title: Comparison of signalment, clinicopathologic findings, histologic diagnosis, and prognosis in dogs with glomerular disease with or without nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) develops most commonly in people with glomerular diseases associated with marked albuminuria. Hypernatremia, hypertension, and progressive renal failure are more prevalent in nephrotic than nonnephrotic human patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Dogs with NS have higher serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and sodium concentrations, higher urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) and systolic blood pressure, and lower serum albumin concentrations than dogs with nonnephrotic glomerular disease (NNGD). NS is associated with membranous glomerulopathy and amyloidosis. Affected dogs are more likely to be azotemic and have shorter survival times.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty-four pet dogs (78 NS dogs, 156 NNGD dogs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter retrospective case-control study comparing time-matched NS and NNGD dogs. NS was defined as the concurrent presence of hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria, and extravascular fluid accumulation. Signalment, clinicopathologic variables, histopathologic diagnoses, and survival time were compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, serum albumin, chloride, calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and cholesterol concentrations, and UPC differed significantly between NS and NNGD dogs. Both groups were equally likely to be azotemic at time of diagnosis, and NS was not associated with histologic diagnosis. Median survival was significantly shorter for NS (12.5 days) versus NNGD dogs (104.5 days). When subgrouped based on serum creatinine (< or ≥1.5 mg/dL), survival of NS versus NNGD dogs was only significantly different in nonazotemic dogs (51 versus 605 days, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of NS is associated with poorer prognosis in dogs with nonazotemic glomerular disease. Preventing development of NS is warranted; however, specific interventions were not evaluated in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Klosterman
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: de Brito Galvao
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: DiBartola
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Groman
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Whittemore
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Vaden
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Byron
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Grauer
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Pressler
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D053099:Azotemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D015433:Glomerulonephritis, Membranous; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011379:Prognosis; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine