title: Identification of critical factors affecting flexibility in hospital construction projects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper analyzes the dynamics relating to flexibility in a hospital project context. Three research questions are addressed: (1) When is flexibility used in the life cycle of a project? (2) What are the stakeholders' perspectives on project flexibility? And (3) What is the nature of the interaction between flexibility in the process of a project and flexibility in terms of the characteristics of a building?
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Flexibility is discussed from both a project management point of view and from a hospital architecture perspective. Flexibility in project life cycle and from a stakeholder perspective is examined, and the interaction between flexibility in scope lock-in and building flexibility is investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results are based on case studies of four Norwegian hospital projects. Information relating to the projects has been obtained from evaluation reports, other relevant documents, and interviews. Observations were codified and analyzed based on selected parameters that represent different aspects of flexibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One of the cases illustrates how late changes can have a significant negative impact on the project itself, contributing to delays and cost overruns. Another case illustrates that late scope lock-in on a limited part of the project, in this case related to medical equipment, can be done in a controlled manner. Project owners and users appear to have given flexibility high priority. Project management teams are less likely to embrace changes and late scope lock-in. Architects and consultants are important for translating program requirements into physical design. A highly flexible building did not stop some stakeholders from pushing for significant changes and extensions during construction.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Architectural Design and Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N 7491 Trondheim, Norway. nils.olsson@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Nils E O
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Geir K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D001108:Architecture; D002017:Budgets; D006749:Hospital Design and Construction; D009664:Norway; D019982:Organizational Case Studies