title: Monitoring of intracellular nitric oxide in leishmaniasis: its applicability in patients with visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) has been demonstrated to be a principal effector molecule responsible for mediating intracellular killing of Leishmania parasites, the causative organism of leishmaniasis. As measurement of intracellular NO remains a challenge to biologists, we have developed a flow cytometric approach to perform real time biological detection of NO within Leishmania parasites and parasitized macrophages using a membrane permeable derivative of diaminofluorescein [4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA)]. Initially, assay optimization was performed in Leishmania donovani promastigotes, assay specificity being confirmed using both a NO donor [S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP)] and a NO scavenger [2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, C-PTIO]. Using 40 μM DAF-2DA, basal levels of intracellular NO were measured which varied in different Leishmania species; addition of conventional anti-leishmanial drugs, antimony and miltefosine translated into a dramatic increase in DAF-2T fluorescence. Furthermore, the assay also measured levels of NO in macrophages, but needed a 20 fold lower concentration of DAF-2DA, being 2 μM. Following parasitization, levels of NO decreased which was normalized following treatment with anti-leishmanial drugs. Similarly monocytes of patients with visceral leishmaniasis at disease presentation showed decreased levels of NO which too reverted on completion of treatment. Taken together, this study opens new perspectives of research regarding monocyte function and provides a real time approach for monitoring the effect of anti-leishmanial compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata 700 020, India.
authors.forename: Avijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Piu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Goutam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: Debanjan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: Susmita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Sunny Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Sukhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.forename: Bibhuti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Padma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Mitali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000966:Antimony Potassium Tartrate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019793:Fluorescein; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007891:Leishmania / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D013045:Species Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C414689:4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D001565:Benzoates; D007093:Imidazoles; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; C079393:1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C039128:miltefosine; D000966:Antimony Potassium Tartrate; D019793:Fluorescein