title: EPO attenuates inflammatory cytokines by Muller cells in diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease. We aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the inflammatory cytokine production by Muller cells under the condition of DR. The expression levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and VEGF in cultured rat Muller cells were enhanced by 1 mM glyoxal. The elevated TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, but not IL-6 and VEGF, were decreased by 2 U/ml EPO as detected by real-time PCR and ELISA. Moreover, the activity of AP-1 but not NF-kappaB was modulated by glyoxal and EPO. Intravitreal injection of EPO performed 24 h prior to sacrifice significantly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production while moderately attenuating IL-6 and VEGF in the retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, Muller cells were identified as the main source of IL-1beta production as indicated by co-localization of IL-1beta and CRALBP in situ. These findings implicate therapeutic potential of EPO in the amelioration of inflammation in diabetic retinas.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences (IHS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Jingfa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Liu-Mei
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yalan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Lisha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mou
authors.forename: Guoxu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Weiye
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guo-Tong
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008156:Luciferases; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D004921:Erythropoietin; D008156:Luciferases; C022616:thiazolyl blue