title: In vivo dosimetry with diodes in a radiotherapy department in Pakistan.
abstract: The International Commission of Radiological Units (ICRU) sets a tolerance of ±5 % on dose delivery, with more recent data limiting the overall tolerances to ±3 %. One of the best methods for accurate dose delivery and quality check is in vivo dosimetry, while radiotherapy is performed. The present study was carried out to test the applicability of diodes for performing in vivo entrance dose measurements in external photon beam radiotherapy for pelvic tumours and its implementation as quality assurance tool in radiotherapy. During November 2007 to December 2009, in 300 patients who received pelvic radiotherapy on a multileaf-collimator-assisted linear accelerator, the central axis dose was measured by in vivo dosimetry by p-Si diodes. Entrance dose measurements were taken by diodes and were compared with the prescribed dose. Totally 1000 calculations were performed. The mean and standard deviation between measured and prescribed dose was 1.26 ± 2.8 %. In 938 measurements (93.8 %), the deviation was <5 % (1.36 ± 2.9%); in 62 measurements (6.2 %) the mean deviation was >5 % (5.51 ± 2.3 %). Larger variations were seen in lateral and oblique fields more than anteroposterior fields. For larger deviations, patients and diode positional errors were found to be the common factors alone or in combination with other factors. After additional corrections, repeated measurements were achieved within tolerance levels. This study showed that diode-detector-based in vivo dosimetry was simple, cost-effective, provides quick results and can serve as a useful quality assurance tool in radiotherapy. The data acquired in the present study can be used for evaluating output calibration of therapy machine, precision of calculations, effectiveness of treatment plan and patient setup.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department, Sindh Institute of Urology & Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Pakistan. drmutahirtonio@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mutahir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tunio
authors.forename: Mansoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafi
authors.forename: Shoukat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Zaeem
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Asad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zameer
authors.forename: Altaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hashmi
authors.forename: Syed A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Maqbool
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017785:Photons; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011786:Quality Control; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012666:Semiconductors / Q000295:instrumentation*