title: Slow crack growth and reliability of dental ceramics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the slow crack growth (SCG) and Weibull parameters of five dental ceramics: a vitreous porcelain (V), a leucite-based porcelain (D), a leucite-based glass-ceramic (E1), a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (E2) and a glass-infiltrated alumina composite (IC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty disks (Ø 12 mm × 1.1mm thick) of each material were constructed according to manufacturers' recommendations and polished. The stress corrosion susceptibility coefficient (n) was obtained by dynamic fatigue test, and specimens were tested in biaxial flexure at five stress rates immersed in artificial saliva at 37 °C. Weibull parameters were calculated for the 30 specimens tested at 1 MPa/s in artificial saliva at 37 °C. The 80 specimens were distributed as follows: 10 for each stress rate (10(-2), 10(-1), 10(1), 10(2)MPa/s), 10 for inert strength (10(2)MPa/s, silicon oil) and 30 for 10(0)MPa/s. Fractographic analysis was also performed to investigate the fracture origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  E2 showed the lowest slow crack growth susceptibility coefficient (17.2), followed by D (20.4) and V (26.3). E1 and IC presented the highest n values (30.1 and 31.1, respectively). Porcelain V presented the lowest Weibull modulus (5.2). All other materials showed similar Weibull modulus values, ranging from 9.4 to 11.7. Fractographic analysis indicated that for porcelain D, glass-ceramics E1 and E2, and composite IC crack deflection was the main toughening mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides a detailed microstructural and slow crack growth characterization of widely used dental ceramics. This is important from a clinical standpoint to assist the clinician in choosing the best ceramic material for each situation as well as predicting its clinical longevity. It also can be helpful in developing new materials for dental prostheses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla Castiglia
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gonzaga
authors.forename: Paulo Francisco
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Cesar
authors.forename: Walter Gomes
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Humberto Naoyuki
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D003461:Crystallography; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018583:Pliability; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D001031:Apatites; C118557:Empress 2; C075815:IPS-Empress ceramic; C483026:In-Ceram Alumina; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C556625:VITA VM7; C506670:d.SIGN ceramic; C493120:lithia disilicate; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C016447:feldspar; C078519:leucite; C023506:Glass ceramics; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C025105:fluorapatite