title: Forensic age estimation on digital X-ray images: Medial epiphyses of the clavicle and first rib ossification in relation to chronological age.
abstract: In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in forensic sciences about forensic age estimation in living subjects by means of radiological methods. This research was conducted on digital thorax X-rays to test the usefulness of some radiological changes in the clavicle and first rib. The sample consisted in a total of 123 subjects of Spanish origin (61 men and 62 women; age range: 5-75 years). From all subjects, a thorax posterior-anterior radiograph was obtained in digital format. Scoring for fusion of medial epiphyses of the clavicle was carried out by Schmeling's system and ossification of the costal cartilage of the first rib by Michelson's system. Degree of ossification and epiphyseal fusion were analyzed in relation with known age and sex of these subjects. The results give a minimum age of >20 years for full fusion of the medial epiphysis of the clavicle (Stages 4 and 5). Concerning the first rib, all subjects with the final Stage 3 of ossification were above 25 years of age. These results suggest that the first rib ossification might become an additional method to the ones so far recommended for forensic age estimation in subjects around 21. New research would be desirable to confirm this suggestion.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Pathology Department, Institute of Legal Medicine of Huelva, Plaza Isabel La Católica, Spain. imanolgaramendi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Garamendi
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Landa
authors.forename: Miguel C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Botella
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alemán
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002968:Clavicle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010012:Osteogenesis; D012272:Ribs / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult