title: Synthesis of pediculocidal and larvicidal silver nanoparticles by leaf extract from heartleaf moonseed plant, Tinospora cordifolia Miers.
abstract: Insecticide resistance and inadequate attention to the application instructions of topical pediculicides are common reasons for treatment failure. Essential oils or plant extracts are good and safe alternatives due to their low toxicity to mammals and easy biodegradability. The present study was carried out to establish the pediculocidal and larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia Miers (Menispermaceae) against the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) and fourth instar larvae of malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi and filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). We reported the aqueous plant extract and synthesized AgNPs against head lice and vectors. Direct contact method was conducted to determine the potential of pediculocidal activity. The synthesized AgNPs characterized by UV-vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction. Head lice and mosquito larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous extracts and synthesized AgNPs for 24 h. The results suggest that the optimal times for measuring mortality effects of synthesized AgNPs were 33% at 5 min, 67% at 15 min, and 100% after 1 h. The maximum activity was observed in the synthesized AgNPs against lice, A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) = 12.46, 6.43 and 6.96 mg/L; r (2) = 0.978, 0.773 and 0.828), respectively. The findings revealed that synthesized AgNPs possess excellent anti-lice and mosquito larvicidal activity. These results suggest that the green synthesis of AgNPs have the potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of head lice and vectors.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C.Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509 Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Chidambaram
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jayaseelan
authors.forename: Abdul Abdul
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rahuman
authors.forename: Govindasamy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajakumar
authors.forename: Arivarasan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vishnu Kirthi
authors.forename: Thirunavukkarasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santhoshkumar
authors.forename: Sampath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marimuthu
authors.forename: Asokan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagavan
authors.forename: Chinnaperumal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamaraj
authors.forename: Abdul Abduz
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zahir
authors.forename: Gandhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elango
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D010374:Pediculus / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism*; D012834:Silver / Q000378:metabolism*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D031610:Tinospora / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver