title: The unusual but benign in pediatric surgery.
abstract: The problem of what is normal and what is not is closely related to whether or not, if something is indeed abnormal, it matters. Anticipating the outcome will affect the management in infants and children of such relatively benign conditions as hydroceles, umbilical hernias, diseases of the male and female breasts, lymphadenopathy and the intact prepuce. Unnecessary investigations such as barium studies which do not affect management are inadvisable. Congenital torticollis and undescended testis, seemingly benign, must be appropriately treated, however, in order to avoid lifelong sequelae.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shandling