title: Contribution of complementary food nutrients to estimated total nutrient intakes for rural Guatemalan infants in the second semester of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In developing countries, complementary foods are often introduced earlier or later than appropriate and the quality is frequently insufficient, particularly in rural areas where complementary foods have traditionally been based on starchy gruels. Adequate intakes of a number of nutrients are recognized to be problematic in traditional complementary feeding regimens in developing societies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the contribution of the complementary feeding nutrients to the estimated total nutrient intake in Guatemalan infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three non-consecutive 24-hr recalls were collected from a convenience sample of mothers of 64 infants, aged 6-12 month on enrolment, in the rural Guatemalan highland village of Santo Domingo Xenacoj. Additional information on early introduction of pre- and post-lacteal feeds and on first foods and beverages was included. Human milk intakes were estimated by a model based on assumptions regarding satisfaction of weight-based daily energy needs by the combined diet. The 2004 WHO/FAO recommended nutrient intakes were used as the standard for adequate nutrient consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 month is rare. Mean nutrient intakes and densities were above recommended intakes for all nutrients examined, except calcium, iron and zinc. Intakes of most nutrients were greater from the complementary feeding component of the diet. Vitamin A intake was excessive due to consumption of fortified sugar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that intakes of most micronutrients were near recommendation levels, unusual within the complementary feeding experience in scientific literature. Calcium, iron and zinc were identified as "problem nutrients" as persistently reported in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Liza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Maria Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Soto-Mendez
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vossenaar
authors.forename: Noel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Solomons
mesh_terms: D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006166:Guatemala; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients; D008895:Milk, Human; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D015032:Zinc