title: Therapeutic potential for protein kinase C inhibitor in vascular restenosis.
abstract: Vascular restenosis, an overreaction of biological response to injury, is initialized by thrombosis and inflammation. This response is characterized by increased smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Available pharmacological treatments include anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, immunosuppressants, and antiproliferation agents. Protein kinase C (PKC), a large family of serine/threonine kinases, has been shown to participate in various pathological stages of restenosis. Consequently, PKC inhibitors are expected to exert a wide range of pharmacological activities therapeutically beneficial for restenosis. In this review, the roles of PKC isozymes in platelets, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells are discussed, with emphasis given to smooth muscle cells. We will describe cellular and animal studies assessing prevention of restenosis with PKC inhibitors, particularly targeting -α, -β, -δ, and -ζ isozymes. The delivery strategy, efficacy, and safety of such PKC regulators will also be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94350, USA.
authors.forename: Richard Qinxue
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mochly-Rosen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011493:Protein Kinase C