title: Copper in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of serum,plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid studies.
abstract: There is an ongoing debate on the involvement of systemic copper (Cu) dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and clinical studies comparing Cu levels in serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients with those of healthy controls have delivered non-univocal and often conflicting results. In an attempt to evaluate whether Cu should be considered a potential marker of AD, we applied meta-analysis to a selection of 26 studies published in the literature. Meta-analysis is a quantitative method that combines the results of independent reports to distinguish between small effects and no effects, random variations, variations in sample used, or in different analytical approaches. The subjects' sample obtained by merging studies was a pooled total of 761 AD subjects and 664 controls for serum Cu studies, 205 AD subjects and 167 controls for plasma Cu, and of 116 AD subjects and 129 controls for CSF Cu. Our meta-analysis of serum data showed that AD patients have higher levels of serum Cu than healthy controls. Plasma data did not allow conclusions, due to their high heterogeneity, but the meta-analysis of the combined serum and plasma studies confirmed higher Cu levels in AD. The analysis of CSF data, instead, revealed no difference between AD patients and controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Campus Biomedico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bucossi
authors.forename: Mariacarla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ventriglia
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panetta
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salustri
authors.forename: Patrizio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pasqualetti
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Mariacristina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siotto
authors.forename: Paolo Maria
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rossini
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Squitti
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003300:Copper