title: Polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase μ and θ, MDR1 and VEGF genes as risk factors of bladder cancer: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was aimed at examining the local distribution of GSTM1, GSTT1, MDR1, and VEGF gene polymorphisms as possible risk factors contributing to the development of bladder cancer among the population from Canary Islands, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The genotypes were determined by PCR-based methods in a hospital-based case-control study consisting of 119 cases and 110 controls. The socio-demographic and clinicopathologic data were collected, including the smoking habits of the population covered in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observed allelic frequencies were (%): GSTM1-GSTT1, (positive) 54 and (null) 46 in cases, and 65 and 35, respectively, in controls (P = 0.144); MDR1 C3435T, (C) 57 and (T) 43 in cases, and 54 and 46, respectively, in controls (P = 0.633); VEGF A2578C, (A) 40 and (C) 60 in cases, and 51 and 49, respectively, in controls (P = 0.221). Among Canary Islands subjects, GSTT1-null genotype appeared as a significant risk factor for bladder cancer (odds ratio (OR) 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-3.7; P = 0.041), in multivariate analysis adjusted by age and smoking habits. No statistical changes in genotype distribution of GSTM1, MDR1 C3435T, and VEGF A2578C gene polymorphisms were observed between cases and controls. The distribution of the initial clinical stage, clinical grade, or recurrence status was not significantly different among the polymorphic variants in the case group (P = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with the GSTT1-null genotype might be at an increased risk of bladder cancer in Canary Islands, Spain. However, extensive studies are required for accurate confirmation of these results.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Henríquez-Hernández
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: Octavio P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Luzardo
authors.forename: Eva Elisa
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Alvarez-León
authors.forename: Luis D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Boada
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zumbado
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pestano
authors.forename: Javier R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Suárez
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chesa
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Pilar F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Valerón
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1