title: Review: magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of pediatric major depressive disorder.
abstract: Introduction. This paper focuses on the application of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to the study of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents. Method. A literature search using the National Institutes of Health's PubMed database was conducted to identify indexed peer-reviewed MRS studies in pediatric patients with MDD. Results. The literature search yielded 18 articles reporting original MRS data in pediatric MDD. Neurochemical alterations in Choline, Glutamate, and N-Acetyl Aspartate are associated with pediatric MDD, suggesting pathophysiologic continuity with adult MDD. Conclusions. The MRS literature in pediatric MDD is modest but growing. In studies that are methodologically comparable, the results have been consistent. Because it offers a noninvasive and repeatable measurement of relevant in vivo brain chemistry, MRS has the potential to provide insights into the pathophysiology of MDD as well as the mediators and moderators of treatment response.
authors.affiliation: The Brain Institute at the University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hellem
authors.forename: Young-Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Namkug
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eun-Kee
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Kristen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Delmastro
authors.forename: Xianfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw