title: Does granulocyte-colony stimulating factor administration induce damage or repair response in schistosomiasis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a new therapeutic modality for schistosomiasis through stem cell mobilization, immunomodulation or fibrosis remodeling.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, a 5 d course of human recombinant G-CSF (100 μg/kg sc) was applied to Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice at different stages of disease (5 d before infection as well as 3, 5 and 7 wk post-infection). The animals were sacrificed at 10 d as well as 4, 6 and 8 wk post infection. Mice were examined for: (1) Total leukocyte count which is an accepted surrogate marker for the stem cell mobilization into the circulation; (2) Egg count in intestine and liver tissue to assess the parasitic load; and (3) Histopathological changes in Hx/E and Masson trichrome stained sections as well as collagen content in Sirius red-stained liver sections to determine the severity of liver fibrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice developed leukocytosis. The egg load and the number of granulomas were not affected by the G-CSF treatment but there was an obvious change in the composition of granulomas towards an increased cellularity. Moreover, fibrosis was significantly decreased in treated groups compared to untreated animals (collagen content either preinfection or at 3 and 5 wk post infection: 5.8 ± 0.5, 4.7 ± 0.5, 4.0 ± 0.7 vs 8.2 ± 0.9; P ≤ 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although G-CSF did not cause direct elimination of the parasite, it enhanced granulomatous reaction and reduced the fibrosis. Further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of these two actions is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Lobna Y Ghanem, Department of Electron Microscope, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, PO Box 30 Imbaba, Giza 12411, Egypt.
authors.forename: Lobna Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dahmen
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dirsch
authors.forename: Mona Mf
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nosseir
authors.forename: Soheir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: Wafaa Af
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Mansour