title: Effects of mild processing pressures on the performance of dry powder inhaler formulations for inhalation therapy. 1: Budesonide and lactose.
abstract: Batch-to-batch variability, whereby distinct batches of dry powder inhaler formulations, though manufactured with identical components and specifications, may exhibit significant variations in aerosol performance, is a major obstacle to consistent and reproducible drug delivery for inhalation therapy. This variability may arise from processing or manufacturing effects that have yet to be investigated. This study focused on the potential effects of mild compression forces experienced during powder manufacture and transport (such as during the filling of, or storage in, a hopper) on the flowability and aerosol performance of a lactose-based dry powder inhaler formulation. Different grades of inhalation lactose were subjected to typical compression forces by either placing a weight of known mass on the sample or by using a Texture Analyzer to apply a constant force while measuring the distance of compaction. Powder flowability was evaluated with a rotating drum apparatus by imaging the avalanching of the powder over time. The average avalanche angle and avalanche time were used to determine the flowability of each sample, both before and after compression treatment. Aerosol performance of treated and untreated lactose/budesonide blends (2% (w/w)) was assessed in dispersion studies using a next generation impactor. At compression forces in excess of 5 kPa, the flowability of milled lactose was decreased relative to the untreated sample. Compression of lactose prior to blending caused a decrease in in vitro aerosol dispersion performance. However, dispersion performance was unchanged when compression occurred subsequent to drug blending. In contrast, inhalation grade sieved lactose, differing from the milled grade with a lower concentration of lactose fines (<10 μm) and larger overall particle sizes, exhibited no statistical differences in either flowability or dispersion performance across all experimental treatments. Thus, the compression of the lactose fines onto the surfaces of the larger lactose particles due to mild processing pressures is hypothesized to be the cause of these observed performance variations. It was shown that simulations of storage and transport in an industrial scale hopper can induce significant variations in formulation performance, and it is speculated that this could be a source of batch-to-batch variations.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Steve R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Hugh D C
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007785:Lactose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D019819:Budesonide; D007785:Lactose