title: Vulnerability of animal trade networks to the spread of infectious diseases: a methodological approach applied to evaluation and emergency control strategies in cattle, France, 2005.
abstract: Besides farming, trade of livestock is a major component of agricultural economy. However, the networks generated by live animal movements are the major support for the propagation of infectious agents between farms, and their structure strongly affects how fast a disease may spread. Structural characteristics may thus be indicators of network vulnerability to the spread of infectious disease. The method proposed here is based upon the analysis of specific subnetworks: the giant strongly connected components (GSCs). Their existence, size and geographic extent are used to assess network vulnerability. Their disappearance when targeted nodes are removed allows studying how network vulnerability may be controlled under emergency conditions. The method was applied to the cattle trade network in France, 2005. Giant strongly connected components were present and widely spread all over the country in yearly, monthly and weekly networks. Among several tested approaches, the most efficient way to make GSCs disappear was based on the ranking of nodes by decreasing betweenness centrality (the proportion of shortest paths between nodes on which a specific node lies). Giant strongly connected components disappearance was obtained after removal of <1% of network nodes. Under emergency conditions, suspending animal trade activities in a small subset of holdings may thus allow to control the spread of an infectious disease through the animal trade network. Nodes representing markets and dealers were widely affected by these simulated control measures. This confirms their importance as 'hubs' for infectious diseases spread. Besides emergency conditions, specific sensitization and preventive measures should be dedicated to this population.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology unit EPI, French agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.  Epidemiology unit EPIMAI, Alfort National Veterinary School (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rautureau
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology unit EPI, French agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France Epidemiology unit EPIMAI, Alfort National Veterinary School (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dufour
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology unit EPI, French agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France. severine.rautureau@anses.fr 
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Durand
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D003132:Commerce; D005602:France; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation