Effects of the marine toxin palytoxin on human skin keratinocytes: role of ionic imbalance.
Palytoxin (PLTX), a marine toxin identified in Palythoa zoanthid corals and Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, represents an increasing hazard for human health. Recently, dermatological problems have been associated to cutaneous exposure to PLTX during Ostreopsis blooms arising the need for experimental data characterizing PLTX effects on the skin. This study highlights in vitro the cytotoxic effects of PLTX on human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line). A short time exposure (4h) to PLTX reduced mitochondrial activity (MTT assay), cell mass (SRB assay) and plasma membrane integrity (LDH leakage) with different potencies: EC₅₀ values of 6.1 ± 1.3×10⁻¹¹, 4.7 ± 0.9 × 10⁻¹⁰ M and 1.8 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸ M, respectively. PLTX effect on mitochondrial activity was ouabain- and Na+-sensitive, but only partially sensitive to removal of Ca²+ ions. One hour exposure to the toxin also induced a Na+-dependent and Ca²+-independent superoxide anion production. These results indicate that among the chain of intracellular events following the interaction of PLTX with the Na+/K+-ATPase the first and crucial step is the increased intracellular Na+ concentration that triggers a sequence of cell dysfunction involving mitochondrial affection and oxidative stress, leading to an irreversible cell death. The PLTX concentrations inducing cytotoxicty seem to be lower than those of potential cutaneous human exposure during Ostreopsis ovata blooms, indicating the harmful potential of the toxin.
Department of Materials and Natural Resources, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6, 34127 Trieste, Italy. marco.pelin@hotmail.it
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D000178:Acrylamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
D000178:Acrylamides; D002118:Calcium; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008387:Marine Toxins; D012964:Sodium; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D013481:Superoxides; C010272:palytoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins