title: Adjuvants and delivery systems in veterinary vaccinology: current state and future developments.
abstract: Modern adjuvants should induce strong and balanced immune responses, and it is often desirable to induce specific types of immunity. As an example, efficient Th1-immunity-inducing adjuvants are highly in demand. Such adjuvants promote good cell-mediated immunity against subunit vaccines that have low immunogenicity themselves. The development of such adjuvants may take advantage of the increased knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and factors controlling these responses. However, knowledge of such molecular details of immune mechanisms is relatively scarce for species other than humans and laboratory rodents, and in addition, there are special considerations pertaining to the use of adjuvants in veterinary animals, such as production and companion animals. With a focus on veterinary animals, this review highlights a number of approaches being pursued, including cytokines, CpG oligonucleotides, microparticles and liposomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 27 Bülowsvej, Copenhagen V, Denmark. pmhh@vet.dtu.dk
authors.forename: Peter M H
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Heegaard
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dedieu
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Marie-Frédérique
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Le Potier
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mockey
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mutinelli
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vahlenkamp
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vascellari
authors.forename: Nanna Skall
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000276:immunology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends / Q000662:veterinary; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007372:Interferons / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D008081:Liposomes; D008863:Microspheres; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists / Q000276:immunology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends / Q000662:veterinary*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D008081:Liposomes; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014612:Vaccines; D014212:Tretinoin; D007372:Interferons