title: Downregulation of miR-342 is associated with tamoxifen resistant breast tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor resistance to the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen remains a serious clinical problem especially in patients with tumors that also overexpress HER2. We have recently demonstrated that the clinically important isoform of HER2, HERΔ16, promotes therapeutically refractory breast cancer including resistance to endocrine therapy. Likewise additional breast tumor cell models of tamoxifen resistance have been developed that do not involve HER2 overexpression. However, a unifying molecular mechanism of tamoxifen resistance has remained elusive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we analyzed multiple cell models of tamoxifen resistance derived from MCF-7 cells to examine the influence of microRNAs (miRNAs) on tamoxifen resistance. We compared miRNA expression profiles of tamoxifen sensitive MCF-7 cells and tamoxifen resistant MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cells. We observed significant and dramatic downregulation of miR-342 in the MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cell line as well as the HER2 negative but tamoxifen resistant MCF-7 variants TAMR1 and LCC2. Restoring miR-342 expression in the MCF-7/HER2Δ16 and TAMR1 cell lines sensitized these cells to tamoxifen-induced apoptosis with a dramatic reduction in cell growth. Expression of miR-342 was also reduced in a panel of tamoxifen refractory human breast tumors, underscoring the potential clinical importance of miR-342 downregulation. Towards the goal of identifying direct and indirect targets of miR-342 we restored miR-342 expression in MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cells and analyzed changes in global gene expression by microarray. The impact of miR-342 on gene expression in MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cells was not limited to miR-342 in silica predicted targets. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis of the dataset revealed a significant influence of miR-342 on multiple tumor cell cycle regulators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that miR-342 regulates tamoxifen response in breast tumor cell lines and our clinical data indicates a trend towards reduced miR-342 expression and tamoxifen resistance. In addition, our results suggest that miR-342 regulates expression of genes involved in tamoxifen mediated tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Restoring miR-342 expression may represent a novel therapeutic approach to sensitizing and suppressing the growth of tamoxifen refractory breast tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Diana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cittelly
authors.forename: Partha M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Nicole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Spoelstra
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Edgerton
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Richer
authors.forename: Ann D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Thor
authors.forename: Frank E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D035683:MicroRNAs; D013629:Tamoxifen