title: Evidence against a link between hyperemesis gravidarum and personality characteristics from an ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), a pregnancy-related condition marked by extreme nausea and vomiting, has been considered a psychosomatic illness associated with long-standing personality characteristics (e.g., hysteria). In this pilot study, we examined personality, somatic, and psychological variables with ethnically diverse samples of women with HG and women with typical levels of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Personality (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Index-2 [MMPI-2] and MMPI-2RF), somatic (MMPI-2RF), and psychological (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II] and NVP-related quality of life) variables collected during the first trimester of pregnancy were compared between 15 women with HG and 15 women with normal levels of NVP matched for age, education, marital status, insurance source, and race/ethnicity. A secondary analysis was performed comparing these variables among a group of 9 asymptomatic pregnant women to the HG and NVP groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found between the HG and NVP groups on any personality, somatic, or psychological variables. Both groups had clinically significant elevations on the MMPI-2 hypochondriasis scale, which incorporates somatic symptoms. The NVP group had a clinically significant elevation on the MMPI-2RF gastrointestinal complaints scale. Both groups had significantly higher means on the MMPI-2 and MMPI-2RF scales than the asymptomatic group. Predominantly Spanish speakers appeared particularly vulnerable to psychological distress associated with somatic complaints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this pilot study suggest that research with HG patients is feasible and that psychological distress expressed by women with HG and NVP may reflect reactions to somatic symptoms. No evidence was found to support an association between HG and personality characteristics. Recommendations for future research are provided, such as examining the potential benefits of translation services for Spanish-speaking HG patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA.
authors.forename: Lina M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: D'Orazio
authors.forename: Beth E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Meyerowitz
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Korst
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006939:Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015141:Los Angeles; D017533:Marital Status; D008910:Minnesota; D009325:Nausea / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*