title: SaniTwice: a novel approach to hand hygiene for reducing bacterial contamination on hands when soap and water are unavailable.
abstract: The risk of inadequate hand hygiene in food handling settings is exacerbated when water is limited or unavailable, thereby making washing with soap and water difficult. The SaniTwice method involves application of excess alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS), hand "washing" for 15 s, and thorough cleaning with paper towels while hands are still wet, followed by a standard application of ABHS. This study investigated the effectiveness of the SaniTwice methodology as an alternative to hand washing for cleaning and removal of microorganisms. On hands moderately soiled with beef broth containing Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), washing with a nonantimicrobial hand washing product achieved a 2.86 (±0.64)-log reduction in microbial contamination compared with the baseline, whereas the SaniTwice method with 62 % ethanol (EtOH) gel, 62 % EtOH foam, and 70 % EtOH advanced formula gel achieved reductions of 2.64 ± 0.89, 3.64 ± 0.57, and 4.61 ± 0.33 log units, respectively. When hands were heavily soiled from handling raw hamburger containing E. coli, washing with nonantimicrobial hand washing product and antimicrobial hand washing product achieved reductions of 2.65 ± 0.33 and 2.69 ± 0.32 log units, respectively, whereas SaniTwice with 62 % EtOH foam, 70 % EtOH gel, and 70 % EtOH advanced formula gel achieved reductions of 2.87 ± 0.42, 2.99 ± 0.51, and 3.92 ± 0.65 log units, respectively. These results clearly demonstrate that the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of the SaniTwice regimen with various ABHS is equivalent to or exceeds that of the standard hand washing approach as specified in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Code. Implementation of the SaniTwice regimen in food handling settings with limited water availability should significantly reduce the risk of foodborne infections resulting from inadequate hand hygiene.
authors.affiliation: GOJO Industries, Inc., P.O. Box 991, Akron, Ohio 44309, USA. edmondss@gojo.com
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Edmonds
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Macinga
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fricker
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Arbogast
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dolan
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012915:Soaps / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D012915:Soaps; D000431:Ethanol