title: Temporal and subjective work demands in office-based patient care: an exploration of the dimensions of physician work intensity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physician work intensity (WI) during office-based patient care affects quality of care and patient safety as well as physician job-satisfaction and reimbursement. Existing, brief work intensity measures have been used in physician studies, but their validity in clinical settings has not been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Document and describe subjective and temporal WI dimensions for physicians in office-based clinical settings. Examine these in relation to the measurement procedures and dimensions of the SWAT and NASA-TLX intensity measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A focused ethnographic study using interviews and direct observations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five family physicians, 5 general internists, 5 neurologists, and 4 surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through interviews, each physician was asked to describe low and high intensity work responsibilities, patients, and events. To document time and task allotments, physicians were observed during a routine workday. Notes and transcripts were analyzed using the editing method in which categories are obtained from the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WI factors identified by physicians matched dimensions assessed by standard, generic instruments of work intensity. Physicians also reported WI factors outside of the direct patient encounter. Across specialties, physician time spent in direct contact with patients averaged 61% for office-based services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brief work intensity measures such as the SWAT and NASA-TLX can be used to assess WI in the office-based clinical setting. However, because these measures define the physician work "task" in terms of effort in the presence of the patient (ie, intraservice time), substantial physician effort dedicated to pre- and postservice activities is not captured.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. Jeffrey.Jacobson@uc.edu
authors.forename: C Jeff
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolon
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schroer
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Jerzy P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Szaflarski
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raphaelson
authors.forename: Ronnie D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Horner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016526:Workload