title: Demonstration-based training: a review of instructional features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews instructional features used in demonstration-based training (DBT).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The need for fast and effective training and performance support that can be accessed from anywhere is a growing need for organizations. DBT programs are one method to address these needs, but a better understanding of how to maximize the effectiveness of DBT activities is needed. Specifically, beyond the content of the demonstration (i.e., the dynamic example of task performance), what instructional features (i.e., information and activities in addition to the demonstration) can be used to improve the effectiveness of DBT interventions?
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a systematic review of the applied and basic science literatures relevant to DBT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instructional features in DBT can be categorized according to the degree to which they encourage active learner involvement (i.e., active vs. passive), when they occur relative to viewing the demonstration (i.e., pre-, during-, and postdemonstration conditions), and the observational learning process they are intended to augment. Five categories of instructional features are described: passive guidance or support, preparatory activities, concurrent activities, retrospective activities, and prospective activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a wide variety of instructional features used in DBT, but more systematic research is needed to understand the conditions under which each is most effective as well as to outline a method for sequencing of demonstration with other delivery methods, such as practice opportunities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The framework presented in this article can help guide the systematic development of training systems incorporating DBT as well as provide a direction for future research.
authors.affiliation: University of Central Florida-Institute for Simulation and Training, 3100 Technology Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.forename: Davin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pavlas
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lampton
mesh_terms: D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods*