Distribution of metoprolol, tramadol, and midazolam in human autopsy material.
In this study it was possible to measure the distribution of metoprolol, tramadol, and midazolam in human directly in several compartments. In the legal medicine autopsy material is normally investigated to find out the cause of death. But the results of corresponding toxicology measurements often involve more information. With screening methods drugs were detected without connection to the cause of death. The deceased had either a continual therapeutic treatment, a treatment during an operation, or an unsuccessful urgent therapy. A liquid/liquid extraction and a LC/MS/MS method were developed for the determination of the drug concentrations. Different autopsy materials of about 120 cases were investigated. Most frequently the drugs metoprolol, tramadol, and midazolam could be proved and determined simultaneously. Metoprolol was found in seven cases, tramadol in seven cases and midazolam in thirteen cases. The dosage of the drugs was unknown. Therefore and because of the low number of cases statistic calculations were not meaningful and an individual case study was necessary. In all cases with oral metoprolol application the patients probably took a normal customary continuous dosage. The concentrations of tramadol in blood were in the toxic range in three cases. The distribution of tramadol in the compartments was independent of the dosage. The time between oral intake of metoprolol or tramadol and death was unknown. With the distribution pattern of metoprolol in the compartments it was possible to estimate the duration between drug intake and death. In most cases midazolam was given intravenously during an operation or an unsuccessful urgent therapy. Sometimes the time between dosage and death was documented. The duration between application of the drug and death played the crucial role for the distribution of midazolam in the compartments. Measurements of drug concentrations in human autopsy material deepen the knowledge of the respective drugs' pharmacokinetics.
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany. reinhard.oertel@tu-dresden.de
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Oertel
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Pietsch
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Arenz
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Zeitz
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Goltz
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Kirch
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
D014147:Tramadol; D008790:Metoprolol; D008874:Midazolam