title: Drug response profiles to experimental pain are opioid and pain modality specific.
abstract: Given our limited ability to predict analgesic efficacy, further research is needed to understand factors influencing analgesic response patterns. The aim of this study was to better understand the relationship between morphine and butorphanol analgesic efficacy tested against multiple pain modalities within the same individuals. Participants included healthy men (n = 72) and women (n = 67) who underwent thermal, pressure, and ischemic experimental pain testing before and after the double-blind administration of morphine and butorphanol during separate testing sessions. Factor analysis revealed 6 factors with analgesic effects grouped primarily by pain modality and specific to either morphine or butorphanol. Hierarchical cluster analysis of individual factor scores led to 4 distinct drug response profiles. Three groups displayed exceptional analgesic efficacy produced by 1 type of opioid on 1 pain stimulus modality, whereas the fourth drug response profile was characterized by average analgesic efficacy across all pain modalities for both opioids. These findings suggest that opioids with varying efficacy at the μ and κ receptors produce independent effects on unique pain mechanisms and that individual responsiveness for some is dependent on pain mechanism and opioid type, although a subset of the population is moderately responsive to opioids regardless of efficacy of receptor binding or predominant pain mechanism being activated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation provides a foundation for understanding patterns of opioid efficacy in varying types of pain. Our findings suggest that opioid response patterns are more complex than originally thought with about half of individuals exhibiting opioid and pain modality specific analgesic response profiles.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Center for Pain Research, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Kindler
authors.forename: Kimberly T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Sibille
authors.forename: Toni L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Staud
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Fillingim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011581:Psychological Tests; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000378:metabolism; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009020:Morphine; D002077:Butorphanol