title: Advances in neuroprotective strategies: potential therapies for intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with higher mortality and morbidity than any other form of stroke. However, there currently are no treatments proven to improve outcomes after ICH, and therefore, new effective therapies are urgently needed. Growing insight into ICH pathophysiology has led to the development of neuroprotective strategies that aim to improve the outcome through reduction of secondary pathologic processes. Many neuroprotectants target molecules or pathways involved in hematoma degradation, inflammation or apoptosis, and have demonstrated potential clinical benefits in experimental settings. We extensively reviewed the current understanding of ICH pathophysiology as well as promising experimental neuroprotective agents with particular focus on their mechanisms of action. Continued advances in ICH knowledge, increased understanding of neuroprotective mechanisms, and improvement in the ability to modulate molecular and pathologic events with multitargeting agents will lead to successful clinical trials and bench-to-bedside translation of neuroprotective strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, N.Y. 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Brian Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Appelboom
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayer
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: Ivan S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kotchetkov
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gigante
authors.forename: Raqeeb
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: E Sander
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents