title: Associations of smoking, body mass index, dietary lutein, and the LIPC gene variant rs10468017 with advanced age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A novel locus in the hepatic lipase (LIPC) gene was found to be significantly related to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in our genome-wide association study. We evaluated its association and interaction with previously identified genetic variants and modifiable factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study with advanced AMD (n=545 cases) or no AMD (n=275 controls) were evaluated. AMD status was determined using fundus photography. Covariates included cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), and dietary lutein. Individuals were genotyped for the rs10468017 polymorphism in LIPC as well as seven previously identified AMD genetic loci. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were then performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TT genotype of the LIPC variant was associated with a reduced risk of AMD, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.90) and p=0.014 for the TT genotype versus the CC genotype, controlling for age, gender, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and nutritional factors. Controlling for seven other AMD genetic variants, the OR was 0.50, 95% (CI 0.20-1.1, p=0.077). The magnitude of the effect was similar for both atrophic and neovascular forms of AMD. Cigarette smoking and higher BMI increased the risk, while higher dietary lutein reduced the risk of advanced AMD, adjusting for genetic variants. There were no significant interactions between LIPC and smoking, BMI, or lutein. There was a possible association between LIPC and complement factor H (CFH) rs1410996, and a possible interaction effect between LIPC and both CFH rs10033900 and the complement factor I (CFI) variants in terms of risk of AMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LIPC is associated with reduced risk of advanced AMD, independent of demographic and environmental variables. Both genetic susceptibility and behavioral and lifestyle factors modify the risk of developing AMD.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, and Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA. jseddon@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008049:Lipase / Q000235:genetics*; D014975:Lutein / Q000378:metabolism*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C504173:LIPC protein, human; D008049:Lipase; D014975:Lutein