title: Hydroxychloroquine: from malaria to autoimmunity.
abstract: Quinine was first recognized as a potent antimalarial agent hundreds of years ago. Since then, the beneficial effects of quinine and its more advanced synthetic forms, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, have been increasingly recognized in a myriad of other diseases in addition to malaria. In recent years, antimalarials were shown to have various immunomodulatory effects, and currently have an established role in the management of rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, skin diseases, and in the treatment of chronic Q fever. Lately, additional metabolic, cardiovascular, antithrombotic, and antineoplastic effects of antimalarials were shown. In this review, we discuss the known various immunomodulatory mechanisms of antimalarials and the current evidence for their beneficial effects in various diseases and in potential novel applications.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases and Department of Internal Medicine F, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ben-Zvi
authors.forename: Shaye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kivity
authors.forename: Pnina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langevitz
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000187:drug effects; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000187:drug effects; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D016207:Cytokines; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine