title: Incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor medications using topical lidocaine gel anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of infectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor medications using 2% topical lidocaine gel anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of 4690 consecutive intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor medications using 2% topical lidocaine gel anesthesia. All patients had at least 6 weeks of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 608 patients underwent intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor medications during the study period. There were 428 injections of pegaptanib sodium, 1841 injections of bevacizumab, and 2421 injections of ranibizumab. There were no cases of infectious endophthalmitis. The per-injection infection rate was 0.0% (95% confidence interval, 0.0-0.06%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of infectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor medications using 2% topical lidocaine gel anesthesia is low.
authors.affiliation: Southeastern Retina Associates, Knoxville, Tennessee 37909, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary Daniel
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Inman
authors.forename: Nicholas Gray
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000008:administration & dosage; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C495058:pegaptanib; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D008012:Lidocaine; D000069579:Ranibizumab