title: Validity of the International HIV Dementia Scale in South Africa.
abstract: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent, especially in regions like South Africa where HIV prevalence is high but access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is limited. The incidence of HIV dementia (HAD) has been halved with the use of ART, but the prevalence remains high. Appropriate brief screening tools to screen for HAD are needed in order to facilitate treatment initiation. The validity of the International HIV Dementia Scale has not been established in a region where infection with HIV clade C is predominant. The International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) was administered together with a detailed neuropsychological test battery to 96 HIV-positive individuals who had not received ART and who were attending primary care HIV clinics. The validity of the IHDS was established using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. HIV-positive individuals displayed greater impairment when compared to HIV-negative controls on the IHDS and a range of neuropsychological tests. Neuropsychological tests discriminated well across HAND categories for HIV-positive individuals. In ROC analysis, the IHDS showed an area under the curve of 0.64, with a sensitivity of 45% and specificity of 79% at a cutoff score of 10. Individuals with HAD, who screened negative on the IHDS, performed poorly on some tests of executive function. These data suggest that the IHDS may have limitations as a tool to screen for HAD in South Africans infected with HIV. Variable performance in neuropsychological testing may account for false negative screens. The inclusion of brief tests of executive function in a screening battery should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa. John.Joska@uct.ac.za
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Joska
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westgarth-Taylor
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoare
authors.forename: Kevin G F
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Landon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Myer
authors.forename: Dan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult