title: Reliability and validity of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Burns Specific Pain Anxiety Scale (BSPAS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain and anxiety are a common problem in all recovery phases after a burn. The Burns Specific Pain Anxiety Scale (BSPAS) was proposed to assess anxiety in burn patients related to painful procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess internal consistency, discriminative construct validity, dimensionality and convergent construct validity of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Burns Specific Pain Anxiety Scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, the original version of the BSPAS, adapted into Brazilian Portuguese, was tested for internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha), discriminative validity (related to total body surface area burned and sex), dimensionality (through factor analysis), and convergent construct validity (applying the Visual Analogue Scale for pain and State-Anxiety-STAI) in a group of 91 adult burn patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adapted version of the BSPAS displayed a moderate and positive correlation with pain assessments: immediately before baths and dressings (r=0.32; p<0.001), immediately after baths and dressings (r=0.31; p<0.001) and during the relaxation period (r=0.31; p<0.001) and with anxiety assessments (r=0.34; p<0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed when comparing the mean of the adapted version of the BSPAS scores with sex (p=0.194) and total body surface area burned (p=0.162) (discriminative validity). The principal components analysis applied to our sample seems to confirm anxiety as one single domain of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the BSPAS. Cronbach's Alpha showed high internal consistency of the adapted version of the scale (0.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the BSPAS 9-items has shown statically acceptable levels of reliability and validity for pain-related anxiety evaluation in burn patients. This scale can be used to assess nursing interventions aimed at decreasing pain and anxiety related to the performance of painful procedures.
authors.affiliation: Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Echevarria-Guanilo
authors.forename: Rosana Aparecida Spadoti
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dantas
authors.forename: Jayme Adriano
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.forename: A Wertus
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rajmil
authors.forename: Lídia Aparecida
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D001938:Brazil; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014175:Translating