title: HDR monotherapy for prostate cancer: a simulation study to determine the effect of catheter displacement on target coverage and normal tissue irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to systematically analyse the effect of catheter displacements both on target coverage and normal tissue irradiation in fractionated high dose rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy, using a simulation study, and to define tolerances for catheter displacement ensuring that both target coverage and normal tissue doses remain clinically acceptable. Besides the effect of total implant displacement, also displacements of catheters belonging to selected template rows only were evaluated in terms of target coverage and normal tissue dose, in order to analyse the change in dose distribution as a function of catheter dwell weight and catheter location.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five representative implant geometries, with 17 catheters each, were selected. The clinical treatment plan was compared to treatment plans in which an entire implant displacement in caudal direction over 3, 5, 7 and 10 mm was simulated. Besides, treatment plans were simulated considering a displacement of either the central, most ventral or most dorsal catheter rows only, over 5 mm caudally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Due to displacement of the entire implant the target coverage drops below the tolerance of 93% for all displacements studied. The effect of displacement of the entire implant on organs at risk strongly depended on the patient anatomy; e.g., for 80% of the implant geometries the V(80) of the rectum exceeded its tolerance for all displacements. The effect of displacement of catheters belonging to selected template rows depended strongly on the relative weight of each catheter row when considering the target coverage and on its location when considering the dose in the organs at risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the need for a check of the catheter locations before each fraction and correction of deviations of the catheter position exceeding 3mm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Daniel Den Hoed Cancer Center, EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. i.kolkman-deurloo@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Inger-Karine K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kolkman-Deurloo
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: Shafak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aluwini
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D057785:Catheters; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014521:Urethra / Q000528:radiation effects; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects