title: Prevalence, phenomenology, aetiology and predictors of challenging behaviour in Smith-Magenis syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence, phenomenology aetiology and correlates of four forms of challenging behaviour in 32 children and adults with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive assessments, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data on intellectual disability, verbal and physical aggression, destructive behaviour and self-injury and on characteristics known to be associated with aggression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aggression in SMS was more prevalent (87%), but not more severe than aggression in contrast groups. Aggressive behaviour was more frequently associated with environmental contingencies (e.g. attention, escape and access to tangibles) than self-injury and destructive behaviours. Severity of challenging behaviours was associated with high impulsivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aggression is seen in the majority of people with SMS. Results suggest that behavioural disinhibition and operant social reinforcement are associated with the manifestation of aggression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ealing NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sloneem
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Udwin
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Woodcock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D058496:Smith-Magenis Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D012917:Social Adjustment; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D055815:Young Adult