Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a historical evaluation and future prognosis of therapeutically relevant ethical concerns.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique increasingly used in clinical and research practices around the world. Historically, the ethical considerations guiding the therapeutic practice of TMS were largely concerned with aspects of subject safety in clinical trials. While safety remains of paramount importance, the recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of the Neuronetics NeuroStar TMS device for the treatment of specific medication-resistant depression has raised a number of additional ethical concerns, including marketing, off-label use and technician certification. This article provides an overview of the history of TMS and highlights the ethical questions that are likely arise as the therapeutic use of TMS continues to expand.
Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave KS-158, Boston, MA 02215, USA. jhorvat2@bidmc.harvard.edu
Jared C
JC
Horvath
Jennifer M
JM
Perez
Lachlan
L
Forrow
Felipe
F
Fregni
Alvaro
A
Pascual-Leone
D026688:Bioethical Issues; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000941:ethics* / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods