title: Salivary glands: a new player in phosphorus metabolism.
abstract: In uremic patients, hyperphosphatemia is associated with cardiovascular calcification and increased cardiovascular mortality. Despite the use of phosphate binders and dietary phosphate limitation in addition to dialysis, only 50% of dialysis patients achieve recommended serum phosphate levels. The identification of other approaches for serum phosphorus reduction is therefore necessary. We have approached this issue by taking into account the relationships between serum phosphate, kidney function, and saliva. Saliva was chosen because the anatomy and/or physiology of acini, the secretive units of salivary glands, shares similarities with that of the renal tubules. Salivary fluid contains electrolytes including phosphate that, when related with the amount of salivary secretion per day, raises the interest in identifying another possible approach for phosphorus removal in uremic patients. This article reports studies from our laboratory in the last 3 to 4 years, which have demonstrated a hyperphosphoric salivary content in patients with chronic renal failure and those with end-stage renal disease under chronic dialysis that, in patients with chronic renal failure, linearly correlates with serum phosphate in patients with chronic renal failure and negatively with GFR. The ingestion of the saliva and later its absorption in the intestinal tract starts a vicious circle between salivary phosphate secretion and fasting phosphate absorption, thereby worsening hyperphosphatemia. Therefore, salivary phosphate binding could be a useful approach to serum phosphate level reduction in dialysis patients. The reduction of salivary phosphate with the salivary phosphate binder, chitosan-loaded chewing gum, chewed during fasting periods, as an add-on to phosphate binders could lead to a better control of hyperphosphatemia, as demonstrated in our study, which confirms the importance of this approach.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Nephrology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Savica
authors.forename: Lorenzo A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Calò
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monardo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Muraca
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bellinghieri
mesh_terms: D002638:Chewing Gum; D048271:Chitosan / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D054559:Hyperphosphatemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D010758:Phosphorus; D048271:Chitosan