title: Adaptation of wheat and protein-mineral concentrate intakes by individual hens fed ad libitum in sequential or in loose-mix systems.
abstract: 1. Feed intake and performance of birds given sequential or loose-mix feeding was investigated from 19 to 42 weeks of age. A complete diet was fed as control (C). A balancer diet (50) was fed either sequentially (S50) or in a loose-mix (L50) with wheat. This diet was formulated to provide a similar nutritive value as C assuming a 50 : 50 diet and wheat intake. Another balancer diet (25) was fed sequentially (S25) or in a loose-mix (L25) with wheat. The diet was to provide a similar nutritive value as C assuming 75 : 25 diet and wheat intakes. In sequential feeding, only wheat was fed in the morning (4 h after lights-on) and the balancer diet in the late afternoon (4 h before lights-off). In the loose-mix treatment, a mixture of the two diets was fed throughout the 16-h daily light. Each treatment was given ad libitum to 25 birds in individual cages. 2. Birds fed on L25 had lower total feed intakes than those receiving C, S50 or S25. Protein intake was reduced with L25 compared to C, S50, S25 and L50. Metabolisable energy (ME) intake was, however, similar among all treatments. Egg production and weight were reduced with L25 compared to S50 and S25. Body weight (BW) was lowered with L25. However, there was high individual variation in all variables. 3. Feeding system (sequential vs loose-mix) had no effect on ME intake. However, the loose-mix treatment reduced feed and protein intake due to lower balancer diet intake. It also resulted in low egg production, egg and BWs compared to sequential feeding. The weights of pancreas and gizzard were heavier with sequential and loose-mix compared to the control. 4. The loose-mix treatment reduced egg-laying performance. Sequential feeding resulted in similar egg-laying performance to conventional feeding and thus could be used to advantage in situations where it is applicable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
authors.forename: M Umar
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Faruk
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bouvarel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Même
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roffidal
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tukur
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nys
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lescoat
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D055951:Functional Food; D009753:Nutritive Value; D014908:Triticum