title: Rifaximin disc diffusion test for in vitro susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile.
abstract: Rifaximin is a rifampicin derivative, poorly absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract. We studied the in vitro susceptibility to rifamixin of 1082 Clostridium difficile isolates; among these, 184 isolates from a strain collection were tested by an in-house rifaximin disc (40 µg) diffusion test, by an in-house rifaximin broth microdilution test, by rifampicin Etest and by rpoB gene sequencing. In the absence of respective CLSI or EUCAST MIC breakpoints for rifaximin and rifampicin against C. difficile we chose MIC ≥32 µg ml(-1) as criterion for reduced in vitro susceptibility. To further validate the disc diffusion test 898 consecutive clinical isolates were analysed using the disc diffusion test, the Etest and rpoB gene sequence analysis for all resistant strains. Rifaximin broth microdilution tests of the 184 reference strains yielded rifaximin MICs ranging from 0.001 (n = 1) to ≥1024 µg ml(-1) (n = 61); 62 isolates showed a reduced susceptibility (MIC ≥32 µg ml(-1)). All of these 62 strains showed rpoB gene mutations producing amino acid substitutions; the rifampicin- and rifaximin-susceptible strains showed either a wild-type sequence or silent amino acid substitutions (19 strains). For 11 arbitrarily chosen isolates with rifaximin MICs of >1024 µg ml(-1), rifaximin end-point MICs were determined by broth dilution: 4096 µg ml(-1) (n = 2), 8192 µg ml(-1) (n = 6), 16,384 µg ml(-1) (n = 2) and 32,678 µg ml(-1) (n = 1). Rifampicin Etests on the 184 C. difficile reference strains yielded MICs ranging from ≤0.002 (n = 117) to ≥32 µg ml(-1) (n = 59). Using a 38 mm inhibition zone as breakpoint for reduced susceptibility the use of rifaximin disc diffusion yielded 59 results correlating with those obtained by use of rifaximin broth microdilution in 98.4 % of the 184 strains tested. Rifampicin Etests performed on the 898 clinical isolates revealed that 67 isolates had MICs of ≥32 µg ml(-1). There were no discordant results observed among these isolates with reduced susceptibility using an MIC of ≥32 µg ml(-1) as breakpoint for reduced rifampicin susceptibility and a <38 mm inhibition zone as breakpoint for reduced rifaximin susceptibility. The prevalence of reduced susceptibility was 7.5 % for all isolates tested. However, for PCR ribotype 027 the prevalence of reduced susceptibility was 26 %. Susceptibility testing in the microbiology laboratory therefore could have an impact on the care and outcome of patients with infection. Our results show that rifaximin--despite its water-insolubility--may be a suitable candidate for disc diffusion testing.
authors.affiliation: Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hygiene, Waehringerstrasse 25a, A-1096 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Steliana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huhulescu
authors.affiliation: Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hygiene, Waehringerstrasse 25a, A-1096 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sagel
authors.affiliation: Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hygiene, Waehringerstrasse 25a, A-1096 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiedler
authors.affiliation: Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hygiene, Waehringerstrasse 25a, A-1096 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pecavar
authors.affiliation: Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hygiene, Waehringerstrasse 25a, A-1096 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaschitz
authors.affiliation: Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hygiene, Waehringerstrasse 25a, A-1096 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Guenther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wewalka
authors.affiliation: Paracelsus Medical University, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Allerberger
authors.affiliation: Paracelsus Medical University, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Indra
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D012294:Rifamycins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000078262:Rifaximin
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012294:Rifamycins; D000078262:Rifaximin