title: Use of normative distribution of gray to white matter ratio in orthogonal planes in human brain studies and computer-assisted neuroradiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the brain has been extensively studied, relationships of gray (GM) to white (WM) matters in individual sections as typically acquired and read radiologically have not yet been examined. A novel GM/WM-based approach with a compact whole brain representation is introduced and applied to study the brain and perform neuroimage processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gray to white matter ratio GWR defined as GM/(GM+WM) was calculated for 3T T1-weighted axial, coronal, and sagittal sections of 75 normal subjects. The mean (normative) GWR curves were employed to describe the normal brain and quantify aging and to illustrate pathology detection and characterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean GWR curves characterize the normal brain by only six, neuroanatomy-related numbers. The regions with a significant GWR decline with age surround the ventricular system. The GWR decline rate in males is higher (-0.17%/year) than females (-0.14%/year); moreover, males show a significantly higher decline in middle to elder group. The GWR decline from young (≤25 years) to middle (26-40 years) age group (males/females -0.31%/-0.34%/year) is significantly higher than that from middle to elder (>40 years) group (males/females -0.13/-0.07%/year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GWR-based analysis is useful to characterize normal brain, determine significant regions of interest, and quantify healthy aging. It has potential applications in brain compression, comparison, morphometry, normalization, and detecting and quantifying pathologies, which open new avenues in computer-assisted neuroradiology from screening to large brain databases searching.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore. wieslaw@sbic.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Wieslaw L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Nowinski
authors.forename: Varsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Wai Yen
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Yih-Yian
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Sitoh
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009485:Neuroradiography / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult