title: Protein choices targeting thermogenesis and metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary proteins stimulate thermogenesis and satiety more than does carbohydrate or fat; however, less is known about the differences between protein sources.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine the differential effects of 3 proteins on energy metabolism, satiety, and glucose control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Energy metabolism, satiety, and glucose control were measured in 23 lean, healthy subjects on separate occasions, before and 5.5 h after consumption of 4 isocaloric test meals in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Three meals consisting of 50% protein (whey, casein, or soy), 40% carbohydrate, and 10% fat and a fourth meal consisting of 95.5% carbohydrate were compared with a glucose meal that provided the same glucose load as the protein meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thermic effect was greater after the whey (14.4 ± 0.5%) than after the casein (12.0 ± 0.6%; P = 0.002) and soy (11.6 ± 0.5%; P = 0.0001) meals and was greater after the whey, casein, and soy meals than after the high-carbohydrate meal (6.6 ± 0.5%; P < 0.0001). Cumulative fat oxidation tended to be greater after the whey meal (16.2 ± 1.1 g) than after the soy meal (13.7 ± 1.0 g; P = 0.097) and was greater after the whey and soy meals than after the high-carbohydrate meal (10.9 ± 0.9 g; P < 0.05). The glycemic response to glucose was attenuated 32% by the proteins (P < 0.001) at the expense of a greater insulin response after whey than after glucose (154%; P = 0.02), casein (143%; P = 0.07), and soy (151%; P = 0.03). Subjective appetite sensations indicated that casein and soy were more satiating than whey (P < 0.01), but whey was more "liked" compared with casein and soy (P = 0.025 and P = 0.09, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that different protein sources could be used to modulate metabolism and subsequently energy balance.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland. kevin.acheson@rdls.nestle.com
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Acheson
authors.forename: Anny
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blondel-Lubrano
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oguey-Araymon
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beaumont
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emady-Azar
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ammon-Zufferey
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Monnard
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinaud
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nielsen-Moennoz
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bovetto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012527:Satiation; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D022722:Thermogenesis; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002364:Caseins; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D008894:Milk Proteins; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins