title: Toward a new methodological paradigm for testing theories of health behavior and health behavior change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditional theory testing commonly applies cross-sectional (and occasionally longitudinal) survey research to test health behavior theory. Since such correlational research cannot demonstrate causality, a number of researchers have called for the increased use of experimental methods for theory testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We introduce the multi-methodological theory-testing (MMTT) framework for testing health behavior theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MMTT framework introduces a set of principles that broaden the perspective of how we view evidence for health behavior theory. It suggests that while correlational survey research designs represent one method of testing theory, the weaknesses of this approach demand that complementary approaches be applied. Such approaches include randomized lab and field experiments, mediation analysis of theory-based interventions, and meta-analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These alternative approaches to theory testing can demonstrate causality in a much more robust way than is possible with correlational survey research methods. Such approaches should thus be increasingly applied in order to more completely and rigorously test health behavior theory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater application of research derived from the MMTT may lead researchers to refine and modify theory and ultimately make theory more valuable to practitioners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0042, USA. snoar2@uky.edu
authors.forename: Seth M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Noar
authors.forename: Purnima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mehrotra
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D015438:Health Behavior; D058015:Health Communication; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012107:Research Design