title: The adsorption of biomolecules to multi-walled carbon nanotubes is influenced by both pulmonary surfactant lipids and surface chemistry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During production and processing of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), they may be inhaled and may enter the pulmonary circulation. It is essential that interactions with involved body fluids like the pulmonary surfactant, the blood and others are investigated, particularly as these interactions could lead to coating of the tubes and may affect their chemical and physical characteristics. The aim of this study was to characterize the possible coatings of different functionalized MWCNTs in a cell free environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To simulate the first contact in the lung, the tubes were coated with pulmonary surfactant and subsequently bound lipids were characterized. The further coating in the blood circulation was simulated by incubating the tubes in blood plasma. MWCNTs were amino (NH2)- and carboxyl (-COOH)-modified, in order to investigate the influence on the bound lipid and protein patterns. It was shown that surfactant lipids bind unspecifically to different functionalized MWCNTs, in contrast to the blood plasma proteins which showed characteristic binding patterns. Patterns of bound surfactant lipids were altered after a subsequent incubation in blood plasma. In addition, it was found that bound plasma protein patterns were altered when MWCNTs were previously coated with pulmonary surfactant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pulmonary surfactant coating and the functionalization of MWCNTs have both the potential to alter the MWCNTs blood plasma protein coating and to determine their properties and behaviour in biological systems.
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Materials Biology Interactions, St, Gallen, Switzerland. peter.wick@empa.ch.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gasser
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rothen-Rutishauser
authors.forename: Harald F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gehr
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelle
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wick