title: Dietary intake in hemodialysis patients does not reflect a heart healthy diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent and has a major effect on morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Dietary factors that may contribute to cardiovascular disease have not been well studied in this population. We hypothesize that dietary intake in this population does not meet the guidelines for cardiovascular risk reduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was completed using the validated "Block Dialysis 1 Food Frequency Questionnaire" to assess dietary intake of MHD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 70 patients undergoing MHD at our outpatient dialysis center completed the questionnaire under the supervision of a trained dietitian. The population consisted of 38 men and 32 women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake was the main outcome measure, with a focus on calories, soluble fiber, saturated fatty acid (SFA), unsaturated fatty acid intake (UFA), and protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean fiber intake was 10.77 (±5.87) g/day, and only 2 of 71 (2.9%) were in compliance with the recommended daily intake of >25 g/day. As percentage of total calories, of the 70 patients, 5 (7.1%) had a fat intake of <30%, 22 (31.4%) had SFA intake of <10%, 64 (91.4%) had a UFA of ≤30%, 22 (31.4%) had a protein-based diet of ≥15%, and 66 (94.3%) had a carbohydrate diet of <60%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients did not meet the dietary guidelines for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Substituting UFA or soluble fiber for SFA improves low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels without negative effects on other lipid parameters.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA. khoueiry_gm@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khoueiry
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waked
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: El-Charabaty
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Morton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lafferty
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalantar-Zadeh
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Sayegh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated