Chemical characterization of a commercial Commiphora wightii resin sample and chemical profiling to assess for authenticity.
The gum resin of Commiphora wightii [(Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.] is an ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of arthritis, inflammation, obesity, lipid disorders, and cardiovascular diseases and is known as guggul. Morphologically, it is not easy to distinguish guggul from closely related gum resins of other plants. Reliability of the commercially available guggul is critical due to the high risk of adulteration. To check authenticity, a commercial guggul sample was investigated for its chemical markers and 17 metabolites were identified, including three new, 20(S),21-epoxy-3-oxocholest-4-ene (1), 8 β-hydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4,6-diene (2), and 5-(13' Z-nonadecenyl)resorcinol (17) from the ethyl acetate soluble part. During the current study, compounds 14- 17 were identified as constituents of Mangifera indica gum, as an adulterant in the commercial guggul sample. This discovery highlighted the common malpractices in the trade of medicinal raw material in the developing world. The structures of the compounds were deduced by the spectroscopic technique and chemical methods, as well as by comparison with the reported data. The structure of 20(S),21-epoxy-3-oxocholest-4-ene (1) was also unambiguously deduced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique.
National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
Rida
R
Ahmed
Zulfiqar
Z
Ali
Yunshan
Y
Wu
Swapnil
S
Kulkarni
Mitchell A
MA
Avery
Muhammed Iqbal
MI
Choudhary
Ikhlas A
IA
Khan
D002782:Cholestenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D029744:Commiphora / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003906:Developing Countries; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000592:standards*; D007194:India; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D031022:Mangifera / Q000737:chemistry; D008515:Medicine, Ayurvedic; D010154:Pakistan; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000592:standards*; D053149:Plant Gums / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000592:standards*; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000592:standards; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
C576200:20(S),21-epoxy-3-oxocholest-4-ene; D002782:Cholestenes; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D053149:Plant Gums; D012116:Resins, Plant; C018562:guggulu extract