title: The role of exopolysaccharides in dual species biofilm development.
abstract: A plasmid encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) of Aequorea victoria was transformed into a biofilm-forming strain of Enterobacter agglomerans originally isolated from an industrial environment. The transformed strain, EntGFP, could then be identified in dual species biofilms by direct visualization, plate counts and quantitiative fluorescence measurements. A variety of cell constituents and products may be involved in the adhesion and accumulation process and exopolysaccharides (EPS) represent one of these factors. The involvement of EPS in the initial adhesion events and the role in dual species biofilm development was investigated. Cells of EntGFP and Klebsiella pneumoniae Gl interact forming biofilms more successfully in a mixture than in isolation. The co-resistance results in enhanced biofilm formation and increased resistance to disinfection. Microscopic examination showed that the two species were often closely juxtaposed in microcolonies, suggesting the interactions involve surface-associated macromolecules. Fluorescence was used to measure the adhesion of EntGFP cells to Kleb, pneumoniae Gl (Gl) EPS. The results showed EntGFP adhered better to Gl EPS that Ent EPS. Polysaccharde depolymerases isolated from a bacteriophage for Ent. agglomerans were used to degrade Ent EPS specifically. Following polysaccharase treatment, the adhaesion of EntGFP to Gl cells was reduced. This suggests both types of EPS mediate adhesion. The two types of EPS were dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide and when mixed, their viscosity increased, reaching a maximum after ∼+40 min. This may partially explain the increased protection of dual species biofilms from disinfectants. The depolymerases were used to treat dual species biofilms and this resulted in the effective removal of both species from the surface. This may suggest Ent contributes more EPS to the biofilm matrix. The EPS play an important role in EntGFP and Gl dual species biofilm formation both as adhesins and as the EPS interact, changing their physical properties.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. lucy.skillman@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Skillman
authors.forename: I W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D017753:Ecosystem; D004754:Enterobacter / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial