title: Early identification and preventive care for elevated cardiovascular disease risk within a remote Australian Aboriginal primary health care service.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single greatest contributor to the gap in life expectancy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Our objective is to determine if holistic CVD risk assessment, introduced as part of the new Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Adult Health Check (AHC), results in better identification of elevated CVD risk, improved delivery of preventive care for CVD and improvements in the CVD risk profile for Aboriginal adults in a remote community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interrupted time series study over six years in a remote primary health care (PHC) service involving Aboriginal adults identified with elevated CVD risk (N = 64). Several process and outcome measures were audited at 6 monthly intervals for three years prior to the AHC (the intervention) and three years following: (i) the proportion of guideline scheduled CVD preventive care services delivered, (ii) mean CVD medications prescribed and dispensed, (iii) mean PHC consultations, (iv) changes in participants' CVD risk factors and estimated absolute CVD risk and (v) mean number of CVD events and iatrogenic events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five percent of AHC participants were identified as having elevated CVD risk. Of these, 84% had not been previously identified during routine care. Following the intervention, there were significant improvements in the recorded delivery of preventive care services for CVD (30% to 53%), and prescription of CVD related medications (28% to 89%) (P < 0.001). Amongst participants there was a 20% relative reduction in estimated absolute CVD risk (P = 0.004) following the intervention. However, there were no significant changes in the mean number of PHC consultations or mean number of CVD events or iatrogenic events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Holistic CVD risk assessment during an AHC can lead to better and earlier identification of elevated CVD risk, improvement in the recorded delivery of preventive care services for CVD, intensification of treatment for CVD, and improvements in participants' CVD risk profile. Further research is required on strategies to reorient and restructure PHC services to the care of chronic illness for Aboriginal peoples in remote areas for there to be substantial progress in decreasing excess CVD related mortality.
authors.affiliation: Menzies School of Health Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia. paul.burgess@menzies.edu.au
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Ross S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bailie
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Chenhall
authors.forename: Robyn A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Kerin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Dea
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gunabarra
authors.forename: Hellen L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Adrian J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Esterman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006694:Holistic Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D019035:Rural Health Services; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D055815:Young Adult