When is an optimization not an optimization? Evaluation of clinical implications of information content (signal-to-noise ratio) in optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy, and how to measure and maximize it.
Impact of variability in the measured parameter is rarely considered in designing clinical protocols for optimization of atrioventricular (AV) or interventricular (VV) delay of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). In this article, we approach this question quantitatively using mathematical simulation in which the true optimum is known and examine practical implications using some real measurements. We calculated the performance of any optimization process that selects the pacing setting which maximizes an underlying signal, such as flow or pressure, in the presence of overlying random variability (noise). If signal and noise are of equal size, for a 5-choice optimization (60, 100, 140, 180, 220 ms), replicate AV delay optima are rarely identical but rather scattered with a standard deviation of 45 ms. This scatter was overwhelmingly determined (ρ = -0.975, P < 0.001) by Information Content, [Formula: see text], an expression of signal-to-noise ratio. Averaging multiple replicates improves information content. In real clinical data, at resting, heart rate information content is often only 0.2-0.3; elevated pacing rates can raise information content above 0.5. Low information content (e.g. <0.5) causes gross overestimation of optimization-induced increment in VTI, high false-positive appearance of change in optimum between visits and very wide confidence intervals of individual patient optimum. AV and VV optimization by selecting the setting showing maximum cardiac function can only be accurate if information content is high. Simple steps to reduce noise such as averaging multiple replicates, or to increase signal such as increasing heart rate, can improve information content, and therefore viability, of any optimization process.
International Centre for Circulatory Health, St Mary's Hospital and Imperial College, 59-61 North Wharf Road, W2 1LA London, UK. punampabari@doctors.org.uk
Punam A
PA
Pabari
Keith
K
Willson
Berthold
B
Stegemann
Irene E
IE
van Geldorp
Andreas
A
Kyriacou
Michela
M
Moraldo
Jamil
J
Mayet
Alun D
AD
Hughes
Darrel P
DP
Francis
D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013997:Time Factors