title: Shoo fly, don't bother me! Efficacy of traditional methods of protecting cattle from tsetse.
abstract: Studies were made of the efficacy of using smoke and housing to protect cattle from tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zimbabwe. The efficacy of smoke was assessed by its effect on catches in Epsilon traps baited with a blend of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol. The efficacies of different types of kraal (enclosure) were gauged according to the catches of electrocuting targets (E-targets), baited with natural ox odour, placed within various designs of kraal. Smoke from burning wood (Colophospermum mopane) or dried cow dung reduced the catch of traps by approximately 50-90%. Kraals with a continuous wooden or netting wall, 1.5 m high, reduced catches of E-targets by approximately 75%. Arrangements of electric nets were used to assess the numbers of tsetse attacking live cattle within kraals and/or near sources of smoke. The results confirmed findings with traps and E-targets: kraals reduced the numbers of tsetse that fed by approximately 80% and smoke reduced the numbers attracted by approximately 70%; the use of both reduced overall attack rates by approximately 90%. The inclusion of 4-methylguaiacol, a known repellent for tsetse and a natural component of wood smoke, halved the catches of traps and E-targets and the numbers of tsetse attacking cattle. The practical benefits and difficulties of using repellents and/or housing to manage trypanosomiases are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture, Health and Environment Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK. s.torr@gre.ac.uk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Torr
authors.forename: T N C
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Mangwiro
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007300:Insect Control / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007302:Insect Repellents; D009812:Odorants; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012906:Smoke; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014354:Trypanosomiasis, Bovine / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014370:Tsetse Flies; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012906:Smoke