title: A reliability-generalization study of journal peer reviews: a multilevel meta-analysis of inter-rater reliability and its determinants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents the first meta-analysis for the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of journal peer reviews. IRR is defined as the extent to which two or more independent reviews of the same scientific document agree.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 70 reliability coefficients (Cohen's Kappa, intra-class correlation [ICC], and Pearson product-moment correlation [r]) from 48 studies were taken into account in the meta-analysis. The studies were based on a total of 19,443 manuscripts; on average, each study had a sample size of 311 manuscripts (minimum: 28, maximum: 1983). The results of the meta-analysis confirmed the findings of the narrative literature reviews published to date: The level of IRR (mean ICC/r2=.34, mean Cohen's Kappa=.17) was low. To explain the study-to-study variation of the IRR coefficients, meta-regression analyses were calculated using seven covariates. Two covariates that emerged in the meta-regression analyses as statistically significant to gain an approximate homogeneity of the intra-class correlations indicated that, firstly, the more manuscripts that a study is based on, the smaller the reported IRR coefficients are. Secondly, if the information of the rating system for reviewers was reported in a study, then this was associated with a smaller IRR coefficient than if the information was not conveyed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies that report a high level of IRR are to be considered less credible than those with a low level of IRR. According to our meta-analysis the IRR of peer assessments is quite limited and needs improvement (e.g., reader system).
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Society, Munich, Germany. bornmann@gv.mpg.de
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bornmann
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mutz
authors.forename: Hans-Dieter
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Daniel
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015588:Observer Variation; D010380:Peer Review; D010506:Periodicals as Topic; D011642:Publications; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design