Polychlorinated biphenyls, lead, and mercury are associated with liver disease in American adults: NHANES 2003-2004.
BACKGROUND
High-level occupational exposures to some industrial chemicals have been associated with liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the potential role of low-level environmental pollution on liver disease in the general population has not been evaluated.


OBJECTIVE
We determined whether environmental pollutants are associated with an elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and suspected NAFLD in U.S. adults.


METHODS
This cross-sectional cohort study evaluated adult participants without viral hepatitis, hemochromatosis, or alcoholic liver disease from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 2003-2004. ALT elevation was defined in men as ≥ 37 IU/L (age 18-20 years) and ≥ 48 IU/L (age ≥ 21 years) and in women as ≥ 30 IU/L (age 18-20 years) and ≥ 31 IU/L (age ≥ 21 years). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for ALT elevation were determined across exposure quartiles for 17 pollutant subclasses comprising 111 individual pollutants present with at least a 60% detection rate. Adjustments were made for age, race/ethnicity, sex, body mass index, poverty income ratio, and insulin resistance. Individual pollutants from subclasses associated with ALT elevation were subsequently analyzed.


RESULTS
The overall prevalence of ALT elevation was 10.6%. Heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were associated with dose-dependent increased adjusted ORs for ALT elevation. Within these subclasses, increasing whole-blood levels of lead and mercury and increasing lipid-adjusted serum levels of 20 PCBs were individually associated with ALT elevation.


CONCLUSIONS
PCB, lead, and mercury exposures were associated with unexplained ALT elevation, a proxy marker of NAFLD, in NHANES 2003-2004 adult participants.
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
Matt
M
Cave
Savitri
S
Appana
Mihir
M
Patel
Keith Cameron
KC
Falkner
Craig J
CJ
McClain
Guy
G
Brock
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D008628:Mercury