Grape seed extract ameliorates tumor necrosis factor-α-induced inflammatory status of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
BACKGROUND
Inflammation has played a key role in the causation of atherosclerosis. However, the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the pro-inflammatory intracellular signaling, enzyme activity, and inflammatory mediators of endothelial cells have not been sufficiently studied, and less information exists on the comparison between GSE and vitamin C, a well-known antioxidant compound, on their anti-inflammatory properties.


OBJECTIVE
We investigated the effects of GSE and vitamin C on the cell viability, oxidative stress, monocyte adhesion, the expression of nuclear factor-κB inhibitor (IκB), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PG E(2)) in TNF-α-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).


METHODS
Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The adhesion of THP-1 to HUVECs was evaluated by cell adhesion assay. The oxidized nucleoside 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (an indicator of oxidative damage to DNA), ICAM-1, and PG E(2) were measured by ELISA. IκB and COX-2 expression were evaluated by western blot analysis.


RESULTS
TNF-α (10, 20, and 50 ng/mL), GSE (50 and 200 μg/mL), or vitamin C (100 μM) did not affect cell viability. GSE (50-100 μg/mL) attenuated TNF-α (20 ng/mL)-induced 8-OHdG production, THP-1 adhesion, the expression of IκB degradation, ICAM-1 and COX-2, and the production of PGE(2) in a dose-dependent manner. Vitamin C (100 μM) also showed significant antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.


CONCLUSIONS
GSE effectively ameliorates TNF-α-induced inflammatory status of HUVECs. The findings of the present study suggest that consumption of GSE may be beneficial to inflammatory atherosclerosis.
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Executive Yuan, 1492 Chung-Shan Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Chia-Lun
CL
Chao
Nen-Chung
NC
Chang
Ching-Sung
CS
Weng
Kueir-Rarn
KR
Lee
Shung-Te
ST
Kao
Jiin-Chyr
JC
Hsu
Feng-Ming
FM
Ho
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D015232:Dinoprostone