title: Necrotizing enterocolitis: early conventional and fluorescein laparoscopic assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical and radiological diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can be difficult. When radiological evidence is present, severity and complications, such as perforation and full-thickness necrosis, often may not be obvious. This study aims to establish early signs of full-thickness necrosis or perforation by using standard and fluorescein laparoscopy before clinical deterioration of patients occurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients with preoperative presumed clinical and/or radiological diagnosis of NEC underwent laparoscopy. A 4.7-mm umbilical or left upper quadrant camera port was inserted by using the open method. The abdominal cavity was inspected for bowel ischemia, fibrin, adhesion formation, and presence of free intestinal contents. If necessary, one or two 3-mm working ports were inserted for manipulation of bowel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age of 13 patients was 17 (3-38) days. Their median weight was 1160 (910-2415) g. The first 5 infants had standard laparoscopy only, with the next 8 having fluorescein-aided assessment added to the laparoscopy. Standard laparoscopy identified perforation in 5 patients and gangrenous bowel in 2. One patient was found to have chyle ascites, and 1 patient had no abnormal findings on laparoscopy. Fluorescein identified gangrenous bowel in 3 additional patients. Laparotomy and necessary surgical intervention were performed in all 10 patients with positive laparoscopy findings. Eleven patients survived and were doing well at a median of 9 (range, 6-39) months of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopy helps to improve assessment of patients with a diagnosis of NEC. It allows for early identification of perforation and necrosis. Where ischemia is suspected, fluorescein laparoscopy may have an added benefit in identifying necrotic segments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. alp.numanoglu@uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Alp
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Numanoglu
authors.forename: Alastair J W
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Millar
mesh_terms: D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D019793:Fluorescein; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000379:methods; D009336:Necrosis / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019793:Fluorescein