title: Reconsidering the methodology of "stress" research in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this paper are: 1) to critically review and analyze the methodology of the studies since 1990 linking stress to inflammatory bowel disease; and 2) to make recommendations for future research in this area of research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were restricted to empirical reports in the English language with human subjects. Eleven empirical articles were able to answer "How is psychological stress related to inflammation and/or the expression or course of inflammatory bowel disease?"
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies varied by choice of participant groups, method for classifying disease activity, choice of design, and definition and measurement of stress. Only half of the studies supported the hypothesis that stress affected IBD in some way.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current methodological limitations in the stress and gut inflammation research have made it difficult for us to ascertain the role of stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Authors provide a checklist of items to consider when designing future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison, Suite 206 Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keefer
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keshavarzian
authors.forename: Ece
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mutlu