title: Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade does not inhibit cold-induced thermogenesis in humans: possible involvement of brown adipose tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, brown adipose tissue (BAT) gained interest as a possible target for cold-induced thermogenesis, and therefore a target for treatment of obesity in adult humans. However, mitochondrial uncoupling takes place not only in BAT but also in skeletal muscle tissue. Both tissues may be involved in cold-induced thermogenesis, which is presumably regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Here we studied whether blockade of β-adrenergic receptors using propranolol diminishes cold-induced thermogenesis and mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten lean subjects participated in this study and stayed twice (control and β-blockade using propranolol) for 84 h in a respiration chamber-the first 36 h for baseline measurements, followed by 48 h of mild cold exposure (16 C). Energy expenditure was measured continuously. After 36 and 84 h, muscle biopsies were taken in which mitochondrial uncoupling was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Energy expenditure increased upon mild cold exposure (+5.0 ± 1.2 W; P < 0.005), i.e. cold-induced thermogenesis. However, contrary to our hypothesis, this cold-induced thermogenesis was not diminished after β-blockade (+4.7 ± 2.1 W for blockade vs. +5.1 ± 1.4 W for control; P = 0.59 for interaction cold blockade). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling was significantly related to cold-induced thermogenesis in the control situation (R(2) = 0.650; P < 0.01). There was no such relation during β-blockade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling may be involved in cold-induced thermogenesis and that this may be regulated by β(2)-receptors. When the β(1)- and β(2)-receptors are blocked, a β(3)-regulated process like mitochondrial uncoupling in BAT might take over the role of skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Markenlichtenbelt@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: Sander L J
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wijers
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schrauwen
authors.forename: Marleen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Baak
authors.forename: Wim H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.forename: Wouter D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: van Marken Lichtenbelt
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D003080:Cold Temperature; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D022722:Thermogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071247:Uncoupling Protein 3; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D000071247:Uncoupling Protein 3; D011433:Propranolol; D009638:Norepinephrine