title: Frpm artificial individuals to global patterns.
abstract: Artificial Life is a model of biological systems that describes lives archived by computer simulation, chemical substrates or any other non-biological substrates. Artificial Life simulation adopts a bottom-up approach in which behavior of lower-level entities (e.g. molecules, cells and individuals) is all that is programed; global patterns (e.g. evolutionary patterns observed at the level of the population and the community) can emerge as a result of interaction among lower-level entities. Artificial Life simulations will be used not only to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses explaining real organisms but also to show the validity of general theories, processes and concepts such as natural selection, theories of complexity, hierarchical relations and self-organization.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Biology, Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toquenaga