Visual loss after blepharoplasty: incidence, management, and preventive measures.
BACKGROUND
Although rare, instances of visual loss after cosmetic blepharoplasty have been previously reported in the literature.


OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study is to summarize the existing literature and report the results of a physician survey in order to provide appropriate guidelines for preventing, diagnosing, and treating this unfortunate complication.


METHODS
A 13-question survey was sent to all members of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) and the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (BAAPS). Surgeons were queried about their number of years in surgical practice, their average annual caseload of blepharoplasties, and the number of cases of visual loss. The survey also contained questions about the type of anesthesia administered, surgical technique, the presence of risk factors or comorbidities in patients, symptoms, time of presentation, management, and final outcome.


RESULTS
A total of 648 responses were received from ASAPS members and 72 from BAAPS members. The overall number of blepharoplasties reported by these respondents was 752,816. Thirty-nine cases of visual loss were reported: 25 permanent and 14 temporary. According to this, the overall incidence of visual loss following blepharoplasty was calculated at 0.0052% (five of 100,000 cases, or one in 20,000). Permanent visual loss was calculated at 0.0033% (three in 100,000, or one in 30,000) and temporary visual loss at 0.0019% (two in 100,000, or one in 50,000). The most common symptoms in affected patients were pain and pressure. Development of symptoms was reported to occur within the first 24 hours, with two peaks: intraoperative to one postoperative hour, and six to 12 postoperative hours. Hypertension was the most common risk factor for postoperative visual loss. Retrobulbar hemorrhage was reported to be the main cause of blindness. The most common management technique reported was orbital decompression, followed by steroids and canthotomy.


CONCLUSIONS
According to this study, blindness after blepharoplasty is a rare event. However, every step should be taken to prevent it. Prevention should begin in the preoperative period and should continue intraoperatively and postoperatively. Once the diagnosis of impending visual loss is made, it should be treated as a true surgical emergency, since early treatment has proven beneficial.
juandiegomejia@hotmail.com
Juan Diego
JD
Mejia
Francesco Maria
FM
Egro
Francesco Maria
FM
Ergo
Foad
F
Nahai
D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019315:Retrobulbar Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology