title: Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection induces altered amphiregulin processing and release.
abstract: Adhesion of the human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae has established effects on the host cell and evokes a variety of cellular events including growth factor activation. In the present study we report that infection with N. gonorrhoeae causes altered amphiregulin processing and release in human epithelial cells. Amphiregulin is a well-studied growth factor with functions in various cell processes and is upregulated in different forms cancer and proliferative diseases. The protein is prototypically cleaved on the cell surface in response to external stimuli. We demonstrate that upon infection, a massive upregulation of amphiregulin mRNA is seen. The protein changes its subcellular distribution and is also alternatively cleaved at the plasma membrane, which results in augmented release of an infection-specific 36 kDa amphiregulin product from the surface of human cervical epithelial cells. Further, using antibodies directed against different domains of the protein we could determine the impact of infection on pro-peptide processing. In summary, we present data showing that the infection of N. gonorrhoeae causes an alternative amphiregulin processing, subcellular distribution and release in human epithelial cervical cells that likely contribute to the predisposition cellular abnormalities and anti-apoptotic features of N. gonorrhoeae infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Löfmark
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Klerk
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aro
mesh_terms: D066258:Amphiregulin; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006069:Gonorrhea; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C587848:AREG protein, human; D066258:Amphiregulin; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger