title: Baseline physical performance, health, and functioning of participants in the Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-reported physical health and functioning and direct measures of physical performance are decreased in hemodialysis patients and are associated with mortality and hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined baseline cross-sectional associations of physical performance, health, and functioning with demographics, clinical characteristics, nutritional indexes, laboratory benchmarks, and measures of body composition in participants in the Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  375 persons enrolled in the FHN with data for physical performance, health, and functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Explanatory variables were categorized into fixed factors of age, race, comorbid conditions (diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease) and potentially modifiable factors of dialysis dose, phosphorus level, hemoglobin level, equilibrated normalized protein catabolic rate (enPCR), body composition, body mass index, phase angle, and ratio of intracellular water volume to body weight (calculated from bioelectrical impedance).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scores on tests of physical performance, health, and functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical performance measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery, self-reported physical health and functioning using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Body composition (body mass index and bioimpedance analysis) and laboratory data were obtained from affiliated dialysis providers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to population norms, scores for all 3 physicality metrics were low. Poorer scores on all 3 metrics were associated with diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial disease. Poorer scores on the SF-36 Physical Functioning subscale and Short Physical Performance Battery also were associated with age, lower ratio of intracellular water volume to body weight, and lower enPCR. Black race was associated with poorer scores on the Short Physical Performance Battery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was a cross-sectional study of individuals agreeing to participate in the FHN study and may not be generalizable to the general dialysis population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodialysis patients show markedly impaired physical performance, health, and functioning relative to population norms. Although some factors associated with these impairments are not modifiable, others may change with improvement in nutritional status or body composition.
authors.affiliation: University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, 95616, USA. gakaysen@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kaysen
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larive
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Painter
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rocco
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Daugirdas
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chertow
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001823:Body Composition; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors