title: Influence of diabetes mellitus on prognostic utility of imaging of myocardial sympathetic innervation in heart failure patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with diabetes mellitus have accelerated progression of heart failure and often have impaired cardiac sympathetic innervation. The present study examines the implications for heart failure progression of cardiac sympathetic denervation, assessed by I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging, in diabetic compared with nondiabetic subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 343 diabetic and 618 nondiabetic subjects with New York Heart Association class II or III heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% over a median follow-up of 17 months. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the influence of clinical variables, b-type natriuretic peptide, plasma norepinephrine, left ventricular ejection fraction, and I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging parameters on time to a heart failure event. The late heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratio and the interaction term of diabetes mellitus with the prospectively selected late H/M ratio <1.6 were independent predictors of heart failure progression, providing incremental prognostic information beyond that available from all other variables. In diabetic subjects, late H/M ratio <1.6 was associated with a 2.99-fold greater 2-year rate of heart failure progression (33.5%) than late H/M ratio ≥1.6 (11.2% event rate).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of diabetes mellitus and I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine H/M ratio is an independent predictor of heart failure progression, confirming the high risk of diabetic subjects with impaired cardiac sympathetic nerve function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA. myron.gerson@uc.edu
authors.forename: Myron C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gerson
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ananthasubramaniam
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: Milena J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Henzlova
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amanullah
authors.forename: Arnold F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine