title: Quantification of direct current in electrically active implants using MRI methods.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate a variety of phase- and magnitude-based MRI methods at 1.5 T and 3 T regarding their sensitivity and accuracy with respect to the quantification of electrical direct current via the induced magnetic field inhomogeneity. For this, a phantom was constructed which was specially designed to reduce RF effects and which provided a one-dimensional electrical direct current in a thin copper conductor perpendicular to the static magnetic field of the scanner. The current was varied between 4 mA and 472 mA. The analysis of FLASH phase images as well as trueFISP and MAGSUS images revealed that the accuracy of the MR current measurement depended on the method and the field strength: the mean of the absolute deviations of the measured current values from the adjusted current values varied between 9% and 21%. The phase measurement with a FLASH sequence was found to be more sensitive than the trueFISP and MAGSUS measurements. In FLASH magnitude images as well as in images of spin echo sequences with on- and off-resonant frequency selective saturation pulses the extension of the artifact increased with the electrical current. MRI methods for the quantification of electrical direct current might e.g. play a role in functional testing of electrically active devices in the human body in terms of measuring the present current. One-dimensional electrical direct current in a thin, straight conductor could also be applied to the visualization of instruments in interventional MRI procedures. Currents below 100 mA would be sufficient to create distinct artifacts, at least under simplified conditions (homogeneous background etc.).
authors.affiliation: Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße, Germany. hanne.wojtczyk@yahoo.de
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wojtczyk
authors.forename: Hansjörg
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martirosian
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ballweg
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kraiger
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pintaske
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schick
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003300:Copper; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010825:Physics; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003300:Copper