title: Activation of transversus abdominis varies with postural demand in standing.
abstract: Transversus abdominis (TrA) is a multifunctional muscle, being involved in pressure regulation within the abdominal cavity and thereby in direction independent stabilization of the spine and resistance to imposed trunk flexion moments. Indirect evidence suggests a role of TrA also in postural control of the erect human trunk. The main purpose here was to investigate if the magnitude of TrA activation is related to postural demand. Eleven healthy males performed seven different symmetrical static bilateral arm positions holding 3 kg in each hand. The arm positions were selected to systematically vary the height of the centre of mass (COM) keeping imposed moments constant and vice versa. EMG was recorded bilaterally with fine-wire intramuscular electrodes from TrA and obliquus internus (OI) and with surface electrodes from rectus abdominis (RA) and erector spinae (ES). Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was measured via a pressure transducer in the gastric ventricle. TrA was the only muscle that displayed activation co-varying with the vertical position of the COM. Further, TrA activation increased, together with IAP and ES activation, with imposed flexion moment, i.e. with arms extended horizontally forward. In contrast to OI, RA and ES, TrA activation was independent of the direction of the imposed moment (arms held inclined forward or backward). In conclusion, TrA activation level is uniquely associated with increased postural demand caused by elevated COM. Also, TrA appears to assist in counteracting trunk flexion via increased IAP, and contribute to general spine stabilization when the trunk is exposed to moderate flexion and extension moments.
authors.affiliation: Family Medicine Research Centre, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Box 1613, 701 16 Örebro, Sweden. martin.eriksson-crommert@orebroll.se
authors.forename: M Eriksson
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Crommert
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ekblom
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thorstensson
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult