title: T lymphocyte activation profiles in peripheral blood of long- versus short-term residents of Kuwait: comparison with asthmatics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the Arabian Gulf Wars of 1991 and 2003, the resident population of Kuwait sustained heavy exposure to environmental toxicants introduced by military activities. No comprehensive studies have been conducted to assess how exposure to the wartime and postwar environment may have altered the fundamental patterns of immune reactivity among Kuwaitis in ways that affect pathogenesis of disease. This present study addresses this issue by characterising immunological features of asthma and allergies in a Kuwaiti population that is unique and possibly correlates with toxicant exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-fi ve long-term residents of Kuwait afflicted with bronchial asthma concurrent with rhinitis; and 2 healthy control groups: 18 long-term residents and 10 newcomers to Kuwait were evaluated by 2- and 3-colour fl ow cytometry for peripheral blood T cell subpopulation frequencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to healthy, long-term residents, significantly elevated frequencies of all activated cell phenotypes were observed in the blood of the asthmatic group (P <0.05 to P <0.001), except for CD8+HLA-DR+ cells and a presumed T-regulatory (Treg) subpopulation: CD4+CD25(high). The asthmatic group was also observed to have larger populations of CD3+ (pan-T cells), CD4+ (T helper cells) and CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells), CD3+CD56 (NKT-like cells) and CD56+CD16+ (NK cells) compared to healthy long-term residents. Compared to healthy recent immigrants, the blood of long-term residents contained elevated levels of CD3+CD56+ (NK-like), CD4+CD45RA+/ CD45RO+ (Naive-to-Memory Transitional), but lower CD4+CD25+(high) (Treg) (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated representation of natural killer (NKT)-like and memory phenotypes may predispose long-term residents towards enhanced susceptibility for airway disease; while at the same time, reducing representation of Treg cells which are protective against airway disease, and this may increase vulnerability to these syndromes among the residents of Kuwait. These results may provide insight into the features of immunopathogenesis of asthma and allergies in Kuwait that arise as a result of the special environment of the country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait. fadia@hsc.edu.kw
authors.forename: Fadia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: Fatema
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Habeeb
authors.forename: Nirmina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arifhodzic
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: Ladislav
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Novotny
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D017252:CD3 Complex; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D019002:CD56 Antigen; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D047830:Gulf War; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural; D007730:Kuwait; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017252:CD3 Complex; D019002:CD56 Antigen