title: Comparative efficacy of seven hand sanitizers against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and GII.4 norovirus.
abstract: Contaminated hands or inanimate surfaces can act as a source of infection during outbreaks of human norovirus infection. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of seven hand sanitizers containing various active ingredients, such as ethanol, triclosan, and chlorhexidine, and compared their effectiveness against feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), and a GII.4 norovirus fecal extract. We also tested the efficacy of 50, 70, and 90% of ethanol and isopropanol. Reduction of viral infectivity was measured by plaque assay, and the number of genomic copies was determined with a TaqMan real-time reverse transcription PCR assay. Based on the results of a quantitative suspension test, only one ethanol-based product (72% ethanol, pH 2.9) and one triclosan-based product (0.1% triclosan, pH 3.0) reduced the infectivity of both MNV and FCV (by >2.6 and ≥3.4 log units, respectively). Four of the seven products were effective against either MNV or FCV, whereas chlorhexidine was ineffective against both viruses. For these hand sanitizers, no correlation was found between reduced infectivity and decline of viral RNA. Ethanol and isopropanol concentrations ≥70% reduced the infectivity of MNV by ≥2.6 log units, whereas 50 and 70% ethanol reduced the infectivity of FCV by ≥2.2 log units after exposure for 5 min. The susceptibility of FCV to low pH and the relative high susceptibility of MNV to alcohols suggest that both surrogate viruses should be considered for in vitro testing of hand sanitizers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. fyt8@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Geun Woo
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macinga
authors.forename: Duane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Charbonneau
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pettigrew
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinjé
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000187:drug effects*; D002415:Cats; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051379:Mice; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D000431:Ethanol