title: Responding during signaled availability and nonavailability of iv cocaine and food in rats: age and sex differences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research suggests that age and sex are vulnerability factors for drug abuse. However, few studies have systematically examined their interaction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to examine male and female, adult and adolescent rats under a procedure that measures responding during periods of signaled availability and nonavailability of iv cocaine and food reinforcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent and adult rats lever pressed for iv infusions of cocaine or food pellets under a procedure with three components of signaled availability of the reinforcer alternating with two components of signaled nonavailability. Adolescent rats were removed and then later retested under the same conditions as adults, and a group of adult rats was also removed and retested after a similar number of days. A subset of rats earning cocaine infusions under the initial test was later retested with food pellets under the same behavioral task to assess the influence of prior cocaine exposure on subsequent responding for a nondrug reinforcer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents (vs. adults) made more responses during periods of signaled iv cocaine availability and nonavailabiltiy, and adult females responded more than adult males during these periods. Responding during periods of signaled nonavailability of iv cocaine and food did not differ between the initial and subsequent retest conditions in adult rats. Further, adult males and females exposed to cocaine during adolescence responded more during periods of food availability compared to cocaine-naïve adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that sex and age are vulnerability factors in cocaine abuse, and cocaine exposure during critical developmental stages can have long-lasting effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. anke0022@umn.edu
authors.forename: Justin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: Natalie E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Zlebnik
authors.forename: Sean F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Navin
authors.forename: Marilyn E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine