title: Use of intranasal fentanyl for the relief of pediatric orthopedic trauma pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to evaluate the use of a single 2 μg/kg dose of intranasal fentanyl as analgesia for painful orthopedic injuries in children presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ED).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, nonblinded interventional trial, in a convenience sample of patients 3 to 18 years of age seen in a tertiary care pediatric ED. All had clinically suspected fractures and were treated between July and November 2006. Eligible patients had moderate to severe pain based on initial pain scores using the Wong Baker Faces Scale (WBS) for patients aged 3-8 years or the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for patients aged 9-18 years. All enrolled patients received fentanyl via intranasal atomization. Pain scores were obtained at baseline and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after intranasal fentanyl administration. Satisfaction scores were obtained using a 100-mm VAS. Vital signs and adverse events were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one patients were enrolled, 28 in the VAS group and 53 in the WBS group. The mean patient age was 8 years. Fracture locations included forearm, 38 (47%); supracondylar, 16 (20%); clavicle, 7 (9%); tibia/fibula, 5 (6%); and other, 15 (18%). In the WBS group, the median pain scores decreased from five faces (interquartile range [IQR] = 4-6) at baseline to three faces (IQR = 2-5) at 10 minutes, two faces (IQR = 1-4) at 20 minutes, and two faces (IQR = 1-3) at 30 minutes. The mean pain score in the VAS group at baseline was 70 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] = 63 to 77 mm). In this group, the pain scores decreased by a mean of 21 mm (95% CI = 14 to 28 mm) at 10 minutes, 25 mm (95% CI = 15 to 34 mm) at 20 minutes, and 27 mm (95% CI = 16 to 37 mm) at 30 minutes. Mean satisfaction scores were 79 mm for providers, 74 mm for parents, and 62 mm for patients. No adverse events were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal fentanyl at a dose of 2 μg/kg provides effective analgesia for pediatric ED patients with painful orthopedic trauma within 10 minutes of administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA. mary.saunders@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adelgais
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009985:Orthopedics; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010372:Pediatrics
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl