title: Spinosad as an effective larvicide for control of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, vectors of dengue in southern Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Field trials were conducted during the wet and dry seasons in periurban and semi-rural cemeteries in southern Mexico to determine the efficacy of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (Tracer 480SC) on the inhibition of development of Aedes albopictus L. and Ae. aegypti Skuse. For this, oviposition traps were treated with spinosad (1 or 5 mg L(-1)), Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti, VectoBac 12AS), a sustained release formulation of temephos and a water control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ae. albopictus was subordinate to Ae. aegypti during the dry season, but became dominant or codominant during the wet season at both sites. The two species could not be differentiated in field counts on oviposition traps. Mean numbers of larvae + pupae of Aedes spp. in Bti-treated containers were similar to the control at both sites during both seasons. The duration of complete absence of aquatic stages varied from 5 to 13 weeks for the spinosad treatments and from 6 to 9 weeks for the temephos treatment, depending on site, season and product concentration. Predatory Toxorhynchites theobaldi Dyar and Knab suffered low mortality in control and Bti treatments, but high mortality in spinosad and temephos treatments. Egg counts and percentage of egg hatch of Aedes spp. increased significantly between the dry and wet seasons, but significant treatment differences were not detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temephos granules and a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad were both highly effective larvicides against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. These compounds merit detailed evaluation for inclusion in integrated control programs targeted at Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in regions where they represent important vectors of human diseases.
authors.affiliation: Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Marina
authors.forename: J Guillermo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Arnoldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orozco
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva; D018942:Macrolides; D008800:Mexico; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; C415329:spinosad