title: Do positive psychosocial work factors protect against 2-year incidence of long-term sickness absence among employees with and those without depressive symptoms? A prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to examine the influence of protective work factors on long-term sickness absence among employees reporting different levels of depressive symptoms in a representative sample of the Danish workforce.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire data were collected from a random sample of members of the Danish workforce aged between 18 and 64 years using information from two surveys with baselines in 2000 and 2005. From the year 2000 baseline, questionnaires from 5510 employees (2790 males and 2720 females) were included; from the 2005 baseline, questionnaires from 8393 employees (3931 males and 4462 females) were included. Baseline data were collected on depressive symptoms, leadership, colleague support, and decision latitude. Information on 2-year incidence of sickness absence was derived from an official register.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stratified analyses on depressive symptom scores (none, moderate, and severe) indicate that quality of leadership was associated with reduced sickness absence to a somewhat stronger degree for those with moderate depressive symptoms (adjusted hazard ratio=0.88, 95% confidence interval=0.78-0.98) than for those without depressive symptoms and that high decision latitude was associated with reduced sickness absence to a somewhat larger degree for those without depressive symptoms (adjusted hazard ratio=0.91, 95% CI=0.85-0.97) than for those with depressive symptoms. However, quality of leadership and decision latitude did not interact significantly with depressive symptom status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quality of leadership may protect against long-term sick leave to a certain degree in those with moderate depressive symptoms. Possible interactions between psychosocial working conditions and depression status should be investigated in larger populations.
authors.affiliation: Work and Health Research Centre, School of Sports, Exercises, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK. f.munir@lboro.ac.uk
authors.forename: Fehmidah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munir
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burr
authors.forename: Jørgen Vinsløv
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rugulies
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003718:Denmark; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014937:Work / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*