Sugar-sweetened and diet beverage consumption is associated with cardiovascular risk factor profile in youth with type 1 diabetes.
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among youth with type 1 diabetes is high and associated with age, gender, and race/ethnicity. It has also been shown that youth with type 1 diabetes often do not follow dietary recommendations. The objective of this cross-sectional observational study was to explore the association of sugar-sweetened and diet beverage intake with A1c, plasma lipids, adiponectin, leptin, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure in youth with type 1 diabetes. We examined data from 1,806 youth age 10-22 years with type 1 diabetes, of which 22% were minority (10% Hispanic, 8% African Americans, 4% other races) and 48% were female. Sugar-sweetened beverage, diet beverage, and mineral water intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. After adjustment for socio-demographic and clinical covariates, physical activity and total energy intake, high sugar-sweetened beverage intake (at least one serving per day vs. none), was associated with higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and plasma triglycerides, but not with A1c. High diet beverage intake was associated with higher A1c, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. These associations were partially confounded by body mass index, saturated fat and total fiber intake. High sugar-sweetened beverage intake may have an adverse effect on CVD risk in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diet beverage intake may be a marker of unhealthy lifestyle which, in turn, is associated with worse metabolic control and CVD risk profile in these youth. Youth with diabetes should be encouraged to minimize sugar-sweetened beverage intake.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
Andrey V
AV
Bortsov
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. liese@sc.edu.|Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. liese@sc.edu.
Angela D
AD
Liese
Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
Ronny A
RA
Bell
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, 80262, USA.
Dana
D
Dabelea
Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
Ralph B
RB
D'Agostino
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, 80262, USA.
Richard F
RF
Hamman
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, 80262, USA.|University of Colorado Barbara Davis Center, Denver, CO, 80262, USA.
Georgeanna J
GJ
Klingensmith
Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA.
Jean M
JM
Lawrence
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, 80262, USA.|University of Colorado Barbara Davis Center, Denver, CO, 80262, USA.
David M
DM
Maahs
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
Robert
R
McKeown
Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
Santica M
SM
Marcovina
Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Joan
J
Thomas
Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/NCCDPHP, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
Desmond E
DE
Williams
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.|Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Elizabeth J
EJ
Mayer-Davis
D000293:Adolescent; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013549:Sweetening Agents
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