title: Electroconvulsive therapy has acute immunological and neuroendocrine effects in patients with major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder is associated with alterations in the neuroendocrine as well as immune system. Few studies examined the impact of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on these systems in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this explorative study 12 patients suffering from medication-resistant MDD or MDD with psychotic features were studied during the first, the fifth and eleventh session of ECT. Blood samples were taken immediately prior to the electrostimulus and 5, 15 and 30 min after the electrostimulus to assess various lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated or T-cell mitogen induced cytokines, immune cell numbers, Natural Killer cell activity, cortisol and ACTH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute ECT increased the LPS-stimulated production of the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α by peripheral monocytes but not the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Acute ECT decreased T cell mitogen-induced levels of IFN-γ but IL-10 and IL-4 levels were left unaffected while NK cell activity increased momentarily but significantly. Cortisol and ACTH rose significantly after electrostimulus. Repeated ECT had no significant effect on any of the parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study had a small group size. Also the patient group was heterogeneous as it consisted of patients with therapy-resistant depression with or without psychotic features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that acute ECT is associated with transient immunological and neuro-endocrine changes, while repeated ECT does not have an additive effect on the immune and neuroendocrine functions.
authors.affiliation: The Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.fluitman@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Sjoerd B A H A
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fluitman
authors.forename: Cobi J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heijnen
authors.forename: Damiaan A J P
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Denys
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
authors.forename: Ferdi J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Balk
authors.forename: Herman G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Westenberg
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone