title: The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in adult African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis).
abstract: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was determined in adult female Xenopus laevis after single-dose administration (10 mg/kg) by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Frogs were evaluated at various time points until 8 h after injection. Plasma was analyzed for antibiotic concentration levels by HPLC. We computed pharmacokinetic parameters by using noncompartmental analysis of the pooled concentrations (naive pooled samples). After intramuscular administration of enrofloxacin, the half-life was 5.32 h, concentration maximum was 10.85 μg/mL, distribution volume was 841.96 mL/kg, and area under the time-concentration curve was 57.59 μg×h/mL; after subcutaneous administration these parameters were 4.08 h, 9.76 μg/mL, 915.85 mL/kg, and 47.42 μg×h/mL, respectively. According to plasma pharmacokinetics, Xenopus seem to metabolize enrofloxacin in a manner similar to mammals: low levels of the enrofloxacin metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were detected in the frogs' habitat water and plasma. At necropsy, there were no gross or histologic signs of toxicity after single-dose administration; toxicity was not evaluated for repeated dosing. The plasma concentrations reached levels considered effective against common aquatic pathogens and suggest that a single, once-daily dose would be a reasonable regimen to consider when treating sick frogs. The treatment of sick frogs should be based on specific microbiologic identification of the pathogen and on antibiotic susceptibility testing.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Comparative Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. ahowarda@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Antwain M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Papich
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Felt
authors.forename: Charles T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Gabriel P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: McKeon
authors.forename: Emmitt S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Stéphanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Torreilles
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: Sherril L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006207:Half-Life; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000662:veterinary; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin