title: Cortical evoked responses associated with arousal from sleep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if low-level intermittent auditory stimuli have the potential to disrupt sleep during 24-h recordings, we assessed arousal occurrence to varying stimulus intensities. Additionally, if stimulus-generated evoked response potential (ERP) components provide a metric of underlying cortical state, then a particular ERP structure may precede an arousal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physiological electrodes measuring EEG, EKG, and EMG were implanted into 5 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. We delivered auditory stimuli of varying intensities (50-75 dBa sound pressure level SPL) at random intervals of 6-12 s over a 24-hour period. Recordings were divided into 2-s epochs and scored for sleep/wake state. Following each stimulus, we identified whether the animal stayed asleep or woke. We then sorted the stimuli depending on prior and post-stimulus state, and measured ERP components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Auditory stimuli did not produce a significant increase in the number of arousals compared to silent control periods. Overall, arousal from REM sleep occurred more often compared to quiet sleep. ERPs preceding an arousal had decreased mean area and shorter N1 latency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low level auditory stimuli did not fragment animal sleep since we observed no significant change in arousal occurrence. Arousals that occurred within 4 s of a stimulus exhibited an ERP mean area and latency had features similar to ERPs generated during wake, indicating that the underlying cortical tissue state may contribute to physiological conditions required for arousal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Derrick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schei
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Meighan
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rector
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*