Quality considerations in midwifery pre-service education: exemplars from Africa.
OBJECTIVE
This paper uses comparisons and contrasts identified during an assessment of pre-service education for midwives in three countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of the paper is to stimulate discussion about issues that must be carefully considered in the context of midwifery educational programming and the expansion of the midwifery workforce.


METHODS
A mixed qualitative and quantitative participatory assessment was conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana and Malawi, in the context of a final review of outcomes of a USAID-funded global project (ACCESS). Quantitative surveys were distributed. Individual and focus group interviews were conducted.


METHODS
Participants included key informants at donor, government and policy-making levels, representatives of collaborating and supporting agencies, midwives and students in education programmes, and midwives in clinical practice.


RESULTS
Information is presented concerning the challenges encountered by those responsible for midwifery pre-service education related to issues in programming including: pathways to midwifery, student recruitment and admission, midwifery curricula, preparation of faculty to engage in academic teaching and clinical mentorship, modes of curriculum dissemination and teaching/learning strategies, programme accreditation, qualifications for entry-into practice and the assessment of continued competence.


CONCLUSIONS
Quality issues must be carefully considered when designing and implementing midwifery pre-service education programmes, and planning for the integration of new graduates into the health workforce. These issues, such as the availability of qualified tutors and clinical teachers, and measures for the implementation of competency-based teaching and learner-assessment strategies, are particularly relevant in countries that experience health manpower shortages.


CONCLUSIONS
This review highlights important strategic choices that can be made to enhance the quality of pre-service midwifery education. The deployment, appropriate utilisation and increased number of highly qualified midwifery graduates can improve the quality of maternal and newborn health-care service, and reduce maternal and newborn mortality.
jfullerton@san.rr.com
Judith T
JT
Fullerton
Peter G
PG
Johnson
Joyce B
JB
Thompson
Donna
D
Vivio
D002321:Career Choice; D003162:Competency-Based Education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate / Q000592:standards*; D005002:Ethiopia; D017144:Focus Groups; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D008880:Midwifery / Q000193:education* / Q000458:organization & administration; D017145:Models, Educational; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000592:standards; D015402:Nursing Education Research; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012579:Schools, Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000592:standards*