title: Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To systematically develop dietary strategies based on resistant starch (RS) that modulate the human gut microbiome, detailed in vivo studies that evaluate the effects of different forms of RS on the community structure and population dynamics of the gut microbiota are necessary. The aim of the present study was to gain a community wide perspective of the effects of RS types 2 (RS2) and 4 (RS4) on the fecal microbiota in human individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten human subjects consumed crackers for three weeks each containing either RS2, RS4, or native starch in a double-blind, crossover design. Multiplex sequencing of 16S rRNA tags revealed that both types of RS induced several significant compositional alterations in the fecal microbial populations, with differential effects on community structure. RS4 but not RS2 induced phylum-level changes, significantly increasing Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes while decreasing Firmicutes. At the species level, the changes evoked by RS4 were increases in Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Parabacteroides distasonis, while RS2 significantly raised the proportions of Ruminococcus bromii and Eubacterium rectale when compared to RS4. The population shifts caused by RS4 were numerically substantial for several taxa, leading for example, to a ten-fold increase in bifidobacteria in three of the subjects, enriching them to 18-30% of the fecal microbial community. The responses to RS and their magnitudes varied between individuals, and they were reversible and tightly associated with the consumption of RS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that RS2 and RS4 show functional differences in their effect on human fecal microbiota composition, indicating that the chemical structure of RS determines its accessibility by groups of colonic bacteria. The findings imply that specific bacterial populations could be selectively targeted by well designed functional carbohydrates, but the inter-subject variations in the response to RS indicates that such strategies might benefit from more personalized approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Jaehyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Vicki L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Schlegel
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013213:Starch