title: Diagnosis of the extent of advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers by narrow band imaging with magnifying endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Narrow band imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME) is useful for the detection of superficial cancer in the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and esophagus. We used NBI-ME to evaluate the frequency of superficial cancer spread (SCS) contiguous with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers and esophageal cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied 45 patients with oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer and 44 with esophageal cancer who underwent NBI-ME from October 2006 through April 2009. The following variables were evaluated: 1) the frequency of SCS contiguous with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer and esophageal cancer, and 2) the influence of SCS contiguous with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer on clinical T category and clinical stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCS contiguous with the primary tumor was found in 49% (22/45) of the patients with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer and in 52% (23/44) of those with advanced esophageal cancer. When SCS contiguous with the primary tumor was included in the evaluation of tumor size in advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer, the clinical T category and clinical stage were revised in 20% (9/45) and 4% (2/45) of patients, respectively; SCS was ≤ 2 cm in 64% of cases (14/22) and between >2 cm and ≤ 4 cm in 36% (8/22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NBI-ME should be included in the pretreatment diagnostic work-up to evaluate lesion extent and decide optimal surgical margins and radiation fields in patients with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuba
authors.forename: Chikatoshi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katada
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.forename: Meijin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Tabito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanaoka
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: Wasaburo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Makito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000473:pathology; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*