title: Monensin is a potent inducer of oxidative stress and inhibitor of androgen signaling leading to apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Current treatment options for advanced and hormone refractory prostate cancer are limited and responses to commonly used androgen pathway inhibitors are often unsatisfactory. Our recent results indicated that sodium ionophore monensin is one of the most potent and cancer-specific inhibitors in a systematic sensitivity testing of most known drugs and drug-like molecules in a panel of prostate cancer cell models. Because monensin has been extensively used in veterinary applications to build muscle mass in cattle, the link to prostate cancer and androgen signaling was particularly interesting. Here, we showed that monensin effects at nanomolar concentrations are linked to induction of apoptosis and potent reduction of androgen receptor mRNA and protein in prostate cancer cells. Monensin also elevated intracellular oxidative stress in prostate cancer cells as evidenced by increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and by induction of a transcriptional profile characteristic of an oxidative stress response. Importantly, the antiproliferative effects of monensin were potentiated by combinatorial treatment with the antiandrogens and antagonized by antioxidant vitamin C. Taken together, our results suggest monensin as a potential well-tolerated, in vivo compatible drug with strong proapoptotic effects in prostate cancer cells, and synergistic effects with antiandrogens. Moreover, our data suggest a general strategy by which the effects of antiandrogens could be enhanced by combinatorial administration with agents that increase oxidative stress in prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PL 106, 20521 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ketola
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vainio
authors.forename: Vidal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kallioniemi
authors.forename: Kristiina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iljin
mesh_terms: D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008985:Monensin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D011374:Progesterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000819:agonists
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011374:Progesterone; D016593:Terfenadine; D008985:Monensin; D002784:Cholesterol; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid