title: Alcohol misuse among partners: a potential effect modifier in the relationship between physical intimate partner violence and postpartum depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated if the probability of postpartum depression (PPD) increases with an upward gradient of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy and whether substance use by any member of the couple modifies this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 811 randomly selected mothers of children under 5 months old attending primary health services of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) gauged physical IPV, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) assessed PPD. A hierarchical logistic regression model was employed to deal with confounding. Specific interaction terms between physical IPV and alcohol misuse or use of illicit drugs were also tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physical IPV during pregnancy was reported by 37.8% of respondents and 24.3% were presumably depressed (EPDS score ≥ 12). Interaction between physical IPV and partners' alcohol misuse was statistically significant (p = 0.026). Although there was a significant increase in PPD with just one act of physical IPV in the absence of a partners' alcohol misuse, mounting acts did not have any further influence. Conversely, when partners misused alcohol, the probability progressively and steeply increased from two acts onwards, reaching almost sevenfold by six cumulative physical IPV events as opposed to none.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results reinforce the relevance of physical IPV as a risk factor to PPD. They also suggest that context matters, partners' alcohol misuse acting as an important effect modifier. These evidences justify tailored preventive, screening and intervention procedures for IPV and alcohol misuse during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
authors.affiliation: Fernandes Figueira Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. lobato@iff.fiocruz.br
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lobato
authors.forename: Claudia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: Alessandra S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reichenheim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000523:psychology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult