title: Clinical pharmacology of analgesic medicines in older people: impact of frailty and cognitive impairment.
abstract: Pain is highly prevalent in frail older people who often have multiple co-morbidities and multiple medicines. Rational prescribing of analgesics in frail older people is complex due to heterogeneity in drug disposition, comorbid medical conditions, polypharmacy and variability in analgesic response in this population. A critical issue in managing older people with pain is the need for judicious choice of analgesics based on a comprehensive medical and medication history. Care is needed in the selection of analgesic medicine to avoid drug-drug or drug-disease interactions. People living with dementia and cognitive impairment have suboptimal pain relief which in part may be related to altered pharmacodynamics of analgesics and challenges in the systematic assessment of pain intensity in this patient group. In the absence of rigorously controlled trials in frail older people and those with cognitive impairment a pharmacologically-guided approach can be used to optimize pain management which requires a systematic understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesics in frail older people with or without changes in cognition.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. andrew.mclachlan@sydney.edu.au
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McLachlan
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bath
authors.forename: Vasi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naganathan
authors.forename: Sarah N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hilmer
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Le Couteur
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Blyth
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics