title: Gender, patient comfort and the neurosurgical operating room.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurosurgical patients may be unaware of components of their intra-operative care. The relationship between patient gender and comfort level in the neurosurgical operating room (OR) has not been previously studied. Our objective was to gain insight into patients' perspective of the OR environment, including staffing and observers, the role of medical students, catheterization, exposure, and verbiage, using a qualitative needs assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 patients (14 female, six male) who had a neurosurgical operation under general anesthetic within the previous two years. The majority underwent craniotomy for benign tumours. Interviews were transcribed and subjected to modified thematic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine themes emerged: 1) perception of the intra-operative environment varies between men and women; 2) lacking awareness about observers is anxiety-provoking for women; 3) being unaware of the hands-on involvement of students is a concern for all patients; 4) disclosure of implantation of foreign and permanent materials into patients is important; 5) catheterization is anxiety provoking for women; 6) pre-operative menstruation screening may minimize embarrassment for women; 7) patients perceive extraneous conversation as a distraction for surgeons; 8) patients trust their surgeon; 9) a relationship exists between interviewer gender and patient comfort in the interview.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most male and female patients are unaware of OR activities, they are generally not fearful since they trust their surgeon. Women appear to have greater information needs. Patients' information needs must be met without provoking anxiety and yet preserving their personal sense of modesty in the intra-operative environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zener
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D009873:Operating Rooms; D005791:Patient Care; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult