title: Thymidylate synthase gene polymorphisms and markers of DNA methylation capacity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA methylation plays a critical role in gene regulation and has been implicated in the etiology of chronic disease including atherosclerosis, neural degeneration and cancer. One-carbon metabolism serves two critically important functions: one concerning the production of purines and thymidine for DNA synthesis and the other related to the provision of methyl groups through the metabolism of methionine. Critical intermediates of methionine metabolism relevant to DNA methylation include S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a universal methyl donor, and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a potent inhibitor of most methylation reactions. Thymidine synthesis, catalyzed by the crucial enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS), competes with methionine metabolism for a common substrate. Three functional polymorphisms in the TS gene have been identified including: (i) the thymidylate synthase enhancer region (TSER) tandem repeat polymorphism and (ii) the G to C single nucleotide polymorphism (G/C SNP) both of which occur in the 5'untranslated region (UTR) of the TS gene; and (iii) the 6-bp deletion at base pair 1494 (TS1494del6) located in the 3'UTR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between TS polymorphisms and concentrations of SAM and SAH, markers of DNA methylation capacity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 395 healthy male and female volunteers from Kingston, Ontario and Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada between 2006 and 2008. The effect of each TS polymorphism on SAM and SAH concentrations was investigated, and further analyses were conducted on categorization of polymorphisms based on 5' or 3'UTR. The combined effect of TS polymorphisms on SAM and SAH concentrations was also investigated, in addition to interactions between polymorphisms in TS and MTHFR 677C>T and interactions between TS polymorphisms and serum folate and vitamin B(12) status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No associations were observed between TS polymorphisms and concentrations of SAM and SAH. Analysis of interaction between TS and MTHFR polymorphisms on SAH levels revealed a significant interaction with TS 3'polymorphism and MTHFR C677T (p=0.03). As well, interactions between TS 3'polymorphism and serum folate (p=0.03) and the combined effect of TS polymorphisms and serum folate on SAH levels (p=0.04) were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this research provide evidence that SAH, a marker of methylation capacity, is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and their interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada. vikki.ho@queensu.ca
authors.forename: Vikki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Massey
authors.forename: Will D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012435:S-Adenosylhomocysteine / Q000097:blood; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000097:blood; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000235:genetics*; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012709:Serum Albumin; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine; D005492:Folic Acid; D012435:S-Adenosylhomocysteine; D002784:Cholesterol; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D014805:Vitamin B 12