title: Emergency department evaluation after conducted energy weapon use: review of the literature for the clinician.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conductive energy weapons (CEWs) are used daily by law enforcement, and patients are often brought to an emergency department (ED) for medical clearance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the medical literature on the topic of CEWs and to offer evidence-based recommendations to Emergency Physicians for evaluation and treatment of patients who have received a CEW exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE literature search from 1988 to 2010 was performed and limited to human studies published from January 1988 to January 20, 2010 for English language articles with the following keywords: TASER, conductive energy device(s), electronic weapon(s), conductive energy weapon(s), non-lethal weapon(s), conducted energy device(s), conducted energy weapon(s), conductive electronic device(s), and electronic control device(s). Studies identified then underwent a structured review from which results could be evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 140 articles on CEWs screened, and 20 appropriate articles were rigorously reviewed and recommendations given. These studies did not report any evidence of dangerous laboratory abnormalities, physiologic changes, or immediate or delayed cardiac ischemia or dysrhythmias after exposure to CEW electrical discharges of up to 15 s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current medical literature does not support routine performance of laboratory studies, electrocardiograms, or prolonged ED observation or hospitalization for ongoing cardiac monitoring after CEW exposure in an otherwise asymptomatic awake and alert patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California 92103, USA.
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vilke
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Bozeman
authors.forename: Theodore C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D004597:Electroshock / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D054041:Weapons