title: Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and HLA-C allorecognition patterns implicative of dominant activation of natural killer cells contribute to recurrent miscarriages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decidual natural killer (NK) cells play key developmental roles at the feto-maternal interface. Individual differences in NK-cell interactions are dependent on the combinations of variable killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and HLA class-I gene products. As different receptor-ligand interactions may result in altered NK-cell-mediated immunity against pathogens, it is proposed that the relationship between these genes may be important in a state such as recurrent miscarriage (RM). We had earlier reported that the predisposition to RM is influenced by the maternal KIR gene content. In the present study, we have attempted to extend our findings in the light of contribution from the paternal antigens on the outcome of pregnancy, since maternal NK cells may potentially encounter non-self-paternal HLA-C alleles on trophoblasts. All HLA-C allotypes fall into two major KIR epitopes--C1 (HLA-C*01/*03/*07/*08/*12/*14/*16) and C2 (HLA-C*02/*04/*05/*06/*15/*17/*18)--on the basis of a dimorphism at position 80 of the α1 domain.
  
  
  METHODS
  PCR-sequence specific primer-based genotyping was used to determine the maternal KIR gene content and HLA-C genotypes down to allele level in couples experiencing RM and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KIR2DL1 with both partners homozygous for HLA C2 was significantly higher in control couples when compared with the patients [P = 0.0004, odds ratio (OR) = 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.13-0.58]. The activating KIR2DS2 with both partners homozygous for HLA C1 was significantly higher in patients when compared with the controls (P = 0.002, OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.47-5.40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results represented the 'top-end' of the activation spectrum of KIR-HLA-C compound genotype for NK cells and this may contribute to the immunological etiology of RM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP 226014, India.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Faridi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D015236:HLA-C Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D054340:Receptors, KIR / Q000235:genetics*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015236:HLA-C Antigens; D054340:Receptors, KIR