title: GC-TOF/MS-based metabolomic profiling of estrogen deficiency-induced obesity in ovariectomized rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the alteration of endogenous metabolites and identify potential biomarkers using metabolomic profiling with gas chromatography coupled a time-of-flight mass analyzer (GC/TOF-MS) in a rat model of estrogen-deficiency-induced obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve female Sprague-Dawley rats six month of age were either sham-operated or ovariectomized (OVX). Rat blood was collected, and serum was analyzed for biomarkers using standard colorimetric methods with commercial assay kits and a metabolomic approach with GC/TOF-MS. The data were analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high body weight and body mass index inversely correlated with serum estradiol (E2) in the OVX rats compared to the sham rats. Estrogen deficiency also significantly increased serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Utilizing GC/TOF-MS-based metabolomic analysis and the partial least-squares discriminant analysis, the OVX samples were discriminated from the shams. Elevated levels of cholesterol, glycerol, glucose, arachidonic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and cystine and reduced alanine levels were observed. Serum glucose metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism were involved in estrogen-deficiency-induced obesity in OVX rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The series of potential biomarkers identified in the present study provided fingerprints of rat metabolomic changes during obesity and an overview of multiple metabolic pathways during the progression of obesity involving glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guang-ji
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ji-ye
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: A
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Lin-sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ying-ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yong-lu
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ya-ya
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004967:Estrogens / Q000172:deficiency*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004967:Estrogens; D005947:Glucose