Pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in elderly patients.
OBJECTIVE
Intravenous paracetamol (N-acetyl-paraminophenol, acetaminophen) is a widely used nonopioid analgesic which has become popular in the treatment of pain in many patient groups, including the elderly. Although intravenous paracetamol has been studied widely in clinical analgesia studies, there is little information on its pharmacokinetics in the elderly. We designed this study to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in very old patients and to compare them with that of younger patients. We also considered the effect of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette G2 protein (ABCG2) genotype and renal function on paracetamol pharmacokinetics in these patients.


METHODS
We compared the pharmacokinetics of intravenous paracetamol in four groups of ten patients, aged 20-40, 60-70, 70-80 and 80-90 years, undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Paracetamol 1000 mg was given by infusion over 15 minutes. Plasma concentrations of paracetamol and its glucuronide and sulphate conjugates were measured for 24 hours with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method and ABCG2 genotype was determined. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from age, sex and serum creatinine of the patient.


RESULTS
In the group aged 80-90 years, the mean value of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC(∞)) of paracetamol was 54-68% higher than in the two youngest groups. Paracetamol clearance showed a statistically significant dependence on age group, whereas volume of distribution during elimination and elimination half-life were associated with age group and sex, respectively. Based on mean AUC(∞) of paracetamol glucuronide and paracetamol sulphate, the oldest patients had 1.3- to 1.5-fold greater exposure to these metabolites than patients aged 20-40 years. ABCG2 genotype did not affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics. There was a linear correlation between the values of AUC(∞) of paracetamol, its glucuronide and sulphate metabolites and GFR.


CONCLUSIONS
Age and sex are important factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol. The higher the age of the patient, the higher is the exposure to paracetamol. Female sex is associated with increased paracetamol concentrations but ABCG2 genotype does not seem to affect paracetamol pharmacokinetics. Trial registration number (EudraCT): 2006-001917-14.
Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Care and Pain Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. antti.liukas@tyks.fi
Antti
A
Liukas
Kristiina
K
Kuusniemi
Riku
R
Aantaa
Petri
P
Virolainen
Mikko
M
Niemi
Pertti J
PJ
Neuvonen
Klaus T
KT
Olkkola
D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000698:Analgesia; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019540:Area Under Curve; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D000082:Acetaminophen; C037386:acetaminophen glucuronide; C045667:acetaminophen sulfate ester
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