title: The efficiency and duration of the analgesic effects of musical therapy on postoperative pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was first to find out the effect of music therapy on postoperative analgesia and second to determine the duration of its effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients who were undergoing elective cesarean delivery were enrolled. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups as follows: In Group 1, patients listened to music through a headphone for one hour after surgery, while in Group 2, patients did not listen to any music during the same period. In the postanesthesia care unit, patients were connected to a Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) device. The PCA device (tramadol 3 mg/ml) was set to deliver a bolus of 20 mg, with a lockout interval of 15 min and 4-hour maximal dose of 150 mg. Postoperative pain was assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS) and consumption of tramadol was recorded at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant decrease in Group 1 with respect to PCA delivery frequency at the 4th hour postoperatively (p<0.05). Concerning the postoperative tramadol consumption, values measured at the 4th hour were significantly lower in Group 1 (p<0.05). The total amount of tramadol consumption and additional analgesic use in the postoperative 24 hours were again lower in Group 1 when compared with Group 2 (p<0.05). All VAS values were lower in Group 1 when compared with Group 2 (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that music therapy given after surgery decreases postoperative pain in the first 24 hours and the analgesic consumption during the first four hours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey. drhuseyinsen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yanarateş
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sızlan
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kılıç
authors.forename: Sezai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Güner
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dağlı
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002585:Cesarean Section; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol