title: Effects of tert-butylhydroquinone on intestinal inflammatory response and apoptosis following traumatic brain injury in mice.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can induce intestinal inflammatory response and mucosal injury. Antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been shown in our previous studies to prevent oxidative stress and inflammatory response in gut after TBI. The objective of this study was to test whether tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), an Nrf2 inducer, can protect against TBI-induced intestinal inflammatory response and mucosal injury in mice. Adult male ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups: (1) sham + vehicle group, (2) TBI + vehicle group, and (3) TBI + tBHQ group (n = 12 per group). Closed head injury was adopted using Hall's weight-dropping method. Intestinal mucosa apoptosis and inflammatory-related factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), were investigated at 24 h after TBI. As a result, we found that oral treatment with 1% tBHQ prior to TBI for one week markedly decreased NF-κB activation, inflammatory cytokines production, and ICAM-1 expression in the gut. Administration of tBHQ also significantly attenuated TBI-induced intestinal mucosal apoptosis. The results of the present study suggest that tBHQ administration could suppress the intestinal inflammation and reduce the mucosal damage following TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Yuxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Handong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tianyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Weibang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006873:Hydroquinones; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C018855:2-tert-butylhydroquinone