title: Clinical presentation and outcome of perforating ocular injuries due to BB guns: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical presentations and treatment modalities of a series of BB gun-related perforating ocular injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical records of all consecutive cases of perforating BB gun injuries to the globe seen between September 2004 and September 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. At the time of the trauma and after final treatment, all patients underwent a complete ocular examination, including visual acuity,applanation tonometry for intraocular pressure, slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography, if possible. In all cases, primary globe repair was performed in the first session, and then appropriate surgery took place based on the individual situation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, 13 patients (11 males and 2 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years (range 9–50 years) were enrolled. The mean follow-up period was 7.2 4.3 months (range 1–25 months). Initial visual acuity (VA) ranged from no-light perception (NLP) to finger counting (CF). Vitreous haemorrhage and retinal detachment were present in all involved eyes. Hyphema (30.76%), uveal and retinal prolapse (30.8%), retinalin carceration (30.8%) and retinal haemorrhage (53.8%) were other ocular findings. VA remained stable in 46.2% of the patients (6 cases). The best achieved final VA was CF at 2 min one case after 6 months follow-up.After several surgical procedures, enucleation was necessary in only 2/13 (15.4%) cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite several surgical procedures which decreased the number of enucleations, BB gunperforating ocular injuries still lead to a grim visual outcome. This implies the importance of political strategies targeting on education of parents and restriction for children to access to these guns.
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: M Nili
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ahmadabadi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karkhaneh
authors.forename: A Kord
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Valeshabad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tabatabai
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.forename: E Nili
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ahmadabadi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D033401:Microscopy, Acoustic; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult