title: Anatomical feasibility of pediatric cervical pedicle screw insertion by computed tomographic morphometric evaluation of 376 pediatric cervical pedicles.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective analysis of computed tomographic images of 376 normal pediatric cervical pedicles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the normal cervical pedicle morphometrics, the changes in pedicle morphology with skeletal growth, and the possibility of pedicle screw insertion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although the usage of cervical pedicle screws in adults has become established, the feasibility of its application in children has not been studied. There are no in vivo studies that define the normal pediatric cervical pedicle morphometrics and its changes with growth and development of the child.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 376 normal pediatric cervical spine pedicles of 30 children (mean age = 6.7 ± 3.9 years) were analyzed for pedicle width (PW), pedicle height (PH), pedicle length (PL), pedicle axis length (PAL), transverse pedicle angle (TPA), and sagittal pedicle angle (SPA). The study population was categorized into three age groups (A: <5 years, B: 5-10 years, and C >10 years). The mean values of these parameters in the different age groups and the possibility of application cervical pedicle screws were studied. RESULTS.: The mean PW was lowest in the C3 vertebra and increased distally to be widest at C7. Sixty percent of C3 pedicles had a width less than 4 mm making screw passage risky and unsafe. With growth, the PW increased at all levels but this increase was significant only up to the age of 10 years. More than 75% of adult pedicle dimensions were achieved by 5 years of age. The mean PL at all levels remained the same with no significant increase with growth. However, the PAL showed continuous increase with growth similar to PW. The PAL also showed an increase from C3 to C7. The PH was always more than the PW at any level. Mild insignificant asymmetry was present between the right and left side pedicles in all values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With growth, there was a gradual increase in PW, PH, and PAL but was mainly before the age of 10 years. Majority of C3 pedicles were thin making screw fixation unsafe. However, at all other levels, the pedicle morphometrics per se were adequate and do not restrict safe application of 3-mm cervical pedicle screw.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology, and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313 Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, India.
authors.forename: P Rishimugesh
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kanna
authors.forename: Ajoy Prasad
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajasekaran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001863:Bone Screws; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*