title: Effects of neuroinflammation on the regenerative capacity of brain stem cells.
abstract: In the adult brain, neurogenesis under physiological conditions occurs in the subventricular zone and in the dentate gyrus. Although the exact molecular mechanisms that regulate neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation are largely unknown, several factors have been shown to affect neurogenesis. Decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus has been recognized as one of the mechanisms of age-related brain dysfunction. Furthermore, in pathological conditions of the central nervous system associated with neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines can affect the capacity of brain stem cells and alter neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize the state of the art on the effects of neuroinflammation on adult neurogenesis and discuss the use of the lipopolysaccharide-model to study the effects of inflammation and reactive-microglia on brain stem cells and neurogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the possible causes underlying reduced neurogenesis with normal aging and potential anti-inflammatory, pro-neurogenic interventions aimed at improving memory deficits in normal and pathological aging and in neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barlati
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bosetti
mesh_terms: D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides