title: Intravitreal injection anesthesia--comparison of different topical agents: a prospective randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the anesthetic effectiveness of 3 topical agents used for intravitreal injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, triple-armed, double-blinded, prospective, single-centered trial in patients receiving intravitreal ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride drops and a 4% lidocaine pledget (n = 31), 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride drops alone (n = 31), or 4% cocaine (+ epinephrine 1/100,000) drops alone (n = 31). Patients were asked to score their pain experience using a visual analogue scale (VAS) immediately following and 15 minutes after their injection. The average of these scores was used as the primary outcome. The physician performing the procedure separately scored his perception of the patients' pain using the Wong-Baker FACES scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Means of the averaged VAS pain score for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were: 19 (95% confidence interval [CI] 12-26), 21 (95% CI 13-29), and 21 (95% CI 16-27) respectively. Mean Wong-Baker pain scores for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.6), 2.1 (95% CI 1.4-2.7), and 2.3 (95% CI 1.6-3.1) respectively. There was no significant difference (P = .549) between groups for average VAS pain score. Similarly, there was no significant difference (P = .790) for the physician-perceived pain score between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no clinical difference in patient pain experience between the 3 anesthetic options tested. The addition of a 4% lidocaine pledget offered no clinical advantage in pain relief compared to 0.5% tetracaine or 4% cocaine (+ epinephrine 1/100,000) drops alone.
authors.affiliation: Ivey Eye Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Jackman
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Tom G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Sheidow
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D013748:Tetracaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D003042:Cocaine; D000069579:Ranibizumab