title: Intermittent (every-other-day) drinking induces rapid escalation of ethanol intake and preference in adolescent and adult C57BL/6J mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using adult C57BL/6J (B6) mice, we previously developed a procedure that causes a progressive increase in ethanol intake and preference (i.e., alcohol escalation effect) following weekly (intermittent) access to ethanol (Melendez et al., 2006). A limitation of this procedure is that it requires many weeks of testing, which limits its use to study ethanol escalation (i.e., binge-like drinking) during adolescence. Previous studies have shown that intermittent every-other-day (EOD) access to ethanol is sufficient to induce ethanol escalation in rats. The objective of this study was to verify whether EOD access is sufficient to induce escalated levels of ethanol intake and preference in adult and adolescent B6 mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male B6 mice received free-choice 24-hour access to 15% ethanol and water on an EOD or daily basis for 2 weeks. Food and water were available at all times. Using adult mice, Experiment 1 characterized the induction of ethanol escalation following EOD access at 6 (i.e., drinking in the dark) and 24-hour intervals, whereas Experiment 2 determined whether daily drinking reverses escalation induced by EOD drinking. Experiment 3 compared ethanol-drinking capacity following daily versus EOD drinking in adolescent (P30-45) and adult (P70-85) mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiment 1 revealed that EOD drinking leads to a significant (nearly 2-fold) increase in ethanol intake and preference over mice given daily access. Experiment 2 demonstrated that EOD-elicited escalation is blocked and subsequently reversed following daily drinking. Experiment 3 revealed that ethanol drinking was greater in adolescent mice compared with adults following daily drinking and EOD (escalated) drinking. Although the escalated levels of ethanol intake were greater in adolescent mice, the rate or onset of escalation was comparable between both age-groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to demonstrate that EOD drinking leads to escalation of ethanol intake and preference in adolescent and adult mice. Moreover, our results indicate that daily ethanol reverses ethanol escalation induced by intermittent drinking. The study also revealed that adolescent mice have a greater capacity to drink ethanol under both daily (controlled) and EOD (escalated) conditions, which further supports the notion of adolescent's susceptibility to heavy drinking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936. Roberto.Melendez2@upr.edu
authors.forename: Roberto I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Melendez
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013997:Time Factors