title: Non-invasive screening of progressive joint defects in the Type II collagen-induced arthritis animal model using radiographic paw images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study presents a method for non-invasive screening of progressive arthritic reactions in a representative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) animal model of Type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen male DBA/1J mice (9 weeks old) were used for the control group (seven) and the CIA group (ten).
  
  
  METHODS
  The CIA model was induced by the injection of a Type II collagen and incomplete Freund's adjuvant emulsion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arthritic reactions including joint space narrowing (JSN), bone erosion, inflammation, and physiological defects were observed using five non-invasive methods. The degrees of JSN and bone erosion were quantified using macro-radiographs of specific joints and bones, while the severity of inflammation was evaluated by changes in paw volume and visual scoring of edema and erythema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were observed in JSN (≤48.29%, p < 0.0001), bone erosion (78.30%, p < 0.0001), grip strength (p < 0.05), and inflammation (91.67% in edema and 194.12% increase in paw volume, p < 0.001) between the CIA group and the controls. The relationships between factors exhibited significant positive correlations (R ≥ 0.9229, p < 0.05) between radiographic parameters, with symmetries of ≥0.9062 (p < 0.05) for JSN and ≥ 0.8575 (p < 0.001) for bone erosion, 0.8770 (p < 0.0001) for inflammatory parameters, and ≥0.9527 (p < 0.0001) for radiographic and non-radiographic parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our non-invasive radiographic and non-radiographic methods of documentation were both acceptable for screening joint defects during RA progression. In addition, the results of this study may be useful for monitoring the progression of joint pathology in RA diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering & Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Samjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Su-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.forename: Sung Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Youjin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.forename: Seung-Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Hun-Kuk
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000009:adverse effects; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004487:Edema / Q000473:pathology; D004655:Emulsions; D005121:Extremities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D024043:Collagen Type II; D004655:Emulsions; D003094:Collagen; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant