title: Colon specific chitosan microspheres for chronotherapy of chronic stable angina.
abstract: In the present work, chitosan microspheres with a mean diameter between 6.32 μm and 9.44 μm, were produced by emulsion cross-linking of chitosan, and tested for chronotherapy of chronic stable angina. Aiming at developing a suitable colon specific strategy, diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ) was encapsulated in the microspheres, following Eudragit S-100 coating by solvent evaporation technique, exploiting the advantages of microbiological properties of chitosan and pH dependent solubility of Eudragit S-100. Different microsphere formulations were prepared varying the ratio DTZ:chitosan (1:2 to 1:10), stirring speed (1000-2000 rpm), and the concentration of emulsifier Span 80 (0.5-1.5% (w/v)). The effect of these variables on the particle size and encapsulation parameters (production yield (PY), loading capacity (LC), encapsulation efficiency (EE)) was evaluated to develop an optimized formulation. In vitro release study of non-coated chitosan microspheres in simulated gastrointestinal (GI) fluid exhibited a burst release pattern in the first hour, whereas Eudragit S-100 coating allowed producing systems of controlled release diffusion fitting to the Higuchi model, and thus suitable for colon-specific drug delivery. DSC analysis indicated that DTZ was dispersed within the microspheres matrix. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microspheres were spherical and had a smooth surface. Chitosan biodegradability was proven by the enhanced release rate of DTZ in presence of rat caecal contents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Cheruvandoor Campus, Ettumanoor-686 631, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jose
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Prema
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Chacko
authors.forename: A Cinu
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Souto
mesh_terms: D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003106:Colon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055870:Drug Chronotherapy; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C038300:methylmethacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer; D048271:Chitosan; D004110:Diltiazem