title: The pain was greater if it will happen again: the effect of anticipated continuation on retrospective discomfort.
abstract: Across 7 laboratory studies and 1 field study, we demonstrated that people remembered an unpleasant experience as more aversive when they expected this experience to return than when they had no such expectation. Our results indicate that this effect results from people's tendency to brace for unpleasant experiences. Specifically, when faced with the anticipated return of the experience, people prepare for the worst, leading them to remember the initial experience as more aversive. This bracing can be reduced either by limiting people's self-regulatory resources or by denying them the time to brace. These results indicate that people's tendency to remember aversive experiences as less unpleasant than they actually were (as demonstrated in prior research) does not necessarily imply that people are willing to re-engage in these experiences-because the anticipation of repeating the experience may counteract the initial memory bias.
authors.affiliation: Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University. jgalak@cmu.edu
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galak
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meyvis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult