title: Matrix metalloproteinases modulated by protein kinase Cε mediate resistin-induced migration of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emerging evidence showed that resistin induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, a critical step in initiating vascular restenosis. Adhesion molecule expression and cytoskeletal rearrangement have been observed in this progress. Given that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) also regulate cell migration, we hypothesized that MMPs may mediate resistin-induced VSMC migration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human VSMCs were treated with recombinant human resistin at physiologic (10 ng/mL) and pathologic (40 ng/mL) concentrations for 24 hours. Cell migration was determined by the Boyden chamber assay. MMP and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase (TIMP) mRNA and protein levels were measured with real-time PCR and ELISA. MMP enzymatic activity was measured by zymography. In another experiment, neutralizing antibodies against MMP-2 and MMP-9 were coincubated with resistin in cultured VSMCs. The regulation of MMP by protein kinase C (PKC) was determined by εV1-2, a selective PKCε inhibitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resistin-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration was confirmed by the Boyden chamber assay. Forty nanograms/milliliter resistin increased SMC migration by 3.7 fold. Additionally, resistin stimulated MMP-2 and -MMP9 mRNA and protein expressions. In contrast, the TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA levels were inhibited by resistin. Neutralizing antibodies against MMP-2 and MMP-9 effectively reversed VSMC migration. Furthermore, resistin activated PKCε, but selective PKCε inhibitor suppressed resistin-induced MMP expression, activity, and cell migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirmed that resistin increased vascular smooth muscle cell migration in vitro. In terms of mechanism, resistin-stimulated cell migration was associated with increased MMP expression, which was dependent on PKCε activation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Qinxue
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Nausheen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mochly-Rosen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D054443:Cell Migration Assays; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D052243:Resistin / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C499624:RETN protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D052243:Resistin; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; C448318:epsilonV1-2 peptide; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; C497255:PRKCE protein, human; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9