title: Peripheral blood leukocyte gene expression patterns and metabolic parameters in habitually snoring and non-snoring children with normal polysomnographic findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children who snore but do not have gas exchange abnormalities or alterations of sleep architecture have primary snoring (PS). Since increasing evidence suggest that PS may be associated with morbidity, we hypothesized that assessing genome-wide gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) will identify a distinct signature in PS children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (aged 4-9 years) with and without habitual snoring and a normal PSG were designated as either PS or controls. Whole genome expression profiles of PBL and metabolic parameters in 30 children with PS and 30 age-, gender-, ethnicity-, and BMI-matched controls were compared. Pathway-focused gene network analysis of the PBL transcriptome was performed. Metabolic parameters were measured in an independent follow-up cohort of 98 children (64 PS and 34 controls) to evaluate the computationally derived findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PS was not associated with a distinct transcriptional signature in PBL. Exploratory functional network analysis of enriched gene sets identified a number of putative pathways-including those mapping to insulin signaling, adipocyte differentiation, and obesity-with significant alterations in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity emerging in the follow-up cohort of children with PS, but no differences in lipid profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PS children do not exhibit global perturbations in their PBL transcriptional response, suggesting that current normative PSG criteria are overall valid. However, subtle differences in functionally coherent pathways involved in glycemic homeostasis were detected and confirmed in a larger independent pediatric cohort indicating that PS may carry increased risk for end-organ morbidity in susceptible children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, 5721 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Abdelnaby
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khalyfa
authors.forename: Sina A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gharib
authors.forename: Jinkwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Oscar Sans
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Capdevila
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kheirandish-Gozal
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hegazi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozal
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007962:Leukocytes; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D012913:Snoring / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids