title: Alien hand syndrome: neural correlates of movements without conscious will.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The alien hand syndrome is a striking phenomenon characterized by purposeful and autonomous movements that are not voluntarily initiated. This study aimed to examine neural correlates of this rare neurological disorder in a patient with corticobasal degeneration and alien hand syndrome of the left hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate brain responses associated with unwanted movements in a case study. Results revealed that alien hand movements involved a network of brain activations including the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, precuneus, and right inferior frontal gyrus. Conscious and voluntary movements of the alien hand elicited a similar network of brain responses but lacked an activation of the inferior frontal gyrus. The results demonstrate that alien and unwanted movements may engage similar brain networks than voluntary movements, but also imply different functional contributions of prefrontal areas. Since the inferior frontal gyrus was uniquely activated during alien movements, the results provide further support for a specific role of this brain region in inhibitory control over involuntary motor responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We discuss the outcome of this study as providing evidence for a distributed neural network associated with unwanted movements in alien hand syndrome, including brain regions known to be related to movement execution and planning as well as areas that have been linked to inhibition control (inferior frontal gyrus) and experience of agency (precuneus).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. mischa@neuro2.med.uni-magdeburg.de
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Hans-Jochen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Heinze
authors.forename: Imke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Galazky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055964:Alien Limb Phenomenon / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001072:Apraxias / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003243:Consciousness; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009068:Movement; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D009415:Nerve Net; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications