title: Estimation of daily proanthocyanidin intake and major food sources in the U.S. diet.
abstract: Proanthocyanidins (PA), the polymers of flavan-3-ols, have cardioprotective and cancer preventive properties as shown in clinical studies. The PA intake in a free-living population has not yet been reported, however. We aimed to estimate the dietary intake of PA and identify its major sources by combining the recently released and expanded USDA PA database with food consumption data of 8809 U.S. adults in the NHANES 1999-2002. U.S. adults over 19 y had a total PA intake of 95 mg/d, in the order of polymers (30%), monomers (22%), dimers (16%), 4-6 mers (15%), 7-10 mers (11%), and trimers (5%). When adjusted for energy intake, the total PA intake increased with age (P < 0.001), was higher in women than men (P < 0.01) and in alcohol consumers compared with nonconsumers (P < 0.05), and was lower in non-Hispanic blacks compared with other ethnicities (P < 0.001). Three major food sources, tea, legumes, and wines, contributed 45 mg (48%) of daily PA intake. The marked differences in PA intake among various sociodemographic subgroups need further investigation in relation to health disparities and chronic disease prevalence in the US.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sang-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Won O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ock K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Chun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry; D014481:United States; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D013662:Tea