title: The impact of prostate size, median lobe, and prior benign prostatic hyperplasia intervention on robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: technique and outcomes.
abstract: Large prostate size, median lobes, and prior benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) surgery may pose technical challenges during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP).
  
  
  
  To describe technical modifications to overcome BPH sequelae and associated outcomes.
  
  
  
  A retrospective study of prospective data on 951 RALP procedures performed from September 2005 to November 2010 was conducted. Outcomes were analyzed by prostate weight, prior BPH surgical intervention (n=59), and median lobes >1 cm (n=42).
  
  
  
  RALP.
  
  
  
  Estimated blood loss (EBL), blood transfusions, operative time, positive surgical margin (PSM), and urinary and sexual function were measured.
  
  
  
  In unadjusted analysis, men with larger prostates and median lobes experienced higher EBL (213.5 vs 176.5 ml; p<0.001 and 236.4 vs 193.3 ml; p=0.002), and larger prostates were associated with more transfusions (4 vs 1; p=0.037). Operative times were longer for men with larger prostates (164.2 vs 149.1 min; p=0.002), median lobes (185.8 vs 155.0 min; p=0.004), and prior BPH surgical interventions (170.2 vs 155.4 min; p=0.004). Men with prior BPH interventions experienced more prostate base PSM (5.1% vs 1.2%; p=0.018) but similar overall PSM. In adjusted analyses, the presence of median lobes increased both EBL (p=0.006) and operative times (p<0.001), while prior BPH interventions also prolonged operative times (p=0.014). However, prostate size did not affect EBL, PSM, or recovery of urinary or sexual function.
  
  
  
  Although BPH characteristics prolonged RALP procedure times and increased EBL, prostate size did not affect PSM or urinary and sexual function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urologic Surgery, Brigham and Women's/Faulkner Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Andy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
authors.forename: Nathanael D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Hevelone
authors.forename: Stuart R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lipsitz
authors.forename: Hua-yin
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Blakely A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Plaster
authors.forename: Channa A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Amarasekera
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jim C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control