title: Status epilepticus.
abstract: Status epilepticus is a common neurological emergency in childhood and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Status epilepticus (SE) has been defined as continuous seizure activity lasting more than 30 min or 2 or more seizures in this duration without gaining consciousness between them. However, the operational definition has brought the time down to 5 min. Management can be broadly divided into initial stabilization, seizure termination, and evaluation and treatment of the underlying cause. Diagnostic evaluation and seizure control should be achieved simultaneously to improve outcome. Seizure termination is achieved by pharmacotherapy. Benzodiazepines are the first line drugs for SE. Commonly used drugs include lorazepam, diazepam, and midazolam. In children without an IV access, buccal or nasal midazolam or rectal diazepam can be used. Phenytoin as a second line agent is usually indicated when seizure is not controlled after one or more doses of benzodiazepines. If the seizures continue to persist, valproate, phenobarbitone or levetiracetam is indicated. Midazolam infusion is useful in refractory status epilepticus. Thiopentone, propofol or high dose phenobarbitone are considered for treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Prolonged SE is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Long term neurological sequelae include epilepsy, behavioural problems, cognitive decline, and focal neurologic deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: Sheffali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lodha
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005632:Fructose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015742:Propofol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013874:Thiopental / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077236:Topiramate; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D018757:GABA Modulators; D000077236:Topiramate; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D005632:Fructose; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D014635:Valproic Acid; D010672:Phenytoin; D007649:Ketamine; D010424:Pentobarbital; D013874:Thiopental; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol; D010634:Phenobarbital; D010889:Piracetam