title: Change in employment status over 52 weeks in patients with schizophrenia: an observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this post-hoc analysis was to describe change in employment status over time in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from three 52-week open-label extensions of the double-blind pivotal trials of paliperidone extended-release (ER) (trial numbers NCT00650793, NCT00210769 and NCT00668837). Employment status prior to trial entry was recorded at baseline of the open-label phase and change was measured at 4-week intervals. Patients were included if they were in the open-label, intent-to-treat analysis set (i.e., received at least one dose of the study medication and had a baseline and at least one post-baseline efficacy measurement) and had valid dates in the productivity data. Employment categories included full-time, part-time, casual, sheltered work, unemployed but seeking work, unemployed and not seeking work, retired, not employed outside the home and student. Change in employment status from baseline to post-baseline (last visit) was assessed using McNemar's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1077 patients enrolled in the open-label extensions, 1012 (94.0%) met inclusion criteria. The average age was 37.7 years (SD 10.9) and 59.1% were male. At baseline, the largest percentage of patients was unemployed and not seeking work (56.8%), followed by retired (14.9%) and unemployed but seeking work (11.7%). Five different definitions of employment were created. Employment rates increased according to all five definitions (p < 0.0001), ranging from a 43% increase according to the definition most similar to that used by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics to an increase of 114% when only part-time and full-time employment were considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this uncontrolled population of patients with schizophrenia who were treated with paliperidone ER, the percentage of patients who were employed increased over time. By using multiple measures of employment, researchers can identify the nature of the employment status change.
authors.affiliation: University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. ckozma@embarqmail.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kozma
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dirani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canuso
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007555:Isoxazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate