title: Genomic organisation analysis of novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reveals a tightly clustered and multigene family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts (NILTs) which have previously been identified in the salmonid species rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) contain either one or two extracellular Ig domains of the V-type. NILTs also possess either an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM) or immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in the cytoplasmic region resulting in different signalling abilities. Here we report for the first time the genomic organisation and structure of the multigene family of NILTs in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using a BAC sequencing approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have identified six novel Atlantic salmon NILT genes (Ssa-NILT1-6), two pseudogenes (Ssa-NILTp1 and Ssa-NILTp2) and seven genes encoding putative transposable elements in one BAC covering more than 200 kbp. Ssa-NILT1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 contain one Ig domain, all having a CX₃C motif, whereas Ssa-NILT3 contains two Ig domains, having a CX₆C motif in Ig1 and a CX₇C motif in Ig2. Atlantic salmon NILTs possess several ITIMs in the cytoplasmic region and the ITIM-bearing exons are in phase 0. A comparison of identity between the amino acid sequences of the CX₃C Ig domains from NILTs varies from 77% to 96%. Ssa-NILT1, 2, 3 and 4 were all confirmed to be expressed either by their presence in EST databases (Ssa-NILT1) or RT-PCR (Ssa-NILT2, 3, and 4) using cDNA as template. A survey of the repertoire of putative NILT genes in a single individual revealed three novel genes (Ssa-NILT7-9) represented by the Ig domain, which together with Ig domains from Ssa-NILT1-6 could be divided into different groups based on specific motifs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report reveals a tightly clustered, multigene NILT family in Atlantic salmon. By screening a highly redundant Atlantic salmon BAC library we have identified and characterised the genomic organisation of six genes encoding NILT receptors. The genes show similar characteristics to NILTs previously identified in rainbow trout, having highly conserved cysteines in the Ig domain and several inhibitory signalling motifs in the cytoplasmic region. In a single individual three unique NILT Ig domain sequences were discovered at the genomic DNA level, which were divided into two different groups based on a four residue motif after the third cysteine. Our results from the BAC screening and analysis on the repertoire of NILT genes in a single individual indicates that many genes of this expanding Ig containing NILT family are still to be discovered in fish.
authors.affiliation: Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Anders E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ostergaard
authors.forename: Krzysztof P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lubieniecki
authors.forename: Samuel A M
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: René J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stet
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Secombes
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000235:genetics; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007136:Immunoglobulins; D012333:RNA, Messenger