title: Evidence of deficient central speech processing in children with specific language impairment: the T-complex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper examined neurophysiological correlates of speech in children with language impairment (LI) and typical language development (TLD) across four experiments using different speech stimuli and tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The T-complex event-related potential (ERP) components and other ERP components (e.g., mismatch negativity [MMN]; N400) were examined. A subset of the children participated in more than one of the experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  73% of the children with LI had poor T-complex measures compared to only 13% of children with TLD. The T-complex measures were more comparable, in terms of indicating typical versus deviant processing, to neurophysiological measures of language processing, such as lexical discrimination, than to other measures of auditory and speech processing, such as the MMN. Only one LI child showed no poor measures and 64% showed three or more poor neurophysiological measures. However, 50% of children with TLD showed no poor neurophysiological measures, and 82% of the TLD children showed no more than two poor measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that poor auditory processing, as measured by the T-complex, is a marker for LI and that multiple deficits serve to mark LI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The T-complex measures, indexing secondary auditory cortex, reflect an important aspect of processing in speech and language development.
authors.affiliation: The Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY 10016, USA. vshafer@gc.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Valerie L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*