title: Pharmacy ownership in Canada: implications for the authority and autonomy of community pharmacy managers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, the number of independently owned pharmacies has declined even as the total number of pharmacies in Canada has increased. With increasing corporate ownership, there is concern that this trend will adversely affect the profession's ability to influence pharmacy practice and practice change.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between ownership type and community pharmacy managers in terms of professional and employer authority, managerial autonomy, decision making, and amount of control.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consisted of a cross-sectional survey of community pharmacy managers in Canada by means of a self-administered postal questionnaire sent to a stratified sample of community pharmacies. Statistical analysis consisted of exploratory factor analysis with reliability testing on identified constructs. Frequencies, 1-way analyses of variance, Scheffe post hoc tests, and general linear modeling were used to determine significant differences among groups based on ownership type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 646 of 1961 questionnaires from pharmacy managers were completed and returned (response rate 32.9%). Respondents rated their authority similarly across ownership types. Autonomy, decision-making capabilities, and control needed to carry out the professional role appear most limited among corporate respondents and, to a lesser extent, franchise managers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacy managers currently perceive a high level of authority; but with limited autonomy among corporate managers, it is unclear whether this authority is sufficient to prevent the subordination of both patient and professional interests to financial interests.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy & Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9. roy.dobson@usask.ca
authors.forename: Roy Thomas
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perepelkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010067:Ownership / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D024382:Professional Role; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult