title: Defining gender disparities in pain management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevalence rates of most musculoskeletal pain conditions are higher among women than men. Reasons for these prevalence disparities likely include sex differences in basic pain mechanisms and gender differences in psychosocial factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this review were to (1) identify reasons for differences in pain prevalence between men and women, (2) assess whether musculoskeletal pain conditions are differently treated in men and women, and (3) identify reasons for sex/gender disparities in pain treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was conducted using the terms "pain" or "musculoskeletal pain" and "gender differences" or "sex differences" with "health care," "health services," and "physician, attitude." Articles judged relevant were selected for inclusion. WHERE ARE WE NOW?: Higher pain prevalence in women is consistently observed but not well understood. The relative contributions of sex differences in pain mechanisms and gender differences in psychosocial factors (eg, coping, social roles) to explaining differences in prevalence are not yet clear. Gender disparities in the amount of healthcare use for pain may be partially explained by the experience of higher-intensity pain in women. Pain intensity also seems to be a major factor influencing treatment, especially the prescription of medications for acute pain. However, clinicians' gender stereotypes, as well as the clinician's own gender, appear to influence diagnostic and treatment decisions for more persistent pain problems. WHERE DO WE NEED TO GO?: The ultimate goal is optimal pain control for each individual, with gender being one difference between individuals. HOW DO WE GET THERE?: Further research is needed to address all three major purposes, with particular attention to whether gender-specific pain treatment may sometimes be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356370, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. leresche@uw.edu
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leresche
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008571:Men; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D059408:Pain Management; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D010820:Physicians; D015995:Prevalence; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D014930:Women; D016387:Women's Health