title: Manufacturing and in vivo inner ear visualization of MRI traceable liposome nanoparticles encapsulating gadolinium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of inner ear diseases remains a problem because of limited passage through the blood-inner ear barriers and lack of control with the delivery of treatment agents by intravenous or oral administration. As a minimally-invasive approach, intratympanic delivery of multifunctional nanoparticles (MFNPs) carrying genes or drugs to the inner ear is a future therapy for treating inner ear diseases, including sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and Meniere's disease. In an attempt to track the dynamics and distribution of nanoparticles in vivo, here we describe manufacturing MRI traceable liposome nanoparticles by encapsulating gadolinium-tetra-azacyclo-dodecane-tetra-acetic acid (Gd-DOTA) (abbreviated as LPS+Gd-DOTA) and their distribution in the inner ear after either intratympanic or intracochlear administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements of relaxivities (r1 and r2) showed that LPS+Gd-DOTA had efficient visible signal characteristics for MRI. In vivo studies demonstrated that LPS+Gd-DOTA with 130 nm size were efficiently taken up by the inner ear at 3 h after transtympanic injection and disappeared after 24 h. With intracochlear injection, LPS+Gd-DOTA were visualized to distribute throughout the inner ear, including the cochlea and vestibule with fast dynamics depending on the status of the perilymph circulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel LPS+Gd-DOTA were visible by MRI in the inner ear in vivo demonstrating transport from the middle ear to the inner ear and with dynamics that correlated to the status of the perilymph circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland. Jing.Zou@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ranjan
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poe
authors.forename: Usama A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: Paavo Kj
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.forename: Ilmari
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pyykkö