title: Screening methods for the detection of antibiotic residues in slaughter animals: comparison of the European Union Four-Plate Test, the Nouws Antibiotic Test and the Premi®Test (applied to muscle and kidney).
abstract: Microbial growth inhibition tests are widely used as the primary screening approach for the detection of antibiotic residues in slaughter animals. In this study we evaluated and compared the performance of the European Union Four-Plate Test (EU4pt), the Nouws Antibiotic Test (NAT), and a commercial ampoule test, the PremiTest (applied to both muscle and kidney), by parallel analysis of 735 slaughter animals. The EU4pt only showed significant inhibition with two muscle samples containing 305 µg kg(-1) doxycycline and 648 µg kg(-1) tulathromycin, while an maximum residue limit (MRL) violation of 1100 µg kg(-1) sulfamethazine remained unnoticed. PremiTest-muscle only detected the sulfamethazine containing sample, all other (1.1%) suspect samples appeared false-positive results. The same test applied to kidney yielded 4.1% suspect samples, while the NAT screening (based on analysis of renal pelvis fluid) showed 4.9% suspect results. The vast majority of these samples contained tetracycline and/or aminoglycoside residues. PremiTest-kidney appeared to be more sensitive to aminoglycosides than the NAT screening, which failed to detect an MRL violation of 870 µg kg(-1) gentamicin in kidney. Detection of less than MRL levels of tetracycline residues by the NAT proved its suitability for this residue group. Whether PremiTest is sufficiently sensitive for accurate tetracycline detection in kidney remains doubtful, although changing over to kidney definitely improved the suitability of PremiTest for the detection of residues in slaughter animals.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands. mariel.pikkemaat@wur.nl
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pikkemaat
authors.forename: M L B A
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rapallini
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zuidema
authors.forename: J W A
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Elferink
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oostra-van Dijk
authors.forename: W D M
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Driessen-van Lankveld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D005062:European Union; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents