title: Race/ethnicity, color-blind racial attitudes, and multicultural counseling competence: the moderating effects of multicultural counseling training.
abstract: Increasing trainees' multicultural counseling competence (MCC) has been a hot topic in counseling. Scholars have identified predictors (e.g., race/ethnicity, color-blindness) of MCC, and educators provide multicultural training for trainees. Using a sample of 370 psychology trainees, this study examined whether multicultural training (a) moderated racial/ethnic differences on MCC and (b) changed the relationship between color-blindness and MCC. Results indicated a significant interaction effect of race/ethnicity (i.e., White vs. ethnic minority) and multicultural training on multicultural awareness, but not on multicultural knowledge. Specifically, at lower levels of training, racial/ethnic minority trainees had significantly higher multicultural awareness than their White counterparts; at higher levels of training, no significant difference was found. Described differently, more training significantly enhanced Whites' multicultural awareness, but did not enhance racial/ethnic minority trainees' awareness. Additionally, there was a significant interaction effect of color-blindness and multicultural training on multicultural knowledge, but not on multicultural awareness. The association between color-blindness and multicultural knowledge was stronger at higher levels of multicultural training than at lower levels of training. Alternatively, the effect of training on enhancing knowledge was stronger for those with lower color-blindness than for those with higher color-blindness.
authors.affiliation: Counseling Psychology, Morgridge College of Education, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA. cchao3@du.edu
authors.forename: Ruth Chu-Lien
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Meifen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Glenn E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Lisa Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Flores
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001364:Awareness; D003376:Counseling / Q000193:education*; D054521:Cultural Competency / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D003479:Curriculum; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011287:Prejudice; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012928:Social Desirability; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult