title: Parental criticism and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents: the role of environment and genotype-environment correlation.
abstract: Genetic factors are important for the association between parental negativity and child problem behavior, but it is not clear whether this is due to passive or evocative genotype-environment correlation (rGE). In this study, we applied the extended children-of-twins model to directly examine the presence of passive and evocative rGE as well as direct environmental effects in the association between parental criticism and adolescent externalizing problem behavior. The cross-sectional data come from the Twin and Offspring Study in Sweden (N = 909 pairs of adult twins) and from the Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development (N = 915 pairs of twin children). The results revealed that maternal criticism was primarily due to evocative rGE emanating from their adolescent's externalizing behavior. On the other hand, fathers' critical remarks tended to affect adolescent problem behavior in a direct environmental way. This suggests that previously reported differences in caretaking between mothers and fathers also are reflected in differences in why parenting is associated with externalizing behavior in offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. jurgita.narusyte@ki.se
authors.forename: Jurgita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narusyte
authors.forename: Jenae M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Neiderhiser
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Andershed
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: D'Onofrio
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spotts
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ganiban
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010553:Personality Development; D012931:Social Environment; D013548:Sweden; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*