title: Initial and fatigue bond strengths of chromatic and light-cured adhesives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the initial and fatigue shear bond strengths of a chromatic adhesive with a light-cured adhesive in an ex vivo laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hydroxyapatite discs were used as the bonding substrate. They were produced by cold uni-axial compression at 20 tons, sintered at 1300 degrees C and embedded in epoxy resin before grinding and polishing. One hundred and fifty upper left central incisor brackets were bonded to the discs with Transbond PLUS Color Change (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) while another 150 similar brackets were bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). Seventy-five brackets from each group were subjected to cyclic loading (5000 cycles at 2 Hz) at 50 per cent of the mean bond strength in a Dartec Series HC 10 Testing Machine. Initial (unfatigued) and fatigued bond strengths were determined by applying a shear force at the bracket-substrate interface using a custom-made metal jig in an Instron Universal Testing Machine. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction and two-way ANOVA were used to analyse the differences between the initial and fatigue mean shear bond strengths of the adhesives. The survival and bond reliability of both adhesives were evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial mean shear bond strength for Transbond PLUS Color Change (16.72 MPa) was higher than Transbond XT (15.11 MPa), but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.109). The fatigue mean shear bond strength for Transbond XT (15.87 MPa) was similar to that of Transbond PLUS Color Change (15.33 MPa), and the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.999). There were no significant differences when the effects of the material (p = 0.264) or fatiguing (p = 0.512) were considered separately, but in combination, the effect on bond strength was statistically significant (p = 0.026). The survival analysis showed that both adhesives demonstrated similar survival patterns in the unfatigued and fatigued states. Analysis of the material type and fatiguing showed no effect on the survival pattern for both adhesives (p = 0.098).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no statistically significant differences between the mean initial (unfatigued) and fatigue bond strengths of Transbond XT and Transbond PLUS Color Change under laboratory conditions. A survival analysis for both resins with and without fatigue loading exhibited similar behaviour with respect to their survival patterns. Although this may imply that under clinical conditions the two adhesives could behave similarly, the clinical extrapolation of these results should be interpreted with caution.
authors.affiliation: UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: June M L
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D003116:Color; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D011312:Pressure; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019279:Resin Cements; C429625:Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer; C477790:Transbond XT; D017886:Durapatite