title: Tinea imbricata in the Americas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim is to provide an overview on tinea imbricata, or Tokelau, a superficial mycosis caused by Trichophyton concentricum, a strictly anthropophilic dermatophyte with a well-defined geographic distribution and predisposing factors that include genetic, racial and immunologic susceptibility patterns and a specific environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review covers the most interesting aspects of the infrequent disease tinea imbricata, including the historical background, the epidemiologic aspects, highlighting the genetic and racial patterns of susceptibility to the acquisition of the disease, and the immunologic aspects that help to explain its clinical behavior. We also present a clinical description of the disease, the differential diagnosis and how currently some other emerging diseases such as syphilis in immunocompromised patients can mimic tinea imbricata. The therapeutic options are still griseofulvin and nowadays terbinafine, but the access to the treatments in the endemic zones and the changes in habits of the affected population make control and prevention of the disease difficult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tinea imbricata, or Tokelau, remains an infrequent superficial mycosis restricted to endemic zones in the South Pacific islands (Polynesia and Melanesia), South Asia and some specific areas of South America. Migration phenomena and global changes in the climate may modify the incidence and characteristics of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycology & Dermatology Service, General Hospital of Mexico DO, Mexico City, Mexico. a_bonifaz@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Alexandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonifaz
authors.forename: Denisse
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vázquez-González
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D014005:Tinea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000472:pathogenicity*