title: Three-dimensional visualization of subdural electrodes for presurgical planning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate localization and visualization of subdural electrodes implanted for intracranial electroencephalography in cases of medically refractory epilepsy remains a challenging clinical problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We introduce a technique for creating accurate 3-dimensional (3D) brain models with electrode overlays, ideal for resective surgical planning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our procedure uses postimplantation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic (CT) imaging to create 3D models of compression-affected brain combined with intensity-thresholded CT-derived electrode models using freely available software. Footprints, or "shadows," beneath electrodes are also described for better visualization of sulcus-straddling electrodes. Electrode models were compared with intraoperative photography for validation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Realistic representations of intracranial electrode positions on patient-specific postimplantation MRI brain renderings were reliably created and proved accurate when compared with photographs. Electrodes placed interhemispherically were also visible with our rendering technique. Electrode shadows were useful in locating electrodes that straddle sulci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present an accurate method for visualizing subdural electrodes on brain compression effected 3D models that serves as an ideal platform for surgical planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. plaviole@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: LaViolette
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raghavan
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ellingson
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Schmainda
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D013355:Subdural Space / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*