title: Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This experiment tested the hypothesis that exercise would improve executive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sedentary, overweight 7- to 11-year-old children (N = 171, 56% girls, 61% Black, M ± SD age = 9.3 ± 1.0 years, body mass index [BMI] = 26 ± 4.6 kg/m², BMI z-score = 2.1 ± 0.4) were randomized to 13 ± 1.6 weeks of an exercise program (20 or 40 min/day), or a control condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blinded, standardized psychological evaluations (Cognitive Assessment System and Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement III) assessed cognition and academic achievement. Functional MRI measured brain activity during executive function tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intent to treat analysis revealed dose-response benefits of exercise on executive function and mathematics achievement. Preliminary evidence of increased bilateral prefrontal cortex activity and reduced bilateral posterior parietal cortex activity attributable to exercise was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with results obtained in older adults, a specific improvement on executive function and brain activation changes attributable to exercise were observed. The cognitive and achievement results add evidence of dose-response and extend experimental evidence into childhood. This study provides information on an educational outcome. Besides its importance for maintaining weight and reducing health risks during a childhood obesity epidemic, physical activity may prove to be a simple, important method of enhancing aspects of children's mental functioning that are central to cognitive development. This information may persuade educators to implement vigorous physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute, Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. cadavis@mcg.edu
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Phillip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Tomporowski
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Benjamin P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Patricia H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Nathan E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Yanasak
authors.forename: Jerry D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Naglieri
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight