title: International perspectives on the influence of structure and process of weaning from mechanical ventilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, clinical and research attention has been focused on refining weaning processes to improve outcomes for critically ill patients who require mechanical ventilation. One such process, use of a weaning protocol, has yielded conflicting results, arguably because of the influence of existing context and processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare international data to assess differences in context and processes in intensive care units that could influence weaning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of existing national data on provision of care for critically ill patients, including structure, staffing, skill mix, education, roles, and responsibilities for weaning in intensive care units of selected countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom showed similarities in critical care provision, structure, skill mix, and staffing ratios in intensive care units. Weaning in these countries is generally a collaborative process between nurses and physicians. Notable differences in intensive care units in the United States were the frequent use of an open structure and inclusion of respiratory therapists on the intensive care unit's health care team. Nurses may be excluded from direct management of ventilator weaning in some institutions, as this role is primarily assumed by respiratory therapists guided by medical directives. Availability of critical care beds was highest in the United States and lowest in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Context and processes of care that could influence ventilator weaning outcomes varied considerably across countries. Further quantification of these contextual influences should be considered when translating research findings into local clinical practice and when designing randomized controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. louise.rose@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Bronagh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blackwood
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Egerod
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries; D006742:Hospital Bed Capacity; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D038622:Internationality; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000600:supply & distribution; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D015300:Ventilator Weaning; D000078329:Workforce