title: Safety and efficacy of attempts to reduce shoulder dislocations by non-medical personnel in the wilderness setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to explore the success rate and the complication rate for shoulder reduction attempts by non-medical personnel in the wilderness setting, and to compare the average time to reduction for those done on scene versus those that waited for reduction at a medical facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we solicited online survey responses from users of wilderness sports forums between October 2008 and April 2009. These surveys asked respondents to describe previous wilderness sports injuries they experienced. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare average reduction times, with an alpha of .05 selected as the significance threshold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there were 112 responses with 56 describing shoulder dislocations that were reduced either on scene or at a medical facility. Reduction on scene, in the absence of a medically trained person, was attempted in 39 of these 56 cases with a success rate of 71.8% (28/39). The median time to reduction on scene was 5 minutes, compared to 135 minutes from the time of injury for those that were reduced at a medical facility (P <.001). Other than pain during the reduction, there were no reports of serious complications associated with the reduction attempts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that reduction of dislocations in the wilderness setting by non-medical personnel may be safe and effective, and significantly decreases the time to reduction. These findings may help guide future instruction of participants in high-risk wilderness sports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ditty
authors.forename: Dugald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Estelle-Schmidt
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005392:First Aid / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000379:methods; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055814:Wilderness