title: SPC-P1: a pathogenicity-associated prophage of Salmonella paratyphi C.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salmonella paratyphi C is one of the few human-adapted pathogens along with S. typhi, S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B that cause typhoid, but it is not clear whether these bacteria cause the disease by the same or different pathogenic mechanisms. Notably, these typhoid agents have distinct sets of large genomic insertions, which may encode different pathogenicity factors. Previously we identified a novel prophage, SPC-P1, in S. paratyphi C RKS4594 and wondered whether it might be involved in pathogenicity of the bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the sequence of SPC-P1 and found that it is an inducible phage with an overall G+C content of 47.24%, similar to that of most Salmonella phages such as P22 and ST64T but significantly lower than the 52.16% average of the RKS4594 chromosome. Electron microscopy showed short-tailed phage particles very similar to the lambdoid phage CUS-3. To evaluate its roles in pathogenicity, we lysogenized S. paratyphi C strain CN13/87, which did not have this prophage, and infected mice with the lysogenized CN13/87. Compared to the phage-free wild type CN13/87, the lysogenized CN13/87 exhibited significantly increased virulence and caused multi-organ damages in mice at considerably lower infection doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPC-P1 contributes pathogenicity to S. paratyphi C in animal infection models, so it is possible that this prophage is involved in typhoid pathogenesis in humans. Genetic and functional analyses of SPC-P1 may facilitate the study of pathogenic evolution of the extant typhoid agents, providing particular help in elucidating the pathogenic determinants of the typhoid agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Qing-Hua
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Qing-Hai
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hong-Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Yong-Guo
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Randal N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Gui-Rong
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shu-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017101:Bacteriophage P1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008242:Lysogeny / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D010284:Paratyphoid Fever / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D039002:Prophages / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012479:Salmonella paratyphi C / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000821:virology*; D012703:Serotyping; D014775:Virus Activation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral