title: Dietary whey hydrolysate with exercise alters the plasma protein profile: a comprehensive protein analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been shown that dietary whey protein accelerates glucose uptake by altering glycoregulatory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. In the present study, we investigated the effect of dietary whey protein on endurance and glycogen resynthesis and attempted to identify plasma proteins that reflected the physical condition by a comprehensive proteomics approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male c57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: sedentary, sedentary with whey protein hydrolysate, exercise, and exercise with whey protein hydrolysate. The mice in the exercise groups performed treadmill running exercise five times per week for 4 wk. Protein profiling of plasma sample obtained from individuals was performed, as were measurements of endurance performance and the glycogen content of gastrocnemius muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the training period, the endurance of mice fed the whey diet was improved compared with that of mice fed the control diet. Muscle glycogen content was significantly increased after 4 wk of exercise, and intake of whey protein led to a further increase in glycogen. Apolipoproteins A-II and C-I and β(2)-glycoprotein-1 were found to be altered by training combined with the intake of whey protein, without significant changes induced by exercise or whey protein alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the present study suggest that these three proteins may be potential biomarkers of improved endurance and glycogen resynthesis and part of the mechanism that mediates the benefits of whey protein.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Health Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan. waoi@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Aoi
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takanami
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morifuji
authors.forename: Jinichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanegae
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mihara
authors.forename: Taishi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanohara
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000097:blood; D001056:Apolipoproteins C / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009043:Motor Activity; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D010807:Physical Endurance; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000097:blood; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001053:Apolipoproteins; D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D001056:Apolipoproteins C; D015415:Biomarkers; D008894:Milk Proteins; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I; D006003:Glycogen