title: Evaluation of respiratory liver and kidney movements for MRI navigator gating.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the tracking factor by studying the relationship between kidney and diaphragm motions and to compare the efficiency of the gating-and-following and gating-only algorithms in reducing motion artifacts in navigator-gated scans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diaphragm and kidney motions were measured by using real-time TrueFISP sequences from 10 healthy human volunteers to determine tracking factors at different acceptance windows. Mean tracking factors were used to calculate mean residual errors and improvement factors for the gating-and-following and gating-only algorithms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean tracking factors for ± 4, ± 6, ± 8 mm and full acceptance windows ranged from 0.6 to 0.7, with large interindividual variations. Acceptance rates increased as the size of the acceptance window increased (acceptance rate for a 4 mm window ∼50%). There was a greater reduction of motion errors by gating-and-following (maximum of 1.86 mm) than gating-only (maximum of 7.05 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean tracking factors obtained in this study can be used as a guideline for using the gating-and-following algorithm in navigator-gated kidney scans. The gating-and-following and gating-only algorithms were quantitatively compared, and it was found that the former is more effective in reducing motion errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Division of Translational Imaging Research, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Ruitian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Aaryani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tipirneni
authors.forename: Perry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ralf B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Loeffler
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hillenbrand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity