title: Exit strategies and safety concerns for machinery occupants following ice failure and submersion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Of all drownings, 5 to 11% occur in submerged vehicles. Winter road workers are at high risk for vehicle submersion because they drive heavy vehicles over ice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A crane was used for repeated occupied and unoccupied submersions of a 5-ton truck/snow plow (N = 25) and a 1-ton truck/snow plow (N = 23); some data were compared to those from our previous study on passenger vehicles (Aviat Space Environ Med 2010; 81:779-84).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-ton truck sank faster than an intact car, while the 5-ton truck sank within 4 s. Four subjects could escape through the windows, doors, or roof hatch when the 1-ton truck was on the surface or submerged. Hatch exit took 2-3 times longer than windows/doors. Because the 5-ton truck sank so quickly, there was no opportunity to escape while on the surface. With windows open, exit through the window, door, or roof hatch could only occur after the cab was full of water. With windows closed, rapid pressure buildup imploded the windshield. Bulk and buoyancy of thermoprotective flotation clothing did not impede exit in any scenario. One to three 200-L sealed containers mounted to the front of the 1-ton truck increased the Floating Phase by approximately 20-40 s each.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that a heavy vehicle will sink before surface exit is possible. Occupants would, therefore, be forced to breath-hold and make an underwater exit through a window, door, or roof hatch. Front-mounted external flotation devices on a light truck increased floating time and the possibility of exit while still on the surface.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. giesbrec@cc.umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: Gordon G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
authors.forename: Gerren K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: McDonald
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002170:Canada; D020378:Confined Spaces; D004332:Drowning / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D007053:Ice