title: Anatomy and taxonomic status of the chasmosaurine ceratopsid Nedoceratops hatcheri from the upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The validity of Nedoceratops hatcheri, a chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur known from a single skull recovered in the Lance Formation of eastern Wyoming, U.S.A., has been debated for over a century. Some have argued that the taxon is an aberrant Triceratops, and most recently it was proposed that N. hatcheri represents an intermediate ontogenetic stage between "young adult" and "old adult" forms of a single taxon previously split into Triceratops and Torosaurus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The holotype skull of Nedoceratops hatcheri was reexamined in order to map reconstructed areas and compare the specimen with other ceratopsids. Although squamosal fenestrae are almost certainly not of taxonomic significance, some other features are unique to N. hatcheri. These include a nasal lacking a recognizable horn, nearly vertical postorbital horncores, and relatively small parietal fenestrae. Thus, N. hatcheri is tentatively considered valid, and closely related to Triceratops spp. The holotype of N. hatcheri probably represents an "old adult," based upon bone surface texture and the shape of the horns and epiossifications on the frill. In this study, Torosaurus is maintained as a genus distinct from Triceratops and Nedoceratops. Synonymy of the three genera as ontogenetic stages of a single taxon would require cranial changes otherwise unknown in ceratopsids, including additions of ossifications to the frill and repeated alternation of bone surface texture between juvenile and adult morphotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Triceratops, Torosaurus, and likely Nedoceratops, are all distinct taxa, indicating that species richness for chasmosaurine ceratopsids in the Lance Formation just prior to the Cretaceous-Paleocene extinction was roughly equivalent to that earlier in the Cretaceous.
authors.affiliation: Raymond M Alf Museum of Paleontology, Claremont, California, United States of America. afarke@webb.org
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Farke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D025061:Dinosaurs / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification*; D005580:Fossils; D005843:Geography; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014959:Wyoming