title: Identifying the pulmonary hazard of high aspect ratio nanoparticles to enable their safety-by-design.
abstract: High aspect ratio, or fiber-shaped, nanoparticles (HARNs) represent a growth area in nanotechnology as their useful properties become more apparent. Carbon nanotubes, the best known and studied of the HARNs are handled on an increasingly large scale, with subsequent potential for human inhalation exposure. Their resemblance to asbestos fibers precipitated fears that they might show the same type of pathology as that caused by asbestos and there is emerging evidence to support this possibility. The large number of other HARNs, including nanorods, nanowires and other nanofibers, require similar toxicological scrutiny. In this article we describe the unusual hazard associated with fibers, with special reference to asbestos, and address the features of fibers that dictate their pathogenicity as developed in the fiber pathogenicity paradigm. This paradigm is a robust structure:toxicity model that identifies thin, long, biopersistent fibers as the effective dose for fiber-type pathogenic effects. It is likely that HARNs will in general conform to the paradigm and such an understanding of the features that make fibers pathogenic should enable us to design safer HARNs.
authors.affiliation: MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. ken.donaldson@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schinwald
authors.forename: Rodger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duffin
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Poland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001194:Asbestos / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000209:etiology; D019016:Mineral Fibers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D019016:Mineral Fibers; D001194:Asbestos