title: Effectiveness of topical caffeine in cataract prevention: studies with galactose cataract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of the study was to investigate the possible inhibition of cataract formation by topical administration of caffeine using the galactosemic rat model. It was hypothesized that caffeine will do so by acting as scavenger of reactive oxygen species known to be generated under hyperglycemic conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cataract was induced by feeding young rats a diet containing 24% galactose for a period of 25 days. A control group of such rats was treated with a placebo eye drop preparation containing hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose as a wetting agent. In the experimental group, the rats were treated with the above preparation mixed with 72 mM caffeine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of caffeine eye drops was found to significantly inhibit the onset as well as the progress of cataract formation. By day 25 on the galactose diet, all the animals in the control group developed advanced white opacity spread over the entire area of the lens. In the caffeine group, the formation of such opacity remained strikingly inhibited. The lenses remained largely transparent. The transparency data paralleled the higher concentration of glutathione maintained by caffeine treatment. Its levels in the placebo group were 0.8, 0.5, and 0.4 µmoles/g lens wt. on days 5, 15, and 25 against a consistent basal control value of ~3 µmoles/g over the entire period. In the caffeine group, the corresponding values were nearly 3 µmoles/g till day 15, but decreasing to ~2 µmoles/g on day 25. The levels were hence significantly higher than in the caffeine untreated group, remaining relatively closer to the basal controls. In addition, the compound was found effective in inhibiting morphological changes induced by galactose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Micromolar amounts of topical caffeine have been found to be significantly effective in inhibiting the formation of galactose cataract, strongly suggesting its possible usefulness against diabetic cataracts. The effects are attributed to its ability to prevent oxidative stress and consequent maintenance of tissue metabolic and transport functions, in addition to preventing the induction of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. svarm001@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Shambhu D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Svitlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kovtun
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hegde
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002386:Cataract / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005690:Galactose; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D005978:Glutathione; D005690:Galactose