title: Large scale organisational intervention to improve patient safety in four UK hospitals: mixed method evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct an independent evaluation of the first phase of the Health Foundation's Safer Patients Initiative (SPI), and to identify the net additional effect of SPI and any differences in changes in participating and non-participating NHS hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed method evaluation involving five substudies, before and after design.
  
  
  METHODS
  NHS hospitals in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hospitals (one in each country in the UK) participating in the first phase of the SPI (SPI1); 18 control hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SPI1 was a compound (multi-component) organisational intervention delivered over 18 months that focused on improving the reliability of specific frontline care processes in designated clinical specialties and promoting organisational and cultural change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Senior staff members were knowledgeable and enthusiastic about SPI1. There was a small (0.08 points on a 5 point scale) but significant (P < 0.01) effect in favour of the SPI1 hospitals in one of 11 dimensions of the staff questionnaire (organisational climate). Qualitative evidence showed only modest penetration of SPI1 at medical ward level. Although SPI1 was designed to engage staff from the bottom up, it did not usually feel like this to those working on the wards, and questions about legitimacy of some aspects of SPI1 were raised. Of the five components to identify patients at risk of deterioration--monitoring of vital signs (14 items); routine tests (three items); evidence based standards specific to certain diseases (three items); prescribing errors (multiple items from the British National Formulary); and medical history taking (11 items)--there was little net difference between control and SPI1 hospitals, except in relation to quality of monitoring of acute medical patients, which improved on average over time across all hospitals. Recording of respiratory rate increased to a greater degree in SPI1 than in control hospitals; in the second six hours after admission recording increased from 40% (93) to 69% (165) in control hospitals and from 37% (141) to 78% (296) in SPI1 hospitals (odds ratio for "difference in difference" 2.1, 99% confidence interval 1.0 to 4.3; P = 0.008). Use of a formal scoring system for patients with pneumonia also increased over time (from 2% (102) to 23% (111) in control hospitals and from 2% (170) to 9% (189) in SPI1 hospitals), which favoured controls and was not significant (0.3, 0.02 to 3.4; P = 0.173). There were no improvements in the proportion of prescription errors and no effects that could be attributed to SPI1 in non-targeted generic areas (such as enhanced safety culture). On some measures, the lack of effect could be because compliance was already high at baseline (such as use of steroids in over 85% of cases where indicated), but even when there was more room for improvement (such as in quality of medical history taking), there was no significant additional net effect of SPI1. There were no changes over time or between control and SPI1 hospitals in errors or rates of adverse events in patients in medical wards. Mortality increased from 11% (27) to 16% (39) among controls and decreased from 17% (63) to 13% (49) among SPI1 hospitals, but the risk adjusted difference was not significant (0.5, 0.2 to 1.4; P = 0.085). Poor care was a contributing factor in four of the 178 deaths identified by review of case notes. The survey of patients showed no significant differences apart from an increase in perception of cleanliness in favour of SPI1 hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of SPI1 was associated with improvements in one of the types of clinical process studied (monitoring of vital signs) and one measure of staff perceptions of organisational climate. There was no additional effect of SPI1 on other targeted issues nor on other measures of generic organisational strengthening.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Amirta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benning
authors.forename: Maisoon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghaleb
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suokas
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dixon-Woods
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Bryony Dean
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Girling
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hemming
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carmalt
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.forename: Thirumalai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naicker
authors.forename: Ugochi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nwulu
authors.forename: Sopna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lilford
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000592:standards*; D006780:Hospitals, Rural / Q000592:standards*; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000592:standards; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D017751:Safety Management; D013222:State Medicine / Q000592:standards; D006113:United Kingdom