title: Bilateral congenital lacrimal fistulae: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: The lacrimal system is comprised of the lacrimal glands for tear production and the lacrimal drainage system for draining tears away from the eyes. Congenital lacrimal system anomalies other than nasolacrimal duct obstruction are uncommon. Congenital lacrimal fistulae are a rare developmental anomaly, and when they occur, they are usually unilateral. Fistulae and diverticulae can originate from the canaliculus, lacrimal sac, or nasolacrimal duct. They can be seen externally as small orifices or pits located inferior and/or medial to the medial canthi. These anomalies are often asymptomatic and may go undetected. However, they can also present with epiphora or discharge. We report the case of a 4-year-old male with bilateral congenital lacrimal fistulae. The patient presented to our clinic after his parents discovered bilateral pits located inferior and medial to the medial canthi. The pits had first been noticed only a few weeks prior to presentation. There was no history of drainage or infection. The diagnosis of bilateral congenital lacrimal fistulae was confirmed with computed tomographic imaging. No other systemic, nasal, or ocular anomalies were found. The patient was referred to pediatric ophthalmology and because the lacrimal fistulae have been asymptomatic to this point, it was decided to proceed with a course of observation. We will discuss the embryologic basis for congenital lacrimal fistulae, as well as the typical presentation and possible treatment modalities. The presence of lacrimal fistulae is an indicator to search for a variety of underlying systemic and ocular anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Christin L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sylvester
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Simons
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005402:Fistula / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed