title: Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty with the patient under intravenous analgesia and sedation: a feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kyphoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of malignant or osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, normally performed with the patient under general anesthesia. This may cause a therapeutic dilemma because these patients often have a very high risk for general anesthesia due to concomitant diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of percutaneous kyphoplasty by using IV anesthesia and sedation with midazolam and piritramide.
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 2007 to June 2009, we prospectively included 133 patients (77 women, 56 men; mean age, 69.18 ± 11.45 years) who were referred for BKP. Kyphoplasty was always performed under fluoroscopic guidance with a biplane angiographic system by using a transpedicular or extrapedicular approach. The individual anesthesia risk was assessed by using the ASA criteria. All procedures were performed with the patient under IV anesthesia and sedation with fractionated administration of midazolam and piritramide. Pain was assessed before and after treatment by using a VAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-nine patients (74.4%) had a significantly increased risk for general anesthesia (ASA score, ≥ 3). A total of 162 kyphoplasty procedures were performed. The mean amounts of midazolam and piritramide used were 11.3 ± 4.38 mg and 11.8 ± 3.98 mg, respectively. No complications related to IV anesthesia and sedation occurred. Periprocedural pain management was rated as sufficient, and all patients would undergo the procedure again.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous BKP with the patient under IV anesthesia and sedation with midazolam and piritramide is a safe and feasible method for treating vertebral compression fractures in patients with an increased risk for general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pillich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: J U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hosten
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Langner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D050815:Fractures, Compression / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D058498:Kyphoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000628:therapy*; D010892:Pirinitramide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010892:Pirinitramide; D008874:Midazolam