title: Transfrontal orbitotomy in the dog: an adaptable three-step approach to the orbit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe an adaptable and extensive method for orbitotomy in the dog.
  
  
  METHODS
  An adaptable three-step technique for orbitotomy was developed and applied in nine consecutive cases. The steps are zygomatic arch resection laterally, temporalis muscle elevation medially and zygomatic process osteotomy anteriorly-dorsally. The entire orbit is accessed with excellent exposure and room for surgical manipulation. Facial nerve, lacrimal nerve and lacrimal gland function are preserved. The procedure can easily be converted into an orbital exenteration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of the orbit was excellent in all cases and anatomically correct closure was achieved. Signs of postoperative discomfort were limited, with moderate, reversible swelling in two cases and mild in seven. Wound infection or emphysema did not occur, nor did any other complication attributable to the operative procedure. Blinking ability and lacrimal function were preserved over follow-up times ranging from 1 to 4 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transfrontal orbitotomy in the dog offers excellent exposure and room for manipulation. Anatomically correct closure is easily accomplished, postoperative discomfort is limited and complications are mild and temporary.
authors.affiliation: Referral Animal Hospital Strömsholm, Djursjukhusvagen 11, Strömsholm, Sweden. nwh@regdjsh.se
authors.forename: Nils Wallin
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Håkansson
authors.forename: Berit Wallin
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Håkansson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009078:Mucocele / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*