title: Source water quality effects on monochloramine inactivation of adenovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and murine norovirus.
abstract: There is a need for more information regarding monochloramine disinfection efficacy for viruses in water. In this study, monochloramine disinfection efficacy was investigated for coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), echovirus 11 (E11), murine norovirus (MNV), and human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) in one untreated ground water and two partially treated surface waters. Duplicate disinfection experiments were completed at pH 7 and 8 in source water at concentrations of 1 and 3 mg/L monochloramine at 5 and 15 °C. The Efficiency Factor Hom (EFH) model was used to calculate CT values (mg-min/L) required to achieve 2-, 3-, and 4-log(10) reductions in viral titers. In all water types, monochloramine disinfection was most effective for MNV, with 3-log(10) CT values at 5 °C ranging from 27 to 110. Monochloramine disinfection was least effective for HAdV2 and E11, depending on water type, with 3-log(10) CT values at 5 °C ranging from 1200 to 3300 and 810 to 2300, respectively. Overall, disinfection proceeded faster at 15 °C and pH 7 for all water types. Inactivation of the study viruses was significantly different between water types, but there was no indication that overall disinfection efficacy was enhanced or inhibited in any one water type. CT values for HAdV2 in two types of source water exceeded federal CT value recommendations in the US. The results of this study demonstrate that water quality impacts the inactivation of viruses and should be considered when developing chloramination plans.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop D-66, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. akahler@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.forename: Theresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Cromeans
authors.forename: Jacquelin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Vincent R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D002700:Chloramines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004219:District of Columbia; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D005845:Georgia; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013696:Temperature; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014867:Water / Q000592:standards*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D014867:Water; C030816:chloramine