title: Neuroimaging correlates of aggression in schizophrenia: an update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aggression in schizophrenia is associated with poor treatment outcomes, hospital admissions, and stigmatization of patients. As such it represents an important public health issue. This article reviews recent neuroimaging studies of aggression in schizophrenia, focusing on PET/single photon emission computed tomography and MRI methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neuroimaging literature on aggression in schizophrenia is in a period of development. This is attributable in part to the heterogeneous nature and basis of that aggression. Radiological methods have consistently shown reduced activity in frontal and temporal regions. MRI brain volumetric studies have been less consistent, with some studies finding increased volumes of inferior frontal structures, and others finding reduced volumes in aggressive individuals with schizophrenia. Functional MRI studies have also had inconsistent results, with most finding reduced activity in inferior frontal and temporal regions, but some also finding increased activity in other regions. Some studies have made a distinction between types of aggression in schizophrenia in the context of antisocial traits, and this appears to be useful in understanding the neuroimaging literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frontal and temporal abnormalities appear to be a consistent feature of aggression in schizophrenia, but their precise nature likely differs because of the heterogeneous nature of that behavior.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA. hoptman@nki.rfmh.org
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hoptman
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antonius
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology