title: Determinants of range of joint motion in patients with early symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hip and/or knee: an exploratory study in the CHECK cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reduced range of motion (ROM) is supposed to be a characteristic feature of osteoarthritis (OA). Because little is known about determinants of ROM, the objective of the present study was to explore the association between demographic, articular, and clinical factors and ROM in patients with early symptomatic knee and/or hip OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data of 598 participants of the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) study were used in this cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separate analyses were performed for participants with knee and participants with hip symptoms. Active knee flexion, and hip internal rotation, external rotation, flexion, adduction, and abduction were assessed using a goniometer. Participants underwent a standardised physical and radiographic examination, and completed a questionnaire. Exploratory regression analyses were performed to explore the association between ROM and demographic [i.e., age, gender, body mass index (BMI)], articular [i.e., osteophytosis, joint space narrowing (JSN)], and clinical (i.e., pain, stiffness) factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with early symptomatic knee OA, osteophytosis, bony enlargement, crepitus, pain, and higher BMI were associated with lower knee flexion. JSN was associated with lower ROM in all planes of motion. In addition, osteophytosis, flattening of the femoral head, femoral buttressing, pain, morning stiffness, male gender, and higher BMI were found to be associated with lower hip ROM in two planes of motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Features of articular degeneration are associated with lower knee ROM and lower hip ROM in patients with early OA. Pain, stiffness, higher BMI, and male gender are associated with lower ROM as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Research, Reade, Centre for Rehabilitation and Rheumatology (formerly Jan van Breemen Institute), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.holla@reade.nl
authors.forename: J F M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Holla
authors.forename: M P M
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Steultjens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Leeden
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Roorda
authors.forename: S M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bierma-Zeinstra
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: den Broeder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors