title: Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism.
abstract: Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Blumeria), as well as a comparison with the analysis of two powdery mildews pathogenic on dicotyledonous plants. These genomes display massive retrotransposon proliferation, genome-size expansion, and gene losses. The missing genes encode enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and transporters, probably reflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style. Among the 248 candidate effectors of pathogenesis identified in the Blumeria genome, very few (less than 10) define a core set conserved in all three mildews, suggesting that most effectors represent species-specific adaptations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK. p.spanu@imperial.ac.uk
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mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004798:Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D001467:Hordeum / Q000382:microbiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018626:Retroelements; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004798:Enzymes; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D018626:Retroelements