title: Effects of fluoride intake on orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontically induced root resorption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even though the beneficial effects of fluoride on enamel and root caries have been well documented, limited data are available concerning the effect of fluoride on orthodontically induced root resorption and tooth movement. Our objective was to investigate the effect of systemic fluoride administered from birth to 12 weeks on orthodontically induced root resorption and tooth movement in rat molars.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. The negative control group received no sodium fluoride and had no tooth movement. The positive control group received no sodium fluoride but had tooth movement. Three experimental groups received sodium fluoride at 45 ppm from birth to 2, 4, and 12 weeks, respectively. At week 10, a 50-g nickel-titanium coil spring was applied to the maxillary left first molar for 2 weeks. The rats were killed at 12 weeks of age. Movement of the maxillary first molars was measured in relation to the maxillary second molar on digitized cephalometric radiographs. Mesial and distal roots were examined by using scanning electron and 3-dimensional laser microscopes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluoride reduced the depth, volume, and roughness of the resorption craters in the experimental groups. However, the area was similar to that in the positive control group. Regarding the duration of fluoride intake, the longer fluoride was administered via drinking water, the smaller the amount of tooth movement observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoride in drinking water from birth reduced the severity of orthodontically induced root resorption, but the amount of tooth movement was also decreased.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney Dental Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hotokezaka
authors.forename: Ersan Ilsay
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Karadeniz
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: M Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Darendeliler
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D012969:Sodium Fluoride