title: [Effect of lumbar hybrid instrumentation and rigid fusion on the treated and the adjacent segments. A biomechanical study].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Degeneration of the upper adjacent segment after operative treatment of degenerative spinal diseases of the lumbar spine (degenerative disc disease DDD) is an unsolved problem. There is also no consensus on whether a rigid or dynamic treatment of DDD should be carried out to protect the segments. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of bisegmental rigid 360° fusion and bisegmental hybrid fusion on the treated segment as well as on the upper adjacent segment under the aspect of segment protection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of six human spinal column preparations (L2-5) were tested under native conditions (NAT), with bisegmental rigid fusion (RIG 360°) and with hybrid fusion (Hybrid) in all three movement directions under physical load and with an preload. The range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) were evaluated. The intradiscal pressure (IDP) was measured in the upper adjacent segment (OAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RIG 360° led to a significant reduction in movement in all directions compared to NAT but Hybrid only in lateral bending (LB). In the OAS the NZ was showed a much greater increase than the ROM. The RIG 360° showed an increase of the NZ in flexion-extension of 86.8% and in LB of 49.6% as well as a significant increase in axial rotation of 52.5%. The increase in the Hybrid was not significant compared to NAT in all directions. Pressure measurements in OAS showed no significant differences for RIG 360° and for Hybrid compared to NAT for both load scenarios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The range of motion of the treated segments for Hybrid were close to NAT in comparison to RIG 360° indicating a segment-protective effect. The hypothesis that rigid fusion has a significant effect on intersegmental mobility and the increase in intradiscal pressure in the upper adjacent segment could not be confirmed. The data indicate that the primary effect of fusion on the adjacent segment is very low but the fusion-linked increased frequency of extreme loads of the OAS falling within the significance level leads to degeneration. Even if the NZ values for Hybrid and RIG 360° do not significantly differ from NAT, the NZ alterations between the instrumentations tend to be strongly shifted in favor of Hybrid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data confirm that the clear and sometimes significant alterations of the NZ can be an essential factor for development of adjacent segment degeneration. A dynamic conclusion of instrumentation in the sense of a topping-off would appear to be useful if pathoanatomical indications for an intervertebral disc prosthesis are present.
authors.affiliation: Department für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Paraplegiologie, Stiftung Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland. bernd.wiedenhoefer@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiedenhöfer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fürstenberg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carstens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hemmer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schilling
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery