Exploring pathways for socio-economic inequalities in self-reported oral symptoms among Korean adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to assess socio-economic inequalities in self-reported oral symptoms in Korean adolescents and to assess the association of health behaviours, psychosocial factors and material factors on social gradients in oral symptoms.


METHODS
Cross-sectional data were from the national 2007 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). Self-reported oral symptoms included toothache, bad breath, and fractured teeth. Self-assessed socio-economic status (SES) was selected as a measure of SES. To assess socio-economic inequalities in oral symptoms, we used logistic regression models for toothache, bad breath and fractured teeth, and ordinal logistic regression models for the aggregate variable on oral symptoms. We used models adjusting for socio-demographic factors (Model 1) and compared them to models additionally adjusting for health behaviours (Model 2), psychosocial factors (Model 3) and material factors (Model 4).


RESULTS
A total of 78,834 students were invited to participate, and the response rate was 94.8% (n = 74,698). We found that lower self-assessed SES was significantly associated with higher prevalence of each of the three self-reported oral symptoms. Social gradient in the prevalence of each oral symptoms persisted when adjusted for behavioural, psychosocial and material factors. The odds ratio (OR) for the aggregate variable on oral symptoms in the lower SES group was 2.25 (95% CI 2.04, 2.49), and the respective figures after adjusting for behavioural, psychosocial and material factors were 2.17 (95% CI 1.96, 2.39), 1.90 (95% CI 1.73, 2.10) and 2.26 (95% CI 2.04, 2.50). While adjusting for psychosocial factors decreased the OR in the aggregate variable on oral symptoms for lower SES groups, adjusting for health behaviours and material factors hardly changed the OR.


CONCLUSIONS
There were clear social gradients in three self-reported oral symptoms (toothache, bad breath and fractured teeth) in Korean adolescents. Psychosocial factors explained part of the social inequalities in oral symptoms. Future longitudinal research is required to better address the pathways that explain socio-economic inequalities in oral symptoms during adolescence.
Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea.
Se-Hwan
SH
Jung
Richard G
RG
Watt
Aubrey
A
Sheiham
Jae-In
JI
Ryu
Georgios
G
Tsakos
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003753:Dental Health Surveys; D005260:Female; D006209:Halitosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009909:Oral Health; D015995:Prevalence; D011584:Psychology; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014082:Tooth Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D014098:Toothache / Q000453:epidemiology