title: Noninvasive monitoring of placenta-specific transgene expression by bioluminescence imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placental dysfunction underlies numerous complications of pregnancy. A major obstacle to understanding the roles of potential mediators of placental pathology has been the absence of suitable methods for tissue-specific gene manipulation and sensitive assays for studying gene functions in the placentas of intact animals. We describe a sensitive and noninvasive method of repetitively tracking placenta-specific gene expression throughout pregnancy using lentivirus-mediated transduction of optical reporter genes in mouse blastocysts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zona-free blastocysts were incubated with lentivirus expressing firefly luciferase (Fluc) and Tomato fluorescent fusion protein for trophectoderm-specific infection and transplanted into day 3 pseudopregnant recipients (GD3). Animals were examined for Fluc expression by live bioluminescence imaging (BLI) at different points during pregnancy, and the placentas were examined for tomato expression in different cell types on GD18. In another set of experiments, blastocysts with maximum photon fluxes in the range of 2.0E+4 to 6.0E+4 p/s/cm(2)/sr were transferred. Fluc expression was detectable in all surrogate dams by day 5 of pregnancy by live imaging, and the signal increased dramatically thereafter each day until GD12, reaching a peak at GD16 and maintaining that level through GD18. All of the placentas, but none of the fetuses, analyzed on GD18 by BLI showed different degrees of Fluc expression. However, only placentas of dams transferred with selected blastocysts showed uniform photon distribution with no significant variability of photon intensity among placentas of the same litter. Tomato expression in the placentas was limited to only trophoblast cell lineages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, for the first time, demonstrate the feasibility of selecting lentivirally-transduced blastocysts for uniform gene expression in all placentas of the same litter and early detection and quantitative analysis of gene expression throughout pregnancy by live BLI. This method may be useful for a wide range of applications involving trophoblast-specific gene manipulations in utero.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiujun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Peigen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Sabita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhal
authors.forename: Gill
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bejerano
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Maurice L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Druzin
authors.forename: Sanjiv S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
authors.forename: Nihar R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Nayak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D051379:Mice; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D014161:Transduction, Genetic; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins