title: Safe transport of patients with acute coronary syndrome or cardiogenic shock by skilled air medical crews.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a spectrum of disease that includes unstable angina (UA), non?ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Cardiogenic shock is a severe complication of an ACS. Evidence suggests that emergent primary coronary intervention is the treatment of choice for patients with acute STEMI, and patients who have hemodynamic instability or suffer a major complication of therapy also require emergent intervention. These patients may require emergent interfacility transfer for this intervention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined ACS patient transfers to determine the incidence of adverse events (AEs) during transfer in a large transport medicine service.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data for air medical transfer of ACS or cardiogenic shock patients in Ontario, Canada, from January 2005 to June 2007. Call records and patient care reports were screened for AE identifiers, including resuscitation medication and procedure and unstable cardiac rhythms. Each chart with an AE was independently reviewed by two investigators, with consensus in cases of disagreement, to determine the incidence and type of AE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, there were 2,258 transfers for which the patient had a primary diagnosis of ACS or cardiogenic shock. The mean age was 62 years (range 24-91 years), and 68% of the patients were male. Investigators identified one or more AEs that occurred during 127 (5.6%) patient transfers, with hypotension (n = 80), increasing chest pain (n = 52), and arrhythmia (n = 18) as the three most common AEs. There was one death in flight. Management of the AEs was within the scope of practice of transport personnel in all but one case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of AEs in air medical transport of ACS patients is low. Air medical crews can safely transport this potentially unstable patient population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trojanowski
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017732:Air Ambulances; D002637:Chest Pain; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005791:Patient Care / Q000379:methods*; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic; D055815:Young Adult