Measuring ER stress and the unfolded protein response using mammalian tissue culture system.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions to properly fold and process secreted and transmembrane proteins. Environmental and genetic factors that disrupt ER function cause an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, a condition termed ER stress. ER stress activates a signaling network called the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) to alleviate this stress and restore ER homeostasis, promoting cell survival and adaptation. However, under unresolvable ER stress conditions, the UPR promotes apoptosis. Here, we discuss the current methods to measure ER stress levels, UPR activation, and subsequent pathways in mammalian cells. These methods will assist us in understanding the UPR and its contribution to ER stress-related disorders such as diabetes and neurodegeneration.
Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Christine M
CM
Oslowski
Fumihiko
F
Urano
D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D017510:Protein Folding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response / Q000502:physiology*; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6; D015415:Biomarkers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase
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