title: Sex-specific differences in glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in older patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because women have been excluded from many study populations in investigations of diabetes care, there is insufficient information on sex-specific differences in glycemic control.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to assess whether treatment goals for glycemic and cardiovascular risk factor control are achieved equally in older, Central European, female and male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective cross-sectional study, data were analyzed from consecutive older (aged ≥60 years) female and male patients with insulin-treated T2DM who attended a diabetes outpatient clinic between January 2007 and April 2008 at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Sex-specific differences in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA₁(c)) levels were assessed as the primary outcome. LDL-C and HDL-C, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), were assessed as secondary outcomes and were adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, duration of insulin treatment, body mass index, insulin units per kilogram per day, and secondary causes of diabetes. P values were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were analyzed from 183 female and 209 male patients with insulin-treated T2DM. In multivariate linear regression models, women had significantly higher levels of LDL-C (P = 0.008), HDL-C (P < 0.001), SBP (P < 0.001), and DBP (P = 0.034), but not HbA₁(c) (P = NS). Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that women were significantly less likely to meet treatment goals for blood pressure (SBP, P = 0.044; DBP, P = 0.024), but not for cholesterol or HbA₁(c) levels (P = NS for LDL-C, HDL-C, and HbA₁(c)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study of older patients with insulin-treated T2DM, whereas glycemic control was comparable between women and men, a more adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile was observed in female patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christian S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Göbl
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brannath
authors.forename: Latife
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: Ammon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Handisurya
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderwald
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kautzky-Willer
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bischof
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001317:Austria; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human