title: Antibacterial and antifungal activities from Siamese crocodile blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the Siamese crocodile blood against bacteria and fungi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty Siamese crocodile blood samples including freeze dried whole blood (FDWB), fresh serum (FS), and freeze dried serum (FDS) were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility and MIC values against ATCC-registered strains of nine bacterial species and two fungal species and one fungus isolated from a clinical specimen, by using the standard broth microdilution method and a modified resazurin microtiter plate assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result showed that FS (80 mg/ml) and FDS (100 mg/ml) inhibited Gram negative bacteria including Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27736, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 with the susceptibility rate at 23.30%, 10.00%, 40.00%, 70.00%, and 86.67%, respectively for FS, and 30.00%, 10.00%, 43.33%, 76.67% and 90.00%, respectively for FDS. The MIC and MBC were in the range of 12.50-100.00 mg/ml and 25.00-100.00 mg/m1 respectively. FS and FDS also inhibited Cryptococcus neoformans 250309 and Aspergillus niger with the susceptibility rate at 90.00% and 80.00%, respectively for FS and 100.00% and 83.33%, respectively for FDS. The MIC was in the range of 25.00-100.00 mg/ml. However, FS and FDS did not inhibit Gram positive bacteria and did not kill fungi. FDWB (100 mg/ml) could neither inhibit bacteria nor fungi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FS and FDS from Siamese crocodile exhibited potential antibacterial and antifungal activities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Preclinical Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand. ratree@tu.ac.th
authors.forename: Ratree
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leelawongtawon
authors.forename: Jindawan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siruntawineti
authors.forename: Win
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chaeychomsri
authors.forename: Chisanucha
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sattaponpan
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001769:Blood; D005260:Female; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents