title: Reversal of endogenous dopamine receptor silencing in pituitary cells augments receptor-mediated apoptosis.
abstract: Dopamine (DA)-agonist targeting of the DA D(2) receptor (D2R) in prolactinomas is the first-line treatment choice for suppression of prolactin and induction of tumor shrinkage. Resistance to DA agonists seems to be related to receptor number. Using the MMQ and GH3 pituitary cell lines, that either do or do not express D2R, respectively, we explored the epigenetic profile associated with the presence or absence of D2R in these cells lines. These studies led us to explore pharmacological strategies designed to restore receptor expression and thereby potentially augment DA agonist-mediated apoptosis. We show in GH3 cells that the D2R harbors increased CpG island-associated methylation and enrichment for histone H3K27me3. Conversely, MMQ cells and normal pituitaries show enrichment for H3K9Ac and barely detectable H3K27me3. Coculture of GH3 cells with the demethylating agent zebularine and the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A was responsible for a decrease in CpG island methylation and enrichment for the histone H3K9Ac mark. In addition, challenge of GH3 cells with zebularine alone or coculture with both agents led to expression of endogenous D2R in these cells. Induced expression D2R in GH3 cells was associated with a significant increase in apoptosis indices to challenge with either DA or bromocriptine. Specificity of a receptor-mediated response was established in coincubations with specific D2R antagonist and siRNA approaches in GH3 cell and D2R expressing MMQ cell lines. These studies point to the potential efficacy of combined treatment with epigenetic drugs and DA agonists for the medical management of different pituitary tumor subtypes, resistant to conventional therapies.
authors.affiliation: Human Disease and Genomics Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Haneen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Azzawi
authors.forename: Kiren
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yacqub-Usman
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Leo J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hofland
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Farrell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001971:Bromocriptine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012457:Salicylamides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D006657:Histones; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D012457:Salicylamides; D001971:Bromocriptine; D006220:Haloperidol; C045989:eticlopride