Cooperative dynamics in the penetration of a group of intruders in a granular medium.
An object moving in a fluid experiences a drag force that depends on its velocity, shape and the properties of the medium. From this simplest case to the motion of a flock of birds or a school of fish, the drag forces and the hydrodynamic interactions determine the full dynamics of the system. Similar drag forces appear when a single projectile impacts and moves through a granular medium, and this case is well studied in the literature. On the other hand, the case in which a group of intruders impact a granular material has never been considered. Here, we study the simultaneous penetration of several intruders in a very low-density granular medium. We find that the intruders move through it in a collective way, following a cooperative dynamics, whose complexity resembles flocking phenomena in living systems or the movement of reptiles in sand, wherein changes in drag are exploited to efficiently move or propel.
Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Yucatán 97310, México.
F
F
Pacheco-Vázquez
J C
JC
Ruiz-Suárez