title: Characterization and biological activity of relaxin in porcine milk.
abstract: A lactocrine mechanism for delivery of maternally derived relaxin (RLX) into the neonatal circulation as a consequence of nursing was proposed for the pig. Immunoreactive RLX was detected in colostrum and in the serum of newborn pigs only if they were allowed to nurse. Milk-borne RLX concentrations are highest during early lactation (9-19  ng/ml), declining to <2  ng/ml by postnatal day 14. Whether milk-borne RLX is bioactive is unknown. Evidence that RLX concentrations in milk are higher than in maternal circulation in several species suggests the mammary gland as a site of local RLX production. It is unknown whether the porcine mammary gland is a source of RLX. Therefore, objectives were to evaluate RLX bioactivity in porcine milk during the first 2 weeks of lactation, identify the form of RLX in porcine milk, and determine whether mammary tissue from early lactation is a source of milk-borne RLX. Milk RLX bioactivity was determined using an in vitro bioassay in which cAMP production by human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells transfected with the human RLX receptor (RXFP1) was measured. RLX bioactivity was highest at lactation day (LD) 0, decreasing to undetectable levels by LD 4. Immunoblot analysis of milk proteins revealed an 18  kDa band, indicating proRLX as the primary form of RLX in porcine milk. ProRLX protein and transcripts were detected in porcine mammary tissue on LD 0 and 7. Results support the lactocrine hypothesis by defining the nature and a potential source for bioactive proRLX in porcine colostrum/milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Amy-Lynn
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Frankshun
authors.forename: Teh-Yuan
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Salamia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lasano
authors.forename: Bernard G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Steinetz
authors.forename: Frank F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Bartol
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bagnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D001706:Biopsy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012065:Relaxin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic
chemical_list: D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012065:Relaxin