title: Use of two sulfonthalein dyes in the extraction-free spectrophotometric assay of tramadol in dosage forms and in spiked human urine based on ion-pair reaction.
abstract: Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic used in the prevention and treatment of moderate to severe pain. Two sensitive, selective, and rapid spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of tramadol in its dosage forms and in spiked human urine. The methods are based on formation of yellow ion-pairs between tramadol and two sulfonthalein dyes; bromocresol purple (BCP) and bromocresol green (BCG) in dichloromethane medium followed by absorbance measurement at 400 and 410 nm, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, tramadol could be assayed in the concentration ranges, 1-15 and 1-16 µg ml(-1) with correlation coefficient greater than 0.999 in both cases. The molar absorptivity values are calculated to be 1.84 × 10(4) and 1.97 × 10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-1) for BCP and BCG methods, respectively; and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.0143 and 0.0134 µg cm(-2). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) have also been reported. The stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:1 in both cases and the conditional stability constant (K(f)) values of the ion pairs have been calculated. The within-day and between-day RSD were 0.9-1.96% and 1.56-3.21%, respectively. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of tramadol in tablets and injections and also in spiked human urine with good recoveries. The procedures are simple, accurate, and suitable for quality control application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Kanakapura B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Vinay
authors.forename: Hosakere D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Revannasiddappa
authors.forename: Nagaraju
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajendraprasad
authors.forename: Pavagada J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: Cijo M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: Kanakapura
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Basavaiah
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D001961:Bromcresol Green / Q000737:chemistry; D001962:Bromcresol Purple / Q000737:chemistry; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D013607:Tablets; D014147:Tramadol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D013607:Tablets; D001962:Bromcresol Purple; D014147:Tramadol; D001961:Bromcresol Green