title: Gender differences in the pathway from adverse life events to adolescent emotional and behavioural problems via negative cognitive errors.
abstract: The aim of this study was to test for gender differences in how negative cognitive errors (overgeneralizing, catastrophizing, selective abstraction, and personalizing) mediate the association between adverse life events and adolescents' emotional and behavioural problems (measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). The sample consisted of 202 boys and 227 girls (aged 11-15 years) from three state secondary schools in disadvantaged areas in one county in the South East of England. Control variables were age, ethnicity, special educational needs, exclusion history, family structure, family socio-economic disadvantage, and verbal cognitive ability. Adverse life events were measured with Tiet et al.'s (1998) Adverse Life Events Scale. For both genders, we assumed a pathway from adverse life events to emotional and behavioural problems via cognitive errors. We found no gender differences in life adversity, cognitive errors, total difficulties, peer problems, or hyperactivity. In both boys and girls, even after adjustment for controls, cognitive errors were related to total difficulties and emotional symptoms, and life adversity was related to total difficulties and conduct problems. The life adversity/conduct problems association was not explained by negative cognitive errors in either gender. However, we found gender differences in how adversity and cognitive errors produced hyperactivity and internalizing problems. In particular, life adversity was not related, after adjustment for controls, to hyperactivity in girls and to peer problems and emotional symptoms in boys. Cognitive errors fully mediated the effect of life adversity on hyperactivity in boys and on peer and emotional problems in girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London, UK. e.flouri@ioe.ac.uk
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flouri
authors.forename: Constantina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panourgia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012917:Social Adjustment