title: Co-stimulation with an olfactory stimulus increases arousal responses to trigeminal stimulation.
abstract: An interaction of the intranasal chemical trigeminal and the olfactory system has previously been described. Intranasal chemical trigeminal stimulation during sleep leads to a dose-dependent increase in arousal reactions while pure olfactory stimuli are not able to trigger arousals or awakenings during sleep, regardless of the concentration used. The aim of the study was to assess whether co-stimulation with an olfactory substance increases arousal responses to intranasal chemical trigeminal stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five young healthy, normosmic volunteers of both sexes participated in the trial and 20 nights of testing were performed. For intranasal chemical trigeminal stimulation, CO(2) was administered at 40% v/v and at 0% as a control stimulus. For olfactory co-stimulation, H(2)S was used at a concentration of 8 ppm. To compare the specific nasal chemical trigeminal/olfactory interaction with an interaction between an olfactory stimulus and peripheral somatosensory stimulation, an electrical stimulation protocol at the forearm was used with and without olfactory co-stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemical trigeminal stimulation with 40% CO(2) led to an increase in arousal frequency compared to the control stimulus, which was most pronounced in light sleep. Co-stimulation with H(2)S was associated with higher arousal frequencies and shorter arousal latencies compared to isolated chemical trigeminal stimulation. The differences between the three study conditions were statistically significant for light sleep. Increasing electric stimulus concentration was associated with an increase in arousal frequency, again most pronounced in light sleep. Co-simulation with the olfactory stimulus did not lead to a systemic effect with regard to arousal reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results confirm the close interaction of the olfactory and chemical trigeminal system and support the idea that this interaction takes place at an early stage of processing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. boris.stuck@umm.de
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Stuck
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baja
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heiser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide