title: Normalizing hip muscle strength: establishing body-size-independent measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effectiveness of computing body-size-independent hip strength measures using muscle-specific allometric scaling and ratio standard normalization methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of healthy participants (N=113; 42 men, 71 women).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometric measurements of the leg and thigh were obtained, and maximal hip strength was tested (medial and lateral rotation, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension). Strength was measured isometrically as force (kg) and then converted to torque (Nm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allometric scaling analysis resulted in exponents for normalizing body mass (BM) in each muscle group assessed. In addition, a 6-muscle average exponent was also computed (bavg) for force (men, .554; women, .335) and torque (men, .792; women, .482). The nonsignificant results of the linear regression analysis revealed that normalizing hip strength to BM(bavg) (hip strength/BM(bavg)) effectively removed the influence of BM on force and torque. However, sex should be factored into analyses of allometric scaling because men have higher b-values than women for both force and torque. The linear regression analyses also demonstrated that force normalized to BM (P=.162-.895) and torque normalized to BM × Height (P=.146-.889) were body-size-independent measures. Force normalized to BM⁰·⁶⁷ (P=.001-.191) and body mass index (BMI) (P=<.001-.066), and torque normalized to BM (P=.004-.415) and BMI (P<.001) were significantly related to BM and therefore were not body-size independent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normalizing force and torque to BM(bavg) is the most effective method of removing body-size dependence and allowing comparisons of persons with differing body sizes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 53201, USA. bazettj2@uwm.edu
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bazett-Jones
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cobb
authors.forename: Mukta N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cashin
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Earl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D019415:Torque