title: Influence of insulators on transgene expression from integrating and non-integrating lentiviral vectors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy and biosafety of lentiviral gene transfer is influenced by the design of the vector. To this end, properties of lentiviral vectors can be modified by using cis-acting elements such as the modification of the U3 region of the LTR, the incorporation of the central flap (cPPT-CTS) element, or post-transcriptional regulatory elements such as the woodchuck post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE). Recently, several studies evaluated the influence of the incorporation of insulators into the integrating lentiviral vector genome on transgene expression level and position effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, the influence of the matrix attachment region (MAR) of the mouse immunoglobulin-κ (Ig-κ) or the chicken lysozyme (ChL) gene was studied on three types of HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors: self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors (LV), double-copy lentiviral vectors (DC) and non-integrating lentiviral vectors (NILVs) in different cell types: HeLa, HEK293T, NIH-3T3, Raji, and T Jurkat cell lines and primary neural progenitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that the Ig-κ MAR in the context of LV slightly increases transduction efficiency only in Hela, NIH-3T3 and Jurkat cells. In the context of double-copy lentiviral vectors, the Ig-κ MAR has no effect or even negatively influences transduction efficiency. In the same way, in the context of non-integrating lentiviral vectors, the Ig-κ MAR has no effect or even negatively influences transduction efficiency, except in differentiated primary neural progenitor cells.The ChL MAR in the context of integrating and non-integrating lentiviral vectors shows no effect or a decrease of transgene expression in all tested conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that MAR sequences not necessarily increase transgene expression and that the effect of these sequences is probably context dependent and/or vector dependent. Thus, this study highlights the importance to consider a MAR sequence in a given context. Moreover, other recent reports pointed out the potential effects of random integration of insulators on the expression level of endogenous genes. Taken together, these results show that the use of an insulator in a vector for gene therapy must be well assessed in the particular therapeutic context that it will be used for, and must be balanced with its potential genotoxic effects.
authors.affiliation: CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière - UPMC/INERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR7225, Equipe de Biotechnologie et Biothérapie, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.|NewVectys - 109 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 75008 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grandchamp
authors.affiliation: CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière - UPMC/INERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR7225, Equipe de Biotechnologie et Biothérapie, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.|NewVectys - 109 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 75008 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Dorothée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henriot
authors.affiliation: CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière - UPMC/INERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR7225, Equipe de Biotechnologie et Biothérapie, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.|Unit of Gene Therapy & Stem Cell Biology, Ophthalmology Department of the University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, avenue de France 15, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Philippe
authors.affiliation: CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière - UPMC/INERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR7225, Equipe de Biotechnologie et Biothérapie, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.|Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lahouari
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amar
authors.affiliation: CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière - UPMC/INERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR7225, Equipe de Biotechnologie et Biothérapie, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.|NewVectys - 109 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 75008 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Suzanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ursulet
authors.affiliation: CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière - UPMC/INERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR7225, Equipe de Biotechnologie et Biothérapie, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.|CRC MIRcen - Laboratoire INSERM - Modélisation des biothérapies, 18, route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-roses, France.
authors.forename: Che
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serguera
authors.affiliation: CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière - UPMC/INERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR7225, Equipe de Biotechnologie et Biothérapie, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mallet
authors.affiliation: CRICM - Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière - UPMC/INERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR7225, Equipe de Biotechnologie et Biothérapie, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.|NewVectys - 109 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 75008 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Chamsy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sarkis