title: Rastelli operation for transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal surgical treatment of patients with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary stenosis is controversial. Although the Rastelli operation has been standard surgical management of this lesion, aortic root translocation with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction (Nikaidoh) and the pulmonary artery translocation (Lecompte) or REV (réparation a l'étage ventriculaire) are surgical alternatives more recently introduced to treat this complex lesion. This report reviews our 20-year experience with the Rastelli procedure and attempts to compare our outcomes with those recently published using the Nikaidoh and REV procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1988 and 2008, 40 patients (median age, 4 years; range, 9 months to 17 years) underwent Rastelli operation at our institutions. The RVOT was obstructed in 32 and atretic in 8. Follow-up was available for all but one patient (mean follow-up, 8.6±5.6 years). The RVOT was reconstructed with homograft (n=25), bovine jugular vein (n=8), nonvalved Dacron tube (n=5), or a porcine valved conduit (n=2). Two patients required a pacemaker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no early, but three late deaths and one heart transplantation 12 years postoperative the Rastelli operation. Kaplan-Meier survival was 93% at 5, 10, and 20 years. Univariate risk factors for death or transplantation included surgery before 1998 (p=0.03) and concomitant noncardiac anomalies (p=0.001). Sixteen patients (40%) had reoperation for right ventricular-pulmonary artery conduit stenosis (mean, 7.8±3.8 years) without mortality. Freedom from conduit replacement was 86%, 74%, 63%, and 59% at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors of conduit replacement were younger age at operation (p=0.001) and surgery before 1998 (p<0.001). Two patients (5%) required reoperation for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. At follow-up, there were no sudden unexplained deaths, and New York Heart Association functional class is I or II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Rastelli procedure is a low-risk operation with regard to early and late mortality and reoperation for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Conduit change operations will be required in most patients regardless of the technique of repair, but currently can be performed with low morbidity and mortality. These midterm outcomes after the Rastelli operation should serve as a basis for comparison with surgical alternatives more recently introduced for transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect with RVOT obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5123, USA. jobrown@iupui.edu
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruzmetov
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rodefeld
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Turrentine
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fiore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome