title: Molecular genetics and impact of residual in vitro phenylalanine hydroxylase activity on tetrahydrobiopterin responsiveness in Turkish PKU population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)-deficient phenylketonuria (PKU) in Turkey is high (1 in 6500 births), but data concerning the genotype distribution and impact of the genotype on tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) therapy are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the phenotypic and genotypic variability in the Turkish PKU population and to correlate it with physiological response to BH(4) challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped 588 hyperphenylalaninemic patients and performed a BH(4) loading test (20mg/kg bw) in 462 patients. Residual PAH activity of mutant proteins was calculated from available in vitro expression data. Data were tabulated in the BIOPKU database (www.biopku.org).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-eight mutations were observed, the most common missense mutations being the splice variant c.1066-11G>A (24.6%). Twenty novel mutations were detected (11 missense, 4 splice-site, and 5 deletion/insertions). Two mutations were observed in 540/588 patients (91.8%) but in 9 patients atypical genotypes with >2 mutations were found (8 with p.R155H in cis with another variant) and in 19 patients mutations were found in BH(4)-metabolizing genes. The most common genotype was c.1066-11G>A/c.1066-11G>A (15.5%). Approximately 22% of patients responded to BH(4) challenge. A substantial in vitro residual activity (average >25% of the wild-type enzyme) was associated with response to BH(4). In homozygous genotypes (n=206), both severity of the phenotype (r=0.83) and residual PAH activity (r=0.85) correlate with BH(4) responsiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together with the BH(4) challenge, these data enable the genotype-based classification of BH(4) responsiveness and document importance of residual PAH activity. This first report of a large-scale genotype assessment in a population of Turkish PKU patients also documents a high prevalence (47%) of the severe classic phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dobrowolski
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heintz
authors.forename: Trent
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Clinton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ellingson
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ellingson
authors.forename: Işıl
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Gulden
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gökçay
authors.forename: Tolunay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baykal
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thöny
authors.forename: Mübeccel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demirkol
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blau
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000097:blood; D010651:Phenylalanine Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D001708:Biopterins; D010649:Phenylalanine; D010651:Phenylalanine Hydroxylase; C003402:sapropterin