title: Signaling, cytoskeletal and membrane mechanisms regulating GLUT4 exocytosis.
abstract: Solving how insulin regulates glucose transport into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue remains a fundamental challenge in biology and a significant issue in medicine. A central feature of this process is the coordinated accumulation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 into the plasma membrane. New signaling and cytoskeletal mechanisms of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis are of emerging interest, particularly those at or just beneath the plasma membrane. This review examines signals that functionally engage GLUT4 exocytosis, considers cytoskeletal regulation of the stimulated GLUT4 itinerary, and appraises the involvement of plasma membrane parameters in GLUT4 control. We also explore how these newly-defined signaling, cytoskeletal and membrane mechanisms could be of therapeutic interest in the treatment and/or prevention of GLUT4 dysregulation in disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Centers for Diabetes Research, Membrane Biosciences, and Vascular Biology and Medicine, VanNuys Medical Science Building Room 308A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Nolan J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Elmendorf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology*; D022162:Cytoplasmic Vesicles / Q000502:physiology; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D020691:rab GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; D020691:rab GTP-Binding Proteins