title: Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation induced by ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines.
abstract: Combustion of biomass and wood for residential heating and/or cooking contributes substantially to both ambient air and indoor levels of particulate matter (PM). Toxicological characterization of ambient air PM, especially related to traffic, is well advanced, whereas the toxicology of wood smoke PM (WSPM) is poorly assessed. We assessed a wide spectrum of toxicity end points in human A549 lung epithelial and THP-1 monocytic cell lines comparing WSPM from high or low oxygen combustion and ambient PM collected in a village with many operating wood stoves and from a rural background area. In both cell types, all extensively characterized PM samples (1.25-100 μg/mL) induced dose-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in terms of strand breaks and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase sites assessed by the comet assay with WSPM being most potent. The WSPM contained more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), less soluble metals, and expectedly also had a smaller particle size than PM collected from ambient air. All four types of PM combined increased the levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine dose-dependently in A549 cells, whereas there was no change in the levels of etheno-adducts or bulky DNA adducts. Furthermore, mRNA expression of the proinflammatory genes monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α as well as the oxidative stress gene heme oxygenase-1 was upregulated in the THP-1 cells especially by WSPM and ambient PM sampled from the wood stove area. Expression of oxoguanine glycosylase 1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1, and interleukin-6 did not change. We conclude that WSPM has small particle size, high level of PAH, low level of water-soluble metals, and produces high levels of free radicals, DNA damage as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress response gene expression in cultured human cells.
authors.affiliation: Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Pernille Høgh
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Danielsen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: Keld Alstrup
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Anoop Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bossi
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Autrup
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mølhave
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ravanat
authors.forename: Jacob Jan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Briedé
authors.forename: Theo Martinus
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: de Kok
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loft
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012906:Smoke