title: Use of tissue expanders in the repair of complex abdominal wall defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Closure of abdominal wall defects in children poses a challenge for pediatric surgeons. We describe a technique using tissue expanders placed either intraperitoneally or in the abdominal wall to aid in the reconstruction of a variety of complex abdominal wall defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tissue expanders are inserted under general anesthesia. Initial expansion is done in the operating room with attention to peak airway pressure, urine output, and end-tidal carbon dioxide. The expanders are inflated in the outpatient setting via percutaneous access until the calculated inflation volume is achieved. They are then removed; and definitive closure is accomplished using a combination of native tissue flaps, abdominal component separation techniques, biomaterials, and synthetic material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six children underwent tissue expansion for treatment of abdominal wall defects (omphalocele, n = 3), trauma (n = 1), and thoracopagus twins (n = 1 pair). One to 4 expanders were used per patient, with all having a successful reconstruction of their abdominal walls. Two to 3 operations were required to restore abdominal domain and consisted of expander insertion, removal with reconstruction, and possible revision of the reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue expanders possess a broad range of applications for abdominal wall reconstruction and can be used in patients of all ages.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.forename: Kurt F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Jane J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ricketts
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000601:surgery; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000601:surgery; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000601:surgery; D006555:Hernia, Ventral / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D015626:Tissue Expansion / Q000379:methods*; D015625:Tissue Expansion Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014428:Twins, Conjoined / Q000601:surgery; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000601:surgery