title: Different berries and berry fractions have various but slightly positive effects on the associated variables of metabolic diseases on overweight and obese women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary habits have a major role in obesity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we compared the effects of sea buckthorn (SB) and its fractions, and bilberries (BBs) on associated variables of metabolic diseases on overweight and obese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 110 female volunteers were recruited, and they followed four different berry diets (BB, SB, SB phenolic extract (SBe) and SB oil (SBo)) in a randomized order for 33-35 days. Each intervention was followed by a wash-out period of 30-39 days. Blood samples were drawn and physical measurements were performed after each period. Eighty volunteers completed the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was statistically significant decrease in waist circumference after BB (Δ, -1.2 cm; P = 0.041) and SB (Δ, -1.1 cm; P = 0.008) periods and also a small decrease in weight after BB diet (Δ, -0.2 kg; P = 0.028). Vascular cell adhesion molecule decreased after BB (Δ, -49.8 ng/ml; P = 0.002) and SBo (Δ, -66.1 ng/ml; P = 0.001) periods, and in intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) after SBe diet (Δ, -6.1 ng/ml; P = 0.028).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results, it can be stated that different berries and berry fractions have various but slightly positive effects on the associated variables of metabolic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. henna-maria.lehtonen@utu.fi
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Suomela
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tahvonen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venojärvi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kallio
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029800:Vaccinium myrtillus / Q000737:chemistry*; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1