title: Flow cytometry: a promising technique for the study of silicone oil-induced particulate formation in protein formulations.
abstract: Subvisible particles in formulations intended for parenteral administration are of concern in the biopharmaceutical industry. However, monitoring and control of subvisible particulates can be complicated by formulation components, such as the silicone oil used for the lubrication of prefilled syringes, and it is difficult to differentiate microdroplets of silicone oil from particles formed by aggregated protein. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of flow cytometry to resolve mixtures comprising subvisible bovine serum albumin (BSA) aggregate particles and silicone oil emulsion droplets with adsorbed BSA. Flow cytometry was also used to investigate the effects of silicone oil emulsions on the stability of BSA, lysozyme, abatacept, and trastuzumab formulations containing surfactant, sodium chloride, or sucrose. To aid in particle characterization, the fluorescence detection capabilities of flow cytometry were exploited by staining silicone oil with BODIPY 493/503 and model proteins with Alexa Fluor 647. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that silicone oil emulsions induced the loss of soluble protein via protein adsorption onto the silicone oil droplet surface. The addition of surfactant prevented protein from adsorbing onto the surface of silicone oil droplets. There was minimal formation of homogeneous protein aggregates due to exposure to silicone oil droplets, although oil droplets with surface-adsorbed trastuzumab exhibited flocculation. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of flow cytometry as an analytical tool for monitoring the effects of subvisible silicone oil droplets on the stability of protein formulations.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: D Brett
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Trotter
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gabrielson
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Theodore W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Randolph
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000327:Adsorption; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004655:Emulsions; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000737:chemistry*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry*; D012827:Silicone Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D000068878:Trastuzumab
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D004655:Emulsions; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D012827:Silicone Oils; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D000069594:Abatacept; D009113:Muramidase; D000068878:Trastuzumab