title: Predictors of chronic breathlessness: a large population study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breathlessness causes significant burden in our community but the underlying socio-demographic and lifestyle factors that may influence it are not well quantified. This study aims to define these predictors of chronic breathlessness at a population level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from adult South Australians in 2007 and 2008 (n = 5331) as part of a face-to-face, cross-sectional, whole-of-population, multi-stage, systematic area sampling population health survey. The main outcome variable was breathlessness in logistic regression models. Lifestyle factors examined included smoking history, smoke-free housing, level of physical activity and body mass index (obesity).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participation rate was 64.1%, and 11.1% of individuals (15.0% if aged ≥50 years) chronically had breathlessness that limited exertion. Significant bivariate associations with chronic breathlessness for the whole population and only those ≥50 included: increasing age; female gender; being separated/divorced/widowed; social disadvantage; smoking status; those without a smoke-free home; low levels of physical activity; and obesity. In multi-variate analyses adjusted for age, marital status (p < 0.001), physical activity (p < 0.001), obesity (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.05) and social disadvantage (p < 0.05) remained significant factors. Smoking history was not a significant contributor to the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is potential benefit in addressing reversible lifestyle causes of breathlessness including high body mass index (obesity) and low levels of physical activity in order to decrease the prevalence of chronic breathlessness. Clinical intervention studies for chronic breathlessness should consider stratification by body mass index.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Council, South Australia, 202 Greenhill Rd, Parkside, South Australia, Australia. jbowden@cancersa.org.au
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: Timothy H M
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: To
authors.forename: Amy P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Abernethy
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Currow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology