title: Effect of bisphosphonates on anodized and heat-treated titanium surfaces: an animal experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent investigations reported that osseointegration of titanium implants can be significantly reinforced with a nanostructure treated with anodic oxidation and heat treatment. This experimental study investigates the effect of bisphosphonates on the nanotubular implant surface in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six titanium implants were divided into three groups: 1) machine-turned (MT), 2) anodized and heat-treated (AH), and 3) anodized and heat- and bisphosphonate-treated (AHB) groups. The 36 implants were randomly placed in both tibias of 18 male Wistar rats. After 2 and 4 weeks, the levels of osseointegration of the implants were evaluated by a removal torque test and microcomputerized tomography (μCT). Peri-implant bone tissue on the extracted region was examined for the expression of type I collagen and osteocalcin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AHB group showed the highest removal torque at 2 and 4 weeks (13.92 ± 1.51 Ncm and 18.10 ± 2.15 Ncm, respectively) followed, in order, by the AH group (11.63 ± 1.58 Ncm at 2 weeks and 14.80 ± 2.34 Ncm at 4 weeks) and MT group (4.30 ± 0.76 Ncm at 2 weeks and 6.20 ± 1.33 Ncm at 4 weeks) with statistically significant differences between the MT and other two groups at both time points. μCT images also revealed a denser appearance around implants in the AHB group than in the other groups. Levels of type I collagen and osteocalcin expression were similar between the MT and AH groups; however, the values were significantly higher in the AHB group compared to the other groups, which were 220.85% ± 71.09% and 363.04% ± 100.21%, respectively (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of this experiment, it was concluded that surface loading with bisphosphonates significantly improved the degree of osseointegration of titanium implants with a nanostructure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tae-Ju
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Tae-Sung
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Min-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yunjo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.forename: Byung-Il
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyung Seop
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D006358:Hot Temperature; D000077557:Ibandronic Acid; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019415:Torque; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D024042:Collagen Type I; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D004164:Diphosphonates; D015675:Osteocalcin; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D000077557:Ibandronic Acid