title: Electronegative low-density lipoprotein: origin and impact on health and disease.
abstract: Oxidative modifications in lipoproteins (LP), especially in low-density lipoproteins (LDL), are associated with initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The levels of a sub-fraction of LDL with oxidative characteristics, named electronegative LDL [LDL(-)], minimally oxidized LDL, and minus LDL, are known to be increased in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, patients undergoing hemodialysis, and athletes after aerobic exercise. In addition to the oxidative profile, physical and biological characteristics of LDL(-) consist of nonenzymatic glycosylation, increased expression and activity of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), enriched NEFA content, hemoglobin and ApoB-100 cross-linking, and increase in ApoC-III and ApoE in LDL. Herein, we summarize the state of the art of the up-to-date body of knowledge on the possible origin and impact of LDL(-) in health and disease. Further, the potential perspectives of using LDL(-) as a biomarker in conditions under metabolic stress are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Queiroz
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: Isis Tande
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Dulcineia Saes Parra
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: Nágila Raquel Teixeira
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Damasceno
mesh_terms: D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase / Q000378:metabolism; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000378:metabolism; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III / Q000378:metabolism; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase