title: Infirmity and injury complexity are risk factors for surgical-site infection after operative fracture care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthopaedic surgical-site infections prolong hospital stays, double rehospitalization rates, and increase healthcare costs. Additionally, patients with orthopaedic surgical-site infections (SSI) have substantially greater physical limitations and reductions in their health-related quality of life. However, the risk factors for SSI after operative fracture care are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We determined the incidence and quantified modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for SSIs in patients with orthopaedic trauma undergoing surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively indentified, from our prospective trauma database and billing records, 1611 patients who underwent 1783 trauma-related procedures between 2006 and 2008. Medical records were reviewed and demographics, surgery-specific data, and whether the patients had an SSI were recorded. We determined which if any variables predicted SSI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six factors independently predicted SSI: (1) the use of a drain, OR 2.3, 95% CI (1.3-3.8); (2) number of operations OR 3.4, 95% CI (2.0-6.0); (3) diabetes, OR 2.1, 95% CI (1.2-3.8); (4) congestive heart failure (CHF), OR 2.8, 95% CI (1.3-6.5); (5) site of injury tibial shaft/plateau, OR 2.3, 95% CI (1.3-4.2); and (6) site of injury, elbow, OR 2.2, 95% CI (1.1-4.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors for SSIs after skeletal trauma are most strongly determined by nonmodifiable factors: patient infirmity (diabetes and heart failure) and injury complexity (site of injury, number of operations, use of a drain).
  
  
  METHODS
  Level II, prognostic study. See the Guideline for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Abdo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bachoura
authors.forename: Thierry G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Guitton
authors.forename: R Malcolm
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vrahas
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ring
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001900:Boston; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000209:etiology; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult