title: Characterization of microbial contaminants in urine.
abstract: Modern, molecular microbiological methods were applied to urine samples from control subjects and athletes for characterization of the microbial community. High abundance of lactobacilli, enterococci, and enterobacteria was detected in urine samples, suggesting that gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts act as contamination sources. Athlete samples, but not control samples, showed an abundance of pseudomonads, a bacterial group reported to metabolize steroids. Overall, the bacteria detected are known to be capable of altering steroid profiles, emphasizing the importance of good hygiene at sampling in reliable doping control.
authors.affiliation: Alimetrics Ltd., Koskelontie 19 B, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ojanperä
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Apajalahti
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lauraeus
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alaja
authors.forename: Teija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moisander
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettunen
mesh_terms: D004300:Doping in Sports; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D056569:Enterococcaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007777:Lactobacillaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D013256:Steroids / Q000652:urine; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013256:Steroids