title: Hippocampal hyperactivation in presymptomatic familial Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The examination of individuals who carry fully penetrant genetic alterations that result in familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) provides a unique model for studying the early presymptomatic disease stages. In AD, deficits in episodic and associative memory have been linked to structural and functional changes within the hippocampal system. This study used functional MRI (fMRI) to examine hippocampal function in a group of healthy, young, cognitively-intact presymptomatic individuals (average age 33.7 years) who carry the E280A presenilin-1 (PS1) genetic mutation for FAD. These PS1 subjects will go on to develop the first symptoms of the disease around the age of 45 years. Our objective was to examine hippocampal function years before the onset of clinical symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty carriers of the Alzheimer's-associated E280A PS1 mutation and 19 PS1-negative control subjects participated. Both groups were matched for age, sex, education level, and neuropsychological test performance. All participants performed a face-name associative encoding task while in a Phillips 1.5T fMRI scanner. Analysis focused on the hippocampal system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite identical behavioral performance, presymptomatic PS1 mutation carriers exhibited increased activation of the right anterior hippocampus during encoding of novel face-name associations compared to matched controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that functional changes within the hippocampal memory system occur years before cognitive decline in FAD. These presymptomatic changes in hippocampal physiology in FAD suggest that hippocampal fMRI patterns during associative encoding may also provide a preclinical biomarker in sporadic AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. yquiroz@bu.edu
authors.forename: Yakeel T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Quiroz
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Budson
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Celone
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Newmark
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castrillón
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lopera
authors.forename: Chantal E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D053764:Presenilin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508853:PSEN1 protein, human; D053764:Presenilin-1; D010100:Oxygen