title: Surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease in CKD: what's under the hood?
abstract: Although clinical cardiovascular outcomes, such as heart attack, stroke, and sudden cardiac death, have a dramatic onset, they result from prolonged exposure to an ever-growing array of risk factors. Several noninvasive procedures are available to assess the cumulative effect of these exposures with the goal of more precisely estimating a person's cardiovascular risk. These include ankle-brachial index, which provides an estimation of obstruction in major-vessel lumen caliber; carotid ultrasound, which evaluates carotid intima-media thickness and plaque, visibly quantifying atherosclerotic burden; aortic pulse wave velocity, which provides a measure of large-artery stiffness; and echocardiography, which measures left ventricular mass, providing a measure of subclinical hypertensive heart disease. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of each of these measures, with a particular emphasis on patients with chronic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. mfrubin@partners.org
authors.forename: Mario F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Sylvia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.forename: Julio A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chirinos
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Townsend
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D014664:Vasodilation