title: [Restoration of upper-limb function in patients with cervical spinal cord lesion].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Injury to the spinal chord at the C5 level results in a severe handicap to the patient because of a loss of active motion of the wrist and hand. Selected surgical procedures can effectively restore active extension of the wrist and provide conditions for some vital pinching and gripping abilities. The deltoid muscle also has a potential for restoration of upper limb function, because its posterior portion can be used to restore elbow extension. The aim of this clinical retrospective study was to describe and evaluate the techniques used to improve the quality of life in patients with spinal chord lesions at the C5 level.
  
  
  METHODS
  The group studied consisted of 15 patients (3 women and 12 men; average age, 34 years) with a spinal chord lesion at the C5 segment who had zero wrist extension or in whom wrist extensor muscle force was equal to the third degree of muscle strength or less. The procedures to restore active extension of the wrist involved the radiobrachialis muscle, the reconstruction of elbow extension was activated by the posterior portion of the deltoid muscle, and a fixed supination posture of the forearm was corrected by elongating the distal tendon of the biceps muscle which was derotated and attached to the proximal radius. The interval between injury and reconstructive surgery was 36 months on the average.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reconstructive surgery described resulted in restoration of hand and wrist function with sufficient muscle strength in all patients, which had a favourable effect on many aspects of their daily lives. The average values of muscle strength were 4.1° (3° to 5°). for wrist extension and 3.3° (2° to 4°) for elbow extension. Key-pinch force was on average 1.2 kg (0.2 to 2.1). A failure of thumb carpometacarpal arthrodesis was the most frequent complication and occurred in two patients. On clinical evaluation, all patients reported satisfaction with the restored function of their upper extremities and expressed their willingness to undergo the same procedure again.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reconstructive surgery of the upper extremity in tetraplegic patients has been performed with success in several countries, namely USA and Sweden, for many years. Since 2003 the results in the Czech Republic have also shown positive effects of reconstructive procedures on better quality of life in patients with cervical spinal chord injury at the lower levels, in whom the goal is to restore vital pinching and gripping abilities. A good outcome of surgical treatment requires good quality post-operative care provided by a team of physical therapists fully informed of the reconstructive procedures involved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A restored function of the upper extremity in the patients with spinal chord injury at the C level plays a decisive role in the whole spectrum of the patient's daily activities, such as dressing, communication, etc., and thus improves their self- care. The restoration of active elbow extension has a positive effect on the patient's mobility.
authors.affiliation: Traumatologické oddělení FN Olomouc.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cižmář
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ehler
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Calabová
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vinter
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palčák
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000601:surgery*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010027:Osteotomy; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011884:Radius / Q000601:surgery; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013709:Tendon Transfer; D055815:Young Adult