title: Intra-periaqueductal gray matter microinjection of orexin-A decreases formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in adult male rats.
abstract: Intracerebroventricular injection of orexin-A (hypocretin-1) has been shown to elicit the analgesic responses. However, the locations of central sites that may mediate these effects have not been clearly elucidated. This study was performed using male Sprague Dawley rats to investigate the antinociceptive effects of intra-periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) administration of orexin-A, 5 minutes prior to formalin (50 μL of 2%) injection. Orexin-A had no effect on tail-flick test as thermal and acute model. In the formalin test, intra-PAG injection of orexin-A (10 nM) decreased the formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in the interphase and phase 2, but not in phase 1, indicating an antinociceptive role of exogenous orexin-A in the PAG. While Orexin-A failed to produce a dose-dependent decrease in formalin-evoked behaviors in phase 1, it may have induced a dose-dependent decrease in formalin-evoked behaviors in early phase 2. Control injections of orexin-A into the sites near the PAG resulted in less or no reduction in pain, indicating that the analgesia observed is probably due to a site of action within the PAG rather than at surrounding neural structures. The antinociceptive effect of orexin-A was compared with intra-PAG administration of morphine (.5 μL of 20 mM, 5 minutes before the formalin injection). Morphine decreased the formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in all phases. To investigate whether the orexin has a special action on the early part of the second phase, or its delayed effects are related to its pharmacokinetics, the orexin-A was injected into the PAG, 10 minutes before the formalin injection. No difference was observed between 5 and 10 minutes injection of orexin-A prior to formalin injection. The antinociceptive effect of orexin was blocked by intra-PAG injection of SB-334867, a putative type 1 orexin receptor antagonist, suggesting the involvement of orexin receptor type 1 in antinociception produced with intra-PAG injection of orexin-A. The results showed that the orexin-A plays an antinociceptive role in PAG in the interphase and the late phase of formalin test through type 1 orexin receptor dependent mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orexin is produced exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus, where it is known to modulate the pain processing through PAG. The antinociceptive effect of orexin in PAG may provide a role for this neurotransmitter in the up-down modulating pain system and further support the development of orexin-1 agonists for pain treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azhdari Zarmehri
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semnanian
authors.forename: Yaghoub
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fathollahi
authors.forename: Elaheh
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erami
authors.forename: Roghaieh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khakpay
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rohampour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000502:physiology*; D000068797:Orexins; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins