title: Risk factors for systemic reactions to bee venom in British beekeepers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a high incidence of systemic reactions (SRs) to bee stings in beekeepers, but the factors predisposing individuals to such responses are not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors that predispose British beekeepers to SRs and to investigate how beekeepers access specialist services after SRs to bee venom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A link to an online survey was published in the bimonthly magazine and on the Web site of the British Beekeepers Association. The demographic results are presented using descriptive analysis, and a logistic regression model was used to determine risk factors for SRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 852 responses to the questionnaire of which 63% were from male beekeepers; the most common age range was 51 to 60 years. Twenty-eight percent of all responders had experienced a large local reaction and 21% had experienced a SR. Factors that predisposed beekeepers to SRs included female sex, having a family member with bee venom allergy, more than 2 years of beekeeping before a SR, and premedication with an antihistamine before attending the hives. A total of 44% of beekeepers with SRs attended the emergency department because of their symptoms, 16.6% were reviewed by an allergy specialist, and only 18% carried an adrenaline autoinjector.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Logistic regression analysis identified a number of novel factors to be associated with the development of SRs. Rates of attendance at the emergency department, allergy specialist review, and carriage of adrenaline were low, highlighting a need for education in the beekeeping community and among health care professionals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy and Immunology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, United Kingdom. alex.richter@heartofengland.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Alex G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: Aarnoud P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Huissoon
authors.forename: Mamidipudi T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Krishna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001514:Bee Venoms / Q000276:immunology*; D056630:Beekeeping; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000150:complications*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001514:Bee Venoms