title: Development of an in vitro compartmentalization screen for high-throughput directed evolution of [FeFe] hydrogenases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  [FeFe] hydrogenase enzymes catalyze the formation and dissociation of molecular hydrogen with the help of a complex prosthetic group composed of common elements. The development of energy conversion technologies based on these renewable catalysts has been hindered by their extreme oxygen sensitivity. Attempts to improve the enzymes by directed evolution have failed for want of a screening platform capable of throughputs high enough to adequately sample heavily mutated DNA libraries. In vitro compartmentalization (IVC) is a powerful method capable of screening for multiple-turnover enzymatic activity at very high throughputs. Recent advances have allowed [FeFe] hydrogenases to be expressed and activated in the cell-free protein synthesis reactions on which IVC is based; however, IVC is a demanding technique with which many enzymes have proven incompatible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we describe an extremely high-throughput IVC screen for oxygen-tolerant [FeFe] hydrogenases. We demonstrate that the [FeFe] hydrogenase CpI can be expressed and activated within emulsion droplets, and identify a fluorogenic substrate that links activity after oxygen exposure to the generation of a fluorescent signal. We present a screening protocol in which attachment of mutant genes and the proteins they encode to the surfaces of microbeads is followed by three separate emulsion steps for amplification, expression, and evaluation of hydrogenase mutants. We show that beads displaying active hydrogenase can be isolated by fluorescence-activated cell-sorting, and we use the method to enrich such beads from a mock library.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  [FeFe] hydrogenases are the most complex enzymes to be produced by cell-free protein synthesis, and the most challenging targets to which IVC has yet been applied. The technique described here is an enabling step towards the development of biocatalysts for a biological hydrogen economy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Swartz
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D002474:Cell-Free System; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D006864:Hydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D044085:Microfluidics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; C013830:baysilon; D006859:Hydrogen; D004247:DNA; D007501:Iron; D006864:Hydrogenase; D010100:Oxygen