title: Inland post-glacial dispersal in East Asia revealed by mitochondrial haplogroup M9a'b.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Archaeological studies have revealed a series of cultural changes around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Asia; whether these changes left any signatures in the gene pool of East Asians remains poorly indicated. To achieve deeper insights into the demographic history of modern humans in East Asia around the Last Glacial Maximum, we extensively analyzed mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M9a'b, a specific haplogroup that was suggested to have some potential for tracing the migration around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Eurasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 837 M9a'b mitochondrial DNAs (583 from the literature, while the remaining 254 were newly collected in this study) pinpointed from over 28,000 subjects residing across East Eurasia were studied here. Fifty-nine representative samples were further selected for total mitochondrial DNA sequencing so we could better understand the phylogeny within M9a'b. Based on the updated phylogeny, an extensive phylogeographic analysis was carried out to reveal the differentiation of haplogroup M9a'b and to reconstruct the dispersal histories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicated that southern China and/or Southeast Asia likely served as the source of some post-Last Glacial Maximum dispersal(s). The detailed dissection of haplogroup M9a'b revealed the existence of an inland dispersal in mainland East Asia during the post-glacial period. It was this dispersal that expanded not only to western China but also to northeast India and the south Himalaya region. A similar phylogeographic distribution pattern was also observed for haplogroup F1c, thus substantiating our proposition. This inland post-glacial dispersal was in agreement with the spread of the Mesolithic culture originating in South China and northern Vietnam.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Min-Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Malliya Gounder
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Palanichamy
authors.forename: Yong-Gang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Bikash
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Yao-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Mian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hua-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Wen-Zhi
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A-Mei
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tapas Kumar
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Qing-Peng
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial