title: High prevalence of humoral immunodeficiency patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and contribution of humoral immunodeficiency in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (RCRS). This study was performed at a tertiary care academic referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  RCRS patients who had at least three episodes of documented sinusitis in the previous year despite antibiotic therapy, who had endoscopic sinus surgery performed at University of Iowa Health Care (UIHC), and who were evaluated by the UIHC Adult Immune Disorder Clinic were included. Exclusion criteria included allergic fungal sinusitis, human immunodeficiency virus, and other causes of secondary immunodeficiency. Sixty-seven patients fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of their immunologic evaluation for atopy and humoral immune function were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of these patients was 50 years (±11.6 years). Twenty-eight (42%) patients had at least one positive result on allergy skin testing. Determination of quantitative immunoglobulins showed low IgG in 9%, low IgA in 3%, and low IgM in 12% of patients. Common variable immunodeficiency was diagnosed in one case. Immunoglobulin G subclasses were tested in 31 cases and found low in 6 patients. Fifty-one patients underwent a dynamic assessment of their antibody response by examining the increase in antibody titer to an unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Sixty-seven percent of patients failed to produce more than a fourfold increase in postimmunization antibody titer for >7 of 14 serotypes being tested and were considered to have functional antibody deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective review shows an unexpectedly high prevalence of humoral immune dysfunction in patients with RCRS. These findings suggest that assessment of immune function should be undertaken routinely in RCRS. Immune assessment should first include measurement of serum immunoglobulin levels; if these are normal, then functional antibody responses should be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA.
authors.forename: Mohannad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alqudah
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Zuhair K
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Ballas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017074:Common Variable Immunodeficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D015995:Prevalence; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines