title: Comparison of the clinical accuracy of cervical (C2-C7) pedicle screw insertion assisted by fluoroscopy, computed tomography-based navigation, and intraoperative three-dimensional C-arm navigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The complicated anatomy of the cervical spine and the variation among pedicles reduces the accuracy and increases the risk of neurovascular complications associated with screw implantation in this region. In this study, we compared the accuracy of cervical (C2-C7) pedicle screw fixation assisted by X-ray fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT)-based navigation, or intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) C-arm navigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective cohort study was performed in 82 consecutive patients who underwent cervical pedicle screw fixation. The accuracy of screw insertion was assessed by postoperative CT scan with 3D reconstruction. The accuracy of screw insertion was assessed as: excellent (screw completely within pedicle); acceptable (≤ 1 mm screw outside pedicle cortex); poor (> 1 mm screw outside pedicle cortex).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 145 screws were inserted in 24 patients who underwent C-arm fluoroscopy. Of these, 96 screws (66.2%) were excellent, 37 (25.5%) were acceptable, and 12 (8.3%) were poor. One hundred and fifty-nine screws were inserted in 29 patients in the CT-based navigation group. Among these, 141 (88.7%) were excellent, 14 (8.8%) were acceptable, and 4 (2.5%) were poor. A total of 140 screws were inserted in 29 patients in the intraoperative 3D C-arm navigation group, of which 127 (90.7%) were excellent, and 13 (9.3%) were acceptable. No severe or permanent neurovascular complications associated with screw insertion were observed in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT-based and intraoperative 3D C-arm navigation were similarly accurate, and were both significantly more accurate than C-arm fluoroscopy for guiding cervical pedicle screw fixation. They were able to accurately guide the angle and depth of screw placement using visual 3D images. These two techniques are therefore preferable for high-risk cervical pedicle screw fixation. The ease and convenience of intraoperative 3D C-arm navigation suggests that it may replace virtual-fluoroscopy and CT-based navigation systems in future clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Zhi-Yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Yan-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.forename: Yu-Zhen
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult