Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland and Svalbard, 2005-2008.
Flame retardants and legacy contaminants were analyzed in adipose tissue from 11 circumpolar polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in 2005-2008 spanning Alaska east to Svalbard. Although 37 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total-(α)-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromotoluene, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy(ethane) and decabromodiphenyl ethane were screened, only 4 PBDEs, total-(α-)HBCD and BB153 were consistently found. Geometric mean ΣPBDE (4.6-78.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and BB153 (2.5-81.1 ng/g lw) levels were highest in East Greenland (43.2 and 39.2 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively), Svalbard (44.4 and 20.9 ng/g lw) and western (38.6 and 30.1 ng/g lw) and southern Hudson Bay (78.4 and 81.1 ng/g lw). Total-(α)-HBCD levels (<0.3-41.1 ng/g lw) were lower than ΣPBDE levels in all subpopulations except in Svalbard, consistent with greater European HBCD use versus North American pentaBDE product use. ΣPCB levels were high relative to flame retardants as well as other legacy contaminants and increased from west to east (1797-10,537 ng/g lw). ΣCHL levels were highest among legacy organochlorine pesticides and relatively spatially uniform (765-3477 ng/g lw). ΣDDT levels were relatively low and spatially variable (31.5-206 ng/g lw). However, elevated proportions of p,p'-DDT to ΣDDT in Alaska and Beaufort Sea relative to other subpopulations suggested fresh inputs from vector control use in Asia and/or Africa. Comparing earlier circumpolar polar bear studies, ΣPBDE, total-(α)-HBCD, p,p'-DDE and ΣCHL levels consistently declined, whereas levels of other legacy contaminants did not. International regulations have clearly been effective in reducing levels of several legacy contaminants in polar bears relative to historical levels. However, slow or stalling declines of certain historic pollutants like PCBs and a complex mixture of "new" chemicals continue to be of concern to polar bear health and that of their arctic marine ecosystems.
Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada. melissaamckinney@gmail.com
Melissa A
MA
McKinney
Robert J
RJ
Letcher
Jon
J
Aars
Erik W
EW
Born
Marsha
M
Branigan
Rune
R
Dietz
Thomas J
TJ
Evans
Geir W
GW
Gabrielsen
Elizabeth
E
Peacock
Christian
C
Sonne
D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000378:metabolism; D002170:Canada; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000378:metabolism*; D006116:Greenland; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000378:metabolism; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000378:metabolism; D013538:Svalbard; D001503:Ursidae / Q000378:metabolism*
D001969:Bromobenzenes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; C491509:decabromodiphenyl ethane; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane