title: Developing a usability evaluation tool to assess the patient room bathroom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this project was to create an easy-to-administer and inexpensive tool that can help identify usability issues in a patient room bathroom during the design process so improvements can be made before the final product is constructed and put into operation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The bathroom is an essential part of any hospital patient room, yet it is associated with nurse dissatisfaction and patient falls. Minimal literature has examined whether the physical structure of various elements within the bathroom are efficient, safe, and satisfactory for the majority of users. Furthermore, there is a paucity of human factor guidelines for architects and designers to follow to ensure the usability of bathroom space for a wide variety of users.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors adapted a common technique used in software usability: the heuristic evaluation. A heuristic evaluation is a "discount" evaluation method used to quickly and efficiently evaluate the usability flaws of user interfaces. Three methods were used to provide input for the heuristic evaluation: (1) Review of existing heuristic evaluations, reported hospital bathroom problems, and safety checklists; (2) Interviews with nurses and nursing assistants; and (3) Focus groups with nurses. Analysis of the interview and focus group transcripts enabled the categorization of the types of problems nurses encounter in the patient room bathroom. These categories served as the basis for the heuristics in the heuristic evaluation tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven major heuristics (or categories of problems in the bathroom) were identified initially. The authors then went through several iterations of designing and refining the heuristic evaluation to form parsimonious categories and subcategories. Each of the eventual six major heuristic categories contains a general description as well as specific exemplar questions. These detailed subcategories enable an evaluator to easily gauge whether a bathroom adheres to the guideline, to write any comments about a particular issue, and to rate the severity of any problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bathroom heuristic evaluation was designed to be a discount usability evaluation tool. It can be used to assess a hospital bathroom during the design process for major usability issues, enabling necessary alterations before a final product is developed.
authors.affiliation: Clemson University, Psychology Dept., Clemson, SC, USA. nicole@clemson.edu
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Battisto
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D057189:Checklist; D006804:Ergonomics; D017144:Focus Groups; D006749:Hospital Design and Construction; D006801:Humans; D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology; D010362:Patients' Rooms; D017751:Safety Management; D014038:Toilet Facilities