title: Multiphoton microscopy for ophthalmic imaging.
abstract: We review multiphoton microscopy (MPM) including two-photon autofluorescence (2PAF), second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), fluorescence lifetime (FLIM), and coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) with relevance to clinical applications in ophthalmology. The different imaging modalities are discussed highlighting the particular strength that each has for functional tissue imaging. MPM is compared with current clinical ophthalmological imaging techniques such as reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence imaging. In addition, we discuss the future prospects for MPM in disease detection and clinical monitoring of disease progression, understanding fundamental disease mechanisms, and real-time monitoring of drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8607, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Masihzadeh
authors.forename: Tim C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ammar
authors.forename: Malik Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kahook