title: Surface Modification and Planar Defects of Calcium Carbonates by Magnetic Water Treatment.
abstract: Powdery calcium carbonates, predominantly calcite and aragonite, with planar defects and cation-anion mixed surfaces as deposited on low-carbon steel by magnetic water treatment (MWT) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and vibration spectroscopy. Calcite were found to form faceted nanoparticles having 3x (01̄14) commensurate superstructure and with well-developed {112̄0} and {101̄4} surfaces to exhibit preferred orientations. Aragonite occurred as laths having 3x (01̄1) commensurate superstructure and with well-developed (01̄1) surface extending along [100] direction up to micrometers in length. The (hkil)-specific coalescence of calcite and rapid lath growth of aragonite under the combined effects of Lorentz force and a precondensation event account for a beneficial larger particulate/colony size for the removal of the carbonate scale from the steel substrate. The coexisting magnetite particles have well-developed {011} surfaces regardless of MWT.
authors.forename: C Z
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shen