title: Three-dimensional modeling and finite element analysis in treatment planning for orthodontic tooth movement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential of 3-dimensional modeling and finite element analysis as clinical tools in treatment planning for orthodontic tooth movement. High stresses in bone and miniscrew implants under load can cause fractures and trauma for orthodontic patients, and treatments are typically planned by using clinical experience or simple 2-dimensional radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomically accurate 3-dimensional models reconstructed from cone-beam computed tomography scans were used to simulate the retraction of a single-rooted mandibular canine with a miniscrew placed as skeletal anchorage. Detailed stress distributions in the implant and peri-implant bone were found, in addition to the effect of the orthodontic bracket hook length and the angulation of retraction force on stress response in the periodontal ligament (PDL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The numeric results showed that the equivalent von Mises stress on the miniscrew under a 200-cN tangential load reached 42 MPa at the first thread recession, whereas von Mises stress in the peri-implant bone only reached 11 MPa below the neck. High tightening loads of 200 N·mm of torsion and 460 cN of axial compression resulted in much greater bone and implant von Mises stresses than tangential loading, exceeding the yield strengths of the titanium alloy and the cortical bone. Increasing the hook length on the orthodontic bracket effectively reduced the canine PDL stress from 80 kPa with no hook to 22 kPa with a hook 7 mm long. Angulating the force apically downward from 0° to 30° had a less significant effect on the PDL stress profile and initial canine deflection. The results suggest that stresses on miniscrew implants under load are sensitive to changes in diameter. Overtightening a miniscrew after placement might be a more likely cause of fracture failure and bone trauma than application of tangential orthodontic force. The reduction of stress along the PDL as a result of increasing the bracket hook length might account for steadier tooth translation by force application closer to the center of resistance of a single-rooted canine. The relatively minor effect of force angulation on the PDL response suggests that the vertical placement of miniscrews in keratinized or nonkeratinized tissue might not significantly affect orthodontic tooth movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model can be adapted as a patient-specific clinical orthodontic tool for planning movement of 1 tooth or several teeth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Hussein H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ammar
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ngan
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Crout
authors.forename: Victor H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Mucino
authors.forename: Osama M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Mukdadi
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D015921:Dental Implants; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008954:Models, Biological; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000473:pathology; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019415:Torque; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium