title: Reliability and accuracy analysis of a new semiautomatic radiographic measurement software in adult scoliosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Radiographic software measurement analysis in adult scoliosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy as well as the intra- and interobserver reliability of measuring different indices on preoperative adult scoliosis radiographs using a novel measurement software that includes a calibration procedure and semiautomatic features to facilitate the measurement process.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Scoliosis requires a careful radiographic evaluation to assess the deformity. Manual and computer radiographic process measures have been studied extensively to determine the reliability and reproducibility in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Most studies rely on comparing given measurements, which are repeated by the same user or by an expert user. A given measure with a small intra- or interobserver error might be deemed as good repeatability, but all measurements might not be truly accurate because the ground-truth value is often unknown. Thorough accuracy assessment of radiographic measures is necessary to assess scoliotic deformities, compare these measures at different stages or to permit valid multicenter studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four sets of adult scoliosis digital radiographs were measured two times by three independent observers using a novel radiographic measurement software that includes semiautomatic features to facilitate the measurement process. Twenty different measures taken from the Spinal Deformity Study Group radiographic measurement manual were performed on the coronal and sagittal images. Intra- and intermeasurer reliability for each measure was assessed. The accuracy of the measurement software was also assessed using a physical spine model in six different scoliotic configurations as a true reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the measures demonstrated good to excellent intra- and intermeasurer reliability, except for sacral obliquity. The standard variation of all the measures was very small: ≤ 4.2° for Cobb angles, ≤ 4.2° for the kyphosis, ≤ 5.7° for the lordosis, ≤ 3.9° for the pelvic angles, and ≤5.3° for the sacral angles. The variability in the linear measurements (distances) was <4 mm. The variance of the measures was 1.7 and 2.6 times greater, respectively, for the angular and linear measures between the inter- and intrameasurer reliability. The image quality positively influenced the intermeasurer reliability especially for the proximal thoracic Cobb angle, T10-L2 lordosis, sacral slope and L5 seating. The accuracy study revealed that on average the difference in the angular measures was < 2° for the Cobb angles, and < 4° for the other angles, except T2-T12 kyphosis (5.3°). The linear measures were all <3.5 mm difference on average.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of the measures, which were analyzed in this study demonstrated good to excellent reliability and accuracy. The novel semiautomatic measurement software can be recommended for use for clinical, research or multicenter study purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec, Canada. carl-eric.aubin@polymtl.ca
authors.forename: Carl-Eric
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Aubin
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellefleur
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joncas
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Lanauze
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kadoury
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blanke
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Labelle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012984:Software / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult