title: Hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta due to WDR72 mutations: a novel mutation and ultrastructural analyses of deciduous teeth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in WDR72 have been identified in autosomal recessive hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta (AI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to describe a novel WDR72 mutation and report the ultrastructural enamel phenotype associated with a different WDR72 mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A family segregating autosomal recessive hypomaturation AI was recruited, genomic DNA obtained and WDR72 sequenced. Four deciduous teeth from one individual with a previously published WDR72 mutation, extracted as part of clinical care, were subjected to scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and transverse microradiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel homozygous nonsense mutation, R897X, was identified in WDR72 in a family originating from Pakistan. Ultrastructural analysis of enamel from the deciduous teeth of an AI patient with the WDR72 mutation S783X revealed energy-dispersive X-ray analysis spectra with normal carbon and nitrogen peaks, excluding retention of enamel matrix protein. However, transverse microradiography values were significantly lower for affected teeth when compared to normal teeth, consistent with reduced mineralisation. On scanning electron microscopy the enamel rod form observed was normal, yet with inter-rod enamel more prominent than in controls. This appearance was unaltered following incubation with either α-chymotrypsin or lipase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel WDR72 mutation described brings the total reported WDR72 mutations to four. Analyses of deciduous tooth enamel in an individual with a homozygous WDR72 mutation identified changes consistent with a late failure of enamel maturation without retention of matrix proteins. The mechanisms by which intracellular WDR72 influences enamel maturation remain unknown.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Inglehearn
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mighell
mesh_terms: D000567:Amelogenesis Imperfecta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics*; D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010154:Pakistan; D010375:Pedigree; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011859:Radiography; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D018389:Codon, Nonsense; D011506:Proteins; C545712:WDR72 protein, human