title: Hallmarks in colorectal cancer surgery.
abstract: Starting from the first attempts of artificial anus creation to the successful excision of the rectum for cancer, the lumbar colostomy and the creation of caecostomy and ileostomy, we present the major hallmarks in the history of colorectal cancer surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of History of Medicine, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karamanou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsaggas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skarpas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gkeneralis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Androutsos
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D003107:Colorectal Surgery / Q000266:history*; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D011173:Portraits as Topic