Remote assessment of diabetic foot ulcers using a novel wound imaging system.
Telemedicine allows experts to assess patients in remote locations, enabling quality convenient, cost-effective care. To help assess foot wounds remotely, we investigated the reliability of a novel optical imaging system employing a three-dimensional camera and disposable optical marker. We first examined inter- and intraoperator measurement variability (correlation coefficient) of five clinicians examining three different wounds. Then, to assess of the system's ability to identify key clinically relevant features, we had two clinicians evaluate 20 different wounds at two centers, recording observations on a standardized form. Three other clinicians recorded their observations using only the corresponding three-dimensional images. Using the in-person assessment as the criterion standard, we assessed concordance of the remote with in-person assessments. Measurement variation of area was 3.3% for intraoperator and 11.9% for interoperator; difference in clinician opinion about wound boundary location was significant. Overall agreement for remote vs. in-person assessments was good, but was lowest on the subjective clinical assessments, e.g., value of debridement to improve healing. Limitations of imaging included inability to show certain characteristics, e.g., moistness or exudation. Clinicians gave positive feedback on visual fidelity. This pilot study showed that a clinician viewing only the three-dimensional images could accurately measure and assess a diabetic foot wound remotely.
University of Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK. frank.bowling@manchester.ac.uk
Frank L
FL
Bowling
Laurie
L
King
James A
JA
Paterson
Jingyi
J
Hu
Benjamin A
BA
Lipsky
David R
DR
Matthews
Andrew J M
AJ
Boulton
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results