title: Loss rates of urban biocides can exceed those of agricultural pesticides.
abstract: Biocides and pesticides are used to control unwanted organisms in urban and agricultural areas. After application, they can be lost to surface waters and impair water quality. Several national consumption studies have shown that urban and agricultural use may be in the same range. It is difficult to judge whether this results in similar loadings of surface waters because there is a lack of sound, comparative studies addressing urban and agricultural losses simultaneously. The aim of this study is thus to relate the biocide and pesticide loads found in surface waters to their respective urban and agricultural usage (loss rates). To simultaneously assess the loss rates, we conducted a comprehensive field study in a catchment of mixed land use on the Swiss Plateau. The study area was divided into four sub-catchments with different degrees of urban and agricultural land use. In addition, we studied the only wastewater treatment plant, a combined sewer overflow and a storm sewer within the area. Rain events were sampled at high temporal resolution from March to November, 2007. Information on agricultural applications was gained from local farmers. For urban uses, consumption estimations were conducted based on statistical and product information. Despite substantially lower amounts used, the measured loads of urban biocides were in the same range as the most widely-used agricultural pesticides. The lower usage was compensated by urban loss rates that were up to ten times higher than agricultural ones (0.6 to 15% for urban, 0.4 to 0.9% for agricultural compounds). For most biocides and pesticides, the loads were controlled by rain events. Besides the rain-controlled losses, some urban-used biocides (e.g. diazinon) showed a continuous load independent of rain events and season. This study demonstrates that in catchments with mixed land use, mitigation strategies have to pay sufficient attention to the urban sources.
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. irene.wittmer@eawag.ch
authors.forename: Irene K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Wittmer
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scheidegger
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stamm
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002947:Cities; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004323:Drainage, Sanitary; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical