title: Placebo-mediated, Naloxone-sensitive suggestibility of short-term memory performance.
abstract: Physiological studies of placebo-mediated suggestion have been recently performed beyond their traditional clinical context of pain and analgesia. Various neurotransmitter systems and immunological modulators have been used in successful placebo suggestions, including Dopamine, Cholecystokinin and, most extensively, opioids. We adhered to an established conceptual framework of placebo research and used the μ-opioid-antagonist Naloxone to test the applicability of this framework within a cognitive domain (e.g. memory) in healthy volunteers. Healthy men (n=62, age 29, SD=9) were required to perform a task-battery, including standardized and custom-designed memory tasks, to test short-term recall and delayed recognition. Tasks were performed twice, before and after intravenous injection of either NaCl (0.9%) or Naloxone (both 0.15 mg/kg), in a double-blind setting. While one group was given neutral information (S-), the other was told that it might receive a drug with suspected memory-boosting properties (S+). Objective and subjective indexes of memory performance and salivary cortisol (as a stress marker) were recorded during both runs and differences between groups were assessed. Short-term memory recall, but not delayed recognition, was objectively increased after placebo-mediated suggestion in the NaCl-group. Naloxone specifically blocked the suggestion effect without interfering with memory performance. These results were not affected when changes in salivary cortisol levels were considered. No reaction time changes, recorded to uncover unspecific attentional impairment, were seen. Placebo-mediated suggestion produced a training-independent, objective and Naloxone-sensitive increase in memory performance. These results indicate an opioid-mediated placebo effect within a circumscribed cognitive domain in healthy volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Collegium Helveticum, ETH and University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstr. 25, 8092 CH-Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jair
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Candia
authors.forename: Roseline I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Porchet
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krummenacher
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Folkers
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schedlowski
authors.forename: Dominik A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ettlin
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schönbächler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015990:Placebo Effect; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013404:Suggestion
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D006854:Hydrocortisone