title: Quinone-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase Dld (Cg1027) is essential for growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum on D-lactate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corynebacterium glutamicum is able to grow with lactate as sole or combined carbon and energy source. Quinone-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase LldD is known to be essential for utilization of L-lactate by C. glutamicum. D-lactate also serves as sole carbon source for C. glutamicum ATCC 13032.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, the gene cg1027 was shown to encode the quinone-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase (Dld) by enzymatic analysis of the protein purified from recombinant E. coli. The absorption spectrum of purified Dld indicated the presence of FAD as bound cofactor. Inactivation of dld resulted in the loss of the ability to grow with D-lactate, which could be restored by plasmid-borne expression of dld. Heterologous expression of dld from C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 in C. efficiens enabled this species to grow with D-lactate as sole carbon source. Homologs of dld of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 are not encoded in the sequenced genomes of other corynebacteria and mycobacteria. However, the dld locus of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 shares 2367 bp of 2372 bp identical nucleotides with the dld locus of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii, a bacterium used in Swiss-type cheese making. Both loci are flanked by insertion sequences of the same family suggesting a possible event of horizontal gene transfer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cg1067 encodes quinone-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase Dld of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Dld is essential for growth with D-lactate as sole carbon source. The genomic region of dld likely has been acquired by horizontal gene transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka-Fu, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Jung-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: K Corinna
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Stansen
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.forename: Volker F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Wendisch
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000378:metabolism*; D048230:Corynebacterium glutamicum / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D016227:Benzoquinones; D019344:Lactic Acid; C004532:quinone; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases; C071195:D-lactate dehydrogenase