title: Semirigid ureteroscopy in management of large proximal ureteral calculi: is there still a role in developing countries?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcome and complications of the use of semirigid ureteroscopy (URS) together with intracorporeal pneumatic lithotripsy in the management of upper ureteral calculi >10 mm in diameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 75 patients (41 women and 34 men), with a mean age of 48 years (range 25-60), underwent primary URS for solitary radiopaque proximal ureteral calculi 10-20 mm in diameter (average 13.1). Dilation of the intramural ureter was done in 60 cases (80% of patients), and intracorporeal lithotripsy was required in 56 (74.6%). Ureteral catheters were left for drainage in 60% of patients, 26.7% were left unstented, and only 13.3% required an indwelling stent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 75 stones, 60 (80%) were successfully cleared after a single endoscopic procedure. Our initial stone-free rate was 90.6% at 2 weeks after the primary endoscopic procedure and had reached 98.6% at 3 months. Antegrade URS for migrating stones was done successfully in 6 cases in a tubeless fashion, and open ureterolithotomy was required in 1 case. No major complications were encountered. The minor complications included only mild extravasation and self-limited postoperative fever and hematuria. The risk factors for URS failure included male gender, the severity of the hydronephrosis, the severity of impaction, and the occurrence of extravasation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study have shown that semirigid URS is a safe and successful alternative to open ureterolithotomy in the management of large proximal ureteral calculi in the absence of flexible instruments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hosny
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khairy-Salem
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: el-Ghoneimy
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: el-Atrebi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003906:Developing Countries; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D020709:Ureteroscopes / Q000009:adverse effects; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects