title: Turing-Child field underlies spatial periodicity in Drosophila and planarians.
abstract: The regular spatial periodicity manifested in Drosophila gene expression has been considered as a test case for the involvement of a Turing system in biology. It was expected--if such involvement exists--to find a spatially periodic protein distribution where the proteins are Turing morphogens. The failure to find such a periodic distribution of Turing proteins, and the experimental findings of the involvement of different combinations of regulatory proteins and different binding sites for the different stripes of a periodic gene expression, has resulted in the dismissal of the involvement of a Turing system in Drosophila periodicity and segmentation. But if one is willing to allow a Turing system in the level of post-translational modification of proteins instead of in the protein level, one can explain the regular spatial periodicity of gene expression. The source of the spatial periodicity of gene expression does not lie in the regulatory proteins, but in the spatially periodic post-translational modification of these broadly distributed upstream regulatory proteins. The post-translational modification provides the missing spatial information for the regular pattern of 14 stripes. We report that such a field with segmental spatial periodicity that can affect downstream proteins and modify them post-translationally and periodically has been observed. This is the Turing-Child (TC) field. We explain the recent observation in Drosophila of phosphorylated transcription factor distributed with segmental periodicity, the disappearance of the spatially periodic gene expression when the regulatory protein loses its normal ability to be phosphorylated, and the spatially periodic segmental groove formation. Just as the reduction of Turing wavelength causes the appearance of 14 stripes in Drosophila so it causes the appearance of bipolar 2-headed Planaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematica Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, UK. ys100@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schiffmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010507:Periodicity; D010932:Planarians / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics