title: The control of marine biofouling on xerogel surfaces with nanometer-scale topography.
abstract: Mixtures of n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane (C18, 1-5 mole-%), n-octyltriethoxysilane (C8) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) gave xerogel surfaces of varying topography. The 1:49:50 C18/C8/TEOS xerogel formed 100-400-nm-wide, 2-7-nm deep pores by AFM while coatings with ≥3% C18 were free of such features. Segregation of the coating into alkane-rich and alkane-deficient regions in the 1:49:50 C18/C8/TEOS xerogel was observed by IR microscopy. Immersion in ASW for 48 h gave no statistical difference in surface energy for the 1:49:50 C18/C8/TEOS xerogel and a significant increase for the 50:50 C8/TEOS xerogel. Settlement of barnacle cyprids and removal of juvenile barnacles, settlement of zoospores of the alga Ulva linza, and strength of attachment of 7-day sporelings were compared amongst the xerogel formulations. Settlement of barnacle cyprids was significantly lower in comparison to glass and polystyrene standards. The 1:49:50 and 3:47:50 C18/C8/TEOS xerogels were comparable to PDMSE with respect to removal of juvenile barnacles and sporeling biomass, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gunari
authors.forename: Lenora H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Anastasiya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sokolova
authors.forename: Nadine D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Kraut
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Gilbert C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Dean E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Maureen E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Callow
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Callow
authors.forename: Frank V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Bright
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Detty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005782:Gels; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D049329:Nanostructures; D012623:Seawater; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D001468:Thoracica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D044445:Ulva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D012821:Silanes