title: The use of human tissues and cells in biomedical research: the unusual suspects.
abstract: There are compelling reasons to search for alternatives to the use of animals in medical and pharmaceutical research. Aside from the obvious animal welfare issues, both the well-established differences between animal models and humans, and the inherent inter-individual variability in human biological responses, indicate that human-based alternatives are urgently required. However, any such alternative must out-perform the animal-based alternative, otherwise there will be little or no uptake and adoption by end-users. Data obtained from inbred animal models is often highly reproducible, and is therefore attractive to researchers in the fields of biomedical and pharmaceutical research. The inter-individual variability observed during human volunteer and human tissue-based studies is often considered to be problematic, and has been highlighted further with the advent of the 'omics' technologies, which generate large biological datasets. However, the variability in both baseline data and response to pharmacological or toxicological challenge observed in human tissues potentially contains a veritable gold mine of information, which may be critical for the advancement of drug discovery.
authors.affiliation: Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments, Nottingham, UK. andrew.bennett@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal