title: Nontarget deposition and losses of chlorothalonil in irrigation runoff water from a commercial foliage plant nursery.
abstract: Commercial foliage plant production requires the use of pesticides for controlling pests and pathogens that can reduce aesthetic qualities of crops, rendering them unwanted by consumers. Chlorothalonil is a common, broad-spectrum, foliar fungicide used for protecting plants from a variety of fungal diseases. This fungicide may also be acutely toxic to nontarget aquatic organisms due to its mode of action. This study evaluated the amount of chlorothalonil deposited on nontarget ground surfaces during normal sprayer applications at a commercial nursery using Teflon targets. One day following application, irrigation runoff events were initiated and runoff water samples were collected and analyzed for chlorothalonil. Discharge volumes were also measured to allow estimation of the total mass of chlorothalonil discharged during each event. Results indicated that 9.8 to 53.6% of the active ingredient applied landed on nontarget ground surfaces depending on plant size, spacing, and row lengths (short rows sprayed from one side vs. longer rows sprayed from both ends). On an entire production-area scale, 29.2% of the active ingredient applied was deposited on ground surfaces. Of the total nontarget deposition, 0.25 to 0.53% was detected in runoff water discharged from the production area. Concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 500 microg/L during the first runoff events following application.
authors.affiliation: Soil and Water Science Dep., Univ. of Florida, IFAS-Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Rd., Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA. pcwilson@ufl.edu
authors.forename: P Chris
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riiska
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Albano
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile