title: From financial hardship to child difficulties: main and moderating effects of perceived social support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an unequivocal relationship between socio-economic status and child well-being. The Family Stress Model of economic hardship proposes that this relationship is mediated by financial hardship, parenting stress and parenting behaviours. In this study, the Family Stress Model is tested and analysis is extended to examine main and moderating effects of social support.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey incorporating well-validated measures of financial hardship, parenting stress, parenting behaviours and child difficulties was sent to 1296 parents who had utilized universal family support services in Alberta, Canada. A total of 923 parents (71%) responded. Hierarchical linear regression was employed to investigate the mediating roles of financial hardship, parenting stress and parenting behaviours, and to investigate main and moderating influences of parental social support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study findings generally support the Family Stress Model. The relationship between socio-economic status and child difficulties was mediated by financial hardship and parenting stress. Higher levels of parental social support were associated with lower levels of parenting stress, ineffective parenting and child difficulties. Parental social support was important irrespective of parenting stress levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study findings add to the now critical mass of data showing that parent-child health and well-being is inextricably linked with parental social support. While there is a burgeoning literature on parent training, far less research attention has been given to the development and evaluation of strategies to strengthen parents' social relationships. This is an important direction for future research.
authors.affiliation: Family and Disability Studies Initiative, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Breitkreuz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savage
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological