title: Unravelling the gallic acid degradation pathway in bacteria: the gal cluster from Pseudomonas putida.
abstract: Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA) is widely distributed in nature, being a major phenolic pollutant and a commonly used antioxidant and building-block for drug development. We have characterized the first complete cluster (gal genes) responsible for growth in GA in a derivative of the model bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440. GalT mediates specific GA uptake and chemotaxis, and highlights the critical role of GA transport in bacterial adaptation to GA consumption. The proposed GA degradation via the central intermediate 4-oxalomesaconic acid (OMA) was revisited and all enzymes involved have been identified. Thus, GalD is the prototype of a new subfamily of isomerases that catalyses a biochemical step that remained unknown, i.e. the tautomerization of the OMAketo generated by the GalA dioxygenase to OMAenol. GalB is the founding member of a new family of zinc-containing hydratases that converts OMAenol into 4-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2-oxoadipic acid (CHA). galC encodes the aldolase catalysing CHA cleavage to pyruvic and oxaloacetic acids. The presence of homologous gal clusters outside the Pseudomonas genus sheds light on the evolution and ecology of the gal genes in GA degraders. The gal genes were used for expanding the metabolic abilities of heterologous hosts towards GA degradation, and for engineering a GA cellular biosensor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC. Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nogales
authors.forename: Angeles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Barbero
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pingarrón
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Díaz
mesh_terms: D000272:Adipates / Q000378:metabolism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010071:Oxaloacetates / Q000378:metabolism; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014233:Tricarboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000272:Adipates; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D010071:Oxaloacetates; D014233:Tricarboxylic Acids; D005707:Gallic Acid; C037955:4-oxalmesaconic acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid