title: Effect of smoking on subgingival microflora of patients with periodontitis in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis. To clarify the contribution of smoking to periodontitis, it is essential to assess the relationship between smoking and the subgingival microflora. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the influence of smoking on the microflora of Japanese patients with periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven Japanese patients with chronic periodontitis (19 to 83 years old, 23 women and 44 men) were enrolled in the present study. They consisted of 30 smokers and 37 non-smokers. Periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) and oral hygiene status were recorded. Detection of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum/periodonticum, Treponema denticola and Campylobacter rectus in subgingival plaque samples was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Association between the detection of periodontopathic bacteria and smoking status was analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis and chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant association was found between having a PPD ≥ 4 mm and detection of T. denticola, P. intermedia, T. forsythia, or C. rectus, with odds ratios ranging from 2.17 to 3.54. A significant association was noted between BOP and the detection of C. rectus or P. intermedia, and smoking, with odds ratios ranging from 1.99 to 5.62. Prevalence of C. rectus was higher in smokers than non-smokers, whereas that of A. actinomycetemcomitans was lower in smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within limits, the analysis of the subgingival microbial flora in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis suggests a relevant association between smoking and colonization by the specific periodontal pathogens including C. rectus.
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanno-Nakanishi
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Katsuji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishihara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044883:Campylobacter rectus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult