title: Max Brödel: his art, legacy, and contributions to neurosurgery through medical illustration.
abstract: Max Brödel is considered the father of modern medical illustration. This report reviews his contributions to neurosurgery as a medical illustrator. Max Brödel, a young artist from Leipzig, Germany, was hired at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1894, where he illustrated an operative textbook of gynecology for Howard A. Kelly. Although Brödel did not have any formal medical training, he quickly acquired knowledge of anatomy, pathology, physiology, and surgery. Brödel's extraordinary illustrations were characterized by an aerial perspective that conveyed the surgeon's operative viewpoint and precise surgical anatomy. He masterfully incorporated tissue realism with cross-sectional anatomy to accentuate concepts while maintaining topographical accuracy. Brödel's reputation spread quickly and resulted in collaborations with prominent surgeons, such as Cushing, Halsted, and Dandy. Cushing, who also possessed artistic talent, became a pupil of Brödel and remained a very close friend. In 1911, Brödel was appointed the director of the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins, the first academic department of its kind in the world. For the next several decades, he trained generations of renowned medical illustrators. Just as Osler, Halsted, and Cushing passed their skills and knowledge to future leaders of medicine and surgery, Brödel did the same for the field of medical illustration. The advancement of neurosurgical education has been greatly facilitated by Max Brödel's artistic contributions. His unique ability to synthesize art and medicine resulted in timeless illustrations that remain indispensable to surgeons. The art produced by his legacy of illustrators continues to flourish in neurosurgical literature today.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA.
authors.forename: Smruti K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Couldwell
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008488:Medical Illustration / Q000266:history*; D008512:Medicine in the Arts; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history*