title: A high-resolution human contact network for infectious disease transmission.
abstract: The most frequent infectious diseases in humans--and those with the highest potential for rapid pandemic spread--are usually transmitted via droplets during close proximity interactions (CPIs). Despite the importance of this transmission route, very little is known about the dynamic patterns of CPIs. Using wireless sensor network technology, we obtained high-resolution data of CPIs during a typical day at an American high school, permitting the reconstruction of the social network relevant for infectious disease transmission. At 94% coverage, we collected 762,868 CPIs at a maximal distance of 3 m among 788 individuals. The data revealed a high-density network with typical small-world properties and a relatively homogeneous distribution of both interaction time and interaction partners among subjects. Computer simulations of the spread of an influenza-like disease on the weighted contact graph are in good agreement with absentee data during the most recent influenza season. Analysis of targeted immunization strategies suggested that contact network data are required to design strategies that are significantly more effective than random immunization. Immunization strategies based on contact network data were most effective at high vaccination coverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA. salathe@psu.edu
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salathé
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kazandjieva
authors.forename: Jung Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levis
authors.forename: Marcus W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D058873:Pandemics; D012574:Schools; D014481:United States