title: SEEG-guided RF-thermocoagulation of epileptic foci: a therapeutic alternative for drug-resistant non-operable partial epilepsies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous literature includes numerous reports of acute stereotactic ablation for epilepsy. Most reports focus on amygdalotomies or amygdalohippocampotomies, some others focus on various extra-limbic targets. These stereotactic techniques proved to have a less favourable outcome than that of standard surgery, so that their rather disappointing benefit/risk ratio explains why they have been largely abandoned. However, depth electrode recordings may be required in some cases of epilepsy surgery to delineate the best region of cortical resection. We usually implant depth electrodes according to Talairach's stereo electroencephalography (SEEG) methodology. Using these chronically implanted depth electrodes, we are able to perform radiofrequency (RF)-thermolesions of the epileptic foci. This paper reports the technical data required to perform such multiple cortical thermolesions, as well as the results in terms of seizure outcome in a group of 41 patients. TECHNICAL DATA: Lesions are placed in the cortex areas showing either a low amplitude fast pattern or spike-wave discharges at the onset of the seizures. Interictal paroxysmal activities are not considered for planning thermocoagulation sites. All targets are first functionally evaluated using electrical stimulation. Only those showing no clinical response to stimulation are selected for thermolesion, including sites located inside or near primary functional area. Lesions are performed using 120mA bipolar current (50 V), applied for 10-30 sec. Each thermocoagulation produces a 5-7mm diameter cortical lesion. A total of 2-31 lesions were performed in each of the 41 patients. Lesions are placed without anaesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  20 patients (48.7%) experienced a seizure frequency decrease of at least 50% that was more than 80% in eight of them. One patient was seizure free after RF thermocoagulation. In 21 patients, no significant reduction of the seizure frequency was observed. Amongst the characteristics of the disease (age and sex of the patient, lobar localization of the EZ) and the characteristics of the thermocoagulations (topography, lateralization, number, morphology of the lesions on MRI) no factor was significantly linked to the outcome. However, the best results were clearly observed in epilepsies symptomatic of a cortical development malformation (CDM), with 67% of responders in this group of 20 patients (p = 0.052). Three transient post-procedure side-effects, consisting of paraesthetic sensations in the mouth (2 cases), and mild apraxia of the hand, were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SEEG-guided-RF-thermolesioning is a safe technique. Our results indicate that such lesions can lead to a significant reduction of seizure frequency. Our experience suggests that SEEG-guided RF thermocoagulation should be dedicated to drug-resistant epileptic patients for whom conventional resection surgery is risky or contra-indicated on the basis of invasive pre-surgical evaluation, particularly those suffering from epilepsy symptomatic of cortical development malformation.
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurochirurgie Fonctionnelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guénot
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isnard
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Catenoix
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mauguière
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sindou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult