title: Association of olfactory dysfunction and brain. Metabolism in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Hyposmia is one of the cardinal early symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD). Accumulating clinical and pathological evidence suggests that dysfunction of the olfactory-related cortices may be responsible for the impaired olfactory processing observed in PD; however, there are no clear data showing a direct association between altered brain metabolism and hyposmia in PD. In this study, we evaluated brain glucose metabolism and smell-identification ability in 69 Japanese patients with nondemented PD. Olfactory function was assessed using the Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese. The regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose consumption at rest was measured using (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and was analyzed using SPM-based group comparisons and the brain-behavior partial least-squares method. We found that olfactory dysfunction was closely related to cognitive dysfunction, including memory impairment. Moreover, brain-behavior partial least-squares analysis revealed that odor-identification performance was closely associated with broad cortical dysfunction, including dysfunction of the piriform cortex and amygdala. Our results suggest that the cognitive deficit in olfactory perception is an important aspect of hyposmia in PD and that this deficit is caused by altered brain metabolism in the amygdala and piriform cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hosokai
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugeno
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Shoki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Yasuto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoyama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology