title: Hypersensitivity reactions to contrast media: prevalence, risk factors and the role of skin tests in diagnosis--a cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypersensitivity to contrast media (CMs) may be common and serious.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of CM hypersensitivity, risk factors associated with it and the role of skin testing in its diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured questionnaire was administered to patients who underwent computed tomography during a 1-year period. Skin tests with CMs, including skin prick tests (SPTs), intradermal tests (IDTs) and patch tests (PTs), were conducted on CM reactors (n = 24). Volunteers who tolerated CM exposure or had never been exposed to any CMs served as controls (n = 37).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,131 patients (630 females and 501 males; mean age 55 ± 14.2 years) were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of historical and current CM reactors was 33/1,131 (2.92%) and 8/1,105 (0.72%), respectively. The skin was the most affected site, with mild to moderate reactions. Female gender, a history of doctor-diagnosed asthma, drug allergy, food allergy and psychiatric diseases were significant risk factors. The sensitivities of SPTs and early readings of IDTs in the diagnosis of immediate reactions were 0 and 20%, respectively, and the specificities were 94.6 and 91.4%, respectively. For early readings of IDTs, the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 40 and 80%, respectively. For nonimmediate reactions, the sensitivities of delayed readings of IDTs and PTs were 14.3 and 25%, respectively; specificity was 100% for both tests. The PPV was 100% for both of these tests, and the NPVs were 85.4 and 82.4%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings are comparable with the incidence, profile and risk factors associated with CM hypersensitivity reported previously. Skin testing with CMs has a high specificity, but its role in diagnosis is limited due to low sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goksel
authors.forename: Omur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aydın
authors.forename: Cetin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Atasoy
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akyar
authors.forename: Yavuz Selim
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Demirel
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Misirligil
authors.forename: Sevim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bavbek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D012882:Skin Tests; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media