title: Direct projections from the caudal vestibular nuclei to the ventrolateral medulla in the rat.
abstract: While the basic pathways mediating vestibulo-ocular, -spinal, and -collic reflexes have been described in detail, little is known about vestibular projections to central autonomic sites. Previous studies have primarily focused on projections from the caudal vestibular region to solitary, vagal and parabrachial nuclei, but have noted a sparse innervation of the ventrolateral medulla. Since a direct pathway from the vestibular nuclei to the rostral ventrolateral medulla would provide a morphological substrate for rapid modifications in blood pressure, heart rate and respiration with changes in posture and locomotion, the present study examined anatomical evidence for this pathway using anterograde and retrograde tract tracing and immunofluorescence detection in brainstem sections of the rat medulla. The results provide anatomical evidence for direct pathways from the caudal vestibular nuclear complex to the rostral and caudal ventrolateral medullary regions. The projections are conveyed by fine and highly varicose axons that ramify bilaterally, with greater terminal densities present ipsilateral to the injection site and more rostrally in the ventrolateral medulla. In the rostral ventrolateral medulla, these processes are highly branched and extremely varicose, primarily directed toward the somata and proximal dendrites of non-catecholaminergic neurons, with minor projections to the distal dendrites of catecholaminergic cells. In the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the axons of vestibular nucleus neurons are more modestly branched with fewer varicosities, and their endings are contiguous with both the perikarya and dendrites of catecholamine-containing neurons. These data suggest that vestibular neurons preferentially target the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and can thereby provide a morphological basis for a short latency vestibulo-sympathetic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. gay.holstein@mssm.edu
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Holstein
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kukielka
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Martinelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D056347:Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D056325:Neuronal Tract-Tracers / Q000378:metabolism; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D013266:Stilbamidines / Q000378:metabolism; D014726:Vestibular Nuclei / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C049774:2-hydroxy-4,4'-diamidinostilbene, methanesulfonate salt; D056325:Neuronal Tract-Tracers; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D013266:Stilbamidines; C100156:leukoagglutinins, plants