title: Association of nocturia and mortality: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nocturia, a common problem in men and women, has been associated with chronic illnesses such as heart disease and hypertension. Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey we investigated the association of nocturia with subsequent mortality risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  NHANES III is a national probability survey of the United States between 1988 and 1994. Mortality data were obtained by linkage of NHANES III to the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between nocturia and all cause mortality, controlling for potential confounders in a sample of 15,988 men and women 20 years old or older.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of nocturia, defined as 2 or more voiding episodes nightly, was 15.5% in men and 20.9% in women. Multivariate analyses showed a statistically significant trend of increased mortality risk with increased number of voiding episodes in men and women. The magnitude of the nocturia and mortality association was greater in those younger than 65 years with attenuated associations in the 65 years old or older age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nocturia is a strong predictor of mortality, more so in younger men and women than in the elderly, with a dose-response pattern in increased mortality risk with increasing number of voiding episodes nightly. Potential underlying mechanisms of the observed association of nocturia and increased mortality risk include sleep disruption and subsequent development of related comorbid conditions.
authors.affiliation: New England Research Institutes, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, USA. vkupelian@neriscience.com
authors.forename: Varant
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kupelian
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Jens Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Norgaard
authors.forename: Gretchen R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D053158:Nocturia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States