title: Investigation of properties and recrystallisation behaviour of amorphous indomethacin samples prepared by different methods.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate if amorphous indomethacin samples, prepared using different preparation methods, exhibit different structural and kinetic characteristics and if these differences can be correlated to their physical stability (time to crystallisation). Samples were prepared by melt quenching, spray drying, ball milling, and cryo-milling. The resulting amorphous materials were characterised using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. All freshly prepared samples were completely X-ray amorphous (with a halo being the only feature in the diffractograms). The shape of the halos in the diffractograms, however, varied depending on the preparation method, suggesting structural variations in the near order of the molecules between the differently prepared amorphous forms. Principal component analysis of the Raman spectra of the various amorphous forms revealed that the samples clustered in the scores plot according to preparation method, again suggesting structural differences due to preparation method. The range of vibrations associated with the largest spectral differences in the loadings plot showed that these differences were due to a range of molecular conformations and intermolecular interactions. The ranking of the samples with respect to stability was: quench cooled amorphous samples>cryo-milled (α-form)>spray dried>ball milled (α-form)>ball milled (γ-form)=cryo-milled (γ-form). This ranking was not correlated with the diffractogram shapes or sample distribution in the scores plot of the Raman spectra, suggesting that physical stability was not directly affected by structural variation in the samples. However, ranking of stability of the differently prepared amorphous forms of the drug could be predicted by determining the relaxation time values, for all amorphous samples. The relaxation times, calculated by using the Adam Gibbs and Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts equations, were in accordance with the experimentally determined stability order. This study showed that correlation of physical stability with calculated relaxation time is possible for the same amorphous systems prepared by different methods. This could aid in selecting the most appropriate preparation techniques in situations where there are a variety of suitable methods.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Pranav
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karmwar
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graeser
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Clare J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rades
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning / Q000379:methods; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003460:Crystallization; D004355:Drug Stability; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007213:Indomethacin