title: Exclusion of patients from quality measurement of diabetes care in the UK pay-for-performance programme.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined associations between patient and practice characteristics and exclusions from quality indicators for diabetes during the first 3 years of the Quality and Outcomes Framework, a major pay-for-performance scheme in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cross-sectional analyses, conducted using data from the electronic medical records of all patients with diabetes registered in 23 general practices in Brent, North West London between 2004/2005 and 2006/2007. Patterns of exclusions were examined for three intermediate outcome indicators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excluded patients were less likely to achieve treatment targets for HbA(1c) (2004/2005, 2006/2007), blood pressure (2005/2006, 2006/2007) and cholesterol (2005/2006). Black and South Asian patients were more likely to be excluded from the HbA(1c) indicator than White patients [adjusted odds ratio = 1.64 (1.17-2.29) in 2005/2006]. Patients diagnosed with diabetes duration of > 10 years [adjusted odds ratio = 2.01 (1.65-2.45) for HbA(1c) in 2006-2007] and those with co-morbidities (adjusted odds ratio, ≥ 3 co-morbidities compared with no co-morbidity for HbA(1c) adjusted odds ratio = 1.90 (1.24-2.90) in 2004/2005] were more likely to be excluded. Larger practices excluded more patients from the HbA(1c) indicator [adjusted odds ratio, practice ≥ 7000 compared with < 3000, 3.52 (2.35-5.27) in 2005-2006]. More deprived practices consistently excluded more patients from all indicators, whilst in 2007 older patients were excluded to a larger degree [adjusted odds ratio = 2.52 (1.21-5.28) ≥ 75 compared with 18-44 for blood pressure control].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients excluded from pay-for-performance programmes may be less likely to achieve treatment goals and disproportionately come from disadvantaged groups. Permitting physicians to exclude patients from pay-for-performance programmes may worsen health disparities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK. andrew.dalton07@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: A R H
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alshamsan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Millett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics* / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000191:economics; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin