title: ''Ringing in the ears'': narrative review of tinnitus and its impact.
abstract: About 10% of the population experiences tinnitus, a common and distressing symptom characterized by the perception of sound in the absence of external stimuli. There is, however, marked heterogeneity in etiology, perception, and extent of distress among those who experience tinnitus. Reactions to tinnitus vary from simple awareness to severe irritation; some people have difficulty in hearing because of the loudness of the noise. Severe tinnitus causes many, often psychological, symptoms (e.g., tension, frustration, impaired concentration, disrupted sleep). For some, tinnitus is temporary, for others it is longstanding. Although many people adjust successfully, others are disabled by tinnitus; approximately 5% experience persistent and severe symptoms affecting their lifestyle and significantly reducing their quality of life. Because tinnitus is poorly understood and no single therapeutic approach is effective for all patients, many patients are told that ''nothing can be done'' and they must ''learn to live with it.'' In spite of these challenges, there is remarkably little relevant nursing literature on tinnitus. This literature review was conducted to explore current knowledge of tinnitus, including prevalence, causes and diagnosis, and assessment. Its psychosocial effects and impact on individuals are considered. Implications for practice are discussed-demonstrating that understanding the full impact of the condition and identifying patients' needs are essential to effective care.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK. susan.holmes@canterbury.ac.uk
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Nigel D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Padgham
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012001:Hyperacusis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy