title: The cryptic African wolf: Canis aureus lupaster is not a golden jackal and is not endemic to Egypt.
abstract: The Egyptian jackal (Canis aureus lupaster) has hitherto been considered a large, rare subspecies of the golden jackal (C. aureus). It has maintained its taxonomical status to date, despite studies demonstrating morphological similarities to the grey wolf (C. lupus). We have analyzed 2055 bp of mitochondrial DNA from C. a. lupaster and investigated the similarity to C. aureus and C. lupus. Through phylogenetic comparison with all wild wolf-like canids (based on 726 bp of the Cytochrome b gene) we conclusively (100% bootstrap support) place the Egyptian jackal within the grey wolf species complex, together with the Holarctic wolf, the Indian wolf and the Himalayan wolf. Like the two latter taxa, C. a. lupaster seems to represent an ancient wolf lineage which most likely colonized Africa prior to the northern hemisphere radiation. We thus refer to C. a. lupaster as the African wolf. Furthermore, we have detected C. a. lupaster individuals at two localities in the Ethiopian highlands, extending the distribution by at least 2,500 km southeast. The only grey wolf species to inhabit the African continent is a cryptic species for which the conservation status urgently needs assessment.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Eli Knispel
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rueness
authors.forename: Maria Gulbrandsen
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Asmyhr
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sillero-Zubiri
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Afework
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bekele
authors.forename: Anagaw
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atickem
authors.forename: Nils Chr
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Stenseth
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D056727:Endangered Species; D010802:Phylogeny; D019596:Wolves / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial