title: Biofortification of soybean meal: immunological properties of the 27 kDa γ-zein.
abstract: Legumes, including soybeans ( Glycine max ), are deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids, which are required for the optimal growth of monogastric animals. This deficiency can be overcome by expressing heterologous proteins rich in sulfur-containing amino acids in soybean seeds. A maize 27 kDa γ-zein, a cysteine-rich protein, has been successfully expressed in several crops including soybean, barley, and alfalfa with the intent to biofortify these crops for animal feed. Previous work has shown that the maize 27 kDa zein can withstand digestion by pepsin and elicit an immunogenic response in young pigs. By use of sera from patients who tested positive by ImmunoCAP assay for elevated IgE to maize proteins, specific IgE binding to the 27 kDa γ-zein is demonstrated. Bioinformatic analysis using the full-length and 80 amino acid sliding window FASTA searches identified significant sequence homology of the 27 kDa γ-zein with several known allergens. Immunoblot analysis using human serum that cross-reacts with maize seed proteins also revealed specific IgE-binding to the 27 kDa γ-zein in soybean seed protein extracts containing the 27 kDa zein. This study demonstrates for the first time the allergenicity potential of the 27 kDa γ-zein and the potential that this protein has to limit livestock performance when used in soybeans that serve as a biofortified feed supplement.
authors.affiliation: Plant Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States. Hari.Krishnan@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Hari B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Sungchan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Won-Seok
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Monty S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kerley
authors.forename: Melvin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Harold N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Trick
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000603:Amino Acids, Sulfur / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology; D005527:Food, Fortified; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000737:chemistry*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D045730:Soy Foods / Q000032:analysis*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D013552:Swine / Q000276:immunology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D015028:Zein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D000603:Amino Acids, Sulfur; D007106:Immune Sera; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D015028:Zein