title: Application of in-vial membrane assisted solvent extraction to the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: A device for membrane assisted solvent extraction from an aqueous sample to an organic solvent within a micro-vial compatible with a chromatography auto-sampler was used to extract trace amounts of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from seawater. The device consisted in an assembly of a volumetric flask containing the sample and a micro-vial containing the organic solvent by means of a screw stopper in which the septum was replaced by a sized piece of a membrane. Extraction conditions (nature of the organic solvent, extraction time, presence of ethanol in the donor phase, ionic content of the donor phase, characteristics of the membrane and volumes of donor and acceptor phases) were studied in order to find the conditions for maximum extraction. Analytical performance characteristics have also been established. The extraction efficiency was between 12.5 and 23%, which implies an enrichment factor value above 40. The repeatability and reproducibility were in the range of 8.6-10.0% and 13-19%, respectively. Detection limits were in the range of 24-39 ng L(-1). Nine seawater samples have been studied. Most of the concentrations were under the limits of detection. Naphthalene and phenanthrene contents have been determined in a sample using the method of standard additions, and concentrations 100 and 91 ng L(-1), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7,5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain. joan.march@uib.es
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: March
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moukhchan
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cerdà