title: Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profiles of Turkish and European-American young adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate soft tissue differences between Turkish and North American adults by comparing two sample populations with ideal occlusion and well-balanced faces. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 117 Anatolian Turkish adults (65 female and 52 male, mean age: 23.9 ± 2.8 years) were compared with a sample of 116 adults of European-American ancestry (64 female and 52 male, mean age: 25.0 ± 6.8 years). The cephalometric analyses of Holdaway, Epker, and Legan and Burstone were performed using Dolphin Image Software 9.0. Thirty-two measurements (27 linear and 5 angular) were analysed. For statistical evaluation, independent samples t-tests were performed. Distinct differences were found between the two samples in facial convexity, upper lip position and length, lower lip position, chin prominence, and chin thickness. Vertical proportional findings were similar between groups. Ethnic differences were found between Turkish and North American adults in the soft tissue profile. It is appropriate to consider these differences during routine diagnosis and treatment planning of a Turkish patient or an American patient of European ancestry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey. tancanuysal@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tancan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baysal
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yagci
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sigler
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McNamara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D002508:Cephalometry; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000208:ethnology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult