title: Clinical outcomes following endovascular treatment of the malfunctioning autologous dialysis fistula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited long-term prospective data on the use of endovascular techniques and the use of thrombolysis in malfunctioning autologous haemodialysis fistulas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Prospective assessment of clinical outcomes following angioplasty with or without low-dose thrombolysis was undertaken in patients who presented with malfunctioning autologous haemodialysis fistulas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients referred to our department over a 6-month period were included. Twenty-five patients underwent percutaneous intervention by angioplasty alone (n = 14), angioplasty and stent (n = 2), thrombolysis alone (n = 2), angioplasty, thrombolysis and stent (n = 2) and angioplasty and thrombolysis (n = 5). Patients underwent clinical follow-up and were reviewed at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months to determine fistula status. Thirty-day mortality in the group was two patients. Statistical analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney, chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to compare primary and secondary patency rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technical success and initial clinical success rates were 88% and 76%, respectively. Primary and secondary clinical success rates at 6 months were 68% and 72%, at 12 months were 68% and 72%, at 18 months were 60% and 68% and at 24 months were 52% and 68%, respectively. There were no major complications following interventional procedures. There were four minor complications. After an initially successful procedure, five patients required subsequent intervention during the follow-up period. The overall fistula event rate was very low (five per 600 patient months or 0.0996 per access year) with a fistula loss rate of 0.14 per access year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that excellent clinical results can be achieved by percutaneous endovascular treatment in malfunctioning autologous fistulas, justifying their continued use as first-line management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, Yorkshire, UK.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tapping
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Mallinson
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lakshminarayan
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Ettles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000379:methods*; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D015607:Stents; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency