title: Dosimetric optimization of a conical breast brachytherapy applicator for improved skin dose sparing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both the AccuBoost D-shaped and round applicators have been dosimetrically characterized and clinically used to treat patients with breast cancer. While the round applicators provide conformal dose coverage, under certain clinical circumstances the breast skin dose may be higher than preferred. The purpose of this study was to modify the round applicators to minimize skin dose while not substantially affecting dose uniformity within the target volume and reducing the treatment time.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to irradiate the intended volume while sparing critical structures such as the skin, the current round applicator design has been augmented through the addition of an internal truncated cone (i.e., frustum) shield. Monte Carlo methods and clinical constraints were used to design the optimal cone applicator. With the cone applicator now defined as the entire assembly including the surrounding tungsten-alloy shell holding the HDR 192Ir source catheter, the applicator height was reduced to diminish the treatment time while minimizing skin dose. Monte Carlo simulation results were validated using both radiochromic film and ionization chamber measurements based on established techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimal cone applicators diminished the maximum skin dose by 15%-32% (based on the applicator diameter and breast separation) with the tumor dose reduced by less than 3% for a constant exposure time. Furthermore, reduction in applicator height diminished the treatment time by up to 30%. Radiochromic film and ionization chamber dosimetric results in phantom agreed with Monte Carlo simulation results typically within 3%. Larger differences were outside the treatment volume in low dose regions or associated with differences between the measurement and Monte Carlo simulation environments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new radiotherapy treatment device was developed and dosimetrically characterized. This set of applicators significantly reduces the skin dose and treatment time while retaining uniform target dose.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rivard
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000494:pharmacology; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes