title: Endotoxemia is associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is accompanied with a chronic low-grade inflammation, which may in part be mediated by endotoxins derived from Gram-negative bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated in a population-based cohort whether endotoxemia is associated with clinically incident diabetes. The serum endotoxin activity was measured by limulus assay from the FINRISK97 cohort comprising 7,169 subjects aged 25-74 years and followed up for 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the subjects with prevalent diabetes (n = 537) and those with incident diabetes (n = 462) had higher endotoxin activity than the nondiabetic individuals (P < 0.001). The endotoxin activity was significantly associated with increased risk for incident diabetes with a hazard ratio 1.004 (95% CI 1.001-1.007; P = 0.019) per unit increase resulting in a 52% increased risk (P = 0.013) in the highest quartile compared with the lowest one. The association was independent of diabetes risk factors: serum lipids, γ-glutamyl transferase, C-reactive protein, BMI, and blood glucose. Furthermore, the association of endotoxemia with an increased risk of incident diabetes was independent of the metabolic syndrome as defined either by the National Cholesterol Educational Program-Adult Treatment Panel III or the International Diabetes Federation. Endotoxin activity was linearly related (P < 0.001) to the number of components of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both prevalent and incident diabetes were associated with endotoxemia, which may link metabolic disorders to inflammation. The results suggest that microbes play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. pirkko.pussinen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Pirkko J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pussinen
authors.forename: Aki S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Havulinna
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundvall
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salomaa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors