title: The effect of ultrasound on the uptake of fluoride by glass ionomer cements.
abstract: Ultrasound has been shown to improve the set of glass ionomer cements (GICs) and also other cement properties. In particular, the release of fluoride is enhanced. These cements also can take up fluoride ion from liquids. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of ultrasound on this cement property. Two commercial dental restorative GICs were used together with a modified commercial material and an experimental material based on a F-free glass. All three commercial materials came in capsules which were mixed as makers directed, the experimental material was mixed as in previous papers. Mixed cement was placed polyethylene moulds to create 3 × 2 mm thick discs. These were either allowed to standard set for 6 min or set with ultrasound for 55 s. 18 samples were made for each material/set. Three samples were placed in 4 ml of 0.2% NaF solution for 24 h at 37°C. The cylinders were removed and the F concentration of the solutions measured by ISE using TISAB decomplexant. F uptake was determined by difference from the original NaF concentration. The two conventional GICs showed reductions of 17.4 and 8.5% for ultrasound compared to standard set whereas the modified material increased by 32.3% and the experimental one by 20.6%. It is suggested that the effect of ultrasound may increase the surface area of the residual glass particles in the GIC which would increase F uptake. In GICs where considerable F ion is released into the cement matrix by the enhanced reaction caused by ultrasound this may be sufficient to reverse the former effect producing the reduced uptake observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Physical Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, UK. s.shahid@qmul.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Billington
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D005898:Glass; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007477:Ions; D008422:Materials Testing; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D011208:Powders; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D007477:Ions; D011208:Powders; D014867:Water; C006903:carbopol 940; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D020959:Polyethylene; D010100:Oxygen