Vitamin D and the anti-viral state.
Vitamin D has long been recognized as essential to the skeletal system. Newer evidence suggests that it also plays a major role regulating the immune system, perhaps including immune responses to viral infection. Interventional and observational epidemiological studies provide evidence that vitamin D deficiency may confer increased risk of influenza and respiratory tract infection. Vitamin D deficiency is also prevalent among patients with HIV infection. Cell culture experiments support the thesis that vitamin D has direct anti-viral effects particularly against enveloped viruses. Though vitamin D's anti-viral mechanism has not been fully established, it may be linked to vitamin D's ability to up-regulate the anti-microbial peptides LL-37 and human beta defensin 2. Additional studies are necessary to fully elucidate the efficacy and mechanism of vitamin D as an anti-viral agent.
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medicine, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
Jeremy A
JA
Beard
Allison
A
Bearden
Rob
R
Striker
D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000276:immunology; D054804:Cathelicidins
D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D023083:beta-Defensins; D014807:Vitamin D; D054804:Cathelicidins
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