title: Effects of calcium-fortified ice cream on markers of bone health.
abstract: Premenopausal women with low calcium intakes consumed calcium-fortified ice cream daily for 28 days. Bone markers, NTX, CTX and PTH decreased significantly by 7 days, with some evidence of a calcium dose-dependent effect. Bone marker responses were observed within 1 h of consuming ice cream. Body weight remained constant over 28 days.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dietary calcium is important for lifelong bone health. Milk is a good source of bioavailable calcium, but consumption has declined among young adults. The aims were to determine whether calcium-fortified ice cream, a palatable source of calcium, produces significant, sustainable changes in bone turnover markers and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in premenopausal women with calcium intake below recommended UK levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty women, ages 20-39 years (calcium intake <750 mg/day) were randomised to consume lower saturated fat/sugar ice cream containing 96, 244, 459 or 676 mg calcium daily for 28 days. Urinary NTX/Cr, serum CTX, PINP, 1,25D and PTH were measured (baseline, days 1, 7 and 28). Acute changes in CTX and PTH were measured over 5 h (n = 29 women).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant mean decreases by 7 days in NTX/Cr, CTX, PTH and 1,25D and increases in PINP (one sample t tests), with a significant dose-dependent effect on CTX analysis of covariance. Only CTX remained suppressed at 28 days. Serum CTX and PTH decreased within 1 h. Body weight did not change significantly between baseline and 28 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily consumption of calcium-fortified ice cream by premenopausal women may significantly reduce levels of the bone resorption marker serum CTX, without stimulating weight gain. The ice cream could be incorporated into the diet to replace low-calcium snacks and thus help individuals with habitually low calcium intakes to meet recommended intakes. The 244 mg calcium preparation would provide more than a quarter of the UK daily recommended nutrient intake for premenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield NIHR Bone Biomedical Research Unit, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospital Foundation Trust, Centre for Biomedical Research, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, South Yorkshire, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrar
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van der Hee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miret
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bradburn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eastell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007054:Ice Cream; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D024042:Collagen Type I; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010455:Peptides; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide