title: Distribution of callose synthase, cellulose synthase, and sucrose synthase in tobacco pollen tube is controlled in dissimilar ways by actin filaments and microtubules.
abstract: Callose and cellulose are fundamental components of the cell wall of pollen tubes and are probably synthesized by distinct enzymes, callose synthase and cellulose synthase, respectively. We examined the distribution of callose synthase and cellulose synthase in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes in relation to the dynamics of actin filaments, microtubules, and the endomembrane system using specific antibodies to highly conserved peptide sequences. The role of the cytoskeleton and membrane flow was investigated using specific inhibitors (latrunculin B, 2,3-butanedione monoxime, taxol, oryzalin, and brefeldin A). Both enzymes are associated with the plasma membrane, but cellulose synthase is present along the entire length of pollen tubes (with a higher concentration at the apex) while callose synthase is located in the apex and in distal regions. In longer pollen tubes, callose synthase accumulates consistently around callose plugs, indicating its involvement in plug synthesis. Actin filaments and endomembrane dynamics are critical for the distribution of callose synthase and cellulose synthase, showing that enzymes are transported through Golgi bodies and/or vesicles moving along actin filaments. Conversely, microtubules appear to be critical in the positioning of callose synthase in distal regions and around callose plugs. In contrast, cellulose synthases are only partially coaligned with cortical microtubules and unrelated to callose plugs. Callose synthase also comigrates with tubulin by Blue Native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Membrane sucrose synthase, which expectedly provides UDP-glucose to callose synthase and cellulose synthase, binds to actin filaments depending on sucrose concentration; its distribution is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton and the endomembrane system but not on microtubules.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali G. Sarfatti, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy. cai@unisi.it
authors.forename: Giampiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faleri
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Casino
authors.forename: Anne Mie C
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Emons
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cresti
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000918:Antibody Specificity / Q000276:immunology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D003599:Cytoskeleton; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D013395:Sucrose; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C478648:cellulose synthase; C022699:sucrose synthase; C020570:1,3-beta-glucan synthase