title: Insecticide resistance and malaria transmission: infection rate and oocyst burden in Culex pipiens mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium relictum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The control of most vectors of malaria is threatened by the spread of insecticide resistance. One factor that has been hitherto largely overlooked is the potential effects of insecticide resistance on the ability of mosquitoes to transmit malaria: are insecticide-resistant mosquitoes as good vectors of Plasmodium as susceptible ones? The drastic physiological changes that accompany the evolution of insecticide resistance may indeed alter the ability of vectors to transmit diseases, a possibility that, if confirmed, could have major epidemiological consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a novel experimental system consisting of the avian malaria parasite (Plasmodium relictum) and its natural vector (the mosquito Culex pipiens), two of the most common mechanisms of insecticide resistance (esterase overproduction and acetylcholinesterase modification) were investigated for their effect on mosquito infection rate and parasite burden. For this purpose two types of experiments were carried out using (i) insecticide-resistant and susceptible laboratory isogenic lines of Cx. pipiens and (ii) wild Cx. pipiens collected from a population where insecticide resistant and susceptible mosquitoes coexist in sympatry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The isogenic line and wild-caught mosquito experiments were highly consistent in showing no effect of either esterase overproduction or of acetylcholinesterase modification on either the infection rate or on the oocyst burden of mosquitoes. The only determinant of these traits was blood meal size, which was similar across the different insecticide resistant categories in both experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insecticide resistance was found to have no effect on Plasmodium development within the mosquito. This is the first time this question has been addressed using a natural mosquito-Plasmodium combination, while taking care to standardize the genetic background against which the insecticide resistance genes operate. Infection rate and oocyst burden are but two of the factors that determine the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes. Other key determinants of parasite transmission, such as mosquito longevity and behaviour, or the parasite's incubation time, need to be investigated before concluding on whether insecticide resistance influences the ability of mosquitoes to transmit malaria.
authors.affiliation: Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses (UMR CNRS 2724), Centre de Recherche IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France. julien.vezilier@ird.fr
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vézilier
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicot
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gandon
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rivero
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology*; D004199:Disease Vectors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission*; D033661:Oocysts; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase