title: Making the case for evidence-based design in healthcare: a descriptive case study of organizational decision making.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the organizational decision-making process used in the selection of evidence-based design (EBD) concepts, the criteria used to make these decisions, and the extent to which leadership style may have influenced the decision-making process. Five research questions were formulated to frame the direction of this study, including: (1) How did healthcare leaders learn of innovations in design? (2) How did healthcare leaders make decisions in the selection of healthcare design concepts? (3) What criteria did healthcare leaders use in the decision-making process? (4) How did healthcare leaders consider input from the staff in design decisions? and (5) To what extent did the leadership style of administrators affect the outcomes of the decision-making process?
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current issues affecting healthcare in the community led the principal investigator's organization to undertake an ambitious facilities expansion project. As part of its planning process, the organization learned of EBD principles that seemingly had a positive impact on patient care and safety and staff working conditions. Although promising, a paucity of empirical research addressed the cost/benefit of incorporating many EBD concepts into one hospital setting, and there was no research that articulated the organizational decision-making process used by healthcare administrators when considering the use of EBD in expansion projects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed-method, descriptive, qualitative, single-case study and quantitative design were used to address the five research questions. The Systems Research Organizing Model provided the theoretical framework. A variety of data collection methods was used, including interviews of key respondents, the review of documentary evidence, and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A participatory process was used throughout the design decision phases, involving staff at all levels of the organization. The Internet and architects facilitated learning about EBD. Financial considerations were a factor in decision making. The prevalence of the transformational leadership style among the organization's administrators exceeded the U.S. mean.
authors.affiliation: Palomar Pomerado Health, Escondido, CA 92025, USA. Lorie.Shoemaker@pph.org
authors.forename: Lorie K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: Abby Swanson
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kazley
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010865:Pilot Projects