title: Relationship between diet, exercise habits, and health status among patients with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The American Diabetes Association recommends that people with diabetes should engage in physical activity and healthy eating. Similarly, diets rich in fruits or vegetables (5-13 servings) have been found to lower the risk of stroke, cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between eating fruits and vegetables and exercising on physical/mental health among diabetes patients. A secondary objective was to describe the relationship between socioeconomic status and physical/mental health. Finally, we used the Health Belief Model (HBM) to help providers understand how they can work best with their patients to implement healthy lifestyle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2005 Centers for Disease Control's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System was used to determine the relationship between eating fruits/vegetables and exercise on physical and mental health. The sample was restricted to individuals who self-reported being diagnosed with diabetes (N=33,320) in 2005. Eating fruits and vegetables was categorized by the number of fruit and vegetable servings consumed daily (0, 1-2, 3-4, and ≥5). Poisson regression was used to assess these associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 26% of individuals ate 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables, whereas only 33% met exercise recommendations. Individuals who ate 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables reported better mental health but poor physical health. Compared with meeting exercise recommendations, no exercise was associated with more days of poor physical/mental health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reinforcement of daily exercise is helpful to patients with diabetes (PWDS); meeting exercise recommendations was associated with better outcomes of physical and mental health. Pharmacists and other public health providers should focus on interventions that incorporate the promotion of healthy lifestyles. The HBM can be used to improve health behavior among PWDS. Pharmacists are in a unique position to advocate change with consistent access to care.
authors.affiliation: VA Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Nasreen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cone
authors.forename: Dennis W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Raisch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy*; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012923:Social Class; D014675:Vegetables