A review of transcranial magnetic stimulation in vascular dementia.
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a clinical syndrome that encompasses a wide spectrum of cognitive disorders caused by cerebrovascular disease. The subcortical ischemic form of VaD is clinically homogeneous and a major cause of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Vascular lesions contribute to cognitive decline in neurodegenerative dementias, and VaD and Alzheimer's disease often coexist and share clinical features and multiple neurotransmission involvement. These similarities have led several investigators to use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to enucleate a neurophysiological profile of VaD. TMS studies have identified a pattern of cortical hyperexcitability probably related to the disruption of the integrity of white matter lesions due to cerebrovascular disease. The present review provides a perspective of these TMS techniques by further understanding the role of different neurotransmission pathways and plastic remodeling of neuronal networks in the pathogenesis of VaD.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. pennigi@unict.it
Giovanni
G
Pennisi
Raffaele
R
Ferri
Mariagiovanna
M
Cantone
Giuseppe
G
Lanza
Manuela
M
Pennisi
Luisa
L
Vinciguerra
Giulia
G
Malaguarnera
Rita
R
Bella
D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D046589:CADASIL / Q000628:therapy; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation