title: Biomechanical rationale of sacral rounding deformity in pediatric spondylolisthesis: a clinical and biomechanical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rounding surface of the sacral dome and wedging deformity of the vertebral body are commonly observed in patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis. Recently, an animal study showed that the deformity can be caused by the growth plate involvement in the immature pediatric vertebral body after biomechanical alteration due to the pars defects. However, the pathomechanism and biomechanics of these deformities have yet to be clarified. To demonstrate that the sacral rounding deformity observed in pediatric patients with spondylolisthesis can be reversed, and to understand the pathomechanism of the deformity from the biomechanical standpoint by analyzing changes of stress around the growth plate of the vertebral body due to spondylolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional finite element pediatric lumbar models of the L3-L5 segment were utilized. Unlike the adult model, this pediatric model had growth plates and apophyseal rings. We analyzed stress distribution in response to 351°N axial compression and 10 N m moment in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Bilateral spondylolysis was created in the model at the L4 level. The stress in the bilateral defect model was compared to the intact model predictions and the results obtained in the pediatric patients with sacral rounding deformity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients presented rounding deformity of the anterior upper corner at S1 at the initial visit. They were asked to stop sports activities and use a soft trunk brace. Twelve months later, no rounding deformity was observed on the radiographs indicating that this deformity was reversible in pediatric cases. The biomechanical study indicated that in the pediatric spondylolytic spine, mechanical stress increased at the anterior upper corner during lumbar motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the presence of spondylolysis, mechanical stress increases in the growth plate at the anterior upper corner. Repetitive increases of mechanical stress may cause rounding deformity of the sacral dome mediated by growth plate involvement. When mechanical stress at the growth plate is reduced by wearing a brace, the proper functioning of the growth plate can help to remodel the sacral dome to its normal shape.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence, Department of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terai
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sairyo
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biyani
authors.forename: Faizan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiapour
authors.forename: Kosaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashino
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Natsuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yasui
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001915:Braces; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D013177:Sports; D013314:Stress, Mechanical