title: Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage among infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers immunized with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine during gestation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown that 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) is immunogenic in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers and provides vaccine-induced antibodies to the infant. We compared the nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization (NPC) rates in <6-month-old infants born to HIV-infected mothers, according to immunization with PPV during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  NPC was evaluated in 45 term infants born to vaccinated women (PPV+) and in 60 infants in a control group (PPV-), at 2 months (±30 days), 4 months (±30 days), and 6 months (±30 days) of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 82 infants completed the study (at least 2 of 3 evaluations), 35 (77%) in the PPV+ and 47 (78.3%) in the PPV- groups, respectively. Infant gender, HIV infection status, number of adults, children, and smokers in the household, day-care attendance, occurrence of respiratory signs, and cotrimoxazole use were similar in both groups. NPC rates increased equally with age in both groups (2 months = 26.7% vs. 25.6%; 4 months = 34.5% vs. 38.6%; 6 months = 38.7% vs. 56.3%, in PPV+ and PPV-, respectively). After controlling for potential confounders, we found no association between maternal vaccination and infant pneumococcal carriage (adjusted odds ratio = 0.70; 95% confidence interval: 0.23, 2.21)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccination of HIV-infected mothers with PPV did not protect infants younger than 6 months of age from nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Health and Biology Sciences Centre, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil. volia@ufscar.br
authors.forename: Volia de Carvalho
authors.initials: Vde C
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Bento V M
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Negrini
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cervi
authors.forename: Márcia de L
authors.initials: Mde L
authors.lastname: Isaac
authors.forename: Marisa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mussi-Pinhata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: C414006:23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines