title: Cost and cost-effectiveness of three strategies for training clinicians in motivational interviewing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost and cost-effectiveness of three strategies for teaching community program clinicians motivational interviewing (MI): self-study (SS), expert-led (EX), and train-the-trainer (TT).
  
  
  METHODS
  This economic analysis was conducted as part of a three-arm clinician training trial comprising 12 community treatment programs randomly assigned to the three conditions (n=92 clinician participants). EX and TT conditions used skill-building workshops and three monthly supervision sessions. SS provided clinicians MI training materials only. The primary outcome measure was the number of clinicians meeting MI performance standards at 12-week follow-up. Unit costs were obtained via surveys administered at the 12 participating programs. Resource utilizations and clinician outcomes were obtained from the training trial. Costs and outcomes were normalized to account for differing numbers of clinicians across programs and conditions. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves were used to evaluate the relative cost-effectiveness of the three training strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SS is likely to be the most cost-effective training strategy if the threshold value to decision makers of an additional clinician meeting MI performance standards at 12-week follow-up is less than approximately $2870, and EX is likely to be the most cost-effective strategy when the threshold value is greater than approximately $2870.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides accurate estimates of the economic costs and relative cost-effectiveness of three different strategies for training community program clinicians in motivational interviewing and should be of interest to decision makers seeking to implement empirically supported addiction treatments with scarce resources.
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, School of Public Policy, Arlington, VA 22201, USA. olmstead@gmu.edu
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olmstead
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canning-Ball
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martino
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003376:Counseling / Q000191:economics* / Q000193:education*; D004493:Education / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009042:Motivation; D011380:Programmed Instructions as Topic; D013663:Teaching / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*