title: Using rapid diagnostic tests as source of malaria parasite DNA for molecular analyses in the era of declining malaria prevalence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria prevalence has recently declined markedly in many parts of Tanzania and other sub-Saharan African countries due to scaling-up of control interventions including more efficient treatment regimens (e.g. artemisinin-based combination therapy) and insecticide-treated bed nets. Although continued molecular surveillance of malaria parasites is important to early identify emerging anti-malarial drug resistance, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain parasite samples from ongoing studies, such as routine drug efficacy trials. To explore other sources of parasite DNA, this study was conducted to examine if sufficient DNA could be successfully extracted from malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), used and collected as part of routine case management services in health facilities, and thus forming the basis for molecular analyses, surveillance and quality control (QC) testing of RDTs.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hyper-parasitaemic blood sample (131,260 asexual parasites/μl) was serially diluted in triplicates with whole blood and blotted on RDTs. DNA was extracted from the RDT dilution series, either immediately or after storage for one month at room temperature. The extracted DNA was amplified using a nested PCR method for Plasmodium species detection. Additionally, 165 archived RDTs obtained from ongoing malaria studies were analysed to determine the amplification success and test applicability of RDT for QC testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA was successfully extracted and amplified from the three sets of RDT dilution series and the minimum detection limit of PCR was <1 asexual parasite/μl. DNA was also successfully amplified from (1) 70/71 (98.6%) archived positive RDTs (RDTs and microscopy positive) (2) 52/63 (82.5%) false negative RDTs (negative by RDTs but positive by microscopy) and (3) 4/24 (16.7%) false positive RDTs (positive by RDTs but negative by microscopy). Finally, 7(100%) negative RDTs (negative by RDTs and microscopy) were also negative by PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that DNA extracted from archived RDTs can be successfully amplified by PCR and used for detection of malaria parasites. Since Tanzania is planning to introduce RDTs in all health facilities (and possibly also at community level), availability of archived RDTs will provide an alternative source of DNA for genetic studies such as continued surveillance of parasite resistance to anti-malarial drugs. The DNA obtained from RDTs can also be used for QC testing by detecting malaria parasites using PCR in places without facilities for microscopy.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Centre, Bombo Road, P,O Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania. dishengoma@tanga.mimcom.net
authors.forename: Deus S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ishengoma
authors.forename: Sudi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lwitiho
authors.forename: Rashid A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Madebe
authors.forename: Nyagonde
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nyagonde
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Lasse S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Vestergaard
authors.forename: Ib C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Bygbjerg
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lemnge
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alifrangis
mesh_terms: D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods*; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan