title: Metabolic pathway engineering based on metabolomics confers acetic and formic acid tolerance to a recombinant xylose-fermenting strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of novel yeast strains with increased tolerance toward inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolysates is highly desirable for the production of bio-ethanol. Weak organic acids such as acetic and formic acids are necessarily released during the pretreatment (i.e. solubilization and hydrolysis) of lignocelluloses, which negatively affect microbial growth and ethanol production. However, since the mode of toxicity is complicated, genetic engineering strategies addressing yeast tolerance to weak organic acids have been rare. Thus, enhanced basic research is expected to identify target genes for improved weak acid tolerance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, the effect of acetic acid on xylose fermentation was analyzed by examining metabolite profiles in a recombinant xylose-fermenting strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metabolome analysis revealed that metabolites involved in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) [e.g. sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate] were significantly accumulated by the addition of acetate, indicating the possibility that acetic acid slows down the flux of the pathway. Accordingly, a gene encoding a PPP-related enzyme, transaldolase or transketolase, was overexpressed in the xylose-fermenting yeast, which successfully conferred increased ethanol productivity in the presence of acetic and formic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our metabolomic approach revealed one of the molecular events underlying the response to acetic acid and focuses attention on the non-oxidative PPP as a target for metabolic engineering. An important challenge for metabolic engineering is identification of gene targets that have material importance. This study has demonstrated that metabolomics is a powerful tool to develop rational strategies to confer tolerance to stress through genetic engineering.
authors.affiliation: Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasunuma
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanda
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005561:Formates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014153:Transaldolase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014174:Transketolase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014994:Xylose / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005561:Formates; C030544:formic acid; D000431:Ethanol; D014994:Xylose; D014174:Transketolase; D014153:Transaldolase; D019342:Acetic Acid