title: Gender-based disparities in infant and child mortality based on maternal exposure to spousal violence: the heavy burden borne by Indian girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) against Indian women and risk of death among their infants and children, as well as related gender-based disparities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses of nationally representative data to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and attributable risks for infant and child mortality based on child gender and on IPV against mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 15 to 49 years (n = 59,467) across all 29 Indian states participating in the Indian National Family Health Survey 3 provided information about 158,439 births and about infant and child mortality occurring during the 20 years before the survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal IPV and infant and child (<5 years) mortality among boy vs girl children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infant mortality was greater among infants whose mothers experienced IPV (79.2 of 1000 births) vs those whose mothers did not experience IPV (59.1 of 1000 births) (aHR, 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.15); this effect was significant only for girls (1.15; 1.07-1.24; for boys, 1.04; 0.97-1.11). Child mortality was also greater among children whose mothers experienced IPV (103.6 of 1000 births) vs those whose mothers did not experience IPV (74.8 per 1000 births) (aHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.15); again, this effect was significant only for girls (1.14; 1.07-1.21; for boys, 1.05; 0.99-1.12). An estimated 58,021 infant girl deaths and 89,264 girl child deaths were related to spousal violence against wives annually, or approximately 1.2 million female infant deaths and 1.8 million girl deaths in India between December 1985 and August 2005.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intimate partner violence against women should be considered an urgent priority within programs and policies aimed at maximizing survival of children in India, particularly those attempting to increase the survival of girls 5 years and younger.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jsilverm@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Michele R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Debbie M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saggurti
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: McCauley
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Falb
authors.forename: Balaiah
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Donta
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raj
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000208:ethnology / Q000639:trends*; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000208:ethnology / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult