title: Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostate cancer risk: a population-based nested case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite strong laboratory evidence that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could prevent prostate cancer, epidemiological studies have so far reported conflicting results. Most studies were limited by lack of information on dosage and duration of use of the different classes of NSAIDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nested case-control study using data from Saskatchewan Prescription Drug Plan (SPDP) and Cancer Registry to examine the effects of dose and duration of use of five classes of NSAIDs on prostate cancer risk. Cases (N = 9,007) were men aged ≥40 years diagnosed with prostatic carcinoma between 1985 and 2000, and were matched to four controls on age and duration of SPDP membership. Detailed histories of exposure to prescription NSAIDs and other drugs were obtained from the SPDP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Any use of propionates (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen) was associated with a modest reduction in prostate cancer risk (Odds ratio = 0.90; 95%CI 0.84-0.95), whereas use of other NSAIDs was not. In particular, we did not observe the hypothesized inverse association with aspirin use (1.01; 0.95-1.07). There was no clear evidence of dose-response or duration-response relationships for any of the examined NSAID classes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest modest benefits of at least some NSAIDs in reducing prostate cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Salah.mahmud@gmail.com
authors.forename: Salaheddin M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mahmud
authors.forename: Eduardo L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skarsgard
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tonita
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: Armen G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Aprikian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011422:Propionates; D001241:Aspirin