title: High frequency EEG activity associated with ictal events in an animal model of infantile spasms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe high frequency (HF) electrographic activity accompanying ictal discharges in the tetrodotoxin (TTX) model of infantile spasms. Previous studies of HF oscillations in humans and animals suggest that they arise at sites of seizure onset. We compared HF oscillations at several cortical sites to determine regional differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  TTX was infused for 4 weeks into the neocortex of rats beginning on postnatal days 11 or 12. Electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes were implanted 2 weeks later and video-EEG recordings were analyzed between postnatal days 31 and 47. EEG recordings were digitally sampled at 2,048 Hz. HF EEG activity (20-900 Hz) was quantified using compressed spectral arrays and band-pass filtering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple seizures were analyzed in 10 rats. Ictal onset was associated with multiple bands of rhythmic HF activity that could extend to 700 Hz. The earliest and most intense discharging typically occurred contralaterally to where TTX was infused. HF activity continued to occur throughout the seizure (even during the electrodecrement that is recorded with more traditional filter settings), although there was a gradual decrease of the intensity of the highest frequency components as the amplitude of lower frequency oscillations increased. Higher frequencies sometimes reappeared in association with spike/sharp-waves at seizure termination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that HF EEG activity accompanies ictal events in the TTX model. Results also suggest that the seizures in this model do not originate from the TTX infusion site. Instead HF discharges are usually most intense and occur earliest contralaterally, suggesting that these homologous regions may be involved in seizure generation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Chong L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hrachovy
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Swann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019579:Neocortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D013779:Tetrodotoxin