects of a retrospective study considering whether smoking cessation campaigns contribute significantly to radon risk reduction. Quantitative assessment of the risk of lung-cancer among the study population, from knowledge of the individuals' age, gender, and smoking habits, together with the radon levels in their homes, demonstrates that smoking cessation programmes have significant added value in reducing the incidence of lung-cancer in radon Affected Areas, and contribute a substantially greater health benefit at a lower cost than the alternative strategy of reducing radon levels in the smokers' homes, while they remain smokers. Both radon remediation and smoking cessation programmes are very cost effective in Northamptonshire, with smoking cessation being significantly more cost effective, and these are potentially valuable programmes to drive health improvements through promotion of the uptake or environmental management for radon in the home.
Medical Physics Dept., Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, NN1 5BD, UK. chris.groves-kirkby@northampton.ac.uk
C J
CJ
Groves-Kirkby
K
K
Timson
G
G
Shield
A R
AR
Denman
S
S
Rogers
P S
PS
Phillips
D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003710:Demography; D004739:England; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011886:Radon / Q000032:analysis*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D011886:Radon