title: Biodegradable nanogels for oral delivery of interferon for norovirus infection.
abstract: Norwalk virus (NV) replicon-harboring cells have provided an excellent tool to the development of antivirals. Previously we demonstrated that the expression levels of replicon RNA and proteins were significantly reduced in the presence of various interferons (IFNs) including IFN-α and IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner in the NV replicon-harboring cells, and suggested that IFNs could be therapeutic options for norovirus infection. It was also demonstrated that innate immunity including IFNs is crucial in the replication and pathogenicity of murine norovirus (MNV) in vitro (RAW267.4 cells) and in vivo. IFNs have a short half-life in vitro and in vivo due to low stability. Thus it is important to have a good delivery system to improve the stability of IFNs. Nanogels are nanosized networks of chemically cross-linked polymers that swell in physiologic solutions and provide improved stability and bioavailability to drugs. We have synthesized nanogels based on cross-linked polyethyleneimine (PEI)-polyethylenglycol (PEG). The PEI/PEG nanogels were further acetylated (AcNg) to reduce cellular penetration and cytotoxicity. The IFN-AcNg complex was prepared by incubating two components together at 4 °C and lyophilization. The IFN activity of IFN-AcNg was evaluated in the NV- and HCV-replicon-harboring cells and against MNV-1 in RAW267.4 cells in comparison to IFN without AcNg. The AcNg improved the stability of IFN stored at 4 °C, and was well tolerated in the cells. Furthermore, the activity of IFN was significantly higher when combined with AcNg in the replicon-harboring cells and against MNV-1 in RAW267.4 cells. We concluded that AcNg may be pursued further as a vehicle for oral delivery of IFNs in norovirus infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Yunjeong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.forename: Duy H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Kyeong-Ok
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004355:Drug Stability; D007372:Interferons / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D015394:Molecular Structure; D000080385:Nanogels; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011094:Polyethyleneimine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D000080385:Nanogels; C413692:polyethylene glycol polyethyleneimine nanogel; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011094:Polyethyleneimine; D007372:Interferons