title: Neighborhood socioeconomic status is associated with serum carotenoid concentrations in older, community-dwelling women.
abstract: A high dietary intake of fruit and vegetables has been shown to be protective for health. Neighborhood socioeconomic differences may influence the consumption of carotenoid-rich foods, as indicated by serum carotenoid concentrations. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and serum carotenoid concentrations in a population-based sample of community-dwelling women, aged 70-79 y, who participated in the Women's Health and Aging Study II in Baltimore, Maryland. Neighborhood socioeconomic Z-scores were derived from characteristics of the census block of the participants. Serum carotenoid concentrations were measured at baseline and at 18, 36, 72, 98, and 108 mo follow-up visits. Neighborhood Z-scores were positively associated with serum α-carotene (P = 0.0006), β-carotene (P = 0.07), β-cryptoxanthin (P = 0.03), and lutein+zeaxanthin (P = 0.004) after adjusting for age, race, BMI, smoking, inflammation, and season. There was no significant association between neighborhood Z-score and serum lycopene. Older, community-dwelling women from neighborhoods with lower SES have lower serum carotenoid concentrations, which reflect a lower consumption of carotenoid-rich fresh fruits and vegetables.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Nicklett
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Szanton
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: Linda P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guralnik
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Semba
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood* / Q000191:economics; D004032:Diet / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008396:Maryland; D011203:Poverty; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids