Early life socioeconomic adversity is associated in adult life with chronic inflammation, carotid atherosclerosis, poorer lung function and decreased cognitive performance: a cross-sectional, population-based study.
BACKGROUND
Socioeconomic gradients in health persist despite public health campaigns and improvements in healthcare. The Psychosocial and Biological Determinants of Ill-health (pSoBid) study was designed to uncover novel biomarkers of chronic disease that may help explain pathways between socioeconomic adversity and poorer physical and mental health.


METHODS
We examined links between indicators of early life adversity, possible intermediary phenotypes, and markers of ill health in adult subjects (n = 666) recruited from affluent and deprived areas. Classical and novel risk factors for chronic disease (lung function and atherosclerosis) and for cognitive performance were assessed, and associations sought with early life variables including conditions in the parental home, family size and leg length.


RESULTS
Associations were observed between father's occupation, childhood home status (owner-occupier; overcrowding) and biomarkers of chronic inflammation and endothelial activation in adults (C reactive protein, interleukin 6, intercellular adhesion molecule; P < 0.0001) but not number of siblings and leg length. Lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and cognition (Choice Reaction Time, the Stroop test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test) were likewise related to early life conditions (P < 0.001). In multivariate models inclusion of inflammatory variables reduced the impact and independence of early life conditions on lung function and measures of cognitive ability. Including variables of adult socioeconomic status attenuated the early life associations with disease biomarkers.


CONCLUSIONS
Adverse levels of biomarkers of ill health in adults appear to be influenced by father's occupation and childhood home conditions. Chronic inflammation and endothelial activation may in part act as intermediary phenotypes in this complex relationship. Reducing the 'health divide' requires that these life course determinants are taken into account.
Glasgow Clinical Research Facility, Tennent Building, 38 Church Street, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G116NT, UK. chris.packard@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
Chris J
CJ
Packard
Vladimir
V
Bezlyak
Jennifer S
JS
McLean
G David
GD
Batty
Ian
I
Ford
Harry
H
Burns
Jonathan
J
Cavanagh
Kevin A
KA
Deans
Marion
M
Henderson
Agnes
A
McGinty
Keith
K
Millar
Naveed
N
Sattar
Paul G
PG
Shiels
Yoga N
YN
Velupillai
Carol
C
Tannahill
D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011203:Poverty; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
D015415:Biomarkers
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