title: An exploration of lifestyle beliefs and lifestyle behaviour following stroke: findings from a focus group study of patients and family members.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke is a major cause of disability and family disruption and carries a high risk of recurrence. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of recurrence include smoking, unhealthy diet, excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity. Guidelines recommend that secondary prevention interventions, which include the active provision of lifestyle information, should be initiated in hospital, and continued by community-based healthcare professionals (HCPs) following discharge. However, stroke patients report receiving little/no lifestyle information.There is a limited evidence-base to guide the development and delivery of effective secondary prevention lifestyle interventions in the stroke field. This study, which was underpinned by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, sought to explore the beliefs and perceptions of patients and family members regarding the provision of lifestyle information following stroke. We also explored the influence of beliefs and attitudes on behaviour. We believe that an understanding of these issues is required to inform the content and delivery of effective secondary prevention lifestyle interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used purposive sampling to recruit participants through voluntary sector organizations (29 patients, including 7 with aphasia; 20 family members). Using focus group methods, data were collected in four regions of Scotland (8 group discussions) and were analysed thematically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although many participants initially reported receiving no lifestyle information, further exploration revealed that most had received written information. However, it was often provided when people were not receptive, there was no verbal reinforcement, and family members were rarely involved, even when the patient had aphasia. Participants believed that information and advice regarding healthy lifestyle behaviour was often confusing and contradictory and that this influenced their behavioural intentions. Family members and peers exerted both positive and negative influences on behavioural patterns. The influence of HCPs was rarely mentioned. Participants' sense of control over lifestyle issues was influenced by the effects of stroke (e.g. depression, reduced mobility) and access to appropriate resources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For secondary prevention interventions to be effective, HCPs must understand psychological processes and influences, and use appropriate behaviour change theories to inform their content and delivery. Primary care professionals have a key role to play in the delivery of lifestyle interventions.
authors.affiliation: Glasgow Caledonian University, Scotland, UK. margaret.lawrence@gcu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paton
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000359:Aftercare / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation