title: An analytical evaluation of eight on-site oral fluid drug screening devices using laboratory confirmation results from oral fluid.
abstract: The performance of eight on-site oral fluid drug screening devices was studied in Belgium, Finland and the Netherlands as a part of the EU-project DRUID. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the reliability of the devices for testing drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). The performance of the devices was assessed by their ability to detect substances using cut-offs which were set at sufficiently low levels to allow optimal detection of positive DUID cases. The devices were evaluated for the detection of amphetamine(s), cannabis, cocaine, opiates and benzodiazepines when the relevant test was incorporated. Methamphetamine, MDMA and PCP tests that were included in some devices were not evaluated since there were too few positive samples. The device results were compared with confirmation analysis results in oral fluid. The opiates tests appeared to perform relatively well with sensitivity results between 69 and 90%. Amphetamines and benzodiazepines tests had lower sensitivity, although the DrugWipe test evaluated was promising for amphetamine. In particular, it is evident that the cannabis and cocaine tests of the devices still lack sensitivity, although further testing of the cocaine tests is desirable due to the low prevalence and low concentrations encountered in this study.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol and Drug Analytics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. thomas.blencowe@thl.fi
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blencowe
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pehrsson
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lillsunde
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vimpari
authors.forename: Sjoerd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Houwing
authors.forename: Beitske
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smink
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathijssen
authors.forename: Trudy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van der Linden
authors.forename: Sara-Ann
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Legrand
authors.forename: Kristof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pil
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verstraete
mesh_terms: D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005060:Europe; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics