title: A comparison of different approaches to estimate small-scale spatial variation in outdoor NO₂ concentrations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In epidemiological studies, small-scale spatial variation in air quality is estimated using land-use regression (LUR) and dispersion models. An important issue of exposure modeling is the predictive performance of the model at unmeasured locations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of two LUR models (large area and city specific) and a dispersion model in estimating small-scale variations in nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two LUR models were developed based on independent NO₂ monitoring campaigns performed in Amsterdam and in a larger area including Amsterdam, the Netherlands, in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The measurement data of the other campaign were used to evaluate each model. Predictions from both LUR models and the calculation of air pollution from road traffic (CAR) dispersion model were compared against NO₂ measurements obtained from Amsterdam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large-area and the city-specific LUR models provided good predictions of NO₂ concentrations [percentage of explained variation (R²) = 87% and 72%, respectively]. The models explained less variability of the concentrations in the other sampling campaign, probably related to differences in site selection, and illustrated the need to select sampling sites representative of the locations to which the model will be applied. More complete traffic information contributed more to a better model fit than did detailed land-use data. Dispersion-model estimates for NO₂ concentrations were within the range of both LUR estimates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Municipal Health Service Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. mdijkema@ggd.amsterdam.nl
authors.forename: Marieke B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dijkema
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.forename: Rob T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: van Strien
authors.forename: Saskia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D009426:Netherlands; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide