title: Oxygenation state and twilight vision at 2438 m.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Under twilight viewing conditions, hypoxia, equivalent to breathing air at 3048 m (10,000 ft), compromises low contrast acuity, dynamic contrast sensitivity, and chromatic sensitivity. Selected past experiments have been repeated under milder hypoxia, equivalent to altitude exposure below 2438 m (8000 ft), to further define the influence of oxygenation state on mesopic vision.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess photopic and mesopic visual function, 12 subjects each undertook three experiments using the Contrast Acuity Assessment test, the Frequency Doubling Perimeter, and the Color Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test. Experiments were conducted near sea level breathing 15.2% oxygen (balance nitrogen) and 100% oxygen, representing mild hypobaric hypoxia at 2438 m (8000 ft) and the benefit of supplementary oxygen, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxygenation state was a statistically significant determinant of visual performance on all three visual parameters at mesopic, but not photopic, luminance. Mesopic sensitivity was greater with supplementary oxygen, but the magnitude of each hypoxic decrement was slight. Hypoxia elevated mesopic contrast acuity thresholds by approximately 4%; decreased mesopic dynamic contrast sensitivity by approximately 2 dB; and extended mean color ellipse axis length by approximately one CAD unit at mesopic luminance (that is, hypoxia decreased chromatic sensitivity).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that twilight vision may be susceptible to conditions of altered oxygenation at upper-to-mid mesopic luminance with relevance to contemporary night flying, including using night vision devices. Supplementary oxygen should be considered when optimal visual performance is mission-critical during flight above 2438 m (8000 ft) in dim light.
authors.affiliation: QinetiQ, Farnborough, Hampshire, UK. dmconnolly@qinetiq.com
authors.forename: Desmond M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D055253:Color Vision / Q000502:physiology; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D055255:Mesopic Vision / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen