title: Invasive pneumococcal infection in urban Thai children: a 10-year review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the disease frequency, demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and drug susceptibility patterns of childhood invasive pneumococcal infections in a hospital setting in Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was conducted of invasive pneumococcal infections among children aged < 18 years from January 1, 1998 - December 31, 2007 at the Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health (QSNICH). Medical records of case-patients were reviewed to collect information on demographics, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and drug susceptibility patterns of infecting isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 745,983 children receiving care at QSNICH during the study period, culture-proven invasive pneumococcal infections were identified in 126 patients for an estimated incidence of 17 cases per 100,000 patients. Patient diagnoses included bacteremia (59.4%), meningitis (29.3%), and pneumonia (11.3%). Of the 31 pneumococcal meningitis cases, 54.8% were caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSSP), while 25.3% of 75 non-meningitis cases were PNSSP (records not available for the remaining 20 cases). Of 126 PNSSP, 8.2% were resistant to cefotaxime and 12.3% were resistant to ceftriaxone. All of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. The case fatality rate was 12.3%; 23.1% offatal cases were associated with HIV infection. Outcomes did not differ significantly between patients infected with penicillin-susceptible and non-susceptible pneumococcal strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this hospital-based study indicate that the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infection in QSNICH remains relatively low, but the case fatality rate is high, especially among those with HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand. ni_ngs@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Supichaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Netsawang
authors.forename: Warunee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Punpanich
authors.forename: Vipa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Treeratweeraphong
authors.forename: Tawee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chotpitayasunondh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010406:Penicillins