title: Nanotechnology and exposure science: what is needed to fill the research and data gaps for consumer products.
abstract: This article discusses the gaps in our understanding of human exposures to nanoparticles stemming from the use of nanotechnology-based consumer products by the general public. It also describes a series of steps that could be taken to characterize such exposures. The suggested steps include classification of the nanotechnology-based products, simulation of realistic exposure patterns, characterization of emissions, analysis of the duration of activities resulting in exposures, and consideration of the bioaccessibility of nanoparticles. In addition, we present a preliminary study with nanotechnology-based cosmetic powders where particle release was studied under realistic powder application conditions. The data demonstrated that when nanotechnology-based cosmetic powders were used, there was a potential for inhaling airborne particles ranging in size from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lioy
authors.forename: Yevgen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nazarenko
authors.forename: Tae Won
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Mary Jean
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lioy
authors.forename: Gediminas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mainelis
mesh_terms: D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics