title: Advances in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cannulation.
abstract: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an important tool in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatobiliary diseases. A critical step in this procedure is deep cannulation of the bile duct as failure of cannulation generally results in an aborted procedure and failed intervention. Expert endoscopists usually achieve a high rate of successful cannulation while those less experienced typically have a much lower rate and a greater incidence of complications. Prolonged attempts at cannulation can result in significant morbidity to patients, anxiety for endoscopists, unnecessary radiation exposure and inefficient patient care. Here we review the most common endoscopic techniques used to achieve selective biliary cannulation. Pharmacologic aids to cannulation are also discussed briefly in this review.
authors.affiliation: Emad Qayed, Ashley L Reid, Field F Willingham, Steve Keilin, Qiang Cai, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Qayed
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Field F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Willingham
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keilin
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cai