title: The efficiency of the single- versus multiple-stimulus auditory steady state responses in infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multiple auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) will likely be included in the diagnostic test battery for estimating infant auditory thresholds in the near future; however, the effects of single- versus multiple-stimulus presentation in infants has never been investigated. In adults, there are no interactions (reduced amplitudes) between responses to multiple simultaneous stimuli presented at 60 dB SPL or lower. Maturational differences, however, may lead to greater interactions in infants; thus, it is unknown whether the single-stimulus technique or the multiple-stimulus technique is more efficient for testing infants. Two studies were carried out to address this issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  All infants in study A participated in three stimulus conditions, which differed in the number of stimuli presented simultaneously. The monotic single (MS) condition consisted of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz tones, which were presented singly to one ear. The monotic multiple (MM) condition was composed of four tones (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) presented to one ear simultaneously. The dichotic multiple (DM) condition consisted of eight tones presented simultaneously to both ears (four tones to each ear). ASSR amplitudes were obtained from 15 normal infants (mean age: 23.1 wks) in response to multiple (MM, DM) and single (MS) air conduction amplitude-modulated (AM) tones (77 to 105 Hz modulation rates; 60 dB SPL). In study B, ASSR thresholds were determined for 500-Hz stimuli in the single- and DM-stimulus conditions (14 infants; mean age: 20.2 wks).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean single-stimulus ASSR amplitudes for 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz were 30, 39, 45 and 43 nV, respectively. Presentation of multiple AM tones (i.e., four octave-spaced frequencies) to one ear resulted in ASSR amplitudes that were 97%, 87%, 82%, and 70% (for 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, respectively) of the single-stimulus ASSR amplitudes. Results for the dichotic presentation of eight AM tones show ASSR amplitudes that were 70%, 77%, 67%, and 67% relative to the MS condition. Although decreases in amplitude occurred using multiple stimuli in infants, the multiple ASSR remained more efficient than the single-stimulus ASSR (i.e., multiple-stimulus amplitudes were greater than single-stimulus amplitudes divided by √K, where K is the number of stimuli). Results from study B indicate that ASSR thresholds for 500 Hz presented in the DM condition were elevated 3 dB compared with that obtained in the 500-Hz single-stimulus condition. This statistically nonsignificant difference is within the range of acceptable test-retest variability and is thus not of clinical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amplitude reductions seen in the multiple-stimulus conditions in infants, not seen in adults, could be related to maturational differences in the ear canal, middle ear, cochlea, and/or brain stem. Because greater interactions occur in the DM-stimulus condition compared with the monotic multiple-stimulus condition and baseline single-stimulus condition, brain stem origins of these interactions are likely. Study B revealed statistically nonsignificant differences between threshold for 500 Hz when presented in the single- and DM-stimulus conditions. In summary, as with adults, multiple-stimulus presentation in infants is more efficient than single AM tones, at least for 60 dB SPL stimuli.
authors.affiliation: School of Audiology and Speech Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hatton
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Stapells
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000367:Age Factors; D016477:Artifacts; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D003051:Cochlea / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D004423:Ear / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation