title: Effects of HUD-supported lead hazard control interventions in housing on children's blood lead.
abstract: The Evaluation of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program studied the effectiveness of the housing intervention performed in reducing the blood lead of children at four post-intervention times (6-months, 1-year, 2-years, and 3-years). A repeat measures analysis showed that blood lead levels declined up to three-years post-intervention. The results at each successive collection time were significantly lower than at the previous post-intervention time except for the difference between the levels at two and three years. At two-years post-intervention, geometric mean blood lead levels were approximately 37% lower than at pre-intervention. Children with pre-intervention blood lead levels as low as 10 μg/dL experienced substantial declines in blood lead levels. Previous studies have found substantial improvements only if a child's pre-intervention blood lead level was above 20 μg/dL. Individual interior lead hazard control treatments as grouped by Interior Strategy were not a significant predictor of post-intervention blood lead levels. However, children living in dwellings where exterior lead hazard control interventions were done had lower blood lead levels at one-year post-intervention than those living in dwellings without the exterior interventions (all other factors being equal), but those differences were only significant when the mean exterior paint lead loading at pre-intervention was about the 90th percentile (7.0mg/cm(2)). This observation suggests that exterior lead hazard control can be an important component of a lead hazard control plan. Children who were six to eleven months of age at pre-intervention had a significant increase in blood lead at one-year post-intervention, probably due to other exposures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. clarkcs@ucmail.uc.edu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Galke
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Succop
authors.forename: Joann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grote
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McLaine
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Menrath
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roda
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bornschein
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis; D017751:Safety Management / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead