title: Targeting the midgut secreted PpChit1 reduces Leishmania major development in its natural vector, the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During its developmental cycle within the sand fly vector, Leishmania must survive an early proteolytic attack, escape the peritrophic matrix, and then adhere to the midgut epithelia in order to prevent excretion with remnants of the blood meal. These three steps are critical for the establishment of an infection within the vector and are linked to interactions controlling species-specific vector competence. PpChit1 is a midgut-specific chitinase from Phlebotomus papatasi presumably involved in maturation and degradation of the peritrophic matrix. Sand fly midgut chitinases, such as PpChit1, whether acting independently or in a synergistic manner with Leishmania-secreted chitinase, possibly play a role in the Leishmania escape from the endoperitrophic space. Thus, we predicted that silencing of sand fly chitinase will lead to reduction or elimination of Leishmania within the gut of the sand fly vector.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used injection of dsRNA to induce knock down of PpChit1 transcripts (dsPpChit1) and assessed the effect on protein levels post blood meal (PBM) and on Leishmania major development within P. papatasi. Injection of dsPpChit1 led to a significant reduction of PpChit1 transcripts from 24 hours to 96 hours PBM. More importantly, dsPpChit1 led to a significant reduction in protein levels and in the number of Le. major present in the midgut of infected P. papatasi following a infective blood meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data supports targeting PpChit1 as a potential transmission blocking vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Iliano V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Coutinho-Abreu
authors.forename: Narinder K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Maricela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robles-Murguia
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramalho-Ortigao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002688:Chitinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004064:Digestive System / Q000201:enzymology / Q000469:parasitology; D020868:Gene Silencing; D018390:Gene Targeting; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000469:parasitology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010691:Phlebotomus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D002688:Chitinases