Exercise and leukocyte interchange among central circulation, lung, spleen, and muscle.
Circulating leukocytes increase rapidly with exercise then quickly decrease when the exercise ends. We tested whether exercise acutely led to bidirectional interchange of leukocytes between the circulation and the lung, spleen, and active skeletal muscle. To accomplish this it was necessary to label a large number of immune cells (granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes) in a way that resulted in minimal perturbation of cell function. Rats were injected intravenously with a single bolus of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinamidyl ester (CFSE) dye which is rapidly and irreversibly taken up by circulating cells. The time course of the disappearance of labeled cells and their reappearance in the circulation following exercise was determined via flow cytometry. The majority of circulating leukocytes were labeled at 4h. post-injection and this proportion slowly declined out to 120 h. At both 24 and 120 h, running resulted in an increase in the proportion of labeled leukocytes in the circulation. Analysis of the skeletal muscle, spleen and lung indicated that labeled leukocytes had accumulated in those tissues and were mobilized to the circulation in response to exercise. This indicates that there is an ongoing exchange of leukocytes between the circulation and tissues and that exercise can stimulate their redistribution. Exchange was slower with muscle than with spleen and lung, but in all cases, influenced by exercise. Exercise bouts redistribute leukocytes between the circulation and the lung, spleen and muscle. The modulatory effects of exercise on the immune system may be regulated in part by the systemic redistribution of immune cells.
Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, USA.
Gregory R
GR
Adams
Frank P
FP
Zaldivar
Dwight M
DM
Nance
Einat
E
Kodesh
Shlomit
S
Radom-Aizik
Dan M
DM
Cooper
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Jun;284(6):H2213-26
12586641
Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007 Aug;18(5):455-63
17617816
J Immunol Methods. 2003 Jan 15;272(1-2):117-24
12505717
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Apr;104(4):1109-15
18276901
J Immunol. 2008 Aug 1;181(3):2189-95
18641358
Int Immunol. 2003 Feb;15(2):159-65
12578845
J Surg Res. 2002 Jul;106(1):145-56
12127820
Int J Exp Pathol. 2009 Jun;90(3):222-31
19563607
Circulation. 2002 Oct 22;106(17):2188-93
12390946
Sports Med. 2003;33(4):261-84
12688826
Brain Behav Immun. 2008 Mar;22(3):324-38
17910910
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Nov;1085:367-79
17182958
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Aug;10(4):312-7
20543674
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Jul;109(1):252-61
20110541
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1990 May;68(5):1956-61
2361897
Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2003 Oct;388(5):281-90
14530978
Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2009 Jun 01;1:60-71
19482625
Proc Biol Sci. 2006 May 7;273(1590):1165-71
16600897
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Mar;59(3):312-21
8653994
J Immunol. 2010 Jan 1;184(1):503-11
19949113
Am J Pathol. 2004 Dec;165(6):2187-96
15579460
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Jan;42(1):75-85
20010127
Curr Opin Hematol. 2010 Jan;17(1):43-52
19996887
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 30;105(52):20716-21
19095798
Am J Pathol. 2008 Feb;172(2):367-777
18187571
J Immunol. 2010 Apr 1;184(7):3311-9
20304832
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 13;104(11):4371-6
17360531
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Aug;21(8):1294-300
11498456
J Physiol. 2007 Jan 1;578(Pt 1):327-36
17038433
J Clin Invest. 1961 Jan;40:159-64
13684959
JAMA. 2006 Oct 11;296(14):1742-8
17032987
J Immunol. 2009 Jan 15;182(2):1155-66
19124759
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jul;95(1):279-91
12639849
J Immunol. 2002 Jul 1;169(1):307-14
12077259
Am J Physiol. 1984 May;246(5 Pt 2):R665-77
6720989
J Appl Physiol (1985). 1995 Sep;79(3):1002-7
8567496
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 May;298(5):R1173-87
20219869
Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Mar;155(3):559-66
19077082
Pediatr Res. 2009 Apr;65(4):447-52
19127215
Cell Tissue Kinet. 1972 Jul;5(4):311-7
5044622
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Aug 1;170(3):227-33
15059787
Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Jan;62(1):268-79
20039420
Toxicol In Vitro. 2010 Oct;24(7):1993-2002
20801209
Keio J Med. 2007 Jun;56(2):41-7
17609587
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Jan;104(1):236-43
18006867
J Sci Med Sport. 2000 Mar;3(1):44-54
10839228
Blood. 1959 Apr;14(4):303-33
13638333
Anesth Analg. 2009 Mar;108(3):770-6
19224781
Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2008;39(1-4):303-10
18503139
J Immunol Methods. 2004 Mar;286(1-2):69-78
15087222
J Immunol. 2007 Oct 1;179(7):4367-75
17878331
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000 Jan;81(1-2):47-53
10552266
Exerc Immunol Rev. 2007;13:37-54
18198659
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003 Dec;18(12):2589-95
14605282
Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009 Jun;13(2):87-94
19617254
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Jan;163(1):201-9
11208647
J Clin Invest. 1961 Jun;40:989-95
13684958
Immunology. 2008 Nov;125(3):281-8
19128361
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Apr;94(4):1619-26
12482773
Science. 2009 Jul 31;325(5940):612-6
19644120
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Jul;107(1):168-75
19407257
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Dec;95(6):2503-9
12832432
Cell Tissue Kinet. 1972 May;5(3):215-25
5025656
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2005 Jun;37(6):379-85
15944752
J Clin Invest. 1960 Sep;39(9):1481-6
16695832
Luminescence. 2002 Jan-Feb;17(1):1-4
11816055
Hematol J. 2000;1(3):159-71
11920185