title: Risks of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse surgery in relation to mode of childbirth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the risk for stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse surgery related to vaginal birth or cesarean delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study of all women having their first and all subsequent deliveries by cesarean (n = 33,167), and an age-matched sample of women only having vaginal deliveries (n = 63,229) between 1973 and 1983. Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox regression models with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women only having vaginal deliveries had increased overall risks of incontinence (hazard ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-3.6) and prolapse surgery (hazard ratio, 9.2; 95% confidence interval, 7.0-12.1) compared with women only having cesarean deliveries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Having only vaginal childbirths was associated with a significantly increased risk of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse surgery later in life compared with only having cesarean deliveries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leijonhufvud
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lundholm
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cnattingius
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granath
authors.forename: Ellika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andolf
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Altman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056887:Pelvic Organ Prolapse / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D011247:Pregnancy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000209:etiology*; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000209:etiology