title: Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of risperidone in the Thai population are limited. A new generic tablet formulation was recently developed, but bioequivalence research is necessary to obtain marketing authorization for it in Thailand.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of risperidone and its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (which reportedly contributes to the drug's pharmacodynamic effects), in a newly developed generic tablet formulation (test) and a branded formulation (reference) in healthy, fasting, male Thai volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover design was used in this study. The study took place from October 21 through November 28, 2007. After a ≥10-hour overnight fast, volunteers were orally administered one 2-mg risperidone tablet, either the test formulation (Condrug International Company, Ltd.) or the reference formulation-according to the randomization schedule-followed by a 14-day washout period and administration of the alternate formulation. Blood samples were collected over a period of 96 hours. Risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone plasma concentrations were simultaneously determined using a validated HPLC/ion trap mass spectrometry method. The plasma concentration-time curves of the active moiety, risperidone, and 9-hydroxyrisperidone were generated for each volunteer, from which the C(max), T(max), AUC₀₋(last), AUC₀₋(∞), and t(½) were determined using noncompartmental analysis. The effects of formulation, period, sequence, and subject (within sequence) on pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using ANOVA. According to regulatory requirements set forth by Thailand, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the US Food and Drug Administration, products meet the criteria for bioequivalence if the 90% CIs of the treatment ratios for C(max) and AUC are within the range of 0.80 to 1.25. Tolerability was assessed by patient interview, monitoring vital signs (ie, resting blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature), physical examination, and laboratory tests (ie, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry) before and after the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 Thai male volunteers (mean [SD] age, 28.18 [8.27] years [range, 20.62-44.19 years]; weight, 62.43 [4.76] kg [range, 55.03-76.02 kg]; and body mass index, 21.76 [2.07] kg/m² [range, 18.9924.91 kg/m²]) completed the study. The mean (SD) relative bioavailabilities of test to reference formulations determined from AUC of the active moiety, risperidone, and 9-hydroxyrisperidone were 1.06 (0.18), 1.07 (0.29), and 1.04 (0.17), respectively. The ANOVA suggested no statistically significant effect of formulation, period, or sequence on the studied pharmacokinetic parameters of the active moiety, risperidone, or 9-hydroxyrisperidone. The 90% CIs for the natural logarithm-transformed ratios of C(max), AUC₀₋(last), and AUC₀₋(∞) were as follows: for active moiety, 0.94 to 1.03, 0.98 to 1.11, and 0.98 to 1.10, respectively; for risperidone, 0.90 to 1.10, 0.96 to 1.13, and 0.96 to 1.14, respectively; and for 9-hydroxyrisperidone, 0.91 to 1.03, 0.97 to 1.10, and 0.96 to 1.09, respectively. All met the criteria for bioequivalence. The most commonly reported adverse events (AEs) were somnolence (100.0%), orthostatic hypotension (13.6%), headache (4.5%), and syncope (2.3%). AEs were mild and disappeared within 1 day. No volunteers withdrew from the study because of AEs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The single-dose pharmacokinetic data in this small, all-male, selected sample of fasting, healthy volunteers met Thailand's regulatory criteria for assuming bioequivalence of the tested generic and reference 2-mg risperidone tablets. Both formulations were well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Thailand. jutima@pharmacy.psu.ac.th
authors.forename: Jutima
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boonleang
authors.forename: Weerachai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pipatrattanaseree
authors.forename: Chanpa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tanthana
authors.forename: Werawath
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mahatthanatrakul
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013607:Tablets; D013785:Thailand; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D007555:Isoxazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013607:Tablets; D018967:Risperidone; D000068882:Paliperidone Palmitate