title: Physician-community health worker partnering to support diabetes self-management in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of community health workers (CHWs) has expanded from outreach and education to working within a clinical team in a primary care setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To improve self-management among patients with type 2 diabetes incorporating CHWs as members of a clinical team.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 114 patients with type 2 diabetes enrolled in 2007 participated in a teambased self-management intervention with followup in 2008. The study assessed whether significant changes occurred in clinical, patient satisfaction and activation measures after the intervention compared with baseline. The programme was located at St Luke's Health Care Center in San Francisco, California, in an ethnically diverse neighbourhood serving predominantly low-income Latino patients. Clinical outcomes measured included glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood pressure and total cholesterol. A Patient Activation Measure (PAM) assessed self-management. Both provider and patient experiences with the programme were also assessed using a patient telephone satisfaction survey and provider focus group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients were Latino Spanish speaking women on public insurance. Thirty-one patients participated in a telephone satisfaction survey. Six providers participated in a focus group to assess satisfaction with care. HealthFirst had a positive impact, improving HbA1c among high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes (HbA1c≥ 9.0) and maintaining glycaemic control among patients with controlled glycaemic level at baseline (HbA1c<7.0). In addition, LDL, total cholesterol and self-management outcomes significantly improved. Ninety-seven percent of patients were satisfied with the CHWs' support. Overall, providers' comfort level in referring patients to CHWs was very high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physician-CHW partnership had a positive impact on patients' self-management skills and clinical outcomes. Patients and physicians also had higher satisfaction with overall care. With appropriate training, CHWs can collaborate as team members with primary care providers and with non-medical providers to improve the quality of care.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco Institute for Health and Aging, 3333 California Street, Suite 340, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Regina.Otero-Sabogal@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otero-Sabogal
authors.forename: Desiree
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arretz
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siebold
authors.forename: Elissa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hallen
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Alana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ketchel
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003150:Community Health Workers; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011204:Poverty Areas; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012495:San Francisco; D012648:Self Care