title: Chlorine disinfection of Francisella tularensis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the range of free available chlorine (FAC) required for disinfection of the live vaccine strain (LVS) and wild-type strains of Francisella tularensis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven strains of planktonic F. tularensis were exposed to 0·5 mg·l(-1) FAC for two pH values, 7 and 8, at 5 and 25°C. LVS was inactivated 2 to 4 times more quickly than any of the wild-type F. tularensis strains at pH 8 and 5°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Free available chlorine residual concentrations routinely maintained in drinking water distribution systems would require up to two hours to reduce all F. tularensis strains by 4 log10. LVS was inactivated most quickly of the tested strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work provides contact time (CT) values that are useful for drinking water risk assessment and also suggests that LVS may not be a good surrogate in disinfection studies.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. ftw2@cdc.gov
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Arduino
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013696:Temperature; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D002713:Chlorine