title: Diagnostic evaluation of the endometrium in postmenopausal bleeding: an evidence-based approach.
abstract: Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is a common complaint in general gynecological practice. Women with PMB have around a 10% chance of having endometrial carcinoma and therefore PMB always needs further evaluation. This article summarizes the reviews on the subject and provides an overview of the use of diagnostic tools in patients with PMB. Four types of diagnostic test are described: sonographic measurement of endometrial thickness, endometrial sampling, hysteroscopy and saline infusion sonography. All four have been independently shown to be accurate in excluding endometrial cancer. However, neither in systematic reviews nor in international guidelines is consensus found regarding the sequence in which these methods should be employed in women with PMB. For measurement of endometrial thickness in symptomatic women, a cut-off value of 3mm is recommended, but the cost-effectiveness of this strategy has yet to be shown. Research should now focus on the incorporation of individual patient characteristics and pre-test probabilities for cancer in algorithms for the investigation of PMB, and the most cost-effective sequenced combination of the four types of test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. N.vanhanegem@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Hanegem
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Breijer
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: M P M
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.forename: B W J
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timmermans
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods; D017698:Postmenopause; D012016:Reference Values; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology