title: Injury-adjusted mortality of patients transported by police following penetrating trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than a decade ago, the city of Philadelphia began allowing police transport of penetrating trauma patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine the relation between prehospital mode of transport (police department [PD] vs. Philadelphia Fire Department (PFD) emergency medical services [EMS]) and survival in subjects with proximal penetrating trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected trauma registry data. All subjects who sustained proximal penetrating trauma and who presented to a Level I urban trauma center over a 5-year period (January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2007) were included. Mortality for subjects presenting by EMS was compared to that of those who arrived by PD transport in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Unadjusted analyses were performed using the chi-square test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Student's t-test. Adjusted analyses were performed using logistic regression using the Trauma Injury Severity Score (TRISS) methodology. Data are presented as percentages, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Total hospital length of stay was examined as a secondary outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,127 subjects, 26.8% were transported to the emergency department (ED) by PD, and 73.2% by EMS. The mean(±standard deviation [SD]) age of PD subjects was 26.3 (±9.1) years and 92% were male versus EMS subjects whose mean (±SD) age was 31.5 (±11.8) years and of whom 87% were male. Overall, 70.8% sustained a gunshot wound (GSW), and 29.2% sustained a stab wound (SW). Overall Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 11.21 (ISS for PD, 14.2±17.5; for EMS, 10.1±14.5; p<0.001), and 16.6% of the subjects died (PD, 21.4±0.41%; EMS, 14.8±0.36%; p<0.001). In unadjusted analyses, PD subjects were more likely to die than EMS subjects (OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.2 to 2.0; p<0.001). When adjusting for injury severity using TRISS, there was no difference in survival between PD and EMS subjects (OR=1.01, 95% CI=0.63 to 1.61). Median length of hospital stay was 1 day and did not differ according to mode of prehospital transport (p=0.159).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although unadjusted mortality appears to be higher in PD subjects, these findings are explained by the more severely injured population transported by PD. The current practice of permitting police officers to transport penetrating trauma patients should be continued.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. roger.band@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Band
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pryor
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Gaieski
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Brendan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D015143:Philadelphia; D016495:Police / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014187:Transportation of Patients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000401:mortality*; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000401:mortality*; D055815:Young Adult