title: Establishing reference genes for use in real-time quantitative PCR analysis of early equine embryos.
abstract: Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is invaluable for investigating changes in gene expression during early development, since it can be performed on the limited quantities of mRNA contained in individual embryos. However, the reliability of this method depends on the use of validated stably expressed reference genes for accurate data normalisation. The aim of the present study was to identify and validate a set of reference genes suitable for studying gene expression during equine embryo development. The stable expression of four carefully selected reference genes and one developmentally regulated gene was examined by qPCR in equine in vivo embryos from morula to expanded blastocyst stage. SRP14, RPL4 and PGK1 were identified by geNorm analysis as stably expressed reference genes suitable for data normalisation. RPL13A expression was less stable and changed significantly during the period of development examined, rendering it unsuitable as a reference gene. As anticipated, CDX2 expression increased significantly during embryo development, supporting its possible role in trophectoderm specification in the horse. In summary, it was demonstrated that evidence-based selection of potential reference genes can reduce the number needed to validate stable expression in an experimental system; this is particularly useful when dealing with tissues that yield small amounts of mRNA. SRP14, RPL4 and PGK1 are stable reference genes suitable for normalising expression for genes of interest during in vivo morula to expanded blastocyst development of horse embryos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. damien.paris@jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Damien B B P
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: Ewart W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Kuijk
authors.forename: Bernard A J
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Roelen
authors.forename: Tom A E
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stout
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000737:chemistry; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006736:Horses / Q000196:embryology*; D009028:Morula / Q000737:chemistry; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018271:Signal Recognition Particle / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; C491270:CDX2 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D018271:Signal Recognition Particle; C056368:ribosomal protein L4; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase