title: Development and evaluation of real-time TaqMan® RT-PCR assays for the detection of avian nephritis virus and chicken astrovirus in chickens.
abstract: The development and preliminary evaluations of two TaqMan®-based, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assays for the quantitative detection of avian nephritis virus (ANV) and chicken astrovirus (CAstV) RNAs are described. The assays used amplicons generated from the 3' untranslated region of the ANV genome and a conserved region of CAstV open reading frame 1b including its junction with open reading frame 2. High virus RNA levels (>10(5.99) viral copies) were detected for ANV and CAstV in 81% and 67% gut content samples from growth-retarded broiler flocks. Results from longitudinal surveys of two broiler flocks showed that ANV and CAstV RNAs were detected in most gut content and kidney samples collected at all time points from day 0 to day 35, with RNA levels of both astroviruses being higher in the gut contents than in the kidneys, and with the ANV RNA levels being greater than those of CAstV especially at early (days 7 and 14) time points. When the results obtained for the days 4/5 time-point samples from four broiler flocks with varying growth performances were compared, the two better-performing flocks had 100-fold to 1000-fold less ANV viral copies than the flocks that performed least well. Application of the rRT-PCR tests to samples collected from broiler chicks, which were experimentally infected with a crude gut content inoculum, demonstrated that ANV RNA could be detected in gut content and kidney samples at levels similar to those found at corresponding time points in longitudinal survey samples, whereas CAstV RNA was detected at lower levels than in the longitudinal survey samples, especially in kidney samples.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University of Belfast, Stormont, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Jewhurst
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Adair
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Todd
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D019350:Astroviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D052676:Avastrovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002645:Chickens; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D007668:Kidney / Q000821:virology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D019914:Taq Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D019562:Viral Load / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019914:Taq Polymerase