title: Influence of smoking on gingival crevicular fluid cytokines in severe chronic periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the expression of 22 chemokines and cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis and periodontally healthy control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty subjects with generalized severe chronic periodontitis (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers) and 12 periodontally healthy control subjects participated in this study. Four diseased and two healthy sites were selected from each of the periodontitis subjects. GCF samples were collected and cytokines analysed utilizing a multiplexed immunoassay (Luminex(®) ). Statistical analyses employed non-parametric tests including the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with healthy control subjects, GCF in subjects with chronic periodontitis contained significantly higher amounts of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12(p40) (pro-inflammatory cytokines); IL-8, macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (chemokines); IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-3, IL-4 (Th1/Th2 cytokines); IL-15 [regulator of T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells]. Smokers displayed decreased amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines [IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12(p40)], chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1, RANTES), and regulators of T-cells and NK cells (IL-7, IL-15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontitis subjects had significantly elevated cytokine and chemokine profiles. Smokers exhibited a decrease in several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and certain regulators of T-cells and NK-cells. This reflects the immunosuppressant effects of smoking which may contribute to an enhanced susceptibility to periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Keelen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Tymkiw
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Thunell
authors.forename: Georgia K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joly
authors.forename: Kindra K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Burnell
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brogden
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guthmiller
mesh_terms: D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000032:analysis; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000032:analysis; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000032:analysis; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000032:analysis; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 / Q000032:analysis; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000032:analysis; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000032:analysis; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C515429:CCL3 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D018925:Chemokines; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D016207:Cytokines; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D018793:Interleukin-13; D019409:Interleukin-15; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor