Clinical review: Intravenous glucocorticoids for Graves' orbitopathy: efficacy and morbidity.
BACKGROUND
The administration of iv glucocorticoid pulses has been advocated as a treatment approach for patients with inflammatory and moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy (GO). This review offers an update on this controversial regimen.


METHODS
PubMed and the MeSH-Database were searched (with no temporal limit) for the following topics: management of active and severe GO; glucocorticoid therapy of GO; iv glucocorticoid administration; mechanism and pharmacokinetics of iv glucocorticoids; and adverse events, morbidity, and mortality of iv glucocorticoids. The articles were evaluated according to their setting and study design.


RESULTS
All randomized and uncontrolled trials, consensus statement, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses dealing with the efficacy and morbidity of iv glucocorticoids in GO were identified.


CONCLUSIONS
The current first-line treatment for active, moderate-to-severe GO is a 12-wk course of high-dose iv glucocorticoid pulses. The response rate of this regimen is approximately 80%. Intravenous glucocorticoids have a statistically significant advantage over oral treatment and cause significantly fewer adverse events. However, major side effects related to preexisting diseases, administered dose, and treatment schedule have been reported. The morbidity and mortality of iv glucocorticoid therapy are 6.5 and 0.6%, respectively. Thus, careful patient selection is warranted. Before iv glucocorticoid administration, patients should be screened for recent hepatitis, liver dysfunction, cardiovascular morbidity, severe hypertension, inadequately managed diabetes, and glaucoma. The cumulative dose should not exceed 8 g, and with the exception of sight-threatening GO the single doses preferably should not be administered on consecutive days. Monthly monitoring during subsequent treatment is warranted.
Department of Medicine, Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.
S
S
Zang
K A
KA
Ponto
G J
GJ
Kahaly
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids