title: The thermal effects of therapeutic lasers with 810 and 904 nm wavelengths on human skin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of therapeutic infrared class 3B laser irradiation on skin temperature in healthy participants of differing skin color, age, and gender.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the potential thermal effects of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) irradiation on human skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin temperature was measured in 40 healthy volunteers with a thermographic camera at laser irradiated and control (non-irradiated) areas on the skin. Six irradiation doses (2-12 J) were delivered from a 200 mW, 810 nm laser and a 60 mW, 904 nm laser, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thermal effects of therapeutic LLLT using doses recommended in the World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT) guidelines were insignificant; below 1.5°C in light, medium, and dark skin. When higher irradiation doses were used, the 60 mW, 904 nm laser produced significantly (p < 0.01) higher temperatures in dark skin (5.7, SD ± 1.8°C at 12 J) than in light skin, although no participants requested termination of LLLT. However, irradiation with a 200 mW, 810 nm laser induced three to six times more heat in dark skin than in the other skin color groups. Eight of 13 participants with dark skin asked for LLLT to be stopped because of uncomfortable heating. The maximal increase in skin temperature was 22.3°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thermal effects of LLLT at doses recommended by WALT-guidelines for musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions are negligible (<1.5°C) in light, medium, and dark skin. However, higher LLLT doses delivered with a strong 3B laser (200 mW) are capable of increasing skin temperature significantly and these photothermal effects may exceed the thermal pain threshold for humans with dark skin color.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health and Social Science, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway. jon.joensen@hib.no
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joensen
authors.forename: Jan Hendrik
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Demmink
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Vegard V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.forename: Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão
authors.initials: RÁ
authors.lastname: Lopes-Martins
authors.forename: Jan Magnus
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bjordal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000532:radiotherapy; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000528:radiation effects*