title: Brief review: anesthetic neurotoxicity in the elderly, cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative cognitive decline in the elderly has emerged as a major health concern. In addition, there is a growing interest in the potential relationship between general anesthetic exposure and the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The available evidence of a possible association between anesthesia, surgery, and long-term cognitive effects, including AD, deserves consideration. In this review, we summarize the evidence for anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in the elderly, while highlighting the limitations of existing data, and we put the literature into perspective for the clinician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A growing body of evidence suggests that general anesthetics may be neurotoxic to both young and aging brains. Much of the evidence originates from in vitro and in vivo studies with cells, rodents, and nonhuman primates. Despite the animal data suggesting a relationship between anesthesia and neurotoxicity in the elderly, a definitive link remains elusive in humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possible relation between anesthetic neurotoxicity, postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and AD remains elusive. It remains unclear whether postoperative cognitive decline in the elderly is related more to perioperative stress and related medical co-morbidities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129-2060, USA.
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Zhongcong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General