title: Prevalence and antifungal resistance profile of Candida spp. oral isolates from patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the study was to measure the prevalence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of patients with diabetes types 1 and 2 when compared to healthy individuals and to study antifungal resistance profile of the isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 162 subjects in the study: diabetes type 1 (n=39); control group 1 (n=50): healthy individuals matched in gender, age, and oral conditions to diabetes type 1 patients; diabetes type 2 (n=37); control group 2 (n=36) who were matched to each patient of the diabetes type 2 group. Stimulated saliva was collected and isolates were identified with phenotypic tests. The presence of C. dubliniensis was determined by multiplex PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences in Candida spp. frequency between the diabetes 1 group and its control (p=0.443) nor between the diabetes 2 group and its control (p=0.429). C. albicans was the most frequently isolated yeast in all groups. In the diabetes groups, C. stellatoidea, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. lipolytica, C. glabrata, and C. krusei were also identified. Additionally, in control groups, C. kefyr was also detected. None of the isolates were resistant to amphotericin B and flucytosine. A low percentage of the isolates were resistant to ketoconazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No differences were detected in colonization of Candida spp. oral isolates from type 1 and type 2 diabetes when compared to matched controls. The antifungal resistance of Candida spp. isolates for ketoconazole from type 1 diabetes patients was significantly higher than that of its matched control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Microbiology and Immunology, São José dos Campos Dental School, Univ Estadual Paulista, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, São Dimas, 12245-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bremenkamp
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Caris
authors.forename: A O C
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Jorge
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Back-Brito
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Balducci
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Brighenti
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Koga-Ito
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000382:microbiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000382:microbiology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007654:Ketoconazole