title: Relationship between conjunctivochalasis and refractive error.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relation between the prevalence and grade of conjunctivochalasis and refractive error and to compare the grade of conjunctivochalasis between myopic and hyperopic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients aged from 3 to 94 years were chosen for this study. Exclusion criteria included a history of using contact lenses, ocular surgeries, infectious conjunctivitis, or corneal diseases. The age, gender, medical history, ocular history, the grade and other parameters of inferior conjunctivochalasis classified into three locations (nasal, middle, and temporal), and refractive error were determined in all subjects. Patients were divided into three groups as follows: a hyperopic group (≥0.0 D), an emmetropic group (<0.0 and ≥-2.0 D), and a myopic group (<-2.0 D). They were also divided into 10 groups according to age. One-way analysis of variance and the Scheffe multiple comparison test were used to compare the mean values among three groups. Relations among the variables were investigated by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients and partial correlation coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,110 patients were included in the study. In each age group, the mean grade of conjunctivochalasis was higher in hyperopic patients than in myopic patients. There were no significant differences in both the downward gaze- and digital pressure-dependent changes of conjunctivochalasis between the myopic and hyperopic groups. The severity of conjunctivochalasis affecting the nasal and temporal bulbar conjunctiva, and parameters such as the changes of conjunctivochalasis caused by downward gaze or digital pressure, were correlated with the refractive error, especially in patients over 40 years old (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was the first assessment of the relationship between refractive error and the grade of conjunctivochalasis in a large consecutive series of patients. Our results suggest that the prevalence and grade of conjunctivochalasis are dependent on refractive error, with hyperopia being an important risk factor for conjunctivochalasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tranomon Hospital, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan. mimurat-tky@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mimura
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamagami
authors.forename: Hideharu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Funatsu
authors.forename: Hidetaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyono
authors.forename: Mikiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult