title: The scapholunate interosseous ligament afferent proprioceptive pathway: a human in vivo experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the afferent pathways of the scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL)-generated stimuli and their contribution to the overall carpal proprioception.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 5 selected patients with preganglionic global root avulsion, confirmed by previous brachial plexus exploration, during the initial stage of carpal arthrodesis surgery. Despite their anesthetic-flail extremity, both the distal axon and the ganglionic cell were intact and able to transfer afferent stimuli. We placed electrodes subcutaneously over the adjacent areas of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves at the elbow region and performed an intraoperative neurophysiologic study. We studied the homologous sensory action potentials (SAPs) generated at the wrist in relaxation, flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation positions at each nerve and repeated them in 2 stages. The first took place with the SLIL intact and the second with the SLIL lacerated. The noise from the rest of the wrist elements was digitally eliminated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the SLIL laceration, SAP intensities recorded at the median nerve in every wrist position were reduced. The radial and ulnar nerves showed differences of lesser degrees between the recorded SAP intensities before and after the ligament sectioning in every carpal position, with only the radial nerve following a specific pattern. The SAP intensity recorded at the median nerve in every carpal motion after the SLIL laceration was similar to the SAP intensity at relaxation with the SLIL intact, whereas recordings of various intensities were present for the radial and ulnar nerves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SLIL generates proprioceptive stimuli at every wrist position. The main innervation of the whole SLIL derives from the anterior interosseous nerve; a partial contribution of the posterior interosseous nerve focused on the dorsal subregion of the ligament may also be present.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Marios D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Vekris
authors.forename: George I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Mataliotakis
authors.forename: Alexander E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Beris
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D008475:Median Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000294:innervation*; D055815:Young Adult