title: Identification of protozoa in dairy lagoon wastewater that consume Escherichia coli O157:H7 preferentially.
abstract: Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157), an agent of life threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome, resides in ruminants and is released in feces at numbers as high as 10 million cells/gram. EcO157 could survive in manure for as long as 21 months, but we observed a 90% decrease in cells of an outbreak strain of EcO157 within half a day in wastewater from dairy lagoons. Although chemical, environmental and biological factors may be responsible for this decrease, we observed an 11-fold increase in native protozoa when wastewater was re-inoculated with 2×10(7) cells of EcO157/mL. These protozoa engulfed the green fluorescent protein labeled EcO157 within 2 hours after inoculation, but expelled vacuoles filled with live EcO157 cells within 3 days into surrounding wastewater, whereas other protozoa retained the EcO157-filled vacuoles for 7 days. EcO157 was not detected by confocal microscopy either inside or outside protozoa after 7 days. Mixed cultures of protozoa enriched from wastewater consumed EcO157 preferentially as compared to native aerobic bacteria, but failed to eliminate them when EcO157 cells declined to 10(4)/mL. We isolated three protozoa from mixed cultures and typed them by 18S sequencing as Vorticella microstoma, Platyophyra sp. and Colpoda aspera. While all three protozoa internalized EcO157, only Platyophyra and Colpoda acted as predators. Similar to mixed cultures, these protozoa failed to eliminate EcO157 from PBS containing no other supplemental nutrients or prey. However, spiking PBS with cereal grass medium as nutrients induced predation of EcO157 by Platyophyra sp. after 3 days or enhanced predation by Colpoda after 5 days. Therefore, attempts to enrich protozoa to decrease EcO157 from dairy lagoons, may correspond to an increase in protozoa similar to Vorticella and possibly facilitate transport of bacterial pathogens to food crops grown in proximity.
authors.affiliation: Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America. subbarao.ravva@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Subbarao V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Ravva
authors.forename: Chester Z
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Sarreal
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mandrell
mesh_terms: D003612:Dairying; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000235:genetics*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D006109:Poaceae; D013234:Stem Cells; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D014873:Water Pollutants; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins