title: Verification bias an underrecognized source of error in assessing the efficacy of medical imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diagnostic tests are validated by comparison against a "gold standard" reference test. When the reference test is invasive or expensive, it may not be applied to all patients. This can result in biased estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test. This type of bias is called "verification bias," and is a common problem in imaging research. The purpose of our study is to estimate the prevalence of verification bias in the recent radiology literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  All issues of the American Journal of Roentgenology (AJR), Academic Radiology, Radiology, and European Journal of Radiology (EJR) between November 2006 and October 2009 were reviewed for original research articles mentioning sensitivity or specificity as endpoints. Articles were read to determine whether verification bias was present and searched for author recognition of verification bias in the design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 3 years, these journals published 2969 original research articles. A total of 776 articles used sensitivity or specificity as an outcome. Of these, 211 articles demonstrated potential verification bias. The fraction of articles with potential bias was respectively 36.4%, 23.4%, 29.5%, and 13.4% for AJR, Academic Radiology, Radiology, and EJR. The total fraction of papers with potential bias in which the authors acknowledged this bias was 17.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verification bias is a common and frequently unacknowledged source of error in efficacy studies of diagnostic imaging. Bias can often be eliminated by proper study design. When it cannot be eliminated, it should be estimated and acknowledged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Penn State Milton S. Hersey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA. jpetscavage@hmc.psu.edu
authors.forename: Jonelle M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Petscavage
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D015982:Bias; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic