title: Prophylactic methylxanthine for prevention of apnoea in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent apnoea is common in preterm infants. These episodes can lead to hypoxaemia and bradycardia, which may be severe enough to require the use of positive pressure ventilation. In infants with apnoea, methylxanthine treatment has been used successfully to prevent further episodes. It is possible that prophylactic therapy given to all very preterm infants soon after birth might prevent apnoea and the need for additional ventilator support.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of prophylactic treatment with methylxanthine on apnoea, bradycardia, episodes of hypoxaemia, use of mechanical ventilation, and morbidity in preterm infants at risk for apnoea of prematurity
  
  
  METHODS
  The standard search strategy of the Neonatal Review Group was updated in August 2010. This included searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE.
  
  
  METHODS
  All trials using random or quasi-random patient allocation in which prophylactic methylxanthine (caffeine or theophylline) was compared with placebo or no treatment in preterm infants were eligible.
  
  
  METHODS
  The standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. Two small studies (randomising a total of 104 infants) evaluated the effect of prophylactic caffeine on short term outcomes. There were no meaningful differences between the caffeine and placebo groups in the number of infants with apnoea, bradycardia, hypoxaemic episodes, use of IPPV or side effects in either of the studies. Only two outcomes (use of IPPV and tachycardia) were common to the two studies and meta-analysis showed no substantive differences between the groups. One large trial of caffeine therapy (CAP 2006) in a heterogeneous group of infants at risk for and having apnoea of prematurity demonstrated an improved rate of survival without developmental disability at 18 to 21 months corrected age. The reports of the subgroup of infants treated with prophylactic caffeine did not demonstrate any significant differences in clinical outcomes except for a decrease in the risk of PDA ligation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this review do not support the use of prophylactic caffeine for preterm infants at risk of apnoea.Any future studies need to examine the effects of prophylactic methylxanthines in preterm infants at higher risk of apnoea. This should include examination of important clinical outcomes such as need for IPPV, neonatal morbidity, length of hospital stay and long term development.
authors.affiliation: NSW Centre for Perinatal Health Services Research, Queen Elizabeth II Research Institute, Building DO2, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2006.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Henderson-Smart
authors.forename: Antonio G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: De Paoli
mesh_terms: D001049:Apnea / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000517:prevention & control; D002110:Caffeine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D013806:Theophylline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014970:Xanthines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D014970:Xanthines; D002110:Caffeine; D013806:Theophylline