title: Stir membrane liquid-liquid microextraction.
abstract: In this article, a novel liquid phase microextraction technique, called stir membrane liquid-liquid microextraction (SM-LLME), is presented. The new approach combines the advantages of liquid phase microextraction and stirring in the same unit allowing the isolation and preconcentration of the analytes in a simple and efficient way. In the construction of the unit, a polymeric membrane is employed to protect the small volume of the extractant phase. The extraction technique is characterized for the resolution of a model analytical problem: the determination of five selected chlorophenols in water. A two-phase extraction mode is used for the extraction of the analytes with an organic solvent in which an in situ derivatization reaction takes place. The analytes are finally analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. All the variables involved in the extraction process have been clearly identified and optimized. The new extraction mode allows the determination of chlorophenols with limits of detection in the range from 14.8 ng/L (for 2,4,5-trichlorophenol) to 22.9 ng/L (for 3-chlorophenol) with a relative standard deviation lower than 8.7% (for 2,6-dichlorophenol).
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alcudia-León
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lucena
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cárdenas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valcárcel
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002733:Chlorophenols; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D014050:Toluene; C047270:N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide; C007650:ethyl acetate