title: Literature review of the impact of nurse practitioners in critical care services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The comprehensive review sought to examine the impact of Critical Care Nurse Practitioner models, roles, activities and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Medical Literature Analyses and Retrieval (MEDLINE), The Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); PubMED; PROQUEST; ScienceDirect; and the Cochrane database were accessed for the review. Alternative search engines were also included. The search was conducted with the key words: critical care, intensive care, acute, adult, paediatric, trauma, disease management programs, disease management, case management, neonatal, cardiology, neurological, retrieval, transfer and combined with Nurse Practitioner. From the identified 1048 articles 47 studies were considered relevant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internationally, Critical Care Nurse Practitioners were located in all intensive care areas and services including post intensive care discharge follow-up, intensive care patient retrieval and transfers and follow-up outpatient services. The role focussed on direct patient management, assessment, diagnosis, monitoring and procedural activities. Critical Care Nurse Practitioners improved patient flow and clinical outcomes by reducing patient complication, morbidity and mortality rates. Studies also demonstrated positive financial outcomes with reduced intensive care unit length of stay, hospital length of stay and (re)admission rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Internationally, Critical Care Nurse Practitioners are demonstrating substantial positive patient, service and nursing outcomes. Critical Care Nurse Practitioner models were cost effective, appropriate and efficient in the delivery of critical care services. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTISE: In Australia, there was minimal evidence of Critical Care Nurse Practitioner impact on adult, paediatric or neonatal intensive care units. The international evidence suggests that the contribution of the role needs to be strongly considered in light of future Australian service demands and workforce supply needs. In Australia, the Critical Care Nurse Practitioner role and range of activities falls well short of international evidence. Hence, it was necessary to scope the international literature to explore the potential for and impact of the Critical Care Nurse Practitioner role. The review leaves little doubt that the role offers significant potential for enhancing and contributing towards more equitable health services.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia. margaret.fry@uts.edu.au
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000458:organization & administration; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000458:organization & administration; D008297:Male; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D011787:Quality of Health Care