Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential--a critical literature survey.
Chitosan, an aminopolysaccharide biopolymer, has a unique chemical structure as a linear polycation with a high charge density, reactive hydroxyl and amino groups as well as extensive hydrogen bonding. It displays excellent biocompatibility, physical stability and processability. The term 'chitosan' describes a heterogeneous group of polymers combining a group of physicochemical and biological characteristics, which allow for a wide scope of applications that are both fascinating and as yet uncharted. The increased awareness of the potentials and industrial value of this biopolymer lead to its utilization in many applications of technical interest, and increasingly in the biomedical arena. Although not primarily used as an antimicrobial agent, its utility as an ingredient in both food and pharmaceutical formulations lately gained more interest, when a scientific understanding of at least some of the pharmacological activities of this versatile carbohydrate began to evolve. However, understanding the various factors that affect its antimicrobial activity has become a key issue for a better usage and a more efficient optimization of chitosan formulations. Moreover, the use of chitosan in antimicrobial systems should be based on sufficient knowledge of the complex mechanisms of its antimicrobial mode of action, which in turn would help to arrive at an appreciation of its entire antimicrobial potential.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. dina_raafat@yahoo.com
Dina
D
Raafat
Hans-Georg
HG
Sahl
D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001709:Biotechnology; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004358:Drug Therapy; D006801:Humans; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D023822:Tissue Engineering
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D048271:Chitosan
Pharm Res. 2004 Jan;21(1):43-9
14984256
Int J Pharm. 1999 Apr 15;180(2):185-93
10370189
Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Apr;4(4):703-15
15821130
J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Sep 6;54(18):6629-33
16939319
J Food Prot. 2002 May;65(5):828-33
12030295
Biomacromolecules. 2003 Nov-Dec;4(6):1457-65
14606868
J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Jan;105(1):72-7
15635349
Nat Struct Biol. 1996 Feb;3(2):155-62
8564542
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Jan;66(1):80-6
10618206
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 May 9;92(10):4095-8
11607534
J Dent Res. 1997 Feb;76(2):665-72
9062560
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1998 Nov;62(11):2107-14
9972232
Int J Pharm. 2000 Jan 20;194(1):1-13
10601680
Int J Pharm. 2008 May 22;356(1-2):82-7
18337030
Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Jun;26(6):902-4
12808311
Int J Pharm. 2004 Mar 19;272(1-2):65-78
15019070
Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 1996;13:383-420
8948118
Methods Enzymol. 1988;161:505-10
3147359
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990 Oct;34(10):2019-23
2291669
Virology. 1999 Oct 25;263(2):376-87
10544110
World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Mar 14;13(10):1547-53
17461447
Microbiology (Reading). 2000 Nov;146 ( Pt 11):2929-2936
11065371
Biomacromolecules. 2001 Winter;2(4):1133-6
11777384
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003 Feb;67(2):354-64
12728998
Plant Physiol. 1982 Nov;70(5):1449-54
16662696
J Hazard Mater. 2003 Feb 28;97(1-3):219-43
12573840
J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001 Aug;53(8):1047-67
11518015
Biotechnol Annu Rev. 1996;2:237-58
9704098
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Aug 9;1079(1):65-72
1888765
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Jun;74(12):3764-73
18456858
Bioresour Technol. 2003 Jul;88(3):179-84
12618038
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1992 Jan;56(6):972-3
27280829
J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2008;19(8):1035-46
18644229
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007 Mar;34(3):170-6
17250635
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2000 Dec 6;45(1):27-45
11104895
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Feb;61(2):438-42
16534927
Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000 Sep;65(9):1082-90
11042502
J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2000 Feb;46(1):19-27
12483600
J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 22;274(43):30818-25
10521473
Int J Food Microbiol. 2001 Dec 30;71(2-3):235-44
11789941
J Microencapsul. 2008 Jun;25(4):275-9
18465306
J Exp Med. 2001 May 7;193(9):1067-76
11342591
Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Aug;26(8):1100-3
12913258
Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2000 Dec;32(3):197-203
11115392
Int J Pharm. 2002 Mar 20;235(1-2):121-7
11879747
Biochem J. 2005 Oct 15;391(Pt 2):167-75
15932346
J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 26;277(17):14695-702
11854270
Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2001;66(2b):609-17
12425084
J Bacteriol. 1999 Nov;181(21):6642-9
10542164
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Apr 13;1205(2):183-8
8155696
Microbiology (Reading). 1995 Oct;141 ( Pt 10):2629-35
7582023
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Jun;16(3):261-70
10872923
Int J Food Microbiol. 2004 Sep 1;95(2):147-55
15282127
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2003;43(1):61-87
12587986
Plant Physiol. 1981 Jan;67(1):170-5
16661621
EXS. 1999;87:315-33
10906970
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001 Sep 23;51(1-3):81-96
11516781
Jpn J Cancer Res. 2001 Apr;92(4):459-66
11346469
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1992 Oct;56(10):1546-51
1369055
Arzneimittelforschung. 2002;52(1):1-7
11838268
Int J Biol Macromol. 1998 Aug;23(2):135-41
9730167
J Control Release. 2004 Sep 14;99(1):15-26
15342177
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995 Jul;59(7):1211-6
7670180
Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2002 Jan;53(1):115-23
11777759
J Biomed Mater Res. 2001;58(1):127-35
11153009
Biomacromolecules. 2003 May-Jun;4(3):723-7
12741790
J Biomed Mater Res. 2002 Mar 5;59(3):438-49
11774301
Ann Thorac Surg. 1983 Jul;36(1):55-8
6222713
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Sep;28(9):1149-56
15311218
J Leukoc Biol. 2005 Jul;78(1):62-9
15809287
Carbohydr Res. 1997 Mar 26;299(1-2):99-101
9129298
Biochem J. 1995 Oct 15;311 ( Pt 2):377-83
7487871
Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Jul 9;11(13):1699-701
11425541
Arch Microbiol. 1997 Oct;168(4):321-7
9297470
Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1997 Jan;10(1):135-7
9002276
Int J Food Microbiol. 2002 Mar 25;74(1-2):65-72
11929171
J Food Prot. 1999 Mar;62(3):239-43
10090242
Lett Appl Microbiol. 2002;34(3):168-72
11874536
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1992 Mar;56(3):448-53
1368330
Biomaterials. 1997 Apr;18(8):591-5
9134158
J Biomed Mater Res. 2001;58(4):358-65
11410893
Biomaterials. 2001 Apr;22(7):687-94
11246962
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000 Sep;54(3):354-60
11030572
Biol Pharm Bull. 1997 Jun;20(6):708-10
9212997
Bull Exp Biol Med. 2005 Sep;140(3):356-60
16307058
J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;56(2):265-9
15005886
Lett Appl Microbiol. 2002;35(1):17-21
12081543
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001 Dec;18(6):553-7
11738343
J Food Prot. 2004 Apr;67(4):833-48
15083740
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009 Feb 1;102(2):390-9
18949758
J Periodontal Res. 2005 Oct;40(5):373-7
16105089