title: Stability of measured and modelled spatial contrasts in NO(2) over time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Land use regression (LUR) modelling is a popular method to estimate outdoor air pollution concentrations at the home and/or work addresses of individual subjects in epidemiological studies. Typically, such models are constructed using measurements from dedicated monitoring campaigns lasting up to 1 year. It is unknown to what extent such models can adequately predict concentrations in earlier or later time periods. We tested the stability of measured and modelled spatial contrasts in outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) pollution across the Netherlands over 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  NO(2) measurements were conducted at 40 locations in the Netherlands in 1999-2000. In 2007, NO(2) was again measured at 144 locations, of which 35 were the same as in 1999-2000. This enabled us to compare measurements as well as model predictions between the two time periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NO(2) measurements conducted in 2007 agreed well with NO(2) measurements taken in 1999-2000 at the same locations (R(2)=0.86). LUR models from 1999-2000 and 2007 explained 85% and 86% of observed spatial variance, respectively. The 2007 LUR model explained 77% of spatial variability in the 1999-2000 measurements and the 1999-2000 model explained 81% of variability in the 2007 measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found good agreement between measured spatial contrasts in outdoor NO(2) in 1999-2000 and 2007. LUR models predicted spatial contrast 8 years in the past (2007 model) and 8 years in the future (1999-2000 model) well. This supports the use of LUR models in epidemiological studies with health data available for a later or earlier timepoint.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.r.eeftens@uu.nl
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eeftens
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beelen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meliefste
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009426:Netherlands; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide