Electrochemical disinfection of dental implants--a proof of concept.
BACKGROUND
Peri-implantitis has gained significant clinical attention in recent years. This disease is an inflammatory reaction to microorganisms around dental implants. Due to the limited accessibility, non-invasive antimicrobial strategies are of high interest. An unexpected approach to implant disinfection may evolve from electrolysis. Given the electrical conductivity of titanium implants, alkalinity or active oxidants can be generated in body fluids. We investigated the use of dental titanium implants as electrodes for the local generation of disinfectants. Our hypothesis was that electrolysis can reduce viable counts of adhering bacteria, and that this reduction should be greater if active oxidative species are generated.


RESULTS
As model systems, dental implants, covered with a mono-species biofilm of Escherichia coli C43, were placed in photographic gelatin prepared with physiological saline. Implants were treated by a continuous current of 0-10 mA for 15 minutes. The reduction of viable counts was investigated on cathodes and anodes. In separate experiments, the local change in pH was visualized using color indicators embedded in the gelatin. Oxidative species were qualitatively detected by potassium iodide-starch paper. The in situ generated alkaline environment around cathodic implants caused a reduction of up to 2 orders of magnitude in viable E. coli counts. On anodic implants, in contrast to cathodic counterparts, oxidative species were detected. Here, a current of merely 7.5 mA caused complete kill of the bacteria.


CONCLUSIONS
This laboratory study shows that electrochemical treatment may provide access to a new way to decontaminate dental implants in situ.
Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Dirk
D
Mohn
Matthias
M
Zehnder
Wendelin J
WJ
Stark
Thomas
T
Imfeld
D018441:Biofilms; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004926:Escherichia coli; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014025:Titanium
D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium
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