title: Sulfur globule oxidation in green sulfur bacteria is dependent on the dissimilatory sulfite reductase system.
abstract: Green sulfur bacteria (GSB) oxidize sulfide and thiosulfate to sulfate, with extracellular globules of elemental sulfur as an intermediate. Here we investigated which genes are involved in the formation and consumption of these sulfur globules in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum. We show that sulfur globule oxidation is strictly dependent on the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DSR) system. Deletion of dsrM/CT2244 or dsrT/CT2245, or the two dsrCABL clusters (CT0851-CT0854, CT2247-2250), abolished sulfur globule oxidation and prevented formation of sulfate from sulfide, whereas deletion of dsrU/CT2246 had no effect. The DSR system also seems to be involved in the formation of thiosulfate, because thiosulfate was released from wild-type cells during sulfide oxidation, but not from the dsr mutants. The dsr mutants incapable of complete substrate oxidation oxidized sulfide and thiosulfate about twice as fast as the wild-type, while having only slightly lower growth rates (70-80 % of wild-type). The increased oxidation rates seem to compensate for the incomplete substrate oxidation to satisfy the requirement for reducing equivalents during growth. A mutant in which two sulfide : quinone oxidoreductases (sqrD/CT0117 and sqrF/CT1087) were deleted exhibited a decreased sulfide oxidation rate (~50 % of wild-type), yet formation and consumption of sulfur globules were not affected. The observation that mutants lacking the DSR system maintain efficient growth suggests that the DSR system is dispensable in environments with sufficiently high sulfide concentrations. Thus, the DSR system in GSB may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer as a response to a need for enhanced substrate utilization in sulfide-limiting habitats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holkenbrink
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Santiago Ocón
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Barbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mellerup
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hiroyo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Otaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels-Ulrik
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Frigaard
mesh_terms: D019414:Chlorobi / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D050885:Hydrogensulfite Reductase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D005810:Multigene Family; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D013440:Sulfides / Q000378:metabolism; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism*; D013885:Thiosulfates / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D013440:Sulfides; D013885:Thiosulfates; D013455:Sulfur; D050885:Hydrogensulfite Reductase