title: Smoking and smoking cessation in pregnancy.
abstract: Smoking during pregnancy is among the leading preventable causes of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Smoking prevalence among young women is the primary determinant of smoking prevalence during pregnancy. Smoking among women of childbearing age is associated with reduced fertility, increased complications of pregnancy, and a variety of adverse fetal outcomes. There is increasing evidence of lasting adverse effects on offspring. Guidelines for smoking cessation during pregnancy have been developed. This article reviews the epidemiology of smoking during pregnancy, the adverse effects of smoking on the mother, fetus, and offspring, and recommended approaches to smoking cessation for pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; VA Northern California Healthcare System, CA, USA. Electronic address: susan.murin@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murin
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; VA Northern California Healthcare System, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rokhsara
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rafii
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco-Fresno Program, 2823 Fresno Street, Fresno, CA 93721, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bilello
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000639:trends; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine