title: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: pharmacotherapy.
abstract: Pharmacotherapy, one of the effective modalities of treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), was discovered serendipitously and, until recently, consisted primarily of short-acting methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine compounds. The US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) approval of Concerta in 2000 followed by approval of additional long-acting methylphenidate (Ritalin LA; Metadate CD) and amphetamine formulations (Adderall XR) expanded the repertoire. By providing sustained efficacy for most of the school day, mid-day administration is avoided, privacy is preserved, and adherence to treatment improves. In 2001, an isomer preparation of methylphenidate, Focalin, was approved, and in 2002, Strattera, a selective noradrenergic agent expanded treatment options to non-controlled agents. At this time, stimulant preparations continue to remain the first-line agents due to their unparalleled efficacy and safety record. However, current treatment remains empirical due to lack of scientific data guiding the choice of agent as well as dose.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Elia is from the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elia