title: Superhydrophobic surface based on a coral-like hierarchical structure of ZnO.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces has attracted much interest in the past decade. The fabrication methods that have been studied are chemical vapour deposition, the sol-gel method, etching technique, electrochemical deposition, the layer-by-layer deposition, and so on. Simple and inexpensive methods for manufacturing environmentally stable superhydrophobic surfaces have also been proposed lately. However, work referring to the influence of special structures on the wettability, such as hierarchical ZnO nanostructures, is rare.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study presents a simple and reproducible method to fabricate a superhydrophobic surface with micro-scale roughness based on zinc oxide (ZnO) hierarchical structure, which is grown by the hydrothermal method with an alkaline aqueous solution. Coral-like structures of ZnO were fabricated on a glass substrate with a micro-scale roughness, while the antennas of the coral formed the nano-scale roughness. The fresh ZnO films exhibited excellent superhydrophilicity (the apparent contact angle for water droplet was about 0°), while the ability to be wet could be changed to superhydrophobicity after spin-coating Teflon (the apparent contact angle greater than 168°). The procedure reported here can be applied to substrates consisting of other materials and having various shapes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new process is convenient and environmentally friendly compared to conventional methods. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure generates the extraordinary solid/gas/liquid three-phase contact interface, which is the essential characteristic for a superhydrophobic surface.
authors.affiliation: School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Baoping
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D017155:Wettability; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D015034:Zinc Oxide