title: Norepinephrine depresses the immunity and disease-resistance ability via α1- and β1-adrenergic receptors of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
abstract: In this study, we determined the effects of norepinephrine (NE) on immunity and the pathway of its function in the freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The total hemocyte count (THC), differential hemocyte count (DHC), phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, phagocytic activity, and clearance efficiency in response to the pathogen, Lactococcus garvieae, were measured when the freshwater giant prawn, M. rosenbergii (16.2±2.1 g) was individually injected with saline or NE at 0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 pmol prawn(-1). Results showed that semi-granular cells, respiratory bursts and phagocytic activity at 2 h, PO activity and clearance efficiency from 2 to 4 h, THC at 8 h, and SOD activity from 4 to 8 h significantly decreased, but hyaline cells at 2 h, and respiratory bursts at 8 h had significantly increased after injection of NE at 50.0 pmol prawn(-1). In prawns that had received 5.0 pmol NE prawn(-1), the PO activity had decreased at 2 h, SOD activity at 8 h, and the clearance efficiency at 2 h. PO activity had decreased at 2 h after prawns had received 0.5 pmol NE prawn(-1). All of the immune parameters had returned to control values by 16 h after receiving NE. However, no significant differences were observed in the granular cells during the experimental period. An injection of NE also significantly increased the mortality of prawns challenged with L. garvieae, which appeared to be dose dependent. In another experiment, NE co-injected with prazosin, metoprolol, or propranolol significantly decreased the mortality of challenged prawns, especially when co-injected with prazosin and metoprolol. These results suggest that stress-inducing NE suppresses the immune system, which in turn promotes the susceptibility of M. rosenbergii to L. garvieae via both α1- and β1-adrenergic receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Chyuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ming-Di
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Winton
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D058668:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D057075:Enzyme Assays; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D017045:Lactococcus / Q000276:immunology; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D033541:Palaemonidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058668:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists; D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1; D018342:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D009638:Norepinephrine