Accent, perpetual foreigner stereotype, and perceived discrimination as indirect links between English proficiency and depressive symptoms in Chinese American adolescents.
The current study uses García Coll et al.'s (1996) developmental competence model of ethnic minority children and Kim's (1999) racial triangulation theory as frameworks for investigating the mechanisms whereby early adolescent English proficiency relates to perceived discriminatory experiences and adolescent depressive symptoms. Data from 444 adolescents (239 girls and 205 boys, with a mean age of 13.0 years for Wave 1 and 17.0 years for Wave 2) and their parents living in major metropolitan areas of Northern California were collected. The structural equation modeling analyses indicate that self-reported low levels of English proficiency among Chinese American adolescents in middle school are related to these same students later reporting that they speak English with an accent in high school, which in turn relates significantly to their perceiving that they have been stereotyped as perpetual foreigners. For girls, a perpetual foreigner stereotype relates to perceptions of chronic daily discrimination, increasing the risk of depressive symptoms. For boys, the path is different: A perpetual foreigner stereotype is apparently related to discriminatory victimization experiences, which increase the risk of depressive symptoms.
Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, 1 University Station, A2702, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. suyeongkim@mail.utexas.edu
Su Yeong
SY
Kim
Yijie
Y
Wang
Shiying
S
Deng
Rocio
R
Alvarez
Jing
J
Li
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001213:Asian / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2005 Jan;31(1):34-47
15574660
Am J Community Psychol. 2004 Mar;33(1-2):91-105
15055757
Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2000 Jan;70(1):42-57
10702849
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 Apr;88 Suppl 1:S27-37
17275213
J Health Psychol. 1997 Jul;2(3):335-51
22013026
J Adolesc. 2000 Feb;23(1):57-68
10700372
Psychol Assess. 2002 Dec;14(4):451-61
12501570
Future Child. 1997 Summer-Fall;7(2):55-71
9299837
Child Dev. 1996 Oct;67(5):1891-914
9022222
Child Dev. 1993 Jun;64(3):909-23
8339703
J Pers. 2005 Aug;73(4):1015-49
15958143
J Youth Adolesc. 2010 Sep;39(9):1027-40
19834795
Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;165(3):359-69
18245178
J Health Soc Behav. 1999 Sep;40(3):208-30
10513145
J Health Soc Behav. 2003 Sep;44(3):302-17
14582310
Soc Sci Med. 2007 Oct;65(7):1524-35
17602812
Child Dev. 2003 Mar-Apr;74(2):498-515
12705569
J Health Soc Behav. 1999 Sep;40(3):193-207
10513144
Dev Psychol. 2006 Sep;42(5):747-70
16953684
Dev Psychol. 2004 Sep;40(5):714-26
15355161
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999 Jan;76(1):114-28
9972557
Dev Psychol. 2006 Mar;42(2):218-36
16569162
NIDA Res Monogr. 1993;130:144-66
8413505
Child Dev. 2005 May-Jun;76(3):533-53
15892777
Am J Public Health. 2006 Oct;96(10):1821-8
17008579
Res Hum Dev. 2007 Jun 1;4(1 &AMP):49
20150976
Cult Med Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;27(4):447-65
14727680
J Pers. 2003 Dec;71(6):1197-232
14633063
Child Dev. 2006 Sep-Oct;77(5):1170-89
16999791
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2005 Nov;89(5):717-30
16351364
J Marriage Fam. 2009 Oct 23;71(4):862-877
20161516
Multivariate Behav Res. 1989 Oct 1;24(4):445-55
26753509
Dev Psychopathol. 2002 Spring;14(2):371-93
12030697