title: Inactivation of murine norovirus 1, coliphage phiX174, and Bacteroides [corrected] fragilis phage B40-8 on surfaces and fresh-cut iceberg lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and UV light.
abstract: In this study, the inactivating properties of liquid hydrogen peroxide (L-H(2)O(2)), vaporized hydrogen peroxide (V-H(2)O(2)), UV light, and a combination of V-H(2)O(2) and UV light were tested on murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) and bacteriophages (φX174 and B40-8) as models for human noroviruses. Disinfection of surfaces was examined on stainless steel discs based on European Standard EN 13697 (2001). For fresh-produce decontamination, a mixture of the viruses was inoculated onto shredded iceberg lettuce and treated after overnight incubation at 2°C. According to our results, L-H(2)O(2) (2.1%) was able to inactivate MNV-1 and φX174 on stainless steel discs by approximately 4 log(10) units within 10 min of exposure, whereas for B40-8, 15% of L-H(2)O(2) was needed to obtain a similar reduction in 10 min. Only a marginal reduction (≤1 log(10) unit after 5 min of exposure) by V-H(2)O(2) (2.52%) was achieved for the tested model viruses, although in combination with UV light, a 4-log(10)-unit decrease within 5 min of treatment was observed on stainless steel discs. Similar trends were observed for the decontamination of shredded iceberg lettuce, but the viral decline was reduced. These results demonstrated that both L-H(2)O(2) and a combination of V-H(2)O(2) and UV light can be used for norovirus inactivation on surfaces; V-H(2)O(2) (2.52%) in combination with UV light is promising for decontamination of fresh produce with much less consumption of water and disinfectant.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baert
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Jonghe
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Coillie
authors.forename: Jaak
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryckeboer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Devlieghere
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uyttendaele
mesh_terms: D010584:Bacteriophage phi X 174 / Q000528:radiation effects; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D005506:Food Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D018545:Lactuca / Q000821:virology*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000528:radiation effects; D017906:Siphoviridae / Q000528:radiation effects; D013193:Stainless Steel; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D038301:Virus Inactivation
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide