title: Evaluation of population health among bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) at the United States Navy Marine Mammal Program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate health indicators for a population of bottlenose dolphins in the US Navy Marine Mammal Program (MMP) by use of data acquired from 1988 through 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  167 bottlenose dolphins.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following indicators were used to evaluate the health of dolphins during the 20-year period: 5-year age structure, median survival age, annual survival rates, mortality rates, and neonatal and calf survival and mortality rates. Limitations of these population measurements as health indicators for dolphins were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Crude mortality rates of dolphins for 1988 through 1992, 1993 through 1997, 1998 through 2002, and 2003 through 2007 were 3.1%, 4.7%, 3.6%, and 2.4%, respectively; during these same 4 study periods, median survival ages were 14.3, 14.4, 17.7, and 26.1 years, respectively, and mean survival rates were 0.98, 0.97, 0.97, and 0.99, respectively. From 1988 through 1997, 1998 through 2002, and 2003 through 2007, neonatal mortality rates were 4 of 16, 5 of 20, and 2 of 14 neonates, respectively. During these 3 study periods, mean annual survival rates for calves < 3 years old (excluding neonates that died at < 30 days old) were 0.97, 0.92, and 0.99, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there were limitations to the measurement of some health indicators, use of multiple methods indicated that the health of dolphins in the MMP population was comparable to, if not better than, that published for other dolphin populations. The MMP population of dolphins may provide useful reference values of health indicators for use in assessment of other managed dolphin populations.
authors.affiliation: National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr, San Diego, CA 92106, USA. stephanie@epitracker.com
authors.forename: Stephanie K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Venn-Watson
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Sam H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ridgway
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D050681:Bottle-Nosed Dolphin; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008887:Military Medicine; D014481:United States