title: Impact of insulin resistance, insulin and adiponectin on kidney stones in the Japanese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been reported that kidney stones are linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterized by insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to examine the association of insulin resistance, insulin and adiponectin with kidney stones in a Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 2007 to March 2008, 1036 (529 men and 507 women) apparently healthy Japanese subjects, aged 35-79 years, were analyzed. Weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured. Overnight fasting blood was collected to measure insulin and adiponectin levels. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated to assess insulin resistance. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for a self-reported history of kidney stones across tertiles of HOMA-IR, insulin and adiponectin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the participants, 84 men (15.6%) and 35 women (6.9%) had a history of kidney stones. Age, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, HOMA-IR and insulin were significantly higher in women with than in women without kidney stones. There was no difference in adiponectin level between subjects with and without a history of kidney stones in either sex. Furthermore, a significant positive trend was observed in the age-adjusted OR for a history of kidney stones across insulin tertiles (P-value for trend = 0.04) in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For Japanese women, HOMA-IR and insulin are associated with a history of kidney stones. The findings suggest that MetS components could increase the risk of kidney stones through subclinical hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan. ryo@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagaya
authors.forename: Tamaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tozawa
authors.forename: Shinkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokudome
authors.forename: Kenjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohri
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D007328:Insulin