title: Language-specific dysgraphia in Korean stroke patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated how changes in the writing of 14 Korean stroke patients reflect the unique features of the Korean writing system.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Korean writing system, Han-geul, has both linguistic and visuospatial/constructive characteristics. In the visuospatial construction of a syllable, the component consonant(s) and vowel(s) must be arranged from top-to-bottom and/or left-to-right within the form of a square. This syllabic organization, unique to Korean writing, may distinguish dysgraphia in Korean patients from the disorder in other languages, and reveal the effects of stroke on visuospatial/constructive abilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 2 groups of patients affected by stroke, 1 group with left hemisphere (LH) lesions and the other with right hemisphere (RH) lesions. We instructed them to write from a dictation of 90 monosyllabic stimuli, each presented with a real word cue. Patients had to repeat a target syllable and a word cue, and then to write the target syllable only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with LH and RH lesions produced qualitatively different error patterns. While the LH lesion group produced primarily linguistic errors, visuospatial/constructive errors predominated in the group with RH lesions. With regard to language-specific features, these Korean patients with RH lesions produced diverse visuospatial/constructive errors not commonly observed in dysgraphia of the English language.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Language-specific writing errors by Korean stroke patients reflect the unique characteristics of Korean writing, which include the arrangement of strokes and graphemes within a square syllabic form by dimensional and spatial rules. These findings support the notion that the Korean writing system possesses a language-specific nature with both linguistic and visuospatial/constructive processes. Distinctive patterns of dysgraphia in the Korean language also suggest interactivity between linguistic and visuospatial/constructive levels of processing. This study is noteworthy for its systematic description of Korean dysgraphia in the largest group of patients studied to date.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Speech and Language Pathology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Mee Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: HyangHee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000381:Agraphia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001037:Aphasia / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D011932:Reading; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*