title: Oral squamous cell cancer: early detection and the role of alcohol and smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral squamous cell carcinoma has a remarkable incidence worldwide and a fairly onerous prognosis, encouraging further research on factors that might modify disease outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A web-based search for all types of articles published was initiated using Medline/Pub Med, with the key words such as oral cancer, alcohol consumption, genetic polymorphisms, tobacco smoking and prevention. The search was restricted to articles published in English, with no publication date restriction (last update 2010).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review article, we approach the factors for a cytologic diagnosis during OSCC development and the markers used in modern diagnostic technologies as well. We also reviewed available studies of the combined effects of alcohol drinking and genetic polymorphisms on alcohol-related cancer risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interaction of smoking and alcohol significantly increases the risk for aero-digestive cancers. The interaction between smoking and alcohol consumption seems to be responsible for a significant amount of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Published scientific data show promising pathways for the future development of more effective prognosis. There is a clear need for new prognostic indicators, which could be used in diagnostics and, therefore a better selection of the most effective treatment can be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. annazygo1@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: Anna G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Zygogianni
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kyrgias
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karakitsos
authors.forename: Amanta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Psyrri
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kouvaris
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kelekis
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kouloulias
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology