title: Bio-logic analysis of injury biomarker patterns in human serum samples.
abstract: Digital biosensor systems analyzing biomarkers characteristic of liver injury (LI), soft tissue injury (STI) and abdominal trauma (ABT) were developed and optimized for their performance in serum solutions spiked with injury biomarkers in order to mimic real medical samples. The systems produced 'Alert'-type optical output signals in the form of "YES-NO" separated by a threshold value. The new approach aims at the reliable detection of injury biomarkers for making autonomous decisions towards timely therapeutic interventions, particularly in conditions when a hospital treatment is not possible. The enzyme-catalyzed reactions performing Boolean AND/NAND logic operations in the presence of different combinations of the injury biomarkers allowed high-fidelity biosensing. Robustness of the systems was confirmed by their operation in serum solutions, representing the first example of chemically performed logic analysis of biological fluids and a step closer towards practical biomedical applications of enzyme-logic bioassays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halámek
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bocharova
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Evgeny
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries; D008128:Logic; D011817:Rabbits; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000097:blood; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers