title: Relation of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinical parameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both pregnancy and diabetes are thought to predispose to the impairment of oral health. As saliva contributes to oral homeostasis, we have characterised its properties and flow rate in pregnant women with or without diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unstimulated whole mixed saliva was collected from 63 women in the first trimester of pregnancy and analysed for the concentration of selected antioxidants, cytokines, and growth factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnant women with diabetes were found to have markedly increased indexes of caries activity, plaque formation, gingival and periodontal status, as well as increased salivary antioxidant capacity and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. These changes were more pronounced in patients with long-term disease and systemic diabetic complications, but only partly correlated with the level of blood glycated haemoglobin. Of the cytokines examined, salivary VEGF and HGF concentrations in diabetic pregnant women correlated in a positive and negative manner, respectively, with the prevalence of caries. Moreover, VEGF levels in this group correlated inversely with the probing depth and clinical attachment levels. All such associations did not occur in healthy individuals. In contrast, the salivary pH and flow rate correlated inversely with several parameters of caries and plaque formation irrespectively of whether the pregnant women were diabetic or not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes in pregnant women significantly changes saliva properties, which may contribute to accelerated deterioration of the oral status in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Surdacka
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ciężka
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pioruńska-Stolzmann
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wender-Ożegowska
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korybalska
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kawka
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaczmarek
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Witowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009909:Oral Health; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins