title: Strategies to manage antifungal drug resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive fungal infections continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. From more than half a million deaths from cryptococcosis in sub-Saharan Africa to an unchanging death rate from invasive candidiasis, despite three antifungal classes of drugs, insights into better strategies to reduce therapeutic failures or resistance are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review examines the issues around antifungal drug resistance from both a basic description of the failures and how they are detected to the variety of issues that need to be addressed to help prevent failures for successful management. The reader will gain an understanding of the clinical complexities in this patient population for management of invasive fungal infections. Throughout the review, principles of management are given along with some specific clinical examples to illustrate the issues and frame the knowledge base. From this discussion it is hoped that the clinician can use the insights provided to manage individual patients and find links to the evidence-based material that support its conclusions. Also, this review specifically identifies the limitations of present management and directs clinicians to gather additional information and provide even better treatment strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Invasive fungal infections are life-threatening complications of serious underlying diseases. Their management can be complicated by both direct and clinical drug resistance and by understanding these possibilities and correcting them; most patients can be successfully managed with present antifungal drugs if the underlying diseases can be controlled.
authors.affiliation: Mackay Memorial Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongshan Dist., Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiang-Kuang
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Perfect
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents