title: Modular organizations of novel cetacean papillomaviruses.
abstract: The phylogenetic position of cetacean papillomaviruses (PVs: Omikron-PVs and Upsilon-PVs) varies depending on the region of the genome analysed. They cluster together with Alpha-PVs when analysing early genes and with Xi-PVs and Phi-PVs when analysing late genes. We cloned and sequenced the complete genomes of five novel PVs, sampled from genital and oesophageal lesions of free-ranging cetaceans: Delphinus delphis (DdPV1), Lagenorhynchus acutus (TtPV3 variant), and Phocoena phocoena (PphPV1, PphPV2, and PphPV3). Using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches, all cetacean PVs constituted a monophyletic group with Alpha-, Omega-, and Dyodelta-PVs as inferred from E1-E2 early genes analyses, thus matching the shared phenotype of mucosal tropism. However, cetacean PVs, with the exception of PphPV3, were the closest relatives of Xi-PVs and Phi-PVs in L2-L1 late genes analyses, isolated from cow and goat, thus reflecting the close relationship between Cetacea and Artiodactyla. Our results are compatible with a recombination between ancestral PVs infecting the Cetartiodactyla lineage. Our study supports a complex evolutionary scenario with multiple driving forces for PV diversification, possibly including recombination and also interspecies transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. gottschling@biologie.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gottschling
authors.forename: Ignacio G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bracho
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deaville
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Jepson
authors.forename: Marie-Françoise
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Van Bressem
authors.forename: Eggert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stockfleth
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nindl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002591:Cetacea / Q000821:virology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission; D010409:Penile Diseases / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins