title: Down-regulation of phosphoglucomutase 3 mediates sulforaphane-induced cell death in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables that exerts anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and radio-sensitizing activities. Nonetheless, the mechanism responsible for SFN-induced cell death is not fully understood. In the present study, anti-cancer mechanism of SFN was elucidated in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SFN exerted cytotoxicity and increased TUNEL positive cells in a concentration-dependent manner in LNCaP cells. Proteomics study revealed that levels of nine proteins including tubulin β-2, phosphoglucomutase-3 (PGM3), melanoma-derived leucine zipper containing extra-nuclear factor, activin A type I receptor precursor, smoothelin-A, KIA0073, hypothetical protein LOC57691 and two unnamed proteins were changed over 8 folds in SFN treated LNCaP cells compared to untreated control. We have further confirmed that SFN reduced PGM3 expression with western blotting and showed that PGM3 siRNA enhanced cytotoxicity demonstrated by cell morphology and TUNEL assays in LNCaP cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these findings suggest that PGM3 plays a role in mediating SFN-induced cell death in LNCaP cells, and is a potential molecular therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chan-Hee
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Seok
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Suk-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Yonsei University School of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Seok
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoo-Seok
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Shudong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Chang-Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim