title: Current advances in cell therapy strategies for muscular dystrophies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases characterized by muscle weakness, wasting and degeneration. Cell therapy consists of delivering myogenic precursor cells to damaged tissue for the complementation of missing proteins and/or the regeneration of new muscle fibres.
  
  
  METHODS
  We focus on human candidate cells described so far (myoblasts, mesoangioblasts, pericytes, myoendothelial cells, CD133(+) cells, aldehyde-dehydrogenase-positive cells, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells), gene-based strategies developed to modify cells prior to injection, animal models (dystrophic and/or immunodeficient) used for pre-clinical studies, and clinical trials that have been performed using cell therapy strategies. The approaches are reviewed in terms of feasibility, hurdles, potential solutions and/or research areas from where the solution may come and potential application in terms of types of dystrophies and targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell therapy for muscular dystrophies should be put in the context of which dystrophy or muscle group is targeted, what tools are available at hand, but even more importantly what can cell therapy bring as compared with and/or in combination with other therapeutic strategies. The solution will probably be the right dosage of these combinations adapted to each dystrophy, or even to each type of mutation within a dystrophy.
authors.affiliation: Unité Thérapies des Maladies du muscle strié, UMRS974, UPMC Université Paris 6, UM76, INSERM U974, CNRS UMR 7215, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negroni
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vallese
authors.forename: Jean-Thomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Vilquin
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Butler-Browne
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mouly
authors.forename: Capucine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trollet
mesh_terms: D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000628:therapy*