Sensitivity of Penicillium expansum field isolates to tebuconazole, iprodione, fludioxonil and cyprodinil and characterization of fitness parameters and patulin production.
A total of 236 Penicillium expansum field isolates from decayed apple fruit collected from packinghouses and processing industries located in the region of Imathia, Northern Greece were tested for their sensitivity to tebuconazole, fludioxonil, iprodione and cyprodinil. Preliminary fungitoxicity tests on the response of the isolates showed several phenotypes, distinguished according to their sensitivity to fungicides tested. The EC(50) values ranged from 0.64 to 5 (average = 0.98) μg/ml for iprodione, 0.9 to 7.3 (average = 2.66) μg/ml for tebuconazole, 0.008 to 1.28 (average = 0.55) μg/ml for cyprodinil and from 0.013 to 0.47 (average = 0.08) μg/ml for fludioxonil. A bimodal distribution of the EC(50) values of isolates with distinct sensitive and resistant populations to fludioxonil and tebuconazole were observed. In the case of cyprodinil, a much broader, hundred-fold, range of sensitivity was found, probably indicating that some isolates are relatively insensitive to cyprodinil compared to the most sensitive ones. Isolates exhibiting simultaneously reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole and fludioxonil or tebuconazole and iprodione or to tebuconazole and cyprodinil were also observed at low frequencies. A small portion of the population (7.5%) showed multiple resistance to tebuconazole, fludioxonil and iprodione. Study of fitness determining parameters showed that the resistance to tebuconazole, fludioxonil and iprodione had a significant adverse effect on mycelial growth rate and pathogenicity. Contrary to that, these fitness parameters were not affected in the isolates showing reduced sensitivity to cyprodinil. Analysis of patulin production on YES-agar growth medium and on artificially inoculated apple fruit showed that all isolates were mycotoxigenic. Most of the cyprodinil-insensitive isolates produced patulin at concentrations similar to or relatively higher (up to 1.5-fold on growth medium) than the sensitive ones. In contrast, a significant reduction (up to 98% of multiple resistant isolates) in patulin production was observed in all other phenotypes, indicating an adverse effect of fitness penalties on the mycotoxigenic ability of resistant isolates. The above mentioned data clearly show a considerable risk for the selection of P. expansum isolates resistant to fludioxonil, iprodione, tebuconazole and cyprodinil. The potential risk of increased patulin contamination of apples and their byproducts by the appearance and predominance of highly mycotoxigenic isolates of P. expansum resistant to the anilinopyrimidines is discussed.
Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, POB 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. gkarao@agro.auth.gr
George S
GS
Karaoglanidis
Anastasios N
AN
Markoglou
George A
GA
Bardas
Eleftherios G
EG
Doukas
Sotiris
S
Konstantinou
John F
JF
Kalampokis
D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006115:Greece; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000494:pharmacology; D027845:Malus / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010365:Patulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
D004149:Dioxoles; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006827:Hydantoins; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D014230:Triazoles; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; C087114:tebuconazole; C108338:cyprodinil; D010365:Patulin; C108339:fludioxonil; C033148:iprodione