title: Fabrication of micro-tissues using modules of collagen gel containing cells.
abstract: This protocol describes the fabrication of a type of micro-tissues called modules. The module approach generates uniform, scalable and vascularized tissues. The modules can be made of collagen as well as other gelable or crosslinkable materials. They are approximately 2 mm in length and 0.7 mm in diameter upon fabrication but shrink in size with embedded cells or when the modules are coated with endothelial cells. The modules individually are small enough that the embedded cells are within the diffusion limit of oxygen and other nutrients but modules can be packed together to form larger tissues that are perfusable. These tissues are modular in construction because different cell types can be embedded in or coated on the modules before they are packed together to form complex tissues. There are three main steps to making the modules: neutralizing the collagen and embedding cells in it, gelling the collagen in the tube and cutting the modules and coating the modules with endothelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering / Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto.
authors.forename: M Dean
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Ema C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ciucurel
authors.forename: Lindsay E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Omar F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Brendan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Chuen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Ritesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velchinskaya
authors.forename: Derek N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Voice
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sefton
mesh_terms: D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D003094:Collagen