The relationship between active travel to school and health-related fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Active travel to school (ATS) has been identified as an important source of physical activity for youth. However, the relationship between ATS and health-related fitness (HRF) among youth remains unclear.


METHODS
A systematic search of seven electronic databases (EMBASE, OVID MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and TRIS on line) was conducted in December 2009 and studies published since 1980 were considered for inclusion.


RESULTS
Twenty seven articles were identified that explored the relationship between ATS and the following aspects of HRF: weight status/body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and flexibility. Forty-eight percent of the studies that examined the relationship between ATS and weight status/body composition reported significant associations, this increased to 55% once poor quality studies were removed. Furthermore, the findings from five studies, including one longitudinal study, indicate that ATS is positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in youth. However, the evidence for the relationships between ATS and muscular fitness or flexibility is equivocal and limited by low study numbers.


CONCLUSIONS
There is some evidence to suggest that ATS is associated with a healthier body composition and level of cardiorespiratory fitness among youth. Strategies to increase ATS are warranted and should be included in whole-of-school approaches to the promotion of physical activity.
School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Australia. David.Lubans@newcastle.edu.au
David R
DR
Lubans
Colin A
CA
Boreham
Paul
P
Kelly
Charlie E
CE
Foster
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010809:Physical Fitness; D014186:Transportation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
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