title: Citrus flavonoid represses Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and motility in S. Typhimurium LT2.
abstract: Salmonellosis is one of the leading health problems worldwide. With the rise of drug resistance strains, it has become imperative to identify alternative strategies to counter bacterial infection. Natural products were used historically to identify novel compounds with various bioactivities. Citrus species is a rich source of flavonoids. Naringenin, a flavonone, is present predominantly in grapefruit. Previously we have demonstrated that naringenin is potent inhibitor of cell-cell signaling. The current study was undertaken to understand the effect of naringenin on Salmonella Typhimurium LT2. The cDNA microarrays were employed to study the response of S. Typhimurium to naringenin treatment. Naringenin specifically repressed 24 genes in the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and down-regulated 17 genes involved in flagellar and motility. Furthermore, phenotypic assays support the result of microarray analysis. In addition, naringenin seems to repress SPI-1 in pstS/hilD-dependent manner. Altogether the data suggest that naringenin attenuated S. Typhimurium virulence and cell motility. This is the first molecular evidence to demonstrate effect of naringenin on bacterial virulence and cell motility.
authors.affiliation: Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vikram
authors.forename: Palmy R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Jesudhasan
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Jayaprakasha
authors.forename: Suresh D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.forename: Arul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.forename: Bhimanagouda S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005407:Flagella / Q000187:drug effects; D044950:Flavanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D044404:Genomic Islands; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D044950:Flavanones; C419942:Spi1 protein, Salmonella; C005273:naringenin