title: Depth profiling of stratum corneum biophysical and molecular properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The barrier function of the skin may be characterized by a number of biophysical and molecular methods. Variation in the barrier properties as a function of depth has not been explored in detail.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize changes in corneocyte surface area, corneocyte maturity, selected protease activities and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in the ventral forearm with increasing depth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The left mid-ventral forearm of 22 healthy volunteers was selected as the study site. After tape stripping, corneocyte maturity and surface area were assessed. The protease activity of the desquamatory kallikrein proteases, KLK5 and KLK7, and inflammatory tryptase was measured using a fluorogenic probe assay. Protein content and TEWL were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corneocyte maturity and surface area decreased with increasing number of tape strippings, i.e. depth into the skin. More mature corneocytes were typically larger than less mature corneocytes. The protease activities of both the desquamatory and inflammatory enzymes together with the protein content were highest in the outer layers of the stratum corneum and decreased with depth. As expected, TEWL increased as more stratum corneum layers were removed. There were no statistical differences between men and women or caucasian and black subjects for all of the parameters studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The techniques used in this study provide rapid noninvasive measures of the spatial distribution of corneocyte maturity and surface area as well as protease activity and protein content within different levels of the stratum corneum layers. The methods used will allow mechanistic insight into the effects of formulation excipients and active ingredients on epidermal turnover and skin barrier function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Matts
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hadgraft
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases