title: Effects of different fluoride recharging protocols on fluoride ion release from various orthodontic adhesives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to find the most effective fluoride recharging protocol for orthodontic adhesives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five orthodontic adhesives were used: a non-fluoride-releasing composite, a fluoride-releasing composite, a polyacid-modified composite (compomer), and two resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs). Each specimen was placed into deionized water (DW) and the initial fluoride ion release was measured for 2 months. Each specimen was then subjected to four different treatments to simulate a fluoride recharge: 1000ppm NaF solution, acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF), fluoride-containing dentifrice and DW (control). After topical fluoride treatment, each specimen was submitted to fluoride re-release tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluoride-containing adhesives initially showed higher rates of fluoride ion release, but significantly declined to lower levels. The overall cumulative fluoride ion release during the initial period was RMGICs>compomer>fluoride-containing composite>non-fluoride-releasing composite. After topical fluoride treatment, the amount of fluoride ion re-released was proportional to the amount of fluoride ion previously released from the adhesives. However, the amount of fluoride ions released only lasted for 2 days and then returned to the levels before fluoride application. The overall cumulative fluoride ion re-release according to the fluoride treatments was APF and NaF solution>dentifrice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that using the combination of RMGICs and a fluoride-containing mouth rinse solution is the most effective protocol for long-term fluoride re-release from orthodontic adhesives, given the difficulty of routine use of APF at home, although all topical fluoride treatments can recharge fluoride ion in adhesives.
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28-22 Yunkeun-Dong, Chongro-Ku, Seoul 110-768, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sug-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Shin-Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong-Yul
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bum-Soon
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D020770:Compomers / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000737:chemistry; D004058:Diffusion; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D008422:Materials Testing; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D020770:Compomers; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D003802:Dentifrices; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; C112133:Fuji Ortho; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C516145:Multicure cement; C429652:Reliance Light Bond; D019279:Resin Cements; C429625:Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer; C477790:Transbond XT; D014867:Water; D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides