Fate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis after application of contaminated dairy cattle manure to agricultural soils.
Details regarding the fate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (basonym, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) after manure application on grassland are unknown. To evaluate this, intact soil columns were collected in plastic pipes (lysimeters) and placed under controlled conditions to test the effect of a loamy or sandy soil composition and the amount of rainfall on the fate of M. paratuberculosis applied to the soil surface with manure slurry. The experiment was organized as a randomized design with two factors and three replicates. M. paratuberculosis-contaminated manure was spread on the top of the 90-cm soil columns. After weekly simulated rainfall applications, water drainage samples (leachates) were collected from the base of each lysimeter and cultured for M. paratuberculosis using Bactec MGIT ParaTB medium and supplements. Grass was harvested, quantified, and tested from each lysimeter soil surface. The identity of all probable M. paratuberculosis isolates was confirmed by PCR for IS900 and F57 genetic elements. There was a lag time of 2 months after each treatment before M. paratuberculosis was found in leachates. The greatest proportions of M. paratuberculosis-positive leachates were from sandy-soil lysimeters in the manure-treated group receiving the equivalent of 1,000 mm annual rainfall. Under the higher rainfall regimen (2,000 mm/year), M. paratuberculosis was detected more often from lysimeters with loamy soil than sandy soil. Among all lysimeters, M. paratuberculosis was detected more often in grass clippings than in lysimeter leachates. At the end of the trial, lysimeters were disassembled and soil cultured at different depths, and we found that M. paratuberculosis was recovered only from the uppermost levels of the soil columns in the treated group. Factors associated with M. paratuberculosis presence in leachates were soil type and soil pH (P < 0.05). For M. paratuberculosis presence in grass clippings, only manure application showed a significant association (P < 0.05). From these findings we conclude that this pathogen tends to move slowly through soils (faster through sandy soil) and tends to remain on grass and in the upper layers of pasture soil, representing a clear infection hazard for grazing livestock and a potential for the contamination of runoff after heavy rains.
Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, P.O. Box (Casilla) 567, Valdivia, Chile. miguelsalgado@uach.cl
M
M
Salgado
M T
MT
Collins
F
F
Salazar
J
J
Kruze
G
G
Bölske
R
R
Söderlund
R
R
Juste
I A
IA
Sevilla
F
F
Biet
F
F
Troncoso
M
M
Alfaro
D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012988:Soil Microbiology
D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008372:Manure
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 May;70(5):2989-3004
15128561
Vet Microbiol. 2003 Sep 24;95(4):271-82
12935753
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Feb;56(2):401-8
2106286
Vet Microbiol. 1995 Jul;45(2-3):211-7
7571372
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Sep;75(17):5581-5
19561187
J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Aug;45(8):2404-10
17537942
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Dec;42(6):976-84
6274260
Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1990 Jul;40(3):254-60
2397193
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 May;75(10):3206-15
19270130
Am J Vet Res. 1999 May;60(5):589-96
10328429
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Sep;70(9):5667-71
15345456
Sci Total Environ. 2000 Apr 24;250(1-3):143-67
10811258
J Dairy Sci. 1997 Oct;80(10):2673-81
9361239
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Nov;46(5):1066-72
16346414
Prev Vet Med. 1999 Jun 11;40(3-4):179-92
10423773
Gut Pathog. 2009 Sep 23;1(1):17
19772668
BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 04;6:87
17020599
Appl Soil Ecol. 1995 Mar;2(1):1-15
32288277
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Sep;71(9):5304-8
16151118
J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jun;45(6):1941-8
17428943
Am J Vet Res. 1956 Jul;17(64):549-51
13340126
J Appl Microbiol. 2005;98(6):1282-93
15916642
Vet Microbiol. 2001 Jan 26;78(2):101-9
11163701
Microb Pathog. 1993 Mar;14(3):229-38
8321124
Aust Vet J. 2003 Sep;81(9):559-63
15086096
Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009 Mar;48(3):307-12
19207858
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992 Mar-Apr;15(3):239-46
1582168
Prev Vet Med. 1998 Dec 1;37(1-4):41-54
9879579
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989 Sep;55(9):2280-6
2552920
Microb Ecol. 1991 Dec;21(1):49-72
24194201
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Apr;71(4):2130-9
15812047
Rev Sci Tech. 2001 Apr;20(1):151-79
11288510
Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Sep;7(9):607-13
17714674
J Dairy Sci. 2004 Sep;87(9):2959-66
15375057