title: Imaging expression of the human somatostatin receptor subtype-2 reporter gene with 68Ga-DOTATOC.
abstract: The human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (hSSTr2)-68Ga-DOTATOC reporter system has several attractive features for potential translation to human studies. These include a low expression of hSSTr2 in most organs, a rapid internalized accumulation of 68Ga-DOTATOC in the SSTr2-expressing cells, and a rapid excretion of unbound radioligand by the renal system. We performed a series of in vitro and in vivo validation studies of this reporter system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retroviral vector containing a dual reporter, pQCXhSSTr2-IRES-GFP (IRES: internal ribosome entry site; GFP: green fluorescent protein), was constructed and transduced into Jurkat, C6, and U87 cells. Stably transduced reporter cells were characterized in vitro using optical and radiometric methods. Multiple tumor-bearing mice were evaluated with 68Ga-DOTATOC PET studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dual-reporter genes were incorporated into all tumor cell lines, and their expression levels were confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), GFP visualization, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for hSSTr2. In vitro, hSSTr2 cell membrane expression was 36,000, 280,000, and 1,250,000 copies per cell for the SSTR2-transfected Jurkat, U87, and C6 cell lines. Small-animal PET of 68Ga-DOTATOC in tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that the in vivo uptake of this radioligand was directly proportional to the in vitro expression of hSSTr2. The in vivo uptake of 68Ga-DOTATOC, at 2 h after injection, was low in all organs except the kidneys (7.8 percentage of injected dose per gram [%ID/g]) and as high as 15.2 %ID/g in transduced C6 tumors. The corresponding transduced-to-nontransduced tumor uptake ratio was 64, and the tumor-to-muscle uptake ratio was around 500.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  68Ga-DOTATOC is an excellent specific ligand for this hSSTr2 reporter system and for hSSTr2 reporter gene PET. Because DOTATOC has undergone extensive clinical testing, this human reporter system has the potential for translation to human studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Hanwen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Maxim A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moroz
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serganova
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Ruimin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vider
authors.forename: Helmut R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Maecke
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blasberg
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Smith-Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015282:Octreotide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; C093733:somatostatin receptor 2; D015282:Octreotide; C106246:Edotreotide