title: Impairment-targeted exercises for older adults with knee pain: protocol for a proof-of-principle study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise therapy for knee pain and osteoarthritis remains a key element of conservative treatment, recommended in clinical guidelines. Yet systematic reviews point to only modest benefits from exercise interventions.One reason for this might be that clinical trials tend to use a one-size-fits-all approach to exercise, effectively disregarding the details of their participants' clinical presentations. This uncontrolled before-after study (TargET-Knee-Pain) aims to test the principle that exercises targeted at the specific physical impairments of older adults with knee pain may be able to significantly improve those impairments. It is a first step towards testing the effectiveness of this more individually-tailored approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We aim to recruit 60 participants from an existing observational cohort of community-dwelling older adults with knee pain. Participants will all have at least one of the three physical impairments of weak quadriceps, a reduced range of knee flexion and poor standing balance. Each participant will be asked to undertake a programme of exercises, targeted at their particular combination and degree of impairment(s), over the course of twelve weeks. The exercises will be taught and progressed by an experienced physiotherapist, with reference to a "menu" of agreed exercises for each of the impairments, over the course of six fortnightly home visits, alternating with six fortnightly telephone calls. Primary outcome measures will be isometric quadriceps strength, knee flexion range of motion, timed single-leg standing balance and the "Four Balance Test Scale" at 12 weeks. Key secondary outcome measures will be self-reported levels of pain, stiffness and difficulties with day-to-day functional tasks (WOMAC). Outcome measures will be taken at three time-points (baseline, six weeks and twelve weeks) by a study nurse blinded to the exercise status of the participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study (TargET-Knee-Pain) is the first step towards exploring whether an impairment-targeted approach to exercise prescription for older adults with knee pain may have sufficient efficacy to warrant further testing. If warranted, future randomised clinical trials may compare this approach with more traditional one-size-fits-all exercise approaches.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN61638364.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST7 8AE, UK.
authors.forename: Laurence R J
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Peat
authors.forename: Ricky
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mullis
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Nadine E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology