title: Antioxidants rescue stressed embryos at a rate comparable with co-culturing of embryos with human umbilical cord mesenchymal cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During laboratory manipulations, oocytes and embryos are inevitably exposed to suboptimal conditions that interfere with the normal development of embryos.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we examined the effects of antioxidants, feeder cells and a conditioned medium on embryo development and cleavage rate following exposure of the embryos to suboptimal conditions. We exposed mouse two-cell embryos to visible light and divided them into four groups: control (E-ctr), co-culture (Co-c), conditioned medium (Cndm) and antioxidant-plus medium (Aopm). We used human umbilical cord matrix-derived mesenchymal cells for co-culture. A group of embryos was not exposed to visible light and served as the non-exposed control (NE-ctr) group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The developmental rate was higher in NE-ctr embryos than in the E-ctr group. Exposed embryos in the various groups showed a comparable developmental rate at different stages. Blastomere number significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the Co-c and Aopm groups compared with the E-ctr and Cndm groups. No significant difference was observed between the Co-c and Aopm groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that in suboptimal conditions, antioxidants could improve the embryo cleavage rate in the same way as feeder cells. Antioxidants probably improve embryo quality through their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Ghazaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moshkdanian
authors.forename: Seyed Noureddin
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Nematollahi-Mahani
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pouya
authors.forename: Amirmahdi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nematollahi-Mahani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D018920:Coculture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species