title: Evolution of disease response genes in loblolly pine: insights from candidate genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Host-pathogen interactions that may lead to a competitive co-evolution of virulence and resistance mechanisms present an attractive system to study molecular evolution because strong, recent (or even current) selective pressure is expected at many genomic loci. However, it is unclear whether these selective forces would act to preserve existing diversity, promote novel diversity, or reduce linked neutral diversity during rapid fixation of advantageous alleles. In plants, the lack of adaptive immunity places a larger burden on genetic diversity to ensure survival of plant populations. This burden is even greater if the generation time of the plant is much longer than the generation time of the pathogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we present nucleotide polymorphism and substitution data for 41 candidate genes from the long-lived forest tree loblolly pine, selected primarily for their prospective influences on host-pathogen interactions. This dataset is analyzed together with 15 drought-tolerance and 13 wood-quality genes from previous studies. A wide range of neutrality tests were performed and tested against expectations from realistic demographic models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, our analyses found that axr (auxin response factor), caf1 (chromatin assembly factor) and gatabp1 (gata binding protein 1) candidate genes carry patterns consistent with directional selection and erd3 (early response to drought 3) displays patterns suggestive of a selective sweep, both of which are consistent with the arm-race model of disease response evolution. Furthermore, we have identified patterns consistent with diversifying selection at erf1-like (ethylene responsive factor 1), ccoaoemt (caffeoyl-CoA-O-methyltransferase), cyp450-like (cytochrome p450-like) and pr4.3 (pathogen response 4.3), expected under the trench-warfare evolution model. Finally, a drought-tolerance candidate related to the plant cell wall, lp5, displayed patterns consistent with balancing selection. In conclusion, both arms-race and trench-warfare models seem compatible with patterns of polymorphism found in different disease-response candidate genes, indicating a mixed strategy of disease tolerance evolution for loblolly pine, a major tree crop in southeastern United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elhan S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ersoz
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Santiago C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: González-Martínez
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Neale
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000378:metabolism; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D055864:Droughts; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D041603:Pinus taeda / Q000235:genetics*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D015144:Southeastern United States; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D002482:Cellulose