title: Beat-rate dependent mitral flow patterns for in vitro  hemodynamic applications.
abstract: The conservative surgery approach for restoring the functionality of heart valves has predominated during the last two decades, particularly for the mitral valve. In vitro pulsatile testing is a key methodology for the investigation of heart valve hemodynamics, and particularly for the ideation, validation and optimization of novel techniques in heart valve surgery. Traditionally, however, pulsatile mock loops have been developed for the study of aortic valve substitutes, and scarce attention has been paid in replicating the mitral flow patterns with due hemodynamic fidelity. In this work we provide detailed analytical expressions to produce beat-rate dependent, physiologic-like mitral flow patterns for in vitro applications. The approach we propose is based on a biomechanical analysis of the factors which govern hemodynamic changes in the mitral flow pattern, namely in terms of E and A wave contours and E/A peaks ratio, when switching from rest to mild exercise conditions. The patterns from the model we obtained were in good agreement with clinical literature data in terms of i) gradual superimposition of the E and A wave, which yielded a single peak at 96 bpm; ii) decrease in the E/A ratio with increasing heart rate; iii) amount of flow delivered by each of the two waves. The proposed method provides a physiologically representative, beat-rate dependent analytical expression of the mitral flow pattern, which can be used in in vitro hydrodynamic investigations to accurately replicate the changes that the flow waves experience when the heart rate shifts from rest to mild exercise conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. riccardo.vismara@polimi.it
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vismara
authors.forename: Gianfranco B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Fiore
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D015444:Exercise; D006339:Heart Rate; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000502:physiology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D013997:Time Factors