Direct transcriptional targets of sex steroid hormones in bone.
The sex steroid hormones, androgens and estrogens, via their respective nuclear receptors, regulate bone mineral density in humans and mice. Very little is known about the direct targets of the androgen and estrogen receptors in bone cells. First, models of hormone and receptor deficiency in mouse and human bone are discussed. This review then focuses on the direct targets of the receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. A direct target of a NR is defined here as a gene that is regulated by NR binding to the DNA (either through DNA binding or association with a DNA binding protein) at an enhancer or promoter of that gene. The experimental evidence that illustrates androgen and estrogen gene regulation in osteoblasts and osteoclasts will be summarized and compared with the phenotype of the hormones in vivo.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA Orthopaedic Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. skrum@mednet.ucla.edu
Susan A
SA
Krum
D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism
D000728:Androgens; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D004967:Estrogens; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones
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