title: Health-promoting and health-damaging neighbourhood resources and coronary heart disease: a follow-up study of 2 165 000 people.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been hypothesised that the presence of health-damaging factors and lack of health-promoting factors lie in the causal pathway between neighbourhood deprivation and coronary heart disease (CHD). This study is the first to examine the associations between individual-level CHD risk and neighbourhood availability of fast-food restaurants, bars/pubs, physical activity facilities and healthcare resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel logistic regression models were used for the follow-up of 1 065 000 men and 1 100 000 women (aged 35-80 years) between 1 December 2005 and 31 December 2007, for individual-level CHD events (both morbidity and mortality).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relatively weak associations between neighbourhood availability of potentially health-damaging and health-promoting goods, services and resources, and CHD incidence no longer remained significant after adjustment for neighbourhood-level deprivation and individual-level age and income.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of potentially health-damaging factors and lack of potentially health-promoting factors do not seem to contribute significantly to the development of CHD. Other features of deprived neighbourhoods appear to play a greater role.
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Xinjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundquist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking