title: Vascular causes of radiculopathy: a literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular etiologies are a significant source of radiculopathy. The entities that are reviewed here include epidural spinal hematoma, subdural spinal hematoma, spinal arteriovenous malformation, vertebral hemangioma, spinal epidural cavernous hemangioma, vertebral artery anomalies (both tortuosity and dissection), aortic aneurysm, hemorrhagic synovial cysts, ligamentum flavum hematoma, and venous varices. The incidence, pathophysiology, typical clinical presentation, appropriate diagnostic workup, and management are summarized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review and summarize various vascular causes of radiculopathy and how it impacts the management of patients with radicular spinal pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive literature review was done on each of the vascular entities and their presentation as radiculopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vascular etiologies of radiculopathy may be underestimated in the literature. Imaging in addition to the history and physical examination is essential to identifying vascular sources of radiculopathy and establishing correct treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In examining patients with radicular pain, extraspinal causes of radiculopathy including vascular entities should be included in the differential. Knowledge of the incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of the possibly underreported various vascular causes of radiculopathy increase the ability of the physician to provide optimal care for the patient. A key aspect to identifying such vascular lesions is appropriate imaging for documenting the source of radiculopathy. Blind injections, done without appropriate imaging for identifying the cause of radiculopathy, and also performed without fluoroscopic guidance, increase not only the risk of misdiagnosis but also the comorbidities associated with spinal injections.
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Alliance Program, Baylor College of Medicine & University of Texas Health Science Center, 1709 Dryden Road, Houston, TX 77030, USA. bbenny@bcm.edu
authors.forename: Benoy V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Benny
authors.forename: Ameet S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smuck
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017843:Ligamentum Flavum / Q000473:pathology; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology