title: Upregulation of surrogate markers of inflammation and thrombogenesis in patients with ESRD: pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications.
abstract: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing regular hemodialysis have high annual mortality rate of around 15%. The most predominant cause of death is cardiovascular, which is not entirely explainable with conventional cardiac risk factors present in these patients. It has been postulated that ESRD is a chronic inflammatory and hypercoagulable condition with marked elevation of several markers that may explain this high mortality. In the current study, patients with ESRD on a stable regimen of hemodialysis were studied for the inflammatory and thrombogenesis markers to explain this phenomenon. The parameters studied were of thrombogenesis-thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), prothrombin fragment (F1.2), D-dimer, and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and inflammation-CD40 ligand, myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and nitric oxide (NO), and compared to control group comprised of 100 healthy volunteers. Our study shows that ESRD patients exhibit activation of the coagulation and inflammatory processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Indermohan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thethi
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cunanan
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoppensteadt
authors.forename: Randeep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bajwa
authors.forename: Jawed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fareed
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bansal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators