title: GSK-3β is essential for physiological electric field-directed Golgi polarization and optimal electrotaxis.
abstract: Endogenous electrical fields (EFs) at corneal and skin wounds send a powerful signal that directs cell migration during wound healing. This signal therefore may serve as a fundamental regulator directing cell polarization and migration. Very little is known of the intracellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate EF-induced cell polarization and migration. Here, we report that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells show robust directional polarization and migration in a physiological EF (0.3-1 V/cm) in both dissociated cell culture and monolayer culture. An EF of 0.6 V/cm completely abolished cell migration into wounds in monolayer culture. An EF of higher strength (≥1 V/cm) is an overriding guidance cue for cell migration. Application of EF induced quick phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) which reached a peak as early as 3 min in an EF. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) significantly reduced EF-induced directedness of cell migration initially (in 1-2 h). Inhibition of GSK-3β completely abolished EF-induced GA polarization and significantly inhibited the directional cell migration, but at a later time (2-3 h in an EF). Those results suggest that GSK-3β is essential for physiological EF-induced Golgi apparatus (GA) polarization and optimal electrotactic cell migration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016466:CHO Cells; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000502:physiology; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3