title: Effect of cooking on concentrations of β-estradiol and metabolites in model matrices and beef.
abstract: Because beef food products are generally cooked prior to consumption, the behavior of chemicals in these cooked foods is important in estimating human exposure. The heat stability of the natural estrogen β-estradiol (β-E2) and its metabolites α-estradiol (α-E2), estrone (E1), and several catechol estrogens was examined in heated vegetable oil and aqueous solutions. The chemicals were also incorporated into regular and extra lean ground beef and subjected to cooking. E1 and E2 were stable in aqueous solutions at 100°C, whereas the catechol estrogens exhibited first-order decay curves with half-lives of 2-10 min. Their stability improved to the same level as the other test chemicals when an antioxidant was added to the solution, suggesting that their disappearance was due to oxidation rather than thermal degradation. E1 and E2 were also stable in heated vegetable oil (160-180°C), whereas catechol estrogen decreased 30-50% over the 2 h duration of the experiments. Chemical losses from cooked beef appear to be related to the fat content of the beef, with greater losses occurring in regular ground beef (25-30%), compared to extra lean ground beef (5-20%). This study shows that cooking reduces but does not eliminate the potential for dietary exposure to growth promoters in ground beef.
authors.affiliation: Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. braekevelt@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Braekevelt
authors.forename: Benjamin P Y
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tague
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tittlemier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004355:Drug Stability; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004970:Estrone / Q000032:analysis; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D010938:Plant Oils; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D004970:Estrone; D004958:Estradiol