title: Optimizing vermistabilization of waste activated sludge using vermicompost as bulking material.
abstract: An integrated composting-vermicomposting system has been developed for stabilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) using matured vermicompost as bulking material and Eisenia fetida as earthworm species. Composting was considered as the main processing unit and vermicomposting as polishing unit. The integrated system was optimized by successive recycling and mixing of bulking material with WAS during composting and examining the effects of environmental condition (i.e. temperature: 10-30°C and relative humidity: 50 and 90%) and stocking density (0-5 kg/m(2)) on vermicomposting. The composting stage resulted in sufficient enrichment of bulking material with organic matter after 20 cycles of recycling and mixing with WAS and produced materials acceptable for vermicomposting. Vermicomposting of composted material caused significant reduction in pH, volatile solids (VS), specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), C/N ratio and pathogens and a substantial increase in electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP). The environmental conditions (i.e. temperature: 10-30°C and relative humidity: 50 and 90%) and stocking density (0-5 kg/m(2)) have profound effects on vermicomposting. Temperature of 20°C with high humidity is the best suited environmental condition for vermicomposting employing E. fetida. The favorable stocking density range for vermiculture is 0.5-2.0 kg/m(2) (optimum: 0.5 kg/m(2)) and for vermicomposting is 2.0-4.0 kg/m(2) (optimum: 3.0 kg/m(2)), respectively. The integrated composting-vermicomposting system potentially stabilizes and converts the hazardous WAS into quality organic manure for agronomic applications without any adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering and Management Programme, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
authors.forename: Subrata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hait
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tare
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D010758:Phosphorus; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen