title: Non-invasive physiological monitoring of exercise and fitness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current research of new emerging diagnostic technology for non-invasive physiological monitoring of exercise and fitness. As a personal trainer, I believe that exercise can improve the conditions of several diseases and/or events such as stroke, post-traumatic head injury, spinal cord injury, and a multitude of other diseases. This compilation of information will allow health care providers tools of a non-invasive manner to promote healing and health that go beyond the initial event. Allowing patients continued managed care beyond what is believed to be their plateau.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review science-based research involving non-invasive technology, including cardiovascular evaluations: heart rate monitors, near-infrared spectroscopy, blood pressure, and electrocardiography; motor capabilities: surface electromyography and manual testers, i.e. dynamometer, and digital and video photography; radiological monitoring: magnetic resonance imaging, three-dimensional computer tomography, and laser Doppler.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This investigation has found that a new approach should be implemented for non-invasive physiological monitoring of exercise and fitness through development and utilization across a wide variety of equipment, and monitoring technology. This non-invasive methodology will not only motivate but encourage individuals to begin and remain compliant with an exercise program allowing a variety of health care providers to assist in patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We need to shift the paradigm from taking care of the sick to maintaining the health of our patients. This can be accomplished with non-invasive evaluation, tracking, and monitoring tools. Many of the suggestions for monitoring are used in a clinical setting rather than a general fitness environment. These monitoring tests need to be economical as well as available for continual re-evaluation.
authors.affiliation: West Bloomfield, MI, USA. lburkow@comcast.net
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burkow-Heikkinen
mesh_terms: D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*