Personality and bipolar disorder: dissecting state and trait associations between mood and personality.
BACKGROUND
Some personality characteristics have previously been associated with an increased risk for psychiatric disorder. Longitudinal studies are required in order to tease apart temporary (state) and enduring (trait) differences in personality among individuals with bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to determine whether there is a characteristic personality profile in BD, and whether associations between BD and personality are best explained by state or trait effects.


METHODS
A total of 2247 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder study completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory administered at study entry, and at 1 and 2 years.


RESULTS
Personality in BD was characterized by high neuroticism (N) and openness (O), and low agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C) and extraversion (E). This profile was replicated in two independent samples, and openness was found to distinguish BD from major depressive disorder. Latent growth modeling demonstrated that manic symptoms were associated with increased E and decreased A, and depressed symptoms with higher N and lower E, A, C and O. During euthymic phases, high N and low E scores predicted a future depression-prone course.


CONCLUSIONS
While there are clear state effects of mood on self-reported personality, personality variables during euthymia predict future course of illness. Personality disturbances in extraversion, neuroticism and openness may be enduring characteristics of patients with BD.
Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, and Psychiatric Genetics Program in Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
J H
JH
Barnett
J
J
Huang
R H
RH
Perlis
M M
MM
Young
J F
JF
Rosenbaum
A A
AA
Nierenberg
G
G
Sachs
V L
VL
Nimgaonkar
D J
DJ
Miklowitz
J W
JW
Smoller
D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010555:Personality Inventory