title: The use of gadolinium for arterial interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gadolinium (Gd) has been traditionally used as a non-nephrotoxic alternative to iodinated contrast for digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. However, its use has been questioned on the basis of reports of nephrotoxicity and its recent association with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a potentially lethal complication. Recently available data are conflicting with respect to the true safety profile of intra-arterial Gd. The purpose of this study was to examine the risk of contrast nephropathy and NSF after Gd exposure in a large population of azotemic patients undergoing DSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive database encompassing data on all patients who underwent DSA between June 2003 and December 2007 at the New York Presbyterian Hospital was retrospectively reviewed. Patients receiving Gd either alone or in combination with iodinated contrast during DSA were identified and further analyzed. Acute renal failure (ARF) was defined as an elevation in serum creatinine (Cr) by >0.5 mg/dL within 48 hours of exposure. Clinical follow-up was conducted through chart reviewing as well as telephonic interviews with patients and their primary care physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 153 patients underwent 179 exposures to Gd either alone (33%) or in combination (67%) with iodinated contrast. Mean follow-up duration was 27.1 months. The mean Cr level was 1.94 ± 0.78 mg/dL and 1.96 ± 1.1 mg/dL before and after DSA, respectively. There were 20 (11.2%) instances of ARF. The mean Cr level before DSA was higher in patients who developed ARF versus those in the non-ARF group (2.7 ± 1.1 mg/dL vs. 1.9 ± 0.7 mg/dL, p = 0.004). In the ARF group, 12 patients had a return to baseline renal function, four experienced irreversible renal deterioration, and four needed dialysis (4.5% incidence of irreversible renal failure). There were 19 deaths at the time of this study (12.4%). The highest risk for the development of ARF after Gd exposure occurred in patients with Cr levels of >3.0 mg/dL before DSA and in those receiving >0.4 mmol/kg of Gd. For patients who received iodinated contrast in combination with Gd, there was a trend toward a higher risk for developing ARF as compared with those receiving only Gd. Finally, there were no instances of NSF identified in any of the patients who received intra-arterial Gd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although Gd has the potential to cause kidney injury similar to iodinated contrast, the risk of irreversible renal failure and the requirement for dialysis is low. Life- or limb-threatening interventions should not be avoided in this patient cohort because of preexisting elevations in Cr. These data should help guide the use of Gd in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University-College of Physicians and Surgeons, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. esambolmd@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Elliot B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Sambol
authors.forename: Josien G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Van der Meer
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Lee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Karwowski
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dayal
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Derubertis
authors.forename: K Craig
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kent
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000139:chemically induced; D009519:New York City; D018579:Patient Selection; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003287:Contrast Media; C064925:gadodiamide; D003404:Creatinine; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA