title: First trimester serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and factors related to lower levels in gravids living in the Spanish Mediterranean coast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess first trimester serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status and factors related to deficient levels in pregnant Spanish women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was carried out among 502 gravids (11 to 14 weeks) living in the Spanish Mediterranean sea coast (near Almería at latitude 36° N, longitude 2° W) to whom serum 25(OH)D levels were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Logistic and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to assess the influence of ethnicity, immigration status, season of the year at blood sampling, body mass index (BMI), parity and smoking habit over 25(OH)D levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (interquartile range, IQR) serum 25(OH)D levels for the entire sample was 27.4 ng/mL (IQR = 20.9-32.8). Only 35.9% of participants had adequate serum 25(OH)D levels (≥30 ng/mL) whereas in 41.4% and 22.7% these levels were found to be insufficient (20-29.9 ng/mL) and deficient (<20 ng/mL), respectively. Vitamin D status was found to be significantly lower in Arab women as compared to Caucasian women. 25(OH)D levels were positively correlated with gestational age at sampling and inversely with BMI values (univariate analysis). Logistic regression analysis determined that non-Caucasian ethnicity, season at sampling (autumn/winter), and nulliparity were factors related to deficient 25(OH)D levels. Multiple linear regression found a similar model yet also including maternal weight inversely correlating with 25(OH)D levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite living in one of the sunniest, warmest, and driest climates of Europe, gravids displayed a high prevalence of first trimester insufficient/deficient serum 25(OH)D levels related to season at sampling, nulliparity, maternal weight, and non-Caucasian ethnicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain. faustino.perez@unizar.es
authors.forename: Faustino R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Pérez-López
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Alonso
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrando-Marco
authors.forename: María D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: González-Salmerón
authors.forename: Elia C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Dionis-Sánchez
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiol-Ruiz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chedraui
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D