title: A review of selected engineered nanoparticles in the atmosphere: sources, transformations, and techniques for sampling and analysis.
abstract: A state-of-the-science review was undertaken to identify and assess sampling and analysis methods to detect and quantify selected nanomaterials (NMs) in the ambient atmosphere. The review is restricted to five types of NMs of interest to the Office of Research and Development Nanomaterial Research Strategy (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency): cerium oxide, titanium dioxide, carbon nanostructures (carbon nanotubes and fullerenes), zero-valent iron, and silver nanoparticles. One purpose was determining the extent to which present-day ultrafine sampling and analysis methods may be sufficient for identifying and possibly quantifying engineered NMs (ENMs) in ambient air. Conventional sampling methods for ultrafines appear to require modifications. For cerium and titanium, background levels from natural sources make measurement of ENMs difficult to quantify. In cases where field studies have been performed, identification from bulk analysis samples have been made. Further development of methods is needed to identify these NMs, especially in specific size fractions of ambient aerosols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. brian.majestic@nau.edu
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Majestic
authors.forename: Garnet B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Erdakos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.forename: Karen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Tadeusz E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Kleindienst
authors.forename: Prakash V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Bhave
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010316:Particle Size; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational