title: T-helper-related cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid from adolescents with Down syndrome.
abstract: Subjects with Down syndrome have a high prevalence of periodontal disease. The aim was to investigate the level of Th1-, Th2- and Th17-related cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of subjects with Down syndrome. Subjects with Down syndrome (n = 24) and controls (n = 29) with a mean age of 16.4 years were clinically examined with respect to periodontal probing depth (PD) and gingival inflammation in terms of bleeding on probing (BOP%). The controls were matched to subjects with Down syndrome regarding age and gingival inflammation (BOP%). All subjects answered a questionnaire regarding oral hygiene, medical history and socioeconomic background. GCF was collected and the concentration of the cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-17 were determined using Bio-Plex cytokine multiplex assays. The volume of GCF (microliters) was significantly higher in subjects with Down syndrome (P < 0.001) compared with controls. The mean concentrations (picogrammes per millilitre) of IL-1β (P < 0.001), IL-4 (P = 0.002), IL-6 (P = 0.005), IL-10 (P = 0.001), IL-12 (P = 0.003), IFN-γ (P = 0.002), and TNF-α (P = 0.002) in GCF, respectively, were significantly higher in subjects with Down syndrome compared with controls. The regression line of the relationship between IFN-γ and IL-4 in GCF differed significantly (P = 0.006) in subjects with Down syndrome compared to controls. Subjects with Down syndrome demonstrated higher concentration of Th1-, Th2- and Th17-related cytokines with an altered relationship between Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ and Th2 cytokine, IL-4, in volume GCF compared to controls.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. georgios.tsilingaridis@ki.se
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsilingaridis
authors.forename: Tülay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yucel-Lindberg
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Modéer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000145:classification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma