title: Swainsonine and endophyte relationships in Astragalus mollissimus and Astragalus lentiginosus.
abstract: Locoweeds are defined as Astragalus and Oxytropis species that induce locoism due to the toxic alkaloid swainsonine. Swainsonine was detected in all parts of Astragalus lentiginosus and Astragalus mollissimus , with greater concentrations found in the aboveground parts. Undifilum oxytropis , a fungal endophyte responsible for the synthesis of swainsonine, was detected in all plant parts of A. lentiginosus and A. mollissimus. The amount of endophyte within a plant part does not always correspond to the concentration of swainsonine in the same part. Plants of A. mollissimus and A. lentiginosus can be divided into two chemotypes: those that contain swainsonine (>0.1%; chemotype 1) and those that contain little or no detectable swainsonine (<0.01%; chemotype 2). Chemotype 1 plants in both species had quantitatively higher amounts of endophyte compared to chemotype 2 plants. Swainsonine and endophyte amounts were not uniformly distributed within stalks of the same plant. For that reason, repeated sampling of stalks from the same plant during one growing season may provide misleading results. Sequence variants of U. oxytropis exist within populations of A. mollissimus, A. lentiginosus, and Oxytropis sericea and do not correlate with chemotype. These findings suggest several possible reasons for differential concentrations of swainsonine that will be tested in future work.
authors.affiliation: Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan,Utah 84341, United States. daniel.cook@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Dale R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grum
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ralphs
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Benedict T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D017026:Swainsonine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D017026:Swainsonine