title: A new classification of the long-horned caddisflies (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) based on molecular data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptoceridae are among the three largest families of Trichoptera (caddisflies). The current classification is founded on a phylogenetic work from the 1980's, based on morphological characters from adult males, i.e. wing venation, tibial spur formula and genital morphology. In order to get a new opinion about the relationships within the family, we undertook a molecular study of the family based on sequences from five genes, mitochondrial COI and the four nuclear genes CAD, EF-1α, IDH and POL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses are more or less congruent with the morphologically based classification, with most genera and tribes recovered as monophyletic, but with some major differences. For monophyly of the two subfamilies Triplectidinae and Leptocerinae, one tribe of each was removed and elevated to subfamily status; however monophyly of some genera and tribes is in question. All clades except Leptocerinae, were stable across different analysis methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We elevate the tribes Grumichellini and Leptorussini to subfamily status, Grumichellinae and Leptorussinae, respectively. We also propose the synonymies of Ptochoecetis with Oecetis and Condocerus with Hudsonema.
authors.affiliation: Entomology Department, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. tobias.malm@nrm.se
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.forename: Kjell Arne
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Johanson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007313:Insecta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins