title: Analysis of outcome of Lichtenstein groin hernia repair by surgeons-in-training versus a specialized surgeon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Groin hernia repair is a common procedure in general surgery, and is taught to and performed by surgeons early in their training. The aim of this observational study was to compare hernia repair performance and results of surgical trainees with those of a specialized surgeon, to identify what factors may influence short and long-term outcome, and areas for improvement in surgical training.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-randomized parallel cohort study was designed; 200 Lichtenstein repairs in adult males were included, of which 96 were performed by surgical trainees. Patient characteristics, surgical experience, and operative data, including duration of procedural parts and surgical complexity, were noted at surgery. Postoperative complications, recurrence, chronic pain and residual symptoms were assessed at long-term follow-up after a median of 34.5 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical trainees required longer overall operative time, with a disproportionally longer time for mobilizing the sac and cord. They perceived exposure and mobilization as more difficult than the specialist, and also a greater demand on their own experience during surgery. The trainee repairs had a higher rate of postoperative complications (14.7% vs 5.0%) but recurrence rate was the same as for specialist repairs. At long-term follow-up, specialist repairs had higher symptom burden and more chronic pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was more efficient, but not necessarily better, to let a specialized surgeon perform the repairs. It seems likely that targeted training in dissection and mobilization could decrease level of perceived complexity and shorten the operative time required by surgical trainees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden. angelica.frisen@lio.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frisén
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Starck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smeds
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Nyström
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D012008:Recurrence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D013996:Time and Motion Studies