title: Quantification of fat infiltration in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: comparison of three MR imaging methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze and compare three quantitative MRI methods to determine the degree of muscle involvement in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Muscle fat content (MFC) was determined based on water-fat quantification using a 2-point Dixon (2PD) method and on a histogram analysis of the free induction decay (FID) signal of a gradient-spoiled steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequence. In addition, transverse relaxation times (T₂) of muscle tissue were calculated using a monoexponential decay model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed an increased mean MFC in OPMD patients as compared to healthy controls with the adductor magnus and soleus muscles being the most involved muscles in the thigh and calf, respectively. Furthermore, strong correlations (0.78 < R² < 0.94) between different quantitative MR methods were observed. Fewer outliers, however, were obtained by the 2PD method and T₂ measurements, suggesting these methods being superior to the SSFP-FID method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative MR techniques, such as fast multiecho Dixon methods and T₂ imaging, can reliably differentiate between healthy and dystrophic muscles in OPMD, even if muscles are only marginally affected. Quantitative methods thus represent a promising tool that may be able to monitor more objectively the individual disease progression and treatment response in future clinical trials in muscular dystrophies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiological Physics, Institute of Radiology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. monika.gloor@unibas.ch
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gloor
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fasler
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischmann
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bieri
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heinimann
authors.forename: Stephan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scheffler
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D039141:Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity