title: Mechanism of action of the suppression of influenza virus replication by Ko-Ken Tang through inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and viral RNP nuclear export.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ko-Ken Tang (KKT, aka kakkon-to), a conventional Chinese herbal medicine, has been used for the treatment of the common cold, fever and influenza virus infection. However, the underlying mechanism of its activity against influenza virus infection remains elusive. In this study, the antiviral effect and its underlying mechanism was evaluated, including the investigation of anti-influenza virus activity of KKT on MDCK cells and corresponding mechanism related to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway and its consecutive viral RNP nuclear export.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antiviral activity of non-toxic concentration of KKT was examined against various strains of influenza virus and enterovirus 71 by neutralization assay. PI3K/Akt signaling activated by influenza virus was inspected in A549 cells by western blot. Inhibition of influenza polymerase activity by KKT was measured with plasmid-based reverse genetics using primer extension assay and luciferase reporter assay. Inhibition of viral vRNP nuclear export was demonstrated by laser confocal microscopy and interspecies heterokaryon assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KKT inhibits influenza virus replication but not entry, and it exhibits a broad spectrum inhibitory activity against human influenza A viruses and enterovirus 71. KKT does not inhibit viral polymerase activity but directly blocks the virus-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway, which in turns causes retention of viral nucleoprotein in the nucleus, thereby interfering with virus propagation. The inhibition by KKT of the nuclear export of viral protein was further confirmed by heterokaryon assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained in this study give scientific support to KKT for the treatment of influenza virus infection. KKT could be of potential use in the management of seasonal pandemic influenza virus infection in addition to other clinically available drugs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Sian
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Hung-Rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Chia-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Tsui-Yi
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Chung-Fan
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Chi-Jene
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tzou-Yien
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jim-Tong
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Horng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D004285:Dogs; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D012261:Ribonucleoproteins; C073747:kamikihi-to; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt