title: Experience-based quality control of clinical intensity-modulated radiotherapy planning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To incorporate a quality control tool, according to previous planning experience and patient-specific anatomic information, into the intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan generation process and to determine whether the tool improved treatment plan quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 42 IMRT plans demonstrated a correlation between the fraction of organs at risk (OARs) overlapping the planning target volume and the mean dose. This yielded a model, predicted dose = prescription dose (0.2 + 0.8 [1 - exp(-3 overlapping planning target volume/volume of OAR)]), that predicted the achievable mean doses according to the planning target volume overlap/volume of OAR and the prescription dose. The model was incorporated into the planning process by way of a user-executable script that reported the predicted dose for any OAR. The script was introduced to clinicians engaged in IMRT planning and deployed thereafter. The script's effect was evaluated by tracking δ = (mean dose-predicted dose)/predicted dose, the fraction by which the mean dose exceeded the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All OARs under investigation (rectum and bladder in prostate cancer; parotid glands, esophagus, and larynx in head-and-neck cancer) exhibited both smaller δ and reduced variability after script implementation. These effects were substantial for the parotid glands, for which the previous δ = 0.28 ± 0.24 was reduced to δ = 0.13 ± 0.10. The clinical relevance was most evident in the subset of cases in which the parotid glands were potentially salvageable (predicted dose <30 Gy). Before script implementation, an average of 30.1 Gy was delivered to the salvageable cases, with an average predicted dose of 20.3 Gy. After implementation, an average of 18.7 Gy was delivered to salvageable cases, with an average predicted dose of 17.2 Gy. In the prostate cases, the rectum model excess was reduced from δ = 0.28 ± 0.20 to δ = 0.07 ± 0.15. On surveying dosimetrists at the end of the study, most reported that the script both improved their IMRT planning (8 of 10) and increased their efficiency (6 of 10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This tool proved successful in increasing normal tissue sparing and reducing interclinician variability, providing effective quality control of the IMRT plan development process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. kmoore@radonc.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Brame
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mutic
mesh_terms: D004947:Esophagus / Q000528:radiation effects; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011786:Quality Control; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012985:Software Design; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects