title: Multiple pudendal sensory pathways reflexly modulate bladder and urethral activity in patients with spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electrical stimulation of pudendal afferents can evoke reflex bladder contractions with relaxation of the external urethral sphincter in cats. This voiding reflex is mediated by pudendal sensory fibers innervating the penile and prostatic urethra that engage spinal and spinobulbospinal micturition pathways, respectively. However, clinical translation of this potential therapy in individuals with spinal cord injury is limited by the lack of evidence showing analogous reflex mechanisms in humans. We investigated excitatory pudendal-to-bladder reflexes in 7 individuals with chronic spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded isovolumetric bladder pressure and perineal electromyogram in response to intraurethral electrical stimulation at varying amplitudes and frequencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Selective electrical stimulation of the proximal (29.7 ± 11.6 cm H(2)O) and distal urethral (23.3 ± 9.28 cm H(2)O) segments evoked sustained reflex bladder contractions in different subsets (3 each) of participants. In contrast, the corresponding reflex perineal electromyogram revealed a differential activation pattern between proximal and distal intraurethral stimulation (normalized electromyogram of 1.3 ± 0.2 and 0.3 ± 0.1, respectively, p <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge we report the first clinical evidence of 2 independent excitatory pudendal-to-bladder reflex pathways, which in turn differentially modulate efferent pudendal output. Each reflex mechanism involves complex interaction of multiple sensory inputs and may provide a neural substrate to restore micturition after spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0281, USA. paul.yoo@duke.edu
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Amundsen
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Warren M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Grill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014563:Urodynamics