title: Grammont's idea: The story of Paul Grammont's functional surgery concept and the development of the reverse principle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increased use of the reverse prosthesis over the last 10 years is due to a large series of publications using the reverse prosthesis developed by Paul Grammont. However, there is no article reporting the story of the concepts developed by Grammont.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this review are to describe the principles developed by Grammont, the chronology of development, and the biomechanical concepts and studies that led to the current design of the reverse prosthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selectively reviewed literature and provide personal observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From phylogenetic observations, Grammont developed the principle of functional surgery applied to the rotator cuff tears. To increase the deltoid lever arm, he imagined two possibilities: the lateralization of the acromion, which facilitates the action of the rotator cuff, and the medialization of the center of rotation, which has been developed to respond to situations of rotator cuff deficiency. Grammont proposed the use of an acromiohumeral prosthesis, which was quickly abandoned due to problems of acromial loosening. Finally, Grammont used the principle of reverse prosthesis developed in the 1970s, but made a major change by medializing the center of rotation in a nonanatomic location. In 1985, Grammont validated the concept by an experimental study and the first model using a cemented sphere was implanted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of the modern reverse prosthesis is the result of the intellectual and experimental work conducted by Grammont and his team for 20 years. Knowledge of this history is essential to envision future developments.
authors.affiliation: Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baulot
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sirveaux
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boileau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007595:Joint Prosthesis / Q000266:history; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012421:Rupture; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000266:history* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome