title: The use of bovine serum albumin to improve the RT-qPCR detection of foodborne viruses rinsed from vegetable surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate that produce rinsates used for RT-qPCR detection of foodborne viruses may cause significant PCR inhibition and propose a means to reduce its impact on sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, it is shown that rinsing and concentration from spinach and precut lettuce have the potential to generate RNA extracts that are inhibitory to RT-qPCRs assembled from commercial kits for the detection of norovirus GII (NoV GII), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotavirus (RV) and feline calicivirus (FCV) as sample process control. It is further shown that the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to those reactions restored a positive signal in all cases. The effect of BSA was dependent upon the primer/probe combination. Moreover, two of the detection systems (FCV and HAV) strongly benefited from the addition of BSA even in the absence of PCR inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BSA was shown to restore positive signals in five different RT-qPCR systems that were otherwise completely inhibited by produce rinsate extracts. It is therefore suggested to consider the addition of BSA to RT-qPCRs for the detection of foodborne viruses when inhibition is observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study clearly demonstrates the potency of PCR inhibitors generated during routine virus concentration from produce and that it can be alleviated by the addition of BSA to the RT-qPCRs. Although used elsewhere, the addition of BSA to PCRs is not a common practice in this growing field of research.
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Québec Region, Longueuil, QC, Canada. daniel.plante@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plante
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bélanger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leblanc
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houde
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Trottier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D017931:DNA Primers; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D029322:Norovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine