Cranial bone defects: current and future strategies.
Bony defects in the craniomaxillofacial skeleton remain a major and challenging health concern. Surgeons have been trying for centuries to restore functionality and aesthetic appearance using autografts, allografts, and even xenografts without entirely satisfactory results. As a result, physicians, scientists, and engineers have been trying for the past few decades to develop new techniques to improve bone growth and bone healing. In this review, the authors summarize the advantages and limitations of current animal models; describe current materials used as scaffolds, cell-based, and protein-based therapies; and lastly highlight areas for future investigation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the major scaffold-, cell-, and protein-based preclinical tools that are currently being developed to repair cranial defects.
Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.
Caroline
C
Szpalski
Jason
J
Barr
Meredith
M
Wetterau
Pierre B
PB
Saadeh
Stephen M
SM
Warren
D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003399:Craniotomy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
D001672:Biocompatible Materials