The immunoregulatory mechanisms of carcinoma for its survival and development.
The immune system in patients detects and eliminates tumor cells, but tumors still progress persistently. The mechanisms by which tumor cells survive under the pressure of immune surveillance are not fully understood. This review is to present the evidence from clinical studies, showing a significant correlation of clinicopathological features of carcinoma with: (1) the loss of classical human leukocyte antigen class I, (2) the up-regulation of non-classical human leukocyte antigen class I, pro-apoptotic Fas ligand and receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells I, and (3) the formation of immunosuppressive microenvironment by up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta, Galectin-1, inhibitory ligand B7s, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and arginase, as well as by recruitment of tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. All of these factors may together protect carcinoma cells from the immune-cytotoxicity.
Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. caigan@interchange.ubc.ca
Caigan
C
Du
Yuzhuo
Y
Wang
D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001119:Arginase / Q000276:immunology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016511:Severe Combined Immunodeficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology
D015703:Antigens, CD; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; C120762:EBAG9 protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D037483:Galectin 1; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D001119:Arginase
Int J Cancer. 1997 Feb 20;74(1):69-74
9036872
Jpn J Cancer Res. 1995 May;86(5):477-83
7790320
Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Feb 1;13(3):902-11
17289884
J Am Coll Surg. 2008 May;206(5):849-54; discussion 854-6
18471709
Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Sep 15;12(18):5423-34
17000676
Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Oct;103(1):25-30
16530254
Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Sep;6(9):3560-4
10999744
Am J Pathol. 2003 Apr;162(4):1139-49
12651606
Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Dec 15;14(24):8270-8
19088044
J Surg Oncol. 1976;8(5):391-411
792571
Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 1;11(5):1842-8
15756008
J Clin Invest. 2007 May;117(5):1147-54
17476344
Oncol Rep. 2004 Oct;12(4):749-54
15375495
Lung Cancer. 2008 Jan;59(1):32-40
17825949
J Immunol. 2003 Dec 15;171(12):6891-9
14662896
Eur J Cancer. 1996 Jan;32A(1):141-5
8695222
Oral Oncol. 2008 Apr;44(4):325-34
17588803
Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 1;15(3):971-9
19188168
Int J Cancer. 2004 May 10;109(6):909-18
15027125
Int J Cancer. 2008 Sep 1;123(5):1108-16
18528866
Int Immunol. 2001 Sep;13(9):1147-54
11526095
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Feb;85(4):1242-6
3124115
Int J Cancer. 2011 Feb 15;128(4):887-96
20473887
Immunol Lett. 2010 Jan 4;127(2):108-18
19874850
Cancer. 2000 Feb 1;88(3):524-8
10649242
Eur J Surg Oncol. 2002 Mar;28(2):120-5
11884046
Cell Mol Immunol. 2010 Sep;7(5):389-95
20514052
J Immunol. 2003 Aug 1;171(3):1232-9
12874210
Oncol Rep. 2004 Aug;12(2):259-67
15254686
Br J Cancer. 1999 Nov;81(5):881-9
10555762
Prostate. 2009 Nov 1;69(15):1694-703
19670224
Biochem J. 1998 Nov 15;336 ( Pt 1):1-17
9806879
Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2007 Dec;15(4):363-70
18091377
Cancer Gene Ther. 2007 Mar;14(3):262-7
17053813
J Oral Pathol Med. 2006 Jul;35(6):361-8
16762017
Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Jul;6(7):2794-802
10914726
Oncology. 2003;65(1):83-8
12837986
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1768-74
15585555
J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Oct;127(10):2391-8
17508019
Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 15;14(22):7251-9
19010841
Cancer Res. 2009 Oct 15;69(20):8067-75
19826049
Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Apr 1;13(7):2151-7
17404099
J Pathol. 2002 Mar;196(3):266-74
11857488
Cancer Treat Res. 2006;130:103-24
16610705
Int J Cancer. 2003 Nov 1;107(2):209-14
12949796
Cancer Res. 2001 Jun 15;61(12):4756-60
11406548
Mol Med. 2010 Mar;16(3-4):102-15
20200618
Oncol Rep. 2007 Jun;17(6):1333-9
17487387
Methods Enzymol. 2010;480:199-244
20816212
Int J Colorectal Dis. 2002 Jan;17(1):25-9
12018450
Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Mar 15;13(6):1749-56
17363528
J Clin Oncol. 2005 Dec 10;23(35):8932-41
16219933
Int J Cancer. 1996 Jul 29;67(3):333-8
8707405
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007 May;56(5):587-600
16924494
Histopathology. 1998 Jul;33(1):55-63
9726050
Br J Dermatol. 1994 Dec;131(6):789-98
7531999
Cell Death Differ. 2001 Jul;8(7):687-95
11464213
Cancer Res. 1998 Apr 15;58(8):1741-9
9563493
Lung Cancer. 1999 Nov;26(2):73-83
10568678
Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Feb;52(2):549-54
17211709
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995 Jul-Aug;4(5):549-54
7549813
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov;134(11):1247-53
18438685
Int J Cancer. 1997 Nov 27;73(5):663-9
9398043
Hepatology. 2000 Oct;32(4 Pt 1):761-9
11003620
J Immunol. 2009 Feb 1;182(3):1746-55
19155524
J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 18;201(8):1257-68
15824085
Neoplasma. 1999;46(3):173-8
10613593
Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 15;12(4):1144-51
16489067
BMC Cancer. 2009 Jan 28;9:35
19175908
Clin Exp Metastasis. 2004;21(3):243-9
15387374
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2008 Sep;134(9):1021-7
18347814
Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Apr 1;13(7):2075-81
17404089
Immunity. 1997 Apr;6(4):371-8
9133416
Cancer. 1991 Dec 15;68(12):2591-4
1933807
J Immunol. 2010 Nov 1;185(9):4977-82
20962266
J Clin Pathol. 1995 Jun;48(6):539-44
7665697
Mod Pathol. 2007 Mar;20(3):375-83
17277760
Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):156-62
9895372
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007 Nov;56(11):1743-53
17487490
Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 1;65(21):9817-23
16267003
J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Oct;129(10):2451-62
19387481
Anticancer Res. 2003 Mar-Apr;23(2B):1283-7
12820384
Nat Med. 2004 Sep;10(9):942-9
15322536
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2002 Jun;51(4):209-18
12012108
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009 May;58(5):801-8
19089424
Lab Invest. 1993 Dec;69(6):651-9
8264228
J Oral Pathol Med. 2008 Sep;37(8):485-9
18355177
J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 14;277(24):21123-9
11950832
Br J Urol. 1994 Nov;74(5):609-16
7530126
Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Jul;106(1):119-27
17509674
Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 1;10(15):5094-100
15297412
Eur J Cancer. 1992;28(2-3):641-4
1317202
Gastric Cancer. 2001;4(4):198-205
11846063
Urology. 2004 Jun;63(6):1198-204
15183989
Br J Cancer. 2007 Oct 22;97(8):1135-8
17940503
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 10;94(12):6420-5
9177233
Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Jan 15;13(2 Pt 2):709s-715s
17255298
J Surg Oncol. 2001 Jan;76(1):63-8; discussion 69
11223827
Head Neck. 2004 Nov;26(11):977-83
15390195
Br J Cancer. 2001 May 18;84(10):1330-8
11355943
Cancer Res. 1997 Mar 15;57(6):1007-12
9067260
J Surg Oncol. 2005 May 1;90(2):89-94
15844180
Int Immunol. 1999 Aug;11(8):1351-6
10421792
Lung Cancer. 2006 Aug;53(2):143-51
16782226
Gynecol Oncol. 2003 Jul;90(1):70-4
12821344
Cancer Res. 1998 Feb 15;58(4):737-42
9485029
Int J Cancer. 1997 May 16;71(4):585-94
9178812
Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Jun;53(6):1728-34
17932753
Science. 1990 Apr 13;248(4952):220-3
2326636
Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Jan 15;11(2 Pt 1):498-504
15701833
Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 15;65(8):3044-8
15833831
Int J Oncol. 2007 May;30(5):1109-17
17390012
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1999 Apr;48(1):56-61
10235489
Clin Cancer Res. 1995 Jan;1(1):95-103
9815891
Endocrinology. 1994 Nov;135(5):2240-7
7956947
Mod Pathol. 2010 Sep;23(9):1231-40
20512116
J Immunol. 2005 Nov 1;175(9):5790-8
16237071
Cancer. 2002 May 15;94(10):2552-60
12173320
Int J Cancer. 2004 Apr 10;109(3):393-401
14961578
Int J Cancer. 2007 Jun 1;120(11):2331-8
17304502
Hum Pathol. 2002 Dec;33(12):1193-9
12514788
J Exp Med. 1999 Apr 5;189(7):1093-100
10190900
J Immunol. 1998 Jun 1;160(11):5669-75
9605174
Hepatology. 2009 Sep;50(3):799-807
19551844
Cell Growth Differ. 1995 Dec;6(12):1635-42
9019169
Cancer Res. 1983 Jun;43(6):3008-12
6189588
Nat Med. 1999 Dec;5(12):1365-9
10581077
J Dermatol Sci. 1995 Jan;9(1):12-9
7727352
J Pathol. 1998 Nov;186(3):240-6
10211111
Br J Cancer. 2006 Dec 4;95(11):1555-61
17117179
Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 1;69(7):3086-94
19293186
Cancer Res. 2006 Apr 1;66(7):3381-5
16585157
Tissue Antigens. 2003 Oct;62(4):324-7
12974799
Cancer Res. 1999 Oct 15;59(20):5356-64
10537320
Cancer Res. 2001 Sep 15;61(18):6838-45
11559559
Int J Cancer. 2005 Mar 20;114(2):268-73
15540228
Neoplasia. 2006 Nov;8(11):933-8
17132225
Cancer Biochem Biophys. 1999 Jul;17(1-2):125-31
10738908
Cancer Res. 2005 Jun 15;65(12):5211-20
15958566
Nat Med. 1996 Dec;2(12):1361-6
8946836
J Immunol. 2002 Sep 1;169(5):2756-61
12193750
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Apr 27;107(17):7875-80
20385810
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005 Sep;54(9):898-906
15776284
Cancer Res. 2003 Apr 1;63(7):1555-9
12670904
Exp Oncol. 2009 Jun;31(2):74-9
19550395
Urol Res. 2004 Oct;32(5):317-22
15365652
Int J Oncol. 2001 Jun;18(6):1157-62
11351245
Tumour Biol. 1991;12(2):68-74
2028181
Lung Cancer. 2001 Aug-Sep;33(2-3):181-94
11551413
Cancer Res. 1991 Sep 15;51(18):4948-54
1654207
Gastroenterology. 2008 Jul;135(1):234-43
18485901
Cancer. 2006 Mar 1;106(5):1065-77
16456813
Eur J Cancer Prev. 2009 Jun;18(3):199-202
19282757
Ann Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep;13(9):1252-8
16952047
Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Aug 1;14(15):4800-8
18676751
Gynecol Oncol. 1995 Jun;57(3):366-75
7774840
Gynecol Oncol. 1997 Mar;64(3):477-80
9062154
Clin Cancer Res. 2000 May;6(5):1755-66
10815894
Nat Immunol. 2003 Sep;4(9):899-906
12925852