title: Osmotic expanders in children: no filling--no control--no problem?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-filling, hydrogel-based osmotic tissue expanders have been successfully used for several years, mainly in adult patients. We wanted to test this novel device in pediatric plastic and reconstructive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2004 and September 2009, we implanted 53 osmotic tissue expanders following standard surgical principles in a total of 30 children and adolescents with burn scars, congenital nevi, alopecia, or foot deformities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All expanders reached their predicted volume within 6 weeks and 51 (96.2%) produced a sufficient amount of additional skin for the intended coverage of the defect. A serious infection precluding the planned reconstructive procedure occurred with 2 expanders (3.8%). Minor complications occurred at 6 implantation sites (11.4%), and consisted of small necrotic areas and perforations (n = 3) and minor infections (n = 3). These problems could be controlled and did not interfere with the subsequent plasty. The final results recorded at the last follow-up (mean: 21 months, range: 9-48 months) were rated as excellent in 25, good in 19, moderate in 6, and poor in 1 patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is apparently the largest pediatric series in which self-filling expanders have been used. The data obtained indicates that self-filling expanders can be safely and effectively used for various plastic, reconstructive and orthopedic procedures in children and adolescents. The fact that numerous painful and distressing filling sessions are obviated with these expanders is particularly beneficial for those children too young to understand and cooperate. Moreover, this approach minimizes the risk of infection and lowers costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Pediatric Burn Center, Zurich, Switzerland. clemens.schiestl@kispi.uzh.ch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Böttcher-Haberzeth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meuli
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Biedermann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reichmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schiestl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D015626:Tissue Expansion / Q000295:instrumentation; D015625:Tissue Expansion Devices