title: Fluorinated retinoids and carotenoids.
abstract: Methods of preparing fluorinated retinoids with labels located on odd-numbered carbons as well on even-numbered carbons and those containing trifluoromethyl groups are reviewed. The use of such retinoids in studies of protein-bound species is summarized, including the application of (19)F NMR spectroscopy for elucidating the mechanism of cis/trans isomerization, restricted rotation within the protein binding pocket, and identification of specific protein-substrate interactions. The fluorine label was also useful for wavelength attenuation of protein-bound species (including formation of NIR absorbing pigments) and for other unique applications. The more limited studies available on fluorinated carotenoids are also reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. rshl@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Robert S H
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D012176:Retinoids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D012176:Retinoids; D002338:Carotenoids; D012243:Rhodopsin