title: Protein level expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 in renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize a variety of ligands, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns and link innate and adaptive immunity. Individual receptors can be up-regulated during infection and inflammation. We examined the expression of selected TLRs at the protein level in various types of renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frozen sections of renal biopsies were stained with monoclonal antibodies to TLR-2, -4 and -9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up-regulation of the three TLRs studied was seen, although the extent was modest. TLR-2- and -4-positive cells belonged to the population of infiltrating inflammatory cells; only in the case of TLR-9 were intrinsic glomerular cells positive in polyoma virus infection and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence for the involvement of the three TLRs tested in a variety of human renal diseases was found. These findings add to our understanding of the role of the innate immune system in kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. stephen.batsford@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batsford
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Duermueller
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seemayer
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hopfer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mihatsch
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9