title: Historical contributions from the Harvard system to adult spine surgery.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document the historical contributions from the Harvard Medical School system to the field of adult spine surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite the fact that significant contributions to the discipline of spinal surgery have derived from the Harvard system, no prior study documents the history of the Harvard spine services in a cohesive narrative.
  
  
  METHODS
  This historical perspective reviews the history of adult spine surgery within the Harvard system and outlines the significant contributions made by orthopedic and neurosurgical practitioners to the field. Literature reviews were performed from historical works, as well as scientific publications to fashion a cohesive review covering the history of spine surgery at Harvard from the early 19th century to the present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The development of the spine surgical services at the three main Harvard hospitals, and significant spine surgical personalities within the system, are discussed, including W. Jason Mixter, MD, Joseph S. Barr Sr., MD, and Marius N. Smith-Petersen, MD. Substantial developments that have arisen from the Harvard teaching hospitals include the recognition of disc herniation as the cause of radicular symptoms in the lower extremities, the description of lumbar discectomy as a surgical treatment for radicular pain, osteotomy for the correction of spinal deformity, and the first attempt to create a systematic algorithm capable of informing treatment for cervical spine trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite humble beginnings, the surgeons and scientists at Harvard have influenced nearly every facet of spine surgery over the course of the last two centuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79920, USA. ajschoen@neomed.edu
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001900:Boston; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000266:history; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000193:education / Q000266:history*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000193:education / Q000266:history*; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000266:history*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery