title: Specific language and reading skills in school-aged children and adolescents are associated with prematurity after controlling for IQ.
abstract: Although studies of long-term outcomes of children born preterm consistently show low intelligence quotient (IQ) and visual-motor impairment, studies of their performance in language and reading have found inconsistent results. In this study, we examined which specific language and reading skills were associated with prematurity independent of the effects of gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and IQ. Participants from two study sites (N=100) included 9-16-year old children born before 36 weeks gestation and weighing less than 2500 grams (preterm group, n=65) compared to children born at 37 weeks gestation or more (full-term group, n=35). Children born preterm had significantly lower scores than full-term controls on Performance IQ, Verbal IQ, receptive and expressive language skills, syntactic comprehension, linguistic processing speed, verbal memory, decoding, and reading comprehension but not on receptive vocabulary. Using MANCOVA, we found that SES, IQ, and prematurity all contributed to the variance in scores on a set of six non-overlapping measures of language and reading. Simple regression analyses found that after controlling for SES and Performance IQ, the degree of prematurity as measured by gestational age group was a significant predictor of linguistic processing speed, β=-.27, p<.05, R(2)=.07, verbal memory, β=.31, p<.05, R(2)=.09, and reading comprehension, β=.28, p<.05, R(2)=.08, but not of receptive vocabulary, syntactic comprehension, or decoding. The language and reading domains where prematurity had a direct effect can be classified as fluid as opposed to crystallized functions and should be monitored in school-aged children and adolescents born preterm.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
authors.forename: Eliana S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Yeatman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States. Electronic address: hfeldman@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011932:Reading; D012044:Regression Analysis