title: Computed tomographic angiography and perfusion in the diagnosis of brain death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to Polish brain death (BD) criteria, instrumental confirmatory tests should be used in certain clinical situations, particularly any case for which clinical examinations seem inadequate. Electrophysiological tests are often unavailable. Therefore, cerebral perfusion testing is the method of choice with four-vessel digital subtraction angiography (DSA), the gold standard. Unfortunately, DSA is an expensive and invasive examination that requires an experienced neuroradiologist and the availability of an angiography suite. Recently, multirow computed tomographic devices became available, even in smaller hospitals in Poland. Despite this fact, computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and computed tomographic perfusion (CTP) are not accepted in BD diagnosis protocols in Poland because of limited experience and a lack of widely accepted criteria. In this situation, we started a multicenter trial to determine the accuracy of CTA and CTP to confirm BD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 24 patients who fulfilled standard clinical BD criteria. We recognized the absence of brain perfusion in CTA examination following the criteria proposed by the French Society of Neuroradiology, namely, the absence of opacification of M4 middle cerebral artery segments (M4-MCA) and of deep cerebral veins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all of our patients, CTA showed absence of opacification of M4 segments and of deep cerebral veins. In addition, three patients had CTA showing weak opacification of A2 segments of the anterior cerebral artery (A2-ACA) and M2 or M3-MCA. Opacification of the basilar artery or of the posterior cerebral arteries was not noted in any case. In all patients, CTP revealed zero values of regional cerebral blood volume and regional cerebral blood flow. Conventional angiography confirmed cerebral circulatory arrest in all 24 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTA and CTP seem to be promising radiological examinations for the diagnosis of BD. They may be noninvasive alternatives to conventional cerebral angiography, and to the other instrumental confirmatory tests, that are unavailable or inadequate.
authors.affiliation: Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bohatyrewicz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawicki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walecka
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walecki
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rowinski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bohatyrewicz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanski
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Czajkowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krzysztalowski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Solek-Pastuszka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zukowski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marzec-Lewenstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wojtaszek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D001926:Brain Death / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed