title: Functional imaging of human extraocular muscles in head tilt dependent hypertropia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although alteration in hypertropia induced by head tilt is considered a clinical criterion for diagnosis of superior oblique (SO) palsy, the mechanism of this head-tilt-dependent hypertropia (HTDHT) is unclear. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study extraocular muscle (EOM) responses to head tilt in HTDHT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orbital MRI was used to study 16 normal subjects and 22 subjects with HTDT, of whom 12 had unilateral SO atrophy and 10 had "masquerading" SO palsy with normal SO size. Sizes and paths of all EOMs were compared in 90° roll tilts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal subjects exhibited the expected 3° to 7° physiologic extorsion of all four rectus pulleys in the orbit up-versus-down roll positions, corresponding to ocular counterrolling. In orbits with SO atrophy, the lateral (LR) and inferior rectus (IR) pulleys paradoxically intorted by approximately 2°. Subjects with HTDHT but normal SO size exhibited reduced or reversed extorsion of the medial, superior, and LR pulleys, whereas pulley shift was normal in nonhypertropic fellow orbits in HTDHT. In normal subjects and in SO atrophy, the inferior oblique (IO) muscle contracted in the orbit up-versus-down roll position, but paradoxically relaxed in HTDHT without SO atrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ipsilesional IR and LR pulleys shift abnormally during head tilt in HTDHT with SO atrophy. In HTDHT without SO atrophy, the ipsilesional MR, SO, and LR pulleys shift abnormally, and the IO relaxes paradoxically during head tilt. These widespread alterations in EOM pulling directions suggest that complex neural adjustments to the otolith-ocular reflexes mediate HTDHT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. jld@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Demer
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult