title: Cancer and age related colonic crypt deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase I.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether deficiency of expression of cytochrome c oxidase I (CcOI) in colonic crypts is associated with colon cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pattern and level of expression of CcOI in non-neoplastic colonic crypts, and in dysplastic tissues, was assessed using standard immunohistochemical methods. Biopsies were obtained from individuals undergoing colonoscopies for screening purposes or for a medically indicated reason. Tissue samples were also obtained from surgical colonic resections. Samples from resections were taken from colonic mucosa 1 and 10 cm from tumors and from the tumors themselves. Samples were evaluated for frequency of crypts with reduced or absent expression of CcOI. In most crypts the loss was apparent throughout the entire crypt, while in a small minority the loss was segmental. The strong immunoreactivity using this monoclonal antibody makes the scoring unambiguous. The percent of crypts with reduced or absent expression of CcOI or (infrequent) segmented loss of expression was then calculated. Data analyses were performed using SPSS statistical package 17.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average frequency of CcOI deficient crypts (CcOI-DC) is low in individuals between 20 and 39 years of age, with 0.48% ± 0.40% CcOI-DC for women and 1.80% ± 0.35% for men. CcOI-DC increases after age 40 years, so that between the ages of 40 and 44 years the average frequency of CcOI-DC goes up to 5.89% ± 0.84% in women and 2.15% ± 1.27% in men. By 80-84 years of age, the average frequency of CcOI-DC goes up in women to 15.77% ± 0.97% and in men to 22.6% ± 0.65%. The increases in CcOI-DC from ages 40-44 years compared to 80-84 years in women and men are significantly different with P < 0.01. For women over age 60 years, deficiency of CcOI expression is greater in those women who have had a cancer in their colon. The frequency of CcOI-DC, measured in men, increased in tissues adjacent to colon cancer, being 4.03% ± 0.27% in individuals free of neoplasia in the age range 55-64 years and 14.13% ± 0.35% in resected histologically normal tissue of men with cancer in the same age range, P < 0.001. Similar significant differences were noted in older age ranges. The frequency of CcOI-DC crypts in the cecum and sigmoid colon of an individual are significantly correlated, with an R(2) = 0.414 for women and R(2) = 0.528 for men, P < 0.001. This suggests that the factors determining the level of CcOI deficiency act throughout the colon. Most defective crypts are in clusters of two or more, a likely consequence of crypt fission. In the non-neoplastic margins of cancers, crypts are frequently deficient for CcOI, and such crypts may appear in large clusters, some containing more than 100 deficient crypts. CcOI deficiency is also apparent in colon cancers and sometimes involves a large section of the tumor. Overall, CcOI deficient cells can be visualized in segments of crypts, in whole crypts that increase in frequency with age, in crypts undergoing fission, in clusters of crypts where the clusters increase in size with age, in increased frequency near tumors, in large clusters in the intimate margins of tumors, and in the tumors themselves. There is no clear dividing line between early stages that can be considered aspects of aging and later stages that can be considered aspects of the progression to cancer. This ambiguity may reflect a rather general situation leading to adult cancer where the early stages of cellular change appear to be relatively innocuous features of the aging process but over decades may evolve into malignancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CcOI deficient crypts increase in frequency with age, and clusters of deficient crypts are associated with, and may give rise to, colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: Carol Bernstein, Alexander Facista, Huy Nguyen, Nadia Hassounah, Cristy Loustaunau, Harris Bernstein, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Facista
authors.forename: Huy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Beryl
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zaitlin
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hassounah
authors.forename: Cristy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loustaunau
authors.forename: Claire Margaret
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldschmid
authors.forename: V Liana
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Tsikitis
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krouse
authors.forename: Harris
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bernstein