title: Klinefelter syndrome: does it confer a bad prognosis in treatment of nonobstructive azoospermia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Private IVF center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with nonmosaic KS (n = 106), and men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) and normal karyotypes (n = 379).
  
  
  METHODS
  Micro-TESE on the day of oocyte retrieval.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm recovery, fertilization, pregnancy, and spontaneous abortion rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sperm was successfully recovered in 50 of 106 (47%) men in the KS group and 188 of 379 (50%) in the NOA group. The fertilization rate was higher in the NOA group than the KS group (65% vs. 57%, respectively); however, pregnancy (55% vs. 53%) and abortion rates (12% vs. 11.5%) did not differ statistically significantly between groups. In the KS group, 23 pregnancies resulted in 29 live births; the 21 children who underwent genetic evaluation had normal karyotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sperm recovery rates in men with KS were similar to those of men with NOA and normal karyotypes. The fertilization rate was statistically significantly lower for men with KS than men with NOA, but pregnancy and abortion rates were similar. We observed good sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes for patients with KS.
authors.affiliation: Bahceci Umut IVF Center, Istanbul, Turkey. ebakircioglu@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mustafa Emre
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bakircioglu
authors.forename: Ulun
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ulug
authors.forename: Halit Firat
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Erden
authors.forename: Suleyman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tosun
authors.forename: Asina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bayram
authors.forename: Nadir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ciray
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahceci
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D053625:Sperm Retrieval / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult