title: Serum paraoxonase activity, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and lipoprotein disturbances in end-stage renal disease patients on long-term hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemodialysis patients are at high risk for atherosclerotic events. Enhanced oxidant stress, dyslipidemia, and inflammation may have a major role in this risk. In this work, we assessed lipoprotein status, total homocysteine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and paraoxonase activity in hemodialysis patients to determine the correlations among these parameters and to compare these values with those measured in normal control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 109 end-stage renal disease patients on long-term hemodialysis and 100 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were evaluated using colorimetric methods. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated according to the Friedewald formula. Serum levels of hs-CRP, apolipoproteins (Apo) AI, B, E, and lipoprotein(a) were measured by nephelometry. Lipoprotein particle (Lp) A-I and LpA-I:A-II were determined by immunoelectrophoresis. Total homocysteine levels were evaluated by the fluorescence polarization immunoassay method. Paraoxonase activity was determined using the paraoxon-like substrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, hemodialysis patients had more frequent atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and elevated hs-CRP levels. These latter findings inversely correlate with ApoA-I and LpA-I:A-II and positively with ApoB, lipoprotein(a), and ApoB/ApoA-I ratio. Homocysteine levels correlated positively with age. Paraoxonase activity was decreased in hemodialysis patients, especially in elderly patients. This enzyme activity positively correlated with LpA-I:A-II, and inversely with hs-CRP, LDL-cholesterol, and ApoE levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated an abnormal lipoprotein profile associated with increased hs-CRP and decreased paraoxonase activity in hemodialysis patients. Hence, inflammation, dyslipidemia, and increased oxidant stress linked to uremia may be contributors to increased cardiovascular risk in this population.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Research on Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sik, B.P. 7955, Sidi Othman, Casablanca, Morocco; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: Hanaâ
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lahrach
authors.forename: Noreddine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghalim
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: Anass
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettani
authors.forename: Loubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Er-Rachdi
authors.forename: Benyounes
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ramdani
authors.forename: Rachid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saïle