title: Depressive symptom clusters are differentially associated with general and visceral obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between obesity and depressive symptoms taking into account different measures for obesity (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) and different depressive symptom clusters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional population-based survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data of the Nijmegen Biomedical Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand two hundred eighty-four persons aged 50 to 70.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obesity (BMI, WC, and WHR) and depressive symptoms were measured, the latter using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Principal components analysis of the BDI items yielded two factors, one representing a cognitive-affective symptom cluster and the other a somatic-affective symptom cluster. Multiple regression analyses corrected for confounders were conducted for each measure of obesity, with separate models testing the BDI sum score and the depression symptom clusters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI was significantly associated with BDI sum score (β=0.12, P<.001) and the cognitive- (β=0.08, P=.008) and somatic-affective symptom clusters (β=0.10, P=.001). WC (β=0.11, P<.001) and WHR (β=0.07, P=.004) were specifically associated with the somatic-affective symptom cluster.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visceral obesity, which is more indicative of vascular risk than BMI, is specifically associated with somatic-affective depressive symptom cluster, which might suggest that these symptoms are primarily due to a (subclinical) somatic condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Old Age Psychiatry, De Gelderse Roos, Arnhem, The Netherlands. r.marijnissen@degelderseroos.nl
authors.forename: Radboud M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Marijnissen
authors.forename: Boudewijn A A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bus
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holewijn
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Purandare
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: den Heijer
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Oude Voshaar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio