title: Vitamin D decreases risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women of normal weight in subtropical taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence for an association between vitamin D status and breast cancer is now more convincing, but is uncertain in subtropical areas like Taiwan. This hospital-based case-control study examined the relationship of breast cancer with vitamin D intake and sunlight exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 200 incident breast cancer cases in a Taipei hospital were matched with 200 controls by date of interview and menopausal status. Information on risk factors for breast cancer was collected in face-to-face interviews and assessed with reference to vitamin D intake (foods and nutrients) and sunlight exposure. Vitamin D intake was divided into quartiles, and threshold effect was evaluated by comparing Q2-Q4 with Q1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age, education, parity, hormone replacement therapy, body mass index (BMI), energy intake, menopausal status, and daily sunlight exposure, the risk of breast cancer in participants with a dietary vitamin D intake greater than 5 µg per day was significantly lower (odds ratio [OR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.97) than that of participants with an intake less than 2 µg per day. In analysis stratified by menopausal status and BMI, both dietary vitamin D and total vitamin D intakes were associated with a protective effect among premenopausal women. There was a significant linear trend for breast cancer risk and dietary vitamin D intake in premenopausal women (P = 0.02). In participants with a BMI lower than 24 kg/m(2) (ie, normal weight), dietary vitamin D intake was inversely related to breast cancer risk (P for trend = 0.002), and a threshold effect was apparent (Q2-Q4 vs Q1: OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.23-0.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D had a protective effect against breast cancer in premenopausal women of normal weight in subtropical Taiwan, especially an intake greater than 5 µg per day.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. mmsl@ndmctsgh.edu.tw
authors.forename: Meei-Shyuan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yi-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wahlqvist
authors.forename: Tsai-Yi
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yu-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Mei-Hsuan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jyh-Cherng
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Chien-An
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017697:Premenopause; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D013472:Sunlight; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D