title: The relationship between endotoxemia and hepatic endocannabinoids in cirrhotic rats with portal hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cirrhosis is characterized by endotoxemia and increased intrahepatic resistance, which is caused by hepatic fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction, as well as the activated endocannabinoids system, including cannabinoid (CB(1) and CB(2)) receptors. Besides accelerating hepatic fibrogenesis, endotoxins induce the release of circulating endocannabinoids and portal hypertension in cirrhosis. This study examines how suppression of endotoxemia by antibiotics affects intrahepatic resistance and the hepatic endocannabinoid system in bile-duct-ligated (BDL) rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements were performed that included: mean arterial pressure, cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance, superior mesenteric arterial blood flow and resistance, PVP, plasma endotoxin and hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, hepatic expression of cannabinoid receptors, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), phospho-eNOS, Akt, phospho-Akt and thromboxane synthase (TXS), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), hepatic fibrosis, and leukocyte infiltration. Hepatic endothelial dysfunction was evaluated in BDL rats receiving vehicle (BDL-V) or 2-weeks of ciprofloxacin (BDL-cipro).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma endotoxin and hepatic TNFα, anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, expression of TXS, MMP-2, TIMP-2, hepatic fibrosis and infiltration of hepatic leukocytes, CI, PVP and intrahepatic resistance were significantly lower in BDL-cipro than in BDL-V rats. Conversely, systemic vascular resistance, eNOS and Akt phosphorylation were significantly higher in BDL-cipro than in BDL-V rats. Improvement of hepatic endothelial dysfunction was associated with lower expression of hepatic CB(1) and a higher expression of hepatic CB(2) in BDL-cipro rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cirrhotic rats, ciprofloxacin suppressed endotoxemia and the hepatic endocannabinoid system thus ameliorating hyperdynamic circulation and decreased intrahepatic resistance by preventing hepatic fibrogenesis and endothelial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan. hclin@vghtpe.gov.tw
authors.forename: Han-Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ying-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tung-Hu
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Chih-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yi-Tsau
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Fa-Yauh
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tze-Tze
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shou-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; D002939:Ciprofloxacin