title: Multimodal spectroscopy detects features of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque.
abstract: Early detection and treatment of rupture-prone vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques is critical to reducing patient mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. The combination of reflectance, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy-termed multimodal spectroscopy (MMS)-provides detailed biochemical information about tissue and can detect vulnerable plaque features: thin fibrous cap (TFC), necrotic core (NC), superficial foam cells (SFC), and thrombus. Ex vivo MMS spectra are collected from 12 patients that underwent carotid endarterectomy or femoral bypass surgery. Data are collected by means of a unitary MMS optical fiber probe and a portable clinical instrument. Blinded histopathological analysis is used to assess the vulnerability of each spectrally evaluated artery lesion. Modeling of the ex vivo MMS spectra produce objective parameters that correlate with the presence of vulnerable plaque features: TFC with fluorescence parameters indicative of collagen presence; NC∕SFC with a combination of diffuse reflectance β-carotene∕ceroid absorption and the Raman spectral signature of lipids; and thrombus with its Raman signature. Using these parameters, suspected vulnerable plaques can be detected with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 72%. These encouraging results warrant the continued development of MMS as a catheter-based clinical diagnostic technique for early detection of vulnerable plaques.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. obrad@alum.mit.edu
authors.forename: Obrad R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Sćepanović
authors.forename: Maryann
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitzmaurice
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Chae-Ryon
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Zoya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Volynskaya
authors.forename: Ramachandra R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dasari
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Feld
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018511:Systems Integration
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers