title: Efficacy of levulinic acid-sodium dodecyl sulfate against Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Cryptosporidium parvum.
abstract: Foodborne parasites are characterized as being highly resistant to sanitizers used by the food industry. In 2009, a study reported the effectiveness of levulinic acid in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in killing foodborne bacteria. Because of their innocuous properties, we studied the effects of levulinic acid and SDS at various concentrations appropriate for use in foods, on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum and Encephalitozoon intestinalis. The viability of Cryptosporidium and E. intestinalis was determined by in vitro cultivation using the HCT-8 and RK-13 cell lines, respectively. Two Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates were also used in the present study: strain 932 (a human isolate from a 1992 Oregon meat outbreak) and strain E 0018 (isolated from calf feces). Different concentrations and combinations of levulinic acid and SDS were tested for their ability to reduce infectivity of C. parvum oocysts (10(5)), E. intestinalis spores (10(6)), and E. coli O157:H7 (10(7)/ml) when in suspension. Microsporidian spores were treated for 30 and 60 min at 20 ± 2°C. None of the combinations of levulinic acid and SDS were effective at inactivating the spores or oocysts. When Cryptosporidium oocysts were treated with higher concentrations (3% levulinic acid-2% SDS and 2% levulinic acid-1% SDS) for 30, 60, and 120 min, viability was unaffected. E. coli O157:H7, used as a control, was highly sensitive to the various concentrations and exposure times tested. SDS and levulinic acid alone had very limited effect on E. coli O157:H7 viability, but in combination they were highly effective at 30 and 60 min of incubation. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium and microsporidia are not inactivated when treated for various periods of time with 2% levulinic acid-1% SDS or 3% levulinic acid-2% SDS at 20°C, suggesting that this novel sanitizer cannot be used to eliminate parasitic contaminants in foods.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA. Ortega@uga.edu
authors.forename: Ynes R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Maria P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tatum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D016819:Encephalitozoon / Q000187:drug effects*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D016266:Food Parasitology; D006801:Humans; D018545:Lactuca / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D007982:Levulinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007982:Levulinic Acids; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate