title: Blood feeding position increases success of recalcitrant mosquitoes.
abstract: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are competent natural and laboratory vectors for numerous arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), many of which pose global public health concerns. Efficiently imbibing a blood meal from an artificial membrane feeder, Ae. aegypti is an easy feeder: ∼ 96% success. Alternatively, Ae. albopictus is known to be a difficult feeder imbibing poorly: ∼ 20% success. Adult female mosquitoes were grouped in cohorts of 50, proffered a bovine blood meal, and challenged with experimental variables, and feeding success was documented. Controls included Ae. aegypti and the artificial glass membrane feeder: topside presentation (upside-down feeding position only). Variables included lambskin versus bovine collagen sausage membranes, presence or absence of gentle motion, filial generations, and large or small blood packets positioned differently: horizontal presentation (right side-up or nose-up feeding position) and vertical presentation (nose-up feeding position only). Both species preferred sausage casings, and ultrastructural analysis revealed that sausage casings had a textured gripping surface not observed on lambskin membranes. Neither filial generations nor gentle motion improved feeding; however, a 32%-46% increase in blood feeding was observed when Ae. albopictus fed on large horizontal and large or small vertical blood packets. Upside-down feeding of Ae. albopictus with a blood suspension of Sindbis virus heat resistant (SVHR) and the original isolate (AR339) resulted in virus dissemination of 10% and 50%, respectively. Use of bovine collagen sausage membranes in a vertical feeding position will increase the number of engorged females, thereby substantially increasing the number of arbovirus-exposed organisms in the laboratory. Differences in blooding success in response to feeding position further separates the behavior attributes of two Aedine species. Blood meal presentation facilitates gravity and we suggest this is a deciding factor in the feeding success of Ae. albopictus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
authors.forename: Zoe L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Lyski
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Saredy
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ciano
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stem
authors.forename: Doria F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bowers
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D002417:Cattle; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005248:Feeding Methods; D005260:Female; D005898:Glass