title: Discovery of extra-terrestrial life: assessment by scales of its importance and associated risks.
abstract: The Rio Scale accepted by the SETI Committee of the International Academy of Astronautics in 2002 is intended for use in evaluating the impact on society of any announcement regarding the discovery of evidence of extra-terrestrial (ET) intelligence. The Rio Scale is mathematically defined using three parameters (class of phenomenon, type of discovery and distance) and a δ factor, the assumed credibility of a claim. This paper proposes a new scale applicable to announcements alleging evidence of ET life within or outside our Solar System. The London Scale for astrobiology has mathematical structure and logic similar to the Rio Scale, and uses four parameters (life form, nature of phenomenon, type of discovery and distance) as well as a credibility factor δ to calculate a London Scale index (LSI) with values ranging from 0 to 10. The level of risk or biohazard associated with a purported discovery is evaluated independently of the LSI value and may be ranked in four categories. The combined information is intended to provide a scalar assessment of the scientific importance, validity and potential risks associated with putative evidence of ET life discovered on Earth, on nearby bodies in the Solar System or in our Galaxy.
authors.affiliation: Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Collegium Budapest, 1525 Budapest, Hungary. almar@konkoly.hu
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Almár
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Race
mesh_terms: D018559:Exobiology / Q000379:methods*; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D007360:Intelligence; D019110:Meteoroids; D018543:Minor Planets; D011336:Probability; D012106:Research; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances