title: Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system.
abstract: Microbial infection initiates complex interactions between the pathogen and the host. Pathogens express several signature molecules, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are essential for survival and pathogenicity. PAMPs are sensed by evolutionarily conserved, germline-encoded host sensors known as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Recognition of PAMPs by PRRs rapidly triggers an array of anti-microbial immune responses through the induction of various inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and type I interferons. These responses also initiate the development of pathogen-specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity through B and T lymphocytes. Several families of PRRs, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and DNA receptors (cytosolic sensors for DNA), are known to play a crucial role in host defense. In this review, we comprehensively review the recent progress in the field of PAMP recognition by PRRs and the signaling pathways activated by PRRs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka, Japan. hkumar@iiserbhopal.ac.in
authors.forename: Himanshu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016782:Apicomplexa; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D001419:Bacteria; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005658:Fungi; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D016207:Cytokines; C033365:DNA receptor; D058847:Inflammasomes; D007370:Interferon Type I; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors