title: Biomechanical advantage of the index-level pedicle screw in unstable thoracolumbar junction fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unstable fractures at the thoracolumbar junction often require extended, posterior, segmental pedicular fixation. Some surgeons have reported good clinical outcomes with short-segment constructs if additional pedicle screws are inserted at the fractured level. The goal of this study was to quantify the biomechanical advantage of the index-level screw in a fracture model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six human cadaveric T10-L4 specimens were tested. A 3-column injury at L-1 was simulated, and 4 posterior constructs were tested as follows: one-above-one-below (short construct) with/without index-level screws, and two-above-two-below (long construct) with/without index-level screws. Pure moments were applied quasistatically while 3D motion was measured optoelectronically. The range of motion (ROM) and lax zone across T12-L2 were measured during flexion, extension, left and right lateral bending, and left and right axial rotation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All constructs significantly reduced the ROM and lax zone in the fractured specimens. With or without index-level screws, the long-segment constructs provided better immobilization than the short-segment constructs during all loading modes. Adding an index-level screw to the short-segment construct significantly improved stability during flexion and lateral bending; there was no significant improvement in stability when an index-level screw was added to the long-segment construct. Overall, bilateral index-level screws decreased the ROM of the 1-level construct by 25% but decreased the ROM of the 2-level construct by only 3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a fracture model, adding index-level pedicle screws to short-segment constructs improves stability, although stability remains less than that provided by long-segment constructs with or without index-level pedicle screws. Therefore, highly unstable fractures likely require extended, long-segment constructs for optimum stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Baaj
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Ali S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yaqoobi
authors.forename: Juan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: Fernando L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Theodore
authors.forename: Volker K H
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sonntag
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Crawford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult