title: [Screening for K-ras mutations in colorectal and lung cancers by using a novel real-time PCR with ADx-K-ras kit and Sanger DNA sequencing].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to map out the frequency and types of K-ras gene mutations present in colorectal and lung cancer patients; to evaluate the clinical applicability of a novel real-time double-loop probe PCR using the ADx-K-ras kit, and to compare its performance with the result by using traditional Sanger DNA sequencing in detection of somatic mutations of the tumor genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  a total of 827 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks including 583 from the colorectal and 244 from the lung cancer patients were assayed. Genomic DNA of the sample tissues was extracted, purified and subjected to PCR amplification of K-ras gene codon 12 and 13 and DNA sequencing was carried on using both the traditional Sanger sequencing method and the ADx's K-ras mutation detection kit, respectively. The mutation rates for K-ras gene at codon 12 and 13, and the mutation frequencies detected by using both methods were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  533 out of 583 (91.4%) colorectal cancer samples and 144 out of 244 lung cancer samples (59.0%) were detected using the traditional Sanger DNA sequencing technique, and 583 out of 583 (100.0%) colorectal plus 244 out of 244(100.0%) lung cancers were detected, respectively by using the ADx-K-ras kit. Of the 583 colorectal cancer samples, 192 (32.9%) showed mutations by using the ADx-K-ras kit in comparing with a result of 160 samples (27.4%) with K-ras gene mutation by using the traditional Sanger DNA sequencing technique. Of the 244 lung cancer samples, 26 (10.7%) showed K-ras gene mutations by using ADx-K-ras kit, while in 144 samples detected by using the traditional Sanger DNA sequencing technique, only 12 samples (8.3%) showed K-ras gene mutations. In colorectal cancer analyzed, GGT→GAT at codon 12 was the most common event with 35.1% (66/188) mutations, followed by GGC→GAC at codon 13 with 26.6% (50/188) and GGT→GTT at codon 12 with 18.6% (35/188), while GGT→GCT at codon12 was the most rare with only 1.6% (3/188) of the total mutation cases. In patients with lung cancer analyzed, GGT→GTT at codon 12 was the most common mutation, accounting for 40.9% (9/22), and GGT→GCT at codon 12 the most rare with only about 4.5% (1/22) of the total mutation cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  K-ras gene mutations were present in colorectal cases, and significantly more frequent than that in lung cancer. There were significant statistical differences between the two methods. ADx-K-ras real-time PCR showed much higher successful detection rates and mutation ratios compared to Sanger sequencing. As a result, the real-time PCR with ADx-K-ras kit proves to have a good clinical applicability and a strong advantage over the traditional Sanger DNA sequencing. It is a effective and reliable tool for clinical screening of somatic gene mutations in tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China. zhp3398@163.com
authors.forename: Hai-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Pei-Qiong
authors.initials: PQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yun-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Tian-Hai
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Li-Mou
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods