title: Nuclear receptor expression defines a set of prognostic biomarkers for lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The identification of prognostic tumor biomarkers that also would have potential as therapeutic targets, particularly in patients with early stage disease, has been a long sought-after goal in the management and treatment of lung cancer. The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, which is composed of 48 transcription factors that govern complex physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, could represent a unique subset of these biomarkers. In fact, many members of this family are the targets of already identified selective receptor modulators, providing a direct link between individual tumor NR quantitation and selection of therapy. The goal of this study, which begins this overall strategy, was to investigate the association between mRNA expression of the NR superfamily and the clinical outcome for patients with lung cancer, and to test whether a tumor NR gene signature provided useful information (over available clinical data) for patients with lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using quantitative real-time PCR to study NR expression in 30 microdissected non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and their pair-matched normal lung epithelium, we found great variability in NR expression among patients' tumor and non-involved lung epithelium, found a strong association between NR expression and clinical outcome, and identified an NR gene signature from both normal and tumor tissues that predicted patient survival time and disease recurrence. The NR signature derived from the initial 30 NSCLC samples was validated in two independent microarray datasets derived from 442 and 117 resected lung adenocarcinomas. The NR gene signature was also validated in 130 squamous cell carcinomas. The prognostic signature in tumors could be distilled to expression of two NRs, short heterodimer partner and progesterone receptor, as single gene predictors of NSCLC patient survival time, including for patients with stage I disease. Of equal interest, the studies of microdissected histologically normal epithelium and matched tumors identified expression in normal (but not tumor) epithelium of NGFIB3 and mineralocorticoid receptor as single gene predictors of good prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NR expression is strongly associated with clinical outcomes for patients with lung cancer, and this expression profile provides a unique prognostic signature for lung cancer patient survival time, particularly for those with early stage disease. This study highlights the potential use of NRs as a rational set of therapeutically tractable genes as theragnostic biomarkers, and specifically identifies short heterodimer partner and progesterone receptor in tumors, and NGFIB3 and MR in non-neoplastic lung epithelium, for future detailed translational study in lung cancer. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yangsik
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Ignacio I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Wistuba
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Minna
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mangelsdorf
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear