Creating a virtual surgical atlas of craniofacial procedures: Part I. Three-dimensional digital models of craniofacial deformities.
BACKGROUND
Three-dimensional digital animation can enable surgeons to create anatomically accurate, virtual models of normal and pathologic human anatomy. From these models, surgical procedures can be digitally performed, recorded, and distributed as a teaching tool or as a virtual surgical atlas. The idea of a virtual surgical atlas has recently become a part of contemporary surgical teaching. In the field of craniofacial surgery, no such educational tool exists. Presented is the first part of the creation of a virtual atlas of craniofacial surgical procedures: the three-dimensional digital modeling of pathologic deformities commonly treated by craniofacial surgeons.


METHODS
Three-dimensional craniofacial models were constructed using Maya 8.5. A skeletally "normal" craniofacial skeleton was first produced from a preexisting digital skull using Bolton tracings as a reference. The remaining soft-tissue elements were then added to create an anatomically complete three-dimensional face. The "normal" model was then deformed in Maya to produce specific craniofacial deformities using computed tomographic scans, cephalograms, and photographs as a reference. One of the craniofacial deformity models was created directly from computed tomographic data.


RESULTS
One model of the normal face and eight pathologic models of craniofacial deformities were created: microgenia, micrognathia, prognathia, temporomandibular joint ankylosis, maxillary hypoplasia, Crouzon syndrome with and without the need for cranial vault expansion, and bicoronal craniosynostosis.


CONCLUSIONS
For the first time, anatomically accurate three-dimensional digital models of craniofacial deformities have been created. The models are the first step in the creation of a virtual surgical atlas of craniofacial procedures.
Indianapolis, Ind.; and New York, N.Y. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center; Biodigital Systems, Inc.; and the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery and the Department of Informatics, New York University Medical Center.
Roberto L
RL
Flores
Nicholette
N
Deluccia
Barry H
BH
Grayson
Aaron
A
Oliker
Joseph G
JG
McCarthy
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001271:Atlases as Topic; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000193:education*; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface