Mitogen-activated protein kinases in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review.
BACKGROUND
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The goal of this review is to bring together recent diverse data concerning the roles of MAPKs in cerebral vasospasm and to consider the future research.


METHODS
A review of publications in the National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health database was conducted in August 2009 using specific keyword search terms pertaining to subarachnoid hemorrhage and MAPKs.


RESULTS
There are nine in vitro studies and 17 in vivo studies published. Most of previous studies used MAPK inhibitors or their upstream molecule inhibitors, and showed that MAPK inhibitions prevented vasospasm. The MAPK cascade appears to interact with other signaling molecules, and MAPK may be an important final common pathway for the signaling transduction during cerebral vasospasm. However, the mechanism by which MAPK causes sustained vascular smooth muscle contraction remains unclear. In addition, the role of endogenous MAPK inhibitors, MAPK phosphatases, has not been investigated in cerebral vasospasm.


CONCLUSIONS
The experimental data support the causative role of MAPK in cerebral vasospasm and warrant further research.
Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
Hidenori
H
Suzuki
Yu
Y
Hasegawa
Kenji
K
Kanamaru
John H
JH
Zhang
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D039781:PubMed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology
D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases