title: Outcome and clinical changes in patients 3, 6, 12 months after a severe or major hand injury--can sense of coherence be an indicator for rehabilitation focus?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our objective was to explore outcome and clinical changes in hand function, satisfaction in daily occupations, sleep disturbances, health and quality of life in consecutive patients after a severe or major hand injury. Our objective was also to investigate possible differences between groups according to severity of injury, presence of peripheral nerve injury and the patients' sense of coherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal questionnaire, including demographic data, disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH), QoL (SF-36), EuroQol (EQ-5D VAS), hand function (VAS), satisfaction in daily occupation (SDO), was sent out 3, 6 and 12 months after injury to 45 consecutive patients with a severe or major hand injury. Sense of coherence (SOC) was evaluated at 6 months. For the descriptive study, non-parametric tests were used since almost all results were measured with ordinal scales, the study sample was small, and most variables not normally distributed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost all self-assessed aspects of hand function, satisfaction in daily occupations, health (DASH), and physical QoL (SF-36) improved statistically for the whole group over time. Large clinical improvement was seen for physical QoL and health, while a low or no improvement was observed for mental QoL, and cold sensitivity. Few differences were found between participants with a severe or major of hand injury or with or without a major nerve injury. No significant differences in demographic data were observed between participants with high or low SOC, but participants with low SOC showed significantly lower satisfaction in daily occupations, higher DASH scores, lower mental QoL, more sleep disturbances, and bodily pain. Correlation was found between SOC, and QoL, health and satisfaction in daily occupations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SOC had a significant influence on patients with a severe or major traumatic hand injury. Patients with lower SOC would probably benefit from extra support and help to master their daily life, indicating that sense of coherence is an indicator for future rehabilitation focus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational Therapy and Gerontology, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. ragnhild.cederlund@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Ragnhild I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Cederlund
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramel
authors.forename: Hans-Eric
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Rosberg
authors.forename: Lars B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Dahlin
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult