title: Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species.
abstract: CD4(+) T regulatory cells (T(regs)), which express the Foxp3 transcription factor, play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Here, we show that in mice, T(regs) were most abundant in the colonic mucosa. The spore-forming component of indigenous intestinal microbiota, particularly clusters IV and XIVa of the genus Clostridium, promoted T(reg) cell accumulation. Colonization of mice by a defined mix of Clostridium strains provided an environment rich in transforming growth factor-β and affected Foxp3(+) T(reg) number and function in the colon. Oral inoculation of Clostridium during the early life of conventionally reared mice resulted in resistance to colitis and systemic immunoglobulin E responses in adult mice, suggesting a new therapeutic approach to autoimmunity and allergy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Atarashi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanoue
authors.forename: Tatsuichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Imaoka
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.forename: Yoshika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Momose
authors.forename: Genhong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Sho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohba
authors.forename: Tadatsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Ivaylo I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Umesaki
authors.forename: Kikuji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Kenya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003013:Clostridium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*; D003092:Colitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology; D054892:Metagenome; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000502:physiology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007073:Immunoglobulin E