title: Is routine indwelling catheterisation of the bladder for caesarean section necessary? A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary catheterisation, which is associated with 80% of urinary tract infections (UTIs), is routinely performed prior to caesarean section without justification from the best available research evidence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether it is necessary to place indwelling urinary catheters routinely in caesarean section, and to determine the effects of this procedure on UTIs, urinary retention, intra-operative difficulties, operative complications, as well as other outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, POPLINE, SCI, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China Academic Journals Full-Text Database and Chinese Scientific Journals Database were searched in all languages, together with reference lists of the retrieved papers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomised controlled trials (NRCTs) comparing the use versus nonuse of indwelling urinary catheters in caesarean section were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently selected the studies and extracted the data. Results from the trials were combined to calculate relative risks (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trials (two RCTs and one NRCT) were included, involving a total of 1084 participants. Compared with the use of indwelling urinary catheters, nonuse had a significantly lower incidence of UTIs [RR 0.08; 95% CI 0.01, 0.64 (study design: RCT); RR 0.10; 95% CI 0.02, 0.57 (study design: NRCT)], a lower rate of discomfort at first voiding (RR 0.06; 95% CI 0.03, 0.12), less time until first voiding (MD -16.81; 95% CI -17.31, -16.31) and less time until ambulation (MD -6.01; 95% CI -6.68, -5.35); there were no statistically significant differences in the rate of urinary retention [RR 5.00; 95% CI 0.24, 103.18 (study design: RCT); RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.04, 15.18 (study design: NRCT)], operating time (MD -1.10; 95% CI -3.32, 1.12) and rate of intra-operative difficulties (RR 1.00; 95% CI -3.32, 1.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nonuse of indwelling urinary catheters in caesarean section is associated with less UTIs and no increase in either urinary retention or intra-operative difficulties. Our results suggest that the routine use of indwelling urinary catheters for caesarean delivery in haemodynamically stable patients is not necessary, and can be harmful. However, better and larger randomised trials are needed to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D007902:Length of Stay; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D019233:Retreatment; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000209:etiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology