title: Observation of the esophagus, pharynx and lingual root by gastrointestinal endoscopy with a percutaneous retrograde approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of retrograde observation of the esophagus, pharynx, larynx and lingual root.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the beagle dog under anesthesia, the anterior wall of the stomach was fixed on the abdominal wall in a similar way to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. The gastrointestinal scope was inserted via a 12 mm laparoscopic port for subsequent retrograde observation from stomach to the oral cavity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With this technique, direct observation of gastric cardia was possible without restriction. The cervical esophagus was dilated well, also allowing clear observation of the hypopharyngo-esophageal junction. If the tongue was manually pulled out forward, observation of the lingual root was possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This procedure is easy and effective for pre-treatment evaluation of the feasibility of endoscopic resection in cases of superficial carcinoma of head and neck.
authors.affiliation: Michitaka Honda, Yoshio Hori, Yoshiki Shionoya, Akira Nakada, Toshihiko Sato, Takeshi Kobayashi, Hidenori Shimada, Naoki Kida, Tatsuo Nakamura, Department of Bioartifical Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Science, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Michitaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shionoya
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakada
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura