title: Mock-ups as "interactive laboratories": mixed methods research using inpatient unit room mock-ups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish evidence-based design (EBD) guidelines for inpatient rooms at Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Simulation allows clients, designers, and researchers to visualize how users might interact with a proposed design before actual construction of the design. This study used mock-ups as a simulation technique during a study of the VA inpatient room standards. The participants used the inpatient room mock-ups as "interactive laboratory" environments to maximize opportunities for participatory design, qualitative research, and quantitative research of project-specific EBD solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research used questionnaires, scenarios, on-demand modifications, and observations to evaluate and confirm EBD solutions for inpatient room mock-ups. A total of 71 participants responded to a questionnaire administered across five mock-up work sessions. These 71 participants consisted of administrators, nurses, physicians, support staff, environment and maintenance staff, and patient and staff safety representatives from throughout the VA healthcare system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBD solutions were tested, evaluated, and modified for each inpatient room type and were applicable to two or more of the inpatient room types. The latter included the location of patient beds and standard headwall position, technology and spaces for nurse charting activities, clearances (e.g., equipment, wheelchair, and bariatric patient), universal rooms, and patient and family amenities. Also, EBD solutions were tested, validated, and modified to the needs of each inpatient room.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mock-ups allowed researchers and designers to evaluate and confirm EBD solutions and strategies for the development of VA inpatient room standards. When used as a means for mixed-methods research, mock-ups can successfully integrate research and design during project-related work. EBD research using mock-ups not only addresses project- or organization-specific concerns, but it may contribute to the knowledge base of the healthcare design community.
authors.affiliation: Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10011, USA. nick.watkins@hok.com
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villasante
mesh_terms: D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings; D010362:Patients' Rooms; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States