Proteinase-activated receptor 2-mediated calcium signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
OBJECTIVE
The proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)), a member of a newly discovered G protein-coupled receptor subfamily has recently been shown to promote hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell invasion, suggesting a function in HCC progression. In this study, the effect of PAR(2) on intracellular calcium and its involvement in p42/p44 MAPKinase activation in HEP-3B cells and in two primary HCC cultures established from surgically resected HCC specimens has been investigated.


METHODS
[Ca(2+)](i) was measured in single HCC cells with fluo-4 using confocal laser scanning microscopy. For PAR(2) gene silencing, a specific PAR(2) siRNA was used. P42/p44 MAPK activation was assessed by Western blot employing a phospho-p42/p44 MAPKinase-specific antibody.


RESULTS
Both PAR(2)-selective-activating peptide (PAR(2)-AP), 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2), and the PAR(2) activator trypsin increased Ca(2+) in HCC cells. These effects were reduced by pretreatment of the cells with thapsigargin and by EGTA buffering. In addition, the effect of trypsin and PAR(2)-AP on [Ca(2+)](i) in HCC cells could be blocked by a PAR(2)-selective antagonist (Pal-PAR(2)) and by PAR(2) silencing with specific siRNA. Furthermore, PAR(2)-AP-induced p42/p44 MAPKinase activation could be inhibited by depletion of intracellular calcium stores by thapsigargin and removing extracellular calcium.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results imply that PAR(2) evokes calcium signals in liver carcinoma cells both by calcium entry and calcium liberation from internal pools. In addition, PAR(2)-dependent calcium signaling was shown to be critical for p42/p44 MAPKinase activation in HCC cells. Since MAPKinases are key elements in HCC cell invasion, calcium mobilization appears to critically contribute to this crucial intracellular pathway for hepatocellular carcinoma progression.
Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany. roland.kaufmann@med.uni-jena.de
Roland
R
Kaufmann
Franziska
F
Mussbach
Petra
P
Henklein
Utz
U
Settmacher
D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D014357:Trypsin / Q000494:pharmacology
C487404:2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide; D009842:Oligopeptides; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D014357:Trypsin; D002118:Calcium