title: Endoscopic management of occluded biliary uncovered metal stents: a multicenter experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare diverse endoscopic interventions in the management of occluded uncovered self-expanding metal stents (SEMSs) that had been placed for palliative treatment of unresectable malignant biliary obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was undertaken in 4 tertiary endoscopic centers to determine optimal management of different types of occluded SEMSs. The technical success of performed treatment in occluded SEMSs, the patency of the stent, the need for re-intervention and the financial costs of each treatment were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty four patients were included in the analysis; 21 received Hanaro, 19 Wallstent and 14 Flexus. For the relief of obstruction, a plastic stent was inserted in 24 patients, a second SEMS in 25 and mechanical cleaning was performed in 5 patients. The overall median second patency rates between second SEMSs and plastic stents did not differ (133 d for SEMSs vs 106 d for plastic stents; P=0.856). Similarly, no difference was found between the overall survival of SEMS and plastic stent groups, and no procedure-related complications occurred. Incremental cost analysis showed that successive plastic stenting was a cost-saving strategy at least in Greece.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insertion of uncovered SEMSs or plastic stents is a safe and effective treatment for occluded uncovered SEMSs; insertion of plastic stents appears to be the most cost-effective strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endoscopy and Motility Unit, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, and 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 55132, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katsinelos
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beltsis
authors.forename: Grigoris
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chatzimavroudis
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paikos
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paroutoglou
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kapetanos
authors.forename: Sotiris
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terzoudis
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lazaraki
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pilpilidis
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fasoulas
authors.forename: Stefanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atmatzidis
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zavos
authors.forename: Jannis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kountouras
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D015996:Survival Rate