title: Efficacy and safety of prophylactic vaccines against cervical HPV infection and diseases among women: a systematic review & meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess efficacy and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccines against cervical cancer precursor events in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized-controlled trials of HPV vaccines were identified from MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, conference abstracts and references of identified studies, and assessed by two independent reviewers. Efficacy data were synthesized using fixed-effect models, and evaluated for heterogeneity using I2 statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven unique trials enrolling 44,142 females were included. The fixed-effect Relative Risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals were 0.04 (0.01-0.11) and 0.10 (0.03-0.38) for HPV-16 and HPV 18-related CIN2+ in the per-protocol populations (PPP). The corresponding RR was 0.47 (0.36-0.61) and 0.16 (0.08-0.34) in the intention-to-treat populations (ITT). Efficacy against CIN1+ was similar in scale in favor of vaccine. Overall vaccines were highly efficacious against 6-month persistent infection with HPV 16 and 18, both in the PPP cohort (RR: 0.06 [0.04-0.09] and 0.05 [0.03-0.09], respectively), and the ITT cohorts (RR: 0.15 [0.10-0.23] and 0.24 [0.14-0.42], respectively). There was limited prophylactic effect against CIN2+ and 6-month persistent infections associated with non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types. The risk of serious adverse events (RR: 1.00, 0.91-1.09) or vaccine-related serious adverse events (RR: 1.82; 0.79-4.20) did not differ significantly between vaccine and control groups. Data on abnormal pregnancy outcomes were underreported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic HPV vaccines are safe, well tolerated, and highly efficacious in preventing persistent infections and cervical diseases associated with vaccine-HPV types among young females. However, long-term efficacy and safety needs to be addressed in future trials.
authors.affiliation: Risk Assessment, Detection and Intervention Program, H, Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Beibei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ambuj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Castellsagué
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines