title: Immunohistochemical characterization of the intrinsic cardiac neural plexus in whole-mount mouse heart preparations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intrinsic neural plexus of the mouse heart has not been adequately investigated despite the extensive use of this species in experimental cardiology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of cholinergic, adrenergic, and sensory neural components in whole-mount mouse heart preparations using double immunohistochemical labeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrinsic neurons were concentrated within 19 ± 3 ganglia (n = 20 mice) of varying size, scattered on the medial side of the inferior caval (caudal) vein on the right atrium and close to the pulmonary veins on the left atrium. Of a total of 1,082 ± 160 neurons, most somata (83%) were choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactive, whereas 4% were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive; 14% of ganglionic cells were biphenotypic for ChAT and TH. The most intense ChAT staining was observed in axonal varicosities. ChAT was evident in nerve fibers interconnecting intrinsic ganglia. Both ChAT and TH immunoreactivity were abundant within the nerves accessing the heart. However, epicardial TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were predominant on the dorsal and ventral left atrium, whereas most ChAT-positive axons proceeded on the heart base toward the large intrinsic ganglia and on the epicardium of the root of the right cranial vein. Substance P-positive and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers were abundant on the epicardium and within ganglia adjacent to the heart hilum. Small intensely fluorescent cells were grouped into clusters of 3 to 8 and were dispersed within large ganglia or separately on the atrial and ventricular walls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although some nerves and neuronal bundles of the mouse epicardial plexus are mixed, most express either adrenergic or cholinergic markers. Therefore, selective stimulation and/or ablation of the functionally distinct intrinsic neural pathways should allow the study of specific effects on cardiac function.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rysevaite
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saburkina
authors.forename: Neringa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pauziene
authors.forename: Raimundas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaitkevicius
authors.forename: Sami F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Noujaim
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jalife
authors.forename: Dainius H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pauza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009420:Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*