title: Assessing the daily consistency of bladder filling using an ultrasonic Bladderscan device in men receiving radical conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Consistency in target organ and organ at risk position from planning to treatment is an important basic principle of radiotherapy. This study evaluates the effectiveness of bladder-filling instructions in achieving a consistent and reproducible bladder volume at the time of planning CT and daily during the course of radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer. It also assessed the rate of bladder filling before and at the end of radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 men attending for radiation therapy planning for prostate cancer received written and verbal bladder-filling instructions. They had their bladder volume assessed using a bladder ultrasound scanner post-void, immediately prior to planning CT scan and then daily immediately prior to treatment while in the therapy position. The inflow was calculated using the void and full bladder volumes and the time for the bladder to fill.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean bladder volume at the time of planning was 282 ml (range 89-608 ml, standard deviation (SD) = 144.5 ml). This fell during treatment, with a mean value for all treatments of 189 ml (range 11-781 ml, SD = 134 ml). During radiotherapy, 76% (828/1090), 53% (579/1090) and 36% (393/1090) of bladder volumes had >50 ml, >100 ml and >150 ml difference, respectively when compared with their volume at the time of planning. Inflow reduced from 4.6 ml min(-1), SD = 2.9 min(-1) at planning to 2.5 min(-1), SD = 1.8 min(-1) after radiotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Bladderscan device (BVI 6400 Bladderscan, Verathon Medical UK, Sandford, UK) provides an effective means of assessing bladder volume prior to radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The evaluated bladder-filling protocol does not produce consistent, reproducible bladder volumes for radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Radiotherapy Department, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hynds
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: McGarry
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Early
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shum
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Harney
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D009929:Organ Size; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology