title: Large-scale engineered synthesis of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles using low-temperature bioinspired principles.
abstract: We report here a robust, large-scale synthesis of BaTiO₃ nanopowders using a bioinspired process that first was developed on a much smaller scale. The most advantageous points of this protocol are that it takes place at nearly room temperature (25°C), overcomes many limitations encountered in other scale-up processes (such as the need for external drivers, e.g., heat, radiation or pressure), bypasses the use of surfactants and templates and does not necessitate pH adjustment. The use of a single-source, bimetallic alkoxide with the vapor diffusion of a hydrolytic catalyst (H₂O) provides the necessary conditions for facile crystallization and growth of small, well-defined BaTiO₃ nanoparticles at mild temperatures, yielding batches of up to 250 ± 5 g in a green process. Extension of this method to kilogram-scale production of BaTiO₃ nanocrystals in semicontinuous and continuous processes is feasible.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
authors.forename: Teyeb
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ould-Ely
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luger
authors.forename: Lyle
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaplan-Reinig
authors.forename: Krisztian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niesz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D017609:Barium Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017609:Barium Compounds; C024547:barium titanate(IV); D014025:Titanium