title: Examining sex and gender disparities in total joint arthroplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is remarkably successful for treating osteoarthritis: most patients see substantial gains in function. However, there are considerable geographic, racial, and gender variations in the utilization of these procedures. The reasons for these differences are complex.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined sex and gender disparities in TJA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through Medline/PubMed searches, we identified 632 articles and from these selected 61 for our review. WHERE ARE WE NOW?: A number of factors might explain sex and gender disparities in TJA: underrepresentation in clinical trials, differences in willingness to undergo surgery, pain responses to underlying disease and treatment, patient-physician relationships, treatment preferences, provider-level factors such as physician-patient communication style, and system-level factors such as access to specialist care. Since women have a higher prevalence of arthritis and degenerative joint diseases and overall demand for these procedures will continue to grow, the need to understand why there is a gap in utilization based on gender is imperative. WHERE DO WE NEED TO GO?: Understanding what exactly is meant by "disparity" is essential because it is possible anatomic factors may have different impacts on utilization from cultural factors. Ideally, information about these factors should be integrated into the decision-making process so that patients and providers can make the most informed choice about whether or not to undergo the procedure. HOW DO WE GET THERE?: To better understand all of the potential reasons for how anatomic and cultural factors related to sex and gender might impact decision-making and overall utilization of TJA, more research focusing on these factors must be designed and carried out.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 80015, HSC, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. wmn2v@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Novicoff
authors.forename: Khaled J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Saleh
mesh_terms: D001178:Arthroplasty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011287:Prejudice; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology