title: T₁-weighted ultrashort echo time method for positive contrast imaging of magnetic nanoparticles and cancer cells bound with the targeted nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain positive contrast based on T₁ weighting from magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) using ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging and investigate quantitative relationship between positive contrast and the core size and concentration of IONPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Solutions of IONPs with different core sizes and concentrations were prepared. T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of IONPs were measured using the inversion recovery turbo spin echo (TSE) and multi-echo spin echo sequences at 3 Tesla. T₁ -weighted UTE gradient echo and T₂-weighted TSE sequences were used to image IONP samples. U87MG glioblastoma cells bound with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide and IONP conjugates were scanned using UTE, T₁ and T₂-weighted sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive contrast was obtained by UTE imaging from IONPs with different core sizes and concentrations. The relative-contrast-to-water ratio of UTE images was three to four times higher than those of T₂-weighted TSE images. The signal intensity increases as the function of the core size and concentration. Positive contrast was also evident in cell samples bound with RGD-IONPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UTE imaging allows for imaging of IONPs and IONP bound tumor cells with positive contrast and provides contrast enhancement and potential quantification of IONPs in molecular imaging applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Imaging, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Longjiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Liya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y Andrew
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003287:Contrast Media; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010316:Particle Size; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles