title: Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour.
abstract: This review summarises current knowledge about production volumes, physico-chemical properties, analysis, environmental occurrence, fate and behaviour and human exposure to the "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). We define the term NBFRs as relating to BFRs which are new to the market or newly/recently observed in the environment. Restrictions and bans on the use of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) formulations, in many jurisdictions, have created a market for the use of NBFRs. To date, most data on NBFRs have arisen as additional information generated by research designed principally to study more "traditional" BFRs, such as PBDEs. This has led to a wide variety of analytical approaches for sample extraction, extract purification and instrumental analysis of NBFRs. An overview of environmental occurrence in abiotic matrices, aquatic biota, terrestrial biota and birds is presented. Evidence concerning the metabolism and absorption of different NBFRs is reviewed. Human exposure to NBFRs via different exposure pathways is discussed, and research gaps related to analysis, environmental sources, fate, and behaviour and human exposure are identified.
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. adrian.covaci@ua.ac.be
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harrad
authors.forename: Mohamed A-E
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdallah
authors.forename: Nadeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Dorte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herzke
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Wit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001717:Birds / Q000378:metabolism; D017605:Bromine Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017605:Bromine Compounds; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane