title: Ablation of rat TRPV1-expressing Adelta/C-fibers with resiniferatoxin: analysis of withdrawal behaviors, recovery of function and molecular correlates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ablation of TRPV1-expressing nociceptive fibers with the potent capsaicin analog resiniferatoxin (RTX) results in long lasting pain relief. RTX is particularly adaptable to focal application, and the induced chemical axonopathy leads to analgesia with a duration that is influenced by dose, route of administration, and the rate of fiber regeneration. TRPV1 is expressed in a subpopulation of unmyelinated C- and lightly myelinated Adelta fibers that detect changes in skin temperature at low and high rates of noxious heating, respectively. Here we investigate fiber-type specific behaviors, their time course of recovery and molecular correlates of axon damage and nociception using infrared laser stimuli following an RTX-induced peripheral axonopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RTX was injected into rat hind paws (mid-plantar) to produce thermal hypoalgesia. An infrared diode laser was used to stimulate Adelta fibers in the paw with a small-diameter (1.6 mm), high-energy, 100 msec pulse, or C-fibers with a wide-diameter (5 mm), long-duration, low-energy pulse. We monitored behavioral responses to indicate loss and regeneration of fibers. At the site of injection, responses to C-fiber stimuli were significantly attenuated for two weeks after 5 or 50 ng RTX. Responses to Adelta stimuli were significantly attenuated for two weeks at the highest intensity stimulus, and for 5 weeks to a less intense Adelta stimulus. Stimulation on the toe, a site distal to the injection, showed significant attenuation of Adelta responses for 7- 8 weeks after 5 ng, or 9-10 weeks after 50 ng RTX. In contrast, responses to C-fiber stimuli exhibited basically normal responses at 5 weeks after RTX. During the period of fiber loss and recovery, molecular markers for nerve regeneration (ATF3 and galanin) are upregulated in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) when behavior is maximally attenuated, but markers of nociceptive activity (c-Fos in spinal cord and MCP-1 in DRG), although induced immediately after RTX treatment, returned to normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral recovery following peripheral RTX treatment is linked to regeneration of TRPV1-expressing Adelta and C-fibers and sustained expression of molecular markers. Infrared laser stimulation is a potentially valuable tool for evaluating the behavioral role of Adelta fibers in pain and pain control.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kendall
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Madian
authors.forename: Gal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haspel
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Nemenov
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Iadarola
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005528:Foot; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000187:drug effects*; D036421:Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated / Q000187:drug effects*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D009498:Neurotoxins; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D009498:Neurotoxins; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C493922:Trpv1 protein, rat; C024353:resiniferatoxin