title: Monoclonal antibodies. Basic features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monoclonal antibodies are a powerful tool in laboratory diagnosis and are increasingly used in the treatment of several diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibody development and characterization has a long history and goes back to immunology itself. The present article provides a historical introduction to humoral immunity until the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and reviews concepts relating to the structure and function of antibodies, as well as to the generation of diversity, activation and maturation of B lymphocytes. The main techniques for producing monoclonal antibodies are outlined and some of their applications in human disease are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since their discovery, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases. The use of human and humanized monoclonal antibodies has markedly improved their tolerability. Current technology for manufacturing these antibodies allows new designs that may broaden their possible applications in medicine.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología/Neuroinmunología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España. gmerino@meditex.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García Merino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007136:Immunoglobulins