title: Children in pain: recurrent back pain, abdominal pain, and headache in children and adolescents in a four-year-period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the development of recurrent pain in 3 body locations in children and adolescents (baseline age, 9 to 14 years) in a 4-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a large population-based longitudinal epidemiological study data was collected through annual postal questionnaires (longitudinal, n = 2025). Descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equations were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Girls were more likely to report recurrent pain, demonstrated a steeper development during the 4-year period, and reported multiple pain more often than boys. Younger children reported less recurrent pain, but displayed a steeper trend of increasing prevalence rates as they grew older. Older children illustrated a more stable development of recurrent pain and reported multiple pain more often. Disability experienced because of recurrent pain was related strongest to pain intensity. Stable patterns of pain were related to higher intensity and disability reports. The children experienced headache as the most disabling of the 3 pains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that boys and girls report recurrent pain in different patterns in the years. To identify risk factors, analysis should be performed separately for boys and girls. Furthermore, it is recommended to include children before the age of 9 years in a prevention study.
authors.affiliation: Georg-Elias-Müller-Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. hsteur@uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: Hester
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Gessel
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gassmann
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kröner-Herwig
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors