title: High-efficient generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human astrocytes.
abstract: The reprogramming of human somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells enables the possibility of generating patient-specific autologous cells for regenerative medicine. A number of human somatic cell types have been reported to generate hiPS cells, including fibroblasts, keratinocytes and peripheral blood cells, with variable reprogramming efficiencies and kinetics. Here, we show that human astrocytes can also be reprogrammed into hiPS (ASThiPS) cells, with similar efficiencies to keratinocytes, which are currently reported to have one of the highest somatic reprogramming efficiencies. ASThiPS lines were indistinguishable from human embryonic stem (ES) cells based on the expression of pluripotent markers and the ability to differentiate into the three embryonic germ layers in vitro by embryoid body generation and in vivo by teratoma formation after injection into immunodeficient mice. Our data demonstrates that a human differentiated neural cell type can be reprogrammed to pluripotency and is consistent with the universality of the somatic reprogramming procedure.
authors.affiliation: Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brennand
authors.forename: Athanasia D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Panopoulos
authors.forename: Aída
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herrerías
authors.forename: Fred H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Izpisua-Belmonte
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D007621:Karyotyping / Q000379:methods; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase