title: Carbon ion radiotherapy for treatment of prostate cancer and subsequent outcomes after biochemical failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carbon ion radiotherapy is expected to be suitable to treat localized prostate cancer because it yields great biological and physical effects. The aim of this study was to examine long-term results and subsequent outcomes after biochemical failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 254 patients were treated from the beginning of 2003 and followed through 2009. Long-term hormone therapy was also used for some intermediate-risk and high-risk patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the patients examined, 54 patients experienced biochemical failure. Failure-free survival was 76%, 91% and 76% at eight years in low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk patients, respectively. Clinical progression occurred only in high-risk patients, with 89% progression-free survival at eight years. After biochemical failure, diseases of most patients were well controlled by salvage therapy but twelve high-risk patients (5%) died of prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbon ion radiotherapy had an excellent effect on localized prostate cancer. Factors influencing salvage therapy included PSA kinetics and duration between radiation and failure.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan. shimajun@opal.famille.ne.jp
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akakura
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Masaoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsujii
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D063193:Heavy Ion Radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes