Clomifene citrate and intrauterine insemination as first-line treatments for unexplained infertility: are they cost-effective?
BACKGROUND
First-line treatments for unexplained infertility traditionally include clomifene citrate (CC) or unstimulated intrauterine insemination (IUI). A recently published randomized controlled trial considered the effectiveness of CC and IUI in patients with unexplained infertility and found that neither treatment offered a superior live birth rate when compared with expectant management (EM). This paper reports the economic evaluation conducted alongside this trial in order to assess whether health care providers are gaining value for money in this clinical area.


METHODS
Five hundred and eighty women across five Scottish hospitals were randomized to either EM, CC or IUI for 6 months. The primary outcome measure was live births. Resource-use data were collected during the trial and costs were calculated from a UK National Health Service (NHS) perspective. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated, expressed as cost per live birth, in order to compare the cost-effectiveness of CC and IUI with that of EM to treat unexplained infertility.


RESULTS
Live birth rates in the three randomized groups were: EM = 32/193 (17%), CC = 26/194 (13%) and IUI = 43/193 (22%). The mean (standard deviation) costs per treatment cycle were £0 for EM, £83 (£17) for CC and £98 (£31) for IUI. The mean treatment costs per patient for EM, CC and IUI were £12 (£117), £350 (£220) and £331 (£222), respectively. The cost per live birth for EM, CC and IUI was £72 (95% confidence interval £0-£206), £2611 (£1870-£4166) and £1487 (£1116-£2155), respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for IUI versus EM was £5604 (-£12204 to £2227), with CC dominated by IUI.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite being more expensive, existing treatments such as empirical CC and unstimulated IUI do not offer superior live birth rates compared with EM of unexplained infertility. They are unlikely to be a cost-effective use of limited NHS resources. The study's main limitation is that it did not consider the psychological effects on couples. ISRCT Number: 71762042.
Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK. sarah.wordsworth@dphpc.ox.ac.uk
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Wordsworth
J
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Buchanan
J
J
Mollison
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Harrild
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Robertson
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C
Tay
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Harrold
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D
McQueen
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Lyall
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Johnston
J
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Burrage
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Grossett
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Walton
J
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Lynch
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Johnstone
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Kini
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Raja
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Templeton
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Bhattacharya
D001723:Birth Rate; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D007314:Insemination; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012606:Scotland; D057832:Watchful Waiting / Q000191:economics
D002996:Clomiphene