title: Progestogen-only contraceptives and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between combined oral contraceptives (OC) and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) has been intensively studied, and conclusions are controversial. While progestogen-only contraceptives (POC) are commonly used worldwide, their impact on cardiovascular diseases is poorly investigated and remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We carried out a meta-analysis based on EMBASE- and MEDLINE-referenced literature corresponding to OC marketed since 1960.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible articles published in English language describing OC or POC use and MI outcome were reviewed, and relevant ones were extracted. All types of POC and route of administration were considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six case-control studies were identified. The combined odds ratio showed no increase in the MI risk with POC use (odds ratio = 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-1.84). This result was similar according to the route of administration, including implant, injectable, and oral POC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from observational studies suggest no increase in risk of MI with POC use. However, these results are based on limited data. Further investigations are needed, especially among women at high MI risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Endocrinology, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Descartes University, 75004 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Zeina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chakhtoura
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canonico
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gompel
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Scarabin
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plu-Bureau
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D011372:Progestins