title: Survival of viral biowarfare agents in disinfected waters.
abstract: Protecting civilian and military water supplies has received more attention since the United States began its war on terror in 2001. Both chlorine and bromine are used by branches of the U.S. military for disinfecting water supplies; however, limited data exists as to the effectiveness of these additives when used against viral biowarfare agents. The present study sought to evaluate the survival of selected viral biothreat agents in disinfected water. Disinfected water samples were spiked with vaccinia virus strain WR and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus strain TC-83 each separately to a final concentration of approximately 1 × 10(6) PFU/mL, and survival was assessed by plaque assay. Both viruses were inactivated by 1 mg/L free available chlorine (FAC) and 2mg/L total bromine within one hour. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that both chlorine and bromine are effective disinfectants against vaccinia virus and VEE strain TC-83 at the concentrations tested.
authors.affiliation: Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, U.S. Army, RDECOM, Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD 21010, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Margaret
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Insalaco
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Zulich