title: Appetite and endocrine regulators of energy balance after 2 days of energy restriction: insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and DHEA-S.
abstract: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, the effects of 48 h near complete energy restriction on endocrine regulators of appetite and satiety were assessed. Twelve men and one woman participated in this controlled, 2-day diet intervention study. One experimental trial was completed in a calorie deprived state (CAL-DEP; <10% of estimated energy requirements) and others in a fed condition (carbohydrate only and carbohydrate and fat; data were pooled and compared to CAL-DEP). Test meals containing prescribed energy intake and indistinguishable in sensory characteristics were provided during each trial. Glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), and satiety were repeatedly assessed. Mean glucose, insulin, and leptin concentrations were lower (P < 0.0001) for CAL-DEP compared to the fully fed (FED) state. Ghrelin and DHEA-S were higher (P < 0.0001) for CAL-DEP relative to FED. Cortisol levels declined each day regardless of diet (P < 0.0001) but were 32% higher (P < 0.01) at the conclusion of the session for CAL-DEP compared to FED. Satiety was 25% lower (P < 0.0001) for CAL-DEP relative to FED and decreased (P < 0.0001) over time regardless of diet. In the FED state, insulin (r = 0.55), glucose (r = 0.76), cortisol (r = -0.59), and DHEA-S (r = -0.62) were associated (P < 0.05) with satiety, but not during CAL-DEP. These findings show that 2 days of severe energy restriction alter several endocrine regulators of appetite independent of perception of increased hunger suggesting a physiological mechanism to explain overeating following acute periods of severe energy restriction.
authors.affiliation: Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA. stefan.pasiakos@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pasiakos
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kellogg
authors.forename: F Matthew
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Harris R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lieberman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood*; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000379:methods; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012528:Satiety Response; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; D006854:Hydrocortisone