title: Causes of abnormal refractive errors in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Refractive errors that deviate from the expected are unusual in children. This paper sought to identify systemic, orbital, and ocular causes of some of these abnormal refractive errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Causes of abnormal refractive errors are divided into external/orbital, anterior ocular, and posterior ocular. The mechanism of the induced refractive error is identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormal refractive errors occur in association with compression of the globe or cornea, visual deprivation, changes in the cornea or lens, and/or genetic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition of the relationships between refractive errors and systemic, orbital, and ocular disorders helps in understanding why excessive refractive errors develop, in making the correct diagnosis, and in counseling parents.
authors.forename: C Gail
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Summers