Novel approaches and future directions in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Recent advances in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have started to change the therapeutic landscape allowing clinicians to choose from a broad range of treatment options. Understanding the mechanisms that transform prostate cancer (PCA) into a castration-resistant state has enabled investigators to explore critical pathways involved in such process allowing for rational therapeutic design. These novel therapies complement the modest success that chemotherapy has demonstrated in recent years. In this review, we discuss the different mechanisms that render PCA castration resistant and elaborate on the nonchemotherapy approaches evolving in CRPC. These include agents targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor, endothelin receptor antagonists, angiogenesis inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, immunotherapy, novel antiandrogens, and delivery of cytotoxic agents via therapeutic antibodies. This timely review coincides with the identification of newer therapies in this setting affirming our steady movement towards better disease control.
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge. Electronic address: cnabhan@oncmed.net.
C
C
Nabhan
Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge.
B
B
Parsons
Department of Medicine, Providence Hospital, Southfield.
E Z
EZ
Touloukian
Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
W M
WM
Stadler
D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*