title: Effects of direct-to-consumer advertising and clinical guidelines on appropriate use of human papillomavirus DNA tests.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both clinical guidelines and direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising influence the use of new health care technologies, but little is known about their relative effects. The introduction of a cervical cancer screening test in 2000 offered a unique opportunity to assess the 2 strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of clinical guidelines and a targeted DTC advertising campaign on overall and appropriate use of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental study using difference-in-differences analysis. Data were MarketScan private insurance claims for 500,000 women aged 21 to 64 enrolled at least 12 consecutive months from January 2001 through December 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both clinical guidelines and DTC advertising were associated with increases in overall HPV DNA test use. DTC advertising was associated with a statistically significant increase in HPV DNA test use in 2 groups of DTC cities (+5.57%, P < 0.0001; +2.54%, P < 0.0001). DTC advertising was associated with comparable increases in the probability of appropriate and inappropriate use of the HPV DNA test in primary screening. Clinical guideline releases from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and by a cosponsored panel, were associated with greater increases in HPV DNA tests for appropriate primary screening than for inappropriate primary screening (β = 0.3347, P < 0.05 and β = 0.4175, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DTC advertising was associated with increased overall use of a cervical cancer screening test, whereas clinical guidelines were differentially associated with increased appropriate use. These findings suggest distinct influences of consumer marketing and professional guidelines on the use of health care products and services.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. ranhangp@rand.org
authors.forename: Rebecca Anhang
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: Sue J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Goldie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000379:methods; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007344:Insurance Claim Reporting / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008389:Marketing of Health Services; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral