title: Measures and measurement of high-performance work systems in health care settings: Propositions for improvement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given that non-health care research has demonstrated many positive outcomes for organizations using high-performance work systems (HPWSs), a closer examination of HPWSs in health care settings is warranted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a narrative review of the literature to understand how previous researchers have measured HPWSs in health care settings and what relationships exist between HPWSs and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles that examined HPWSs in health care settings were identified and summarized. Key discrepancies and agreements in the existing HPWS research, including definitional, conceptual, and analytical areas of interest to health services researchers, are included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings demonstrate that although HPWSs might be a valuable predictor of health care-related outcomes, opportunities exist for improving HPWS measurement in health care settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suggestions are provided to help guide future health services researchers in conducting research on HPWSs. Practice implications are provided for health care managers.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, The University of Texas-Memorial Hermann Center for Healthcare Quality and Safety, Houston TX, USA. jason.etchegaray@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Etchegaray
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: St John
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D015279:Organizational Culture; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States