title: Do swimming goggles limit microbial contamination of contact lenses?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wearing goggles over contact lenses while swimming is often recommended by eye care professionals. Limited data are available to assess this recommendation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether wearing goggles while swimming limits bacterial colonization on contact lenses and whether the type of lens worn affects contamination rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three subjects underwent two swimming sessions at an ocean (salt water) pool (Maroubra beach Rock Pool, Sydney, Australia). Silicone hydrogel (Ciba Focus Night and Day) or hydrogel lenses (Ciba Focus Daily) were inserted into subjects' eyes before 30 min of swimming sessions, and subjects used modified goggles to mimic goggled and non-goggled conditions. At the end of each session, lenses were collected for microbial investigation. Viable bacterial colonies were classified as gram positive and gram negative and enumerated. The level of bacterial colonization on contact lenses between goggled and non-goggled conditions and between the two lens materials were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The range of colony forming units recovered from goggled lenses were 0 to 930 compared with 0 to 1210 on non-goggled lenses. The majority of subjects (16/23) had more microorganisms in the non-goggled condition than when wearing goggles (p = 0.03). Gram negative organisms were found in three non-goggled lenses. No significant difference was shown in the number of bacteria isolated from silicone hydrogel and hydrogel lenses (p > 0.6) irrespective of wearing goggles. Water samples had consistently higher numbers of bacterial counts than those adhered to the lenses; however, no association was found between the number of bacteria in the water sample and those found on the contact lenses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistently, fewer bacterial colonies were found on the goggled contact lens, thus suggesting goggles offer some protection against bacterial colonization of contact lenses while swimming. These data would support the recommendation encouraging lens wearers to use goggles while swimming.
authors.affiliation: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. y.wu@brienholdenvision.org.au
authors.forename: Yvonne T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jess
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: Najat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harmis
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stapleton
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic / Q000382:microbiology*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005135:Eye Protective Devices; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D012828:Silicones; D013550:Swimming; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate