title: Have inadequate delivery systems hampered the clinical success of inhaled disodium cromoglycate? Time for reconsideration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) fits with the perception of a safe drug, but conclusions from questionable meta-analyses reduced its use. In addition, drug delivery aspects, such as hygroscopicity and the poor performance of delivery systems, were not considered to be important determinants of therapeutic failures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug delivery aspects and parameters affecting lung deposition and distribution, important parameters for therapeutic efficacy, are addressed. In addition, the distribution and ratio of mast cell tryptase and chymase-positive phenotypes in the lungs and their role in the prostaglandin and leukotriene pathway are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information on why in vitro data are an excellent tool to understand better therapeutic failures associated with the moisture sensitivity of DSCG and the difficulty in handling and operating DSCG delivery systems in a therapeutically reliable way.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacological efficacy of DSCG has been demonstrated in animals and humans. If the drug is delivered to the site of inflammation in an effective dose, a reliable therapeutic effect can be expected. DSCG has extra properties and potential unspecific antiviral properties and may offer new therapeutic treatment aspects for asthma and viral-induced bronchiolitis in early childhood.
authors.affiliation: PARI Pharma GmbH, Aerosol Research Institute, Lochhamer Schlag 21, D-82166 Graefelfing, Germany. m.keller@pari.de
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schierholz
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium