title: Proposal of protocols using D-glutamine to optimize the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenly)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) assay for indirect estimation of microbial loads in biofilms of medical importance.
abstract: Due to technical problems, biofilm biomasses are difficult to be precisely determined. One reliable strategy is based on the colorimetry of formazan compounds derived from tetrazolium salt reduction. XTT presents some desirable properties that make the biofilm measurements easier. However, cells entrapped within the extracellular matrixes normally do not metabolize the tetrazolium equally, leading to underestimation of cell contents. This study evaluated the effectiveness of D-glutamine, a plerotic substrate of tricarboxilic acid cycle (TAC), as inducer of XTT reduction. The metabolic activities of aerobic and anaerobic 48 h-old monospecific biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC®27853™, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC®13883™, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC®12228™, Streptococcus mutans ATCC®25175™, and Candida albicans SC5314 were evaluated. Results showed that D-glutamine 50 mM (for P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. epidermidis) and 25 mM (for S. mutans and C. albicans) may enhance the detection of soluble formazan in a significant manner, what becomes the XTT reduction assay more robust.
authors.affiliation: Xenobiotics Research Unit, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, The Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gobor
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corol
authors.forename: L E N
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: A U M
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Rymovicz
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: P M S
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Campelo
authors.forename: E A R
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rosa
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018441:Biofilms; D018533:Biomass; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D005973:Glutamine; C059087:2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide