title: The Dual Role of TNF in Pulmonary Edema.
abstract: -Pulmonary edema, a major manifestation of left ventricular heart failure, renal insufficiency, shock, diffuse alveolar damage and lung hypersensitivity states, is a significant medical problem worldwide and can be life-threatening. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis and development of pulmonary edema. However, some recent studies have demonstrated surprisingly that TNF can also promote alveolar fluid reabsorption in vivo and in vitro. This protective effect of the cytokine is mediated by the lectin-like domain of the cytokine, which is spatially distinct from the TNF receptor binding sites. The TIP peptide, a synthetic mimic of the lectin-like domain of TNF, can significantly increase alveolar fluid clearance and improve lung compliance in pulmonary edema models. In this review, we will discuss the dual role of TNF in pulmonary edema.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  -tumor necrosis factor (TNF); acute lung injury (ALI); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP);epithelial sodium channel (ENaC);neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated (gene 4) protein (Nedd4-2);serum and glucocorticoid dependent kinase (Sgk-1);insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1);Protein Kinase C (PKC);reactive oxygen species (ROS);myosin light chain (MLC);pneumolysin (PLY);listeriolysin (LLO);interleukin (IL);bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF);Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG);TNF receptor type 1 (TNFR1); TNF receptor type 2 (TNF-R2);
authors.affiliation: Vascular Biology Center & Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamacher
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gorshkov
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Supriya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sridhar
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verin
authors.forename: Trinad
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucas