title: Evaluation of pain following supratentorial craniotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Craniotomy is considered less painful than other surgical procedures and supratentorial surgeries are thought to be the least painful among them. We studied the intensity of pain in the postoperative period following a supratentorial craniotomy while using oral paracetamol as the sole analgesic. The effect of temporalis muscle incision on the intensity of pain was also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study over 6 months, 43 patients with a pre-operative Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score 15/15, aged  >16 years who underwent a supratentorial craniotomy and were admitted to neurosurgical ICU were included in the study. Patients with a postoperative GCS score of  <15 on admission to the ICU were excluded from the study. All patients received oral paracetamol for pain relief. Postoperative pain scale was used in the first hour to assess pain objectively. Visual analogue scale was used thereafter to record pain at 8, 12, 24 and 48 h post-craniotomy. Patients were familiarised with these scales preoperatively. Postoperative pain scores were compared with preoperative scores using paired T test, whereas significance of temporalis muscle involvement in incision for increased post-craniotomy pain was evaluated using Fischer's exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inadequate analgesia was complained of by 63% (n = 27) patients in the first 12 h postoperatively. However, severe pain was present only in 12% (n = 5) of patients. Incidence of pain decreased thereafter at 24 and 48 h. Twenty-seven percent (n = 12) patients were free of pain at all study periods. Fifty percent (n = 3) of patients who complained of significant pain beyond 12 h developed postoperative complications. Incision of temporalis muscle was not associated with a significant increase in severity of postoperative pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain following craniotomy is adequately addressed in only about 27% of patients with oral paracetamol. However, the long-term analgesic effect is satisfactory. Persistence of pain of moderate or severe intensity 24 h after a craniotomy could suggest an impending postoperative complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Vedantam
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rajshekhar
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000082:Acetaminophen