title: The impact of smoking status on antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde levels in chronic periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of smoking status on the systemic and local superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five CP patients (23 smokers [CP-S], 23 former smokers [CP-FS], and 19 non-smokers [CP-NS]) and 20 periodontally healthy non-smoker controls (PH-NS) were included in the study. After the clinical measurements, serum and gingival tissue samples were collected. SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities and MDA levels in hemolysates and gingival tissue samples were spectrophotometrically assayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood MDA levels in all the periodontitis groups were higher than in the PH-NS group but only the difference between CP-FS and PH-NS groups was significant (P <0.01). Gingival tissue MDA levels in the periodontitis groups were significantly higher than that in the control group (P <0.01). However, the control group had the highest gingival SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities compared with all the periodontitis groups (P <0.01). The CP-S group had the highest gingival MDA levels and SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities among the periodontitis groups, whereas the lowest values were observed in the CP-NS group (P <0.01). The blood and gingival MDA levels in the CP-FS group were similar in the CP-NS group, whereas they were lower than in the CP-S group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic and local MDA levels are increased by smoking in addition to the impact of periodontitis. The decreased local SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities observed in periodontitis patients may increase with smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mine Öztürk
authors.initials: MÖ
authors.lastname: Tonguç
authors.forename: Onder
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.forename: Recep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sütçü
authors.forename: Betül Mermi
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ceyhan
authors.forename: Gizem
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kılınç
authors.forename: Yonca
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sönmez
authors.forename: Zuhal
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yetkin Ay
authors.forename: Unal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baltacıoğlu
authors.forename: F Yeşim
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Kırzıoğlu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005881:Gingiva / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase