title: [Fetal and neonatal complications of gestational diabetes: perinatal mortality, congenital malformations, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, birth injuries, neonatal outcomes].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate perinatal outcomes in case of gestational diabetes (GD) treated or not.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is based on Pubmed search and on NICE and HAS recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate or severe GD increases the risk of foetal and neonatal complications [EL1]. The risk of malformation is slightly increased in case of GD compared with non diabetic population [EL2]. The increased risk of malformation is probably linked to undiagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes among cases of GD [EL2]. There is a continuous association of maternal glucose levels with increased birth weight [EL2]. The incidence of macrosomia decreases when diabetes is treated [EL1]. Data from the literature don't allow estimating precise risk of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in case of GD, but severe clinical form is exceptional. Risk of neonatal asphyxia and perinatal death is not increased in case of GD [EL2]. Birth injuries and nerve palsy are rare in case of GD, and there is no evidence for increased incidence of such events when GD is not treated. The risk of neonatal respiratory distress whatever is the cause, is difficult to estimate. There is no evidence to establish a link between GD and neonatal respiratory distress. It is difficult to estimate the risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia because of various definitions used in the different studies, but the frequency of hypoglycaemia treated with IV glucose is low [EL1]. The risk of hypocalcemia [EL4] and hyperbilirubinemia [EL1] is similar to that of the general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe perinatal complications specifically linked to GD are rare. Macrosomia is the principal neonatal adverse outcomes demonstrated in case of GD. It is the main factor related to the complications reported in case of GD. Maternal obesity is an additional risk factor of neonatal adverse outcomes and is independent from the diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Faculté de médecine, Pôle de périnatalité, Service de néonatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France. delphine.mitanchez@trs.aphp.fr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitanchez
mesh_terms: D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000453:epidemiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational; D004420:Dystocia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors