title: Late effects of breast cancer treatment and potentials for rehabilitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant disease among women world wide. Survival has been improving leading to an increasing number of breast cancer survivors, in the US estimated to about 2.6 million.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was reviewed with focus on data from the Nordic countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local therapies such as breast cancer surgery and radiotherapy may cause persistent pain in the breast area, arm, and shoulder reported by 30-50% of patients after three to five years, lymphedema in 15-25% of patients, and restrictions of arm and shoulder movement in 35%. Physiotherapy is the standard treatment for the latter while no pain intervention trials have been published. Chemotherapy may cause infertility and premature menopause, resulting in vasomotor symptoms, sexual dysfunction, and osteoporosis, which are similar to the side effects of endocrine treatment in postmenopausal women. Awareness of cardiotoxicity is needed since anthracyclines, trastuzumab, and radiotherapy can damage the heart. Breast cancer survivors have an increased risk of a major depression and far from all receive adequate anti-depressive treatment. Other psychological symptoms include fear of recurrence, sleep disturbances, cognitive problems, fatigue, and sexual problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To improve rehabilitation, specific goals have to be formulated into national guidelines and high priority directed towards research into developing and testing new interventions for alleviating symptoms and side effects experienced by breast cancer survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark. marianne.ewertz@ouh.regionsyddanmark.dk
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ewertz
authors.forename: Anders Bonde
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents