title: Respiratory events and obstructive sleep apnea in children with achondroplasia: investigation and treatment outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report aspects of sleep-disordered breathing in a cohort of achondroplastic children who attended our hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted for a 15-year period to further evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children with achondroplasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A review of the medical records was undertaken for 46 children (63%, mean age 3.9 years) with achondroplasia that had overnight polysomnography. Among them, 25 (54.3%) had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). For 19 out of 46 patients (follow-up rate, 41.3%) with a mean follow-up of 31.3 months (range, 3 month to 11 years), 13 had undergone adenotonsillectomy, while nine were treated with continuous positive airway pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prospective evaluation of our clinic population confirms a high incidence of SDB in achondroplastic children. OSA has been linked to raise intracranial pressure as well as neurocognitive deficits in children and we hypothesize that associations between neurological and respiratory abnormalities in this disorder are a consequence of the early onset of associated respiratory, rather than the neurological complications.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Afsharpaiman
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Sillence
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheikhvatan
authors.forename: Jenny E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ault
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waters
mesh_terms: D000130:Achondroplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome