title: Healthcare cost and loss of productivity in a Canadian population of patients with and without lupus nephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the healthcare cost and loss of productivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with (LN) and without lupus nephritis (lupus nephritis-negative, LNN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were classified into those with active (ALN and ALNN) and inactive disease (ILN and ILNN). Patients reported on visits to healthcare professionals and use of diagnostic tests, medications, assistive devices, alternative treatments, hospital emergency visits, surgical procedures, and hospitalizations as well as loss of productivity in the 4 weeks preceding enrollment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enrollment was 141 patients, 79 with LN and 62 LNN. Patients with LN were more likely to visit rheumatologists and nephrologists, undergo diagnostic tests, and had higher costs for medications than patients who were LNN. The annual healthcare cost averaged $CAN 12,597 ± 9946 for patients with LN and $10,585 ± 13,149 for patients who were LNN, a difference of $2012 (95% CI -$2075, $6100). Patients with ALN had more diagnostic tests and surgical procedures, contributing to a significantly higher annual direct cost ($14,224 ± 10,265) compared to patients with ILN ($9142 ± 8419) and a difference of $5082 (95% CI $591, $9573). The healthcare cost was not different between patients with ALNN and patients with ILNN. In patients with LN and patients who were LNN, < 50% were employed and on average missed 6.5-9 days of work per month. The loss of productivity was significantly higher for caregivers of patients with LN than caregivers of patients who were LNN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare cost and loss of productivity were similar between patients with LN and patients who were LNN; the loss of productivity for caregivers is higher for patients with LN; and the healthcare cost is greater in ALN than in ILN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Elaheh
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aghdassi
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: St-Pierre
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peeva
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Landolt-Marticorena
authors.forename: Jiandong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholey
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herzenberg
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peschken
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wither
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Fortin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D017028:Caregivers / Q000191:economics; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged