title: Interactions between early parenting and a polymorphism of the child's dopamine transporter gene in predicting future child conduct disorder symptoms.
abstract: Mounting evidence suggests that genetic risks for mental disorders often interact with the social environment, but most studies still ignore environmental moderation of genetic influences. The authors tested interactions between maternal parenting and the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of the dopamine transporter gene in the child to increase understanding of gene-environment interactions involving early parenting. Participants were part of a 9-year longitudinal study of 4- to 6-year-old children who met criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and demographically matched controls. Maternal parenting was observed during standard mother-child interactions in Wave 1. The child's conduct disorder (CD) symptoms 5-8 years later were measured using separate structured diagnostic interviews of the mother and youth. Controlling for ADHD symptoms and child disruptive behavior during the mother-child interaction, there was a significant inverse relation between levels of both positive and negative parenting at 4-6 years and the number of later CD symptoms, but primarily among children with 2 copies of the 9-repeat allele of the VNTR. The significant interaction with negative parenting was replicated in parent and youth reports of CD symptoms separately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies.
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lahey
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rathouz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Steve S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chronis-Tuscano
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Pelham
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Emory University.
authors.forename: Irwin D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Waldman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago.
authors.forename: Edwin H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5848-5114
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins