title: Do smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease report their smoking status reliably? A comparison of self-report and bio-chemical validation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predominantly caused by cigarette smoking and is considered a worldwide preventable chronic illness. Smoking cessation is considered the primary intervention for disease management and nurses should play a major role in assisting patients to stop smoking. Currently there is a lack of professional consensus on how cessation interventions should be evaluated. The vast array of biochemical markers reported in the literature can be confusing and can make the comparisons of results difficult.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate self-report data on smoking with exhaled carbon monoxide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease over twelve months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a secondary analysis of a previously published randomized controlled trial evaluating nursing interventions to assist respiratory patients to stop smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Northern Ireland's Regional Respiratory Centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 91 cigarette smokers attending secondary care for the treatment for COPD participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported smoking status and cigarettes smoked per day were compared to exhaled carbon monoxide readings at baseline, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The cut-off value of ≤10 ppm was used to identify non-smokers. The p-values are based on Pearson's correlation coefficient and Kappa Coefficient as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings suggest self-reported smoking status and cigarette consumption amongst patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was highly consistent with exhaled carbon monoxide results (p = 0.001-0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease reliably report their cigarette consumption.
authors.affiliation: Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK. juliekapurwilson@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Julie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Elborn
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fitzsimons
authors.forename: Evie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McCrum-Gardner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*