title: Paracrine signalling loops in adult human and mouse pancreatic islets: netrins modulate beta cell apoptosis signalling via dependence receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adult pancreatic islets contain multiple cell types that produce and secrete well characterised hormones, including insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Although it is increasingly apparent that islets release and respond to more secreted factors than previously thought, systematic analyses are lacking. We therefore sought to identify potential autocrine and/or paracrine islet growth factor loops, and to characterise the function of the netrin family of islet-secreted factors and their receptors, which have been previously unreported in adult islets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression databases, islet-specific tag sequencing libraries and microarray datasets of FACS purified beta cells were used to compile a list of secreted factors and receptors present in mouse or human islets. Netrins and their receptors were further assessed using RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The roles of netrin-1 and netrin-4 in beta cell function, apoptosis and proliferation were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 233 secreted factors and 234 secreted factor receptors in islets. The presence of netrins and their receptors was further confirmed. Downregulation of caspase-3 activation was observed when MIN6 cells were exposed to exogenous netrin-1 and netrin-4 under hyperglycaemic conditions. Reduction in caspase-3 cleavage was linked to the decrease in dependence receptors, neogenin and unc-5 homologue A, as well as the activation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) signalling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results highlight the large number of potential islet growth factors and point to a context-dependent pro-survival role for netrins in adult beta cells. Since diabetes results from a deficiency in functional beta cell mass, these studies are important steps towards developing novel therapies to improve beta cell survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 5358 Life Sciences Building, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Y H C
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szabat
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bragagnini
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kott
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Helgason
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D019295:Computational Biology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000075386:Netrin Receptors; D000075388:Netrin-1; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C000617351:NTN1 protein, human; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D000075386:Netrin Receptors; C000617353:Ntn1 protein, mouse; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017475:Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C105653:Unc5c protein, mouse; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C091279:neogenin; D000075388:Netrin-1; D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D053148:Caspase 3