title: Brain stem responses evoked by stimulation with an auditory brain stem implant in children with cochlear nerve aplasia or hypoplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The inclusion criteria for an auditory brain stem implant (ABI) have been extended beyond the traditional, postlingually deafened adult with Neurofibromatosis type 2, to include children who are born deaf due to cochlear nerve aplasia or hypoplasia and for whom a cochlear implant is not an option. Fitting the ABI for these new candidates presents a challenge, and intraoperative electrically evoked auditory brain stem responses (EABRs) may assist in the surgical placement of the electrode array over the dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus in the brain stem and in the postoperative programming of the device. This study had four objectives: (1) to characterize the EABR by stimulation of the cochlear nucleus in children, (2) to establish whether there are any changes between the EABR recorded intraoperatively and again just before initial behavioral testing with the device, (3) to establish whether there is evidence of morphology changes in the EABR depending on the site of stimulation with the ABI, and (4) to investigate how the EABR relates to behavioral measurements and the presence of auditory and nonauditory sensations perceived with the ABI at initial device activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intra- and postoperative EABRs were recorded from six congenitally deaf children with ABIs, four boys and two girls, mean age 4.2 yrs (range 3.2 to 5.0 yrs). The ABI was stimulated at nine different bipolar sites on the array, and the EABRs recorded were analyzed with respect to the morphology and peak latency with site of stimulation for each recording session. The relationship between the EABR waveforms and the presence or absence of auditory electrodes at initial device activation was investigated. The EABR threshold levels were compared with the behavioral threshold (T) and comfortably loud (C) levels of stimulation required at initial device activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EABRs were elicited from all children on both test occasions. Responses contained a possible combination of one to three peaks from a total of four identifiable peaks with mean latencies of 1.04, 1.81, 2.61, and 3.58 msecs, respectively. The presence of an EABR was a good predictor of an auditory response; however, the absence of the EABR was poor at predicting a site with no auditory response. The morphology of EABRs often varied with site of stimulation and between EABR test occasions. Postoperatively, there was a trend for P1, P3, and P4 to be present at the lateral end of the array and P2 at the medial end of the array. Behavioral T and C levels showed a good correlation with postoperative EABR thresholds but a poor correlation with intraoperative EABR thresholds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of an intraoperative EABR was a good indicator for the location of electrodes on the ABI array that provided auditory sensations. The morphology of the EABR was often variable within and between test sessions. The postoperative EABR thresholds did correlate with the behavioral T and C levels and could be used to assist with initial device fitting.
authors.affiliation: Auditory Implant Programme, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. martin.odriscoll@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Driscoll
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Deredy
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atas
authors.forename: Gonca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sennaroglu
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sennaroglu
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ramsden
mesh_terms: D001309:Auditory Threshold; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000601:surgery*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003638:Deafness / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011930:Reaction Time; D000160:Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*