title: Design and application of water-in-oil emulsions for use in lipstick formulations.
abstract: The addition of water to lipsticks in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion is an attractive opportunity for cosmetics manufacturers to deliver hydrophilic molecules to the consumers, as well as improving the moisturizing properties. In this work, the effect of the emulsifier type and water content on the structural properties of the designed products was investigated. It has been shown that PGPR leads to smaller droplets than the other emulsifiers tested. This was attributed to the ability of PGPR to form elastic interfaces that slow the coalescence between droplets during the process. It was also observed that crystals of wax tend to form structures at the interface upon cooling that prevent coalescence during storage. These structures also prevent leakage of water into the continuous phase. No effect of the water content on the melting properties of the emulsions was observed. Upon addition of more than 10% water, softening of the material was measured, due to the overall decrease in solid content. Addition of crystalline material (hard paraffin) was successfully used to reinstate the material properties.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Formulation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. b.j.d.lereverend@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: B J D
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Le Révérend
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Norton
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013500:Surface Tension
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D004655:Emulsions; D011108:Polymers