title: Associations between adult attachment dimensions and attitudes toward pain behaviour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the important role positive reinforcement of pain behaviour is believed to play in chronic pain, there is a paucity of research regarding factors that influence the provision of such reinforcement. Attachment theory suggests that individuals high in attachment avoidance view the pain behaviour of others in a negative manner and would, therefore, provide little reinforcement of pain behaviour. As an initial step in evaluating this model, relationships between attachment dimensions and attitudes toward pain behaviour were examined. Attachment avoidance was hypothesized to be negatively associated with accepting attitudes toward pain behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of undergraduate students (n=160) completed the Relationships Structures Questionnaire, which provides global ratings of adult attachment dimensions (anxiety and avoidance) by assessing attachment across four relationship targets (friend, mother, father and romantic partner). Attitudes regarding the acceptability of pain behaviour were assessed using male and female versions of the Appropriate Pain Behaviour Questionnaire (APBQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with the hypothesis, attachment avoidance was negatively correlated with both APBQ-Female and APBQ-Male scores. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the relationships between the attachment scales and the APBQ scales while statistically adjusting for sex and testing for interaction effects. The findings revealed complex relationships involving interaction effects that provided further support for the hypothesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provided support for the hypothesis that attachment avoidance is associated with less accepting attitudes toward pain behaviour. Additional research regarding the role of attachment and attitudes on responses to pain behaviour is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Lachlan.Mcwilliams@acadiau.ca
authors.forename: Lachlan A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McWilliams
authors.forename: Paul D J
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: S Jeffrey
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010553:Personality Development; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult