title: Heterogeneity of the phenotypic definition of coronary artery disease and its impact on genetic association studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Variability in phenotypic characterization of coronary artery disease (CAD) may contribute to the heterogeneity of genetic association studies, and more consistency in phenotype definitions might improve replication of genetic associations. We assessed the extent of phenotypic heterogeneity and quantified its impact in a large literature sample of association studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We searched for large (≥15 studies) meta-analyses of genetic associations and reviewed all studies included therein. From each primary study, we extracted phenotypic definitions, demographics, study design characteristics, and genotypic data. For each association, we assessed the magnitude and heterogeneity of genetic effects within and across CAD phenotypes, using meta-analytic methodologies. A total of 965 individual studies investigating 32 distinct variants in 22 genes were included, from which we grouped CAD phenotypes into 3 categories: acute coronary syndromes (ACS) (426 [44%] studies); angiographically documented disease (323 [34%] studies); and broad, not otherwise specified CAD (216 [22%] studies). These clinical phenotypes were overlapping. Subgroup meta-analyses by phenotype showed discordant results, but phenotypic classification generally explained small proportions of between-study heterogeneity. Differences between phenotypic groups were minimized for associations with robust statistical support. No CAD phenotype was consistently associated with larger or more homogeneous genetic effects in meta-analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial phenotypic heterogeneity exists in CAD genetic associations, but differences in phenotype definition make a small contribution to between-study heterogeneity. We did not find a consistent effect in terms of the magnitude or homogeneity of summary effects for a specific phenotype to support its preferential use in genetic studies or meta-analyses for CAD.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA. GKitsios@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Georgios D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kitsios
authors.forename: Issa J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Dahabreh
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Trikalinos
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Gordon S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Huggins
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kent
mesh_terms: D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype