title: Stuttered swallowing: electric stimulation of the right insula interferes with water swallowing. A case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various functional resonance imaging, magnetoencephalographic and lesion studies suggest the involvement of the insular cortex in the control of swallowing. However, the exact location of insular activation during swallowing and its functional significance remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Invasive electroencephalographic monitoring was performed in a 24-year-old man with medically intractable stereotyped nocturnal hypermotor seizures due to a ganglioglioma. During stimulation of the right inferior posterior insular cortex with depth electrodes the patient spontaneously reported a perception of a "stutter in swallowing". Stimulation of the inferior posterior insular cortex at highest intensity (4 mA) was also associated with irregular and delayed swallows. Swallowing was not impaired during stimulation of the superior posterior insular cortex, regardless of stimulation intensity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the right inferior posterior insular cortex is involved in the neural circuitry underlying the control of swallowing.
authors.affiliation: School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. peter.soros@gmail.com
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sörös
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Otaibi
authors.forename: Savio W H
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: J Kevin
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: Seyed M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mirsattari
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hachinski
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water