title: Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in the United States, 1999-2004.
abstract: Dental fluorosis refers to changes in the appearance of tooth enamel that are caused by long-term ingestion of fluoride during the time teeth are forming. Studies conducted in the 1930s showed that the severity of tooth decay was lower and dental fluorosis was higher in areas with more fluoride in the drinking water. In response to these findings, community water fluoridation programs were developed to add fluoride to drinking water to reach an optimal level for preventing tooth decay, while limiting the chance of developing dental fluorosis. By the 1980s, studies in selected U.S. communities reported an increase in dental fluorosis, paralleling the expansion of water fluoridation and the increased availability of other sources of ingested fluoride, such as fluoride toothpaste (if swallowed) and fluoride supplements. This report describes the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the United States and changes in the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among adolescents between 1986–1987 and 1999–2004.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782, USA.
authors.forename: Eugenio D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Beltrán-Aguilar
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dye
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D005457:Fluoridation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005459:Fluorides / Q000009:adverse effects; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009909:Oral Health; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005459:Fluorides