title: Cervical spine trauma.
abstract: Cervical spine trauma is a common problem with a wide range of severity from minor ligamentous injury to frank osteo-ligamentous instability with spinal cord injury. The emergent evaluation of patients at risk relies on standardized clinical and radiographic protocols to identify injuries; elucidate associated pathology; classify injuries; and predict instability, treatment and outcomes. The unique anatomy of each region of the cervical spine demands a review of each segment individually. This article examines both upper cervical spine injuries, as well as subaxial spine trauma. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the broad topic of cervical spine trauma with reference to the classic literature, as well as to summarize all recently available literature on each topic. IDENTIFICATION OF REFERENCES FOR INCLUSION: A Pubmed and Ovid search was performed for each topic in the review to identify recently published articles relevant to the review. In addition prior reviews and classic references were evaluated individually for inclusion of classic papers, classifications and previously unidentified references.
authors.affiliation: University Orthopedics Center 101 Regent Ct State College, PA 16801, USA.
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Torretti
authors.forename: Dilip K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sengupta