Genetic diversity of HIV type 1 in Montenegro.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is characterized by high genetic variability due to its high replication rate and the lack of proofreading activity of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis performed on numerous isolates from all over the world, HIV-1 is subdivided into types, subtypes, subsubtypes, circulating recombinant forms, and unique recombinant forms. No data are currently available about the circulation of HIV-1 types in Montenegro. Here, we describe the genetic variability of HIV-1 strains identified in plasma samples of patients from Montenegro. Phylogenetic analysis on 32 HIV-1 sequences was carried out. The prevalent circulating HIV-1 subtype is B. The strains were interspersed within the tree. Two main clades (I and II) may suggest independent introductions of HIV-1 subtype B into Montenegro, although other epidemiological evidence will be needed to assume a small number of introductions. No obvious evidence of clustering by residence, age, or sex was found (data not shown). Nelfinavir resistance was found, though lopinavir is the only PI administered. Continuous monitoring of HIV-1-infected individuals is crucial to a better understand of the epidemiology of the B subtype in Montenegro.
Department of infectious Diseases, Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. massimo.ciccozzi@iss.it
Massimo
M
Ciccozzi
Danijela
D
Vujošević
Alessandra
A
Lo Presti
Boban
B
Mugoša
Zoran
Z
Vratnica
Alessia
A
Lai
Dragan
D
Laušević
Nenad
N
Drašković
Aleksandra
A
Marjanovic
Eleonora
E
Cella
Maria M
MM
Santoro
Claudia
C
Alteri
Lavinia
L
Fabeni
Marco
M
Ciotti
Gianguglielmo
G
Zehender
D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D001483:Base Sequence; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D054548:Montenegro; D019888:Nelfinavir / Q000494:pharmacology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011159:Population Surveillance
D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D061466:Lopinavir; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease; D019888:Nelfinavir