title: Perineal pain following childbirth: prevalence, effects on postnatal recovery and analgesia usage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the prevalence of perineal pain, the effects of pain on postnatal recovery, analgesia used to relieve pain and the perceived effectiveness of such analgesia at the Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted structured interviews of 215 women in the postnatal ward of a tertiary hospital, within 72 hours of a vaginal birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The structured interviews revealed that 90% of women reported some perineal pain, with 37% reporting moderate or severe pain. The degree of perineal trauma predicted women's ratings of perineal pain on a visual analogue scale, with more severe trauma related to higher pain scores. Over a third of women experienced moderate or severe perineal pain, particularly when walking (33%) or sitting (39%), while 45% noted that pain interfered with their ability to sleep. Women reported moderate or severe perineal pain when they undertook activities involving feeding their infant (12%) or caring for their infant (12%). Women used a range of analgesia, including a combination of ice packs (69%), oral analgesia (75%), narcotic analgesia (4%) and anti-inflammatory suppositories (25%). The majority of women rated these forms of analgesia as effective and identified very few side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following vaginal birth, women commonly reported pain from perineal trauma. This pain affected women's ability to mobilise and was relieved by a variety of agents. Side effects from analgesia were rare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of perineal pain and the associated impact on women's recovery from childbirth warrants midwives' proactive care in offering a range of effective pain relief options to women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. eastc@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: East
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sherburn
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nagle
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Della
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D036801:Parturition; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries; D011181:Postnatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics