title: Microcystin production and ecological physiology of Caribbean black band disease cyanobacteria.
abstract: Molecular studies of black band disease (BBD), a coral disease found on tropical and subtropical reefs worldwide, have shown that one 16S rRNA gene sequence is ubiquitous. This sequence has been reported to be a member of the cyanobacterial genus Oscillatoria. In this study, extracts of two cultured laboratory strains of BBD Oscillatoria, and for comparison two strains of BBD Geitlerinema, all isolated from reefs of the wider Caribbean, were analysed using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Quad Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) was found in all strains, and one Geitlerinema strain additionally produced MC-YR. Growth experiments that monitored toxin production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that BBD Oscillatoria produced yields of MC-LR equivalent (0.02-0.04 mg g(-1)) independent of biomass and culture conditions (varying temperature, pH, light and organic carbon). This pattern is different from BBD Geitlerinema, which increased production of MC-LR equivalent in the presence of organic carbon in the light and dark and at a relatively lower temperature. These results indicate that different species and strains of BBD cyanobacteria, which can occur in the same BBD infection, may contribute to BBD pathobiology by producing different toxins and different amounts of toxin at different stages in the disease process. This is the first detailed study of laboratory cultures of the ubiquitous BBD cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. isolated from Caribbean reefs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stanić
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oehrle
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gantar
authors.forename: Laurie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000382:microbiology*; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018533:Biomass; D017691:Caribbean Region; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D054300:Oscillatoria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C429749:eimepsin; C057862:cyanoginosin LR