title: Eu-social science: the role of internet social networks in the collection of bee biodiversity data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monitoring change in species diversity, community composition and phenology is vital to assess the impacts of anthropogenic activity and natural change. However, monitoring by trained scientists is time consuming and expensive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using social networks, we assess whether it is possible to obtain accurate data on bee distribution across the UK from photographic records submitted by untrained members of the public, and if these data are in sufficient quantity for ecological studies. We used Flickr and Facebook as social networks and Flickr for the storage of photographs and associated data on date, time and location linked to them. Within six weeks, the number of pictures uploaded to the Flickr BeeID group exceeded 200. Geographic coverage was excellent; the distribution of photographs covered most of the British Isles, from the south coast of England to the Highlands of Scotland. However, only 59% of photographs were properly uploaded according to instructions, with vital information such as 'tags' or location information missing from the remainder. Nevertheless, this incorporation of information on location of photographs was much higher than general usage on Flickr (∼13%), indicating the need for dedicated projects to collect spatial ecological data. Furthermore, we found identification of bees is not possible from all photographs, especially those excluding lower abdomen detail. This suggests that giving details regarding specific anatomical features to include on photographs would be useful to maximise success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates the power of social network sites to generate public interest in a project and details the advantages of using a group within an existing popular social network site over a traditional (specifically-designed) web-based or paper-based submission process. Some advantages include the ability to network with other individuals or groups with similar interests, and thus increasing the size of the dataset and participation in the project.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom. rstafford@glos.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Adam G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kirkhope
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Samuel G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Jane R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Goodenough
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003625:Data Collection; D017753:Ecosystem; D020407:Internet; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012944:Social Support; D012984:Software; D006113:United Kingdom