title: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, in patients with end-stage kidney disease on dialysis, in the greater Auckland region, from 2000-2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare and serious disease characterised by thickening and hardening of the skin with fibrosis of the dermis with CD34-positive fibrocytes. NSF occurs in patients with renal failure and has been linked to exposure of gadolinium contrast agents. The Auckland region has a population of 1.3 million with consultation and dialysis services for patients with end stage kidney disease provided by two separate renal units. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and frequency of NSF in the Auckland region and determine the risk based on exposure to gadolinium based contrast agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case notes review of all patients with end stage kidney disease under the care of the renal services between 1(st) January 2000 and 31(st) December 2006 was undertaken. All cases of proven or suspected NSF were identified. Using a picture archive and communications support system all imaging and exposure to contrast was identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three cases of biopsy proven NSF and two further cases of clinical NSF were identified. In all cases there was exposure to Gadolinium. This risk of NSF on exposure to any gadolinium based contrast agents was 0.67%. Gadodiamide was used in one institution where all five cases of NSF were seen, gadodiamide was used in 1% of patients in the other institution with no recognised cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of NSF is low with the greatest risk on exposure to linear, non-ionic chelates, with no ethnic predisposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Middlemore Hospital, Manukau, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jamie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kendrick-Jones
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Janak R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: De Zoysa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium