Urinary biomarkers in hexachloro-1:3-butadiene-induced acute kidney injury in the female Hanover Wistar rat; correlation of α-glutathione S-transferase, albumin and kidney injury molecule-1 with histopathology and gene expression.
Hexachloro-1:3-butadiene (HCBD) causes kidney injury specific to the pars recta of the proximal tubule. In the present studies, injury to the nephron was characterized at 24 h following a single dose of HCBD, using a range of quantitative urinary measurements, renal histopathology and gene expression. Multiplexed renal biomarker measurements were performed using both the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) and Rules Based Medicine platforms. In a second study, rats were treated with a single nephrotoxic dose of HCBD and the time course release of a range of traditional and newer urinary biomarkers was followed over a 25 day period. Urinary albumin (a marker of both proximal tubular function and glomerular integrity) and α-glutathione S-transferase (α-GST, a proximal tubular cell marker of cytoplasmic leakage) showed the largest fold change at 24 h (day 1) after dosing. Most other markers measured on either the MSD or RBM platforms peaked on day 1 or 2 post-dosing, whereas levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a marker of tubular regeneration, peaked on day 3/4. Therefore, in rat proximal tubular nephrotoxicity, the measurement of urinary albumin, α-GST and KIM-1 is recommended as they potentially provide useful information about the function, degree of damage and repair of the proximal tubule. Gene expression data provided useful confirmatory information regarding exposure of the kidney and liver to HCBD, and the response of these tissues to HCBD in terms of metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and regeneration and repair.
Clinical Pathology, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK. aubrey.2.swain@gsk.com
Aubrey
A
Swain
John
J
Turton
Cheryl L
CL
Scudamore
Ines
I
Pereira
Neeti
N
Viswanathan
Rosemary
R
Smyth
Michael
M
Munday
Fiona
F
McClure
Mitul
M
Gandhi
Surjit
S
Sondh
Malcolm
M
York
D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002070:Butadienes / Q000633:toxicity*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007118:Immunoassay; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
D015415:Biomarkers; D002070:Butadienes; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; C110936:Havcr1 protein, rat; C001335:hexachlorobutadiene