title: Acne-associated syndromes: models for better understanding of acne pathogenesis.
abstract: Acne, one of the most common skin disorders, is also a cardinal component of many systemic diseases or syndromes. Their association illustrates the nature of these diseases and is indicative of the pathogenesis of acne. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and seborrhoea-acne-hirsutism-androgenetic alopecia (SAHA) syndrome highlight the role of androgen steroids, while polycystic ovary (PCO) and hyperandrogenism-insulin resistance-acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN) syndromes indicate insulin resistance in acne. Apert syndrome with increased fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) signalling results in follicular hyperkeratinization and sebaceous gland hypertrophy in acne. Synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis (SAPHO) and pyogenic arthritis-pyoderma gangrenosum-acne (PAPA) syndromes highlight the attributes of inflammation to acne formation. Advances in the understanding of the manifestation and molecular mechanisms of these syndromes will help to clarify acne pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutic modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany. wenchieh65.chen@gmail.com
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Obermayer-Pietsch
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Melnik
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dessinioti
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Liakou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Khuzaei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katsambas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Zouboulis
mesh_terms: D000052:Acanthosis Nigricans / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D020083:Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000168:Acrocephalosyndactylia / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D000505:Alopecia / Q000150:complications; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D012628:Dermatitis, Seborrheic / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006628:Hirsutism / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D017588:Hyperandrogenism / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D017511:Pyoderma Gangrenosum / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D013577:Syndrome