Development and validation of a Coping with Discrimination Scale: factor structure, reliability, and validity.
Four studies were conducted to develop and validate the Coping With Discrimination Scale (CDS). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis (N = 328) identified 5 factors: Education/Advocacy, Internalization, Drug and Alcohol Use, Resistance, and Detachment, with internal consistency reliability estimates ranging from .72 to .90. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis (N = 328) provided cross-validation of the 5-factor model as well as evidence for validity of the scale. The validity evidence was similar across racial groups and for males and females. In Study 3, the estimated 2-week test-retest reliabilities (N = 53) were between .48 and .85 for the 5 factors. Education/Advocacy, Internalization, Drug and Alcohol Use, and Detachment were positively associated with active coping, self-blame, substance use, and behavioral disengagement, respectively, providing further support for validity of the CDS. Finally, incremental validity evidence was obtained in Study 4 (N = 220), where it was shown that the CDS explained variance in outcome variables (i.e., depression, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and ethnic identity) that could not be explained by general coping strategies.
Department of Psychology, W112 Lagomarcino Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3180, USA. wei@iastate.edu
Meifen
M
Wei
Alvin N
AN
Alvarez
Tsun-Yao
TY
Ku
Daniel W
DW
Russell
Douglas G
DG
Bonett
D000069:Acculturation; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006167:Guilt; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011287:Prejudice; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult