title: Individuals with patellofemoral pain exhibit greater patellofemoral joint stress: a finite element analysis study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP) exhibit greater patellofemoral joint stress profiles compared to persons who are pain-free.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten females with PFP and ten gender, age, and activity-matched pain-free controls participated. Patella and femur stress profiles were quantified utilizing subject-specific finite element (FE) models of the patellofemoral joint at 15° and 45° of knee flexion. Input parameters for the FE model included: (1) joint geometry, (2) quadriceps muscle forces, and (3) weight-bearing patellofemoral joint kinematics. Using a nonlinear FE solver, quasi-static loading simulations were performed to quantify each subject's patellofemoral joint stress profile during a static squatting maneuver. The patella and femur peak and mean hydrostatic pressure as well as the peak and mean octahedral shear stress for the elements representing the chondro-osseous interface were quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the pain-free controls, individuals with PFP consistently exhibited greater peak and mean hydrostatic pressure as well as peak and mean octahedral shear stress for the elements representing the patella and femur chondro-osseous interface across the two knee flexion angles tested (15° and 45°).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined finding of elevated hydrostatic pressure and octahedral shear stress across the two knee flexion angles supports the premise that PFP may be associated with elevated joint stress. Therefore, treatments aimed at decreasing patellofemoral joint stress may be indicated in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farrokhi
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Keyak
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Powers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical