title: The effects of age, sex, ethnicity, and spinal level on the rate of intervertebral disc degeneration: a review of 1712 intervertebral discs.
abstract: METHODS
  A gross anatomic and magnetic resonance imaging study of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration in fresh cadaveric lumbar spines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to find the rate of IVD degeneration.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Age, sex, race, and lumbar level are among some of the factors that play a role in IVD degeneration. The rate at which IVDs degenerate is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete lumbar spine segments (T11/T12 to S1) were received within 24 hours of death. The nucleus pulposus, anulus fibrosus, cartilaginous and bony endplate, and the peripheral vertebral body were assessed with magnetic resonance imaging and IVD degeneration was graded by two observers from grade 1 (nondegenerated) to grade 5 (severely degenerated) on the basis of a scale developed by Tanaka et al. The specimens were then sectioned and gross anatomic evaluation was performed according to Thompson et al. RESULTS.: A total of 433 donors and 1712 IVDs were analyzed. There were 366 whites, 47 Africans, 16 Hispanics, 4 Asian. There were 306 male and 127 female donors. The age range was 14 to 81 years, (average: 60.5 ± 11.3). For donors greater than age 40, the L5/S1 IVD degenerated at a significantly faster rate of 0.043 per year compared to 0.031, 0.034, 0.033, 0.027 for L1/L2, L2/L3, L3/L4, L4/L5, respectively. For donors younger than 40, L5/S1 IVD degenerated at a significantly faster rate of 0.141/y compared to 0.033, 0.021, 0.031, 0.050 for L1/L2, L2/L3, L3/L4, L4/L5, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that sex had no significant effect on IVD degeneration whereas African ethnicity was associated with lower Thompson score at L1/L2, L2/L3, L3/L4, L4/L5 when compared with whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively early degeneration at L5-S1 in all races and lower Thompson grade in donors of African ethnicity needs further investigation. Factors such as sagittal alignment, facet joint arthritis, and genetics potentially play a role in IVD degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siemionow
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cs-Szabo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology*; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012447:Sacrum / Q000473:pathology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult