title: Microtubule stabilization reduces scarring and causes axon regeneration after spinal cord injury.
abstract: Hypertrophic scarring and poor intrinsic axon growth capacity constitute major obstacles for spinal cord repair. These processes are tightly regulated by microtubule dynamics. Here, moderate microtubule stabilization decreased scar formation after spinal cord injury in rodents through various cellular mechanisms, including dampening of transforming growth factor-β signaling. It prevented accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and rendered the lesion site permissive for axon regeneration of growth-competent sensory neurons. Microtubule stabilization also promoted growth of central nervous system axons of the Raphe-spinal tract and led to functional improvement. Thus, microtubule stabilization reduces fibrotic scarring and enhances the capacity of axons to grow.
authors.affiliation: Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Farida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hellal
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hurtado
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruschel
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Claudia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Laskowski
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umlauf
authors.forename: Lukas C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kapitein
authors.forename: Dinara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strikis
authors.forename: Vance
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lemmon
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bixby
authors.forename: Casper C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hoogenraad
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bradke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology; D016547:Kinesins / Q000378:metabolism; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D021381:Protein Transport; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058630:Spinal Cord Regeneration; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497784:Smad2 protein, rat; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016547:Kinesins; D017239:Paclitaxel