title: Development and validation of the Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy-of-Life (AFEQT) Questionnaire in patients with atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) has a deleterious impact on health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL), but measuring this outcome is difficult. A comprehensive, validated, disease-specific questionnaire to measure the spectrum of QoL domains affected by AF and its treatment is not available. We developed and validated a 20-item questionnaire, Atrial Fibrillation Effect on QualiTy-of-life (AFEQT), in a 6-center, prospective, observational study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analyses established 4 conceptual domains (Symptoms, Daily Activities, Treatment Concern, and Treatment Satisfaction) from which individual domain and global scores were calculated. Participants from 6 centers completed the AFEQT at baseline, at month 1, and at month 3. Psychometric analyses included internal consistency and known-group validity. Test-retest reliability was assessed by comparing 1-month changes in scores among those with no change in therapy. Effect size was used to assess responsiveness after intervention. Among 219 patients age 62±11.9 years, 94% completed the AFEQT at baseline and 3 months; 66% had paroxysmal, 24% persistent, 5% longstanding persistent, and 5% permanent AF. Internal consistency was >0.88 for all scales. Lower AFEQT scores were observed with increased AF severity, categorized as asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe, respectively: 71.2±20.6, 71.3±19.2, 57.9±19.0, and 42.0±21.2. Intraclass correlations for Overall, Symptoms, Daily Activities, Treatment Concern, and Satisfaction scores were 0.8, 0.5, 0.8, 0.7, and 0.7, respectively. Changes in 3-month scores were larger after ablation than with pharmacological adjustments, and both were greater than those observed in stable patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This initial validation of AFEQT supports its use as an outcome in studies and a means to clinically follow patients with AF.
authors.affiliation: Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spertus
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dorian
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bubien
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Godejohn
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Dhanunjaya R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lakkireddy
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires