title: Effects of hyperthyroidism on the rectus muscles in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Structural details of vertebrate extraocular muscles (EOMs) have shown an anatomically and functionally distinct laminar organization into an outer orbital (OL) and an inner global layer (GL). Since hyperthyroidism alters tissue oxidative metabolism through mitochondrial enzymes, it is expected that structural/mitochondrial changes may be seen in hyperthyroid EOMs. We investigated the alterations in the laminar organization and mitochondrial changes in hyperthyroid mouse EOMs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hyperthyroidism was induced in C57BL/6 mice and fresh rectus muscles were obtained to identify functional mitochondria using MitoTracker® Green and confocal microscopy; frozen sections from rectus muscles were stained with anti-rabbit Troponin T (selectively present in the OL) to demonstrate changes in the OL and GL of the EOMs. Ultrastructural features of EOMs were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all four rectus EOMs studied, the maximum change was seen in the inferior rectus muscle (IR) followed by medial rectus (MR). Myofiber cross-sectional area measurements and Troponin T staining in the control IR EOMs demonstrated a smaller OL (113.2 ± 3.66 μm(2)) and higher density staining with Troponin T (90%) and a larger GL (411 ± 13.84 μm(2)) with low intensity staining (10%), while hyperthyroidism resulted in an increased OL (205.9 ± 5.3 μm(2)) and decreased GL (271.7 ± 7.5 μm(2)) p = 0.001. Confocal microscopy demonstrated an intense staining especially in the outer rims in the hyperthyroid IR which was confirmed by TEM showing structural alterations in the mitochondria and a subsarcolemmal migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outer, thinner, OL of the mouse EOM contains smaller diameter myofibers and fewer mitochondria while the inner, larger GL contains larger diameter myofibers and larger density of mitochondria. Hyperthyroidism results in a significant alteration in the laminar organization and mitochondrial alterations of mouse EOMs.
authors.affiliation: Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Chyong Jy
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nien
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Jester
authors.forename: Swaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bose