title: Pilot-scale evaluation of ozone and biological activated carbon for trace organic contaminant mitigation and disinfection.
abstract: In an effort to validate the use of ozone for contaminant oxidation and disinfection in water reclamation, extensive pilot testing was performed with ozone/H(2)O(2) and biological activated carbon (BAC) at the Reno-Stead Water Reclamation Facility in Reno, Nevada. Three sets of samples were collected over a five-month period of continuous operation, and these samples were analyzed for a suite of trace organic contaminants (TOrCs), total estrogenicity, and several microbial surrogates, including the bacteriophage MS2, total and fecal coliforms, and Bacillus spores. Based on the high degree of microbial inactivation and contaminant destruction, this treatment train appears to be a viable alternative to the standard indirect potable reuse (IPR) configuration (i.e., membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, UV/H(2)O(2), and aquifer injection), particularly for inland applications where brine disposal is an issue. Several issues, including regrowth of coliform bacteria in the BAC process, must be addressed prior to full-scale implementation.
authors.affiliation: Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA. daniel.gerrity@snwa.com
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerrity
authors.forename: Sujanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gamage
authors.forename: Janie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Holady
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mawhinney
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Trenholm
authors.forename: Shane A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017909:Levivirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009505:Nevada; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010865:Pilot Projects; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D016877:Oxidants; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002606:Charcoal; D010126:Ozone; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide