title: Ascarid infections in laying hens kept in different housing systems.
abstract: The present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of ascarid infections in Swedish commercial laying hens in 2004 and 2008 following a recent nationwide change to alternative housing systems but before anthelmintics became available. Also, the influence on prevalence of farm and flock characteristics and management was studied in 2004. The results showed that the overall prevalence was significantly higher in 2008 (38%; n = 64/169) compared with 2004 (24%; n = 44/186) (P = 0.001). Ascarid infections were rare in caged flocks, including furnished (enriched) cages, both years (2.4 to 4.3%), and were significantly more common in non-cage systems in both years (16.7 to 48.6% in 2004, and 28.6 to 77.1% in 2008 depending on the housing system). There was no significant difference in prevalence between hens kept on litter indoors and free-range/organic hens. The absence of a hygiene barrier at the entrance of the house or unit increased the risk of infection (P < 0.001), which suggests that parasite eggs were introduced horizontally to the farms. The risk of infection also increased with the age of equipment used in the barn; for example, the risk increased with an odds ratio of 7.5 (95% confidence interval = 2.3 to 25) when comparing equipment 1 year old with equipment ≥7 years old. The results of this study show that ascarid infections may re-emerge following a change to alternative housing. With the impending ban on conventional battery cages in the member states of the European Union, ascarid infections are likely to increase in importance and efficient control options such as hygiene barriers should be implemented on all farms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. desiree.s.jansson@sva.se
authors.forename: Désirée S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vågsholm
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Christensson
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Göransson
authors.forename: Oddvar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fossum
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Höglund
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017162:Ascaridida / Q000502:physiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002645:Chickens / Q000469:parasitology*; D005243:Feces; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics