title: Genetic warfarin dosing: tables versus algorithms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of genetic tables and formal pharmacogenetic algorithms for warfarin dosing.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pharmacogenetic algorithms based on regression equations can predict warfarin dose, but they require detailed mathematical calculations. A simpler alternative, recently added to the warfarin label by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, is to use genotype-stratified tables to estimate warfarin dose. This table may potentially increase the use of pharmacogenetic warfarin dosing in clinical practice; however, its accuracy has not been quantified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of 1,378 patients from 3 anticoagulation centers was conducted. Inclusion criteria were stable therapeutic warfarin dose and complete genetic and clinical data. Five dose prediction methods were compared: 2 methods using only clinical information (empiric 5 mg/day dosing and a formal clinical algorithm), 2 genetic tables (the new warfarin label table and a table based on mean dose stratified by genotype), and 1 formal pharmacogenetic algorithm, using both clinical and genetic information. For each method, the proportion of patients whose predicted doses were within 20% of their actual therapeutic doses was determined. Dosing methods were compared using McNemar's chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Warfarin dose prediction was significantly more accurate (all p < 0.001) with the pharmacogenetic algorithm (52%) than with all other methods: empiric dosing (37%; odds ratio [OR]: 2.2), clinical algorithm (39%; OR: 2.2), warfarin label (43%; OR: 1.8), and genotype mean dose table (44%; OR: 1.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although genetic tables predicted warfarin dose better than empiric dosing, formal pharmacogenetic algorithms were the most accurate.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Finkelman
authors.forename: Brian F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Brensinger
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kimmel
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin