title: Enhanced NMDA receptor NR1 phosphorylation and neuronal activity in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus following peripheral inflammation.
abstract: AbstractAim:To investigate the role of glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in central sensitization following peripheral inflammation in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the mediobasal hypothalamus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mediobasal hypothalamic slices were prepared from rats undergoing peripheral inflammation, which was induced by a unilateral injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into hind paw. Neuronal activation levels in the ARC were monitored by recording extracellular unit discharges. The NMDA receptor NR1 subunit (NR1) was measured using Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enhanced NR1 phosphorylation was observed in the ARC of CFA-inflamed rats. Compared with the control rats, the firing rate of spontaneous discharges in ARC neurons of inflamed rats was significantly higher, and it was significantly reduced both by an NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801, 300 μmol/L) and by a non-NMDA receptor antagonist (CNQX, 30 μmol/L). Application of exogenous glutamate (200 μmol/L) or NMDA (25 μmol/L) resulted in increased neuronal discharges for ARC neurons, which was enhanced to a greater extent in inflamed rats than in control rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamate receptor activation in the hypothalamic ARC plays a crucial role in central sensitization associated with peripheral inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research & Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jian-ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Long-sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Xian-min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shi-yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Gen-cheng
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Xing-hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001111:Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000378:metabolism*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C409466:NR1 NMDA receptor; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione