title: Resting global and regional left ventricular contractility in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction: insights from speckle-tracking echocardiography.
abstract: OBEJCTIVE: To compare left ventricular (LV) systolic performance and contractility in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction (HFNEF), compared with patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) and healthy subjects using newer echocardiographic techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital (tertiary referral centre).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty healthy control subjects (53 ± 10 years), 112 patients with HFNEF (74 ± 12 years) and 175 patients with HFREF (67 ± 13 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  All underwent standard two-dimensional, Doppler and speckle-tracking echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effective arterial (Ea) and LV end-systolic elastance (Ees), stress-corrected mid-wall shortening, preload recruitable stroke work, two-dimensional strain and torsion. Comparisons were adjusted for age, gender and body size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Besides diastolic dysfunction, patients with HFNEF had impaired load-independent ventricular contractility with a progressive decrease of the corrected Ees from controls (2.9 ± 0.8 mm Hg/g) to HFNEF (2.2 ± 0.9 mm Hg/g) followed by HFREF (0.8 ± 0.3 mm Hg/g; all p<0.001). Ventricular-arterial coupling ratio was preserved in the HFNEF subgroup (normal 0.48 ± 0.09 vs 0.65 ± 0.16; p = NS) at the expense of both increased LV systolic stiffness and Ea. In addition, there was progressive decrease of global 2D circumferential, radial and longitudinal strain as well as torsion from normal, HFNEF to HFREF groups, even after adjustment for LV end-systolic wall stress or end-diastolic volume (all p<0.01). About 50% of patients with HFNEF had ≥ 1 global strain or torsion parameter depressed below normal after correction for LV end-systolic wall stress, with >85% falling below their corresponding stress-corrected mean.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired myocardial contractility is evident in many patients with HFNEF and this may contribute towards pathophysiology of HFNEF more than previously thought.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Peoples’ Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gabriel Wai-Kwok
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jun-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Jun-Mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yu-Jia
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Ying-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yat-Yin
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Cheuk-Man
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D054144:Heart Failure, Diastolic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000503:physiopathology*