An action-based approach to improving pain management in long-term care.
OBJECTIVE
The study purposes were twofold: (1) to explore barriers to pain management and those associated with implementing a pain management program in long-term care (LTC); and (2) to develop an interprofessional approach to improve pain management in LTC.


METHODS
A case study approach included both qualitative and quantitative components. We collected data at two LTC sites using seven focus groups for the licensed nurses, unregulated care providers and physicians, and 10 interviews with other health care provider groups, administration, and residents. We reviewed documents and administered a short survey to study participants to assess perceptions of barriers to pain management.


RESULTS
The findings revealed barriers to effective LTC pain management at the resident/family, health care provider, and system levels. We then developed a six-tiered model with proposed interventions to address these barriers.


CONCLUSIONS
This model can guide the development of innovative approaches to improving pain management in LTC settings.
School of Nursing, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. kaasal@mcmaster.ca
Sharon
S
Kaasalainen
Kevin
K
Brazil
Esther
E
Coker
Jenny
J
Ploeg
Ruth
R
Martin-Misener
Faith
F
Donald
Alba
A
DiCenso
Thomas
T
Hadjistavropoulos
Lisa
L
Dolovich
Alexandra
A
Papaioannou
Anna
A
Emili
Tim
T
Burns
D017144:Focus Groups; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D059408:Pain Management; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires