title: Protecting HIV information in countries scaling up HIV services: a baseline study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individual-level data are needed to optimize clinical care and monitor and evaluate HIV services. Confidentiality and security of such data must be safeguarded to avoid stigmatization and discrimination of people living with HIV. We set out to assess the extent that countries scaling up HIV services have developed and implemented guidelines to protect the confidentiality and security of HIV information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were sent to UNAIDS field staff in 98 middle- and lower-income countries, some reportedly with guidelines (G-countries) and others intending to develop them (NG-countries). Responses were scored, aggregated and weighted to produce standard scores for six categories: information governance, country policies, data collection, data storage, data transfer and data access. Responses were analyzed using regression analyses for associations with national HIV prevalence, gross national income per capita, OECD income, receiving US PEPFAR funding, and being a G- or NG-country. Differences between G- and NG-countries were investigated using non-parametric methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher information governance scores were observed for G-countries compared with NG-countries; no differences were observed between country policies or data collection categories. However, for data storage, data transfer and data access, G-countries had lower scores compared with NG-countries. No significant associations were observed between country score and HIV prevalence, per capita gross national income, OECD economic category, and whether countries had received PEPFAR funding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few countries, including G-countries, had developed comprehensive guidelines on protecting the confidentiality and security of HIV information. Countries must develop their own guidelines, using established frameworks to guide their efforts, and may require assistance in adapting, adopting and implementing them.
authors.affiliation: Programme Branch, UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland. becke@unaids.org
authors.forename: Eduard J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Sundhiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandalia
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harling
authors.forename: Xenophon M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Santas
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mosure
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Delay
mesh_terms: D016494:Computer Security; D003219:Confidentiality; D003625:Data Collection; D003906:Developing Countries; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D057766:Policy; D018907:Privacy