title: Spectral perturbations from silicon diode detector encapsulation and shielding in photon fields.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Silicon diodes are widely used as detectors for relative dose measurements in radiotherapy. The common manufacturing practice is to encapsulate the diodes in plastic for protection and to facilitate mounting in scanning devices. Diodes intended for use in photon fields commonly also have a shield of a high atomic number material (usually tungsten) integrated into the encapsulation to selectively absorb low-energy photons to which silicon diodes would otherwise over-response. However, new response models based on cavity theories and spectra calculations have been proposed for direct correction of the readout from unshielded (e.g., "electron") diodes used in photon fields. This raises the question whether it is correct to assume that the spectrum in a water phantom at the location of the detector cavity is not perturbed by the detector encapsulation materials. The aim of this work is to investigate the spectral effects of typical encapsulations, including shielding, used for clinical diodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of detector encapsulation of an unshielded and a shielded commercial diode on the spectra at the detector cavity location are studied through Monte Carlo simulations with PENELOPE-2005. Variance reduction based on correlated sampling is applied to reduce the CPU time needed for the simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of correlated sampling is found to be efficient and to not introduce any significant bias to the results. Compared to reference spectra calculated in water, the encapsulation for an unshielded diode is demonstrated to not perturb the spectrum, while a tungsten shielded diode caused not only the desired decrease in low-energy scattered photons but also a large increase of the primary electron fluence. Measurements with a shielded diode in a 6 MV photon beam proved that the shielding does not completely remove the field-size dependence of the detector response caused by the over-response from low-energy photons. Response factors of a properly corrected unshielded diode were shown to give comparable, or better, results than the traditionally used shielded diode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spectra calculated for photon fields in water can be directly used for modeling the response of unshielded silicon diodes with plastic encapsulations. Unshielded diodes used together with appropriate corrections can replace shielded diodes in photon dose measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Radiology, and Clinical Immunology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala SE-7-5185, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahnesjö
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004583:Electrons; D004867:Equipment Design; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons; D010969:Plastics; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D014867:Water; D012825:Silicon