title: The expression of Wnt2b in the optic cup lip requires a border between the pigmented and nonpigmented epithelium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wnt2b is normally expressed at the optic cup lip and is implicated in ciliary body induction. The lens has often been considered an organizer for the anterior eye, but recent studies demonstrate that the anterior cell fates are correctly specified in the absence of the lens. This study uses Wnt2b as a marker to reveal the mechanism behind the specification of the anterior domain of the optic cup.
  
  
  METHODS
  Developing chick embryos were used as a model system. Eyes were microsurgically manipulated to assess the role of the lens in the development of the anterior optic cup. Eyes were molecularly manipulated, using fibroblast growth factor expressing replication-incompetent retrovirus, introduced into the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) domain. Ectopic fibroblast growth factor transformed the RPE into nonpigmented epithelium (NPE; ciliary body). As the virus does not spread, discrete borders between RPE and NPE were experimentally created. Wnt2b expression was assessed after surgical and molecular manipulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrary to expectations, we found that the lens is not able to induce Wnt2b expression in optic cup tissue: When the optic cup lip is experimentally misspecified such that it no longer contains the juxtaposition of pigmented and nonpigmented tissue, Wnt2b is not expressed. In addition, if the prelens ectoderm is removed from the optic vesicle before morphogenesis, the resulting lensless optic cup expresses Wnt2b even though it was not in contact with lens tissue. We also show that ectopic lenses do not induce Wnt2b in optic cup tissue. The ciliary body/anterior eye domain is specified at the border of RPE and the NPE of the ciliary body. During development, this border is normally found at the optic cup lip. We can manipulate tissue specification using retroviral-mediated gene transfer, and create ectopic borders between nonpigmented and pigmented tissue. At such borders, Wnt2b is ectopically expressed in the absence of lens contact. Finally, we describe a role for the lens in maintenance of Wnt2b expression and demonstrate support for this in two ways: First, we show that if the lens is removed from the formed optic cup, endogenous Wnt2b expression is specifically lost from the optic cup lip; and second, we show that while ectopic Wnt2b expression is initially found in the majority of ectopic borders, as eye development proceeds ectopic expression is maintained only in those borders that are close to the lens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the results provide support for a model in which the anterior optic cup domain, as described in part by Wnt2b expression, is specified through the elaboration of a border within the optic neuroepithelium rather than through interactions with the surrounding environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kitamoto
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo; D024081:Collagen Type IX / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024081:Collagen Type IX; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors