title: Cardiovascular diseases and erectile dysfunction: the two faces of the coin of androgen deficiency.
abstract: Traditionally, clinical conditions synonymous with the ageing male included cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and sexual dysfunction, and were widely regarded as independent clinical entities. Over the last decade, interrelationship of clinical conditions has been convincingly demonstrated. Declining testosterone levels in the elderly, once regarded as an academic endocrinological question, appear to be central to the listed pathologies. It is now clear that erectile dysfunction is an expression of endothelial dysfunction. Testosterone deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of CVD and DM. The latter is often the sequel of the metabolic syndrome. Visceral obesity, a pivotal characteristic of the metabolic syndrome, suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis leading to diminished testosterone production. Conversely, substantial androgen deficiency leads to signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome. It is erroneous not to include testosterone measurements in the progress of the CVD, DM and erectile dysfunction. These conditions correlate strongly with testosterone deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Andrology, Segeberger Kliniken, Norderstedt-Hamburg, Germany. yassin@t-online.de
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Yassin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akhras
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: El-Sakka
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saad
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens