title: Angiogenic activity of an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) and EMD-derived proteins: an experimental study in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether all or only certain proteins in an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) are angiogenic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The angiogenic effect was analysed using an in vivo angiogenesis assay. Silicon tubes were filled with or without potential and known angiogenic-modulating factors: (i) an EMD parent, (ii) nine pools of EMD proteins, (iii) fibroblast growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and (iv) amelogenin. Silicon tubes were implanted subcutaneously in mice. Dextran-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was injected via the tail vein, mice were euthanized and tubes were retrieved. Neovascularization was determined by measuring the amount of dextran-FITC within the tubes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest angiogenic potential of the EMD parent was at a weight of 125 ng, resulting in a 4.3-fold increase compared with the negative control. Five pools of EMD proteins showed a stronger angiogenic activity than the EMD parent. Pool 5 showed the greatest angiogenic activity, when compared with the negative control (8.1-fold increase) and with 125 ng of the EMD parent (4.2-fold increase). Amelogenin demonstrated a significantly higher angiogenic activity than the negative control (increase up to 4.0-fold) and the EMD parent (increase up to 1.6-fold).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMD parent, recombinant porcine amelogenin and certain pools of EMD proteins induced significant angiogenesis compared with the controls using a standardized in vivo assay.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. daniel.thoma@zzmk.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Thoma
authors.forename: Cristina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Carnes
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dard
authors.forename: Yong-Hee Patricia
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cochran
mesh_terms: D053523:Amelogenin / Q000494:pharmacology; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003911:Dextrans; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D023421:Models, Animal; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000494:pharmacology; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000098:blood supply; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D053523:Amelogenin; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; D003911:Dextrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C109069:enamel matrix proteins; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate