title: Evaluation of bifid mandibular canals with cone-beam computed tomography in a Turkish adult population: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Knowing the anatomic location and also variations of the mandibular canal is especially important for surgical procedures on mandible such as dental implant surgery, impacted molar extraction and sagittal split ramus osteotomy. The purpose of this study was to clarify the incidence and location of bifid mandibular canals in an adult Turkish population to avoid complications during surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study using cone beam CT images was performed to evaluate bifid mandibular canal in mandible of 242 patients. Both right and left sides were studied (n = 484). Axial, sagittal, cross-sectional and panoramic images were evaluated, and three-dimensional (3D) images were also reconstructed and evaluated, as necessary. The course and length of bifid mandibular canals and the superior and inferior angles between canals were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bifid mandibular canals were observed in 225 (46.5%) of 484 sides examined. The most frequently encountered type of bifid canal was the forward canal (29.80%), followed by the retromolar (28.10%) the buccolingual (14.50%) and the dental canal type (8.30%). Mean lengths of bifid canals were 13.6 mm in the right side and 14.1 mm in the left side. Mean superior angles were 139° on the right and 141° on the left side, whereas mean inferior angles were 38° on the right side and 32° on the left side. No statistically significant differences were found in the lengths or angles between the right and left sides and also for gender (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, which utilized CBCT images, uncovered a higher prevalence of bifid mandibular canals than what has been reported in previous studies using conventional radiography techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral, Teeth and Jaw Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, 06500 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey. call53@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Kaan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orhan
authors.forename: Seçil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aksoy
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilecenoglu
authors.forename: Bayram Ufuk
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Sakul
authors.forename: Candan Semra
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Paksoy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D003757:Dental Implantation / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007569:Jaw Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants