Deletion analysis of the 3' long terminal repeat sequence of plant retrotransposon Tto1 identifies 125 base pairs redundancy as sufficient for first strand transfer.
Retroviruses and many retrotransposons are flanked by sequence repeats called long terminal repeats (LTRs). These sequences contain a promoter region, which is active in the 5' LTR, and transcription termination signals, which are active in the LTR copy present at the 3' end. A section in the middle of the LTR, called Redundancy region, occurs at both ends of the mRNA. Here we show that in the copia type retrotransposon Tto1, the promoter and terminator functions of the LTR can be supplied by heterologous sequences, thereby converting the LTR into a significantly shorter sub-terminal repeat. An engineered Tto1 element with 125 instead of the usual 574 base pairs repeated in the 5' and 3' region can still promote strand transfer during cDNA synthesis, defining a minimal Redundancy region for this element. Based on this finding, we propose a model for first strand transfer of Tto1.
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, Austria.
Andrea
A
Tramontano
Alexander
A
Donath
Stephan H
SH
Bernhart
Kristin
K
Reiche
Gudrun
G
Böhmdorfer
Peter F
PF
Stadler
Andreas
A
Bachmair
D001483:Base Sequence; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D018626:Retroelements / Q000235:genetics*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D013728:Terminator Regions, Genetic
D018744:DNA, Plant; D018626:Retroelements
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001 Aug;58(9):1246-62
11577982
Plant J. 1998 Dec;16(6):735-43
10069079
Plant J. 2000 Jul;23(2):291-304
10929123
Virus Res. 2008 Jun;134(1-2):19-38
18279992
RNA. 2005 Aug;11(8):1181-91
16043504
Eur J Biochem. 2002 Jun;269(12):2821-30
12071944
EMBO J. 1993 Jun;12(6):2521-8
8389699
Bioinformatics. 2006 May 15;22(10):1177-82
16446276
Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 16;1(1):3
16722605
Virus Res. 2008 Jun;134(1-2):221-34
18261821
EMBO J. 1998 Aug 17;17(16):4873-80
9707446
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 May 11;101(19):7287-92
15123812
Biochimie. 1996;78(7):639-53
8955907
Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 15;28(2):634-40
10606665
Syst Synth Biol. 2010 Jun;4(2):133-8
20805932
Trends Plant Sci. 2010 Aug;15(8):471-8
20541961
Annu Rev Genet. 2008;42:587-617
18680436
Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Jun;16(6):639-46
19465913
Plant J. 2000 Oct;24(2):265-73
11069700
J Gen Virol. 2000 Aug;81(Pt 8):1889-1899
10900025
Virology. 2008 Apr 10;373(2):437-46
18191436
Annu Rev Genet. 2002;36:489-519
12429701
FEBS J. 2009 Mar;276(6):1506-16
19228195
Plant Physiol. 2008 Jul;147(3):1264-78
18467467
Plant Cell. 1996 Apr;8(4):725-34
8624443
EMBO J. 1984 Aug;3(8):1671-9
6479146
Annu Rev Genet. 2008;42:143-63
18624631