title: Industrial melanism: Do we have the answers?
abstract: Entomologists from the late 19th century onwards recognized the evolutionary interest of the association of black forms of the peppered moth with industrialization. They developed a qualitative explanation of the phenomenon involving a change in relative crypsis of the phenotypes due to the blackening of the moth's resting background by air pollution. More recently, ecological geneticists have obtained some estimates of predation by birds and of population parameters such as migration rate. Models incorporating these estimates have explored the ways in which natural selection influences spatial variation and the maintenance of polymorphism. Studies on the peppered moth and some of the many other insects exhibiting industrial melanism have concentrated on the variability and dynamics of adult populations. Recent work which has begun to examine the ecology and behaviour of individuals, complete life cycles, and gene-phenotype relationships, is refining our understanding of this adaptation and also of present-day declines in melanic frequencies in response to falling air pollution.
authors.affiliation: Paul Brakefield is at the Department of Zoology, University College. PO Box 78, Cardiff CF1 1XL, UK.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Brakefield