title: Inflammatory genes in epicardial fat contiguous with coronary atherosclerosis in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: changes associated with pioglitazone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine changes in gene expression in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) associated with coronary atherosclerosis (CAD) and effects of pioglitazone therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genes were quantified by RT-PCR in EAT and thoracic subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) obtained during surgery in CAD patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) or type 2 diabetes and control subjects with minimal or no CAD and no MS or type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and IL-10, a trend for higher IL-1β, and no change in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) was found in EAT from MS or type 2 diabetes. Only PPARγ mRNA was reduced in SAT. Pioglitazone therapy in type 2 diabetes was associated with decreased expression of IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and IL-10 in EAT; decreased IL-10 in SAT; and increased PPARγ in SAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In MS and type 2 diabetes with CAD, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes were differentially increased in EAT and selectively reduced in association with pioglitazone treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. hsacks@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Harold S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Fain
authors.forename: Paramjeet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cheema
authors.forename: Suleiman W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Bahouth
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Rodney Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolford
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samaha
mesh_terms: D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000235:genetics; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D010496:Pericardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D016753:Interleukin-10; D000077205:Pioglitazone