title: Metastatic potential of cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to design in vitro and in vivo models of metastasis to study the behavior of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  cells were sorted for CD44 expression using flow cytometry. Sorted cells were used in an in vitro invasion assay. For in vivo studies, CSCs and non-CSCs were injected into the tail veins of mice, and lungs were either harvested or imaged to evaluate for lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  in vitro, CD44(high) cells were more motile but not more invasive than CD44(low) cells. In vivo, 8 of 17 mice injected with CD44(high) cells and 0 of 17 mice injected with CD44(low) cells developed lung lesions. Two of the lesions arose from CSCs from a primary tumor and 6 from CSCs from HNSCC cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  in vitro, CSCs do not have an increased ability to invade through basement membrane, but they migrate more efficiently through a porous barrier. In contrast, CSCs efficiently formed lung lesions in vivo, whereas non-CSCs did not give rise to any distant disease. This phenomenon could be due to the enhanced migratory capacity of CSCs, which may be more important than basement membrane degradation in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, 1903 Taubman Center, SPC 5312, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Vasu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Divi
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Carol R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papagerakis
authors.forename: Mark E P
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors