title: Outcome quantification using SPHARM-PDM toolbox in orthognathic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quantification of surgical outcomes in longitudinal studies has led to significant progress in the treatment of dentofacial deformity, both by offering options to patients who might not otherwise have been recommended for treatment and by clarifying the selection of appropriate treatment methods. Most existing surgical treatments have not been assessed in a systematic way. This paper presents the quantification of surgical outcomes in orthognathic surgery via our localized shape analysis framework.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our setting, planning and surgical simulation is performed using the surgery planning software CMFapp. We then employ the SPHARM-PDM to measure the difference between pre-surgery and virtually simulated post-surgery models. This SPHARM-PDM shape framework is validated for use with craniofacial structures via simulating known 3D surgical changes within CMFapp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that SPHARM-PDM analysis accurately measures surgical displacements, compared with known displacement values. Visualization of color maps of virtually simulated surgical displacements describe corresponding surface distances that precisely describe location of changes, and difference vectors indicate directionality and magnitude of changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPHARM-PDM-based quantification of surgical outcome is feasible. When compared to prior solutions, our method has the potential to make the surgical planning process more flexible, increase the level of detail and accuracy of the plan, yield higher operative precision and control and enhance the follow-up and documentation of clinical cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. beatriz_paniagua@dentistry.unc.edu
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paniagua
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cevidanes
authors.forename: Hongtu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Styner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D016896:Treatment Outcome