title: Rhinoscleroma: an updated experience through the last 10 years.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Rhinoscleroma is a chronic, specific, granuloma of the nose and other parts of the respiratory system. The disease is endemic in Egypt and many other countries. The causative organism is Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis bacillus, proved by fulfilling Koch's postulates. The mode of infection is not known and its worldwide irregular geographical distribution is not understood. Lines of treatment are unsatisfactory and a tendency for recurrence is the rule.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to study the clinical presentation, microbiology, pathological staging, follow-up, and lines of treatment of new rhinoscleroma patients admitted or seen at Alexandria Main University Hospital from January 1999 until January 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic data and the results of clinical, bacteriological, and histological examinations were reviewed. Medical and surgical treatments were evaluated. Follow-up as regards the results of treatment and incidence of recurrence was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six patients were included in the study. There were 26 males and 30 females, and 85% of patients presented in the third and fourth decades of life. The nose was affected in 100% of patients. Other regions affected were the nasopharynx in 13 patients, palate in 7 patients, skin in 2 patients, larynx in 3 patients, trachea in 17 patients, nasolacrimal duct in 2 patients, and premaxilla in 1 patient. No lymph node affection was reported. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis strain III was isolated from 100% of patients. Antibiotics used were a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 400 mg and rifampicin 300 mg twice daily for 3 months. Since 2003, this was replaced by ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 3 months. Surgical procedures performed were removal of nasal granulations, bronchoscopic dilatation, bipolar coagulation of skin lesions, tracheostomy, and repair of pharyngeal stenosis. Results were disappointing, as a large number of patients did not attend for follow-up. A high incidence of recurrence was found, reaching up to 25% within 10 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. gaafar_a@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hazem A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Gaafar
authors.forename: Alaa H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gaafar
authors.forename: Yasser A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Nour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012226:Rhinoscleroma / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents