title: Assessing osteoporosis risk factors in Spanish menopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To assess the prevalence of osteoporosis risk factors in Spanish menopausal women; (2) to detect medical and lifestyle risk factor differences between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women; (3) and to identify the main factors responsible for osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional descriptive study encompassing women aged 45-65 across Spain. The study population sample was collected through random sampling and a total of 10,514 women were included. Socio-demographic, medical history, and lifestyle data were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of osteoporosis risk factors was 67.6%. The most common risk factors were physical inactivity (53.6%), use of medication related to osteoporosis risk (45.9%), and low calcium intake (30.1%). There were statistically significant differences between peri- and postmenopausal women in terms of smoking status, alcohol intake, personal history, poor dairy product intake, and medication use that could increase risk. Logistic regression analysis showed that osteoporosis was significantly associated with age, family history, age at onset of menopause, Kupperman Index, prolonged immobilization, weight loss, and other diseases that increase the probability of developing osteoporosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of women taking osteoporosis risk-related medication was observed in our study. There was correlation between the menopausal symptoms' degree of severity and the risk of suffering from osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Primary Health Centre Guadalajara-Sur, Guadalajara, Spain. jmartinezp@semergen.es
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martínez Pérez
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.forename: Felipe Chavida
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Maite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002118:Calcium / Q000172:deficiency; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008593:Menopause; D008594:Menopause, Premature; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002118:Calcium