title: Evaluation of the antifouling properties of 3-alyklpyridine compounds.
abstract: One of the most promising alternative technologies to antifouling (AF) biocides based on toxic heavy metals lies in the development of natural eco-friendly biocides. The present study evaluates the AF potential of structurally different compounds containing a 3-alkylpyridine moiety. The products, namely poly 3-alkylpyridinium salts, saraine, and haminols, were either extracted or derived from natural sources (the sponges Haliclona sp. and Reniera sarai and the mollusc Haminoea fusari), or obtained by chemical synthesis. All the molecules tested showed generally good anti-settlement activity against larvae of the barnacle Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite (EC(50) values between 0.19 and 3.61 μg ml(-1) and low toxicity (LC(50) values ranging from 2.04 to over 100 μg ml(-1)) with non-target organisms. For the first time, the AF potential of a synthetic monomeric 3-alkylpyridine was demonstrated, suggesting that chemical synthesis is as a realistic way to produce large amounts of these compounds for future research and development of environmentally-friendly AF biocides.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy. dblihoghe@icb.cnr.it
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blihoghe
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manzo
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villela
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cutignano
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Picariello
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faimali
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D047129:Haliclona / Q000737:chemistry*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008386:Marine Biology; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D012908:Snails / Q000737:chemistry*; D001468:Thoracica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D011726:Pyridinium Compounds