title: The reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS-J).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) was developed to assess five levels of emotional awareness: bodily sensations, action tendencies, single emotions, blends of emotion, and combinations of blends. It is a paper and pencil performance questionnaire that presents 20 emotion-evoking scenes. We developed a Japanese version of the LEAS (LEAS-J), and its reliability and validity were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The LEAS-J level was independently assessed by two researchers who scored each response according to the LEAS scoring manual. High inter-rater reliability and internal consistency were obtained for the LEAS-J. Measures were socioeconomic status, LEAS-J, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). TAS-20, IRI and NEO-FFI were the measures used to explore the construct validity of LEAS-J, as it was predicted that higher scores on the LEAS-J would be related to fewer alexithymic features, greater empathetic ability, and a greater sense of cooperation with others. Questionnaires were completed by 344 university students.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The criterion-referenced validity was determined: a significant negative relationship was found with the externally-oriented thinking scores of TAS-20, and positive relationships were found with fantasy, perspective taking, and empathic concern on IRI and with extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness on NEO-FFI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with our expectations, the findings provide evidence that the LEAS-J has good reliability and validity. In addition, women had significantly higher scores than men on LEAS-J, showing that the gender difference identified in the original LEAS was cross-culturally consistent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi Kodaira-City, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. komaki@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Komaki
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Yoshiya
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authors.lastname: Moriguchi
authors.forename: Hiroki
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authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: Motoharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gondo
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terasawa
authors.forename: Corbet V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Motonari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda