title: Predictors of hemorrhage after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors associated with hemorrhage during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN), and to determine the impact of hemorrhage on hospital course.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed prospective data from 335 LPNs to identify clinicopathologic factors associated with hemorrhagic complications (blood loss requiring ≥ 1 U transfusion) and extended length of hospitalization (≥ 3 days). We excluded patients with a coagulopathy or perioperative vascular injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 23 patients (7%) undergoing LPN with hemorrhagic complications (group 1 and 312 patients (93%) without complications (group 2). Mean age was 64.1 ± 14.4 vs 57.6 ± 12.7(P = .006), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score ≥ 3 seen in 61% vs 37% (P = .02), mean tumor size (cm) was 2.90 ± 2.02 vs 2.59 ± 1.15 (P = .93), mean total operative time (min) was 250.1 ± 116.1 vs 191.8 ± 69.2 (P = 0.006), and mean hospital stay (days) was 4.7 ± 3.4 vs 3.1 ± 3.0 (P = .0002), for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal insufficiency, obesity, smoking, and coronary artery disease-congestive heart failure were present in group 1 vs group 2: 39.1% vs 31.4% (P = .4), 17.4% vs 8% (P = .12), 8.7% vs 1.9% (P = .09), 4.3% vs 3.5% (P = .57), 17.4% vs 5.4% (P = .04), and 8.7% vs 2.2% (P = .11), respectively. On multivariate analysis, smoking (P < .0437) and ASA score ≥ 3 (P < .0233) were associated with hemorrhagic complications. Hemorrhagic complications were 3.5 times more likely in smokers than nonsmokers (95% confidence interval, 1.0-11.7), and 2.9 times more likely with an ASA class ≥ 3. Only age (P < .0002) and operative time (P < .0001) were associated with longer hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High ASA scores and smoking are risk factors for hemorrhagic complications during LPN. Hemorrhagic complications did not significantly affect hospitalization length.
authors.affiliation: The North Shore-LIJ Health System, New Hyde Park, New York 11040, USA. lrichsto@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richstone
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montag
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ost
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reggio
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seideman
authors.forename: Sompol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Permpongkosol
authors.forename: Ardeshir R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rastinehad
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kavoussi
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors