title: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a life threatening condition in children. Common sources of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children include variceal hemorrhage (most commonly extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction in our settings) and mucosal lesions (gastric erosions and ulcers secondary to drug intake). While most gastrointestinal bleeding may not be life threatening, it is necessary to determine the source, degree and possible cause of the bleeding. A complete and thorough history and physical examination is therefore vital. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy are currently considered the first-line diagnostic procedures of choice for upper and lower GI bleeding, respectively. The goals of therapy in a child with GI bleeding should involve hemodynamic resuscitation, cessation of bleeding from source and prevention of future episodes of GI bleeding. Antacids supplemented by H2- receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors are the mainstay in the treatment of bleeding from mucosal lesion. For variceal bleeds, therapeutic emergency endoscopy is the treatment of choice after initial hemodynamic stabilization of the patient. Independent prognostic factors are presence of shock and co-morbidities. Underlying diagnosis, coagulation disorder, failure to identify the bleeding site, anemia and excessive blood loss are other factors associated with poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Vidyut
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lodha
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000863:Antacids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003113:Colonoscopy; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000503:physiopathology; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010808:Physical Examination; D011379:Prognosis; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D013392:Sucralfate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000863:Antacids; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D013392:Sucralfate