title: The evolving role of the community pharmacist in chronic disease management - a literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We appraised the roles and responsibilities assigned to community pharmacists internationally and in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of international peer-reviewed literature was undertaken using Medline. Grey literature was identified through generic search engines. The search period was from 1 January 1991 to 30 July 2009. The search criteria were English language manuscripts and search terms "community pharmacist", "community pharmacy", "disease management" and "roles" as a major heading. Boolean operators were used to combine the search terms. Identified abstracts were independently reviewed and the findings were presented as a narrative summary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, we reviewed 115 articles on an abstract level and retrieved 45 of those as full text articles for background information review and inclusion into the evidence report. Of the articles included in the review, 32% were from United Kingdom (UK). Literature highlights the multi-faceted role of the community pharmacist in disease management. Community pharmacists were involved in the management of asthma, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, hypertension, osteoporosis and palliative care either alone or in the disease management team. Evidence of effectiveness for community pharmacy/ community pharmacist interventions exists for lipid, diabetes, and hypertension management and for preventive services such as weight management, osteoporosis prevention and fl u immunisation services. Majority of the community pharmacists in Singapore play the traditional role of dispensing. Attempts by the private community pharmacies to provide some professional services were not successful due to lack of funding. Factors found to impede the growth of community pharmacists are insufficient integration of community pharmacist input into healthcare pathways, poor relationship among pharmacists and physicians, lack of access to patient information, time constraints and inadequate compensation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from observational studies points out the wide range of roles played by the community pharmacist and provides insights into their integration into chronic disease management programmes and health promotion.
authors.affiliation: Health Services & Outcomes Research, National Healthcare Group, Singapore. Pradeep_Paul_G_Gunapal@nhg.com.sg
authors.forename: Pradeep P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Joseph A D
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheah
authors.forename: Soo Chung
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Boon Peng
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D024382:Professional Role; D012846:Singapore