title: Using a familiar risk comparison within a risk ladder to improve risk understanding by low numerates: a study of visual attention.
abstract: Previous experimental research provides evidence that a familiar risk comparison within a risk ladder is understood by low- and high-numerate individuals. It especially helps low numerates to better evaluate risk. In the present study, an eye tracker was used to capture individuals' visual attention to a familiar risk comparison, such as the risk associated with smoking. Two parameters of information processing-efficiency and level-were derived from visual attention. A random sample of participants from the general population (N= 68) interpreted a given risk level with the help of the risk ladder. Numeracy was negatively correlated with overall visual attention on the risk ladder (r(s) =-0.28, p= 0.01), indicating that the lower the numeracy, the more the time spent looking at the whole risk ladder. Numeracy was positively correlated with the efficiency of processing relevant frequency (r(s) = 0.34, p < 0.001) and relevant textual information (r(s) = 0.34, p < 0.001), but not with the efficiency of processing relevant comparative information and numerical information. There was a significant negative correlation between numeracy and the level of processing of relevant comparative risk information (r(s) =-0.21, p < 0.01), indicating that low numerates processed the comparative risk information more deeply than the high numerates. There was no correlation between numeracy and perceived risk. These results add to previous experimental research, indicating that the smoking risk comparison was crucial for low numerates to evaluate and understand risk. Furthermore, the eye-tracker method is promising for studying information processing and improving risk communication formats.
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), ConsumerBehavior, Universitätstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland. ckeller@ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003142:Communication; D032882:Comprehension; D003196:Computer Graphics; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D011886:Radon; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D011886:Radon