title: GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo convolution/superposition implementation for dose calculation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dose calculation is a key component in radiation treatment planning systems. Its performance and accuracy are crucial to the quality of treatment plans as emerging advanced radiation therapy technologies are exerting ever tighter constraints on dose calculation. A common practice is to choose either a deterministic method such as the convolution/superposition (CS) method for speed or a Monte Carlo (MC) method for accuracy. The goal of this work is to boost the performance of a hybrid Monte Carlo convolution/superposition (MCCS) method by devising a graphics processing unit (GPU) implementation so as to make the method practical for day-to-day usage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Although the MCCS algorithm combines the merits of MC fluence generation and CS fluence transport, it is still not fast enough to be used as a day-to-day planning tool. To alleviate the speed issue of MC algorithms, the authors adopted MCCS as their target method and implemented a GPU-based version. In order to fully utilize the GPU computing power, the MCCS algorithm is modified to match the GPU hardware architecture. The performance of the authors' GPU-based implementation on an Nvidia GTX260 card is compared to a multithreaded software implementation on a quad-core system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A speedup in the range of 6.7-11.4x is observed for the clinical cases used. The less than 2% statistical fluctuation also indicates that the accuracy of the authors' GPU-based implementation is in good agreement with the results from the quad-core CPU implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work shows that GPU is a feasible and cost-efficient solution compared to other alternatives such as using cluster machines or field-programmable gate arrays for satisfying the increasing demands on computation speed and accuracy of dose calculation. But there are also inherent limitations of using GPU for accelerating MC-type applications, which are also analyzed in detail in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. bzhou@umd.edu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Cedric X
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Danny Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: X Sharon
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003201:Computers; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000379:methods; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface