title: Field comparison of passive sampling and biological approaches for measuring exposure to PAH and alkylphenols from offshore produced water discharges.
abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and alkylphenols (AP) that are present in routine discharges of produced water (PW) from the offshore industry continue to cause concern. The suitability of biological methods and chemical based passive samplers to determine exposure to these compounds was tested by deploying them around an oil installation and at reference locations in the North Sea. PAH and AP were analysed either as parent compounds in passive samplers and mussel tissue or as metabolites in fish bile. Generally the pattern of exposure relative to proximity to the discharge was represented by mussels, SPMDs and fish for PAH. Fish and SPMDs showed good correlation for PAH accumulations, whereas some differences were apparent between mussels and SPMDs. POCIS was the only technique tested that could accurately measure the most abundant AP in PW. The advantages of biologically independent measures of exposure for inclusion in discharge monitoring studies are outlined.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research (CIENS) Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. CHA@niva.no
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harman
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Rolf C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sundt
authors.forename: Sonnich
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D010636:Phenols; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical