title: A new strategy for basic drug extraction in aqueous medium using electrochemically enhanced solid-phase microextraction.
abstract: This work describes an electrochemically enhanced solid-phase microextraction (EE-SPME) method using a mild negative potential (-0.6 V) for the enhanced extraction of the selected basic drugs in a pure aqueous matrix and urine samples. The EE-SPME method gave a more effective extraction of drugs (primarily via electrophoresis and complementary charge interaction) compared to that obtained with SPME (without applying a potential, and which is based on passive partitioning). The EE-SPME method eliminated the need for alkalizing, derivatizing the drugs, or modifying the fiber coating before extraction. The analysis of methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AM) was selected as a typical example to demonstrate in detail the advantages of EE-SPME over SPME. Based on the results obtained, 3-min extraction efficiency for both the amphetamines using EE-SPME was better than that of 30-min using SPME. The developed EE-SPME-GC method exhibited wide linear ranges (2-1000 ng mL(-1)) for both the amphetamines with R(2) larger than 0.99, and the method detection limits (MDLs) for AM and MA were 0.26 and 0.12 ng mL(-1), respectively. In addition, the EE-SPME method developed was also successfully applied to enhance the extraction of several other basic drugs (ephedrine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), atropine, methadone, cocaine, codeine, acetylcodeine and papaverine) with preconcentration factors from 157 to 2199, indicating the potential applicability of this method in the field of forensic, clinical and pharmaceutical analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences of Xiamen University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Jingbin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Xinhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jinmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jiaojiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yiru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jaeho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D016014:Linear Models; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000652:urine; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D008694:Methamphetamine; D000661:Amphetamine