title: The Oslo Health Study: a Dietary Index estimating high intake of soft drinks and low intake of fruits and vegetables was positively associated with components of the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: A previous finding that soft drink intake is associated with increased serum triglycerides and decreased high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, both components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), raises the question of whether other aspects of an unhealthy diet might be associated with MetS. Main MetS requirements are central obesity and 2 of the following: increased triglycerides, low HDL, increased systolic or diastolic blood pressure, and elevated fasting blood glucose. Of the 18 770 participants in the Oslo Health Study, there were 13 170 respondents (5997 men and 7173 women) with data on MetS factors (except fasting glucose) and on the components used to determine the Dietary Index score (calculated as the intake estimate of soft drinks divided by the sum of intake estimates of fruits and vegetables). MetSRisk was calculated as the sum of arbitrarily weighted factors positively associated with MetS divided by HDL cholesterol. Using regression analyses, the association of the Dietary Index with MetSRisk, with the number of MetS requirements present, and with the complete MetS was studied. In young, middle-aged, and senior men and women, there was, in general, a positive association (p < 0.001) between the Dietary Index and the MetS estimates, which persisted in regression models adjusted for sex, age, time since the last meal, intake of cheese, intake of fatty fish, intake of coffee, intake of alcohol, smoking, physical activity, education, and birthplace. Thus, an index reflecting a high intake of soft drinks and a low intake of fruit and vegetables was positively and independently associated with aspects of MetS.
authors.affiliation: University of Oslo, Norway, Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Box 1130 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway. a.t.hostmark@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Arne Torbjørn
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Høstmark
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL