title: Health risk assessment of workers exposed to metals from an aluminium production plant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Foundry is an industry involved various kinds of metals and chemicals. Workers who work in foundry industry are at risk of exposure to these metals and chemicals. Objective of this study was to conduct quantitative health risk assessment for workers who exposed to metals from an aluminium production industry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The U.S. National Academy of Sciences' four steps of health risk assessment were used to conduct quantitative health risk assessment in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study showed that there were 6 types of metals involved in the aluminium foundry in this study. These metals could cause various health effects but not cancers. Workers were mostly exposed to these metals by inhalation. Calculated reference dose (RfD) for inhalation of aluminium used in this assessment was 0.000015 mg/kg/day. Calculated RID for inhalation of manganese used in this assessment was 0.000002 mg/kg/day. Calculated RfD for inhalation of copper used in this assessment was 0.000028 mg/kg/day. Calculated RID for inhalation of zinc used in this assessment was 0.000083 mg/ kg/day. Calculated RID for inhalation of magnesium used in this assessment was 0.949833 mg/kg/day. Calculated RID for inhalation of iron used in this assessment was 10.6219 mg/kg/day. Maximum daily doses (MDDs) for workers who exposed to metals measured in this foundry were 0, 0, 0.000463, 0.0000927, 0.000162 and 0 mg/kg/day for manganese, zinc, aluminium, iron, magnesium and copper, respectively. Finally, risk characterization for workers exposed to metals in this aluminium foundry showed that workers in this foundry had 31 times higher risk of developing diseases from aluminium than persons who were not exposed to aluminium. These workers had the same risk of developing diseases from other metals and chemicals as persons who were not exposed to those metals and chemicals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Workers who exposed to aluminium in this aluminium production plant had 31 times risk of developing non-carcinogenic effects from aluminium compared with normal persons. Therefore, appropriate preventive measures should be applied to protect workers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand. sburana@tu.ac.th
authors.forename: Surasak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buranatrevedh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis; D000535:Aluminum / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D000535:Aluminum