title: Perioperative reductions in circulating lymphocyte levels predict wound complications after excisional breast cancer surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative wound complications after excisional surgery for primary breast cancer can result in patients requiring additional treatments and delay adjuvant therapy and are associated with worse prognoses.We investigated factors that might predispose patients to wound complications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A number of patient characteristics have been associated with wound complications, but there is currently no quantitative measure of the risk of their occurrence. Our hypothesis was that wound complications are related, in part, to the immune status of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited patients undergoing surgery for primary breast cancer and determined their circulating levels of various immune cells shortly before and after surgery as a measure of immune status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seventeen patients were recruited; 16 (13.7%) developed wound complications. The following patient and tumor characteristics were associated with higher wound complication rates: diabetes (P = 0.02); larger tumors (T2/3 vs T1; P = 0.02); metastatic axillary nodes (P = 0.006). With respect to immune status, no significant differences in preoperative levels of circulating immune cells were detected between patients who developed wound complications and those who did not. However, patients who developed complications showed greater reductions in lymphocyte levels 4 hours postoperatively than those who did not (P <0.001). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that falls in lymphocyte levels of greater than 20% or 50% 4 hours postoperatively acted as a significant and independent predictor of wound complications (P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001,respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative changes in lymphocyte levels could provide a practical predictive marker for wound complications on which selective antibiotic prophylaxis could be based.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Brian V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: Rajgopal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Achuthan
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Beaumont
authors.forename: Fiona E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Langlands
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakes
authors.forename: Philip M D
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Hrishikesh G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.forename: Nicolas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Orsi
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horgan
authors.forename: Clive R D
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000276:immunology*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000276:immunology*