title: Ecological factors differentially affect mercury levels in two species of sympatric marine birds of the North Pacific.
abstract: In 2003 and 2004, we measured mercury concentrations and δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values in the whole blood of adults of two species of seabirds, Cassin's auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), during their prelaying, incubation, and provisioning periods. We also collected whole blood from the offspring of both seabirds. Among prey items, δ¹⁵N values were higher in fish than in crustaceans, while δ¹³C did not vary systematically between prey types. Mercury concentrations in prey showed little relationship with either stable isotope. In the zooplanktivorous Cassin's auklet, year, reproductive stage, and δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C stable isotope values explained only 14% of the variation in mercury concentrations in adult blood, and none of these variables had a statistically significant effect. In contrast, these same variables explained 41% of the variation in mercury levels in the more piscivorous rhinoceros auklet, and all but δ¹⁵N values had statistically significant effects. Mercury concentrations in adult rhinoceros auklets were higher in 2003 than in 2004; higher prior to laying than during the incubation or provisioning periods; and increased with δ¹³C values--but in just one of two years. In both species, mercury concentrations were substantially higher in adults than in nestlings. Our results accord with previous studies in showing that mercury concentrations can vary among years, species and age classes, while the marked variation with reproductive stage is noteworthy because it is so rarely considered. Our results may help to explain the disparate conclusions of previous studies: while many factors influence mercury concentrations in marine predators, they apparently do so in a manner that defies easy characterization. We believe that there is a need for more studies that consider a range of physiological, ecological and behavioral factors that might affect mercury burdens in marine predators.
authors.affiliation: Environment Canada, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, RR#1 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K3N2, Canada. mark.hipfner@ec.gc.ca
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hipfner
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000097:blood; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000097:blood*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D020387:Food Chain; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000097:blood; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008628:Mercury