title: Pesticide poisonings at a tertiary children's hospital in South Africa: an increasing problem.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure of children to pesticides and overt poisoning are an increasingly important problem in South Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study describes the profile of acute paediatric pesticide exposures and poisonings presenting to Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCWMCH) in Cape Town South Africa from 2003 to 2008, identifies those poisonings due to illicit pesticides sold on the streets ("street pesticides") and assesses the number of incidents in which the statutory requirement of notification to the local health authority is met. Methods. Cases were identified by review of the RCWMCH case and notification records and the local health authority notification records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 306 patients with 311 incidents of acute pesticide exposure or poisoning. This represents 11% of all paediatric exposures and poisonings (N=2868) seen over the 6-year period. The number of pesticide incidents increased annually. Two hundred seventy-eight (91%) children were under 6 years old and 164 (54%) were males. Two hundred seventeen (70%) patients came from six socio economically diverse suburbs in the Cape Town Metropole, each of which ranges from informal settlements with extreme poverty to formal housing with lower to middle class populations. There was a summer predominance of acute pesticide exposures and poisonings. The commonest group of pesticides were 203 cholinergics (includes organophosphates and carbamates), 35 anticoagulants and 45 unknowns. One hundred incidents were classified as exposures as they were asymptomatic. Two hundred eleven symptomatic incidents, termed pesticide poisonings, required admission; 121 to High Care or Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The median length of stay in hospital was 3 days (range 0-52). There were 6 (2%) deaths. The large group of cholinergic exposures and poisonings (203) required 195 (96%) admissions; 120 (59%) to High Care or ICU. Of the 44 "street pesticide" exposures and poisonings, 33 were cholinergic poisonings and 21 required High Care or ICU. Eighty-seven (41%) of 211 poisonings requiring notification were recorded at the local health authority; all were instances of cholinergic poisoning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increasing number and the morbidity and mortality of acute paediatric pesticide exposure and poisoning is of great concern. Furthermore, the magnitude of the problem is masked by inadequate notification with the relevant health authorities.
authors.affiliation: Poisons Information Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. kate.bloch@uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Kate H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Balme
authors.forename: J Clare
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glasstone
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Curling
authors.forename: Hanna-Andrea
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Rother
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zar
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002219:Carbamates / Q000506:poisoning; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D062025:Organophosphate Poisoning; D010575:Pesticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D010575:Pesticides