A randomized controlled trial of ketamine/propofol versus propofol alone for emergency department procedural sedation.
OBJECTIVE
We compare the frequency of respiratory depression during emergency department procedural sedation with ketamine plus propofol versus propofol alone. Secondary outcomes are provider satisfaction, sedation quality, and total propofol dose.


METHODS
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, healthy children and adults undergoing procedural sedation were pretreated with intravenous fentanyl and then randomized to receive either intravenous ketamine 0.5 mg/kg or placebo. In both groups, this procedure was immediately followed by intravenous propofol 1 mg/kg, with repeated doses of 0.5 mg/kg as needed to achieve and maintain sedation. Respiratory depression was defined according to any of 5 predefined markers. Provider satisfaction was scored on a 5-point scale, sedation quality with the Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale, and propofol dose according to the total number of milligrams of propofol administered.


RESULTS
The incidence of respiratory depression was similar between the ketamine/propofol (21/97; 22%) and propofol-alone (27/96; 28%) groups, difference 6% (95% confidence interval -6% to 18%). With ketamine/propofol compared with propofol alone, treating physicians and nurses were more satisfied, less propofol was administered, and there was a trend toward better sedation quality.


CONCLUSIONS
Compared with procedural sedation with propofol alone, the combination of ketamine and propofol did not reduce the incidence of respiratory depression but resulted in greater provider satisfaction, less propofol administration, and perhaps better sedation quality.
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA. davidhe@health.missouri.edu
Henry
H
David
Joseph
J
Shipp
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced; D055815:Young Adult
D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D015742:Propofol