title: Transcriptomics of the bed bug (Cimex lectularius).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are blood-feeding insects poised to become one of the major pests in households throughout the United States. Resistance of C. lectularius to insecticides/pesticides is one factor thought to be involved in its sudden resurgence. Despite its high-impact status, scant knowledge exists at the genomic level for C. lectularius. Hence, we subjected the C. lectularius transcriptome to 454 pyrosequencing in order to identify potential genes involved in pesticide resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using 454 pyrosequencing, we obtained a total of 216,419 reads with 79,596,412 bp, which were assembled into 35,646 expressed sequence tags (3902 contigs and 31744 singletons). Nearly 85.9% of the C. lectularius sequences showed similarity to insect sequences, but 44.8% of the deduced proteins of C. lectularius did not show similarity with sequences in the GenBank non-redundant database. KEGG analysis revealed putative members of several detoxification pathways involved in pesticide resistance. Lamprin domains, Protein Kinase domains, Protein Tyrosine Kinase domains and cytochrome P450 domains were among the top Pfam domains predicted for the C. lectularius sequences. An initial assessment of putative defense genes, including a cytochrome P450 and a glutathione-S-transferase (GST), revealed high transcript levels for the cytochrome P450 (CYP9) in pesticide-exposed versus pesticide-susceptible C. lectularius populations. A significant number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (296) and microsatellite loci (370) were predicted in the C. lectularius sequences. Furthermore, 59 putative sequences of Wolbachia were retrieved from the database.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge this is the first study to elucidate the genetic makeup of C. lectularius. This pyrosequencing effort provides clues to the identification of potential detoxification genes involved in pesticide resistance of C. lectularius and lays the foundation for future functional genomics studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural and Research Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mamidala
authors.forename: Swapna P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Rajarapu
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Omprakash
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mittapalli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001511:Bedbugs / Q000235:genetics*; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D012333:RNA, Messenger