Excessive nickel release from earrings purchased from independent shops and street markets--a field study from Warsaw and London.
BACKGROUND
Nickel allergy is frequent and cause morbidity and increased health care costs.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of inexpensive earrings randomly purchased from stores and street markets in two capitals that gave positive dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test reactions and to determine whether the degree of nickel release was related to shop category.


METHODS
Random inexpensive metallic earrings were purchased from stores and vendors in London and Warsaw. A qualitative investigation of nickel release by using the DMG test was performed.


RESULTS
DMG testing revealed that respectively 15.1% (n=205) and 18.4% (n=206) of earrings purchased in London and Warsaw released nickel as indicated by positive test outcomes. Stratification by store category showed that DMG test-positive jewellery were mainly purchased from street markets and from stores that were not part of national or international chains.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite the EU Nickel Directive having resulted in decreasing prevalence of nickel allergy, a large proportion of inexpensive earrings still release nickel in concentrations that may result in nickel allergy and dermatitis. Authorities should prioritize information campaigns and random inspections as a legislation that is not followed is of limited value.
Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark. jacpth01@geh.regionh.dk
J P
JP
Thyssen
T
T
Menné
C
C
Lidén
I R
IR
White
J
J
White
R
R
Spiewak
J D
JD
Johansen
D055498:Jewelry; D008131:London; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D011044:Poland
D009532:Nickel