title: Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in a boarding school: serological analysis of 1570 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large number of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infections were localized in school populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiology, clinical features and risk factors associated with an outbreak that occurred at a vocational boarding school in Guangzhou, P.R. China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively and retrospectively through the use of on-site doctors and a post-outbreak survey and blood collection. The survey was used to confirm symptoms, and to investigate a series of flu-related factors such as dormitory conditions, health habits, vaccine history and population contact history. Blood samples were taken for serological analysis. Pandemic H1N1 infection was initially confirmed by a real-time RT-PCR assay. Following the identification of the outbreak by the Guangzhou CDC on September 4, cases were diagnosed symptomatically and retrospectively by serological analysis using the hemagglutination inhibition assay and a neutralization assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infection rate was 32% (505/1570) and the attack rate was 22.2% (349/1570). The asymptomatic infection rate was 9.9% (156/1570). Sharing a classroom (OR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.62-2.91) and dormitory space (OR=2.32, 95% CI: 1.84-2.93) was associated with higher rates of infection. Opening windows for ventilation was the only control measure that significantly protected against infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social isolation and quarantine should be used to prevent the spread of infection. Ventilation and a control of air flow between classrooms and dorms should be implemented as possible. School closures may be effective if implemented early.
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan Road 3, No. 23, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
authors.forename: Tiegang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Di
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jichuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Jibin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Kuibiao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Enjie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yejian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Xiongfei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pickerill
authors.forename: Bojian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral