title: Cost of illness due to typhoid fever in five Asian countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate community-based estimates of the public (paid by the government) and private (paid by households) costs of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in Hechi, China; North Jakarta, Indonesia; Kolkata, India; Karachi, Pakistan and Hue, Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  To measure out-of-pocket costs of illness and lost earnings, families with culture-proven cases were surveyed 7, 14 and 90 days after onset of illness. Public costs of treatment were measured at local health facilities using a micro costing (bottom-up) method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The costs of hospitalized cases ranged from USD 129 in Kolkata to USD 432 in North Jakarta (hospitalization rates varied from 2% in Kolkata to 40% in Hechi) and the costs of non-hospitalized cases ranged from USD 13 in Kolkata to USD 67 in Hechi. Where costs were highest (Hechi, North Jakarta and Karachi), the bulk of the costs of hospitalized cases was borne by families, comprising up to 15% of annual household income.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although these estimates may understate true costs due to the fact that higher quality treatment may have been provided earlier-than-usual, this multi-country community-based study contributes to evidence on the public and private costs of typhoid fever in developing countries. These cost estimates were used in a cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid vaccines and will help policymakers respond to World Health Organization's updated typhoid fever immunization recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Research Triangle Institute, Durham, NC, USA. cpoulos@rti.org
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poulos
authors.forename: Arthorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riewpaiboon
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: Soyeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guh
authors.forename: Magdarina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agtini
authors.forename: Dang Duc
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Anh
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baiqing
authors.forename: Zulfiqar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bhutta
authors.forename: Dipika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sur
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whittington
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001208:Asia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents