title: Angiogenic sprouting into neural tissue requires Gpr124, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor.
abstract: The vasculature of the CNS is structurally and functionally distinct from that of other organ systems and is particularly prone to developmental abnormalities and hemorrhage. Although other embryonic tissues undergo primary vascularization, the developing nervous system is unique in that it is secondarily vascularized by sprouting angiogenesis from a surrounding perineural plexus. This sprouting angiogenesis requires the TGF-β and Wnt pathways because ablation of these pathways results in aberrant sprouting and hemorrhage. We have genetically deleted Gpr124, a member of the large family of long N-terminal group B G protein-coupled receptors, few members of which have identified ligands or well-defined biologic functions in mammals. We show that, in the developing CNS, Gpr124 is specifically expressed in the vasculature and is absolutely required for proper angiogenic sprouting into the developing neural tube. Embryos lacking Gpr124 exhibit vascular defects characterized by delayed vascular penetration, formation of pathological glomeruloid tufts within the CNS, and hemorrhage. In addition, they display defects in palate and lung development, two processes in which TGF-β and/or Wnt pathways also play important roles. We also show that TGF-β stimulates Gpr124 expression, and ablation of Gpr124 results in perturbed TGF-β pathway activation, suggesting roles for Gpr124 in modulating TGF-β signaling. These results represent a unique function attributed to a long N-terminal group B-type G protein-coupled receptor in a mammalian system.
authors.affiliation: VelociGene Division, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Xiao-man
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Virginia C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Johnathon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.forename: Melissa G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: Mary V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burfeind
authors.forename: Yingzi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Lynn E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thurston
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Hsin Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Aris N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Economides
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Yancopoulos
authors.forename: Nicholas W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Gale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000196:embryology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D006652:Histological Techniques; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008168:Lung / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D010159:Palate / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C554106:GPR124 protein, mouse; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051153:Wnt Proteins