title: Advanced diagnostics in renal mass using optical coherence tomography: a preliminary report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To avoid unnecessary surgical treatment of small renal masses (≤ 4 cm), a more accurate diagnostic method would be desirable since radiological differentiation between malignant and benign is difficult and nondiagnostic biopsies account from 9% to 37%. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measures backscattered light versus depth, with an attenuation coefficient (μ(t)) that may vary among different histological types. We hypothesize that quantitative measurements of μ(t) using OCT can differentiate between normal renal parenchyma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Both normal and tumor renal tissues (RCC) were harvested after partial or radical nephrectomy. Analysis of μ(t) was based on difference of (1) μ(t) between normal and tumor tissue across all patients and (2) μ(t) between normal and tumor tissue within individual patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue samples of 18 patients were measured, of which 4 were excluded (urothelial carcinoma, oncocytoma, and benign lesion without normal tissue available). Of the remaining 14 patients, 8 contributed with both normal and RCC tissue and 6 with only normal or RCC tissue. Independent observation showed a significant difference between the median μ(t) of normal renal tissue (4.95 mm⁻¹) and the median μ(t) of RCC (8.86 mm⁻¹). No statistically significant difference was found when comparing the difference in μ(t) between normal renal parenchyma and RCC within individual patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant difference in μ(t) between normal and RCC tissue across all patients. These results overpower the lack of significant difference within individuals, encouraging further research and suggesting a possible role for OCT in the diagnostic work-up of renal masses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k.barwari@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Kurdo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barwari
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.forename: Evelyne C C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Cauberg
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Ton G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Hessel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wijkstra
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Rosette
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Laguna
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*