title: Schizophrenia patients at higher risk of diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates risks of developing diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in treating schizophrenia with first- and second-generation antipsychotics (FGA and SGA, respectively).
  
  
  METHODS
  We established two study sets, each consisting of patients with schizophrenia and without schizophrenia, from the insurance claims from 1997 to 2000. Study set I had 1631 patients taking FGA and 6524 non-schizophrenia controls; the other had 1224 patients taking SGA and 4896 controls. Controls were selected frequency matched with sex, age and the index year. All subjects were free of the studied metabolic disorders at the baseline. We measured incidences of these disorders developed by the end of 2008 in each cohort and their respective hazard ratios (HRs) for these disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schizophrenic patients taking FGA were older than those taking SGA. In the Cox models, significance adjusted HRs associated with SGA were 1.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30-2.55) for DM and 1.41 (95% CI 1.09-1.83) for hyperlipidemia. For those on the FGA, the risk was only significant in developing DM (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.75). The age-specific antipsychotics-associated risks for metabolic disorders were higher in young patients than in older patients particularly for hypertension; the HRs in 10-19 years of age were 4.52 (95% CI 1.76-11.6) associated with FGA and 3.92 (95% CI 1.83-8.39) associated with SGA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with schizophrenia on SGA have higher risk of developing metabolic disorders than those on FGA. It is likely that older patients have already gone through the age of developing these side-effects and were free of them at the baseline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Chen-Shu
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Wan-Ching
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Shih-Ni
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chien-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Hsien-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Fung-Chang
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D018672:Community Health Planning; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents