title: Regulation of fragile sites expression in budding yeast by MEC1, RRM3 and hydroxyurea.
abstract: Fragile sites are specific loci within the genome that exhibit increased tendencies for chromosome breakage. They are conserved among mammals and are also found in lower eukaryotes including yeast and fly. Many conditions, including mutations and exogenous factors, contribute to fragile site expression, but the nature of interaction among them remains elusive. Here, we investigated this by examining the combined effects of rrm3Δ, mec1 and hydroxyurea (HU), three conditions that induce fragile sites, on expression of the replication slow zone (RSZ), a type of fragile site in budding yeast. Contrary to the expectation that each factor would contribute to fragile site expression in an independent manner, we show that rrm3Δ and high concentrations of HU suppressed RSZ expression in mec1-4ts cells. Further analyses revealed that rrm3Δ suppression occurs via promotion of Sml1 degradation, whereas HU suppresses RSZ via a premature commitment to inviability. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that: (1) the yeast genome contains different types of fragile site with regard to regulation of their expression, and (2) each fragile-site-inducing condition does not act independently, but can elicit a cellular response(s) that can paradoxically prevent the expression of a specific type(s) of fragile sites.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashash
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Rita S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Cha
mesh_terms: D043283:Chromosome Fragile Sites / Q000187:drug effects; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C088937:MEC1 protein, S cerevisiae; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C459081:Rrm3 protein, S cerevisiae; D004265:DNA Helicases; D006918:Hydroxyurea