title: Early versus late functional outcome after successful percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: are the acute effects of altered right ventricular loading all we can expect?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of late positive functional remodeling after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) in right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PPVI has been shown to impact acutely on biventricular function and exercise performance, but the potential for further late functional remodeling remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five patients with sustained hemodynamic effects of PPVI at 1 year were included. Patients were divided into 2 subgroups based on pre-procedural predominant pulmonary stenosis (PS) (n = 35) or predominant pulmonary regurgitation (PR) (n = 30). Data from magnetic resonance imaging and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were compared at 3 time points: before PPVI, within 1 month (early) and at 12 months (late) after PPVI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant decrease in right ventricle end-diastolic volume early after PPVI in both subgroups of patients. Right ventricle ejection fraction improved early only in the PS group (51 ± 11% vs. 58 ± 11% and 51 ± 12% vs. 50 ± 11%, p < 0.001 for PS, p = 0.13 for PR). Late after intervention, there were no further changes in magnetic resonance parameters in either group (right ventricle ejection fraction, 58 ± 11% in the PS group and 52 ± 11% in the PR group, p = 1.00 and p = 0.13, respectively). In the PS group at cardiopulmonary exercise testing, there was a significant improvement in peak oxygen uptake early (24 ± 8 ml/kg/min vs. 27 ± 9 ml/kg/min, p = 0.008), with no further significant change late (27 ± 9 ml/kg/min, p = 1.00). In the PR group, no significant changes in peak oxygen uptake from early to late could be demonstrated (25 ± 8 ml/kg/min vs. 25 ± 8 ml/kg/min vs. 26 ± 9 ml/kg/min, p = 0.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with a sustained hemodynamic result 1 year after PPVI, a prolonged phase of maintained cardiac function is observed. However, there is no evidence for further positive functional remodeling beyond the acute effects of PPVI.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, United Kingdom. Philipp.Lurz@gmx.de
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lurz
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nordmeyer
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giardini
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khambadkone
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Muthurangu
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schievano
authors.forename: Jean-Benoit
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Thambo
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Seamus
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Derrick
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonhoeffer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011665:Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery; D016276:Ventricular Function; D055815:Young Adult