title: Adenovirus infection after kidney transplantation in Thailand: seasonal distribution and potential route of acquisition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data on the epidemiology and route of acquisition of adenovirus (ADV) infection after kidney transplantation are limited. From April 2007 to March 2010, there were 17 cases of ADV infection: namely, 2 from April to December 2007; 8 from January to December 2008; 4 from January to December 2009; and 3 from January to March 2010. Most cases occurred in October and November (n = 8; 47.1%), followed by February to April (n = 6; 35.3%) and July (n = 3; 17.6%).
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 2007 to August 2009, the diagnosis of ADV infection was made based on patient symptoms. From September 2009 to March 2010, in addition to symptoms, the diagnosis was complemented by urine surveillance for ADV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prospectively performed every 1-2 weeks among recipients of living-related kidney, starting at week 2 posttransplantation for a total of 8-12 weeks. Before transplantation, recipients and donors were screened for ADV in urine and also using nasal swab.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 1 of the 24 patients displayed a positive ADV PCR in the urine surveillance study. A local investigation during a cluster of cases in October 2008 showed 2 patients who developed ADV after sharing a room in the transplant unit. Although nosocomial transmission was probable, the majority of cases were scattered over time rather than clustering in 1 time period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that ADV infection cases occurred after exogenous exposure. In a resource-limited country, early diagnosis of ADV is justified for patients with compatible symptoms complemented by intense infection control to prevent nosocomial transmission from a confirmed case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. omdoctor@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Watcharananan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Junchotikul
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Srichanrusmi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chanchompoo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mavichak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kantachuvessiri
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chantratita
mesh_terms: D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012621:Seasons; D013785:Thailand