title: Pain, catastrophizing, and depression in the rheumatic diseases.
abstract: Persistent and disabling pain is the hallmark of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and various other rheumatologic conditions. However, disease severity (as measured by 'objective' indices such as those that employ radiography or serology) is only marginally related to patients' reports of pain severity, and pain-related presentation can differ widely between individuals with ostensibly similar conditions (for example, grade 4 osteoarthritis of the knee). Increasing evidence in support of the biopsychosocial model of pain suggests that cognitive and emotional processes are crucial contributors to inter-individual differences in the perception and impact of pain. This Review describes the growing body of literature relating depression and catastrophizing to the experience of pain and pain-related sequelae across a number of rheumatic diseases. Depression and catastrophizing are consistently associated with the reported severity of pain, sensitivity to pain, physical disability, poor treatment outcomes, and inflammatory disease activity, and potentially with early mortality. A variety of pathways, from cognitive to behavioral to neurophysiological, seem to mediate these deleterious effects. Collectively, depression and catastrophizing are critically important variables in understanding the experience of pain in patients with rheumatologic disorders. Pain, depression, and catastrophizing might all be uniquely important therapeutic targets in the multimodal management of a range of such conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 850 Boylston Street, Suite 302, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA. rredwards@partners.org
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cahalan
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calahan
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mensing
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Haythornthwaite
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D017211:Treatment Failure