title: Transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance among young men of color who have sex with men: a multicenter cohort analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the elevated potential for primary or transmitted drug resistance (TDR) among newly HIV-infected individuals, there is a need for a deeper understanding of the baseline resistance patterns present in young men of color who have sex with men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genotypic data were collected for participants aged 13-24 who were enrolled from seven sites. Univariate and bivariate methods were used to describe the prevalence of TDR and characteristics associated with TDR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 296 individuals participating in the substudy, 145 (49%) had baseline genotypes. The majority of the individuals were African American (65%) and gay-identified (70%). There was significant variation in genotype availability by site (p < .001). Major surveillance drug resistance mutations were present in 28 subjects (19.3%); the majority were non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations (12.4%). Subjects with TDR were less likely to have used alcohol on 1 or more days in the prior 2 weeks. Location was not associated with acquisition of TDR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high rate of TDR in a geographically and racially diverse sample of HIV-infected young men of color who have sex with men. This represents a serious public health concern given the young age of this sample and the potential need for long-term antiretroviral therapy. These findings underscore the critical roles of both early case identification and secondary prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, 130 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. lisa_hightow@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Lisa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hightow-Weidman
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hurt
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Manya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magnus
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Angulique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Outlaw
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Enriquez-Bruce
authors.forename: Will
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cobbs
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wohl
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tinsle
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015751:Genes, pol / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors