title: Influence of blood glucose on heart rate and cardiac autonomic function. The DESIR study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in a general population, the relationships between dysglycaemia, insulin resistance and metabolic variables, and heart rate, heart rate recovery and heart rate variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and forty-seven participants in the Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance syndrome (DESIR) study were classified according to glycaemic status over the preceding 9 years. All were free of self-reported cardiac antecedents and were not taking drugs which alter heart rate. During five consecutive periods: rest, deep breathing, recovery, rest and lying to standing, heart rate and heart rate varability were evaluated and compared by ANCOVA and trend tests across glycaemic classes. Spearman correlation coefficients quantified the relations between cardio-metabolic risk factors, heart rate and heart rate varability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate differed between glycaemic groups, except during deep breathing. Between rest and deep-breathing periods, patients with diabetes had a lower increase in heart rate than others (P(trend) < 0.01); between deep breathing and recovery, the heart rate of patients with diabetes continued to increase, for others, heart rate decreased (P(trend) < 0.009). Heart rate was correlated with capillary glucose and triglycerides during the five test periods. Heart rate variability differed according to glycaemic status, especially during the recovery period. After age, sex and BMI adjustment, heart rate variability was correlated with triglycerides at two test periods. Change in heart rate between recovery and deep breathing was negatively correlated with heart rate variability at rest, (r=-0.113, P < 0.05): lower resting heart rate variability was associated with heart rate acceleration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heart rate, but not heart rate variability, was associated with glycaemic status and capillary glucose. After deep breathing, heart rate recovery was altered in patients with known diabetes and was associated with reduced heart rate variability. Being overweight was a major correlate of heart rate variability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, Paris-Nord University, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valensi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Extramiana
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cailleau
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haggui
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maison Blanche
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tichet
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balkau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human