title: Evaluation of long- and short-handled hand hoes for land preparation, developed in a participatory manner among women vegetable farmers in The Gambia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated land preparation interventions (new short- and long-handled hoes), developed in a participatory manner with women vegetable farmers in West Africa, and identified indicators of long-term adoption of these interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n = 48) engaged in timed trials, alternating between using an intervention tool and their traditional hand hoe to till specified plots of land. Heart rates were measured and subjects reported the relative ergonomic comfort and safeness of the tool after each trial. Follow-up interviews and focus groups were held one, two, and three months after the trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the traditional hoe, the new long-handled hoe required 22% less time (p = 0.01), while the new short hoe took 20% more time (p = 0.05) to till the standard plots in this study. Two months after the initial trials, 94% of subjects preferred the new hoes over the traditional hoe. Most subjects (75%) preferred the new short hoe over the new long hoe and thought it was faster (81%), despite measurements to the contrary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the new long-handled hoe performed better in the timed trials in this study, most subjects preferred the new short-handled hoe. Subjects should be sensitized on the benefits of the long-handled hoe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Londa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanderwal
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rautiainen
authors.forename: Rex
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuye
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peek-Asa
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Marizen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Kennith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Culp
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donham
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000383:Agriculture / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005714:Gambia; D051639:Gardening; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009938:Organizations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013997:Time Factors; D014675:Vegetables