title: Total pancreatectomy: porcine model for inducing diabetes - anatomical assessment and surgical aspects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The swine is an essential model for carrying out preclinical research and for teaching complex surgical procedures. There is a lack of experimental models describing anatomical and surgical aspects of total pancreatectomy in the pig.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiments were performed on 10 white male swine weighing 27-33 kg. The animals were premedicated with midazolam (0.4 mg/kg, i.m.) and ketamine (4 mg/kg, i.m.). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (1-2 mg/kg, i.v.) and was maintained with propofol and fentanyl (0.3 mg and 0.1 μg/kg/min, respectively, i.v.). The surgical period ranged from 44 to 77 min. The pancreas anatomy, and the main arterial, venous and pancreatic duct anatomy were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pancreas anatomy was composed of 3 lobes, the 'splenic', 'duodenal' and 'connecting' lobe which is attached to the anterior portion of the portal vein. The splenic artery and the junction of the splenic vein and portal vein were divided. The left gastric artery was dissected and separated from its origin at the splenic artery. The head of the pancreas is disposed in a C shape. The pancreas was dissected and liberated from the right portion of the portal vein and the infrahepatic vena cava. The pancreas was separated from the duodenum preserving the pancreaticoduodenal artery, then we performed the total pancreatectomy preserving the duodenum, common bile duct and spleen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total pancreatectomy with duodenum, bile duct and spleen preservation in the pig is feasible and an important instrument for research purposes and teaching surgical technique.
authors.affiliation: Liver and Pancreas Transplantation Surgery Unit and LIM 37, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. eleazarchaib@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chaib
authors.forename: F H F
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Galvão
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rocha-Filho
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M P D
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: de C Carvalho
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pariz
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Waisberg
authors.forename: Y E D M
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: M C C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: L A C
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: D'Albuquerque
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine