title: Salty-snack eating, television or video-game viewing, and asthma symptoms among 10- to 12-year-old children: the PANACEA study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salty-snack consumption, as well as the amount of time children spend watching television or playing video games, have been implicated in the development of asthma; however, results are still conflicting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to evaluate the association of salty-snack eating and television/video-game viewing with childhood asthma symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven hundred children (323 male), 10 to 12 years old, from 18 schools located in the greater area of Athens were enrolled. Children and their parents completed questionnaires, which evaluated, among other things, dietary habits. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated using the KIDMED (Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents) score.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association of children's characteristics with asthma symptoms was performed by calculating the odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall lifetime prevalence of asthma symptoms was 23.7% (27.6% boys, 20.4% girls; P=0.03). Forty-eight percent of children reported salty-snack consumption (≥ 1 times/week). Salty-snack consumption was positively associated with the hours of television/video-game viewing (P=0.04) and inversely with the KIDMED score (P=0.02). Consumption of salty snacks (>3 times/week vs never/rare) was associated with a 4.8-times higher likelihood of having asthma symptoms (95% confidence interval: 1.50 to 15.8), irrespective of potential confounders. The associations of salty-snack eating and asthma symptoms were more prominent in children who watched television or played video games >2 hours/day. In addition, adherence to the Mediterranean diet was inversely associated with the likelihood of asthma symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, such as salty-snack eating and television/video-game viewing were strongly associated with the presence of asthma symptoms. Future interventions and public health messages should be focused on changing these behaviors from the early stages of life.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Fotini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arvaniti
authors.forename: Kostas N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Priftis
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: Panayiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yiallouros
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapsokefalou
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Anthracopoulos
authors.forename: Demosthenes B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Panagiotakos
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013690:Television; D018910:Video Games
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary