title: Associations between asymmetry and human attractiveness: Possible direct effects of asymmetry and signatures of publication bias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), reflecting developmental instability (DI), may honestly signal individual quality and relate to human attractiveness and measures of sexual behaviour. The evolutionary importance of these associations, however, critically depends on the role of DI in driving these correlations. A direct effect of FA reduces the role of DI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the direct effects of FA in determining human attractiveness, comparing the strength of associations whether the asymmetries could be observed during the attractiveness ratings or not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search and meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study found indications for such a direct role through stronger associations between FA and physical attractiveness when asymmetries are visible. Furthermore, a substantial publication bias emerged and correcting for it resulted in a reduction of 30-50% in effect sizes. When considering the few relatively large with sample size over 100 only, effect sizes were nearly zero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current literature likely overstates the evolutionary importance of asymmetry in determining human (physical) attractiveness. This study discusses the possible consequences for presumed associations between DI and human sexual behaviour and fitness.
authors.affiliation: Group of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium. stefan.vandongen@ua.ac.be
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Dongen
mesh_terms: D001504:Beauty; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D017594:Publication Bias; D018401:Sample Size