title: Early diagnoses and psychotherapeutic medication treatment experiences of a cohort of children under 6 years old who received antipsychotic treatment in Florida's Medicaid program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the diagnostic characteristics and psychotherapeutic medication experiences of a cohort of children who received antipsychotic treatment before their sixth birthday.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children enrolled in Florida's Medicaid program were identified as having initiated an index episode of antipsychotic treatment before their sixth birthday. The characteristics of these children were compared to nonrecipients who were less than 6 years old on January 1, 2004. An index episode is described as the filling of at least two consecutive antipsychotic prescriptions with a gap no greater than 15 days between the last day supplied of the first prescription and the fill date of the second prescription. We describe the diagnoses and psychotherapeutic medication experiences of these children during the 365 days before the start of their index episodes (preindex periods) and during the 365 days immediately after the start of their index episodes (index periods).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred twenty-eight recipients were identified. Recipients were more likely than nonrecipients to be male, to be older, and to have a supplemental security income enrollment status. Recipients were exposed to psychotherapeutic medications at very early ages. Four hundred thirty-nine (83%) had already been treated with some psychotherapeutic medication during their preindex periods. Of these children, 303 (69%) filled at least one prescription for an antipsychotic medication. Index antipsychotic episodes were often lengthy. Mean ± standard deviation and median episode lengths were 266.9 ± 286.8 and 174 days, respectively. During the index periods half of the children were found to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 18% had disruptive behavior disorders. Treatment during these periods included other classes of psychotherapeutic medications for 73% of children. Nearly 30% (29.6%) received two or more classes of medications in addition to antipsychotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a large group of very young children who were persistently treated with antipsychotic medications. This early and extensive exposure is a cause for concern.
authors.affiliation: Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL 33612, USA. rconstantine@fmhi.usf.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Constantine
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andel
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs