title: Land use regression model for ultrafine particles in Amsterdam.
abstract: There are currently no epidemiological studies on health effects of long-term exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP), largely because data on spatial exposure contrasts for UFP is lacking. The objective of this study was to develop a land use regression (LUR) model for UFP in the city of Amsterdam. Total particle number concentrations (PNC), PM10, PM2.5, and its soot content were measured directly outside 50 homes spread over the city of Amsterdam. Each home was measured during one week. Continuous measurements at a central urban background site were used to adjust the average concentration for temporal variation. Predictor variables (traffic, address density, land use) were obtained using geographic information systems. A model including the product of traffic intensity and the inverse distance to the nearest road squared, address density, and location near the port explained 67% of the variability in measured PNC. LUR models for PM2.5, soot, and coarse particles (PM10, PM2.5) explained 57%, 76%, and 37% of the variability in measured concentrations. Predictions from the PNC model correlated highly with predictions from LUR models for PM2.5, soot, and coarse particles. A LUR model for PNC has been developed, with similar validity as previous models for more commonly measured pollutants.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. g.hoek@uu.nl
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beelen
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kos
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dijkema
authors.forename: Saskia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D016014:Linear Models; D009426:Netherlands; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter