title: Nickel deposited on the skin-visualization by DMG test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nickel is the most common cause of contact allergy and an important risk factor for hand eczema. Visualization techniques may be powerful in showing exposures. The dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test might be used to establish skin exposure to nickel.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate methods for visualization of nickel on the skin by the DMG test and hand imprints.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nickel solutions at different concentrations were applied in duplicate on the hands in healthy subjects (n = 5). The DMG test and acid wipe sampling for quantification were then performed. Hand imprints were taken after manipulation of nickel-releasing tools (n = 1), and in workers performing their normal tasks (n = 7). The imprints were developed by the DMG test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DMG test on hands gave positive results in all subjects. The lowest concentration giving rise to a colour change was set to 0.13 µg/cm(2) for DMG testing on skin. DMG test-developed imprints worked well except when hands were heavily contaminated by other particles/dust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DMG test may be used as a simple and powerful tool for visualization of nickel on skin. DMG test-developed hand imprints may, in the future, be used for semi-quantitative or quantitative exposure assessment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. anneli.julander@ki.se
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Julander
authors.forename: Lizbet
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skare
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahter
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lidén
mesh_terms: D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000209:etiology; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010091:Oximes / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010091:Oximes; C013501:dimethylglyoxime; D009532:Nickel