title: Pathogenesis, developmental consequences, and clinical correlations of human embryo fragmentation.
abstract: This narrative review summarizes the current state of knowledge about human embryo fragmentation during IVF. The clinical relevance of fragmentation is discussed and evidence supporting a central role for the oocyte in the pathogenesis of fragmentation is presented. A mechanism of fragmentation as aberrant cell division involving the cytoskeleton is described along with the novel concept of membrane instability in relation to follicular high-density lipoprotein metabolism and cholesterol transport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115-0916, USA. fujimotov@obgyn.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Victor Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Denny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sakkas
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alikani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053836:DNA Degradation, Necrotic; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009865:Oocytes / Q000473:pathology*