title: Reliability of non-invasive cardiac output measurement in individuals with tetraplegia.
abstract: METHODS
  The study is conducted on the basis of comparative-repeated measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to assess the reliability of non-invasive cardiac output (CO) measurements in individuals with tetraplegia (TP) at rest and during exercise using Innocor, and to test the hypothesis that CO measurements are less reliable in TP than in able-bodied (AB) individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ambulatory volunteers, Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine male motor-complete TP (C5-C7) and nine pair-matched AB performed repeated CO measurements at rest and during submaximal arm-crank and wheelchair exercises in four different test sessions. Within- and between-day reliabilities were compared between TP and AB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean differences between measurements at rest (TP vs AB, within-day: 0.1±0.5 vs 0.2±0.6 l min(-1), between-day: -0.7±0.6 vs -0.1±0.8 l min(-1)), during arm-crank (TP vs AB, within-day: 0.1±0.9 vs 0.5±0.7 l min(-1), between-day: -0.3±1.1 vs 0.0±1.1 l min(-1)) and wheelchair exercises (TP vs AB, within-day: 0.3±1.2 vs -0.1±0.8 l min(-1), between-day: 0.1±1.1 vs 0.5±0.9 l min(-1)) were not significantly different between TP and AB (all P>0.05). Coefficients of variation in TP (within-day, rest: 6.8%, arm-crank: 9.6% and wheelchair: 10.8%; between-day, rest: 11.9%, arm-crank: 11.2% and wheelchair: 10.3%) and in AB (within-day, rest: 7.7%, arm crank: 6.8% and wheelchair: 6.0%; between-day, rest: 9.2%, arm crank: 8.5% and wheelchair: 8.0%) indicated acceptable reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to our hypothesis, we found non-invasive CO measurements using Innocor to be as reliable in TP as they are in AB. Consequently, Innocor can be recommended for repeated assessments of CO in TP within routine diagnostics or for evaluation of training progress.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. stefanie.hostettler@physiol.biol.ethz.ch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hostettler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brechbühl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leuthold
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Illi
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Spengler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013557:Switzerland