title: Chest radiography patterns in 75 adolescents with vertically-acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate lung disease on chest radiography (CR), the relative frequency of CR abnormalities, and their clinical correlates in adolescents with vertically-acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  CRs of 75 patients [59 inpatients (33 males; mean age 13.7±2.3 years) and 16 outpatients (eight males; mean age 14.1±2.1 years)] were retrospectively reviewed by three independent observers. The overall extent of disease (to the nearest 5%), its distribution, and the proportional extents (totalling 100%) of different radiographic patterns (including ring/tramline opacities and consolidation) were quantified. CR features and clinical data were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRs were abnormal in 51/75 (68%) with "extensive" disease in 38/51 (74%). Ring/tramline opacities and consolidation predominated (i.e., proportional extent >50%) in 26 and 21 patients, respectively. Consolidation was significantly more common in patients hospitalized primarily for a respiratory illness than patients hospitalized for a non-respiratory illness or in outpatients (p<0.005, χ(2) for trend); by contrast, ring/tramline opacities did not differ in prevalence across the groups. On stepwise logistic regression, predominant consolidation was associated with progressive dyspnoea [odds ratio (OR) 5.60; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.60, 20.1; p<0.01] and was associated with a primary respiratory cause for hospital admission (OR: 22.0; CI: 2.7, 181.1; p<0.005). Ring/tramline opacities were equally prevalent in patients with and without chronic symptoms and in those admitted to hospital with respiratory and non-respiratory illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HIV-infected adolescents, evaluated in secondary practice, CR abnormalities are prevalent. The presence of ring/tramline opacities, believed to reflect chronic airway disease, is not linked chronic respiratory symptoms.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK. sujal.desai@nhs.net
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Copley
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Elston
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: A U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munyati
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nathoo
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ferrand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology