title: Testing a german adaption of the entrapment scale and assessing the relation to depression.
abstract: The construct of entrapment is used in evolutionary theory to explain the etiology of depression. The perception of entrapment can emerge when defeated individuals want to escape but are incapable. Studies have shown relationships of entrapment to depression, and suicidal tendencies. The aim of this study was a psychometric evaluation and validation of the Entrapment Scale in German (ES-D). 540 normal subjects completed the ES-D along with other measures of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and distress. Good reliability and validity of the ES-D was demonstrated. Further, whereas entrapment originally has been regarded as a two-dimensional construct, our analyses supported a single-factor model. Entrapment explained variance in depressive symptoms beyond that explained by stress and hopelessness supporting the relevance of the construct for depression research. These findings are discussed with regard to their theoretical implications as well as to the future use of the entrapment scale in clinical research and practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trachsel
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grosse Holtforth