title: Treating heavy smokers in primary care with the nicotine nasal spray: randomized placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Of six established nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) formulations, only the gum and patch have been tested without specialist clinic support in placebo-controlled trials. We aimed to broaden the evidence base by examining if the nicotine nasal spray (NNS) could be effective with only brief support in general practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven English general practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 761 heavy smokers received brief support and 12 weeks of treatment with NNS (506) or placebo (255).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was biochemically verified complete abstinence from smoking throughout weeks 3-12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NNS compared with placebo more than doubled the number who successfully stopped smoking [15.4% versus 6.7%, odds ratio (OR) = 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-4.4]. Many participants reported minor irritant adverse symptoms. NNS was particularly effective among those who were more highly dependent on nicotine (OR = 6.17, 95% CI = 2.13-17.9). Of those who failed to stop during the first week (417, 54.8%), only one (0.2%) achieved later success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NNS is effective when given in primary care. The benefit was lower than in a specialist clinic but similar to that with the nicotine patch in primary care. Unlike most other NRT formulations, bupropion or varenicline, NNS was especially helpful for more dependent smokers. Continuing treatment of those initially failing was not beneficial. An initial 1-week prescription to those more dependent on nicotine is likely to be the most cost-effective NNS treatment protocol. These results should offer support to the effectiveness of the other NRT formulations untested in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. j.stapleton@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: Gay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059085:Nasal Sprays; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration; D012008:Recurrence; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D059085:Nasal Sprays; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D003367:Cotinine