2011: the immune hallmarks of cancer.
Ten years after the publication of the position paper "The hallmarks of cancer" (Hanahan and Weinberg Cell 100:57-70, 2000), it has become increasingly clear that mutated cells on their way to giving rise to a tumor have also to learn how to thrive in a chronically inflamed microenvironment, evade immune recognition, and suppress immune reactivity. Genetic and molecular definition of these three immune hallmarks of cancer offers the opportunity to learn how to deploy specific countermeasures to reverse the situation in favor of the immune system and, eventually, the patient. This new information could be channeled to address what seem to be the three major hallmarks for the immune control of cancer progression: effective procedures to activate immune reactivity; characterization of not-disposable oncoantigens; and counteraction of immune suppression.
Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy. federica.cavallo@unito.it
Federica
F
Cavallo
Carla
C
De Giovanni
Patrizia
P
Nanni
Guido
G
Forni
Pier-Luigi
PL
Lollini
D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology
D019496:Cancer Vaccines
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