New developments in the induction and antiviral effectors of type I interferon.
Type I interferons (IFNs) are cytokines of the innate immune system that induce antiviral protein expression in response to viral infection. Various proteins and pathways have been shown to recognize nucleic acid ligands especially from RNA viruses. Here, we will review recent developments including transcription of DNA virus genomes into RNA ligands, and the recognition of viruses by TLR2 for interferon induction. The induced IFNs activate many interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that have direct antiviral effects. Recent studies have identified IFITM proteins as the first ISG to inhibit viral entry processes and revealed mechanistic understanding of known antiviral ISGs such as ISG15 and Viperin.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Su-Yang
SY
Liu
David Jesse
DJ
Sanchez
Genhong
G
Cheng
D000818:Animals; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology*
D004279:DNA, Viral; D007370:Interferon Type I; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2