title: Therapeutic options for the management of the cardiorenal syndrome.
abstract: Patients with heart failure often present with impaired renal function, which is a predictor of poor outcome. The cardiorenal syndrome is the worsening of renal function, which is accelerated by worsening of heart failure or acute decompensated heart failure. Although it is a frequent clinical entity due to the improved survival of heart failure patients, still its pathophysiology is not well understood, and thus its therapeutic approach remains controversial and sometimes ineffective. Established therapeutic strategies, such as diuretics and inotropes, are often associated with resistance and limited clinical success. That leads to an increasing concern about novel options, such as the use of vasopressin antagonists, adenosine A1 receptor antagonists, and renal-protective dopamine. Initial clinical trials have shown quite encouraging results in some heart failure subpopulations but have failed to demonstrate a clear beneficial role of these agents. On the other hand, ultrafiltration appears to be a more promising therapeutic procedure that will improve volume regulation, while preserving renal and cardiac function. Further clinical studies are required in order to determine their net effect on renal function and potential cardiovascular outcomes. Until then, management of the cardiorenal syndrome remains quite empirical.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure Unit, 2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koniari
authors.forename: Marinos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paraskevaidis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parissis