title: Diet-induced obesity impairs endothelium-derived hyperpolarization via altered potassium channel signaling mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The vascular endothelium plays a critical role in the control of blood flow. Altered endothelium-mediated vasodilator and vasoconstrictor mechanisms underlie key aspects of cardiovascular disease, including those in obesity. Whilst the mechanism of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation has been extensively studied in obesity, little is known about the impact of obesity on vasodilation to the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) mechanism; which predominates in smaller resistance vessels and is characterized in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Membrane potential, vessel diameter and luminal pressure were recorded in 4(th) order mesenteric arteries with pressure-induced myogenic tone, in control and diet-induced obese rats. Obesity, reflecting that of human dietary etiology, was induced with a cafeteria-style diet (∼30 kJ, fat) over 16-20 weeks. Age and sexed matched controls received standard chow (∼12 kJ, fat). Channel protein distribution, expression and vessel morphology were determined using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and ultrastructural techniques. In control and obese rat vessels, acetylcholine-mediated EDH was abolished by small and intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK(Ca)/IK(Ca)) inhibition; with such activity being impaired in obesity. SK(Ca)-IK(Ca) activation with cyclohexyl-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amine (CyPPA) and 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO), respectively, hyperpolarized and relaxed vessels from control and obese rats. IK(Ca)-mediated EDH contribution was increased in obesity, and associated with altered IK(Ca) distribution and elevated expression. In contrast, the SK(Ca)-dependent-EDH component was reduced in obesity. Inward-rectifying potassium channel (K(ir)) and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibition by barium/ouabain, respectively, attenuated and abolished EDH in arteries from control and obese rats, respectively; reflecting differential K(ir) expression and distribution. Although changes in medial properties occurred, obesity had no effect on myoendothelial gap junction density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In obese rats, vasodilation to EDH is impaired due to changes in the underlying potassium channel signaling mechanisms. Whilst myoendothelial gap junction density is unchanged in arteries of obese compared to control, increased IK(Ca) and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and decreased K(ir) underlie changes in the EDH mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Rebecca.Haddock@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Haddock
authors.forename: T Hilton
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Grayson
authors.forename: Margaret J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Howitt
authors.forename: Preet S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chadha
authors.forename: Shaun L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sandow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D017629:Gap Junctions; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D015221:Potassium Channels