title: Analysis and comparison of the biomechanical properties of univalved and bivalved cast models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fiberglass casts are frequently valved to relieve the pressure associated with upper extremity swelling after a surgical procedure or when applied after reduction of a displaced fracture in a child. Although different opinions exist regarding the valving of casts, no research to date has explored the biomechanical effects of this commonly used technique. As cast integrity is essential for the maintenance of fracture reduction, it is important to understand whether casts are structurally compromised after valving. Understanding the effects of valving on cast integrity may help guide clinicians in the technique of valving while minimizing the potential for a loss of fracture reduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty standardized cylindrical fiberglass cast models were created. Ten models were left intact, 10 were univalved, and 10 were bivalved. All the models were mechanically tested by a 3-point bending apparatus secured to a biaxial materials testing system. Load to failure and bending stiffness were recorded for each sample. Differences in load of failure and bending stiffness were compared among the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unvalved cast models had the highest failure load and bending stiffness, whereas bivalved casts showed the lowest value for both failure load and bending stiffness. Univalved casts had a failure load measured to be between those of unvalved and bivalved cast models. Analysis of variance showed significance when failure load and bending stiffness data among all the groups were compared. A post hoc Bonferroni statistical analysis showed significance in bending stiffness between intact and bivalved models (P < 0.01), intact and univalved models (P < 0.01), but no significant difference in bending stiffness between univalved and bivalved models (P > 0.01). Differences in measured failure load values were found to be statistically significant among all cast models (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Valving significantly decreases the bending stiffness and load to failure of fiberglass casts. Univalved casts have a higher load to failure than bivalved casts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Valving adversely alters the structural integrity of fiberglass casts. This may impair a cast's ability to effectively immobilize an extremity or maintain a fracture reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Colin V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Crickard
authors.forename: Anthony I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Riccio
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Terrence D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002648:Child; D004867:Equipment Design; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000628:therapy*; D005898:Glass; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing
chemical_list: C009753:fiberglass