title: Folate and cobalamin status in relation to diet in healthy 2-y-old children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited data exist on sources of folate and cobalamin in the toddler diet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the influence of diet on folate and cobalamin status in healthy toddlers in an unfortified population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake was assessed in 178 children, aged 24 mo, by using 7-d food records and related to serum folate and cobalamin status in 155 children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (25th-75th percentile) daily intakes of folate and cobalamin were 87 μg (74-104 μg) and 3.1 μg (2.4-3.8 μg), respectively. Thirty-five percent of subjects had a folate intake below the Norwegian recommendations (80 μg folate/d), but only 5.8% of subjects had low serum folate concentrations (<10 nmol/L). All children reached the recommended cobalamin intake (0.8 μg cobalamin/d). Median (25th-75th percentile) serum concentrations were as follows: folate, 19 nmol/L (14-24 nmol/L); cobalamin, 410 pmol/L (334-521 pmol/L); holotranscobalamin, 94 pmol/L (67-121 pmol/L); holohaptocorrin, 315 pmol/L (241-409 pmol/L); methylmalonic acid, 0.16 μmol/L (0.13-0.20 μmol/L); and total homocysteine, 5.0 μmol/L (4.2-5.7 μmol/L). Folate intake correlated with serum folate concentrations (ρ = 0.25, P < 0.01), and cobalamin intake correlated with serum holotranscobalamin concentrations (ρ = 0.21, P < 0.05). In multivariate models, serum folate concentrations were significantly positively associated with the consumption of fruit and berries and grain products; however, this was not the case with dairy products, which was the food group that contributed most to folate intake. Cobalamin status was associated with dairy products (cobalamin and holotranscobalamin), cobalamin supplements (cobalamin and holohaptocorrin), and liver pâté (holotranscobalamin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this unfortified toddler population, folate status was associated with intakes of fruit and berries and grain products. Cobalamin status was associated with intakes of dairy, liver pâté, and supplements. In the assessment of vitamin sources, vitamin availability must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway. gry.hay@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Gry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trygg
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitelaw
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Refsum
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid / Q000097:blood; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D014155:Transcobalamins / Q000378:metabolism; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014155:Transcobalamins; D006710:Homocysteine; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12