title: Dissolution and nanoparticle generation behavior of Be-associated materials in synthetic lung fluid using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and flow field-flow fractionation.
abstract: Various Be-containing micro-particle suspensions were equilibrated with simulated lung fluid (SLF) to examine their dissolution behavior as well as the potential generation of nanoparticles. The motivation for this study was to explore the relationship between dissolution/particle generation behaviors of Be-containing materials relevant to Be-ore processing, and their epidemiologically indicated inhalation toxicities. Limited data suggest that BeO is associated with higher rates of beryllium sensitization (BS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) relative to the other five relevant materials studied: bertrandite-containing ore, beryl-containing ore, frit (a processing intermediate), Be(OH)₂ (a processing intermediate), and silica (control). These materials were equilibrated with SLF at two pH values (4.5 and 7.2) to reflect inter- and intra-cellular environments in lung tissue. Concentrations of Be, Al, and Si in SLF increased linearly during the first 20 days of equilibration, and then rose slowly, or in some cases reached a maximum, and subsequently decreased. Relative to the other materials, BeO produced relatively low Be concentration in solution at pH 7.2; and relatively high Be concentration in solution at pH 4.5 during the first 20 days of equilibration. For both pH values, however, the Be concentration in SLF normalized to Be content of the material was lowest for BeO, demonstrating that BeO was distinct among the four other Be-containing materials in terms of its persistence as a source of Be to the SLF solution. Following 149 days of equilibration, the SLF solutions were fractionated using flow-field flow fractionation (FlFFF) with detection via ICP-MS. For all materials, nanoparticles (which were formed during equilibration) were dominantly distributed in the 10-100 nm size range. Notably, BeO produced the least nanoparticle-associated Be mass (other than silica) at both pH values. Furthermore, BeO produced the highest Be concentrations in the size range corresponding to < 3 kDa (determined via centrifugal ultrafiltration), indicating that in addition to persistence, the BeO produced the highest concentrations of truly dissolved (potentially ionic) Be relative to the other materials. Mass balance analysis showed reasonable sample recoveries during FFF fractionation (50-100%), whereas recoveries during ICP-MS (relative to acidified standards) were much lower (5-10%), likely due to inefficiencies in nebulizing and ionizing the nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 135 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudd
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deubner
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sabey
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Storrs
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D001607:Berylliosis / Q000378:metabolism; D001608:Beryllium / Q000737:chemistry*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D031521:Fractionation, Field Flow / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D010316:Particle Size; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; C411138:beryl; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D001608:Beryllium