title: Kaempferol glycosides in the flowers of carnation and their contribution to the creamy white flower color.
abstract: Three flavonol glycosides were isolated from the flowers of carnation cultivars 'White Wink' and 'Honey Moon'. They were identified from their UV, MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectra as kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside, kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside and kaempferol 3-O-glucosyl-(1 --> 2)-[rhamnosyl-(1 --> 6)-glucoside]. Referring to previous reports, flavonols occurring in carnation flowers are characterized as kaempferol 3-O-glucosides with additional sugars binding at the 2 and/or 6-positions of the glucose. The kaempferol glycoside contents of a nearly pure white flower and some creamy white flower lines were compared. Although the major glycoside was different in each line, the total kaempferol contents of the creamy white lines were from 5.9 to 20.9 times higher than the pure white line. Thus, in carnations, kaempferol glycosides surely contribute to the creamy tone of white flowers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan. iwashina@kahaku.go.jp
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwashina
authors.forename: Masa-atsu
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onozaki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawanobu
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onoe
authors.forename: Masachika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamura
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D029749:Dianthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D044949:Kaempferols / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D044949:Kaempferols; C112732:kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside; C064309:kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside