title: Novel developments in the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis coinfection.
abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) disease remains one of the highest causes of mortality in HIV-infected individuals, and HIV-TB coinfection continues to grow at alarming rates, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Surprisingly, a number of important areas regarding coinfection remain unclear. For example, increased risk of TB disease begins early in the course of HIV infection; however, the mechanism by which HIV increases this risk is not well understood. In addition, there is lack of consensus on the optimal way to diagnose latent TB infection and to manage active disease in those who are HIV infected. Furthermore, effective point-of-care testing for TB disease remains elusive. This review discusses key areas in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of active and latent TB in those infected with HIV, focusing attention on issues related to high- and low-burden areas. Particular emphasis is placed on controversial areas where there are gaps in knowledge and on future directions of study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Asha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anandaiah
authors.forename: Keertan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dheda
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koziel
authors.forename: David A J
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Naimish R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D015995:Prevalence; D012294:Rifamycins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D012294:Rifamycins