title: Hard and soft tissue changes after crestal and subcrestal immediate implant placement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of the placement level of implants with a laser-microtextured collar design on the outcomes of crestal bone and soft tissue levels. In addition, we assessed the vertical and horizontal defect fill and identified factors that influenced clinical outcomes of immediate implant placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients, each with a hopeless tooth (anterior or premolar region), were recruited to receive dental implants. Patients were randomly assigned to have the implant placed at the palatal crest or 1 mm subcrestally. Clinical parameters including the keratinized gingival (KG) width, KG thickness, horizontal defect depth (HDD), facial and interproximal marginal bone levels (MBLs), facial threads exposed, tissue-implant horizontal distance, gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were assessed at baseline and 4 months after surgery. In addition, soft tissue profile measurements including the papilla index, papilla height (PH), and gingival level (GL) were assessed after crown placement at 6 and 12 months post-surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall 4-month implant success rate was 95.8% (one implant failed). A total of 20 of 24 patients completed the study. At baseline, there were no significant differences between crestal and subcrestal groups in all clinical parameters except for the facial MBL (P = 0.035). At 4 months, the subcrestal group had significantly more tissue thickness gain (keratinized tissue) than the crestal group compared to baseline. Other clinical parameters (papilla index, PH, GL, PI, and GI) showed no significant differences between groups at any time. A facial plate thickness ≤1.5 mm and HDD ≥2 mm were strongly correlated with the facial marginal bone loss. A facial plate thickness ≤2 mm and HDD ≥3 were strongly correlated with horizontal dimensional changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of immediate implants was a predictable surgical approach (96% survival rate), and the level of placement did not influence horizontal and vertical bone and soft tissue changes. This study suggests that a thick facial plate, small gaps, and premolar sites were more favorable for successful implant clinical outcomes in immediate implant placement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
authors.forename: Richard U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Tae-Ju
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rudek
authors.forename: Gisele F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Neiva
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Misch
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Hom-Lay
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000601:surgery*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D019250:Dental Implants, Single-Tooth / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration; D010519:Periodontium / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome