title: Association of anticholinergic drugs with hospitalization and mortality among older cardiovascular patients: A prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many potentially inappropriate drugs prescribed to older people have anticholinergic properties as adverse effects and are therefore potentially harmful. These effects typically include constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness and slowing of urination. It has been shown that drugs with anticholinergic properties (DAPs) are associated with cognitive decline and dementia, may contribute to events such as falls, delirium and impulsive behaviour, are associated with self-reported adverse effects and physical impairment, and may even be associated with mortality. However, studies of the prognostic implications of DAPs remain scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of DAPs on hospitalization and mortality in older patients with stable cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study with a mean follow-up of 3.3 years involving two study groups: users (n = 295) and non-users (n = 105) of DAPs. The participants were 400 community-dwelling older people (aged 75-90 years) with stable CVD participating in a secondary prevention study of CVD (DEBATE) in Helsinki, Finland. The use of DAPs was estimated using definitions from the previous scientific literature. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was used to estimate the burden of co-morbidity and the Mini-Mental State Examination test was used to assess cognitive function. The risks in the two study groups for hospital visits, number of days spent in hospital care and mortality were measured from 2000 to the end of 2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The unadjusted follow-up mortality was 20.7% and 9.5% among the users and non-users of DAPs, respectively (p = 0.010). However, the use of DAPs was not a significant predictor of mortality in multivariate analysis after adjustment for age, sex and CCI score (hazard ratio 1.57; 95% CI 0.78, 3.15). The mean ± SD number of hospital days per person-year was higher in the DAP user group (14.9 ± 32.5) than in the non-user group (5.2 ± 12.3) [p < 0.001]. In a bootstrap-type analysis of covariance adjusted for age, sex and CCI score, the use of DAPs predicted the number of days spent in hospital (p = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of DAPs in older patients with stable CVD was associated with an increased number of hospital days but not with mortality.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. juho.uusvaara@kauniala.fi
authors.forename: Juho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uusvaara
authors.forename: Kaisu H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Pitkala
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautiainen
authors.forename: Reijo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tilvis
authors.forename: Timo E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Strandberg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists