title: Neurocognitive functioning in acute or early HIV infection.
abstract: We examined neurocognitive functioning among persons with acute or early HIV infection (AEH) and hypothesized that the neurocognitive performance of AEH individuals would be intermediate between HIV seronegatives (HIV-) and those with chronic HIV infection. Comprehensive neurocognitive testing was accomplished with 39 AEH, 63 chronically HIV infected, and 38 HIV- participants. All AEH participants were HIV infected for less than 1 year. Average domain deficit scores were calculated in seven neurocognitive domains. HIV-, AEH, and chronically HIV infected groups were ranked from best (rank of 1) to worst (rank of 3) in each domain. All participants received detailed substance use, neuromedical, and psychiatric evaluations and HIV infected persons provided information on antiretroviral treatment and completed laboratory evaluations including plasma and CSF viral loads. A nonparametric test of ordered alternatives (Page test), and the appropriate nonparametric follow-up test, was used to evaluate level of neuropsychological (NP) functioning across and between groups. The median duration of infection for the AEH group was 16 weeks [interquartile range, IQR: 10.3-40.7] as compared to 4.9 years [2.8-11.1] in the chronic HIV group. A Page test using ranks of average scores in the seven neurocognitive domains showed a significant monotonic trend with the best neurocognitive functioning in the HIV- group (mean rank = 1.43), intermediate neurocognitive functioning in the AEH group (mean rank = 1.71), and the worst in the chronically HIV infected (mean rank = 2.86; L statistic = 94, p < 0.01); however, post-hoc testing comparing neurocognitive impairment of each group against each of the other groups showed that the chronically infected group was significantly different from both the HIV- and AEH groups on neurocognitive performance; the AEH group was statistically indistinguishable from the HIV- group. Regression models among HIV infected participants were unable to identify significant predictors of neurocognitive performance. Neurocognitive functioning was worst among persons with chronic HIV infection. Although a significant monotonic trend existed and patterns of the data suggest the AEH individuals may fall intermediate to HIV- and chronic participants, we were not able to statistically confirm this hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA. djmoore@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Letendre
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Anya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umlauf
authors.forename: Reena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: Davey M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gouaux
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leblanc
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosario
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fennema-Notestine
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: J Hampton
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult