title: Salmonella Typhimurium ST213 is associated with two types of IncA/C plasmids carrying multiple resistance determinants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salmonella Typhimurium ST213 was first detected in the Mexican Typhimurium population in 2001. It is associated with a multi-drug resistance phenotype and a plasmid-borne blaCMY-2 gene conferring resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. The objective of the current study was to examine the association between the ST213 genotype and blaCMY-2 plasmids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The blaCMY-2 gene was carried by an IncA/C plasmid. ST213 strains lacking the blaCMY-2 gene carried a different IncA/C plasmid. PCR analysis of seven DNA regions distributed throughout the plasmids showed that these IncA/C plasmids were related, but the presence and absence of DNA stretches produced two divergent types I and II. A class 1 integron (dfrA12, orfF and aadA2) was detected in most of the type I plasmids. Type I contained all the plasmids carrying the blaCMY-2 gene and a subset of plasmids lacking blaCMY-2. Type II included all of the remaining blaCMY-2-negative plasmids. A sequence comparison of the seven DNA regions showed that both types were closely related to IncA/C plasmids found in Escherichia, Salmonella, Yersinia, Photobacterium, Vibrio and Aeromonas. Analysis of our Typhimurium strains showed that the region containing the blaCMY-2 gene is inserted between traA and traC as a single copy, like in the E. coli plasmid pAR060302. The floR allele was identical to that of Newport pSN254, suggesting a mosaic pattern of ancestry with plasmids from other Salmonella serovars and E. coli. Only one of the tested strains was able to conjugate the IncA/C plasmid at very low frequencies (10-7 to 10-9). The lack of conjugation ability of our IncA/C plasmids agrees with the clonal dissemination trend suggested by the chromosomal backgrounds and plasmid pattern associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ecological success of the newly emerging Typhimurium ST213 genotype in Mexico may be related to the carriage of IncA/C plasmids. We conclude that types I and II of IncA/C plasmids originated from a common ancestor and that the insertion and deletion of DNA stretches have shaped their evolutionary histories.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiesner
authors.forename: Edmundo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calva
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández-Mora
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cevallos
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Mussaret B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins