title: Strategies to manage retinoblastoma in developing countries.
abstract: Survival of retinoblastoma is >90% in developed countries but there are significant differences with developing countries in stage at presentation, available treatment options, family compliance, and survival. In low-income countries (LICs), children present with advanced disease, and the reasons are socioeconomic and cultural. In middle-income countries (MICs), survival rates are better (>70%), but there is a high prevalence of microscopically disseminated extraocular disease. Programs for eye preservation have been developed, but toxicity-related mortality is higher. Although effective treatment of microscopically extraocular disease improved the outcome, worldwide survival will be increased only by earlier diagnosis and better treatment adherence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hemato-Oncology, Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina. gchantada@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Guillermo L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Chantada
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Qaddoumi
authors.forename: Serife
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canturk
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khetan
authors.forename: Zhigui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Kahaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimani
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yeniad
authors.forename: Iyad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.forename: Rita S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sitorus
authors.forename: Nurdan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tacyildiz
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Abramson
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome