title: Epilepsy surgery in children under 3 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Resective epilepsy surgery in early childhood has become an important treatment option for selected infants and children with epilepsy. We describe experience and clinical outcomes of children under 3 years undergoing epilepsy surgery at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH).
  
  
  METHODS
  All children under 36 months of age who had resective surgery for the purpose of treating epilepsy within the GOSH epilepsy surgery programme were ascertained using a departmental database. Aetiology, post-operative seizure frequency, pre and post-operative cognitive function, long-term complications and re-operation rates were analysed by retrospective examination of clinical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two children were included in our cohort with a median age at surgery of 20 months (range 3-36 months). Surgical procedures comprised 25 functional hemispherectomies, two anatomical hemispherectomies, four multilobar resections, seven lobar resections and four focal resections. 7/42 (17%, 95% CI 8-31%) children underwent re-operation. 20/42 (48%, 95% CI 33-62%) children achieved seizure freedom. 18/42 (43%, 95% CI 29-58) demonstrated an improvement in seizure frequency and no children had an increase in seizure frequency. Post-operative complications included subsequent shunt procedure in 5/25 (20%, 95% CI 9-39%) children undergoing hemispherectomy. There were no mortalities. In 23 children pre- and post-operative DQ or IQ was determinable allowing longitudinal comparison. Five children had a decrease in DQ/IQ >15 and two children had an increase DQ/IQ >15.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epilepsy surgery in children under 3 years of age offers suitable candidates a good chance of significantly improved seizure outcome which compares with rates in older cohorts.
authors.affiliation: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunkley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Aylett
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harkness
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cross
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome