title: Influence of water hardness and sulfate on the acute toxicity of chloride to sensitive freshwater invertebrates.
abstract: Total dissolved solids (TDS) represent the sum of all common ions (e.g., Na, K, Ca, Mg, chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate) in freshwater. Currently, no federal water quality criteria exist for the protection of aquatic life for TDS, but because the constituents that constitute TDS are variable, the development of aquatic life criteria for specific ions is more practical than development of aquatic life criteria for TDS. Chloride is one such ion for which aquatic life criteria exist; however, the current aquatic life criteria dataset for chloride is more than 20 years old. Therefore, additional toxicity tests were conducted in the current study to confirm the acute toxicity of chloride to several potentially sensitive invertebrates: water flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia), fingernail clams (Sphaerium simile and Musculium transversum), snail (Gyraulus parvus), and worm (Tubifex tubifex), and determine the extent to which hardness and sulfate modify chloride toxicity. The results indicated a significant ameliorating effect of water hardness (calcium and magnesium) on chloride toxicity for all species tested except the snail; for example, the 48-h chloride median lethal concentration (LC50) for C. dubia at 50 mg/L hardness (977 mg Cl(-) /L) was half that at 800 mg/L hardness (1,836 mg Cl(-) /L). Conversely, sulfate over the range of 25 to 600 mg/L exerted a negligible effect on chloride toxicity to C. dubia. Rank order of LC50 values for chloride at a given water hardness was in the order (lowest to highest): S. simile < C. dubia < M. transversum < G. parvus < T. tubifex. Results of the current study support the contention that the specific conductivity or TDS concentration of a water body alone is not a sufficient predictor of acute toxicity and that knowledge of the specific ion composition is critical.
authors.affiliation: Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA. d-soucek@inhs.illinois.edu
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Soucek
authors.forename: Tyler K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Linton
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Tarr
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Nilesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wickramanayake
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Delos
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cruz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000187:drug effects*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical