title: Assessment of algorithms for predicting drug-drug interactions via inhibition mechanisms: comparison of dynamic and static models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prediction of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) from in vitro data usually utilizes an average dosing interval estimate of inhibitor concentration in an equation-based static model. Simcyp®, a population-based ADME simulator, is becoming widely used for the prediction of DDIs and has the ability to incorporate the time-course of inhibitor concentration and hence generate a temporal profile of the inhibition process within a dynamic model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prediction of DDIs for 35 clinical studies incorporating a representative range of drug-drug interactions, with multiple studies across different inhibitors and victim drugs. Assessment of whether the inclusion of the time course of inhibition in the dynamic model improves prediction in comparison with the static model. Investigation of the impact of different inhibitor and victim drug parameters on DDI prediction accuracy including dosing time and the inclusion of active metabolites. Assessment of ability of the dynamic model to predict inter-individual variability in the DDI magnitude.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Static and dynamic models (incorporating the time course of the inhibitor) were assessed for their ability to predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) using a population-based ADME simulator (Simcyp®V8). The impact of active metabolites, dosing time and the ability to predict inter-individual variability in DDI magnitude were investigated using the dynamic model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five in vivo DDIs involving azole inhibitors and benzodiazepines were predicted using the static and dynamic model; both models were employed within Simcyp for consistency in parameters. Simulations comprised of 10 trials with matching population demographics and dosage regimen to the in vivo studies. Predictive utility of the static and dynamic model was assessed relative to the inhibitor or victim drug investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of the dynamic and static models resulted in comparable prediction success, with 71 and 77% of DDIs predicted within two-fold, respectively. Over 40% of strong DDIs (>five-fold AUC increase) were under-predicted by both models. Incorporation of the itraconazole metabolite into the dynamic model resulted in increased prediction accuracy of strong DDIs (80% within two-fold). Bias and imprecision in prediction of triazolam DDIs were higher in comparison with midazolam and alprazolam; >50% of triazolam DDIs were under-predicted regardless of the model used. Predicted inter-individual variability in the AUC ratio (coefficient of variation of 45%) was consistent with the observed variability (50%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High prediction accuracy was observed using both the Simcyp dynamic and static models. The differences observed with the dose staggering and the incorporation of active metabolite highlight the importance of these variables in DDI prediction.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Eleanor J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Guest
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rowland-Yeo
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rostami-Hodjegan
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: J Brian
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galetin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001393:Azoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D001393:Azoles; D001569:Benzodiazepines