title: When self-destructive thoughts flash through the mind: Failure to meet standards affects the accessibility of suicide-related thoughts.
abstract: When individuals realize that they fail to attain important standards or expectations, they may be motivated to escape the self, which could lead thoughts of suicide to become more accessible. Six studies examined this hypothesis, mainly derived from escape theory (Baumeister, 1990). The results indicated that whenever individuals realize that they fail to attain an important standard, they experience increased accessibility of suicide-related thoughts (Studies 1-6). In line with the idea that such effects reflect motivations to escape from negative self-awareness, they were especially pronounced when associated with high levels of self-consciousness and escapist motivations (Study 1) and with a large discrepancy between self and standards (Studies 2-4). Moreover, failure to attain standards increased suicide-thought accessibility along with the desire for an altered state of consciousness (Study 5). Finally, increases in suicide-thought accessibility after failure were associated with simultaneous increases in accessibility of general concepts related to escape (Study 6). Implications of these findings for escape and terror management theories are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Geneva.
authors.forename: Armand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chatard
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Selimbegović
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D001293:Attitude to Death; D003243:Consciousness; D004924:Escape Reaction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012649:Self Concept; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D013557:Switzerland; D013850:Thinking; D055815:Young Adult