title: Prevalence of carpal fracture in Singapore.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of carpal fracture in Singapore, to compare demographic differences between isolated scaphoid and other carpal fractures, and to identify parameters associated with multiple carpal fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 149 patients with 162 carpal fractures seen at the National University Hospital in 2009 were enrolled into the study. We retrospectively reviewed their case records and radiographic studies. Pertinent demographic data including patient age, gender, occupation, injured wrist, dominant hand, mechanism of injury, and type of carpal fracture were then recorded and statistically analyzed. We also performed a separate analysis of isolated scaphoid versus other carpal fractures and single versus multiple carpal fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with carpal fracture were predominantly male (132), below 40 years of age (116), and usually right hand dominant (136). The more common occupations were students (30), full-time military national servicemen (24), and construction workers (14). Most presented after a fall on an outstretched hand from standing height (81). The scaphoid was the most common single carpal fracture (99). This was followed by triquetrum (27), hamate (5), pisiform (4), lunate (2), capitate (1), and trapezium (1). No fracture of the trapezoid was encountered. Ten patients had multiple carpal fractures, of which 4 were perilunate fracture dislocations. The mean age and male/female ratio for isolated scaphoid and other carpal fractures was 26 years versus 41 years (p<.001) and 13:1 versus 4:1 (p=.036), respectively. A high-energy mechanism of injury was the only parameter associated with multiple carpal fractures (p=.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of carpal fracture in our population was consistent with studies performed in other countries. Military conscription was identified as an at-risk activity predisposing to carpal fracture. Isolated scaphoid and other carpal fractures exhibit different demographics in terms of age and gender, which may be related to differences in the mechanism of injury. A high-energy mechanism of injury was associated with multiple carpal fractures.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Hospital, Singapore. heysadvg@singnet.com.sg
authors.forename: Hwee Weng Dennis
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hey
authors.forename: Hey Hwee Weng
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Alphonsus Khin Sze
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Alphonsus Chong Khin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.forename: Diarmuid
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021361:Scaphoid Bone / Q000293:injuries*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult