title: Biomarker discovery in biological specimens (plasma, hair, liver and kidney) of diabetic mice based upon metabolite profiling using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of diabetic patients has recently been increasing worldwide. Diabetes is a multifactorial disorder based on environmental factors and genetic background. In many cases, diabetes is asymptomatic for a long period and the patient is not aware of the disease. Therefore, the potential biomarker(s), leading to the early detection and/or prevention of diabetes mellitus, are strongly required. However, the diagnosis of the prediabetic state in humans is a very difficult issue, because the lifestyle is variable in each person. Although the development of a diagnosis method in humans is the goal of our research, the extraction and structural identification of biomarker candidates in several biological specimens (i.e., plasma, hair, liver and kidney) of ddY strain mice, which undergo naturally occurring diabetes along with aging, were carried out based upon a metabolite profiling study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The low-molecular-mass compounds including metabolites in the biological specimens of diabetic mice (ddY-H) and normal mice (ddY-L) were globally separated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) using different reversed-phase columns (i.e., T3-C18 and HS-F5) and detected by electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS). The biomarker candidates related to diabetes mellitus were extracted from a multivariate statistical analysis, such as an orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), followed by a database search, such as ChemSpider, KEGG and HMDB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many metabolites and unknown compounds in each biological specimen were detected as the biomarker candidates related to diabetic mellitus. Among them, the elucidation of the chemical structures of several possible metabolites, including more than two biological specimens, was carried out along with the comparison of the tandem MS/MS analyses using authentic compounds. One metabolite was clearly identified as N-acetyl-L-leucine based upon the MS/MS spectra and the retention time on the chromatograms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  N-acetyl-L-leucine is an endogenous compound included in all biological specimens (plasma, hair, liver and kidney). Therefore, this metabolite appears to be a potential biomarker candidate related to diabetes. Although the structures of other biomarker candidates have still not yet determined, the present approach based upon a metabolite profiling study using UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS could be helpful for understanding the abnormal state of various diseases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Jun Zhe
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kagawa
authors.forename: Toshimasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyo'oka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests / Q000379:methods*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers