title: Nitrite as a mediator of ischemic preconditioning and cytoprotection.
abstract: Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is a central component in the pathogenesis of several diseases and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. Subcellularly, mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by depletion of ATP, calcium-induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and exacerbated reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, plays an integral role in the progression of IR injury. Nitric oxide (NO) and more recently nitrite (NO(2)(-)) are known to modulate mitochondrial function, mediate cytoprotection after IR and have been implicated in the signaling of the highly protective ischemic preconditioning (IPC) program. Here, we review what is known about the role of NO and nitrite in cytoprotection after IR and consider the putative role of nitrite in IPC. Focus is placed on the potential cytoprotective mechanisms involving NO and nitrite-dependent modulation of mitochondrial function.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murillo
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamga
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Sruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D009573:Nitrites; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014451:Ubiquinone; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D045304:Cytochromes c; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases; D005978:Glutathione; C003741:ubiquinol