title: Are dropped osteoarticular bone fragments safely reimplantable in vivo?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are limited data detailing the appropriate management of nondisposable autologous osteoarticular fragments that have been contaminated by the operating room floor. The goal of the present study was to perform a comprehensive, three-phase investigation to establish an appropriate intraoperative algorithm for the management of the acutely contaminated, but nondisposable, autologous osteoarticular bone fragment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase I of the study was performed to quantify the rate of contamination and microbial profile of human osteoarticular fragments that were dropped onto the operating room floor (n = 162). Phase II was performed to assess the feasibility and optimal means of decontaminating 340 similar fragments that underwent controlled contamination with bacteria that were identified in Phase I; decontamination was performed with use of cleansing agents that are routinely available in an operating room. Phase III was performed to assess the effect of each decontamination process on fragment chondrocyte viability through histologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The contamination rate in Phase I was 70%. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most commonly cultured organism. In Phase II, varying exposure time to the chemical agents did not make a significant difference in decontamination rates. Mechanical scrubbing was superior to mechanical saline solution lavage (zero of fifty-six cultures compared with twenty of fifty-six cultures were positive for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; p < 0.001). As a whole, bactericidal agents were found to be more effective decontaminating agents than normal saline solution. Povidone-iodine and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate were the most effective decontaminating agents, with none of the twenty-eight specimens that were decontaminated with each agent demonstrating positive growth on culture. Phase III demonstrated that the groups that were treated with normal saline solution and povidone-iodine retained the greatest number of live cells and the least number of dead cells. Mechanical scrubbing significantly decreased chondrocyte viability as compared with a normal saline solution wash (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of osteochondral fragments that contact the operating room floor produce positive bacterial cultures. Five minutes of cleansing with a 10% povidone-iodine solution followed by a normal saline solution rinse appears to provide the optimal balance between effective decontamination and cellular toxicity for dropped autologous bone in the operative setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheibani-Rad
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Appleyard
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Calfee
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Reinert
authors.forename: Kimberle C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chapin
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: DiGiovanni
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000382:microbiology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D019902:Chondrocytes; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D009873:Operating Rooms; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents