Gender differences in health related quality of life of young heroin users.
BACKGROUND
Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) of opiate users has been studied in treatment settings, where assistance for drug use was sought. In this study we ascertain factors related to HRQL of young opiate users recruited outside treatment facilities, considering both genders separately.


METHODS
Current opiate users (18-30 y) were recruited in outdoor settings in three Spanish cities (Barcelona, Madrid, Seville). Standardised laptop interviews included socio-demographic data, drug use patterns, health related issues, the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP).


RESULTS
A total of 991 subjects (73% males), mean age = 25.7 years were interviewed. The mean global NHP score differed by gender (women: 41.2 (sd:23.8); men:34.1(sd:23.6);p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis was implemented separately by gender, variables independently related with global NHP score, both for males and females, were heroin and cocaine SDS scores. For women, only other drug related variables (alcohol intake and length of cocaine use) were independently associated with their HRQL. HIV+ males who suffered an opiate overdose or had psychiatric care in the last 12 months perceived their health as poorer, while those who had ever been in methadone treatment in the last 12 months perceived it as better. The model with both genders showed all factors for males plus quantity of alcohol and an interaction between gender and HIV status.


CONCLUSIONS
Heroin users were found to be at a considerable risk of impaired HRQL, even in these young ages. A score approaching severity of dependence was the factor with the strongest relation with it.
Drug Abuse Epidemiology Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain. adomingo@imim.es
Antònia
A
Domingo-Salvany
M Teresa
MT
Brugal
Gregorio
G
Barrio
Francisco
F
González-Saiz
M José
MJ
Bravo
Luís
L
de la Fuente
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult