title: Activities of tigecycline and comparators against Legionella pneumophila and Legionella micdadei extracellularly and in human monocyte-derived macrophages.
abstract: The activity of tigecycline against Legionellae, which are intracellular pathogens, was evaluated intracellularly in human phagocytes and extracellularly, and compared to the activities of erythromycin and levofloxacin. Clinical isolates of L. pneumophila serogroups 1, 5, and 6 and L. micdadei were tested in time-kill experiments. Extracellular experiments were done using buffered yeast extract broth. For intracellular assays, monolayers of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were infected with L. pneumophila or L. micdadei. Antibiotics (0.05-2.5 × MIC) were then added. MDM were lysed at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h and viable bacteria in the lysates were enumerated. Based on multiples of the MICs, tigecycline was less active extracellularly than levofloxacin or erythromycin. However, intracellular killing of both L. pneumophila and L. micdadei by tigecycline at 72 h was greater than for erythromycin or levofloxacin. Currently, evidence does not support the use of tigecycline as a first-line drug for treatment of Legionella infections. However, since Legionellae are intracellular pathogens, these results suggest that tigecycline should be effective for treatment of infections caused by these bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Bopp
authors.forename: Aldona L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Baltch
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: Phyllis B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Michelsen
authors.forename: Raymond P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007875:Legionella / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007876:Legionellosis / Q000382:microbiology; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008264:Macrophages / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008911:Minocycline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012703:Serotyping; D000078304:Tigecycline; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004917:Erythromycin; D064704:Levofloxacin; D000078304:Tigecycline; D015242:Ofloxacin; D008911:Minocycline