title: Development and validation of a scale to assess attitudes and beliefs about menthol cigarettes among african american smokers.
abstract: To develop more effective smoking cessation interventions for the 70% of African American smokers who smoke menthol cigarettes, it is important to understand smokers' reasons for choosing menthols verses nonmenthols. This study conducted a focus group of African American smokers about their attitudes and beliefs about menthol cigarettes. These attitudes and beliefs, along with others from the literature, were included in a survey of 720 African American smokers in Los Angeles County, California. Five common factors emerged-Medicinal Effects, Image, Less Harmful, Tradition, and Taste/Sensation. Menthol smokers had significantly higher scores on the Taste/Sensation, Medicinal Effects, and Less Harmful scales than nonmenthol smokers did. Men were significantly more likely than women to endorse Medicinal Effects, Image, and Tradition, whereas women were significantly more likely to endorse Taste/Sensation. Education was inversely associated with endorsement of Medicinal Effects, Image, Less Harmful, and Tradition. Respondents aged 40 years or older had significantly higher scores on Medicinal Effects, Image, and Less Harmful, compared with younger respondents. Smoking cessation interventions for African American menthol smokers should address commonly held myths that menthols have medicinal effects and are less harmful than nonmenthols, especially among smokers who are older, male, and/or have low levels of education. The new measures presented in this article could be useful for tailoring cessation interventions to individual smokers' attitudes and beliefs about menthol cigarettes.
authors.affiliation: Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA. brallen@cdrewu.edu
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Tess Boley
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Earl
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Unger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008610:Menthol