title: Amniotic fluid interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6, but not interleukin-8 correlate with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in preterm labor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the frequency of intra-amniotic infection in preterm labor (PL) with women not in labor, and correlated infection with amniotic fluid (AF) cytokines. Detailed identification of species, especially mycoplasmata, was tried to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of PL.
  
  
  METHODS
  AF from 20 women with PL and 20 controls were evaluated. Infection was detected by PCR for Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and 16S rRNA bacterial gene, which was cloned and sequenced for bacterial identification. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequency of intra-amniotic infection is higher in PL (40.0%). Sequencing-based method identified Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella bivia and Leptotrichia amnionii, in addition to Mycoplasma species detected by PCR. AF infection correlated with increased IL-1β and IL-6 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of intra-amniotic infection, especially M. hominis, in PL women who delivered with 7 days, is high and correlates with high IL-1β and IL-6 levels, but not IL-8.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marconi
authors.forename: Bruna Ribeiro
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: de Andrade Ramos
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Peraçoli
authors.forename: Gilbert G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Donders
authors.forename: Márcia Guimarães
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006089:Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D019535:Mycoplasma hominis / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016869:Ureaplasma Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D016990:Ureaplasma urealyticum / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha