Relative radiological risks derived from different TENORM wastes in Malaysia.
In Malaysia technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) wastes are mainly the product of the oil and gas industry and mineral processing. Among these TENORM wastes are tin tailing, tin slag, gypsum and oil sludge. Mineral processing and oil and gas industries produce large volume of TENORM wastes that has become a radiological concern to the authorities. A study was carried out to assess the radiological risk related to workers working at these disposal sites and landfills as well as to the members of the public should these areas be developed for future land use. Radiological risk was assessed based on the magnitude of radiation hazard, effective dose rates and excess cancer risks. Effective dose rates and excess cancer risks were estimated using RESRAD 6.4 computer code. All data on the activity concentrations of NORM in wastes and sludges used in this study were obtained from the Atomic Energy Licensing Board, Malaysia, and they were collected over a period of between 5 and 10 y. Results obtained showed that there was a wide range in the total activity concentrations (TAC) of nuclides in the TENORM wastes. With the exception of tin slag and tin tailing-based TENORM wastes, all other TENORM wastes have TAC values comparable to that of Malaysia's soil. Occupational Effective Dose Rates estimated in all landfill areas were lower than the 20 mSv y(-1) permissible dose limit. The average Excess Cancer Risk Coefficient was estimated to be 2.77×10(-3) risk per mSv. The effective dose rates for residents living on gypsum and oil sludge-based TENORM wastes landfills were estimated to be lower than the permissible dose limit for members of the public, and was also comparable to that of the average Malaysia's ordinary soils. The average excess cancer risk coefficient was estimated to be 3.19×10(-3) risk per mSv. Results obtained suggest that gypsum and oil sludge-based TENORM wastes should be exempted from any radiological regulatory control and should be considered radiologically safe for future land use.
School of Applied Physics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. ismailb@ukm.my
B
B
Ismail
I L
IL
Teng
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Muhammad Samudi
D001417:Background Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D008296:Malaysia; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011850:Radioactive Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D012306:Risk; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis; D014001:Tin / Q000032:analysis
D007220:Industrial Waste; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants; D011850:Radioactive Waste; D012722:Sewage; D014001:Tin