title: Effect of marine n-3 fatty acids on circulating inflammatory markers in healthy subjects and subjects with cardiovascular risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present paper was to review the literature in order to summarize the effects of marine n-3 fatty acids on circulating inflammatory markers among healthy subjects, subjects with high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and in patients with CVD in human intervention studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search in PubMed was performed. Intervention studies describing the effects of marine n-3 fatty acids on circulating inflammatory markers in healthy subjects, subjects with high risk of CVD and patients with CVD were included. The following exclusion criteria were used: (1) interventions assessing inflammatory markers with ex vivo methods (2) interventions with children (3) articles describing animal or cell culture studies. Twenty-two articles were included. Additionally, 13 papers from their literature lists were included based on the same inclusion and exclusion criteria as the literature search.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intervention studies with marine n-3 fatty acids administered from either fish or fish oil demonstrate different results on inflammatory markers. No firm conclusion can be drawn about the effect of marine n-3 fatty acids on circulating inflammatory markers in healthy individuals, individuals with high risk of developing CVD or individuals with CVD related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, Nutrition and Management, Akershus University College, PO box 423, 2001, Lillestrøm, Norway.
authors.forename: Mari C W
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Myhrstad
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Retterstøl
authors.forename: Vibeke H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Telle-Hansen
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ottestad
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Halvorsen
authors.forename: Kirsten B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Holven
authors.forename: Stine M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ulven
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D039781:PubMed; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3