title: Insulin resistance, adiponectin and adverse outcomes following elective cardiac surgery: a prospective follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance and adiponectin are markers of cardio-metabolic disease and associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The present study examined whether preoperative insulin resistance or adiponectin were associated with short- and long-term adverse outcomes in non-diabetic patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, we assessed insulin resistance and adiponectin levels from preoperative fasting blood samples in 836 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Population-based medical registries were used for postoperative follow-up. Outcomes included all-cause death, myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention, stroke, re-exploration, renal failure, and infections. The ability of insulin resistance and adiponectin to predict clinical adverse outcomes was examined using receiver operating characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither insulin resistance nor adiponectin were statistically significantly associated with 30-day mortality, but adiponectin was associated with an increased 31-365-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio 2.9 [95% confidence interval 1.3-6.4]) comparing the upper quartile with the three lower quartiles. Insulin resistance was a poor predictor of adverse outcomes. In contrast, the predictive accuracy of adiponectin (area under curve 0.75 [95% confidence interval 0.65-0.85]) was similar to that of the EuroSCORE (area under curve 0.75 [95% confidence interval 0.67-0.83]) and a model including adiponectin and the EuroSCORE had an area under curve of 0.78 [95% confidence interval 0.68-0.88] concerning 31-365-day mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated adiponectin levels, but not insulin resistance, were associated with increased mortality and appear to be a strong predictor of long-term mortality. Additional studies are warranted to further clarify the possible clinical role of adiponectin assessment in cardiac surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Danish Data Protection Agency; reference no. 2007-41-1514.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery T & Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. majlund@ki.au.dk
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.forename: Troels K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gjedsted
authors.forename: Niels H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Vibeke E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Hjortdal
authors.forename: Søren P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Johnsen
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin