title: A novel transnasal transsphenoidal speculum: a design for both microscopic and endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.
abstract: Over the last several years minimally invasive surgical approaches to the sella turcica and parasellar regions have undergone significant change. The transsphenoidal approach to this region has evolved from a sublabial transnasal, to transnasal, to pure endonasal approaches with the increasing popularity of endoscopic over microscopic techniques. Endoscopic and microscopic techniques individually or in combination have their own unique advantages, and the preference of one over the other awaits further technological refinements and surgical experience. In parallel with this evolution in techniques for transsphenoidal surgery, the authors designed an adaptable versatile speculum for the endonasal/transnasal transsphenoidal approach to the sella turcica and parasellar regions that can be used equally effectively with a microscope or an endoscope. The development of this instrument and its unique features are described, and its initial clinical use is summarized. This transnasal transsphenoidal speculum has interchangeable blades, unique blade angulations, and independent blade opening mechanisms and allows safe, optimal exposure in all patients regardless of the size and anatomical aberrations of individual nasal and endonasal regions. An attached endoscope carrier further allows it to be used interchangeably with microscopic or endoscopic techniques without having to remove the speculum; likewise, a single surgeon can use both hands without need of an assistant. A forehead headrest component adds further stabilization. This device has been used successfully in 90 transsphenoidal procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. rchole@wustl.edu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chole
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dunham
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chicoine
authors.forename: Ralph G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dacey
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000601:surgery; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D055815:Young Adult