title: Validation of human whole blood oximetry, using a hyperspectral fundus camera with a model eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy of human blood oximetry measurements in a model eye with a hyperspectral fundus camera.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven human whole blood samples (two arterial, five venous) were obtained, the oxygen saturations measured with a CO oximeter, and the samples inserted into quartz tubes with internal diameters of 100 and 150 μm. The tubes (n = 20; ten 100 μm and ten 150 μm) were placed within a model eye in front of a background reflectance surface with reflectivities of 20%, 60%, and 99%. Spectral images at wavelengths between 500 and 650 nm were acquired with a hyperspectral fundus camera and analyzed with an oximetric model to calculate the oxygen saturation of blood within the tubes. The calculated oxygen saturations were compared with the measured oxygen saturations. The effects of the background reflectivity and tube size on the accuracy of the calculated oxygen saturations were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Background reflectivity and tube size had no significant effect on the mean oxygen saturation difference (P = 0.18 and P = 0.99, respectively; repeated-measures, two-way ANOVA). The mean differences (SD) between the measured and calculated oxygen saturations in segments of the 100 and 150 μm tubes overlying the 20%, 60%, and 99% background reflectivities were (100 μm) -4.0% (13.4%), -6.4% (9.9%), and -5.5% (10.2%) and (150 μm) -5.3% (10.8%), -5.2% (10.7%), and -5.2% (10.9%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was reasonable agreement between the measured oxygen saturation values and those calculated by the oximetry model. The oximetry model could be used to determine the functional health of the retina.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Gloucestershire Eye Unit, Cheltenham General Hospital, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS (National Health Service) Foundation Trust, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mordant
authors.forename: Ied
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Abboud
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muyo
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sallam
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rodmell
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Andrew I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: McNaught
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000502:physiology; D012169:Retinal Vein / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen