title: Process audits versus product quality monitoring of bulk milk.
abstract: Assessment of milk quality is based on bulk milk testing and farm certification on process quality audits. It is unknown to what extent dairy farm audits improve milk quality. A statistical analysis was conducted to quantify possible associations between bulk milk testing and dairy farm audits. The analysis comprised 64.373 audit outcomes on 26,953 dairy farms, which were merged with all conducted laboratory tests of bulk milk samples 12 mo before the audit. Each farm audit record included 271 binary checklist items and 52 attention point variables (given to farmers if serious deviations were observed), both indicating possible deviations from the desired farm situation. Test results included somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC), antimicrobial drug residues (ADR), level of butyric acid spores (BAB), freezing point depression (FPD), level of free fatty acid (FFA), and milk sediment (SED). Results show that numerous audit variables were related to bulk milk test results, although the goodness of fit of the models was generally low. Cow hygiene, clean cubicles, hygiene of milking parlor, and utility room were positively correlated with superior product quality, mainly with respect to SCC, TBC, BAB, FPD, FFA, and SED. Animal health or veterinary drugs management (i.e., drug treatment recording, marking of treated animals, and storage of veterinary drugs) related to SCC, FPD, FFA, and SED. The availability of drinking water was related to TBC, BAB, FFA, and SED, whereas maintenance of the milking equipment was related mainly to SCC, FPD, and FFA. In summary, bulk milk quality and farm audit outcomes are, to some degree, associated: if dairy farms are assessed negatively on specific audit aspects, the bulk milk quality is more likely to be inferior. However, the proportion of the total variance in milk test results explained by audits ranged between 4 and 13% (depending on the specific bulk milk test), showing that auditing dairy farms provides additional information but has a limited association with the outcome of a product quality control program. This study suggests that farm audits could be streamlined to include only relevant checklist items and that bulk milk quality monitoring could be used as a basis of selecting farms for more or less frequent audits.
authors.affiliation: Business Economics, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands. annet.velthuis@wur.nl
authors.forename: A G J
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Velthuis
authors.forename: M A P M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Asseldonk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000662:veterinary; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D002452:Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000592:standards*; D005513:Food Inspection; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D020148:Butyric Acid