title: Botulinum toxin has an increased effect when targeted toward the muscle's endplate zone: a high-density surface EMG guided study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of endplate-targeted injections of a low Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) dose with that of injections at defined distances from the motor endplate zone.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight healthy volunteers, the main endplate zones of the right and left extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) muscles were localized using high-density surface EMG. On the study side BoNT-A was injected at fixed distances from the endplate zone. On the control side, BoNT-A was administered into the endplate zone. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) prior to the injection and 2, 12, and 24 weeks later were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the control side, the mean CMAP reduction 2 weeks after BoNT-A injection was 79.3%. The difference in CMAP reduction between both EDB muscles was significantly related to the injection distance from the endplate zone. Increasing the injection distance by 1cm reduced the effect of BoNT-A by 46%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Guided injection of a reduced BoNT-A dose into the muscle's endplate zone(s) is a promising strategy for optimizing the therapeutic effectiveness of BoNT-A and for minimizing side-effects such as unwanted weakness of adjacent muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Precise endplate-targeted injections increase the effect of BoNT-A and may thus prove to reduce required dosage and treatment costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Freiburg Medical Center, Germany. bernd.lapatki@uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Lapatki
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: B P C
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: van de Warrenburg
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zwarts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009045:Motor Endplate / Q000187:drug effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A