title: The 'spiteful' origins of human cooperation.
abstract: We analyse generosity, second-party ('spiteful') punishment (2PP), and third-party ('altruistic') punishment (3PP) in a cross-cultural experimental economics project. We show that smaller societies are less generous in the Dictator Game but no less prone to 2PP in the Ultimatum Game. We might assume people everywhere would be more willing to punish someone who hurt them directly (2PP) than someone who hurt an anonymous third person (3PP). While this is true of small societies, people in large societies are actually more likely to engage in 3PP than 2PP. Strong reciprocity, including generous offers and 3PP, exists mostly in large, complex societies that face numerous challenging collective action problems. We argue that 'spiteful' 2PP, motivated by the basic emotion of anger, is more universal than 3PP and sufficient to explain the origins of human cooperation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK. frank.marlowe@gmail.com
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Marlowe
authors.forename: J Colette
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Berbesque
authors.forename: Clark
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bolyanatz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurven
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tracer
mesh_terms: D000533:Altruism; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005716:Game Theory; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D009042:Motivation; D011156:Population Density; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology