Effects of sleep deprivation on memory in mice: role of state-dependent learning.
OBJECTIVE
A considerable amount of experimental evidence suggests that sleep plays a critical role in learning/memory processes. In addition to paradoxical sleep, slow wave sleep is also reported to be involved in the consolidation process of memories. Additionally, sleep deprivation can induce other behavioral modifications, such as emotionality and alternations in locomotor activity in rodents. These sleep deprivation-induced alterations in the behavioral state of animals could produce state-dependent learning and contribute, at least in part, to the amnestic effects of sleep deprivation. The aim of the present study was to examine the participation of state-dependent learning during memory impairment induced by either paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) or total sleep deprivation (TSD) in mice submitted to the plus-maze discriminative avoidance or to the passive avoidance task.


METHODS
Paradoxical sleep deprivation (by the multiple platform method) and total sleep deprivation (by the gentle handling method) were applied to animals before training and/or testing.


CONCLUSIONS
Whereas pre-training or pre-test PSD impaired retrieval in both memory models, pre-training plus pre-test PSD counteracted this impairment. For TSD, pre-training, pre-test, and pre-training plus pre-test TSD impaired retrieval in both models. Our data demonstrate that PSD- (but not TSD-) memory deficits are critically related to state-dependent learning.
Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Camilla L
CL
Patti
Karina A
KA
Zanin
Leandro
L
Sanday
Sonia R
SR
Kameda
Luciano
L
Fernandes-Santos
Helaine A
HA
Fernandes
Monica L
ML
Andersen
Sergio
S
Tufik
Roberto
R
Frussa-Filho
D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology