title: Relativity and the lead-acid battery.
abstract: The energies of the solid reactants in the lead-acid battery are calculated ab initio using two different basis sets at nonrelativistic, scalar-relativistic, and fully relativistic levels, and using several exchange-correlation potentials. The average calculated standard voltage is 2.13 V, compared with the experimental value of 2.11 V. All calculations agree in that 1.7-1.8 V of this standard voltage arise from relativistic effects, mainly from PbO2 but also from PbSO4.
authors.affiliation: Division of Materials Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden. rajeev.ahuja@fysik.uu.se
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pyykkö
authors.forename: Patryk
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zaleski-Ejgierd