title: Microbial regeneration of spent activated carbon dispersed with organic contaminants: mechanism, efficiency, and kinetic models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regeneration of spent activated carbon assumes paramount importance in view of its economic reuse during adsorptive removal of organic contaminants. Classical thermal, chemical, or electrochemical regeneration methods are constrained with several limitations. Microbial regeneration of spent activated carbon provides a synergic combination of adsorption and biodegradation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microorganisms regenerate the surface of activated carbon using sorbed organic substrate as a source of food and energy. Aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly phenols, including their chlorinated derivatives and industrial waste water containing synthetic organic compounds and explosives-contaminated ground water are the major removal targets in adsorption-bioregeneration process. Popular mechanisms of bioregeneration include exoenzymatic hypothesis and biodegradation following desorption. Efficiency of bioregeneration can be quantified using direct determination of the substrate content on the adsorbent, the indirect measurement of substrate consumption by measuring the carbon dioxide production and the measurement of oxygen uptake. Modeling of bioregeneration involves the kinetics of adsorption/desorption and microbial growth followed by solute degradation. Some modeling aspects based on various simplifying assumptions for mass transport resistance, microbial kinetics and biofilm thickness, are briefly exposed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kinetic parameters from various representative bioregeneration models and their solution procedure are briefly summarized. The models would be useful in predicting the mass transfer driving forces, microbial growth, substrate degradation as well as the extent of bioregeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraparticle mass transfer resistance, incomplete regeneration, and microbial fouling are some of the problems needed to be addressed adequately. A detailed techno-economic evaluation is also required to assess the commercial aspects of bioregeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, G H Patel College of Engineering and Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 399120, India. kaushiknath@gcet.ac.in
authors.forename: Kaushik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: Mathurkumar S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bhakhar
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002606:Charcoal