title: A Monte Carlo investigation of contaminant electrons due to a novel in vivo transmission detector.
abstract: A novel transmission detector (IBA Dosimetry, Germany) developed as an IMRT quality assurance tool, intended for in vivo patient dose measurements, is studied here. The goal of this investigation is to use Monte Carlo techniques to characterize treatment beam parameters in the presence of the detector and to compare to those of a plastic block tray (a frequently used clinical device). Particular attention is paid to the impact of the detector on electron contamination model parameters of two commercial dose calculation algorithms. The linac head together with the COMPASS transmission detector (TRD) was modeled using BEAMnrc code. To understand the effect of the TRD on treatment beams, the contaminant electron fluence, energy spectra, and angular distributions at different SSDs were analyzed for open and non-open (i.e. TRD and block tray) fields. Contaminant electrons in the BEAMnrc simulations were separated according to where they were created. Calculation of surface dose and the evaluation of contributions from contaminant electrons were performed using the DOSXYZnrc user code. The effect of the TRD on contaminant electrons model parameters in Eclipse AAA and Pinnacle(3) dose calculation algorithms was investigated. Comparisons of the fluence of contaminant electrons produced in the non-open fields versus open field show that electrons created in the non-open fields increase at shorter SSD, but most of the electrons at shorter SSD are of low energy with large angular spread. These electrons are out-scattered or absorbed in air and contribute less to surface dose at larger SSD. Calculated surface doses with the block tray are higher than those with the TRD. Contribution of contaminant electrons to dose in the buildup region increases with increasing field size. The additional contribution of electrons to surface dose increases with field size for TRD and block tray. The introduction of the TRD results in a 12% and 15% increase in the Gaussian widths used in the contaminant electron source model of the Eclipse AAA dose algorithm. The off-axis coefficient in the Pinnacle(3) dose calculation algorithm decreases in the presence of TRD compared to without the device. The electron model parameters were modified to reflect the increase in electron contamination with the TRD, a necessary step for accurate beam modeling when using the device.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asuni
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: B M C
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: McCurdy
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011786:Quality Control; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results