title: Effects of analgesics on orthodontic pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our objective was too assess the effectiveness of 3 analgesics (ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, and acetaminophen) and a placebo administered before and after the placement of separators in reducing the severity of postseparator placement pain. We also examined the impact of treatment on chewing efficiency at 24 hours after separator placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four subjects participated in the study. Each subject received 3 of 4 treatments: ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, acetaminophen, or placebo in random order at monthly intervals. The dosing times were 1 hour before separator placement and 3 and 7 hours after separator placement. Before placement, the subjects completed a masticatory efficiency test and a visual analog scale (VAS) for expected pain and pain experienced. A VAS pain diary was kept for 24 hours. Subjects returned to the clinic after 1 week for separator removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAS pain summary scores after separator placement were significantly affected by the administration of ibuprofen (P = 0.0298) and the time after separator placement (P <0.0001). Administering ibuprofen before and after separator placement significantly reduced pain compared with the placebo. The analgesic effects diminished by day 2, resulting in peak pain levels and decreased chewing efficiency. The expected pain after separator placement also played a role in experienced pain; subjects expecting more pain experienced more pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ibuprofen was superior to the placebo in relieving postseparator pain as measured by the VAS pain summary scores, whereas acetaminophen and naproxen sodium did not significantly differ from the placebo.
authors.forename: Shreena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McGorray
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yezierski
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fillingim
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Timothy T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009288:Naproxen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010919:Placebos; D011292:Premedication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010919:Placebos; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009288:Naproxen; D007052:Ibuprofen