title: Characterization of the insulin sensitivity of ghrelin receptor KO mice using glycemic clamps.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We and others have demonstrated previously that ghrelin receptor (GhrR) knock out (KO) mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) have increased insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility relative to WT littermates. A striking feature of the HFD-fed GhrR KO mouse is the dramatic decrease in hepatic steatosis. To characterize further the underlying mechanisms of glucose homeostasis in GhrR KO mice, we conducted both hyperglycemic (HG) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HI-E) clamps. Additionally, we investigated tissue glucose uptake and specifically examined liver insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent with glucose tolerance-test data, in HG clamp experiments, GhrR KO mice showed a reduction in glucose-stimulated insulin release relative to WT littermates. Nevertheless, a robust 1st phase insulin secretion was still achieved, indicating that a healthy β-cell response is maintained. Additionally, GhrR KO mice demonstrated both a significantly increased glucose infusion rate and significantly reduced insulin requirement for maintenance of the HG clamp, consistent with their relative insulin sensitivity. In HI-E clamps, both LFD-fed and HFD-fed GhrR KO mice showed higher peripheral insulin sensitivity relative to WT littermates as indicated by a significant increase in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd), and decreased hepatic glucose production (HGP). HFD-fed GhrR KO mice showed a marked increase in peripheral tissue glucose uptake in a variety of tissues, including skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. GhrR KO mice fed a HFD also showed a modest, but significant decrease in conversion of pyruvate to glucose, as would be anticipated if these mice displayed increased liver insulin sensitivity. Additionally, the levels of UCP2 and UCP1 were reduced in the liver and BAT, respectively, in GhrR KO mice relative to WT mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that improved glucose homeostasis of GhrR KO mice is characterized by robust improvements of glucose disposal in both normal and metabolically challenged states, relative to WT controls. GhrR KO mice have an intact 1st phase insulin response but require significantly less insulin for glucose disposal. Our experiments reveal that the insulin sensitivity of GhrR KO mice is due to both BW independent and dependent factors. We also provide several lines of evidence that a key feature of the GhrR KO mouse is maintenance of hepatic insulin sensitivity during metabolic challenge.
authors.affiliation: Elixir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 12 Emily St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Giuliana
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gagne
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McDonagh
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Govek
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Chaoseng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hixon
authors.forename: Jeffrey O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Distefano
authors.forename: Brad J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Geddes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique / Q000379:methods*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000235:genetics; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin