title: The categories of evidence relating to the hypothesis that mammalian sex ratios at birth are causally related to the hormone concentrations of both parents around the time of conception.
abstract: This note categorizes the evidence for the hypothesis that mammalian offspring sex ratios (proportions male) are causally related to the hormone levels of both parents around the time of conception. Most of the evidence may be acknowledged to be correlational and observational. As such it might be suspected of having been selected; or of having been subject to other forms of bias or confounding; or, at any rate, of being inadequate as a firm basis for causal inference. However, there are other types of evidence that are not vulnerable to these types of criticism. These are from the following sources: (1) previously neglected data from Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia; (2) fulfilled predictions; (3) genetics; and (4) a network of logically (mathematically) related propositions, for some of which there is overwhelming empirical evidence. It is suggested that this variety of evidence confers greater overall credibility on the hypothesis than would be the case if all the evidence were of the same observational/correlational status. This observational/correlational evidence is tabulated to illustrate its consistency.
authors.affiliation: The Galton Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D005858:Germany; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D028683:National Socialism / Q000266:history; D019849:Sex Determination Processes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012744:Sex Ratio; D014586:USSR
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones