title: The 25-year cumulative incidence of lower extremity amputations in people with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the 25-year cumulative incidence of lower-extremity amputation (LEA) in people with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cumulative incidence of LEA was ascertained in Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy participants (n = 943) using the Kaplan-Meier approach accounting for competing risk of death. Relationships of baseline characteristics with incidence of LEA were explored using a proportional hazards approach with discrete linear regression modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall 25-year incidence of LEA was 10.1%. In multivariate analyses (results reported as odds ratio; 95% CI), being male (3.90; 2.29-6.65), heavy smoking (2.07; 1.11-3.85), having hypertension (3.36; 1.91-5.93), diabetic retinopathy (2.62; 1.13-6.09), neuropathy (1.68; 1.02-2.76), and higher HbA(1c) (per 1% 1.40; 1.24-1.58) were independently associated with the incidence of LEA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show a high 25-year incidence of LEA and suggest that glycemic control and blood pressure control and preventing heavy smoking may result in reduction in its incidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. sahakyan@epi.ophth.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sahakyan
authors.forename: Barbara E K
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Kristine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chelsea E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult