title: Leptin pro-angiogenic signature in breast cancer is linked to IL-1 signalling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptin and interleukin-1 (IL-1) upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote angiogenesis and are related to worse prognosis of breast cancer. However, it is unknown whether leptin regulates IL-1, and whether these effects are related to leptin-induction of VEGF/VEGFR2 in breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to determine the mechanisms involved in leptin regulation of IL-1 system (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and IL-1R tI) and the impact of IL-1 signalling on leptin-induced VEGF/VEGFR2 expression in mouse mammary cancer 4T1 cells (a model that resembles invasive and highly metastatic human breast cancer).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leptin increased protein and mRNA levels of all components of the IL-1 system. IL-1 upregulation involved leptin activation of JAK2/STAT3, MAPK/ERK 1/2, PI-3K/AKT1, PKC, p38 and JNK. Leptin-induced phosphorylation of mTOR/4E-BP1 increased IL-1β and IL-1Ra expression, but downregulated IL-1α. Leptin upregulation of IL-1α promoter was linked to SP1 and NF-κB transcription factors. In addition, leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) was upregulated by leptin. Interestingly, leptin upregulation of VEGF/VEGFR2 was partially mediated by IL-1/IL-1R tI signalling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show for the first time that leptin induces several signalling pathways to upregulate the translational and transcriptional expression of IL-1 system in breast cancer cells. Moreover, leptin upregulation of VEGF/VEGFR2 was impaired by IL-1 signalling blockade. These data suggest that leptin pro-angiogenic signature in breast cancer is linked to, or regulated, in part by IL-1 signalling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Perez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020738:Leptin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007375:Interleukin-1; D020738:Leptin; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse; D008156:Luciferases; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2