title: Meta-analysis: sacral nerve stimulation versus conservative therapy in the treatment of faecal incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has recently been used in the management of faecal incontinence (FI). This study compared SNS to conservative management with regards to functional and quality of life outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis of studies published between 1995 and 2008 on SNS for FI was performed. Outcomes evaluated were functional, physiological and quality of life. A random-effects model was used and sensitivity analyses performed. Subgroup analyses were performed on age and sphincter status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four studies were included, reporting on 944 patients undergoing peripheral nerve evaluation; 665 underwent permanent SNS. Weekly incontinence episodes (weighted mean difference [WMD] -6.83; 95% confidence intervals [CI] -8.05, -5.60; p < 0.001) and incontinence scores (WMD -10.57; 95% CI -11.89, -9.24; p < 0.001) were significantly reduced with SNS; ability to defer defecation (WMD 7.99 min; 95% CI 5.93, 10.05; p < 0.001) was increased. Most SF-36 and FIQL domains improved following SNS, and mean anal pressures increased significantly (p < 0.001). Results remained consistent on sensitivity analysis. The under-56 years age group showed smaller functional but greater physiological and quality of life improvements. Results were similar between sphincter intact and impaired subgroups. The complication rate was 15% for permanent SNS, with 3% resulting in permanent explantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNS results in significant improvements in objective and subjective measures for faecally incontinent patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, 3rd Floor Academic Surgery, London SW10 9MH, UK.
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Nye-Thane
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shenouda
authors.forename: Paris P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tekkis
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D017594:Publication Bias; D011788:Quality of Life; D012007:Rectum / Q000503:physiopathology; D012447:Sacrum / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome