title: Evaluation of tear evaporation from ocular surface by functional infrared thermography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A novel technique was developed to measure tear evaporation and monitor its variation with respect to time, for the studying of ocular physiology based on dynamic functional infrared thermography and the first law of thermodynamics using the measured ocular surface temperatures (OSTs). This is a noninvasive, noncontact temperature measuring method that is widely applied in the field of biomedicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simple method based on the ocular thermal data was proposed to measure the rate of tear evaporation. The OST of 60 normal subjects were recorded in the form of sequential thermal images. For each thermal sequence, the ocular region was selected and warped to a standard form. Thermal data within the regions were processed, on the basis of the first law of thermodynamics to derive the evaporation rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For elder subjects (aged above 35), the rate was determined to be 55.82 Wm(-2) and for younger subjects, the rate was 58.9 Wm(-2). The corneal rate of evaporation in elder subjects was found statistically (p < 0.11) larger than their younger counterparts. The rate of blinking was observed to be related to the variation of evaporation rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have measured the evaporation rate on a sequence of thermographic images. A region of interest was selected at first and the same region on all the images were warped into a standard form. Calculations were performed based on the thermal data in those regions to obtain the values of interest. The authors found that the tear evaporation rate for subjects of all age groups was 57.36 +/- 12.73 Wm(-2) and the corneal tear evaporation was higher in elder subjects. The corneal rate of evaporation fluctuated in a larger magnitude in subjects who blinked more than average.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798.
authors.forename: Jen-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: E Y K
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: U Rajendra
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Acharya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001767:Blinking; D004867:Equipment Design; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013666:Tears; D013696:Temperature; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*