title: Effect of nicotine, cotinine and cigarette smoke extract on the neutrophil respiratory burst.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of nicotine, cotinine and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on the neutrophil respiratory burst and their effect on activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathway in oral epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neutrophils from periodontally healthy individuals were treated with nicotine, cotinine and CSE before stimulation with Fusobacterium nucleatum, IgG-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Total and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was determined by luminol/isoluminol chemiluminescence. Activation of NFκB in oral epithelial cells was determined by immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoke extract alone caused increased neutrophil extracellular isoluminol-dependent chemiluminescence, not detectable with luminol. However, pre-treatment with smoke extract reduced both total and extracellular ROS generation in response to all stimuli. Nicotine and cotinine had no effect on the neutrophil respiratory burst. Smoke extract, nicotine and cotinine did not induce oral epithelial cell NFκB activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that smoke extract reduces the ability of neutrophils to generate ROS after stimulation with F. nucleatum and IgG-opsonized S. aureus but, at high concentrations, stimulates extracellular ROS generation. During periodontitis, cigarette smoking may differentially affect neutrophil function, generally preventing elimination of periodontal pathogens but, in heavy smokers, also stimulating ROS release and oxidative stress mediated tissue damage.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Periodontal Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. j.b.matthews@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Fa-Ming
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Milward
authors.forename: Helen J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McDonagh
authors.forename: Iain L C
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Chapple
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000187:drug effects; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003367:Cotinine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008165:Luminol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects*; D012906:Smoke; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012906:Smoke; C032487:isoluminol; D008165:Luminol; D009538:Nicotine; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D003367:Cotinine