title: Additive effects of numbness and muscle aches on fatigue occurrence in individuals with HIV/AIDS who are taking antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muscle aches, numbness in the feet/toes (neuropathy), and fatigue are often reported concurrently and are among the symptoms most frequently reported by individuals with HIV/AIDS, whether or not they are taking antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study used a longitudinal analytical methodology to analyze these symptoms together to determine whether symptom clusters are maintained over time and to determine whether there is a temporal relationship between fatigue and reports of neuropathic pain and muscle aches.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a secondary analysis of a subset of data from a six-month, longitudinal, randomized, controlled trial of 243 HIV-positive individuals taking ART. Self-reported symptom frequency and intensity were recorded using the Revised Sign and Symptom Checklist for Persons with HIV disease at baseline (Month 0), one, three, and six months. Multilevel, logistic regression models were used to analyze time-lagged effects of muscle aches, numbness of the feet/toes, and fatigue to estimate any predictive and interactive effects that the symptoms have upon one another.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant relationship between muscle aches and fatigue intercepts was noted (odds ratio [OR]=1.80, P≤0.05). Significant relationships between numbness and fatigue also were noted for the entire measurement period (OR=2.70, P≤0.05). Time-lagged models showed persons reporting neuropathic-related numbness in one period were nearly twice as likely to report fatigue in subsequent periods (OR=1.89, P≤0.05). The final model revealed that the addition of muscle aches and numbness explained 28% of the random variance in the occurrence of fatigue. Between-person descriptive variables including years living with HIV, age, having an AIDS diagnosis, ethnicity, and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor treatment regimens with stavudine, zalactabine, or didanosine did not significantly explain any additional model variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with physiological research and provide evidence that analyzing multiple symptom change over time can provide a more accurate representation of an individual's symptom experience. When evaluating patients with muscle aches or numbness, particularly when both symptoms are present, an evaluation of fatigue should be considered. Similarly, if fatigue is reported, underlying physiological assessments for neuropathic symptoms and muscle aches may be considered.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University College of Nursing, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1897, USA. dwantlan@rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Dean J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wantland
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mullan
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Holzemer
authors.forename: Carmen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Portillo
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakken
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McGhee
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents