title: Liquorice and glycyrrhetinic acid increase DHEA and deoxycorticosterone levels in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting adrenal SULT2A1 activity.
abstract: The mineralocorticoid effects of liquorice are mediated by the inhibitory effects of one of its active components glycyrrhetinic acid on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. However, liquorice is reputed to have many medicinal properties and also contains a number of other potentially biologically active compounds. Here we have investigated the wider effects of oral liquorice on steroidogenesis focussing particularly on possible inhibitory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on adrenal sulfotransferase activity. Salivary steroids were profiled by ELISA in groups of normal male and female volunteers after consuming either liquorice-containing or non-liquorice-containing confectionary for one week. Cortisol and cortisone levels reflected expected inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by glycyrrhetinic acid. Salivary aldosterone was decreased but deoxycorticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone were increased. To assess whether glycyrrhetinic acid directly affected steroidogenesis, free and conjugated steroids were measured in incubates of adrenocortical H295 cells, firstly, in the presence or absence of forskolin and secondly, with radiolabeled deoxycorticosterone or dehydroepiandrosterone. Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited cortisone and enhanced cortisol synthesis consistent with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibition. Basal and forskolin-stimulated syntheses of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone conjugates were also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner; glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited the conjugation of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone with IC50 values of 7 μM. Inhibition of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone conjugation was apparent within 4 h of starting glycyrrhetinic acid treatment and was not associated with changes in the expression of SULT 2A1 mRNA. SULT2A1 encodes the enzyme sulfotransferase 2A1 which is responsible for the sulfonation of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone as well as pregnenolone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone in human adrenal glands. We suggest that the glycyrrhetinic acid constituent of liquorice increases circulating and thereby, salivary levels of unconjugated deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone by inhibiting their conjugation at source within the adrenal cortex. This effect may contribute to the mineralocorticoid actions of glycyrrhetinic acid and gives substance to claims that liquorice also has androgenic properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh, Queen Margaret University Drive, Musselburgh, East Lothian EH21 6UU, UK. ealdujaili@qmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: E A S
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Al-Dujaili
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nicol
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D003900:Desoxycorticosterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006035:Glycyrrhiza / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013256:Steroids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014316:Tritium / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013256:Steroids; D014316:Tritium; D005576:Colforsin; D003900:Desoxycorticosterone; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D015238:Sulfotransferases; C028152:alcohol sulfotransferase; D006034:Glycyrrhetinic Acid