title: Sonoporation enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy in retinoblastoma cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the ability of ultrasound (US) and microbubbles (MB) to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy against retinoblastoma Y79 cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment was performed in three stages. The authors first compared cell viability of Y79 cells exposed to doxorubicin versus cells exposed to doxorubicin combined with low-intensity, low-frequency US + MB. They then evaluated enhanced cell permeability by studying the intensity of intracellular fluorescence in cells exposed to doxorubicin versus those exposed to doxorubicin with US + MB. Lastly they evaluated the morphologic characteristics of the cells by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify the presence of pores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Y79 cells exposed to doxorubicin with US + MB showed a significant decrease in cell viability at 72 hours compared with those exposed to doxorubicin alone (P = 0.02). Cells also showed immediate increased permeability to doxorubicin with the addition of US + MB compared with doxorubicin alone, which continued to increase over 60 minutes. SEM did not demonstrate physical pores at the lowest US + MB intensity shown to enhance intracellular doxorubicin fluorescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US + MB facilitates the uptake of chemotherapy in retinoblastoma Y79 cells in vitro. This occurs in the absence of visible pores, suggesting a possible secondary mechanism for increased drug delivery. This experiment is the first step toward enhancing chemotherapy with sonoporation in the treatment of intraocular tumors. This technique may lead to more effective chemotherapy treatments with less collateral damage to ocular tissues and may allow reduced systemic dosage and systemic side effects.
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Nahyoung G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jesse L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Tom C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Annie T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honowitz
authors.forename: A Linn
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Murphree
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Varshney
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: Amani A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fawzi
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002452:Cell Count; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002470:Cell Survival; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013010:Sonication; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004317:Doxorubicin