title: Injury and illness in college outdoor education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many colleges offer outdoor education courses such as rock climbing, kayaking, and mountain biking. Since these sports may be perceived as dangerous, we describe the prevalence of injuries and illnesses in a large, university-based outdoor education program. We also compare composite incident rates from this outdoor program to those of traditional college sports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort of college students participating in either Cornell Outdoor Education (COE) or National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports and comparison of incident rates. COE data were prospectively collected in the field; and NCAA data were prospectively collected through the Association's Injury Surveillance System. By definition, a COE injury or illness required follow-up care, prescription medication, or limited course participation. Similarly, a NCAA injury limited further practice or play. Incident rates were calculated as injuries and illnesses per 1000 participant-days (COE) or injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures (NCAA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included COE courses during 2002-2007 totaled 74 005 participant-days. There were 111 injuries and illnesses, rate = 1.50/1000 participant-days (95% CI 1.24-1.81). The NCAA reported 32 646 899 athlete-exposures during 1988-2004 and 181 476 injuries, rate = 5.56/1000 athlete-exposures (95% CI 5.53-5.58). Compared to COE, the relative risk of injury in NCAA sports was 3.7 (95% CI 3.1-4.5) overall and 3.3 (95% CI 2.8-4.0) after excluding the high-contact sports of football, ice hockey, and wrestling. For COE, mountain biking had the highest incident rate (7.5/1000), which was significantly lower than game injury rates in NCAA football and soccer. The most common injuries for both NCAA and COE were soft-tissue injuries such as sprains and strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outdoor education at this university-sponsored program was at least as safe as traditional college sports. Overall, college students were less likely to be injured while participating in COE courses than while participating in NCAA sports, even after excluding high-contact sports from the comparison.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, New York-Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA. flg9002@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Flavio G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Gaudio
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005392:First Aid; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult