title: Vocal fold injection: review of indications, techniques, and materials for augmentation.
abstract: Vocal fold injection is a procedure that has over a 100 year history but was rarely done as short as 20 years ago. A renaissance has occurred with respect to vocal fold injection due to new technologies (visualization and materials) and new injection approaches. Awake, un-sedated vocal fold injection offers many distinct advantages for the treatment of glottal insufficiency (vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold paresis, vocal fold atrophy and vocal fold scar). A review of materials available and different vocal fold injection approaches is performed. A comparison of vocal fold injection to laryngeal framework surgery is also undertaken. With proper patient and material selection, vocal fold injection now plays a major role in the treatment of many patients with dysphonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Voice Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Pavan S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mallur
authors.forename: Clark A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rosen