title: Kinetin increases chromium absorption, modulates its distribution, and changes the activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in Mexican Palo Verde.
abstract: This report shows, for the first time, the effectiveness of the phytohormone kinetin (KN) in increasing Cr translocation from roots to stems in Mexican Palo Verde. Fifteen-day-old seedlings, germinated in soil spiked with Cr(III) and (VI) at 60 and 10 mg kg(-1), respectively, were watered every other day for 30 days with a KN solution at 250 μM. Samples were analyzed for catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activities, Cr concentration, and Cr distribution in tissues. Results showed that KN reduced CAT but increased APOX in the roots of Cr(VI)-treated plants. In the leaves, KN reduced both CAT and APOX in Cr(III) but not in Cr(VI)-treated plants. However, KN increased total Cr concentration in roots, stems, and leaves by 45%, 103%, and 72%, respectively, compared to Cr(III) alone. For Cr(VI), KN increased Cr concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively, by 53%, 129%, and 168%, compared to Cr(VI) alone. The electron probe microanalyzer results showed that Cr was mainly located at the cortex section in the root, and Cr distribution was essentially homogeneous in stems. However, proven through X-ray images, Cr(VI)-treated roots and stems had more Cr accumulation than Cr(III) counterparts. KN increased the Cr translocation from roots to stems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Peralta-Videa
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lopez-Moreno
authors.forename: Minghua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saupe
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gardea-Torresdey
mesh_terms: D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism*; D002857:Chromium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D007701:Kinetin / Q000378:metabolism*; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002857:Chromium; D010544:Peroxidases; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D007701:Kinetin