title: Robotic radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk disease: a review of short-term outcomes from a high-volume center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with high-risk prostate cancer have historically been treated with multimodal therapy and considered poor candidates for minimally invasive surgery. We reviewed our experiences with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients with high-risk clinical features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical database review identified high-risk patients undergoing RARP by two high-volume robotic surgeons. D'Amico's criteria for high-risk prostate cancer were utilized: prostate-specific antigen ≥ 20 ng/mL, clinical stage ≥ T2c, or preoperative Gleason grade ≥ 8. About 148 patients were identified in the study group. Mean age at surgery was 60.9 years, and mean body mass index was 27.9. Mean estimated blood loss was 150 cc and the transfusion rate was 2.7%. Median hospital stay was 1 day and the rate of major complications (Clavien grade ≥ 3) was 3.4%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bilateral nerve preservation was feasible in 28.4%, and the rate of positive surgical margins was 20.9%. Final pathology demonstrated extra-capsular disease in 54.1% of patients and 12.3% had lymph node involvement. At 2 years of follow-up, 21.3% of patients had experienced biochemical recurrence or had persistent disease after treatment. Continence was 91.2% (1 pad or less) and total impotence (inability to masturbate) was 48.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RARP does not compromise oncologic or functional outcomes in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Although long-term study is necessary to validate oncologic and functional outcomes, our data suggest that the presence of high-risk disease is not a contraindication to a minimally invasive approach for radical prostatectomy at experienced centers.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. gautam.jayram@uchospitals.edu
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jayram
authors.forename: Guarionex J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Decastro
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Large
authors.forename: Aria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Razmaria
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zagaja
authors.forename: Arieh L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Brendler
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome