title: Educational level and the quality of life of heart failure patients: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower education in heart failure (HF) patients is associated with high levels of anxiety, limited physical functioning, and an increased risk of hospitalization. We examined whether educational level is related to longitudinal differences in quality of life (QoL) in HF patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This research is a substudy of the Coordinating study evaluating Outcomes of Advising and Counselling in Heart failure (COACH). QoL of 553 HF patients (mean age 69, 38% female, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 33%) was assessed during their hospitalization and at 4 follow-up measurements after discharge. In total 32% of the patients had very low, 24% low, 32% medium, and 12% high education. Patients with low educational levels reported the worst QoL. Significant differences between educational groups (P < .05) were only reported in physical functioning, social functioning, energy/fatigue, pain, and limitations in role functioning related to emotional problems. Longitudinal results show that a significantly higher proportion of high-educated patients improved in functional limitations related to emotional problems over time compared with lower-educated patients (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with low educational levels reported the worst physical and functional condition. High-educated patients improved more than the other patients in functional limitations related to emotional problems over time. Low-educated patients may require different levels of intervention to improve their physical and functional condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbareschi
authors.forename: Robbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanderman
authors.forename: Ivonne Lesman
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Leegte
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van Veldhuisen
authors.forename: Tiny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors