title: Neurological causes of diaphragmatic paralysis in 11 alpacas (Vicugna pacos).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diaphragmatic paralysis is a relatively uncommon medical condition in animals not reported in alpacas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe the signalment, physical examination, diagnostic testing, clinical, and histopathologic findings related to diaphragmatic paralysis in alpacas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven alpacas with spontaneous diaphragmatic paralysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study examined medical records from a 10-year period and identified 11 alpacas with confirmed diaphragmatic paralysis admitted to Washington State University and Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospitals between September 2003 and October 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 11 alpacas ranged in age from 2 to 12 months. Fluoroscopic imaging confirmed the presence of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in the 7 alpacas that were imaged. Arterial blood gas analyses showed hypercapnea, hypoxemia, and low oxygen saturation. Seven alpacas died or were euthanized between 2 and 60 days after onset of respiratory signs. Histopathologic examination of tissues found phrenic nerve degeneration in the 6 alpacas that were necropsied and additional long nerves examined demonstrated degeneration in 2 of these animals. Two animals had spinal cord lesions and 2 had diaphragm muscle abnormalities. No etiologic agent was identified in the alpacas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The etiology for diaphragmatic paralysis in these alpacas is unknown. A variety of medical treatments did not appear to alter the outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. stacey.byers@colostate.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Byers
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barrington
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haldorson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Callan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary*; D002161:Camelids, New World; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies