title: Heavy metal contaminants can eliminate quantum dot fluorescence.
abstract: Quantum dots (QD) are fluorescent nanocrystals that are highly useful in imaging and flow cytometric analyses. During routine use of monoclonal antibody conjugates of QD, we have occasionally seen partial or total loss of fluorescence when using certain lots of fixative solutions. We hypothesized that a low level contamination with heavy metal cations was responsible, since low level metal contaminants are not uncommon in formalin solutions. By titrating known concentrations of heavy metal cations into staining solutions, we found that millimolar concentrations of ferrous and zinc ions, and as low as 50 nanomolar cupric ions, completely eliminated QD fluorescence. By mass spectroscopic quantification of metals in commercial fixative solutions previously shown to perform poorly or well with regard to QD fluorescence, we confirmed that the presence of copper in solution was correlated with poor performance. Notably, prior addition of EDTA to chelate the divalent cations in these solutions prevented the inhibition of QD fluorescence. Finally, the copper-induced loss of QD fluorescence is irreversible: cells labeled with QD are highly fluorescent and can be rendered nonfluorescent by the addition of cupric sulfate, even after washing extensively. Indeed, these cells can then be successfully stained with other QD reagents, providing a method for immunofluorescence restaining of cells without contaminating fluorescence from the first stain.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunology, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zarkowsky
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamoreaux
authors.forename: Pratip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Koup
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Perfetto
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roederer
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis*; D005404:Fixatives / Q000737:chemistry; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D005453:Fluorescence; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007477:Ions; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000737:chemistry; D045663:Quantum Dots; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007477:Ions; D005557:Formaldehyde; D003300:Copper; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc