title: A cadaveric study of the morphometric and geometric relationships of the orbital apex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To define the morphometric and geometric relationships which exist at the orbital apex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven orbits from twenty-four formalin-fixed Caucasian cadavers were exenterated and the relevant sutures, fissures and foramina identified. Measurements were taken from the optic canal to anatomical landmarks located along the medial wall, inferior wall and lateral wall of each orbit. Based on the mean results the geometric angles between the different anatomical structures were calculated and used to create three-dimensional models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean distances from the midpoint of the optic canal to the superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure and anterior ethmoidal foramen were 10.22 mm, 29.56 mm and 21.65 mm, respectively. The mean distances from the anterior ethmoidal foramen to the superior and inferior orbital fissures were 24.27 mm and 31.93 mm, respectively. The mean distance between the tips of the superior and inferior orbital fissures was 27.70 mm. The mean distances directly from the tips of the superior and inferior orbital fissures and the anterior ethmoidal foramen to the orbital rim were 39.23 mm, 17.11 mm and 18.94 mm, respectively. These values were used to calculate geometric values and create three-dimensional models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The orbital apex is a congested structure and the practicing orbital surgeon must have an intimate knowledge of its contents. We have presented novel data, which in conjunction with radiology may be used as both a navigational aid to plan orbital surgery and to guide the surgeon intraoperatively to assess proximity to key anatomical structures.
authors.affiliation: St. George's University of London, London, UK. saif_abed@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Saif F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Abed
authors.forename: Pari
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.forename: Sunny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Adds
authors.forename: Jimmy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Uddin
mesh_terms: D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology*