title: Diet induced thermogenesis, fat oxidation and food intake following sequential meals: influence of calcium and vitamin D.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms linking dietary calcium and vitamin D to body weight regulation require confirmation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven subjects, aged (mean ± SEM) 54 ± 1.2 y and BMI 31 ± 2.4 kg/m(2), participated in a randomised within-subject, sequential meal protocol comparing a low calcium trial (LCT) to an isoenergetic high calcium trial (HCT). Diet induced thermogenesis (DIT), fat oxidation rates (FOR), serum leptin, subjective feelings of hunger/satiety were measured at fasting and hourly over 8 h. Spontaneous food intake at a buffet and over the following 30 h was recorded. Postprandial responses, calculated as change (Δ) from baseline for each meal, were analysed by paired t-tests and 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCT resulted in lesser suppression of ΔFOR (p = 0.02) and a significantly greater DIT (p = 0.01). Further, the buffet to dinner interval was prolonged (p = 0. 083) and reported 24 h energy intake following this trial was significantly reduced (p = 0.017). ∆leptin following HCT but not LCT was negatively related to 24 h fat intake (r = -0.81, p = 0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher calcium and vitamin D intake at a breakfast meal acutely increased postprandial FOR and DIT over two successive meals, and reduced spontaneous energy intake in the subsequent 24 h period. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) number: ACTRN12609000418279.
authors.affiliation: Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Wendy Chan She
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Ping-Delfos
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D001069:Appetite Regulation; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012528:Satiety Response; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D022722:Thermogenesis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D020738:Leptin; D014807:Vitamin D