title: Diagnostic performance of ultrasound in nonpalpable cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound is frequently obtained during the presurgical evaluation of boys with nonpalpable undescended testes, but its clinical utility is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic performance of ultrasound in localizing nonpalpable testes in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language articles were identified by searching Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. We included studies of subjects younger than 18 years who had preoperative ultrasound evaluation for nonpalpable testes and whose testis position was determined by surgery. Data on testis location determined by ultrasound and surgery were extracted by 2 independent reviewers, from which ultrasound performance characteristics (true-positives, false-positives, false-negatives, and true-negatives) were derived. Meta-analysis of 12 studies (591 testes) was performed by using a random-effects regression model; composite estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound has a sensitivity of 45% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29-61) and a specificity of 78% (95% CI: 43-94). The positive and negative likelihood ratios are 1.48 (95% CI: 0.54-4.03) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.46-1.35), respectively. A positive ultrasound result increases and negative ultrasound result decreases the probability that a nonpalpable testis is located within the abdomen from 55% to 64% and 49%, respectively. Significant heterogeneity limited the precision of these estimates, which was attributable to variability in the reporting of selection criteria, ultrasound methodology, and differences in the proportion of intraabdominal testes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound does not reliably localize nonpalpable testes and does not rule out an intraabdominal testis. Eliminating the use of ultrasound will not change management of nonpalpable cryptorchidism but will decrease health care expenditures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tasian
authors.forename: Hillary L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Copp
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography