title: Eating disorders and gastrointestinal peptides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disturbances in gastrointestinal hormones have been implicated in the pathogenesis of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. However, the contribution of these hormonal changes to the onset and maintenance of eating disorder remains unclear. We focus our review on a selective number of gastrointestinal hormones that are known to play a role in the regulation of short-term or long-term energy balance and examine their association with eating disorder in recently published literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several new studies reported differential changes of ghrelin isoforms during fasting and following nutrient ingestion. New findings on other appetite-regulating hormones (peptide YY, cholecystokinin, incretin hormones and pancreatic polypeptide) at different nutritional states and disease stage have also been reported in subtypes of eating disorder. Most of the changes in peripheral hormones disappeared or partially recovered after the restoration of weight with nutritional and behavioral therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dysregulation of gastrointestinal hormones is more likely to contribute to the maintenance of the disordered eating behavior and related metabolic outcomes as well as the clinical course rather than causing them. A better understanding of this relationship also carries implications for developing targeted hormone-base treatment for eating disorder.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Alessio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D054439:Ghrelin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D019894:Peptide YY; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002766:Cholecystokinin