title: HER2 phosphorylation is maintained by a PKB negative feedback loop in response to anti-HER2 herceptin in breast cancer.
abstract: Herceptin (trastuzumab) is used in patients with breast cancer who have HER2 (ErbB2)-positive tumours. However, its mechanisms of action and how acquired resistance to Herceptin occurs are still poorly understood. It was previously thought that the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody Herceptin inhibits HER2 signalling, but recent studies have shown that Herceptin does not decrease HER2 phosphorylation. Its failure to abolish HER2 phosphorylation may be a key to why acquired resistance inevitably occurs for all responders if Herceptin is given as monotherapy. To date, no studies have explained why Herceptin does not abolish HER2 phosphorylation. The objective of this study was to investigate why Herceptin did not decrease HER2 phosphorylation despite being an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody. We also investigated the effects of acute and chronic Herceptin treatment on HER3 and PKB phosphorylation in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Using both Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) methodology and conventional Western blot, we have found the molecular mechanisms whereby Herceptin fails to abolish HER2 phosphorylation. HER2 phosphorylation is maintained by ligand-mediated activation of EGFR, HER3, and HER4 receptors, resulting in their dimerisation with HER2. The release of HER ligands was mediated by ADAM17 through a PKB negative feedback loop. The feedback loop was activated because of the inhibition of PKB by Herceptin treatment since up-regulation of HER ligands and ADAM17 also occurred when PKB phosphorylation was inhibited by a PKB inhibitor (Akt inhibitor VIII, Akti-1/2). The combination of Herceptin with ADAM17 inhibitors or the panHER inhibitor JNJ-26483327 was able to abrogate the feedback loop and decrease HER2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the combination of Herceptin with JNJ-26483327 was synergistic in tumour inhibition in a BT474 xenograft model. We have determined that a PKB negative feedback loop links ADAM17 and HER ligands in maintaining HER2 phosphorylation during Herceptin treatment. The activation of other HER receptors via ADAM17 may mediate acquired resistance to Herceptin in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. This finding offers treatment opportunities for overcoming resistance in these patients. We propose that Herceptin should be combined with a panHER inhibitor or an ADAM inhibitor to overcome the acquired drug resistance for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Our results may also have implications for resistance to other therapies targeting HER receptors.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Merel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gijsen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Adrian L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Banafshé
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larijani
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000072198:ADAM17 Protein; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020893:Receptor, ErbB-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D000068878:Trastuzumab
chemical_list: D051722:ADAM Proteins; D000072198:ADAM17 Protein; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D020893:Receptor, ErbB-3; D000068878:Trastuzumab; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human; C000606462:ADAM17 protein, human; C000606463:Adam17 protein, mouse