title: Bicycle-spoke injuries of the foot in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the characteristics of bicyclespoke injuries in a suburban Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 male and 11 female children aged 4 to 12 (mean, 6) years with bicycle-spoke injuries were prospectively studied. Data collected included patient age, gender, position at the time of injury, site, type, and characteristics of the injury. According to the Oestern and Tscherne classification, soft-tissue injuries were classified into grades 0 to 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  37 patients injured the right foot, and 4 the left foot; 34 by the rear wheel and 7 by the front wheel. All front-wheel injuries involved the forefoot and midfoot. 73% of injuries involved the lateral aspect of the ankle. The most common injury site was the posterior ankle (n = 30), followed by the medial midfoot (n = 7), and the forefoot (n = 3). Partial avulsion of heel flap and an exposed Achilles tendon were each noted in 2 patients. 10, 13, 14, and 4 patients sustained soft-tissue injuries of grades 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Eight patients had associated fractures. All fractures healed uneventfully. Marginal necrosis of the wound was noted in 5 patients, but none required a skin graft. No patient had functional impairment or residual tenderness of the foot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bicycle-spoke injuries usually affected the ankle region, and the wound was usually deeper than it appeared on initial examination. Reassessment of the wound after 48 hours is recommended. Severity of soft-tissue injury was the determinant of overall function; bone fractures by themselves did not alter the duration of recovery. To prevent bicyclespoke injuries, spoke guards and foot rests should be used, and children being carried on a bicycle should wear proper shoes. Education on injury mechanism, severity, and preventive measures is also important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pruthi
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy