title: Sex differences in sleep pattern of rats in an experimental model of osteoarthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major healthcare burden with increasing incidence, and is characterised by the degeneration of articular cartilage. OA is associated with chronic pain and sleep disturbance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined and compared the long-term effects of chronic articular pain on sleep patterns between female and male rats in an experimental model of OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were implanted with electrodes for electrocorticography and electromyography and assigned to control, sham or OA groups. OA was induced by the intra-articular administration of (2 mg) monosodium iodoacetate into the left knee joint in male and female rats (at estrus and diestrus phases).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep was monitored at days 1, 10, 15, 20 and 28 after iodoacetate injection during light and dark periods. The results showed that the overall sleep architecture changed in both sexes. These alterations occurred during the light and dark periods, began on D1 and persisted until the end of the study. OA rats, regardless of sex, showed a fragmented sleep pattern with reduced sleep efficiency, slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep, and fewer paradoxical sleep bouts. However, the males showed lower sleep efficiency and reduced slow-wave sleep compared to females during the dark period. Additionally, OA affected the hormonal levels in male rats, as testosterone levels were reduced in comparison to the control and sham groups. In females, progesterone and estradiol remained unchanged throughout the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the chronic model of OA influenced the sleep patterns in both sexes. However, males appeared to be more affected.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andressa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zager
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tufik
authors.forename: Monica Levy
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*