title: Origin and post-glacial dispersal of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups C and D in northern Asia.
abstract: More than a half of the northern Asian pool of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is fragmented into a number of subclades of haplogroups C and D, two of the most frequent haplogroups throughout northern, eastern, central Asia and America. While there has been considerable recent progress in studying mitochondrial variation in eastern Asia and America at the complete genome resolution, little comparable data is available for regions such as southern Siberia--the area where most of northern Asian haplogroups, including C and D, likely diversified. This gap in our knowledge causes a serious barrier for progress in understanding the demographic pre-history of northern Eurasia in general. Here we describe the phylogeography of haplogroups C and D in the populations of northern and eastern Asia. We have analyzed 770 samples from haplogroups C and D (174 and 596, respectively) at high resolution, including 182 novel complete mtDNA sequences representing haplogroups C and D (83 and 99, respectively). The present-day variation of haplogroups C and D suggests that these mtDNA clades expanded before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), with their oldest lineages being present in the eastern Asia. Unlike in eastern Asia, most of the northern Asian variants of haplogroups C and D began the expansion after the LGM, thus pointing to post-glacial re-colonization of northern Asia. Our results show that both haplogroups were involved in migrations, from eastern Asia and southern Siberia to eastern and northeastern Europe, likely during the middle Holocene.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia. mderenko@mail.ru
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Derenko
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malyarchuk
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grzybowski
authors.forename: Galina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Denisova
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rogalla
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perkova
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dambueva
authors.forename: Ilia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zakharov
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial