title: The effect of lens-induced anisometropia on accommodation and vergence during human visual development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clear and single binocular vision, a prerequisite for normal human visual development, is achieved through accommodation and vergence. Anisometropia is associated with abnormal visual development, but its impact on accommodation and vergence, and therefore on the individual's visual experience, is not known. This study determined the impact of transiently induced anisometropia on accommodative and vergence performance of the typically developing human visual system.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighteen subjects (age range, 2.9 months to 41.1 years) watched a cartoon movie that moved between 80 and 33 cm under six different viewing conditions: binocular and monocular, and with ±2 diopters (D) and ±4 D of lens-induced anisometropia. Twenty-one subjects (age range, 3.1 months to 12.1 years) also watched the movie with 11% induced aniseikonia. Accommodation and vergence were recorded in both eyes using a videoretinoscope (25 Hz).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main effect of viewing condition was statistically significant for both accommodation and vergence (both P < 0.001), with monocular accommodative and vergence gains statistically significantly smaller than the binocular and four induced anisometropia conditions (P < 0.001 for both accommodation and vergence). The main effect of age approached significance for accommodation (P = 0.06) and was not significant for vergence (P = 0.32). Accommodative and vergence gains with induced aniseikonia were not statistically significantly different from the binocular condition (both P > 0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accommodative and vergence gains of the typically developing visual system deteriorated marginally (accommodation more than vergence) with transiently induced anisometropia (up to ±4 D) and did not deteriorate significantly with induced aniseikonia of 11%. Some binocular cues remained with ±4 D of induced anisometropia and 11% induced aniseikonia, as indicated by the accommodative and vergence gains being higher than in monocular viewing.
authors.affiliation: Champalimaud Translational Centre for Eye Research, Bausch and Lomb School of Optometry, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India. bharadwaj@lvpei.org
authors.forename: Shrikant R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bharadwaj
authors.forename: T Rowan
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Candy
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000839:Aniseikonia / Q000503:physiopathology; D015858:Anisometropia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000503:physiopathology*; D042262:Retinoscopy; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult