title: Trajectory of the main sensory and motor branches of the lumbar plexus outside the psoas muscle related to the lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The minimally invasive lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach is increasingly used to treat various spinal disorders. Accessing the retroperitoneal space and traversing the abdominal wall poses a risk of injury to the major nervous structures and adds significant morbidity to the procedure. Most of the current literature focuses on the anatomy of the lumbar plexus within the substance of the psoas muscle. However, there is sparse knowledge regarding the trajectory of the lumbar plexus nerves that travel along the retroperitoneum and abdominal wall muscles in relation to the lateral approach to the spine. The objective of this study is to define the anatomical trajectories of the major motor and sensory branches of the lumbar plexus that are located outside the psoas muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six adult fresh frozen cadaveric specimens were dissected and studied (12 sides). The relationship between the retroperitoneum, abdominal wall muscles, and the lumbar plexus nerves was analyzed in reference to the minimally invasive lateral retroperitoneal approach. Special attention was given to the lumbar plexus nerves that run outside of psoas muscle in the retroperitoneal cavity and within the abdominal muscle wall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The skin and muscles of the abdominal wall and the retroperitoneal cavity were dissected and analyzed with respect to the major motor and sensory branches of the lumbar plexus. The authors identified 4 nerves at risk during the lateral approach to the spine: subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. The anatomical trajectory of each of these nerves is described starting from the spinal column until their termination or exit from the pelvic cavity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is risk of direct injury to the main motor/sensory nerves that supply the anterior abdominal muscles during the early stages of the lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach while obtaining access to the retroperitoneum. There is also a risk of injury to the ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves in the retroperitoneal space where they travel obliquely during the blunt retroperitoneal dissection. Moreover, there is a latent possibility of lesioning these nerves with the retractor blades against the anterior iliac crest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA. edakwar@health.usf.edu
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dakwar
authors.forename: Fernando L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Juan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Uribe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009046:Motor Neurons; D016658:Psoas Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012016:Reference Values; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells; D013123:Spinal Fusion