title: Combined effects of parasites and contaminants on animal health: parasites do matter.
abstract: The cumulative effects of multiple stressors are becoming a priority concern for ecotoxicologists, ecologists and conservation biologists working to understand threats to ecosystems and species. In that context, parasites and pathogens are increasingly a focus of attention. Parasites interact with natural and anthropogenic stressors to increase mortality and reduce animal health in myriad ways in a wide spectrum of host and parasite taxa. The combined effects of parasites and other stressors can reduce either resistance or tolerance to infection. Recommendations are provided to guide further research.
authors.affiliation: Fluvial Ecosystem Research Section, Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, St. Lawrence Centre, 105 McGill, 7th Floor, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. david.marcogliese@ec.gc.ca
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Marcogliese
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pietrock
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010273:Parasitic Diseases, Animal / Q000469:parasitology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants