title: Metabolic effects of obesity causing disease in childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Childhood obesity is rising to epidemic proportions throughout the world, and much emphasis has been placed on the long-term consequences that can result later, in adulthood. This article reviews the metabolic consequences of obesity that can manifest as disease during the childhood years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese children suffer from many disease processes once thought to affect only adults. They can have type 2 diabetes mellitus, and potentially early β cell failure with rapid progression to an insulin requirement. There is a high prevalence of fatty liver disease in obese children, and complications such as steatohepatitis and even cirrhosis can develop during childhood. Visceral fat has been shown to have many different properties than subcutaneous fat, and children with central adiposity can develop the metabolic syndrome with insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Hyperandrogenism, sleep disturbances, and many types of orthopedic complications can also develop in young children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians should not only warn obese children and their families about the long-term consequences of obesity for which they are at risk in adulthood, they should also screen for the many diseases that may already be present.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. abramsp@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Lorraine E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Levitt Katz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017588:Hyperandrogenism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology