title: Subjective versus objective: an exploratory analysis of latino primary care patients with self-perceived depression who do not fulfill primary care evaluation of mental disorders patient health questionnaire criteria for depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identification and treatment of depression may be difficult for primary care providers when there is a mismatch between the patient's subjective experiences of illness and objective criteria. Cultural differences in presentation of symptoms among Latino immigrants may hinder access to care for treatment of depression. This article seeks to describe the self-perceptions and symptoms of Latino primary care patients who identify themselves as depressed but do not meet screening criteria for depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of Latino immigrants (N = 177) in Corona, Queens, New York, was obtained from a primary care practice from August 2008 to December 2008. The sample was divided into 3 groups according to whether participants met Patient Health Questionnaire diagnostic criteria for depression and whether or not participants had a self-perceived mental health problem and self-identified their problem as "depression" from a checklist of cultural idioms of distress. Psychosocial, demographic, and treatment variables were compared between the 3 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants' descriptions of symptoms had a predominantly somatic component. The most common complaints were ánimo bajo (low energy) and decaimiento (weakness). Participants with "subjective" depression had mean scores of somatic symptoms and depression severity that were significantly lower than the participants with "objective" depression and significantly higher than the group with no depression (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Latino immigrants who perceive that they need help with depression, but do not meet screening criteria for depression, still have significant distress and impairment. To avoid having these patients "fall through the cracks," it is important to take into account culturally accepted expressions of distress and the meaning of illness for the individual.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Professions, University of Southern Maine, Portland. susancaplan@aya.yale.edu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caplan
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvidrez
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.forename: Javier I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: Jane K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Mayur M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whittemore
authors.forename: Lawrence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Scahill