title: Abdominal tuberculosis in children: a diagnostic challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abdominal tuberculosis (TB) is a rare manifestation of childhood TB. Abdominal TB is characterized by long-lasting abdominal symptoms, which are usually confused with other conditions, and the diagnosis is usually delayed.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 5-year period, we identified 10 cases of abdominal TB in a tertiary care children's hospital. Data including demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, history of Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination, lesion sites, laboratory data, image findings, diagnosis, tuberculin skin test, risk factors, treatment, and outcome were collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were six female patients and four male patients, with a mean age of 14.7 years. One patient died due to the complication of disseminated TB with a pneumothorax. Household members with TB could be traced in six (60%) patients. The most common clinical presentations included fever (9/10), abdominal pain (8/10), and weight loss (8/9). The diagnosis of abdominal TB was suspected initially in only three patients; the others were not diagnosed until 7-36 days (mean=19 days) after hospitalization. The abnormal abdominal image findings, by either computed tomography or ultrasound, included lymphadenopathy (7/9), high-density ascites (6/9), thickening of the omentum or peritoneum (6/9), inflammatory mass (3/9), bowel wall thickening (1/9), and liver abscess (1/9). The chest radiography was abnormal in nine patients. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from ascites in two out of four patients, gastric aspirates in three, sputum in three, and intra-abdominal tissue specimens in two. Laparotomy was performed in three patients, laparoscopy in one, and colonoscopy in one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Taiwan, abdominal TB should be considered in patients with fever, abdominal pain, weight loss, and abnormal chest radiography. Characteristic computed tomography findings of abdominal TB and a history of exposure to TB contribute to the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Ton-Yen General Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yo-Spring
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yhu-Chering
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Tzou-Yien
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014395:Peritonitis, Tuberculous / Q000175:diagnosis; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D014385:Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology