title: The creation of scoliosis by scapula-to-contralateral ilium tethering procedure in bipedal rats: a kyphoscoliosis model.
abstract: METHODS
  Randomized trial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create a new scoliotic model.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although there were a lot of modeling techniques producing scoliosis, failed was the creation of a scoliotic animal model all characterized by the evident axial rotation of vertebrae body, the simulation of the human erect posture, and avoiding direct traumas to the spine, the spinal cord, ribs, or glands in modeling techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 45 4-week-old female wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 underwent subcutaneous left scapula-to-contralateral ilium tethering procedure with a nonadsorbable suture, which made the spine convex toward right side, and then removed forelimbs and tails of rats to create the bipedal rats. Tethering sutures were cut at postoperative eighth week, and the spines of rats were then observed during 2 weeks. Group 2 was the same as group 1 but in which scapula-to-ipsilateral ilium tethering procedure was performed. Group 3 was the same as group 1 except that the bipedal rats were not created. All postoperative rats were fed separately in special high cages for groups 1 and 2 or in standard cages for group 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2 weeks after tether release, the incidence of vertebral rotation was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (P = 0.004). The differences in degrees of scoliosis and kyphosis between groups at the time of initial tethering were not found to be significant (P > 0.05), whereas those at 2 weeks after tether release were significantly larger in group 1 than in group 3 (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in postoperative first food-taking duration, body weight, spinal relative length, modeling mortality, the incidences of reoperation, and scoliosis between groups (all P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scoliotic model created by scapula-to-contralateral ilium tethering procedure in bipedal rats can preferably simulate the human scoliosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xiuxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007085:Ilium / Q000473:pathology*; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012540:Scapula / Q000473:pathology*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*