title: Uterine perforation with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device: analysis of reports from four national pharmacovigilance centres.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices (LNG-IUD) are commonly used for contraception and other indications in many countries. National pharmacovigilance centres have been receiving reports from healthcare professionals and patients of uterine perforation associated with the use of these LNG-IUDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  National pharmacovigilance centres in the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland and Germany did a search on their adverse drug reaction databases for reports of cases of uterine perforation after insertion of a LNG-IUD received between the introduction of the LNG-IUD onto the market in the late 1990s and 15 July 2007. The number of women affected and patient characteristics such as age, parity and breastfeeding status were examined. In addition, the method of detection of the perforation and the time until discovery of the perforation were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between the introduction of the LNG-IUD onto the market in each country and 15 July 2007, 701 cases of uterine perforation with a LNG-IUD were reported; 8.5% of the perforations were detected at the time of insertion. Abdominal pain and control/check-up visits were the most common events that lead to the detection of a perforation. Of 462 women known to be parous, 192 (42%) were breastfeeding at the time the perforation was discovered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uterine perforations can be asymptomatic and may remain undetected for a long time after IUD insertion. Abdominal pain, control/check-up visits or changes in bleeding patterns are triggers for detection of perforation and should therefore be taken seriously.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands. ac.vangrootheest@lareb.nl
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Grootheest
authors.forename: Bernhardt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harrison-Woolrych
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caduff-Janosa
authors.forename: Eugène
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Puijenbroek
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000453:epidemiology; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007436:Intrauterine Devices, Medicated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014595:Uterine Perforation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D016912:Levonorgestrel