title: A late-phase, long-term memory trace forms in the γ neurons of Drosophila mushroom bodies after olfactory classical conditioning.
abstract: Using functional optical imaging in vivo, we demonstrate that the γ mushroom body (MB) neurons of Drosophila melanogaster respond with axonal calcium influx when odors or electric shock stimuli are presented to the fly. Pairing of odor and electric shock stimuli in a single training trial or multiple, massed training trials failed to modify the odor-evoked calcium signal when flies were tested at several different times after training. In contrast, animals that received multiple but spaced odor-shock pairings exhibited a robust increase in calcium influx into the MB axons when tested between 18 and 48 h after training. This time window for the γ neuron memory trace is displaced relative to the modifications that occur between 9 and 24 h after training in the α branch of the α/β MB neurons. The α/β and the γ neuron long-term memory traces were both blocked by expressing a repressor of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein or a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II hairpin RNA. These results demonstrate that behavioral long-term olfactory memory is encoded as modifications of calcium influx into distinct MB neurons during overlapping but different windows of time after training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: David-Benjamin G
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Akalal
authors.forename: Dinghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D050882:CREB-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004330:Drosophila; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D052139:Intracellular Calcium-Sensing Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D057567:Memory, Long-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D024521:Mushroom Bodies / Q000166:cytology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009812:Odorants; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052139:Intracellular Calcium-Sensing Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D050882:CREB-Binding Protein; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2