title: Vapyrin, a gene essential for intracellular progression of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, is also essential for infection by rhizobia in the nodule symbiosis of Medicago truncatula.
abstract: Intracellular invasion of root cells is required for the establishment of successful endosymbioses in legumes of both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobial bacteria. In both interactions a requirement for successful entry is the activation of a common signalling pathway that includes five genes required to generate calcium oscillations and two genes required for the perception of the calcium response. Recently, it has been discovered that in Medicago truncatula, the Vapyrin (VPY) gene is essential for the establishment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we show by analyses of mutants that the same gene is also required for rhizobial colonization and nodulation. VPY encodes a protein featuring a Major Sperm Protein domain, typically featured on proteins involved in membrane trafficking and biogenesis, and a series of ankyrin repeats. Plants mutated in this gene have abnormal rhizobial infection threads and fewer nodules, and in the case of interactions with AM fungi, epidermal penetration defects and aborted arbuscule formation. Calcium spiking in root hairs in response to supplied Nod factors is intact in the vpy-1 mutant. This, and the elevation of VPY transcripts upon application of Nod factors which we show to be dependent on NFP, DMI1, and DMI3, indicates that VPY acts downstream of the common signalling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: RajaSekhara Reddy Duvvuru
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Muni
authors.forename: Ivone
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Torres-Jerez
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andriankaja
authors.forename: Guangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ashverya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laxmi
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jiangqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schultze
authors.forename: Jongho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.forename: Giles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oldroyd
authors.forename: Million
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tadege
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ratet
authors.forename: Kirankumar S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Mysore
authors.forename: Rujin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Udvardi
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D055137:Glomeromycota / Q000502:physiology; D046913:Medicago truncatula / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D055170:Plant Root Nodulation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D034622:RNA Interference; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016962:Sinorhizobium meliloti / Q000502:physiology; D013559:Symbiosis; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins