title: Sex-related differences in hospital admissions attributed to adverse drug reactions in the Netherlands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women are more at risk for developing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug use. ADRs regularly lead to hospital admissions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are differences between the sexes in hospital admissions attributed to ADRs. The risk of being hospitalized with an ADR varies between the sexes in the type of reaction and the causative drug.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major burden in health care, regularly leading to hospital admission, morbidity or death. Women tend to have a higher risk of adverse drug reactions with a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than men. Our primary aim was to study differences in ADR-related hospitalizations between the sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nationwide study of all ADR-related hospitalizations in the period between 2000 and 2005 in the Netherlands, which were selected from all 9,287,162 hospital admissions in this period. ADR-drug group combinations with at least 50 admissions in one of the sexes were selected. Relative risks and confidence intervals were calculated with respect to total admissions and total prescriptions with men as reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 0.41% of the 4,236,368 admissions in men (95% CI 0.40, 0.42%) and 0.47% of the 5,050,794 admissions in women (95% CI 0.46, 0.48%) were attributed to an ADR by medical specialists (57% of all ADR-related admissions were in women). Differences between the sexes in risk for ADR-related hospitalization were found for antineoplastic and immunosuppressive drugs, antirheumatics, anticoagulants and salicylates, cardiovascular and neurological drugs, steroids and antibiotics. In certain drug categories, risks for hospitalization changed after taking into account total drug prescriptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all different drug classes, significant differences exist between the sexes in ADR-related hospital admissions. Cardiovascular drugs account for the most pronounced differences between men and women. More research is needed to explain the clear sex differences in ADR-related hospital admissions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eline M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rodenburg
authors.forename: Bruno H Ch
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Stricker
authors.forename: Loes E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors