title: Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations for screening of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy were published in 2002, but improved screening tools and new knowledge about the prevalence of toxicity have appeared in the ensuing years. No treatment exists as yet for this disorder, so it is imperative that patients and their physicians be aware of the best practices for minimizing toxic damage.
  New data have shown that the risk of toxicity increases sharply toward 1% after 5 to 7 years of use, or a cumulative dose of 1000 g, of HCQ. The risk increases further with continued use of the drug.
  The prior recommendation emphasized dosing by weight. However, most patients are routinely given 400 mg of HCQ daily (or 250 mg CQ). This dose is now considered acceptable, except for individuals of short stature, for whom the dose should be determined on the basis of ideal body weight to avoid overdosage.
  A baseline examination is advised for patients starting these drugs to serve as a reference point and to rule out maculopathy, which might be a contraindication to their use. Annual screening should begin after 5 years (or sooner if there are unusual risk factors).
  Newer objective tests, such as multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and fundus autofluorescence (FAF), can be more sensitive than visual fields. It is now recommended that along with 10-2 automated fields, at least one of these procedures be used for routine screening where available. When fields are performed independently, even the most subtle 10-2 field changes should be taken seriously and are an indication for evaluation by objective testing. Because mfERG testing is an objective test that evaluates function, it may be used in place of visual fields. Amsler grid testing is no longer recommended. Fundus examinations are advised for documentation, but visible bull's-eye maculopathy is a late change, and the goal of screening is to recognize toxicity at an earlier stage.
  Patients should be aware of the risk of toxicity and the rationale for screening (to detect early changes and minimize visual loss, not necessarily to prevent it). The drugs should be stopped if possible when toxicity is recognized or strongly suspected, but this is a decision to be made in conjunction with patients and their medical physicians.
authors.affiliation: Eye Institute at Stanford, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Marmor
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: Timothy Y Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Mieler
mesh_terms: D000047:Academies and Institutes; D000367:Age Factors; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000592:standards*; D004596:Electroretinography; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000592:standards; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D002738:Chloroquine