title: Pre- and post-displacement stressors and time of migration as related to self-rated health among Iraqi immigrants and refugees in Southeast Michigan.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether perceived health status of Iraqi immigrants and refugees residing in the United States was related to pre-migration environmental stress, current unemployment, and if they had emigrated before or after the 1991 Gulf War. A random sample of Iraqis residing in Southeast Michigan, US, was interviewed using an Arab language structured survey. The main outcome measure was self-rated health (SRH). Major predictors included socioeconomics, employment status, pre-migration environmental stress, and health disorders. Path analysis was used to look at mediating effects between predictors and SRH. We found that SRH was significantly worse among participants that had left Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War. Unemployment and environmental stress exposure were inversely related to SRH. There was a direct path between Gulf War exposure and poor health. In addition, there were indirect paths mediated through psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders to SRH. Another path went from Gulf War exposure, via environmental stress and somatic health to poor health. Unemployment had a direct path, as well as indirect paths mediated through psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders, to poor self-rated health. In conclusion, these results suggest that pre- as well as post-migration factors, and period of migration, affect health.
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Michigan, USA. hjamil@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Hikmet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nassar-McMillanb
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wangd
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ager
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arnetz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D047830:Gulf War; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data