title: Relationship between insulin resistance and erythropoietin responsiveness in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Inflammation plays an important role in insulin resistance, and adipocytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and leptin, can induce insulin resistance. However, data on insulin resistance and erythropoietin responsiveness in HD patients are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study to clarify the relationship between insulin resistance and erythropoietin responsiveness in HD patients. Insulin resistance as assessed by the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), levels of adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines, required erythropoietin (EPO) dose, and other metabolic parameters were measured in patients with (n = 52) and without diabetes (n = 55) over the course of 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diabetes group had significantly higher serum leptin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 concentrations but lower serum adiponectin concentration. Average hemoglobin (Hb) levels during the 12-month study period were significantly lower in the diabetes group than in the non-diabetes group, and a higher dose of EPO was required in the diabetes group. There was a significant negative correlation between adiponectin and HOMA-IR, a significant positive correlation between EPO dose and HOMA-IR, and a significant negative correlation between EPO dose and adiponectin in the two groups. Insulin resistance as established by HOMA-IR and adiponectin was associated with EPO responsiveness in HD patients. HOMA-IR, Hb, and adiponectin levels were found to be independent predictors of EPO dose in HD patients with diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin resistance is associated with EPO responsiveness in HD patients. Patients in the diabetes group had a lower response to EPO than those in the non-diabetes group. For improvement in EPO response, insulin resistance may be a new target for treating HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. mabe@med.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004920:Erythropoiesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007564:Japan; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C103998:epoetin beta; D004921:Erythropoietin