title: The role of ionic release from NovaMin (calcium sodium phosphosilicate) in tubule occlusion: an exploratory in vitro study using radio-labeled isotopes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this work was to develop a method of quantifying the levels and source of calcium and phosphate deposited on dental hard tissue from a novel calcium phosphosilicate (NovaMin) material using neutron activation analysis (NAA). A second objective was to explore the utility of radiotracing to determine dentin porosity following exposure to calcium phosphosilicate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neutron activation was used to create isotopes of Ca and P in the calcium phosphosilicate particles. Gamma radiation emitted from these isotopes was used to identify and measure their uptake (concentration) onto dental hard tissue. Three experiments were conducted to explore calcium and phosphate uptake to dental hard tissue: 1) a dose response to quantify the relative levels of calcium and phosphate deposited on dental hard tissue as a function of calcium phosphosilicate dose; 2) the effect of calcium phosphosilicate particle size on the relative levels of calcium and phosphate uptake; and 3) the permeability of calcium phosphosilicate-treated dentin by employing the radiotracer technetium. For all experiments, extracted bovine incisors were employed as the test substrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate there is a strong dose relationship between the wt% and particle size of calcium phosphosilicate in the dentifrice formulation and new Ca and P deposition. At above 5.0 wt% calcium phosphosilicate, there appears to be an exponential increase in the number of counts from the tooth surface. Finer particle size calcium phosphosilicate appears to deposit much higher levels of Ca and P than the larger range of particle sizes. The results from the technetium study show that when treated with the dentifrice slurry containing calcium phosphosilicate, dentin shows only a slight amount of technetium infiltration, indicating a lowering of dentin permeability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This exploratory study has demonstrated that NAA and the use of radio isotopes have utility in monitoring the uptake of Ca and P into both dentin and enamel tooth structure. The data generated from these studies have shown that there is a dose dependence and particle size effect for calcium phosphosilicate on the deposition of calcium and phosphate to dental hard tissue.
authors.affiliation: NovaMin Technology Inc., Alachua, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: LaTorre
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Greenspan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003804:Dentin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D057133:Dentin Desensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003806:Dentin Permeability; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005898:Glass; D009501:Neutron Activation Analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D010761:Phosphorus Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D016062:Porosity; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017640:Silicates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013669:Technetium Tc 99m Medronate
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes; D003802:Dentifrices; D057133:Dentin Desensitizing Agents; C510984:NovaMin; D010761:Phosphorus Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017640:Silicates; D013669:Technetium Tc 99m Medronate