Coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from the Singapore Chinese Health Study.
BACKGROUND
Coffee consumption has been associated with reduced markers of hepatic cell damage, reduced risk of chronic liver disease, and cirrhosis across a variety of populations. Data on the association between coffee consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in high-risk populations, are sparse.


METHODS
This study examines the relationship between coffee and caffeine consumption, and the risk of developing HCC within the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort of 63,257 middle-aged and older Chinese men and women, a relatively high-risk population for HCC. Baseline data on coffee consumption and other dietary and lifestyle factors were collected through in-person interviews at enrollment between 1993 and 1998.


RESULTS
As of 31 December 2006, 362 cohort participants had developed HCC. High levels of coffee or caffeine consumption were associated with reduced risk of HCC (p for trend < 0.05). Compared with non-drinkers of coffee, individuals who consumed three or more cups of coffee per day experienced a statistically significant 44% reduction in risk of HCC (hazard ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval, 0.31-1.00, p = .049) after adjustment for potential confounders and tea consumption.


CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that coffee consumption may reduce the risk of developing HCC in Chinese in Singapore.
The Masonic Cancer Center, MMC 806, University of Minnesota, 425 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Shane
S
Johnson
Woon-Puay
WP
Koh
Renwei
R
Wang
Sugantha
S
Govindarajan
Mimi C
MC
Yu
Jian-Min
JM
Yuan
D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D013662:Tea
D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea
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