title: Factors affecting rectal temperature measurement using commonly available digital thermometers.
abstract: Rectal temperature measurement is an essential part of physical examination of cattle and some physiological experiments. Modern digital thermometers are often used to measure rectal temperatures by students; this study describes their reliability and appropriate use. Students measured rectal temperature on 53 occasions using their personal digital thermometer and techniques gained from previous instruction, rectal temperature was also measured by an experienced person using a Cornell mercury thermometer completely inserted in the rectum. Cornell mercury thermometers values were 38.95±0.05°C (mean±1 SE, n=53). Student rectal temperature measurements using their initial technique were nearly 0.5°C lower, 38.46±0.07°C. After receiving instruction to insert the digital thermometer to the window, student obtained values were 38.77±0.06°C; these are significantly higher than with the student's initial technique and closer to those obtained with a Cornell thermometer. In a series of 53 water bath tests, student owned thermometers recorded similar mean values to those of a traceable (reference) digital thermometer, Cornell mercury thermometer readings were 0.2°C higher. 10 individual digital thermometers were repeatedly tested against a traceable thermometer in a water bath, one was inaccurate. In a separate experiment a trained clinician tested the effect of angle of insertion of a digital thermometer on temperature readings and the affect was <0.1°C. We conclude that accurate temperature measurements using digital thermometers are only likely if the thermometer is inserted to the beginning of the window and the thermometer's accuracy is checked periodically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis. jnaylor@rossvet.edu.kn
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: Renee M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Streeter
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torgerson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013821:Thermometers / Q000662:veterinary*