title: Age at menarche, schooling, and sexual debut in northern Malawi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age at sexual debut is a key behavioural indicator used in HIV behavioural surveillance. Early age at menarche may precipitate early sex through perceived readiness for sex, or through school drop-out, but this is rarely studied. We investigated trends and circumstances of sexual debut in relation to schooling and age at menarche.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cross-sectional sexual behaviour survey was conducted on all individuals age 15-59 within a demographic surveillance site in Karonga District, Malawi. Time trends were assessed using birth cohorts. Survival analysis was used to estimate the median age at menarche, sexual debut and first marriage. The 25(th) centile was used to define "early" sex, and analyses of risk factors for early sex were restricted to those who had reached that age, and were done using logistic regression. Of the 8232 women and 7338 men resident in the area, 88% and 78%, respectively, were seen, and, 94% and 92% of these were interviewed. The median reported age at first sex was 17.5 for women and 18.8 for men. For women, ages at menarche, sexual debut and first marriage did not differ by birth cohort. For men, age at sexual debut and first marriage decreased slightly in later birth cohorts. For both men and women increased schooling was associated with later sexual debut and a longer delay between sexual debut and first marriage, but the associations were stronger for women. Earlier age at menarche was strongly associated with earlier sexual debut and marriage and lower schooling levels. In women early sexual debut (<16 years) was less likely in those with menarche at age 14-15 (odds ratio (OR) 0.31, 95%CI 0.26-0.36), and ≥16 (OR 0.04, 95%CI 0.02-0.05) compared to those with menarche at <14. The proportion of women who completed primary school was 46% in those with menarche at <14, 60% in those with menarche at 14-15 and 70% in those with menarche at ≥16. The association between age at menarche and schooling was partly explained by age at sexual debut. The association between age at menarche and early sex was not altered by adjusting for schooling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with early menarche start sex and marry early, leading to school drop-out. It is important to find ways to support those who reach menarche early to access the same opportunities as other young women.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. judith.glynn@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Judith R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.forename: Ndoliwe
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kayuni
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Floyd
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Banda
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Francis-Chizororo
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tanton
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molesworth
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hemmings
authors.forename: Amelia C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Crampin
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D008572:Menarche; D008875:Middle Aged; D011627:Puberty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*