Single dopants in semiconductors.
The sensitive dependence of a semiconductor's electronic, optical and magnetic properties on dopants has provided an extensive range of tunable phenomena to explore and apply to devices. Recently it has become possible to move past the tunable properties of an ensemble of dopants to identify the effects of a solitary dopant on commercial device performance as well as locally on the fundamental properties of a semiconductor. New applications that require the discrete character of a single dopant, such as single-spin devices in the area of quantum information or single-dopant transistors, demand a further focus on the properties of a specific dopant. This article describes the huge advances in the past decade towards observing, controllably creating and manipulating single dopants, as well as their application in novel devices which allow opening the new field of solotronics (solitary dopant optoelectronics).
COBRA Inter-University Research Institute, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. p.m.koenraad@tue.nl
Paul M
PM
Koenraad
Michael E
ME
Flatté
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