title: Transgenic overexpression of LARGE induces α-dystroglycan hyperglycosylation in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  LARGE is one of seven putative or demonstrated glycosyltransferase enzymes defective in a common group of muscular dystrophies with reduced glycosylation of α-dystroglycan. Overexpression of LARGE induces hyperglycosylation of α-dystroglycan in both wild type and in cells from dystroglycanopathy patients, irrespective of their primary gene defect, restoring functional glycosylation. Viral delivery of LARGE to skeletal muscle in animal models of dystroglycanopathy has identical effects in vivo, suggesting that the restoration of functional glycosylation could have therapeutic applications in these disorders. Pharmacological strategies to upregulate Large expression are also being explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In order to asses the safety and efficacy of long term LARGE over-expression in vivo, we have generated four mouse lines expressing a human LARGE transgene. On observation, LARGE transgenic mice were indistinguishable from the wild type littermates. Tissue analysis from young mice of all four lines showed a variable pattern of transgene expression: highest in skeletal and cardiac muscles, and lower in brain, kidney and liver. Transgene expression in striated muscles correlated with α-dystroglycan hyperglycosylation, as determined by immunoreactivity to antibody IIH6 and increased laminin binding on an overlay assay. Other components of the dystroglycan complex and extracellular matrix ligands were normally expressed, and general muscle histology was indistinguishable from wild type controls. Further detailed muscle physiological analysis demonstrated a loss of force in response to eccentric exercise in the older, but not in the younger mice, suggesting this deficit developed over time. However this remained a subclinical feature as no pathology was observed in older mice in any muscles including the diaphragm, which is sensitive to mechanical load-induced damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work shows that potential therapies in the dystroglycanopathies based on LARGE upregulation and α-dystroglycan hyperglycosylation in muscle should be safe.
authors.affiliation: Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brockington
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torelli
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sebahattin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cirak
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Dominic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muntoni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049030:Dystroglycans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D049030:Dystroglycans; C117674:LARGE1 protein, human; C502747:Large1 protein, mouse; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases