title: Rehabilitation of executive functioning with training in attention regulation applied to individually defined goals: a pilot study bridging theory, assessment, and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess feasibility and effects of training in goal-oriented attentional self-regulation for patients with brain injury and chronic executive dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen individuals with chronic brain injury and mild to moderate executive dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were divided into 2 groups: one group completed goal-oriented attentional self-regulation training during the first 5 weeks, followed by a brief (2-hour) educational instruction session as a control midway through the second 5 weeks; the other group participated in reverse order.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuropsychological and functional performance assessed at baseline and at weeks 5 and 10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants found training in goal-oriented attentional self-regulation engaging, incorporated some trained strategies into daily life, and reported subjective improvements in personal functioning. At week 5, participants who completed goals training significantly improved on tests of attention and executive function and had fewer functional task failures, while performance did not change after educational instruction. At week 10, participants who crossed over from educational instruction to goals training also significantly improved on attention and executive function tests. Participants who crossed from goals training to educational instruction maintained their week 5 gains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training in goal-oriented attentional self-regulation is theoretically driven and feasible in a research setting. Pilot results suggest improvements in cognitive and functional domains targeted by the intervention.
authors.affiliation: Veteran's Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA. tna@cns-site.com
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Novakovic-Agopian
authors.forename: Anthony J-W
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rome
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Holli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Castelli
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McKim
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hills
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Esposito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D056344:Executive Function; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult