Systematic review of medication safety assessment methods.
OBJECTIVE
The accuracy, efficiency, and efficacy of four commonly recommended medication safety assessment methodologies were systematically reviewed.


METHODS
Medical literature databases were systematically searched for any comparative study conducted between January 2000 and October 2009 in which at least two of the four methodologies-incident report review, direct observation, chart review, and trigger tool-were compared with one another. Any study that compared two or more methodologies for quantitative accuracy (adequacy of the assessment of medication errors and adverse drug events) efficiency (effort and cost), and efficacy and that provided numerical data was included in the analysis.


RESULTS
Twenty-eight studies were included in this review. Of these, 22 compared two of the methodologies, and 6 compared three methods. Direct observation identified the greatest number of reports of drug-related problems (DRPs), while incident report review identified the fewest. However, incident report review generally showed a higher specificity compared to the other methods and most effectively captured severe DRPs. In contrast, the sensitivity of incident report review was lower when compared with trigger tool. While trigger tool was the least labor-intensive of the four methodologies, incident report review appeared to be the least expensive, but only when linked with concomitant automated reporting systems and targeted follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
All four medication safety assessment techniques-incident report review, chart review, direct observation, and trigger tool-have different strengths and weaknesses. Overlap between different methods in identifying DRPs is minimal. While trigger tool appeared to be the most effective and labor-efficient method, incident report review best identified high-severity DRPs.
Swiss Patient Safety Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland. meyer@patientensicherheit.ch
Carla
C
Meyer-Massetti
Christine M
CM
Cheng
David L B
DL
Schwappach
Lynn
L
Paulsen
Brigid
B
Ide
Christoph R
CR
Meier
B Joseph
BJ
Guglielmo
D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*