title: Intraoperative computed tomography for deep brain stimulation surgery: technique and accuracy assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) is highly dependent on the accuracy of lead placement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the use of intraoperative computed tomography (iCT) to confirm lead location before surgical closure and to study the accuracy of this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients underwent awake microelectrode-guided DBS surgery in a stereotactic frame. A portable iCT scanner (Medtronic O-arm) was positioned around the patient's head throughout the procedure and was used to confirm lead location before fixation of the lead to the skull. Images were computationally fused with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and lead tip coordinates with respect to the midpoint of the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line were measured. Tip coordinates were compared with those obtained from postoperative MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  iCT was integrated into standard frame-based microelectrode-guided DBS surgery with a minimal increase in surgical time or complexity. Technically adequate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional images were obtained in all cases. Head positioning and fixation techniques that allow unobstructed imaging are described. Lead tip measurements on iCT fused with preoperative MRI were statistically indistinguishable from those obtained with postoperative MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iCT can be easily incorporated into standard DBS surgery, replaces the need for C-arm fluoroscopy, and provides accurate intraoperative 3-dimensional confirmation of electrode tip locations relative to preoperative images and surgical plans. iCT fused to preoperative MRI may obviate the need for routine postoperative MRI in DBS surgery. Technical nuances that must be mastered for the efficient use of iCT during DBS implantation are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Care Center, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kiarash
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shahlaie
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Starr
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014851:Wakefulness