title: Livedo reticularis and bowel ischemia after carbon dioxide arteriography in a patient with CREST syndrome.
abstract: For 30 years, CO(2) gas has been used as a safe alternative to iodinated contrast agents for angiography in patients with renal insufficiency or allergy to iodine. CO(2) angiography is well tolerated when performed properly, and serious complications are rare. However, severe complications may occur if the physical properties of CO(2) and the specific pathophysiology of an individual patient are not carefully considered. The present report describes a case in which diffuse livedo reticularis, bowel ischemia, and renal insufficiency developed following CO(2) angiography in a patient with CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neperud
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017675:CREST Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D054068:Livedo Reticularis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide