title: Regulation of immune responses to HPV infection and during HPV-directed immunotherapy.
abstract: The recent development of vaccines prophylactic against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer globally by up to 70% over the next 40 years, if universal immunization is adopted. As these prophylactic vaccines do not alter the natural history of established HPV infection, immunotherapies to treat persistent HPV infection and associated precancers would be of benefit to assist with cervical cancer control. Efforts to develop immuno-therapeutic vaccines have been hampered by the relative non-immunogenicity of HPV infection, by immunoregulatory processes in skin, and by subversion of immune response induction and immune effector functions by papillomavirus proteins. This review describes HPV-specific immune responses induced by viral proteins, their regulation by host and viral factors, and highlights some conclusions from our own recent research.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Purnima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mattarollo
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gosmann
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Frazer
authors.forename: Graham R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Leggatt
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000276:immunology; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007167:Immunotherapy; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines