title: A three-dimensional comparison of a morphometric and conventional cephalometric midsagittal planes for craniofacial asymmetry.
abstract: Morphometric methods are used in biology to study object symmetry in living organisms and to determine the true plane of symmetry. The aim of this study was to determine if there are clinical differences between three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric midsagittal planes used to describe craniofacial asymmetry and a true symmetry plane derived from a morphometric method based on visible facial features. The sample consisted of 14 dry skulls (9 symmetric and 5 asymmetric) with metallic markers which were imaged with cone-beam computed tomography. An error study and statistical analysis were performed to validate the morphometric method. The morphometric and conventional cephalometric planes were constructed and compared. The 3D cephalometric planes constructed as perpendiculars to the Frankfort horizontal plane resembled the morphometric plane the most in both the symmetric and asymmetric groups with mean differences of less than 1.00 mm for most variables. However, the standard deviations were often large and clinically significant for these variables. There were clinically relevant differences (>1.00 mm) between the different 3D cephalometric midsagittal planes and the true plane of symmetry determined by the visible facial features. The difference between 3D cephalometric midsagittal planes and the true plane of symmetry determined by the visible facial features were clinically relevant. Care has to be taken using cephalometric midsagittal planes for diagnosis and treatment planning of craniofacial asymmetry as they might differ from the true plane of symmetry as determined by morphometrics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Po. Box. 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands. j.damstra@dmo.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Janalt
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damstra
authors.forename: Zacharias
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fourie
authors.forename: Marnix
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Wit
authors.forename: Yijin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000473:pathology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002680:Chin / Q000473:pathology; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000473:pathology; D005145:Face; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000473:pathology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D005539:Foramen Magnum / Q000473:pathology; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000473:pathology; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology; D015050:Zygoma / Q000473:pathology