[Study on molecular phylogeny of Schistosoma bovis based on mitochondrial DNA sequence and gene order].
OBJECTIVE
To determine the nucleotide sequence of the partial mitochondrial (mt) genome and the order of the mitochondrial protein-coding genes for Schistosoma bovis for analysis of possible phylogenetic position of this species in the genus Schistosoma.


METHODS
The genomic DNA of adult worms were extracted by the GNT-K method. The target regions were amplified by PCR using a degenerated primer and specific primer. The PCR products were purified before ligating into the pGEM1 T-vector system. Recombinant plasmids were amplified in Escherichia coli, extracted and purified using routine methods. The nucleotide sequences were determined with an ABI PRISM 3100-Avant DNA sequencer using a BigDye Terminators v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Bio-systems, CA, U.S.A.) with two T-vector specific primers (T7 and SP6). Positive colonies were sequenced with two internal specific primers to obtain the full sequence of each fragment on both strands by means of primer walking. Sequences of related schistosomes were retrieved from GenBank and aligned with our data. Gene trees were constructed using neighbor joining methods.


RESULTS
The nucleotide sequence was determined and the gene order of this region in S. bovis was found as follows: NADHdehydrogenase4 (nad4)-trnQ (Gln)-trnK(Lys)-NADH dehydrogenase 3(nad3)-trnD (Asp)-NADH dehydrogenase 1(nad1). The gene order covering such region of S. bovis was similar to that of the African Schistosoma species, but strikingly different from the Asian species. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the alignment including partial nad4, nad3, partial nad1 and partial nad4+nad3+nad1 sequence for other 8 Schistosoma spp., respectively, revealed that S. bovis is placed proximally to S. haematobium in the African sub-group, which is identical with those placed by gene order in the African clade.


CONCLUSIONS
The mtDNA analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequence and the gene order strongly support the hypothesis that S. bovis belongs to the African schistosome clade rather than the Asian Schistosoma species.
Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-5805, Japan.
Jing-ying
JY
Xiao
Lian-shun
LS
Cai
Nagataki
N
Mitsuru
Tokuhiro
T
Shinji
R
R
Jarilla Blanca
Shimada
S
Masaaki
David
D
Blair
Agatsuma
A
Takeshi
D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D023061:Gene Order; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D010802:Phylogeny; D012547:Schistosoma / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial