Safety threshold of intravitreal activated protein-C.
OBJECTIVE
Although activated protein C (APC) is effective in preventing the death of retinal neurons in ischemic retinopathy, it is not known at what concentrations it becomes retinotoxic. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of intravitreal APC that are safe and those that are toxic for the retina, using rabbit eyes.


METHODS
The left eyes of 12 rabbits received an intravitreal injection of 1.5 to 150 μg of APC in 0.1 ml of saline. The fellow eyes were treated with an intravitreal injection of the same amount of saline. Slit-lamp examination, fundus examination, fluorescein angiography (FA), and electroretinograms (ERGs) were performed before and at different times after the injection. The eyes were enucleated at 6 months after the injection and examined histologically.


RESULTS
The clinical and histological differences between the control eyes and the eyes that had APC injections up to 15 μg were not significant. Localized retinal edema was observed in two of three eyes with 150 μg of APC immediately after the injection. In these two eyes, chorioretinal atrophy was observed in the area of the retinal edema at 6 months, which corresponded with a hyperfluorescent area in the FA images and focal retinal degeneration histologically. No significant changes were detected in the full-field ERGs in the eyes treated even with 150 μg of APC throughout the observation period.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that an intravitreal injection of APC at a dose ≤15 μg is safe, but 150 μg of APC can be toxic to the retina.
Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, #E7, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
Kentaro
K
Nishida
Motohiro
M
Kamei
Zhao-jiang
ZJ
Du
Ping
P
Xie
Takuhiro
T
Yamamoto
Mihoko
M
Suzuki
Hirokazu
H
Sakaguchi
Kohji
K
Nishida
D000818:Animals; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D011486:Protein C / Q000633:toxicity*; D011817:Rabbits; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000633:toxicity; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects*
D011486:Protein C; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C421124:drotrecogin alfa activated