title: Three cases of manifesting female carriers in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
abstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually affects males. However, females are also affected in rare instances. Approximately 8% of female Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) carriers are manifesting carriers and have muscle weakness to some extent. We investigated the clinical features of 3 female patients with dystrophinopathy diagnosed by clinical, pathological, and genetic studies at our neuromuscular disease clinic. The onset age of manifesting symptoms varied (8-28 years). Muscle weakness grade varied as follows: patient 1 showed asymmetrical bilateral proximal upper and lower extremities weakness, patient 2 showed asymmetrical bilateral upper extremities weakness similar to scapulohumoral muscular dystrophy, and patient 3 had only bilateral asymmetric proximal lower extremities weakness. Two patients had familial histories of DMD (their sons were diagnosed with DMD), but the 1 remaining patient had no familial history of DMD. The serum creatine kinase level was elevated in all patients, but it was not correlated with muscular weakness. An electromyography study showed findings of myopathy in all patients. One patient was diagnosed with a DMD carrier by a muscle biopsy with an immunohistochemical stain (dystrophin). The remaining 2 patients with familial history of DMD were diagnosed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). There were inconsistent clinical features in the female carriers. An immunohistochemical analysis of dystrophin could be useful for female carrier patients. Also, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification is essential for the diagnosis of a manifesting female carrier DMD in female myopathic patients because conventional multiplex PCR could not detect the duplication and is less accurate compared to MLPA.
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1Neurology and 2Laboratory Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Kyung-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seong-Woong
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Young-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000175:diagnosis*