title: Assessment of canine BEST1 variations identifies new mutations and establishes an independent bestrophinopathy model (cmr3).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mutations in bestrophin 1 (BEST1) are associated with a group of retinal disorders known as bestrophinopathies in man and canine multifocal retinopathies (cmr) in the dog. To date, the dog is the only large animal model suitable for the complex characterization and in-depth studies of Best-related disorders. In the first report of cmr, the disease was described in a group of mastiff-related breeds (cmr1) and the Coton de Tulear (cmr2). Additional breeds, e.g., the Lapponian herder (LH) and others, subsequently were recognized with similar phenotypes, but linked loci are unknown. Analysis of the BEST1 gene aimed to identify mutations in these additional populations and extend our understanding of genotype-phenotype associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were subjected to routine eye exams, phenotypically characterized, and samples were collected for molecular studies. Known BEST1 mutations were assessed, and the canine BEST1 coding exons were amplified and sequenced in selected individuals that exhibited a cmr compatible phenotype but that did not carry known mutations. Resulting sequence changes were genotyped in several different breeds and evaluated in the context of the phenotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven novel coding variants were identified in exon 10 of cBEST1. Two linked mutations were associated with cmr exclusive to the LH breed (cmr3). Two individuals of Jämthund and Norfolk terrier breeds were heterozygous for two conservative changes, but these were unlikely to have disease-causing potential. Another three substitutions were found in the Bernese mountain dog that were predicted to have a deleterious effect on protein function. Previously reported mutations were excluded from segregation in these populations, but cmr1 was confirmed in another mastiff-related breed, the Italian cane corso.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A third independent canine model for human bestrophinopathies has been established in the LH breed. While exhibiting a phenotype comparable to cmr1 and cmr2, the novel cmr3 mutation is predicted to be based on a distinctly different molecular mechanism. So far cmr2 and cmr3 are exclusive to a single dog breed each. In contrast, cmr1 is found in multiple related breeds. Additional sequence alterations identified in exon 10 of cBEST1 in other breeds exhibit potential disease-causing features. The inherent genetic and phenotypic variation observed with retinal disorders in canines is complicated further by cmr3 being one of four distinct genetic retinal traits found to segregate in LH. Thus, a combination of phenotypic, molecular, and population analysis is required to establish a strong phenotype-genotype association. These results indicate that cmr has a larger impact on the general dog population than was initially suspected. The complexity of these models further confirms the similarity to human bestrophinopathies. Moreover, analyses of multiple canine models will provide additional insight into the molecular basis underlying diseases caused by mutations in BEST1.
authors.affiliation: Section of Ophthalmology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. bzangerl@vet.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zangerl
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wickström
authors.forename: Julianna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slavik
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lindauer
authors.forename: Saija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahonen
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schelling
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lohi
authors.forename: Karina E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Guziewicz
authors.forename: Gustavo D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Aguirre
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001947:Breeding; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins