title: Cancer prevention and health promotion for people with intellectual disabilities: an exploratory study of staff knowledge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are living longer, their chances of developing cancer also increases. However, recognising the early signs and symptoms of cancer in a population with cognitive impairment and communication difficulties poses difficulties for both family carers and professional care staff. Engagement in health promotion and cancer prevention activities is also a challenge; yet, people with ID have an equal right to these important public services as other members of the population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine how care staff engaged in cancer prevention and health promotion activities on behalf of people with ID.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an exploratory descriptive study using a postal survey design employing a questionnaire. Fifteen residential facilities for adults with ID were targeted within one geographic region of the UK. In total, 40 residential staff completed a questionnaire about their knowledge of the risk and protective factors of stomach, breast, cervical and testicular cancer. Staff then completed questionnaires regarding 90 adults with ID, recording details about body mass index (BMI), lifestyle choices (i.e. smoking, dietary intake), Helicobacter pylori testing, family history of cancer and staff's health promotion and cancer prevention activities with these individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The women with ID were reported to have significantly higher BMIs than the men with ID and only two people with ID had been tested for the H. pylori infection: potential risk factors for developing breast and stomach cancer, respectively. The majority of the staff reported that they did not receive training in cancer prevention. Likewise, the majority of the staff reported that they were unaware of the family histories of the people with ID in their care. Reports varied with how staff engaged with people with ID regarding stomach, breast, cervical and testicular cancer health promotion activities and cancer screening opportunities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of this study show that health promotion and cancer prevention activities for people with ID may be less than optimal. The importance of staff training in order to raise knowledge and awareness is highlighted. Educating both staff and people with ID about the early signs and symptoms of cancer and the importance of a healthy lifestyle as a protective factor may help lead to more informed healthier lifestyle choices and lower cancer risk and morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nursing Research, School of Nursing, University of Ulster, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taggart
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cousins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019989:Persons with Intellectual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011314:Preventive Health Services; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index