title: Program of rehabilitative exercise and education to avert vascular events after non-disabling stroke or transient ischemic attack (PREVENT Trial): a multi-centred, randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite lack of outward signs, most individuals after non-disabling stroke (NDS) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) have significant cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and are at high risk of a major stroke, hospitalization for other vascular events, or death. Most have multiple modifiable risk factors (e.g., hypertension, physical inactivity, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, tobacco consumption, psychological stress). In addition, accelerated rates of depression, cognitive decline, and poor quality of sleep have been reported following TIA, which correlate with poor functional outcomes and reduced quality of life. Thus, NSD and TIA are important warning signs that should not be overlooked. The challenge is not unlike that facing other 'silent' conditions - to identify a model of care that is effective in changing people's current behaviors in order to avert further morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single blind, randomized controlled trial will be conducted at two sites to compare the effectiveness of a program of rehabilitative exercise and education versus usual care in modifying vascular risk factors in adults after NDS/TIA. 250 adults within 90 days of being diagnosed with NDS/TIA will be randomly allocated to a 12-week program of exercise and education (PREVENT) or to an outpatient clinic assessment and discussion of secondary prevention recommendations with return clinic visits as indicated (USUAL CARE). Primary outcome measures will include blood pressure, waist circumference, 12-hour fasting lipid profile, and 12-hour fasting glucose/hemoglobin A1c. Secondary measures will include exercise capacity, walking endurance, physical activity, cognitive function, depression, goal attainment and health-related quality of life. Outcome assessment will be conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Direct health care costs incurred over one year by PREVENT versus USUAL CARE participants will also be compared. Ethical approval for the trial has been obtained from the relevant Human Research Ethics Boards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whether timely delivery of an adapted cardiac rehabilitation model is effective in attaining and maintaining vascular risk reduction targets in adults after NDS/TIA is not yet known. We anticipate that the findings of this trial will make a meaningful contribution to the knowledge base regarding secondary stroke prevention.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. m.mackay-lyons@dal.ca
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: MacKay-Lyons
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gubitz
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giacomantonio
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wightman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marsters
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eskes
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thornton
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation