title: Injury induces localized airway increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans and mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) increases in the airways of humans and mice after injury to protect against infection. The pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 are linked molecularly to sIgA production and secretion and are required for sIgA increases in the airway after injury in a mouse model. We investigated the injury effect on airway and serum concentrations to determine the source of the cytokines involved in the airway IgA response.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first experiment, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum obtained from 11 ventilated trauma patients within 30 h of admission were compared with those in eight elective surgical patients. In the second experiment, male ICR mice received no injury (n = 7) or injury with sham celiotomy and neck incisions (n = 8) with sacrifice of all animals at 8 h for BAL fluid and serum cytokine measurements by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injured patients had significantly higher BAL fluid and serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations, with greater increases in the BAL fluid than in the serum. Injured mice had significantly increased BAL fluid concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 without significant changes in serum TNF-α or IL-1β. Serum IL-6 increased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injury significantly increases human and mouse airway TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Increases are greater in the airway than in serum, implying a local rather than a systemic stress response to injury.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hermsen
authors.forename: F Enrique
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kudsk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood / Q000276:immunology; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha