title: Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: its role in the treatment algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Indications for sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for faecal incontinence have expanded over the last decade. This report aims to determine the clinical outcome of the current use of SNS in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Its objective is also to review the most recent role of SNS in patients with anal sphincter lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched using Medline and Cochrane databases. The search was restricted to publications in English. For the analysis, studies with <25 patients were excluded. For SNS in patients with sphincter defects, all papers were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen publications on the clinical outcome of SNS were included. Nine papers were identified reporting the application of SNS in patients with a morphological sphincter lesion. The most common outcome measures of clinical efficacy were frequency of incontinence using the Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score. All studies demonstrated highly improved function across all outcome measures and improvement was statistically significant in all. Outcomes remain stable at long-term follow up. In patients with sphincteric gaps ranging from 17 to 180°, SNS was clinically effective at short-term follow up. The size of the gap appears to have no impact on outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNS has evolved to become a clinical efficient therapy applicable across a wide spectrum of causes of faecal incontinence with reproducible results. SNS can be considered to be an essential part of the current surgical treatment algorithm for faecal incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. klaus.matzel@uk-erlangen.de
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Matzel
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003672:Defecation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D016896:Treatment Outcome