title: Petroclival meningiomas: study on outcomes, complications and recurrence rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Petroclival meningiomas are notoriously difficult lesions to manage surgically, given the critical neurovascular structures that are intimately associated with the tumors. In this paper, the authors' aim was to review their series of patients with petroclival meningiomas who underwent surgical treatment; emphasis was placed on evaluating modes of presentation, postoperative neurological outcome, complications, and recurrence rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients underwent surgical treatment for petroclival meningiomas. The majority of the patients were women (72%). The authors retrospectively reviewed the patients' medical records, imaging studies, and pathology reports to analyze presentation, surgical approach, neurological outcomes, complications, and recurrence rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Headache was the most common presentation (58%). The most commonly used approach was the transpetrous approach (in 16 patients), followed by the orbitozygomatic approach (in 13). Gross-total resection was performed in 14 patients (28%), and in the remaining patients there was residual tumor (72%). Eighteen patients with tumor remnants were treated with Gamma Knife surgery. New postoperative cranial neuropathies were noted in 22 patients (44%). The most common cranial nerve (CN) deficit following surgery was CN III dysfunction (in 11 patients) and facial weakness (in 10). In 9 patients, the CN dysfunction was transient (41%), and 7 patients had permanent dysfunction (32%). Eight patients developed hydrocephalus and all required placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. A CSF leak was noted in only 2 patients (4%), and wound dehiscence was noted in 1. The CSF leaks and the wound dehiscence occurred in patients who were undergoing reoperations. Adequate radiographic follow-up (minimum 6 months) was available for 31 patients (62%). The mean follow-up was 22.1 months. In 6 patients, tumor progression or recurrences were noted. The median time to recurrence was 84 months. At the time of discharge from the hospital, 92% of the patients had good outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale Scores 4 and 5). Three patients died of causes not directly related to the surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Petroclival meningiomas still pose a formidable challenge to neurosurgeons. In their series, the authors used multiple skull base approaches and careful microneurosurgical technique to achieve a good functional outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale Score 4 or 5) in 92% of patients, although the extent of gross-total resection was only 28%. The authors' primary surgical goal was to achieve maximal tumor resection while maintaining or improving neurological function. The authors favor the treatment of residual tumor or recurrent tumor with stereotactic radiosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-33932, USA. ananda@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: Vijayakumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Javalkar
authors.forename: Anirban Deep
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000601:surgery; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008579:Meningioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D010579:Petrous Bone / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult