title: Plantar pressure with and without custom insoles in patients with common foot complaints.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many patients with foot complaints receive customized insoles, the choice for an insole design can vary largely among foot experts. To investigate the variety of insole designs used in daily practice, the insole design and its effect on plantar pressure distribution were investigated in a large group of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean, peak, and pressure-time-integral per sensor for 204 subjects with common foot complaints for walking with and without insoles was measured with the footscan® insole system (RSscan International). Each insole was scanned twice (precision3D), after which the insole height along the longitudinal and transversal cross section was calculated. Subjects were assigned to subgroups based on complaint and medial arch height. Data were analyzed for the total group and for the separate subgroups (forefoot or heel pain group and flat, normal or high medial arch group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean pressure significantly decreased under the metatarsal heads II-V and the calcaneus and significantly increased under the metatarsal bones and the lateral foot (p<0.0045) due to the insoles. However, similar redistribution patterns were found for the different foot complaints and arch heights. There was a slight difference in insole design between the subgroups; the heel cup was significantly higher and the midfoot support lower for the heel pain group compared to the forefoot pain group. The midfoot support was lowest in the flat arch group compared to the high and normal arch group (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the insole shape was specific for the kind of foot complaint and arch height, the differences in shape were very small and the plantar pressure redistribution was similar for all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that it might be sufficient to create basic insoles for particular patient groups.
authors.affiliation: Sint Maartenskliniek, Research Development and Education, Hengstdal 3, 6522 JV Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9011 6500 GM, The Netherlands. n.stolwijk@maartenskliniek.nl
authors.forename: Niki M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Stolwijk
authors.forename: Jan Willem K
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Louwerens
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nienhuis
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duysens
authors.forename: Noël L W
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Keijsers
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011312:Pressure; D012775:Shoes; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology