title: Artificial neural networks accurately predict mortality in patients with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk stratification systems that accurately identify patients with a high risk for bleeding through the use of clinical predictors of mortality before endoscopic examination are needed. Computerized (artificial) neural networks (ANNs) are adaptive tools that may improve prognostication.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the capability of an ANN to predict mortality in patients with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding and compare the predictive performance of the ANN with that of the Rockall score.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, multicenter study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic and community hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved 2380 patients with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Upper GI endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome variable was 30-day mortality, defined as any death occurring within 30 days of the index bleeding episode. Other outcome variables were recurrent bleeding and need for surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed analysis of certified outcomes of 2380 patients with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding. The Rockall score was compared with a supervised ANN (TWIST system, Semeion), adopting the same result validation protocol with random allocation of the sample in training and testing subsets and subsequent crossover. Overall, death occurred in 112 cases (4.70%). Of 68 pre-endoscopic input variables, 17 were selected and used by the ANN versus 16 included in the Rockall score. The sensitivity of the ANN-based model was 83.8% (76.7-90.8) versus 71.4% (62.8-80.0) for the Rockall score. Specificity was 97.5 (96.8-98.2) and 52.0 (49.8 4.2), respectively. Accuracy was 96.8% (96.0-97.5) versus 52.9% (50.8-55.0) (P<.001). The predictive performance of the ANN-based model for prediction of mortality was significantly superior to that of the complete Rockall score (area under the curve 0.95 [0.92-0.98] vs 0.67 [0.65-0.69]; P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  External validation on a subsequent independent population is needed, patients with variceal bleeding and obscure GI hemorrhage are excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with nonvariceal upper GI bleeding, ANNs are significantly superior to the Rockall score in predicting the risk of death.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedale Maresca, Torre del Greco, Italy. gianluca.rotondano@virgilio.it
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rotondano
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cipolletta
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Intraligi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buscema
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marmo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate