Phosphorescent heavy-metal complexes for bioimaging.
The application of phosphorescent heavy-metal complexes with d(6), d(8) and d(10) electron configurations for bioimaging is a new and promising research field and has been attracting increasing interest. In this critical review, we systematically evaluate the advantages of phosphorescent heavy-metal complexes as bioimaging probes, including their photophysical properties, cytotoxicity and cellular uptake mechanisms. The progress of research into the use of phosphorescent heavy-metal complexes for staining different compartments of cells, monitoring intracellular functional species, providing targeted bioimaging, two-photon bioimaging, small-animal bioimaging, multimodal bioimaging and time-resolved bioimaging is summarized. In addition, several possible future directions in this field are also discussed (133 references).
Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
Qiang
Q
Zhao
Chunhui
C
Huang
Fuyou
F
Li
D000818:Animals; D056831:Coordination Complexes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D013194:Staining and Labeling
D056831:Coordination Complexes; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D019216:Metals, Heavy