title: Saudi normative data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Stroop test, Test of Non-verbal Intelligence-3, Picture Completion and Vocabulary (subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are 2 aims for this study: first, to collect normative data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop test, Test of Non-verbal Intelligence (TONI-3), Picture Completion (PC) and Vocabulary (VOC) sub-test of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised for use in a Saudi Arabian culture, and second, to use the normative data provided to generate the regression equations.
  
  
  METHODS
  To collect the normative data and generate the regression equations, 198 healthy individuals were selected to provide a representative distribution for age, gender, years of education, and socioeconomic class. The WCST, Stroop test, TONI-3, PC, and VOC were administrated to the healthy individuals. This study was carried out at the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Riyadh Military Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from January 2000 to July 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normative data were obtained for all tests, and tables were constructed to interpret scores for different age groups. Regression equations to predict performance on the 3 tests of frontal function from scores on tests of fluid (TONI-3) and premorbid intelligence were generated from the data from the healthy individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data collected in this study provide normative tables for 3 tests of frontal lobe function and for tests of general intellectual ability for use in Saudi Arabia. The data also provide a method to estimate pre-injury ability without the use of verbally based tests.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Riyadh Military Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. am1221@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ali M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Ghatani
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Obonsawin
authors.forename: Basmah A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Binshaig
authors.forename: Khalaf R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Al-Moutaery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D018912:Arabs / Q000523:psychology; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057190:Stroop Test / Q000592:standards*; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult