title: Perfusion electrodeposition of calcium phosphate on additive manufactured titanium scaffolds for bone engineering.
abstract: A perfusion electrodeposition (P-ELD) system was reported to functionalize additive manufactured Ti6Al4V scaffolds with a calcium phosphate (CaP) coating in a controlled and reproducible manner. The effects and interactions of four main process parameters - current density (I), deposition time (t), flow rate (f) and process temperature (T) - on the properties of the CaP coating were investigated. The results showed a direct relation between the parameters and the deposited CaP mass, with a significant effect for t (P=0.001) and t-f interaction (P=0.019). Computational fluid dynamic analysis showed a relatively low electrolyte velocity within the struts and a high velocity in the open areas within the P-ELD chamber, which were not influenced by a change in f. This is beneficial for promoting a controlled CaP deposition and hydrogen gas removal. Optimization studies showed that a minimum t of 6 h was needed to obtain complete coating of the scaffold regardless of I, and the thickness was increased by increasing I and t. Energy-dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the deposition of highly crystalline synthetic carbonated hydroxyapatite under all conditions (Ca/P ratio=1.41). High cell viability and cell-material interactions were demonstrated by in vitro culture of human periosteum derived cells on coated scaffolds. This study showed that P-ELD provides a technological tool to functionalize complex scaffold structures with a biocompatible CaP layer that has controlled and reproducible physicochemical properties suitable for bone engineering.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yoke Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Truscello
authors.forename: Simon Van
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Bael
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Luyten
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vleugels
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schrooten
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003460:Crystallization; D004560:Electricity; D004573:Electrolytes; D004595:Electroplating / Q000379:methods*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods*; D010521:Periosteum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012212:Rheology / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D004573:Electrolytes; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); C020243:calcium phosphate; D014025:Titanium