title: Association of disturbances in the thoracic outlet in subjects with carpal tunnel syndrome: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A limited amount of research has investigated the potential relationship between carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and thoracic outlet dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence of positive clinical tests suggestive of disputed neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) in subjects with CTS (CTS+) with that of subjects without CTS (control).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with electrodiagnostically confirmed CTS (CTS+) were recruited consecutively and matched by age (±2 years) and gender with asymptomatic (control) subjects. Subjects underwent clinical testing for neurogenic TOS using two provocative tests: modified Cyriax release test and elevated arm stress test (EAST). Subjects were tested for the presence of an elevated first rib using cervical rotation lateral flexion (CRLF) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 32 investigational subjects and 32 matched control subjects was included in each group (mean age: 43.5+5.9 years). A significantly greater number of CTS+ subjects presented with positive provocative testing for TOS (modified Cyriax release test p=0.005; EAST approached significance p=0.027) and for the presence of an elevated first rib (CRLF test p=0.003) as compared with controls. The likelihood of neck pain, shoulder pain, or an elevated first rib was 16 times greater in the CTS+ group as compared with that in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A greater number of subjects with CTS presented with proximal dysfunctions suggestive of TOS and history of neck and shoulder pain. Evaluation of proximal structures involved with thoracic outlet dysfunction in persons with CTS has clinical merit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III-b.
authors.affiliation: Sister Kenny Rehabilitation Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Megan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vaught
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brismée
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Dedrick
authors.forename: Phillip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sizer
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004568:Electrodiagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D013901:Thoracic Outlet Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D055815:Young Adult