title: Suggested diagnostic reference levels for paediatric X-ray examinations in India.
abstract: Exposure of children to ionising radiation is considered to carry higher risk than that of adults; therefore a need to suggest diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for the common paediatric diagnostic X-ray procedures was recognised for the X-ray machines meeting the requirements of the recently implemented Safety Code for Medical Diagnostic X-ray Equipment and Installations in India. Measurements were carried out for entrance surface air kerma (free in air) in conventional paediatric X-ray diagnostic examinations among four age groups: <1, 1-4, 5-9 and 10-15 y. A total of 2240 air kerma measurements at different fixed focus to skin distances were studied for 7 paediatric diagnostic examinations with 11 different projections on 62 X-ray machines installed in 22 selected hospitals in the country. The third quartile values of air kerma per paediatric examination for the age group of 5-9 y were considered as values of paediatric DRLs. The suggested values of DRLs are 0.2 mGy for chest AP/PA, 0.3 mGy for chest LAT, 0.7 mGy for lumber spine AP, 1.3 mGy for lumber spine LAT, 0.3 mGy for thoracic spine AP, 0.6 mGy for thoracic spine LAT, 0.5 mGy for abdomen AP, 0.7 mGy for pelvis AP, 0.6 mGy for skull PA, 0.5 mGy for skull LAT and 0.8 mGy for hip joints AP.
authors.affiliation: Radiological Safety Division, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai, India. ausonawane@aerb.gov.in
authors.forename: A U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Sonawane
authors.forename: J V K
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Sunil Kumar
authors.forename: Meghraj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pradhan
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000528:radiation effects; D000293:Adolescent; D000388:Air; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D010388:Pelvis / Q000528:radiation effects; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011874:Radiometry; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012886:Skull / Q000528:radiation effects; D013131:Spine / Q000528:radiation effects; D013909:Thorax / Q000528:radiation effects; D014965:X-Rays