title: Assessment of the exposure to elements from silver jewelry by hair mineral analysis.
abstract: The aim of the present article was to assess the effect of wearing silver jewelry on mineral composition of human scalp hair. To investigate the possible effect of gender, a group of females and males was distinguished. Subjects, who declared in the questionnaire wearing silver jewelry, constituted 55% of the whole population. It was found that individuals wearing jewelry had increased levels of Ag (~3 times), Ba (30%), Ca (33%), La (40%), Li (25%), and Zn (27%) in hair and lowered level of: Al (34%), K (79%), and Na (32.5%) in comparison with the group that did not wear jewelry. Those differences were statistically significant. Lower levels of K and Na in hair of subjects wearing jewelry was probably related with an antagonism between Ag-K and Ag-Na found in the present work. Analyzing the effect of two grouping variables-gender and wearing silver jewelry-on hair composition, it was observed that statistically significant differences were determined for the following elements: As, Ba, Ca, and Se. Female hair contained two times more Ca, four times Ba, 36% less As, and five times less Se. It was found that 34% of the population wearing silver jewelry had higher Ag content in hair than the upper value of the reference range (0.567 mg/kg) determined for subjects who did not wear jewelry. Ag and other metals (especially Cu and Zn) from jewelry could be absorbed through the skin and therefore hair mineral analysis is useful in the assessment of this exposure. The study was carried out on Poles, among which silver jewelry is particularly popular. The population can be thus considered as exposed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chojnacka
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Michalak
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zielińska
authors.forename: Henryk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Górecki
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D055498:Jewelry / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D011044:Poland; D012016:Reference Values; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008670:Metals; D008903:Minerals; D012834:Silver