title: Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae among Brazilian children attending day care centers in the era of widespread Hib vaccination.
abstract: Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine was introduced into the Immunization Program of Brazil in 1999 and no study has evaluated the impact of Hib vaccination in H. influenzae carriage so far. In June 2010, Brazil introduced the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV). We investigated the prevalence of encapsulated H. influenzae and NTHi isolates in nasopharyngeal samples of 1192 children attending day-care centers in Goiânia, central Brazil. H. influenzae carriage rate was 32.1% and 38.4% of them carried β-lactamase TEM-1 gene. Serotype f (4.6%) was the most frequent encapsulated isolate, type b was recovered in only 0.7% and carriage rate of NTHi was 23.3%. Recurrent acute otitis media and NTHi were independently associated with colonization by β-lactamase producing H. influenzae. Changes in frequency of H. influenzae carriage isolates should be carefully monitored to assess the impact of the PHiD-CV on NTHi carriage in young children.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil. camilamicrobiol@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Camila Xavier
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kipnis
authors.forename: Licia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thörn
authors.forename: João Guimarães
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pimenta
authors.forename: Maria Cristina de Cunto
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brandileone
authors.forename: Rosemeire Cobo
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Zanella
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sgambatti
authors.forename: Ana Lucia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C034413:beta-lactamase TEM-1