title: Advances in quantifying air-sea gas exchange and environmental forcing.
abstract: The past decade has seen a substantial amount of research on air-sea gas exchange and its environmental controls. These studies have significantly advanced the understanding of processes that control gas transfer, led to higher quality field measurements, and improved estimates of the flux of climate-relevant gases between the ocean and atmosphere. This review discusses the fundamental principles of air-sea gas transfer and recent developments in gas transfer theory, parameterizations, and measurement techniques in the context of the exchange of carbon dioxide. However, much of this discussion is applicable to any sparingly soluble, non-reactive gas. We show how the use of global variables of environmental forcing that have recently become available and gas exchange relationships that incorporate the main forcing factors will lead to improved estimates of global and regional air-sea gas fluxes based on better fundamental physical, chemical, and biological foundations.
authors.affiliation: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida 33149, USA. Rik.Wanninkhof@noaa.gov
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanninkhof
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Colm
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Wade R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: McGillis
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D057486:Carbon Cycle; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide