title: Association between clomiphene citrate and visual disturbances with special emphasis on central retinal vein occlusion: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether clomiphene citrate (CC) can be implicated as a cause for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and other visual disturbances.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this systematic review, we performed a search of the following databases: PubMed (1976 to November 2009), Medline Plus 2009, Cochrane Library (1996 to November 2009), Google and Google Scholar (1996 to November 2009). Thirty-five relevant titles (25 full papers and 10 abstracts) were identified and read by authors. No review has been published in the literature. The publications included describe adverse effects with clomid and selective estrogen receptor modulators and in particular visual disturbances. The population consisted of infertility patients under ovulation induction with CC. The main outcome measures were loss of vision due to CRVO and other visual changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CC may predispose to CRVO, but further trials are clearly needed in this area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians should be aware of the potential risk of CC, especially in patients with associated risk factors for CRVO. If visual disturbances occur, therapy should be terminated and the patient referred for specialist ophthalmic care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Stellenbosch University and Vincent Pallotti Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Thinus
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kruger
mesh_terms: D002996:Clomiphene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012170:Retinal Vein Occlusion / Q000209:etiology*; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D002996:Clomiphene