title: Effects of high temperature on different restorations in forensic identification: Dental samples and mandible.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The forensic odontologist strives to utilize the charred human dentition throughout each stage of dental evaluation, and restorations are as unique as fingerprints and their radiographic morphology as well as the types of filling materials are often the main feature for identification. The knowledge of detecting residual restorative material and composition of unrecovered adjacent restoration is a valuable tool-mark in the presumptive identification of the dentition of a burned victim. Gold, silver amalgam, silicate restoration, and so on, have a different resistance to prolonged high temperature, therefore, the identification of burned bodies can be correlated with adequate qualities and quantities of the traces. Most of the dental examination relies heavily on the presence of the restoration as well as the relationship of one dental structure to another. This greatly narrows the research for the final identification that is based on postmortem data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to examine the resistance of teeth and different restorative materials, and the mandible, to variable temperature and duration, for the purpose of identification.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on 72 extracted teeth which were divided into six goups of 12 teeth each based on the type of restorative material. (Group 1 - unrestored teeth, group 2 - teeth restored with Zn(3)(PO(4))(2), group 3 - with silver amalgam, group 4 with glass ionomer cement, group 5 - Ni-Cr-metal crown, group 6 - metal ceramic crown) and two specimens of the mandible. The effect of incineration at 400°C (5 mins, 15 mins, 30 mins) and 1100°C (15 mins) was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Damage to the teeth subjected to variable temperatures and time can be categorized as intact (no damage), scorched (superficially parched and discolored), charred (reduced to carbon by incomplete combustion) and incinerated (burned to ashes).
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Modern Dental College and Research Center, Airport Road, Gandhi Nagar, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Kalpana A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Patidar
authors.forename: Rajkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parwani
authors.forename: Sangeeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wanjari