title: Accumulation of 14C-trinitrotoluene and related nonextractable (bound) residues in Eisenia fetida.
abstract: To determine if trinitrotoluene (TNT) forms nonextractable residues in earthworms and to measure the relative degree of accumulation as compared to TNT and its deaminated metabolites, Eisenia fetida was exposed to 14C-TNT using dermal contact to filter paper or exposure to soil. Nonextractable residues made up 32-68% of total body burden depending on exposure media and depuration time. Parent TNT accounted for less than 3% of radioactivity, while ADNTs accounted for 7-38%. Elimination half-lives were 61-120 h for TNT, ADNTs, and DANTs, which was significantly lower than the half-lives found for nonextractable residues, 201-240 h. However, over 80% of the nonextractable residue was solubilized using weak acid (pH 2). Based on our findings that TNT accumulation occurs primarily as nonextractable residues, which have a longer half-life, and that nonextractable residues can be solubilized, we propose that nonextractable residues could be used as a selective biomarker for assessing TNT contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. jbelden@okstate.edu
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Belden
authors.forename: Guillerme R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lotufo
authors.forename: C Kevin
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chambliss
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Dave R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Jerre G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sims
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014050:Toluene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; D014050:Toluene