title: Development and validation of The Personal Diabetes Questionnaire (PDQ): a measure of diabetes self-care behaviors, perceptions and barriers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of The Personal Diabetes Questionnaire (PDQ), a brief, yet comprehensive measure of diabetes self-care behaviors, perceptions and barriers. To examine individual items to provide descriptive and normative information and provide data on scale reliability and associations between PDQ scales and concurrently assessed HBA(1c) and BMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Items were written to address nutritional management, medication utilization, blood glucose monitoring, and physical activity. The initial instrument was reviewed by multidisciplinary diabetes care providers and items subsequently revised until the measure provided complete coverage of the diabetes care domains using as few items as possible. The scoring scheme was generated rationally. Subjects were 790 adults (205 with type 1 and 585 with type 2 diabetes) who completed the PDQ while waiting for clinic appointments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Item completion rates were high, with few items skipped by participants. Subscales demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach α=.650-.834) and demonstrated significant associations with BMI (p ≤.001) and HbA(1c) (p ≤.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PDQ is a useful measure of diabetes self-care behaviors and related perceptions and barriers that is reliable and valid and feasible to administer in a clinic setting. This measure may be used to obtain data for assessing diabetes self-management and barriers and to guide patient care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, KY, USA. barbara.stetson@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stetson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlundt
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rothschild
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Floyd
authors.forename: Whitney
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Sri Prakash
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mokshagundam
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D010465:Perception; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human