title: An agonist sensitive, quick and simple cell-based signaling assay for determination of ligands mimicking prostaglandin E2 or E1 activity through subtype EP1 receptor: Suitable for high throughput screening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventionally the active ingredients in herbal extracts are separated into individual components, by fractionation, desalting, and followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study we have tried to directly screen water-soluble fractions of herbs with potential active ingredients before purification or extraction. We propose that the herbal extracts mimicking prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) and E(2) (PGE(2)) can be identified in the water-soluble non-purified fraction. PGE(1) is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule used for treating peripheral vascular diseases while PGE(2) is an inflammatory molecule.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used cell-based assays (CytoFluor multi-well plate reader and fluorescence microscopy) in which a calcium signal was generated by the recombinant EP(1) receptor stably expressed in HEK293 cells (human embryonic kidney). PGE(1) and PGE(2) were tested for their ability to generate a calcium signal. Ninety-six water soluble fractions of Treasures of the east (single Chinese herb dietary supplements) were screened.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After screening, the top ten stimulators were identified. The identified herbs were then desalted and the calcium fluorescent signal reconfirmed using fluorescence microscopy. Among these top ten agonists identified, seven stimulated the calcium signaling (1-40 μM concentration) using fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorescence microscopy and multi-well plate readers can be used as a target specific method for screening water soluble fractions with active ingredients at a very early stage, before purification. Our future work consists of purifying and separating the active ingredients and repeating fluorescence microscopy. Under ordinary circumstances we would have to purify the compounds first and then test all the extracts from 96 herbs. Conventionally, for screening natural product libraries, the procedure followed is the automated separation of all constituents into individual components using fractionation and high performance liquid chromatography. We, however, demonstrated that the active ingredients of the herbal extracts can be tested before purification using an agonist sensitive, quick and simple cell-based signaling assay for ligands mimicking the agonists, PGE(1) and PGE(2).
authors.affiliation: Centre for Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas 77004, USA.
authors.forename: Annirudha J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Chillar
authors.forename: Parastoo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ke-He
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ruan
mesh_terms: D000527:Alprostadil / Q000819:agonists*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000819:agonists*; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000819:agonists*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D008024:Ligands; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000527:Alprostadil; D015232:Dinoprostone; D002118:Calcium