title: Xylitol inhibits carcinogenic acetaldehyde production by Candida species.
abstract: Acetaldehyde is a highly toxic and mutagenic product of alcohol fermentation and metabolism which has been classified as a Class I carcinogen for humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organisation (WHO). Many Candida species representing oral microbiota have been shown to be capable of marked acetaldehyde production. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of various sugar alcohols and sugars on microbial acetaldehyde production. The study hypothesis was that xylitol could reduce the amount of acetaldehyde produced by Candida. Laboratory and clinical isolates of seven Candida species were selected for the study. The isolates were incubated in 12 mM ethanol and 110 mM glucose, fructose or xylitol at 37°C for 30 min and the formed acetaldehyde was measured by gas chromatography. Xylitol significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the amount of acetaldehyde produced from ethanol by 84%. In the absence of xylitol, the mean acetaldehyde production in ethanol incubation was 220.5 μM and in ethanol-xylitol incubation 32.8 μM. This was found to be mediated by inhibition of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Coincubation with glucose reduced the amount of produced acetaldehyde by 23% and coincubation with fructose by 29%. At concentrations that are representative of those found in the oral cavity during the intake of proprietary xylitol products, xylitol was found to reduce the production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde from ethanol by Candida below the mutagenic level of 40-100 μM.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit on Acetaldehyde and Cancer, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. johanna.uittamo@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uittamo
authors.forename: Mikko T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.forename: Pertti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaihovaara
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bowyer
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salaspuro
authors.forename: Riina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rautemaa
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D002175:Candida / Q000378:metabolism*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D014993:Xylitol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D000431:Ethanol; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D005947:Glucose; D014993:Xylitol