title: Impermeable graphenic encasement of bacteria.
abstract: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of hygroscopic, permeable, and electron-absorbing biological cells has been an important challenge due to the volumetric shrinkage, electrostatic charging, and structural degradation of cells under high vacuum and fixed electron beam.(1-3) Here we show that bacterial cells can be encased within a graphenic chamber to preserve their dimensional and topological characteristics under high vacuum (10(-5) Torr) and beam current (150 A/cm(2)). The strongly repelling π clouds in the interstitial sites of graphene's lattice(4) reduces the graphene-encased-cell's permeability(5) from 7.6-20 nm/s to 0 nm/s. The C-C bond flexibility(5,6) enables conformal encasement of cells. Additionally, graphene's high Young's modulus(6,7) retains cell's structural integrity under TEM conditions, while its high electrical(8) and thermal conductivity(9) significantly abates electrostatic charging. We envision that the graphenic encasement approach will facilitate real-time TEM imaging of fluidic samples and potentially biochemical activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Nihar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fahrenholtz
authors.forename: Ashvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagaraja
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berry
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006108:Graphite; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
chemical_list: D006108:Graphite