Microbial responses to xenobiotic compounds. Identification of genes that allow Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to cope with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 grows in M9 minimal medium with glucose in the presence of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at a similar rate than in the absence of TNT, although global transcriptional analysis using DNA microarrays revealed that TNT exerts some stress. Response to TNT stress is regulated at the transcriptional level, as significant changes in the level of expression of 65 genes were observed. Of these genes, 39 appeared upregulated, and 26 were downregulated. The identity of upregulated genes suggests that P. putida uses two kinds of strategies to overcome TNT toxicity: (i) induction of genes encoding nitroreductases and detoxification-related enzymes (pnrA, xenD, acpD) and (ii) induction of multidrug efflux pump genes (mexEF/oprN) to reduce intracellular TNT concentrations. Mutants of 13 up- and 7 downregulated genes were analysed with regards to TNT toxicity revealing the role of the MexE/MexF/OprN pump and a putative isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase in tolerance to TNT. The ORF PP1232 whose transcriptional level did not change in response to TNT affected growth in the presence of nitroaromatic compounds and it was found in a screening of 4000 randomly generated mutants.
Bio-Iliberis Research and Development, Edificio BIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, E-18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
Matilde
M
Fernández
Estrella
E
Duque
Paloma
P
Pizarro-Tobías
Pieter
P
Van Dillewijn
Rolf-Michael
RM
Wittich
Juan L
JL
Ramos
D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015262:Xenobiotics; D014303:Trinitrotoluene
J Bacteriol. 2005 Sep;187(17):5937-45
16109935
J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 29;277(13):11513-20
11805110
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Mar;74(5):1583-97
18192414
Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jun;9(6):1535-40
17504490
J Bacteriol. 1994 Jun;176(12):3536-43
8206830
Environ Microbiol. 2005 Aug;7(8):1211-9
16011758
Microb Biotechnol. 2008 Mar;1(2):158-69
21261833
J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 5;266(7):4119-25
1999405
J Bacteriol. 1996 Aug;178(15):4508-14
8755878
Biodegradation. 2007 Feb;18(1):27-35
16758276
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Apr;35(4):225-36
18228070
Environ Microbiol. 2004 May;6(5):491-500
15049922
FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2007 May;60(2):276-86
17374126
Plasmid. 1998;39(3):205-14
9571137
Environ Microbiol. 2002 Dec;4(12):799-808
12534463
J Environ Manage. 2004 Apr;70(4):291-307
15016438
Environ Microbiol. 2002 Dec;4(12):824-41
12534466
J Biol Chem. 2005 Sep 30;280(39):33305-10
16076848
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jun;70(6):3566-74
15184158
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Nov;74(21):6703-8
18791012
J Biol Chem. 2003 May 30;278(22):19891-7
12660247
J Bacteriol. 2006 Jun;188(11):4079-92
16707699
Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Feb 1;42(3):734-9
18323095
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Aug;76(2):267-77
17534614
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2001 Sep;65(3):335-52, table of contents
11527999
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Oct;76(6):1271-9
17846764
Environ Microbiol. 2002 Dec;4(12):779-81
12534460
J Bacteriol. 1996 Aug;178(15):4731-3
8755909
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jul;73(14):4550-8
17526777
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Apr;68(4):1690-6
11916686
Arch Microbiol. 2005 Nov;184(3):158-67
16187099
J Bacteriol. 2000 Feb;182(3):573-80
10633088
J Bacteriol. 2007 Jan;189(1):207-19
17071759
J Bacteriol. 2006 Jun;188(12):4424-30
16740949
J Bacteriol. 1991 May;173(9):2944-53
1826904
Curr Microbiol. 2004 Nov;49(5):346-52
15486709
Mol Microbiol. 1997 Jan;23(2):345-54
9044268
Mol Microbiol. 2002 Nov;46(3):677-86
12410825
Microbiology (Reading). 2002 Jun;148(Pt 6):1607-1614
12055282
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Nov;66(11):4742-50
11055918
Microb Biotechnol. 2008 May;1(3):236-46
21261843
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Nov;74(21):6820-3
18791007
J Bacteriol. 1998 Jun;180(11):2987-91
9603892
Biochemistry. 2002 Jan 29;41(4):1315-22
11802732
Mutat Res. 2002 Oct 31;508(1-2):59-70
12379462
J Biochem Biophys Methods. 2007 Jun 10;70(4):539-46
17239953
Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jan;8(1):165-77
16343331
Microbiology (Reading). 2007 Jul;153(Pt 7):2289-2303
17600073
Biol Pharm Bull. 1997 Jan;20(1):110-2
9013822
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002 Feb;58(2):138-46
11876405