title: Extratemporal, nonlesional epilepsy in children: postsurgical clinical and neurocognitive outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients undergoing epilepsy surgery without evidence of a lesion on MR imaging and without a temporal source for seizure onset generally have less favorable outcomes than patients with structural lesions or temporal onset. However, many of these patients are viable candidates for invasive monitoring and subsequent resection or multiple subpial transections (MSTs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical treatment of pediatric patients with extratemporal, nonlesional epilepsy in order to better understand the clinical and neuropsychological outcomes expected in this patient group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three pediatric patients with negative results on MR imaging and lateralized, extratemporal findings on electroencephalography underwent invasive monitoring with grid and/or strip electrodes. Thirty-three subsequently had resection of an epileptogenic focus and/or MSTs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcome was classified as Engel class I or II in 54.5% of the patients who underwent resection/MSTs and Engel class III or IV in 45.5%. Use of MSTs was associated with poor outcome. Neuropsychological evaluation showed significant improvement in immediate auditory attention following surgery and revealed several significant results on subgroup analysis. Complications occurred in 14% of patients (a 7% rate per procedure). Ten patients (23%) underwent invasive monitoring without proceeding to therapeutic surgery because no epileptogenic region was amenable to resection. Neuropsychological outcomes were generally stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with extratemporal, nonlesional seizures are viable candidates for invasive monitoring with grid/strip electrodes, and good outcomes can be obtained with resective surgery. The use of MSTs may correlate with worse outcome. This study also provides additional data to assist in counseling patients on the risks of negative invasive monitoring, deficits resulting from resection/MSTs, and possible operative complications.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Epilepsy Center, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1002, USA.
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Dorward
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Titus
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Limbrick
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome