title: EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and multidrug resistance: perspectives.
abstract: Aim of present review is to provide an evidence-based update of mechanisms responsible for the onset of resistance to drug therapy by EGFR inhibitors, particularly with regards to TKIs. Among ABC transporters involved in MDR, P-glycoprotein and BCRP have been considered the pumps responsible for TKIs treatment failure. Moreover, two subtypes of EGFR mutations have been described: mutations of the exons coding for tyrosine kinase domain (18 to 21) and truncating mutations (exons 2 to 7) that involve downstream effectors such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt, STAT. The first group of mutations can be considered as a hallmark of NSCLC and are responsible for the failure of TKIs while the second group of mutations leads to resistance. The strategies to overcome MDR and to bypass the kinase domain mutations have been addressed. Finally, for some first generation TKIs some perspectives as radiotracers for PET/SPECT diagnosis in tumor displaying P-gp and BCRP overexpression have been suggested.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Universita degli Studi di Bari, A Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy. colabufo@farmchim.uniba.it
authors.forename: Nicola A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Colabufo
authors.forename: Marialessandra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contino
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niso
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berardi
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leopoldo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perrone
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000502:physiology*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000077156:Gefitinib