title: Distribution of PSA velocity by total PSA levels: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the distribution and implications of prostate-specific antigen velocity (PSAV) by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in an unselected population. A PSAV >0.35 and >2.0 ng/mL/y have been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (CaP) death more than 10 years and 1 year before diagnosis, respectively. It is unknown how frequently PSAVs of this magnitude occur in community men.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we examined the PSAV distribution in 786 men with serial PSA measurements (3474 PSAV observations) at total PSA levels <10 ng/mL. We also determined whether PSAV altered the probability of overall and life-threatening CaP at PSA levels <3 and 3-10 ng/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the mean PSA and PSAV were 1.3 ng/mL and 0.05 ng/mL/y, respectively. PSAV rose continuously with increasing PSA (P <.0001), and was significantly higher in cancers than controls for observations at PSA levels <3 ng/mL (P = .02) and 3-10 ng/mL (P = .0008). The probability of life-threatening CaP was 3% at a PSA <3 ng/mL, but increased to 13.6% with PSAV >0.4 ng/mL/y. At PSA levels of 3-10 ng/mL, the probability of life-threatening CaP was 9.8% based on PSA alone vs 12% with PSAV >0.4 ng/mL/y.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSAV was significantly higher in CaP observations than controls in all PSA ranges studied and altered the risk of overall and life-threatening CaP at a given PSA level. Because the value of PSAV is PSA-dependent, the PSA level should be taken into account when interpreting PSAV.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. stacyloeb@gmail.com
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: H Ballentine
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettermann
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: E Jeffrey
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Metter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen