title: Climate indices, rainfall onset and retreat, and malaria in Nigeria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rainfall in western sub-Saharan Africa is related to seasonal shifts of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone, which moves northward early in the year, retreating in the second half of the year. The objective of the present study was to determine significant relationships between onset and retreat timing and climate indices. The relationship between timing and malaria case reporting was then evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relationships between published rainfall onset and retreat dates for Nigeria from 1971- 2000 were evaluated in relation to pairs of climate indices using response surface analysis. Graphical representation of the response surface in relation to the underlying data was used to identify instances of overfitting. Association of onset and retreat timing with published case reporting records was evaluated using graphical and correlation analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Onset timing and rate of advance were related to ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation), in combination with the Northern Annular Mode (NAM), while retreat timing was related to NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation), in combination with the East Pacific (EP) or West Pacific (WP) index, depending on location. Later onset was associated with faster northward progression of onset. Retreat date at Kano, the most northerly of the study locations, increased over the period 1990-2000, with higher case reporting for Nigeria as a whole being associated with the last three years of that period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rainfall retreat occurs much faster than onset, with onset and retreat timing and rate of onset advance being related to combinations of climate indices rather than to a single index. Threshold for determining a "rainy" day would influence results. The increase in national case reporting with delayed retreat at Kano may be related to the extension of the short transmission period in the north.
authors.affiliation: Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada. ajthomson@AdaptiveKM.com
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons