title: Male breast cancer.
abstract: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease. However, as global populace ages, there is a trend to MBC increasing. Although aetiology is still unclear, constitutional, environmental, hormonal (abnormalities in estrogen/androgen balance) and genetic (positive family history, Klinefelter syndrome, mutations in BRCA1 and specially BRCA2) risk factors are already known. Clinic manifestation is painless hard and fixed nodule in the subareolar region in 75% of cases, with nipple commitment earlier than in women. Breast cancer has similar prognostic factors in males and females, among which axillary adenopathy (present in 40-55% cases) is the most important one. Although mammography, ultrasonography and scintigraphy can be useful tools in diagnosis; clinical assessment, along with a confirmatory biopsy, remains the main step in the evaluation of men with breast lesions. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is the most frequent histological type. The established standard of care is modified radical mastectomy followed by tamoxifen for endocrine-responsive positive disease, although other options are being explored. While similarities between breast cancer in males and females exist, it is not appropriate to extrapolate data from female disease to the treatment of male. There is a need for specific multi-institutional trials to better understanding of clinicopathologic features and establishment of optimal therapy for this disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, Division of Urologic Oncology, Discipline of Urology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo Oliveira
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Fernando Gf
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Marcos As
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Ubirajara
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors