title: Cell behavior related to implant surfaces with different microstructure and chemical composition: an in vitro analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports on an in vitro comparison of osteoblast and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation related to two different surface treatments applied to the same implant design to determine whether the interaction between cells and implants is influenced by surface structure and chemical composition of the implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine implants with a sandblasted (SB) surface and 39 implants with a grit-blasted and high-temperature acid-etched (GBAE) surface were used. The implant macrostructures and microstructures were analyzed by high- and low-voltage scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by stereo-SEM. The surface chemical composition was investigated by energy dispersive analysis and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. SaOS-2 osteoblasts and human MSCs were used for the evaluation of cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity in contact with the two surfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GBAE surface showed fewer contaminants and a very high percentage of titanium (19.7%) compared to the SB surface (14.2%). The two surfaces showed similar mean roughness (Ra), but the depth (Rz) and density (RSm) of the porosity were significantly increased in the GBAE surface. The GBAE surface presented more osteoblast and MSC proliferation than the SB surface. No statistically significant differences in alkaline phosphatase activity were found between surfaces for either cellular line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GBAE surface showed less surface contaminants and a higher percentage of titanium (19.7%) than the SB surface. The macro/micropore structured design and chemical composition of the GBAE surface allowed greater cell adhesion and proliferation and an earlier cell spreading but did not play an obvious role in in vitro cellular differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fixed and Implant Prosthodontics, Genoa University, Genova, Italy. studioconserva@libero.it
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conserva
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanuti
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menini
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium