title: Quantitative measurement of attenuation coefficients of bladder biopsies using optical coherence tomography for grading urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
abstract: Real-time grading of bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) is clinically important, but the current standard for grading (histopathology) cannot provide this information. Based on optical coherence tomography (OCT)-measured optical attenuation (μ(t)), the grade of bladder UC could potentially be assessed in real time. We evaluate ex vivo whether μ(t) differs between different grades of UC and benign bladder tissue. Human bladder tissue specimens are examined ex vivo by 850-nm OCT using dynamic focusing. Three observers independently determine the μ(t) from the OCT images, and three pathologists independently review the corresponding histology slides. For both methods, a consensus diagnosis is made. We include 76 OCT scans from 54 bladder samples obtained in 20 procedures on 18 patients. The median (interquartile range) μ(t) of benign tissue is 5.75 mm(-1) (4.77 to 6.14) versus 5.52 mm(-1) (3.47 to 5.90), 4.85 mm(-1) (4.25 to 6.50), and 5.62 mm(-1) (5.01 to 6.29) for grade 1, 2, and 3 UC, respectively (p = 0.732). Interobserver agreement of histopathology is "substantial" [Kappa 0.62, 95% confidence interval (IC) 0.54 to 0.70] compared to "almost perfect" [interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.87, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.92] for OCT. Quantitative OCT analysis (by μ(t)) does not detect morphological UC changes. This may be due to factors typical for an ex-vivo experimental setting.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Department of Urology, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e.c.cauberg@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Evelyne C C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Cauberg
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Theo M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Reijke
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Jean J M C H
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de la Rosette
authors.forename: Ton G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult