title: Efficient generation and cryopreservation of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent a novel cell source to treat diseases such as heart failure and for use in drug screening. In this study, we aim to promote efficient generation of cardiomyocytes from hESCs by combining the current optimal techniques of controlled growth of undifferentiated cells and specific induction for cardiac differentiation. We also aim to examine whether these methods are scalable and whether the differentiated cells can be cryopreserved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hESCs were maintained without conditioned medium or feeders and were sequentially treated with activin A and bone morphogenetic protein-4 in a serum-free medium. This led to differentiation into cell populations containing high percentages of cardiomyocytes. The differentiated cells expressed appropriate cardiomyocyte markers and maintained contractility in culture, and the majority of the cells displayed working chamber (atrial and ventricular) type electrophysiological properties. In addition, the cell growth and differentiation process was adaptable to large culture formats. Moreover, the cardiomyocytes survived following cryopreservation, and viable cardiac grafts were detected after transplantation of cryopreserved cells into rat hearts following myocardial infarctions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that cardiomyocytes of high quality can be efficiently generated and cryopreserved using hESCs maintained in serum-free medium, a step forward towards the application of these cells to human clinical use or drug discovery.
authors.affiliation: Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. cxu@geron.com
authors.forename: Chunhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Shailaja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Police
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassanipour
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yinhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Priest
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Laflamme
authors.forename: Wei-Zhong
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Biber
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hegerova
authors.forename: Jiwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Delavan-Boorsma
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lebkowski
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free