Prehospital rapid sequence intubation improves functional outcome for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether paramedic rapid sequence intubation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) improves neurologic outcomes at 6 months compared with intubation in the hospital.


BACKGROUND
Severe TBI is associated with a high rate of mortality and long-term morbidity. Comatose patients with TBI routinely undergo endo-tracheal intubation to protect the airway, prevent hypoxia, and control ventilation. In many places, paramedics perform intubation prior to hospital arrival. However, it is unknown whether this approach improves outcomes.


METHODS
In a prospective, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned adults with severe TBI in an urban setting to either prehospital rapid sequence intubation by paramedics or transport to a hospital emergency department for intubation by physicians. The primary outcome measure was the median extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSe) score at 6 months. Secondary end-points were favorable versus unfavorable outcome at 6 months, length of intensive care and hospital stay, and survival to hospital discharge.


RESULTS
A total of 312 patients with severe TBI were randomly assigned to paramedic rapid sequence intubation or hospital intubation. The success rate for paramedic intubation was 97%. At 6 months, the median GOSe score was 5 (interquartile range, 1-6) in patients intubated by paramedics compared with 3 (interquartile range, 1-6) in the patients intubated at hospital (P = 0.28).The proportion of patients with favorable outcome (GOSe, 5-8) was 80 of 157 patients (51%) in the paramedic intubation group compared with 56 of 142 patients (39%) in the hospital intubation group (risk ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.64; P = 0.046). There were no differences in intensive care or hospital length of stay, or in survival to hospital discharge.


CONCLUSIONS
In adults with severe TBI, prehospital rapid sequence intubation by paramedics increases the rate of favorable neurologic outcome at 6 months compared with intubation in the hospital.
Ambulance Victoria, Monash University School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia. bernard@alfred.org.au
Stephen A
SA
Bernard
Vina
V
Nguyen
Peter
P
Cameron
Kevin
K
Masci
Mark
M
Fitzgerald
David J
DJ
Cooper
Tony
T
Walker
B Paramed
BP
Std
Paul
P
Myles
Lynne
L
Murray
David
Taylor
Karen
K
Smith
Ian
I
Patrick
John
J
Edington
Andrew
A
Bacon
Jeffrey V
JV
Rosenfeld
Rodney
R
Judson
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D055815:Young Adult