title: Laparoscopic extravesical transperitoneal approach following the lich-gregoir procedure in refluxing duplicated collecting systems: initial experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) represents one of the most significant risk factors for acute pyelonephritis in children. Nephropathy with renal scarring is still the most concerning issue in VUR. Surgical correction to eliminate VUR is an important part of its management and this need is increasing for duplicated collecting systems (DCS). Laparoscopy may have a place in the treatment of VUR. We report our initial experience in the treatment of refluxing DCS by laparoscopic extravesical transperitoneal approach (LETA) following Lich-Gregoir technique. The aim of this study was to describe the evolution and evaluate the results and benefits of this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 2007 and January 2010, 60 renal units in 43 children with VUR and deterioration of renal function on isotope renography were treated with LETA following the Lich-Gregoir procedure. Twelve patients had refluxing DCS in a lower polar system; three of them had bilateral VUR. Three cases of refluxing DCS were associated to obstruction. Two of them presented an ectopic ureterocele with adequate split renal function and another had an ectopic ureterocele with complete deterioration of upper polar renal function. Their mean age was 36 months (range: 15-80 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean surgical time was 90 minutes (38-140 minutes) in unilateral and 144 minutes (120-200 minutes) in bilateral VUR including cystoscopy. All procedures were successfully completed laparoscopically and the reflux was corrected in all patients. One-stage laparoscopic heminephroureterectomy with excision of ureterocele and ureteric reimplantation was done in 1 case, and ureterocele excision and ureteric reimplantation by LETA were done in 2 cases. The mean hospital stay was 27 hours. A cystogram was performed systematically in all patients at 45 days postoperatively; none of them presented recurrence of VUR. The follow-up period was 11 months (range: 2-24 months), without recurrence of VUR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LETA following the Lich-Gregoir procedure in refluxing DCS is a safe and effective approach even in unilateral, bilateral simultaneous, and split renal function in duplicated systems. When refluxing DCS is associated with obstruction and total deterioration of upper polar function, heminephroureterectomy with excision of ureterocele and ureteric reimplantation can be safely and effectively performed in a single-stage laparoscopic procedure, which minimizes the hazards of traditional open surgical reconstruction. A shorter hospital stay, decreased postoperative discomfort, reduced recovery period, and a low morbidity to resolve VUR in DCS are the benefits of this technique, with success rates similar to the open technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France. manuel.lopez@chu-st-etienne.fr
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: François
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Varlet
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*