title: Eating for pleasure or profit: the effect of incentives on children's enjoyment of vegetables.
abstract: Parents commonly use rewards to encourage children to eat healthfully, but this practice remains controversial because rewards are suspected of undermining children's intrinsic motivation. A cluster-randomized trial examined children's acceptance of a disliked vegetable over 12 daily taste exposures. These exposures were paired with a tangible reward, a social reward, or no reward, and the findings were compared with the results from a no-treatment control condition. Liking and intake of the vegetable were assessed in a free-choice consumption task at preintervention, postintervention, 1 month after intervention, and 3 months after intervention. Liking increased more in the three intervention conditions than in the control condition, and there were no significant differences between the intervention conditions. These effects were maintained at follow-up. Children in both reward conditions increased consumption, and these effects were maintained for 3 months; however, the effects of exposure with no reward became nonsignificant by 3 months. These results indicate that external rewards do not necessarily produce negative effects and may be useful in promoting healthful eating.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1E 6BT.
authors.forename: Lucy J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Lucy C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Elizabeth V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Añez
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Croker
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boniface
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Yeomans
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardle
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D014675:Vegetables