title: Plantar pressure during running in subjects with chronic ankle instability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that dynamic foot and ankle mechanics predispose individuals with CAI to repetitive episodes of the ankle ``giving way.'' Plantar pressure variations during a walking gait have been detected in those with CAI, but more dynamic conditions for analysis are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate plantar pressure distributions during a running gait in individuals with CAI, individuals who suffered a lateral ankle sprain, but did not develop CAI (AS), and subjects with no history of a lateral ankle sprain (CON).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five subjects [15 in each group, healthy males (18) and females (27), age 18 to 45] were recruited from University communities to participate in this study. Plantar pressure distributions were analyzed on a Tekscan© plantar pressure mat at 66 frames per second during a running gait at a controlled speed. The following variables were obtained: rearfoot medial/lateral (M/L) pressure ratio at foot strike (FS) and center-of-pressure (COP) trajectory during the initial loading response (heel strike to initial peak GRF). Separate one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc were used to test for group differences. The significance level was defined as p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CAI group had a significantly more lateral ratio (0.97 ± 0.12) at FS when compared to the CON (1.01 ± 0.13) and AS (1.11 ± 0.13) groups. The CAI subjects had a lateral COP trajectory during the loading phase (7.97 degrees ± 11.02), while both the AS (-3.68 degrees ± 10.24) and CON groups (-6.27 degrees ± 9.86) had medial trajectories. The difference was significant between the CAI group and both the AS and CON groups (all significant {\it p} values were less than 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that CAI subjects have a more lateral foot positioning and loading pattern during a barefoot running gait when compared to both the CON and LAS groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians treating patients with CAI should consider providing interventions to decrease the amount of rearfoot inversion at FS and during loading in order to create a more medial COP trajectory upon impact.
authors.affiliation: West Chester University, Sports Medicine, 313 Sturzebecker Building, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19382, USA. kmorrison@wcupa.edu
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Irene S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Todd D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Dierks
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kaminski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult