title: Acute and delayed mild coagulopathy are related to outcome in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between isolated traumatic brain injury (TBI) associated coagulopathy and patient prognosis frequently lacks information regarding the time course of coagulation disorders throughout the post-traumatic period. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and time course of post-traumatic coagulopathy in patients with isolated TBI and the relationship of these hemostatic disorders with outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The local Human Subjects Committee approved the study. We retrospectively studied the medical records of computed tomography (CT)-confirmed isolated TBI patients with an extracranial abbreviated injury scale (AIS) <3 who were primarily referred to a Level 1 trauma centre in Amsterdam (n = 107). Hemostatic parameters including activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), platelet count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, pH and lactate levels were recorded throughout a 72-hour period as part of a routine standardized follow-up of TBI. Coagulopathy was defined as a aPPT >40 seconds and/or a PTT in International Normalized Ratio (INR) >1.2 and/or a platelet count <120*109/l.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were mostly male, aged 48 ± 20 years with a median injury severity score of 25 (range 20 to 25). Early coagulopathy as diagnosed in the emergency department (ED) occurred in 24% of all patients. The occurrence of TBI-related coagulopathy increased to 54% in the first 24 hours post-trauma. In addition to an increased age and disturbed pupillary reflex, both coagulopathy upon ED arrival and during the first 24 hours post-trauma provided an independent prognostic factor for unfavorable outcome (odds ratio (OR) 3.75 (95% CI 1.07 to 12.51; P = 0.04) and OR 11.61 (2.79 to 48.34); P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms a high prevalence of early and delayed coagulopathy in patients with isolated TBI, which is strongly associated with an unfavorable outcome. These data support close monitoring of hemostasis after TBI and indicate that correction of coagulation disturbances might need to be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.greuters@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Sjoerd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greuters
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Gaby
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franschman
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Viersen
authors.forename: Albertus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beishuizen
authors.forename: Saskia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Peerdeman
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011517:Prothrombin Time; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome