title: Quantitative measures of modic changes in lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging: intra- and inter-rater reliability.
abstract: METHODS
  A measurement reliability study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop quantitative measures for Modic changes (MCs) on magnetic resonance (MR) images and evaluate measurement reliability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  MCs have been studied for more than 20 years but the clinical significance remains controversial. Little effort has been made to improve the measurement of MCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was approved by the responsible institutional review board. On the basis of Modic classification, a series of quantitative dimension and signal intensity measures were developed for assessing MCs. Midsagittal T1- and T2-weighted MR images from 83 lumbar spines were then qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by two observers independently. Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to examine intra- and inter-rater reliability. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationships between the quantitative measurements of MCs. Mean absolute deviation (MAD) and Bland-Altman plots also were used to evaluate measurement errors and limits of agreement for selected measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For Modic classification, intrarater agreement was excellent (κ = 0.88) and inter-rater agreement was substantial (κ = 0.79). Intrarater agreement also was excellent when obtaining dimension measurements (ICC = 0.82-0.96) from T1- or T2-weighted images and inter-rater agreement was slightly greater using T1-weighted images (ICC = 0.73-0.88) than T2-weighted images (ICC = 0.66-0.82). Signal intensity measurements on T2-weighted images were found to have almost perfect intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.92-0.99). The correlation analysis demonstrated that the quantitative measures represent different constructs. The MAD and Bland-Altman Plots further confirmed the high reliability of the area ratio, MCs mean signal intensity and MCs total signal intensity measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three quantitative measures are suggested to assess the severity of MCs, which provide reliable, precise measurements for research on the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical relevance of MCs.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Videman
authors.forename: Riikka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niemeläinen
authors.forename: Michele C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Battié
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000473:pathology; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000473:pathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*