title: Retroperitoneal versus direct femoral artery approach for thoracic endovascular aortic repair access: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many individuals who are candidates for thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) are found to have iliac artery anatomy and/or disease that preclude transfemoral endovascular access and require retroperitoneal surgical approach through more proximal arteries. This relatively more invasive technique could potentially affect the procedural outcomes. This study compares the retroperitoneal with transfemoral access used for TEVAR in a single center.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 133 consecutive patients (96 men; mean age ± SD: 69.5 ± 14.7 years) who underwent TEVAR between 1994 and 2009 in a single center were retrospectively evaluated. The type of endovascular access was identified in all the patients. The basic demographics, access method, endograft type, 30-day morbidity and mortality rates, as well as procedure recordings including fluoroscopic and procedure duration, estimated blood loss, and duration of hospitalization were compared between the TEVAR procedures performed using a surgical retroperitoneal approach and those using the standard femoral access.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retroperitoneal access was used in 19 (14.3%; 13 women; mean age ± SD: 71 ± 12.2 years) and direct femoral access in 114 (85.7%; 24 women; mean age ± SD: 69 ± 15.4 years) patients. Two of the retroperitoneal accesses were obtained after failure of femoral approach. Techniques that were used included iliac artery conduit (seven patients), aortic artery conduit (eight patients), aortobifemoral artery graft conduit (one patient), and direct sheath introduction through the distal aorta (two patients) or common iliac artery (one patient). Retroperitoneal approach was used more frequently in women (35%) as compared with men (6%) (p = 0.0001). In all, 79% of the retroperitoneal approaches were associated with use of delivery sheath sizes larger than 24F (p = 0.049). TEVAR technical success was 100% with retroperitoneal and 97.3% with femoral access (p > 0.05). Thirty-day mortality rates were 0% and 8.8% and the rates of access artery injury were 5.3% and 4.4% in retroperitoneal and femoral access groups, respectively (p > 0.05). The incidence of retroperitoneal hematoma was significantly higher with retroperitoneal access (21% vs. 2.6%, p = 0.008). Additionally, retroperitoneal access was associated with significant increase in estimated blood loss and duration of hospitalization (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type of access does not affect TEVAR success and the early mortality rate. Retroperitoneal approach is a valuable alternative technique in cases involving failed or impossible femoral access. However, this approach is associated with higher chances of retroperitoneal bleeding and longer procedural time and duration of hospitalization. Thoracic endografts with smaller delivery systems could minimize the need for this approach in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Baptist Cardiac and Vascular Institute, 8000 N. Kendall Drive, Miami, FL 33176, USA.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Etezadi
authors.forename: Barry T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Katzen
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Benenati
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alehashemi
authors.forename: Athanassios I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Tsoukas
authors.forename: Orlando A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Puente
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome