title: Decreased adiponectin and increased inflammation expression in epicardial adipose tissue in coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disorders of endocrine substances in epicardial adipose tissue are known causes of coronary artery disease (CAD). Adiponectin is associated with cardiovascular disease. However, expression of adiponectin in epicardial adipose tissue and its function in CAD pathogenesis is unclear. This study investigates adiponectin expression in epicardial adipose tissue in CAD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vessels or adipose tissue samples collected from CAD patients and non-CAD controls were examined after immunochemical staining. Adiponectin, cytokines of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression level in adipose tissue were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Adiponectin concentrations in peripheral and coronary sinus vein plasma were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peripheral vein plasma biochemistries were performed with routine laboratory techniques. Monocytes were collected from blood using lymphocyte separation medium. Expression level of cytokines and transcription factor NF-κB were measured to learn the effect of adiponectin on stearic acid-stimulated monocytes. Percentage of TLR4 positive monocytes was analyzed using flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histological examination revealed increased macrophage infiltration into epicardial adipose tissue of CAD patients. Decreased adiponectin displayed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR was associated with enhanced cytokines of IL-6 and TNF-α or TLR4 expression level in epicardial adipose tissue, suggesting decreased circulating adiponectin may be useful as a more sensitive predictor for coronary atherosclerosis than routine laboratory examinations. Adiponectin suppressed secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in stimulated monocytes and TLR4 was expressed on cell surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endocrine disorders in epicardial adipose tissue are strongly linked to CAD, and adiponectin has a protective effect by inhibiting macrophage-mediated inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yutao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xianguo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xinling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Zongquan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Nianguo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xinzhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002681:China; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010496:Pericardium; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha