title: Safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent single dose seasonal influenza vaccine containing pandemic A(H1N1) antigen in younger and elderly subjects: a phase III open-label single-arm study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the pandemic of the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus strain, 20-40% of the population in some areas were infected. Infection with A(H1N1) may be mild, with an average case fatality rate below 0.25%, but severe disease is not limited to patients with underlying medical conditions. Since A(H1N1) is expected to continue to circulate it is included in the seasonal influenza vaccines for the 2010-2011 winter season. We investigated the immunogenicity and safety of a preservative-free non-adjuvanted seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a single center single-arm study involving 142 subjects (77 adults of 18-60 years and 65 subjects 61 years and above) to test the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of a trivalent split influenza vaccine. The vaccine contained 15μg of hemagglutinin of each of the virus strains recommended for the 2010-2011 northern hemisphere winter season (A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like strain; A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like strain; B/Brisbane/60/2008-like strain) in a non-adjuvanted preservative-free formulation. Antibody response to each antigen was measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) 21 days after immunization. Subject diary cards and additional telephone interviews were used to assess the safety profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By day 21 after the vaccination, seroconversion, or a 4-fold antibody increase in HI antibody titers, was detectable against A(H1N1) in 84% and 75% of younger and older adults, against A(H3N2) in 80% and 57%, and against the B influenza strain in 61% and 33%. HI antibody titers of 40 or more were observed against A(H1N1) in 99% and 90% of younger and older adults, against A(H3N2) in 100% and 90%, and against the B influenza strain in 91% and 78%. Pre-vaccination antibody titers were protective against A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B in 26%, 44% and 33%, respectively of the adults below 61 years and in 27%, 54% and 44% of the subjects of 61 years and above. Local and systemic reactions were more common in younger than in older subjects and the most frequently reported reactions were pain at the injection site (36%), myalgia (24%), and fatigue (15%). Five percent elderly subjects and 1% of younger subjects had mild or moderate unsolicited adverse events such as prolonged ecchymosis or night sweats that resolved within 7 days after vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This single dose trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine generated protective antibodies to all three viral strains and had an acceptable safety profile in both younger and older adults (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01147081).
authors.affiliation: University of Rostock, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ernst-Heydemann-Strasse 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany. micha.loebermann@uni-rostock.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loebermann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anders
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brestrich
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fritzsche
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klammt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boršo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frimmel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riebold
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Reisinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002140:California; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058873:Pandemics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines