title: A comparison of symptoms after viewing text on a computer screen and hardcopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a complex of eye and vision problems experienced during or related to computer use. Ocular symptoms may include asthenopia, accommodative and vergence difficulties and dry eye. CVS occurs in up to 90% of computer workers, and given the almost universal use of these devices, it is important to identify whether these symptoms are specific to computer operation, or are simply a manifestation of performing a sustained near-vision task.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study compared ocular symptoms immediately following a sustained near task. 30 young, visually-normal subjects read text aloud either from a desktop computer screen or a printed hardcopy page at a viewing distance of 50 cm for a continuous 20 min period. Identical text was used in the two sessions, which was matched for size and contrast. Target viewing angle and luminance were similar for the two conditions. Immediately following completion of the reading task, subjects completed a written questionnaire asking about their level of ocular discomfort during the task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing the computer and hardcopy conditions, significant differences in median symptom scores were reported with regard to blurred vision during the task (t = 147.0; p = 0.03) and the mean symptom score (t = 102.5; p = 0.04). In both cases, symptoms were higher during computer use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptoms following sustained computer use were significantly worse than those reported after hard copy fixation under similar viewing conditions. A better understanding of the physiology underlying CVS is critical to allow more accurate diagnosis and treatment. This will allow practitioners to optimize visual comfort and efficiency during computer operation.
authors.affiliation: SUNY College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenfield
authors.forename: Joan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Portello
authors.forename: Jaclyn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Benzoni
authors.forename: Juanita D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Collier
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000209:etiology; D016288:Computer Terminals; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D011932:Reading; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult