title: Patterns of childhood trauma and psychological distress among injecting heroin users in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood trauma has been reported as a possible cause of future substance abuse in some countries. This study reports the prevalence of childhood trauma and examines its association with psychological distress among injecting drug users from mainland China.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in three government-operated drug rehabilitation facilities in Shanghai, China in 2007. The Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETISR-SF) was used to evaluate 4 types (general, emotional, physical and sexual) and severity of childhood trauma, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) to evaluate psychological distress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 341 injecting drug users who completed the study, about 80% reported one or more types of childhood trauma, specifically 53% general trauma, 56% physical abuse, 36% emotional abuse and 26% sexual abuse. Compared to female injecting drug users, males reported significantly higher scores of general trauma and physical abuse, but lower sexual abuse scores. Hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that greater physical and emotional abuse in childhood predict greater current psychopathological distress among these injecting drug users in China.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results reveal a high prevalence of childhood trauma among injecting drug users in China, and it is comparable to other similar studies in Western countries. It is important to consider the role of childhood trauma in the prevention and treatment of substance abuse.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Haiming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zeping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D040921:Stress Disorders, Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin