title: Unique functional status of natural killer cells in metastatic stage IV melanoma patients and its modulation by chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Immunotherapy is an alternative for metastatic melanoma patients resistant to chemotherapy. Natural killer (NK) cells are powerful antileukemia effectors and their role in solid tumors is suspected. NK cell activation is regulated by a balance between activating receptors, which detect stress molecules on tumor cells, and HLA-I specific inhibitory receptors. Here, we studied the phenotype and function of NK cells in stage IV metastatic melanoma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Circulating NK cells from 35 healthy donors and 51 patients were studied: 24 patients before chemotherapy (prechemotherapy), 17 patients 1 month after 1 to 4 lines of chemotherapy (postchemotherapy), and 10 patients analyzed pre- and postchemotherapy. NK functionality was carried out toward 2 primary metastatic melanoma cell lines, analyzed for the expression of NK receptor ligands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NK cells from prechemotherapy patients exhibit an NKp46(dim)/NKG2A(dim) phenotype. In contrast, NK cells from postchemotherapy patients display high expression of NKp46 and NKG2A receptors. Purified NK cells from patients are efficiently activated in response to melanoma cells. Melanoma cells express different level of NKG2D ligands and HLA-I molecules. In agreements with their phenotype, NK cells from pre- and postchemotherapy patients present distinct functional status toward these primary melanoma cells. A dynamic label free assay was used to determine the pathways involved in the lysis of melanoma cells by IL-2-activated NK cells. NKG2D, NCR (natural cytotoxicity receptor), and DNAM-1 are involved in the NK-mediated lysis of melanoma cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide new arguments and clues to design NK cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies for melanoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perier
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pittari
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobelli
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sastre
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gervois
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allard
authors.forename: Nadège
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bercovici
authors.forename: Marie Françoise
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Avril
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caignard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult