title: Presbyopia and near-vision impairment in rural northern China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Presbyopia limits activities of daily living, but population-based data from rural China are scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009 among all persons aged 40+ years in a rural area near Shenyang, China. Distance and near VA were measured using logMAR E charts. Individuals with pinhole-corrected distance vision ≥20/63 underwent detailed eye examination and near refraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1008 (91.5%) respondents were examined (mean age, 58.4 ± 10.7 years for men, 56.8 ± 9.89 years for women). Women and older subjects were more likely to participate. The prevalence of functional presbyopia (near vision <20/50 [N8] improved by ≥1 line with correction) was 67.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64.30%-70.09%), increasing from 27.6% at 40 to 49 years of age to 81.8% at 60 to 69 years. Multivariate analysis showed that older age (P < 0.001), but not gender or education, was significantly associated with a higher risk of presbyopia. Self-reported presbyopic spectacle correction coverage was 51.5%. In multivariate logistic regression models, worse presenting near vision (P = 0.013) and higher required spherical equivalent power (P < 0.001) were associated with having correction, while age, gender, education, and distance vision were unassociated. Major barriers reported by persons without near correction included poor quality of available glasses (33.1%) and lack of awareness of the condition and its treatment (28.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presbyopia is highly prevalent in rural China, and nearly half of affected persons have no access to correction. Interventions should focus on education and improvement in the quality of refractive services.
authors.affiliation: Shenyang He Eye Hospital, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Gudlavalleti V S
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Xiangdong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Congdon
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011305:Presbyopia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*