title: Diagnosing emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: the pivotal role of the pathologist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molecular diagnostics continues to evolve very rapidly, and its impact in the diagnosis of infectious diseases is undeniable. Molecular tools have played a pivotal role in discovering and characterizing several emerging infectious agents and have now become the gold standard for the diagnosis of infectious diseases caused by fastidious or uncultivable agents. Multiple challenges still remain for the widespread use of cost-effective, validated, and commercially available molecular tools. Automated instruments capable of sample processing and multiplex nucleic acid amplification and postamplification analysis have already been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the clinical setting. Nanobiotechnology is beginning to impact laboratory diagnostics in the clinical setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To address current nucleic acid techniques used in the clinical laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases. FDA-approved tests are listed, as well as molecular techniques (amplification and postamplification analysis). A comprehensive list of emerging pathogens during the last 4 decades is also presented. Biosurveillance systems are discussed in the context of molecular tools. The rapidly evolving field of nanobiotechnology is briefly addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original publications, major reviews, and book chapters were used to present a comprehensive, yet short, review of molecular diagnostics in infectious diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We will continue to witness an exponential growth of molecular techniques used for the initial diagnosis of infectious diseases. Molecular tools will also continue to have an impact on disease prognosis and response to therapeutic interventions. Automation, multiplexing, and miniaturization will continue to be driving forces in the development of new instruments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0428, USA. jolano@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Olano
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D055877:Biosurveillance / Q000379:methods; D023482:Bioterrorism; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D009696:Nucleic Acids