title: Translation of evidence into a self-management tool for use by women with urinary incontinence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  many older women with urinary incontinence remain under-treated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to develop and evaluate an evidence-based self-management urinary incontinence risk factor modification tool for older women.
  
  
  METHODS
  the tool was developed using evidence from a systematic review and input from focus groups. A 6-month prospective cohort study using an interrupted time-series design was conducted to evaluate the tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  the tool was developed at the University of Toronto and then evaluated at the Universities of Calgary and Montreal, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  the tool was developed with the help of focus groups of healthcare professionals and of older incontinent women. The tool was evaluated among 103 incontinent women aged 50 years or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  the tool includes six risk factors with modification strategies. The primary outcome was successful tool usage. Secondary outcomes included urinary leakage, change in self-efficacy and quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the tool was used by 95% [95% confidence interval (CI) 88-98] of women at some point. Urinary leakage rates were reduced by an average of 1.4 daily episodes (95% CI 1.0-1.8). Women reported significant improvement in self-efficacy and incontinence-related quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  there appears to be a role for an evidence-based self-management urinary incontinence risk factor modification tool.
authors.affiliation: Univeristy of Calgary - Medicine, Foothills Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada. jayna.holroyd-leduc@albertahealthservices.ca
authors.forename: Jayna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holroyd-Leduc
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Straus
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmaltz
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tannenbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012648:Self Care; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013997:Time Factors; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016387:Women's Health