title: Chinese familial tradition and Western influence: a case study in Singapore on decision making at the end of life.
abstract: Decision making for an incompetent patient at the end of life is difficult for both family members and physicians alike. Often, palliative care teams are tasked with weaving through opinions, emotions, and goals in search for an amenable solution. Occasionally, these situations get challenging. We present the case of an elderly Chinese Singaporean with metastatic cancer, whose family and physicians had conflicting goals of care. The former was adamant on treating the patient's disease with an untested drug, whereas the latter aimed to treat his symptoms with more conventional medication. Drug-drug interactions prevented treatment with both. Beginning with a discussion of the patient's best interest, we delve into the Singaporean context to show how culture affects medical decision making. Confucianism and filial piety are the values on which this family's workings were based. In an analysis of what this entails, we attempt to explain the significant and assertive family involvement in the decision-making process and their insistence on using novel medications, having exhausted conventional interventions. Within this mix were Western influences, too. Through the Internet, family members have become more informed and empowered in decision making, wresting the traditional paternalistic role of physicians in favor of "patient autonomy." An understanding of such dynamic facets will help better tailor culturally appropriate approaches to such complex situations.
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore. marcho@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Zheng Jie Marc
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Lalit Kumar
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Radha Krishna
authors.forename: Chung Pheng Alethea
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Yee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003469:Culture; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics*; D034462:Dissent and Disputes; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000941:ethics; D010358:Patient Participation; D028701:Patient Rights; D011368:Professional-Family Relations / Q000941:ethics*; D012846:Singapore; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics*