title: Adolescent obesity, bone mass, and cardiometabolic risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare bone mass between overweight adolescents with and without cardiometabolic risk factors (CMR). Associations of bone mass with CMR and adiposity were also determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (aged 14 to 18 years) who were overweight were classified as healthy (n = 55), having one CMR (1CMR; n = 46), or having two or more CMR (≥2CMR; n = 42). CMRs were measured with standard methods and defined according to pediatric definitions of metabolic syndrome. Total body bone mass, fat mass, and fat-free soft tissue mass were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age, sex, race, height, and fat-free soft tissue mass, the healthy group had 5.4% and 6.3% greater bone mass than the 1CMR and ≥2CMR groups, respectively (both P values <.04). With multiple linear regression, adjusting for the same co-variates, visceral adipose tissue (β = -0.22), waist circumference (β = -0.23), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (β = -0.23), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (β = 0.22) were revealed to be associated with bone mass (all P values <.04). There was a trend toward a significant inverse association between bone mass and fasting glucose level (P = .056). No relations were found between bone mass and fat mass, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, blood pressure, or triglyceride level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being overweight with metabolic abnormalities, particularly insulin resistance, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and visceral adiposity, may adversely influence adolescent bone mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. npollock@mcg.edu
authors.forename: Norman K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gutin
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yanbin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors