title: Magnetic resonance imaging techniques in white matter disease: potentials and limitations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  excellent soft tissue contrast, noninvasiveness, assessment of multiple structural and functional parameters, and absence of radiation are the essential properties of magnetic resonance imaging explaining why this modality is the technique of choice for the assessment of cerebral white matter (WM).
  
  
  METHODS
  the present review discusses various standard and advance magnetic resonance imaging techniques with respect to WM assessment in a clinical context. Techniques assessing predominantly structure are T2, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, echo-gradient T2*, and susceptibility weighted imaging. Techniques assessing a mix between structure and function are diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging to investigate WM tracts, magnetization transfer to assess bound and free water pool, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigating brain metabolites. Finally, functional techniques are perfusion-weighted imaging and perfusion reserve imaging to assess cerebral perfusion and cerebral perfusion reserve, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  magnetic resonance imaging may assess various and complementary WM parameters. Because acquisition time is limited in the clinical setting, MR techniques must be adapted to the primary question asked. The basic imaging of WM might include axial T2, diffusion-weighted imaging, and coronal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. This provides an excellent overview in a relatively short time and 2 imaging planes. The remaining MR techniques can add complementary information, for example, PWI/perfusion reserve imaging in vascular disease, T2*/susceptibility weighted imaging in degenerative disease (iron deposition) and head trauma (microbleeds), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (metabolic disease and neoplasm), magnetization transfer (demyelinating disease), and diffusion tensor imaging (degenerative diseases, presurgical evaluation).
authors.affiliation: Service Neuro-Diagnostique et Neuro-Interventionnel DISIM, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. sven.haller@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: Vitor Mendes
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lazeyras
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Karl-Olof
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lövblad
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D056784:Leukoencephalopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D011859:Radiography