title: Determination of the susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to ivermectin and fipronil by Larval Immersion Test (LIT) in Uruguay.
abstract: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important cattle pest in Uruguay, and the law regulates its control. It is resistant to organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and, as recently discovered, to fipronil. Resistance to macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and amitraz have not been documented; however, veterinarians and farmers have reported treatment failures. The objective of the present work was to study the susceptibility of cattle tick strains from different Uruguayan counties to ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil by using the Larval Immersion Test (LIT). The Mozo strain was used as the susceptible reference strain. From 2007 to 2009, twenty-eight tick populations were collected from different cattle farms with and without history of IVM or fipronil use. A probit analysis estimated dose-mortality regressions, lethal concentrations (LC), and confidence intervals. The resistance ratio (RR) was determined at the LC(50) and LC(90) estimates. To classify a tick population in relation to resistance, three categories based on a statistical analysis of LC and RR between field populations and Mozo strains were defined: susceptible (no differences), incipient resistance (differences and RR(50)<2) and resistant (differences and RR(50)≥2). Eighteen field populations were tested with IVM and five of them presented a RR(50) range between 1.35 and 1.98 and the LC(50/90), which is statistically different from the Mozo strain (incipient resistance). However, the RR(90) increases ≥2 in four of the populations, confirming that tick resistance to IVM is emergent. The low RR values obtained could be a result of a low frequency of treatments with IVM. Twenty-seven tick populations were tested with fipronil and six were diagnosed as resistant according to the LIT. Cross-resistance was not observed between fipronil and IVM on these tick populations. The current study presents different R. (B.) microplus populations with an incipient resistance to IVM, and indicates that the fipronil tick resistance is restricted to certain areas in Uruguay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UDELAR, Uruguay. elinor@adinet.com.uy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castro-Janer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rifran
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piaggio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: T T S
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Schumaker
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D007559:Ivermectin; C082360:fipronil