title: Raloxifene for prevention of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss: a 12-month randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the efficacy of raloxifene in preventing bone mineral density (BMD) loss in women receiving long-term glucocorticoids (GC). The study took the form of a parallel-group randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postmenopausal women without hypercoagulability risk factors who were prevalent GC users were randomised to receive either raloxifene (60 mg/day) or placebo (1 tablet/day) on top of calcium (1000 mg/day) and calcitriol (0.25 μg/day). BMD of the hip and spine (primary outcome), bone turnover markers and new vertebral fractures (secondary outcomes) at month 12 were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between December 2006 and December 2008, 114 patients were recruited (age 55.3±7.7 years). The duration and dose of prednisolone received was 62.2±64 months and 6.7±5.9 mg/day, respectively. Baseline vertebral fracture was present in six (5%) patients. In all, 57 patients were allocated to each of the treatment arms. Demographic data, osteoporotic risk factors and BMD at various sites were similar between the two groups of patients. At month 12, a significant gain in the lumbar spine (+1.3±0.4%; p=0.004) and total hip BMD (+1.0±0.4%; p=0.01) was observed in patients treated with raloxifene but a significant decrease in BMD of the lumbar spine (-0.9±0.4%; p=0.045) and hip (-0.8±0.3%; p=0.01) occurred in the placebo group. The femoral neck BMD did not change significantly in favour of raloxifene. Three new fractures developed exclusively in the patients treated with placebo. Bone formation (serum osteocalcin and procollagen type I N-terminal) and resorption (urine deoxypyridinoline and type I collagen) markers decreased significantly in the raloxifene group but not in patients treated with placebo. Leg cramps were numerically more frequent in the raloxifene group (7% vs 0%) but thromboembolism was not reported in any patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In postmenopausal women receiving long-term GCs, raloxifene is well tolerated and significantly increases spinal and hip BMD after 12 months of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tsing Chung Koon Road, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR China. ccmok2005@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Chi Chiu
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.forename: King Yee
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Chi Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: To
authors.forename: Ling Yin
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ka Lung
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hon Kit
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kwok Man
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D008055:Lipids; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D011241:Prednisone