title: Living victims of strangulation: a 10-year review of cases in a metropolitan community.
abstract: The prevalence of reported domestic violence or intimate partner violence has greatly increased, with approximately 1.5 million women violently assaulted annually in the United States by an intimate partner. Strangulation is often seen in violence against women, including domestic violence cases. Strangulation is defined as "a form of asphyxia characterized by closure of the blood vessels or air passages of the neck as a result of external pressure on the neck." This is a 10-year case review of 102 living victims of strangulation who underwent medicolegal evaluation at the Clinical Forensic Medicine Program at a State Medical Examiner's Office serving Southern Indiana and all of Kentucky. The majority of victims (79%) were strangled by an intimate partner, and manual strangulation was the most common method (83%). A total of 38 victims (38%) described a history of domestic violence, and the same number lost consciousness while being strangled. Nine (9%) women were pregnant at the time of the attack, while 13 (13%) had a history of being sexually abused in addition to being strangled. A paucity of cases involved only strangulation, as most of the victims were subjected to myriad forms of blunt force trauma which included not only the head and neck but also other bodily regions. This is a unique presentation of strangulation of living persons as most evidence of strangulation in the forensic literature has been derived from postmortem examinations of the victims. This comprehensive study discussing the examination of a living strangulation victim offers valuable insight into the mechanism and the physical findings involved in the strangulation process.
authors.affiliation: Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Urban Government Center, Louisville, KY 40204, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa B E
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Tracey S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weakley-Jones
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017579:Domestic Violence; D005130:Eye Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D007629:Kentucky / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000293:injuries; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014505:Urban Population; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult