title: Syllable-related breathing in infants in the second year of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored whether breathing behaviors of infants within the 2nd year of life differ between tidal breathing and breathing supporting single unarticulated syllables and canonical/articulated syllables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vocalizations and breathing kinematics of 9 infants between 53 and 90 weeks of age were recorded. A strict selection protocol was used to identify analyzable breath cycles. Syllables were categorized on the basis of consensus coding. Inspiratory and expiratory durations, excursions, and slopes were calculated for the 3 breath cycle types and were normalized using mean tidal breath measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tidal breathing cycles were significantly different from syllable-related cycles on all breathing measures. There were no significant differences between unarticulated syllable cycles and canonical syllable cycles, even after controlling for utterance duration and sound pressure level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants in the 2nd year of life exhibit clear differences between tidal breathing and speech-related breathing, but categorically distinct breath support for syllable types with varying articulatory demands was not evident in the present findings. Speech development introduces increasingly complex utterances, so older infants may produce detectable articulation-related adaptations of breathing kinematics. For younger infants, breath support may vary systematically among utterance types, due more to phonatory variations than to articulatory demands.
authors.affiliation: Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA. douglas.parham@wichita.edu
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Parham
authors.forename: Eugene H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Buder
authors.forename: D Kimbrough
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Oller
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boliek
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002663:Child Language; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009991:Oscillometry; D012016:Reference Values; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*