title: Basal internal anal sphincter tone, inhibitory neurotransmission, and other factors contributing to the maintenance of high pressures in the anal canal.
abstract: Maintenance of the basal tone in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) is critical for rectoanal continence. Effective evacuation requires a fully functional rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR)-mediated relaxation of the IAS via inhibitory neurotransmission (INT). Systematic studies examining the nature of the INT in different species have identified nitric oxide (NO) as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter. However, other mediators such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), ATP, and carbon monoxide (CO) may also play species-specific role under certain experimental conditions. Measurements of the intraluminal pressures in the IAS along with the force of the isolated IAS tissues are the mainstay in the basic studies for the molecular mechanisms underlying the basal tone and in the nature of the INT. The identification of NO as the inhibitory neurotransmitter has led to major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of rectoanal motility disorders associated with the IAS dysfunction. Besides the IAS, the high pressures in the anal canal are affected by the external anal sphincter (EAS) function, and its malfunction may also lead to rectoanal incontinence. Different approaches including biofeedback have been attempted to improve the EAS function, with variable outcomes. There is a dire need for the innovative ways to improve the week high pressures zone in the anal canal. This viewpoint focuses on two studies that extend the above concept of multiplicity of inhibitory neurotransmitters (Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011 23 e11–25), and that high pressures in the anal canal can be improved by the EAS plication (Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011 23 70–5).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. satish.rattan@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rattan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000502:physiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011312:Pressure; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate