title: Biphasic regulation of intracellular calcium by gemfibrozil contributes to inhibiting L6 myoblast differentiation: implications for clinical myotoxicity.
abstract: Gemfibrozil is the most myotoxic fibrate drug commonly used for dyslipidemia, but the mechanism is poorly understood. The current study revealed that gemfibrozil inhibits myoblast differentiation through the regulation of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) as revealed in L6 myoblasts by use of laser scan confocal microscopy and flow cytometry using Fluo-4 AM as a probe. Gemfibrozil at 20-400 μM, could regulate [Ca(2+)]i in L6 cells in a biphasic manner, and sustained reduction was observed when the concentration reached 200 μM. Inhibition of L6 differentiation by gemfibrozil was concentration-dependent with maximal effect noted between 200 and 400 μM, as indicated by creatine kinase activities and the differentiation index, respectively. In differentiating L6 myoblasts, gemfibrozil at concentrations below 400 μM led to no significant signs of apoptosis or cytotoxicity, whereas differentiation, inhibited by 200 μM gemfibrozil, was only partially recovered. A good correlation was noted between gemfibrozil concentrations that regulate [Ca(2+)]i and inhibit L6 myoblasts differentiation, and both are within the range of total serum concentrations found in the clinic. These data suggest a potential pharmacodynamic effect of gemfibrozil on myogenesis as a warning sign, in addition to the complex pharmacokinetic interactions. It is also noteworthy that mobilization of [Ca(2+)]i by gemfibrozil may trigger complex biological responses besides myocyte differentiation. Information revealed in this study explores the mechanism of gemfibrozil-induced myotoxicity through the regulation of intracellular calcium.
authors.affiliation: South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
authors.forename: Aiming
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Julin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Gary Q
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Renke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000633:toxicity*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D015248:Gemfibrozil; D002118:Calcium