title: Changes in functional health, changes in medication beliefs, and medication adherence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medication adherence often lies below recommendations although it is crucial for effective therapies, particularly in older adults with multiple illnesses. Medication beliefs are important factors for individual adherence, but little is known about their origin. We examine whether changes in functional health predict changes in medication beliefs, and whether such changes in beliefs predict subsequent medication adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  At three points in time over a 6-month period, 309 older adults (65-85 years) with multiple illnesses were assessed. Latent true change modeling was used to explore changes in functional health and medication beliefs. Adherence was regressed on changes in beliefs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medication beliefs were measured by the Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire; medication adherence by the Reported Adherence to Medication Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional health and medication beliefs changed over time. Increasing physical limitations predicted increases in specific necessity and specific concern beliefs, but not in general beliefs. Changes in specific necessity beliefs predicted intentional adherence lapses, changes in general overuse beliefs predicted unintentional adherence lapses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication beliefs partly depend on health-related changes, and changes in beliefs affect individual adherence, suggesting to target such beliefs in interventions and to support older adults in interpreting health changes.
authors.affiliation: German Centre of Gerontology, Manfred-von-Richthofen-Strasse 2, Berlin, Germany. benjamin.schuez@dza.de
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schüz
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wurm
authors.forename: Jochen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ziegelmann
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tesch-Römer
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires