title: Carcinoid tumors of the duodenum and the ampulla of Vater: current diagnostic and therapeutic approach in a series of 8 patients. Case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the specific characteristics of duodenal/perivaterian carcinoids and to analyze the diagnostic/therapeutic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients were included in our study. Symptoms on admission included dyspepsia, upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and anemia. All patients underwent upper GI endoscopy and gastrointestinal peptides (gastrin) and neuroendocrine markers (Chromogranin-A, CgA) measurement. Imaging studies were performed in all patients, including OCTREOSCAN, while in patients with ACs MRCP or ERCP was also performed, when necessary. Definite diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polypoid masses (carcinoids) were revealed at duodenal bulb and ampulla of Vater, in 5 and 3 patients, respectively. Serum gastrin was moderately increased in 4 patients, while in one patient it was more than 1000 pg/ml. Serum CgA was moderately increased in one patient, in whom OCTREOSCAN detected a solitary hepatic metastasis. Two patients with DC, of less than 1 cm of diameter, were treated by endoscopic polypectomy, while all the other patients underwent surgery. The patient with hepatic metastasis and positive OCTREOSCAN received also Octreotide LAR, resulting in stabilization of disease. No recurrence or metastases were observed during follow-up (range : 1.5-9.6 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In DC tumors <1 cm endoscopic excision with close follow-up is an adequate treatment, while in tumors >1 cm and in AC, surgical resection is the treatment of choice. In metastatic tumors, resection of the primary lesion with administration of somatostatin analogues may stabilize the disease and improve patient's quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrinology, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine of Athens University Medical School, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece. georgesakorafas@yahoo.com
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Nikou
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toubanakis
authors.forename: Konstantinos G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Moulakakis
authors.forename: Spiridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pavlatos
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kosmidis
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mallas
authors.forename: Panayiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Safioleas
authors.forename: George H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Sakorafas
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Safioleas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014670:Ampulla of Vater; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D004379:Duodenal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged