title: Depth-dependent anisotropies of amides and sugar in perpendicular and parallel sections of articular cartilage by Fourier transform infrared imaging.
abstract: Full thickness blocks of canine humeral cartilage were microtomed into both perpendicular sections and a series of 100 parallel sections, each 6 μm thick. Fourier transform infrared (IR) imaging was used to image each tissue section eleven times under different IR polarizations (from 0° to 180° polarization states in 20° increments and with an additional 90° polarization), at a spatial resolution of 6.25 μm and a wavenumber step of 8 cm⁻¹. With increasing depth from the articular surface, amide anisotropies increased in the perpendicular sections and decreased in the parallel sections. Both types of tissue sectioning identified a 90° difference between amide I and amide II in the superficial zone (SZ) of cartilage. The fibrillar distribution in the parallel sections from the SZ was shown to not be random. Sugar had a weak but recognizable anisotropy in the upper part of the radial zone (RZ) in the perpendicular sections. The depth-dependent anisotropic data were fitted with a theoretical equation that contained three signature parameters, which illustrate the arcade structure of collagens with the aid of a fibril model. Fourier-transform IR imaging of both perpendicular and parallel sections provides the possibility of determining the three-dimensional macromolecular structures in articular cartilage. Being sensitive to the orientation of the macromolecular structure in healthy articular cartilage aids the prospect of detecting the early onset of the tissue degradation that may lead to pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA. xia@oakland.edu
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mittelstaedt
authors.forename: Nagarajan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szarko
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bidthanapally
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D002241:Carbohydrates