title: γH2AX foci as a measure of DNA damage: a computational approach to automatic analysis.
abstract: The γH2AX focus assay represents a fast and sensitive approach for the detection of one of the critical types of DNA damage - double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by various cytotoxic agents including ionising radiation. Apart from research applications, the assay has a potential in clinical medicine/pathology, such as assessment of individual radiosensitivity, response to cancer therapies, as well as in biodosimetry. Given that generally there is a direct relationship between numbers of microscopically visualised γH2AX foci and DNA DSB in a cell, the number of foci per nucleus represents the most efficient and informative parameter of the assay. Although computational approaches have been developed for automatic focus counting, the tedious and time consuming manual focus counting still remains the most reliable way due to limitations of computational approaches. We suggest a computational approach and associated software for automatic focus counting that minimises these limitations. Our approach, while using standard image processing algorithms, maximises the automation of identification of nuclei/cells in complex images, offers an efficient way to optimise parameters used in the image analysis and counting procedures, optionally invokes additional procedures to deal with variations in intensity of the signal and background in individual images, and provides automatic batch processing of a series of images. We report results of validation studies that demonstrated correlation of manual focus counting with results obtained using our computational algorithm for mouse jejunum touch prints, mouse tongue sections and human blood lymphocytes as well as radiation dose response of γH2AX focus induction for these biological specimens.
authors.affiliation: Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
authors.forename: Alesia N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Ivashkevich
authors.forename: Olga A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Christophe E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Redon
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Bonner
authors.forename: Roger F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Pavel N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Lobachevsky
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D004249:DNA Damage; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006657:Histones / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007583:Jejunum / Q000528:radiation effects; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D014059:Tongue / Q000528:radiation effects; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic
chemical_list: C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones