Gdf11 facilitates temporal progression of neurogenesis in the developing spinal cord.
Various types of neurons and glia are generated following a precise spatial and temporal order during neurogenesis. The mechanisms that control this sequential generation of neuronal and glial cell types from the same progenitor population are not well understood. Growth differentiation factor 11 (Gdf11) belongs to the TGF-β family of proteins and is expressed transiently in newly born neurons adjacent to the progenitor domain in the developing spinal cord. We examined the phenotypes of Gdf11(-/-) mouse embryos and found that without Gdf11, neuronal differentiation in the spinal cord progresses at a slower rate. Higher progenitor proliferation rate, along with a delay in gliogenesis, is also observed in Gdf11(-/-) spinal cord but only after the peak of Gdf11 expression, indicating that Gdf11 can cause long-lasting changes in progenitor properties. These changes can be preserved in vitro, as neurospheres derived from Gdf11(-/-) and wild-type littermates at a stage after, but not before the onset of Gdf11 expression, exhibit differences in proliferation and differentiation potential. Moreover, these changes in progenitor properties can be induced in vitro by the addition of Gdf11. We also demonstrate that the effects of Gdf11 on progenitor cells are associated with its ability to upregulate p57(Kip2) and p27(Kip1) while downregulating Pax6 expression. These results support a model in which Gdf11 secreted by newly born neurons in the developing spinal cord facilitates the temporal progression of neurogenesis by acting as a positive feedback signal on the progenitor cells to promote cell cycle exit and decrease proliferation ability, thus changing their differentiation potential.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
Yingtang
Y
Shi
Jeh-Ping
JP
Liu
D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002452:Cell Count; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 / Q000378:metabolism; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C493965:Cdkn1c protein, mouse; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57; D005136:Eye Proteins; C119153:Gdf11 protein, mouse; D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; C000605732:Pax6 protein, mouse; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C413374:p27 antigen
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