title: Expanding the phenotype and genotype of female GnRH deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  GnRH deficiency is a rare genetic disorder of absent or partial pubertal development. The clinical and genetic characteristics of GnRH-deficient women have not been well-described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of a large series of GnRH-deficient women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of 248 females with GnRH deficiency evaluated at an academic medical center between 1980 and 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical presentation, baseline endogenous GnRH secretory activity, and DNA sequence variants in 11 genes associated with GnRH deficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-eight percent had undergone pubarche, 51% had spontaneous thelarche, and 10% had 1-2 menses. Women with spontaneous thelarche were more likely to demonstrate normal pubarche (P = 0.04). In 27% of women, neuroendocrine studies demonstrated evidence of some endogenous GnRH secretory activity. Thirty-six percent (a large excess relative to controls) harbored a rare sequence variant in a gene associated with GnRH deficiency (87% heterozygous and 13% biallelic), with variants in FGFR1 (15%), GNRHR (6.6%), and PROKR2 (6.6%) being most prevalent. One woman had a biallelic variant in the X-linked gene, KAL1, and nine women had heterozygous variants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical presentation of female GnRH deficiency varies from primary amenorrhea and absence of any secondary sexual characteristics to spontaneous breast development and occasional menses. In this cohort, rare sequence variants were present in all of the known genes associated with GnRH deficiency, including the novel identification of GnRH-deficient women with KAL1 variants. The pathogenic mechanism through which KAL1 variants disrupt female reproductive development requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Stephanie B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Seminara
authors.forename: Corrine K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Welt
authors.forename: Margaret G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Lacey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quinton
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mericq
authors.forename: Paulina M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gusella
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pitteloud
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D001940:Breast / Q000254:growth & development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008598:Menstruation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: C076266:ANOS1 protein, human; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D004247:DNA