title: Global gene expression analysis reveals dynamic and developmental stage-dependent enrichment of lead-induced neurological gene alterations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The underlying genetic mechanisms specific to subtle neurological alterations associated with environmental lead (Pb) exposures have not been clearly elucidated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to identify novel gene targets and the underlying genetic mechanisms associated with developmental Pb neurotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first exposed zebrafish embryos to a range of Pb concentrations throughout early development to establish relative toxicity. Using the data from that experiment, we exposed another group of zebrafish embryos to a sublethal dose of Pb (100 ppb) immediately after fertilization through 72 or 120 hr postfertilization (hpf). Global gene expression was then analyzed for molecular pathways and gene ontology enrichment, and Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the translation of gene expression changes to protein levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 72 hpf, we identified 231 probes representing 90 nonredundant genes with well-established function or orthology to human genes as being altered by Pb exposure. This gene set was both confirmatory and novel in nature and was highly enriched for neurological development, function, and disease. Moreover, gene changes at this time point were correlated to altered protein levels. Alternatively, the gene set at 120 hpf did not share association with neurological development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Global gene expression alterations associated with developmental Pb exposure were dynamic and dependent on developmental stage. Gene expression alterations at the 72-hpf time point were highly enriched with genes and molecular pathways associated with neurological development and disease. Moreover, we identified a number of novel targets for future exploration into their role in the genetic mechanisms underlying Pb-induced neurological alterations.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D007854:Lead