title: Retrograde intramedullary nail arthrodesis for avascular necrosis of the talus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus from any etiology is a devastating pathology. There are few salvage options available and controversy exists as to the surgical management for patients with talar AVN. The authors present their results of tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with a retrograde nail.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive chart and radiographic review was pulled from our database for patients with AVN of the talus, who were treated by tibiotalocalcaneal fusion with retrograde intramedullary nail. Primary outcome was union, with time to clinical union as a secondary endpoint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients were included. The average age at surgery was 47.4 ± 12.8 years, there were nine female patients, and the average Body Mass Index was 33.5 ± 6.0. Surgical risk factors included two patients who smoked, one was diabetic, and one had a preoperative ulceration. The average time to partial weightbearing was 70.6 ± 25.4 days, and the average time to full weightbearing was 100.6 ± 35.5 days. Four patients had postoperative complications, while no patients required major revision surgery. Twelve patients went on to solid fusion, while two went on to a stable, braceable pseudoarthrosis. Eight patients were able to return to shoes, and eight were able to walk unaided at final followup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salvage of talar AVN is possible by tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail. Physicians may offer this as a salvage option to patients with a high likelihood of successful fusion.
authors.affiliation: Ripon Medical Center Advanced Orthopaedics, 933 Newbury Street, PO Box 390, Ripon, WI 54971, USA. ofacresearch@orthofootankle.com
authors.forename: J George
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Devries
authors.forename: Terrence M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Philbin
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000379:methods*; D001858:Bone Nails; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013628:Talus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery