title: Major depressive disorder skews the recognition of emotional prosody.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with abnormalities in the recognition of emotional stimuli. MDD patients ascribe more negative emotion but also less positive emotion to facial expressions, suggesting blunted responsiveness to positive emotional stimuli. To ascertain whether these emotional biases are modality-specific, we examined the effects of MDD on the recognition of emotions from voices using a paradigm designed to capture subtle effects of biases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one MDD patients and 21 healthy controls (HC) underwent clinical and neuropsychological assessments, followed by a paradigm featuring pseudowords spoken by actors in five types of emotional prosody, rated on continuous scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, MDD patients performed more poorly than HC, displaying significantly impaired recognition of fear, happiness and sadness. Compared with HC, they rated fear significantly more highly when listening to anger stimuli. They also displayed a bias toward surprise, rating it far higher when they heard sad or fearful utterances. Furthermore, for happiness stimuli, MDD patients gave higher ratings for negative emotions (fear and sadness). A multiple regression model on recognition of emotional prosody in MDD patients showed that the best fit was achieved using the executive functioning (categorical fluency, number of errors in the MCST, and TMT B-A) and the total score of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired recognition of emotions would appear not to be specific to the visual modality but to be present also when emotions are expressed vocally, this impairment being related to depression severity and dysexecutive syndrome. MDD seems to skew the recognition of emotional prosody toward negative emotional stimuli and the blunting of positive emotion appears not to be restricted to the visual modality.
authors.affiliation: URU-EM 425 Behavior and Basal Ganglia, University of Rennes 1, Hôpital Pontchaillou, CHU de Rennes, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France. julie.peron@chu-rennes.fr
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Péron
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El Tamer
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grandjean
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leray
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Travers
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drapier
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vérin
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Millet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D004644:Emotions; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D033262:Narration; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D057190:Stroop Test
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents