The relationship between opioid and sugar intake: review of evidence and clinical applications.
Opioid dependence poses significant public health risks arising from associated morbidity and mortality caused by accidents, infectious diseases, and social ramifications of crime and unemployment, among other complications. Opioid use, acute and chronic, is also associated with weight gain, glycemic dysregulation, and dental pathology. The literature supporting the connection between opiate use and development of preference for sweet tastes is reviewed, and further association with dental pathology, weight gain, and loss of glycemic control are considered. Additionally, the impact of sweet tastes on the endogenous opioid system, as pertaining to analgesia, is also discussed. The authors discuss the clinical implications in relation to the aforementioned conditions while treating the opiate-dependent patient.
Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Somerville, Massachusetts, USA.
David J
DJ
Mysels
Maria A
MA
Sullivan
D000698:Analgesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000502:physiology
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002241:Carbohydrates; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D001615:beta-Endorphin
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1996 Mar;74(2):F126-8
8777660
Neuroreport. 2001 Nov 16;12(16):3549-52
11733709
Subst Use Misuse. 2007;42(10):1555-66
17918026
Aust Dent J. 2007 Jun;52(2):144-9
17687962
Brain Res. 1995 Nov 27;700(1-2):205-12
8624711
Br J Addict. 1989 Feb;84(2):173-80
2720181
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997 Nov;21(11):1076-81
9368834
Physiol Behav. 1997 Feb;61(2):311-8
9035263
Physiol Behav. 2002 May 1;76(1):107-16
12175594
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000 Jul;66(3):653-9
10899384
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59(1):I-V, 1-81
8047076
Pain. 2002 May;97(1-2):93-103
12031783
Brain Res Bull. 1988 Dec;21(6):963-5
3224286
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Sep 1;68(1):113-7
12167557
Fed Proc. 1987 Jan;46(1):178-82
3542577
NIDA Res Monogr. 1986;67:66-72
3092099
Diabetes Care. 1984 Jan-Feb;7(1):92-8
6368156
Gen Pharmacol. 1997 Jan;28(1):27-9
9112073
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Feb;159(4):415-23
11823894
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985 Oct;38(4):419-22
4042525
Br Med J. 1973 Jun 9;2(5866):582-5
4713988
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1996 Mar;74(2):F129-31
8777661
Peptides. 1980 Winter;1(4):309-13
6272240
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007 Mar;86(3):566-75
17346785
Brain Res Bull. 1985 Jun;14(6):657-61
3896411
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003 Nov;157(11):1071-4
14609895
Aust Dent J. 2002 Jun;47(2):94-8
12139280
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992 Mar;260(3):1185-93
1545386
Physiol Behav. 2007 Aug 15;91(5):499-505
17292426
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1993;112(4):503-10
7871064
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jan;17(1):30-9
18997675
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1989;14(5):371-91
2554359
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Sep;278(3):1499-507
8819538
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jun;17(6):1220-5
19282821
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981 Aug;12(2):117-22
7306425
J Psychiatr Pract. 2009 May;15(3):227-34
19461397
Dig Dis. 2006;24(1-2):105-12
16699269
Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004 May 19;124(2):134-42
15135221
Pharmacol Res. 1998 Apr;37(4):303-7
9634647
Physiol Behav. 1999 May;66(3):409-17
10357429
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987 Mar;26(3):483-9
3575365
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999 Mar;80(2):F146-7
10325795
J Am Diet Assoc. 1990 Sep;90(9):1261-7
2204648
J Neurosci. 2001 Feb 15;21(4):RC129
11160414
Diabetes. 1986 Mar;35(3):324-8
3512343
Physiol Behav. 1992 Feb;51(2):239-44
1313587
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1990;100(3):426-32
2315439
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 Aug;295(2):R463-71
18525013
Addiction. 1996 Jul;91(7):1053-61
8688819
Pain Manag Nurs. 2003 Jun;4(2):62-9
12836150
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Dec;94(12):4898-906
19846734
Behav Neurosci. 1991 Dec;105(6):965-70
1663765
J Opioid Manag. 2009 Jul-Aug;5(4):213-8
19736901
Przegl Lek. 2005;62(6):368-72
16225071
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(1):20-39
17617461
Int J Obes. 1985;9(5):347-53
3908352
Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jun;61(6):1206-12
7762518
Fed Proc. 1987 Jan;46(1):159-62
3542574
Biol Psychiatry. 1987 Jan;22(1):35-42
3790639
Am J Med. 1968 Oct;45(4):555-88
4878098
Horm Metab Res. 1987 Sep;19(9):430-3
3319862
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1983 Mar;18(3):443-7
6132412
Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2008;16(2):80-96
18415881
Physiol Behav. 2003 Jul;79(2):257-65
12834797
J Forensic Sci. 2004 Mar;49(2):320-9
15027554
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002 Oct;26(6):713-28
12479844
J Addict Dis. 2007;26(1):27-34
17439865
Dent Update. 2008 Oct;35(8):542-4, 547-8
19055091
Br J Pharmacol. 1975 Jun;54(2):163-70
1148506
Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Oct;48(4):448-51
16997682
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Nov;164(2):200-6
12404083
Physiol Behav. 1987;40(2):135-41
3628520
Pain. 1994 Feb;56(2):175-183
8008408
Physiol Behav. 2004 Jan;80(4):557-61
14741241
Br Dent J. 2008 Dec 13;205(11):E22
18953330
Pain. 2008 Mar;135(1-2):75-81
17560720
Neuroscience. 1995 Jun;66(4):951-7
7651622