title: Keratin 8 expression in colon cancer associates with low faecal butyrate levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Butyrate has been implicated in the mechanistic basis of the prevention of colorectal cancer by dietary fibre. Numerous in vitro studies have shown that butyrate regulates cell cycle and cell death. More recently we have shown that butyrate also regulates the integrity of the intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton in vitro. These and other data suggest a link between the role of diet and the implication of a central role for the keratin 8 (K8) as guardian of the colorectal epithelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study possible links between butyrate levels, field effects and keratin expression in cancer were addressed directly by analysing how levels of expression of the IF protein K8 in tumours, in adjacent fields and at a distant landmark site may be affected by the level of butyrate in the colon microenvironment. An immunohistochemical scoring protocol for K8 was developed and applied to samples, findings were further tested by immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of K8 in colorectal tumours are lower in subjects with higher levels of faecal butyrate. Immunoblotting supported this finding.Although there were no significant relationships with butyrate on the non-tumour tissues, there was a consistent trend in all measures of extent or intensity of staining towards a reduction in expression with elevated butyrate, consistent with the inverse association in tumours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that butyrate may associate with down-regulation of the expression of K8 in the cancerized colon. If further validated these findings may suggest the chemopreventive value of butyrate is limited to early stage carcinogenesis as low K8 expression is associated with a poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK.
authors.forename: Abdul Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bury
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Bernard M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Corfe
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D002087:Butyrates / Q000032:analysis*; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D053533:Keratin-8 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D053533:Keratin-8