title: Field note: successful establishment of a phytoremediation system at a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated shallow aquifer: trends, trials, and tribulations.
abstract: We report the establishment of a mixed hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) phytoremediation system at a fuel-contaminated site. Several approaches were used to balance competing goals of cost-effectiveness yet successful tree establishment without artificial irrigation or trenching. Bare root and unrooted cuttings were installed using either: (1) 1.2 m deep holes excavated with an 8 cm diameter auger using a direct-push rig and backfilled with the excavated, in situ soil; (2) 1.2 m deep holes created with a 23 cm diameter auger attached to a Bobcat rig and backfilled with clean topsoil from offsite; and (3) shallow holes between 15-30 cm deep that were created with a 1.3 cm diameter rod and no backfill. Tree mortality from initial plantings indicated contaminated zones not quantified in prior site investigations and remedial actions. Aquifer heterogeneity, underground utilities, and prior remediation infrastructure hampered the ability of the site to support a traditional experimental design. Total stem length and mortality were measured for all planted trees and were incorporated into a geographic information system. Planting early in the growing season, augering a larger diameter hole, and backfilling with clean, uncontaminated topsoil was cost effective and allowed for greater tree cutting growth and survival.
authors.affiliation: North Carolina State University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Landmeyer
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Messier
authors.forename: Elizabeth Guthrie
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D009657:North Carolina; D010578:Petroleum; D032107:Populus / Q000254:growth & development*; D032108:Salix / Q000254:growth & development*; D012621:Seasons; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum