High clonal diversity in threatened peripheral populations of the yellow bird's nest (Hypopitys monotropa; syn. Monotropa hypopitys).
OBJECTIVE
Peripheral populations of plant species are often characterized by low levels of genetic diversity as a result of genetic drift, restricted gene flow, inbreeding and asexual reproduction. These effects can be exacerbated where range-edge populations are fragmented. The main aim of the present study was to assess the levels of genetic diversity in remnant populations of Hypopitys monotropa (syn. Monotropa hypopitys; yellow bird's nest) at the edge of the species' European range in Northern Ireland, since these remnant populations are small and highly fragmented.


METHODS
Every plant found through surveys of 21 extant populations was genotyped for eight microsatellite loci to estimate levels and patterns of genetic diversity and clonality.


RESULTS
Levels of genetic diversity were relatively high in the populations studied, and the incidence of clonal reproduction was generally low, with a mean of only 14·45 % of clonal individuals. Clones were small and highly spatially structured. Levels of inbreeding, however, were high.


CONCLUSIONS
The observed low levels of clonality suggest that the majority of genets in the populations of H. monotropa studied are fertile and that reproduction is predominantly sexual. As the species is highly self-compatible, it is likely that the high levels of inbreeding observed in the populations in the present study are the result of self-pollination, particularly given the small numbers of individuals in most of the patches. Given this extent of inbreeding, further genetic monitoring would be advisable to ensure that genetic diversity is maintained.
School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
Gemma E
GE
Beatty
Jim
J
Provan
D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D002999:Clone Cells; D056727:Endangered Species; D029791:Ericaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D005843:Geography; D006579:Heterozygote; D007178:Inbreeding; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D009425:Nesting Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D009660:Northern Ireland; D011157:Population Dynamics
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