title: Coronal synostosis syndrome (Muenke syndrome): the value of genetic testing versus clinical diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muenke syndrome is a fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3)-associated coronal craniosynostosis syndrome, which was first described in 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report an infant girl who was born to a 29-year-old primapara at 38 weeks' gestation. When evaluated at 3 days old, physical examination revealed a high forehead with frontal bossing, upturned nose, arched palate, shallow midface structures, and heavily ridged coronal sutures bilaterally. Clinically, the infant seemed to be neurologically normal. Skull radiographs and computed tomography confirmed the presence of bilateral coronal synostosis, with patency of all other sutures. Family history was remarkable, in that the infant's father, paternal grandmother, and a paternal cousin demonstrated subtle craniofacial features, which had not been previously identified. Mutation analysis of FGFR-3 revealed a missense mutation in exon 6, c.749 C>G, with a resultant amino acid change from proline to arginine at codon 250 (P250R), in keeping with Muenke syndrome (Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:555-564). The mutation was subsequently identified in her father, suggesting variable expression in this family, as he had only mild midfacial flattening. At 9 months of age, our patient underwent anterior cranial expansion, correction of orbital hypertelorism, intracranial orbital osteotomies, and advancement of the frontal bandeau. She tolerated the procedure well and has done well postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the case of an infant with Muenke syndrome, with evidence of variable expressivity within the paternal family. The pertinent literature, in which only 2 prior Canadian cases were identified, is reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital London Health Sciences Center, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. aranger@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Adrianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranger
authors.forename: Navjot
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: Damic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matir
authors.forename: Sharan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goobie
mesh_terms: D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree