title: Investigation of CTLA-4 and CD28 gene polymorphisms in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 using PCR-RFLP in a Turkish population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate whether specific polymorphisms in the CTLA-4 and CD28 gene are associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from 241 individuals (72 patients with T2DM and 169 healthy individuals) and DNA was isolated. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to detect the frequencies of CTLA-4 NM_005214.3:c.49A > G and c.-319C > T, and CD28 NM_006139.1:c.534+17T > C polymorphisms in T2DM patients in the Sanliurfa Population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data suggested that body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were significantly higher in T2DM patients than in the control individuals (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for the frequencies of c.49A > G, c.-319C > T genotype and allele of CTLA-4 gene and c.534+17T > C of the CD28 gene in T2DM patients compared to healthy individuals (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CTLA-4 gene c.49A > G and c.-319C > T and CD28 gene c.534+ 17T > C polymorphisms did not represent an important risk factor for this disease in a group of the Turkish population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uzer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dilmec
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akkafa
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boduroglu
authors.forename: A B P
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: van Kuilenburg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics*; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human