Conducting model ecosystem studies in tropical climate zones: lessons learned from Thailand and way forward.
Little research has been done so far into the environmental fate and side effects of pesticides in the tropics. In addition, those studies conducted in tropical regions have focused almost exclusively on single species laboratory tests. Hence, fate and effects of pesticides on higher-tier levels have barely been studied under tropical conditions. To address this lack of knowledge, four outdoor aquatic model ecosystem experiments using two different test systems were conducted in Thailand evaluating the insecticide chlorpyrifos, the herbicide linuron and the fungicide carbendazim. Results of these experiments and comparisons of recorded fate and effects with temperate studies have been published previously. The present paper discusses the pros and cons of the methodologies applied and provides indications for i) possible improvements; ii) important aspects that should be considered when performing model ecosystem experiments in the tropics; iii) future research.
Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal. mdaam@isa.utl.pt
Michiel A
MA
Daam
Paul J
PJ
Van den Brink
D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D017753:Ecosystem; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000187:drug effects*; D008044:Linuron / Q000633:toxicity; D008954:Models, Biological; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013785:Thailand; D014329:Tropical Climate; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008044:Linuron; C006698:carbendazim; D004390:Chlorpyrifos