title: Management of anemia in chronic kidney disease patients: baseline findings from Chronic Kidney Disease Japan Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anemia is a factor that affects the outcome of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, there are only a few reports on the management of anemia in Japanese patients with CKD who are not on dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the prevalence, related factors and management of anemia in CKD stage 3-5 patients in Japan based on the baseline data obtained from a prospective cohort study (Chronic Kidney Disease Japan Cohort). Anemia was defined as having a hemoglobin (Hb) level of <11 g/dL or receiving erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result indicated that 946 out of 2,930 patients had anemia. Of these 946 patients, 385 were receiving ESA treatment for anemia and had an Hb level of 10.28 ± 1.19 g/dL (mean ± SD). The percentage of these patients with an Hb level above the target of 11 g/dL proposed for treatment by the Japanese guidelines, and above the maintenance level of 10 g/dL approved for ESA therapy in Japan, was only 30.1 and 61.6%, respectively. In contrast, the percentage of patients receiving no ESA therapy was 67.6 and 55.7%, respectively, among those with an Hb level of <11 and <10 g/dL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggested that prevalence of anemia was high in Japanese patients with CKD stage 3-5, that the percentage of patients receiving ESA was low among those who required ESA, and that a large number of patients receiving ESA failed to maintain the recommended level of Hb.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan. akizawa@med.showa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akizawa
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Enyu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Kosaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hishida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins