title: Level-set segmentation of pulmonary nodules in megavolt electronic portal images using a CT prior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulmonary nodules present unique problems during radiation treatment due to nodule position uncertainty that is caused by respiration. The radiation field has to be enlarged to account for nodule motion during treatment. The purpose of this work is to provide a method of locating a pulmonary nodule in a megavolt portal image that can be used to reduce the internal target volume (ITV) during radiation therapy. A reduction in the ITV would result in a decrease in radiation toxicity to healthy tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer were used in this study. CT scans that include the pulmonary nodule were captured with a GE Healthcare LightSpeed RT 16 scanner. Megavolt portal images were acquired with a Varian Trilogy unit equipped with an AS1000 electronic portal imaging device. The nodule localization method uses grayscale morphological filtering and level-set segmentation with a prior. The treatment-time portion of the algorithm is implemented on a graphical processing unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The method was retrospectively tested on eight cases that include a total of 151 megavolt portal image frames. The method reduced the nodule position uncertainty by an average of 40% for seven out of the eight cases. The treatment phase portion of the method has a subsecond execution time that makes it suitable for near-real-time nodule localization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A method was developed to localize a pulmonary nodule in a megavolt portal image. The method uses the characteristics of the nodule in a prior CT scan to enhance the nodule in the portal image and to identify the nodule region by level-set segmentation. In a retrospective study, the method reduced the nodule position uncertainty by an average of 40% for seven out of the eight cases studied.
authors.affiliation: Carestream Health Inc., Rochester, New York 14615, USA. jay.schildkraut@carestreamhealth.com
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schildkraut
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prosser
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savakis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nazareth
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: H K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003196:Computer Graphics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009038:Motion; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012984:Software; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*