title: Hidden practice revealed: using task analysis and novel simulator design to evaluate the teaching of digital rectal examination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  during traditional teaching of digital rectal examination (DRE), accurate visual demonstration is not possible, because the examining finger is hidden from view. The aim of this study was to identify the steps involved in performing DRE and the ability of teachers to verbalize and demonstrate these steps.
  
  
  METHODS
  a "cut-away" bench-top DRE simulator (with an integrated camera) was created to allow observation of internal finger movements, with a tripod-mounted camera providing an external view. A 2-stage task analysis involved video and audio data from 20 clinicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DRE was deconstructed into 49 procedural steps, many of which were observed but not verbalized. The mean percentage of steps verbalized and/or observed was 54 ± 9.2% (range, 36%-70%). In addition, there were 12 critical decision points considered necessary to direct students to safe practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  this novel methodology identified the steps involved in performing DRE, including those likely to be omitted during traditional teaching.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK. naomi.low-beer@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Low-Beer
authors.forename: Tierney
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinnison
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baillie
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kneebone
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higham
mesh_terms: D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis