title: Matrix solid phase dispersion-assisted BCR sequential extraction method for metal partitioning in surface estuarine sediments.
abstract: The BCR (the Community Bureau of Reference) of the European Union sequential extraction scheme for metal partitioning in estuarine sediments has been accelerated by using a matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) approach. The MSPD assisted BCR procedure consists of passing the extractants proposed by conventional BCR protocol (0.11 M acetic acid, 0.1M hydroxylammonium chloride and 8.8M hydrogen peroxide plus 1M ammonium acetate) through the dispersed sample packaged inside a disposable syringe. Different silica-, magnesium- and aluminium-based materials were tested as dispersing agents and sea sand was found to offer the best performances. Variables for assisting the three stages of the BCR protocol were optimized, and accurate results were obtained when assisting the first and the third stages (exchangeable and oxidizable fractions, respectively). However, lack of accuracy was observed when assisting the second step (reducible fraction) and this result agrees with most of the assisted BCR procedures for which extracting the reducible fraction is the most troublesome stage. The organic matter oxidation (third stage) was successfully assisted by passing hydrogen peroxide at 50°C through the dispersed sample inside de syringe just before passing ammonium acetate. Therefore, the time-consuming and unsafe conventional organic matter oxidation processes, commonly performed even for microwave/ultrasounds assisted BCR procedures, are totally avoided. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used as a selective detector. The target elements were Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sr and Zn (first stage), Cd, Co and Ni (second stage), and Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sr and Zn (third stage). Repeatability of the method (n=7) was good, and RSDs values of 9, 10, 10, 8, 8, 3 and 8% was obtained for Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sr and Zn, respectively (first stage); 10, 9 and 9% for Cd, Co and Ni, respectively (second stage); and 6, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9% Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sr and Zn, respectively (third stage). The procedure was also validated by analysing two certified reference materials (CRM 601 and CRM 701). Good accuracy was obtained for the target elements extracted at the first stage: Cd (4.0 ± 0.1 and 7.3 ± 0.09 μg g(-1) in CRM 601 and CRM 701, respectively), Cr (0.36 ± 0.008 and 2.21 ± 0.08 μg g(-1) in CRM 601 and CRM 701, respectively), Ni (8.0 ± 0.3 and 15.4 ± 0.3 μg g(-1) in CRM 601 and CRM 701, respectively) and Zn (262 ± 3 and 203 ± 3 μg g(-1) in CRM 601 and CRM 701, respectively). Also, good accuracy was observed for elements extracted at the third step: Cd (1.8 ± 0.09 and 0.29 ± 0.03 μg g(-1) in CRM 601 and CRM 701, respectively), Cr (145 ± 4 μg g(-1) in CRM 701), Ni (8.2 ± 0.7 and 15.1 ± 0.5 μg g(-1) in CRM 601 and CRM 701, respectively) and Zn (45 ± 0.7 μg g(-1) in CRM 701).
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n. 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Fernández
authors.forename: María Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Barciela-Alonso
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreda-Piñeiro
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bermejo-Barrera
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D019811:Hydroxylamine / Q000737:chemistry; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008670:Metals; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D019811:Hydroxylamine; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019342:Acetic Acid; C018824:ammonium acetate