title: Audiological findings in celiac disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-triggered immune enteropathy caused by a genetic predisposition. Recent papers suggest that CD is increasingly recognized by extraintestinal findings. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CD on hearing pathway including the olivocochlear efferent system in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one pediatric CD patients and 31 controls were included in the study. Both groups were evaluated with audiometry, tympanometry, transiently evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE), distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), and contralateral suppression of the TEOAE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The threshold at 250 Hz of the patients with CD was significantly higher (p < 0.05 in CD compared to control group, p < 0.0001). The signal to noise ratio (SNR) amplitudes in DPOAE testing and the SNR amplitudes with and without contralateral acoustic stimulus in TEOAE testing were significantly lower at 1,000 Hz in the CD compared to the control group. There was no significant difference between the CD and the control group regarding contralateral suppression amplitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD seems to have an important impact on the auditory system, and results in an elevation of the thresholds at 250 Hz on audiometry and a decrease in the amplitudes of DPOAE and linear TEOAE at 1,000 Hz in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, MH Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. hayriyekarabulut@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hayriye
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.forename: Samil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hizli
authors.forename: Muharrem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dagli
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.forename: Baran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.forename: Emrah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abaci
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: R Murat
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Karasen
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests; D000293:Adolescent; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000502:physiology; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017626:Cochlear Nucleus / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009847:Olivary Nucleus / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology