Creating a virtual surgical atlas of craniofacial procedures: Part II. Surgical animations.
BACKGROUND
Craniofacial surgery can be challenging to teach and learn. To augment the intraoperative learning experience for surgical trainees and to provide a resource for practicing craniofacial surgeons to review uncommonly performed procedures before entering the operating room, a series of three-dimensional animations were created encompassing the most commonly performed craniofacial procedures.


METHODS
Previously created three-dimensional craniofacial digital models were used to create digital animations of craniofacial surgical procedures using Maya 8.5. Digital models were altered systematically within Maya to recreate the ordered steps of each craniofacial procedure. Surgical tools were imported into Maya for use in the animations using computer-aided manufacturing files obtained directly from the manufacturer.


RESULTS
Nine craniofacial procedures were animated: genioplasty, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy, Le Fort I osteotomy, unifocal mandibular distraction, mandibular transport distraction, fronto-orbital advancement with cranial vault remodeling, Le Fort III advancement/distraction, and monobloc advancement/distraction. All major surgical steps are demonstrated, including exposure, execution of the osteotomy, displacement of the bone composite, and the predicted morphologic changes to the craniofacial contour. Throughout the surgical animation, the view of the surgeon in the operating room is incorporated to reproduce the vantage of the surgeon, and the overlying tissue is rendered transparent to illustrate critical underlying anatomical relationships.


CONCLUSIONS
The first virtual surgical atlas of craniofacial procedures is presented. These animations should serve as a resource for trainees and practicing surgeons in preparation for craniofacial surgical procedures.
Indianapolis, Ind.; and New York, N.Y. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center; Biodigital Systems, Inc.; and the Department of Informatics and the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Medical Center.
Roberto L
RL
Flores
Nicholette
N
Deluccia
Aaron
A
Oliker
Joseph G
JG
McCarthy
D001271:Atlases as Topic; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D003479:Curriculum; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000193:education*; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface