title: Sex and circadian modulatory effects on rat liver as assessed by transcriptome analyses.
abstract: The present study was designed to fully uncover sex and circadian modulatory effects on rat liver. Hepatic transcriptome analyses were performed at 4 hr intervals of a day-night cycle using young adult male and female rats. Sexually dimorphic genes, which were identified by a cross-sex comparison of time series data, included representative sex-predominant genes such as male- or female-predominant cytochrome P450 subfamilies (Cyp2c11, Cyp2c12, Cyp2c13, and Cyp3a2), sulfotransferases, and glutathione S-transferase Yc2. The identified sexually dimorphic genes were over-represented in the metabolism of retinols, xenobiotics, linoleic acids, or androgen and estrogen, or bile acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, transcription factor targets modeling suggested that transcription factors SP1, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4-alpha), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) serve as core nodes in the regulatory networks. On the other hand, Fourier transform analyses extracted universal circadian-regulated genes in both sexes. The circadian-regulated genes included clock or clock-controlled genes such as aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (Arntl), period homolog 2 (Per2), and D site albumin promoter binding protein (Dbp). The extracted cyclic genes were over-represented in major tissue activities, e.g. the urea cycle and the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, or glucose, indicating that the major liver functions are under circadian control. The transcription factor targets modeling suggested that transcription factors SP1, HNF4-alpha, and c-Myc proto-oncogene protein (c-MYC) serve as major hubs in the circadian-regulatory gene networks. Interestingly, transcription factors SP1 and HNF4-alpha are likely to orchestrate not only sexually dimorphic, but also circadian-regulated genes even though each criterion was rather mutually exclusive. This suggests the cross-talk between those regulations. Sexual dimorphism is likely to interact with circadian rhythmicity via overlapping gene regulatory networks on rat liver.
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Fukuroi, Shizuoka, Japan. hirao.jun.hw@daiichisankyo.co.jp
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirao
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: Noriyo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Niino
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanbuissho
authors.forename: Sunao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manabe
authors.forename: Masugi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors
chemical_list: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; C538960:BMAL1 protein, human; C485975:DBP protein, rat; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; C513311:Per2 protein, rat; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D014157:Transcription Factors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C105859:glutathione S-transferase Yc; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D015238:Sulfotransferases