title: Implantable intravascular defibrillator: evaluation of defibrillation waveforms with inferior vena cava electrode system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A percutaneously placed, totally intravascular defibrillator has been developed that shocks via a right ventricular (RV) single-coil and titanium electrodes in the superior vena cava (SVC) and the inferior vena cava (IVC). This study evaluated the defibrillation threshold (DFT) with this electrode configuration to determine the effect of different biphasic waveform tilts and second-phase durations as well as the contribution of the IVC electrode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight Bluetick hounds (wt = 30-40 kg) were anesthetized and the RV coil (first-phase anode) was placed in the RV apex. The intravascular defibrillator (PICD®, Model no. IIDM-G, InnerPulse Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA) was positioned such that the titanium electrodes were in the SVC and IVC . Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced and a Bayesian up-down technique was employed to determine DFT with two configurations: RV to SVC + IVC and RV to SVC. Three waveform tilts (65%, 50%, and 42%) and two second-phase durations (equal to the first phase [balanced] and truncated at 3 ms [unbalanced]) were randomly tested. The source capacitance of the defibrillator was 120 μF for all waveforms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DFT with the IVC electrode was significantly lower than without the IVC electrode for all waveforms tested (527 ± 9.3 V [standard error], 14.5 J vs 591 ± 7.4 V, 18.5 J, P < 0.001). Neither waveform tilt nor second-phase duration significantly changed the DFT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In canines, a totally intravascular implantable defibrillator with electrodes in the RV apex, SVC, and IVC had a DFT similar to that of standard nonthoracotomy lead systems. No significant effect was noted with changes in tilt or with balanced or unbalanced waveforms.
authors.affiliation: InnerPulse Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27703, USA. gsanders@innerpulse.com
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malkin
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Richey
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.forename: Terrance J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ransbury
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Urtz
authors.forename: Raymond E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ideker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004285:Dogs; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014025:Titanium; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium