title: Microvascular anastomosis at 30-50× magnifications (super-microvascular anastomosis) in neurosurgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report a safe and precise technique of microvascular anastomosis at higher magnifications (30 - 50 ×) in neurosurgery and evaluate our experiences to examine the utility of this method for cerebral revascularization in various situations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was carried out of patients who underwent microvascular anastomosis using a high-magnified operating microscope. This method was performed in 30 patients with 35 microvascular anastomoses in various situations. This microscope has two optical systems, a standard zooming system and a newly developed high magnification system. High resolution and good depth of focus are achieved by a new lens design in the optical system, which makes the image of the object very clear at higher magnifications. In this operating microscope, the combination of a 10 × eyepiece and the 200, 250, and 300-mm objective lens enables a range of final magnifications from 2.9 × to 50.4 ×.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This method enabled one to pay attention to performing atraumatic manipulations of small vessels and correct suturing, intima-to-intima, of vessel walls. Microvascular anastomoses were performed safely and precisely at higher magnifications. All anastomoses were patent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is obvious that practical final magnifications of more than 30 × in neurosurgery would be super-magnified operative views. Microvascular anastomosis at 30 - 50 × magnifications (super-microvascular anastomosis) can help neurosurgeons to improve their skills, with good visualization, and to be safe and accurate when conducting cerebral revascularization in various situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stroke Center, Saiseikai Toyama Hospital, Kusunoki 33-1, Toyama, 931-8533, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.forename: Nakamasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Hironaga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamiyama
authors.forename: Michiya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Soushi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Shunro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endo