Surveillance of community antimicrobial use in resource-constrained settings--experience from five pilot projects.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the feasibility of surveillance of antimicrobial use in the community in resource-constrained settings. Overuse and misuse of antimicrobial medicines is contributing to the development of resistance. The WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance recommends surveillance of use at all levels of the health sector but this is not done in most low and middle income countries.


METHODS
Pilot projects were established in three sites in India (Delhi, Mumbai and Vellore) and 2 in South Africa (Brits and Durban). Antimicrobial use data were collected monthly from both public and private facilities. Each pilot site sought to document 30 patient encounters where antimicrobials were provided from 7 to 30 facilities per month. Antimicrobial use was expressed as the percentage of patients receiving a specific antimicrobial and as the number of defined daily doses of each specific antibiotic per 100 patients attending the facility per month.


RESULTS
In all sites, there was extensive use of antimicrobials, with older agents being used more in the public sector and newer agents in the private sector. Although methodological differences limit the comparability of data, use appeared to be higher in India than in South Africa. Expressing antimicrobial use as the percentage of patients receiving a specific antimicrobial was more easily computed. Defined daily dose measure was useful in demonstrating differences in dosing and duration.


CONCLUSIONS
All pilot sites provided data on antimicrobial use but also raised several issues related to methodology and logistics of long-term surveillance in community settings under resource constraints. Use measured as percentage of prescriptions is easier and more reliable in these settings.
WHO Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi, India. hollowayk@searo.who.int
Kathleen
K
Holloway
Elisabeth
E
Mathai
Andy
A
Gray
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003906:Developing Countries; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D012621:Seasons; D013019:South Africa
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents