title: Numerical and functional deficiencies of natural killer T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: their deficiency related to disease activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to examine the frequency of natural killer T (NKT) cells and the response to α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) in SLE patients and to investigate the clinical relevance of NKT cell levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SLE (n = 128) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) (n = 92) were enrolled in the study. NKT cell and CD1d levels were measured by flow cytometry. Gene expression was determined by RT-PCR, and cytokine secretion by multiple cytokine assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in vitro with α-GalCer. Proliferation indices of NKT cells were estimated by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentages and absolute numbers of NKT cells were significantly lower in the peripheral blood of SLE patients than in that of HCs, whereas CD1d levels in PBMCs were comparable between these two groups. Notably, this NKT cell deficiency was found to be correlated with SLEDAI. NKT cell proliferation was found to be impaired in SLE patients, and cytokine production by NKT cells in response to α-GalCer was diminished. This poor responsiveness to α-GalCer was found to be due to NKT cell dysfunction rather than to an abnormality in CD1d-expressing cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that NKT cell levels and functions are defective in SLE patients. Furthermore, these deficiencies were found to reflect disease activity. It would appear that these NKT cell abnormalities could contribute to immune system dysregulation in SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Seung-Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kee
authors.forename: Sung-Ji
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seong-Rye
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Tae-Jong
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shin-Seok
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Min-Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Won-Woo
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dae-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Nacksung
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong-Wook
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines