title: Towards a global barcode library for Lymantria (Lepidoptera: Lymantriinae) tussock moths of biosecurity concern.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detecting and controlling the movements of invasive species, such as insect pests, relies upon rapid and accurate species identification in order to initiate containment procedures by the appropriate authorities. Many species in the tussock moth genus Lymantria are significant forestry pests, including the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L., and consequently have been a focus for the development of molecular diagnostic tools to assist in identifying species and source populations. In this study we expand the taxonomic and geographic coverage of the DNA barcode reference library, and further test the utility of this diagnostic method, both for species/subspecies assignment and for determination of geographic provenance of populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcodes were obtained from 518 individuals and 36 species of Lymantria, including sequences assembled and generated from previous studies, vouchered material in public collections, and intercepted specimens obtained from surveillance programs in Canada. A maximum likelihood tree was constructed, revealing high bootstrap support for 90% of species clusters. Bayesian species assignment was also tested, and resulted in correct assignment to species and subspecies in all instances. The performance of barcoding was also compared against the commonly employed NB restriction digest system (also based on COI); while the latter is informative for discriminating gypsy moth subspecies, COI barcode sequences provide greater resolution and generality by encompassing a greater number of haplotypes across all Lymantria species, none shared between species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the efficacy of DNA barcodes for diagnosing species of Lymantria and reinforces the view that the approach is an under-utilized resource with substantial potential for biosecurity and surveillance. Biomonitoring agencies currently employing the NB restriction digest system would gather more information by transitioning to the use of DNA barcoding, a change which could be made relatively seamlessly as the same gene region underlies both protocols.
authors.affiliation: Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. jdewaard@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: deWaard
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Melody A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Keena
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gopurenko
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Boykin
authors.forename: Karen F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pogue
authors.forename: Joao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Floyd
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hanner
authors.forename: Leland M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Humble
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002170:Canada; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D004463:Ecology; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000235:genetics*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D009036:Moths; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV