title: Development of a diet quality index assessing adherence to the Swedish nutrition recommendations and dietary guidelines in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a diet quality index (DQI) that assesses adherence to the Swedish nutrition recommendations (SNR) and the Swedish dietary guidelines (SDG).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study within the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) cohort. A diet history method collected dietary data, a structured questionnaire lifestyle and socio-economic information, and anthropometric data were collected by direct measurements. The index (DQI-SNR) included six components: SFA, PUFA, fish and shellfish, dietary fibre, fruit and vegetables, and sucrose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Malmö, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men (n 4525) and women (n 8491) of the MDC cohort enrolled from September 1994 to October 1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For participants with high DQI-SNR scores, nutrient and food intakes were close to recommendations. However, most of the study population exceeded the recommended intake for SFA (98%) and few reached recommended intakes for dietary fibre (24%), fruit and vegetables (32%), vitamin D (18%) and folate (2%). A high DQI-SNR score was positively associated with age, physical activity, not smoking, past food habit change, education and socio-economic status. Individuals with high scores were more likely to have a diabetes diagnosis or experienced a cardiovascular event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that the DQI-SNR is a useful tool for assessing adherence to the SNR 2005 and the SDG in the MDC cohort. No index has previously been developed with the aim of evaluating adherence to the current dietary recommendations in Sweden. Further validation of the DQI-SNR, and evaluation of its utility, is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. isabel.drake@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gullberg
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonestedt
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wallström
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hedblad
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wirfält
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003256:Community Participation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden