title: A systematic review of interethnic variability in facial dimensions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The earliest recorded facial proportional analysis is in the Greek neoclassical canons (c. 450 b.c.). In contemporary times, there has not yet been a study that describes the relative differences in facial proportions among the world's different ethnic groups. The specific aim of this project was to perform a systematic review of data from the existing literature to evaluate the degree of variability in the facial dimensions among various ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed database review identified primary articles containing measurements of facial proportions from various ethnic groups. These facial measurements included the heights and widths of the upper, middle, and lower face, which are the features originally described by the neoclassical canons. Coefficients of variation were calculated to derive a unit-free comparison of the degree of variability among different ethnic groups in each of the neoclassically measured facial dimensions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors' literature search identified 239 potential articles. After screening for the inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven relevant articles were selected. These articles contained data on 11 linear facial measurements from 2359 male and female individuals from 27 different ethnic groups; features that demonstrated the largest differences among the different ethnic populations were forehead height, interocular distance, and nasal width.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greatest interethnic variability in facial proportions exists in the height of the forehead. More pronounced differences among the ethnic groups are also present in the measurements of the eyes, nose, and mouth. There is no significant difference between sexes in the neoclassical facial proportions.
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor, Mich. From the Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Clapham
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D005006:Ethnicity; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult