title: Association between maternal serum cytokine profiles at 7-10 weeks' gestation and birthweight in small for gestational age infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether birth of a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) baby (birthweight, <10th percentile) is preceded by altered maternal serum cytokine profiles at early pregnancy, compared with control babies (birthweight, 30-80th percentile).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-control study of maternal serum collected prospectively across 7-10 weeks of gestation from women attending their first prenatal visit (SGA, 57 cases; control subjects, 71 cases selected retrospectively). Serum concentrations of 27 cytokines were measured in each sample and analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance and nonparametric tests. Logistic regression was used for predictive modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 21 detectable cytokines/chemokines, 14 analytes varied significantly (P ≤ .030) among those women who were destined to deliver an SGA baby, when compared with control subjects. Of the cytokines that varied in association with SGA, interferon-γ concentrations increased, and major proinflammatory (interleukin [IL]-2, -7, -12) and antiinflammatory (IL-1 receptor antagonist, -4, -10, -13) cytokine concentrations decreased. Eotaxin and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α were higher; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and IL-8 were lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SGA births may be preceded by altered immune cytokine profiles at 7-10 weeks of gestation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Harry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Yulinda S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Thio
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Permezel
authors.forename: Yujing J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Heng
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines