title: Nitrous oxide causes a regulated hypothermia: rats select a cooler ambient temperature while becoming hypothermic.
abstract: An initial administration of 60% nitrous oxide (N(2)O) evokes hypothermia in rats and if the administration continues for more than 1-2h, acute tolerance typically develops such that the initial reduction in core temperature (Tc) reverses and Tc recovers toward control values. Calorimeter studies at normal ambient temperature indicate that hypothermia results from a transient reduction in heat production (HP) combined with an elevation in heat loss. Acute tolerance develops primarily due to progressive increases in HP. Our aim was to determine whether rats provided a choice of ambient temperatures would behaviorally facilitate or oppose N(2)O-induced hypothermia. A gas-tight thermally-graded alleyway (range, 6.7-37.0°C) enabled male Long-Evans rats (n=12) to select a preferred ambient temperature during a 5-hour steady-state administration of 60% N(2)O and a separate paired control gas exposure (order counterbalanced). Tc was measured telemetrically from a sensor surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavity >7days before testing. Internal LED lighting maintained the accustomed day:night cycle (light cycle 0700-1900h) during sessions lasting 45.5h. Rats entered the temperature gradient at 1100h, and the 5-h N(2)O or control gas period did not start until 23h later to provide a long habituation/training period. Food and water were provided ad libitum at the center of the alleyway. The maximum decrease of mean Tc during N(2)O administration occurred at 0.9h and was -2.05±0.25°C; this differed significantly (p<0.0001) from the corresponding Tc change at 0.9h during control gas administration (0.01±0.14°C). The maximum decrease of the mean selected ambient temperature during N(2)O administration occurred at 0.7h and was -13.58±1.61°C; this differed significantly (p<0.0001) from the corresponding mean change in the selected ambient temperature at 0.7h during control gas administration (0.30±1.49°C). N(2)O appears to induce a regulated hypothermia because the selection of a cool ambient temperature facilitates the reduction in Tc. The recovery of Tc during N(2)O administration (i.e., acute tolerance development) could have been facilitated by selection of ambient temperatures that were warmer than those chosen during control administrations, but interestingly, this did not occur.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7475, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seaman
authors.forename: Karl J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kaiyala
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects*; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013686:Telemetry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D009609:Nitrous Oxide