Neuroendocrine markers of high risk for psychosis: salivary testosterone in adolescent boys with prodromal symptoms.
BACKGROUND
The peak in age of onset of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia during puberty and early adulthood suggests a relationship between the expression of psychopathology and the changes in the brain and body that take place during this dynamic maturational period, including a dramatic increase in circulating oestrogens and androgens. This study examined levels of salivary testosterone and oestradiol in adolescents with prepsychotic, prodromal symptoms, as this may mediate risk for psychosis by having an impact on brain development.


METHODS
In 21 male adolescents with prodromal symptoms and 21 male non-clinical controls levels of testosterone and oestradiol were measured in saliva. Tanner pubertal stage and prodromal symptoms were also assessed.


RESULTS
Levels of testosterone were significantly lower in adolescents with prodromal symptoms as compared with non-clinical controls. No group differences in oestradiol were found. In the total sample, level of testosterone was significantly correlated with age and Tanner pubertal stage.


CONCLUSIONS
Our observations are in line with current hypotheses stressing the role of neuroendocrine factors during adolescence in the expression of psychotic symptoms. From a developmental perspective, susceptibility to psychotic disorders increases during adolescence. Our data suggest that testosterone might, in part, mediate this increased vulnerability. Further research is needed to assess the mediating, neural, mechanisms through which testosterone may have an impact on the development of psychotic symptoms. In the search for early risk markers for psychosis, studying neuroendocrine factors might increase our understanding of 'at-risk' developmental pathways.
Leiden University, Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden, The Netherlands. srijn@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
S
S
van Rijn
A
A
Aleman
L
L
de Sonneville
M
M
Sprong
T
T
Ziermans
P
P
Schothorst
H
H
van Engeland
H
H
Swaab
D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000378:metabolism*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism*
D015415:Biomarkers; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol