title: An index of unhealthy lifestyle is associated with coronary heart disease mortality rates for small areas in England after adjustment for deprivation.
abstract: Indices of socio-economic deprivation are often used as a proxy for differences in the health behaviours of populations within small areas, but these indices are a measure of the economic environment rather than the health environment. Sets of synthetic estimates of the ward-level prevalence of low fruit and vegetable consumption, obesity, raised blood pressure, raised cholesterol and smoking were combined to develop an index of unhealthy lifestyle. Multi-level regression models showed that this index described about 50% of the large-scale geographic variation in CHD mortality rates in England, and substantially adds to the ability of an index of deprivation to explain geographic variations in CHD mortality rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK. peter.scarborough@dphpc.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scarborough
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allender
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rayner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldacre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality*; D004032:Diet; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011204:Poverty Areas; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology