title: Validation of wearable monitors for assessing sedentary behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A primary barrier to elucidating the association between sedentary behavior (SB) and health outcomes is the lack of valid monitors to assess SB in a free-living environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of commercially available monitors to assess SB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty overweight (mean ± SD: body mass index = 33.7 ± 5.7 kg·m(-2)) inactive, office workers age 46.5 ± 10.7 yr were directly observed for two 6-h periods while wearing an activPAL (AP) and an ActiGraph GT3X (AG). During the second observation, participants were instructed to reduce sitting time. We assessed the validity of the commonly used cut point of 100 counts per minute (AG100) and several additional AG cut points for defining SB. We used direct observation (DO) using focal sampling with duration coding to record either sedentary (sitting/lying) or nonsedentary behavior. The accuracy and precision of the monitors and the sensitivity of the monitors to detect reductions in sitting time were assessed using mixed-model repeated-measures analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, the AP and the AG100 underestimated sitting time by 2.8% and 4.9%, respectively. The correlation between the AP and DO was R2 = 0.94, and the AG100 and DO sedentary minutes was R2 = 0.39. Only the AP was able to detect reductions in sitting time. The AG 150-counts-per-minute threshold demonstrated the lowest bias (1.8%) of the AG cut points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AP was more precise and more sensitive to reductions in sitting time than the AG, and thus, studies designed to assess SB should consider using the AP. When the AG monitor is used, 150 counts per minute may be the most appropriate cut point to define SB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kozey-Keadle
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Libertine
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lyden
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Staudenmayer
authors.forename: Patty S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Freedson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057185:Sedentary Behavior