title: Use of the predictive sugars biomarker to evaluate self-reported total sugars intake in the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A predictive biomarker for intake of total sugars was recently developed under controlled conditions. We used this biomarker to assess measurement error (ME) structure in self-reported intake of total sugars in free-living individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) study involved 484 participants aged 40 to 69 years. Diet was assessed using two administrations of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and two nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDR). Two 24-hour urine samples checked for completeness were analyzed on sucrose and fructose. We applied the biomarker calibrated in a feeding study to OPEN data to assess the ME structure and the attenuation factors (AF) for intakes of absolute total sugars and sugars density for the FFQ and 24HDR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AFs for absolute sugars were similar for a single FFQ and 24HDR, but attenuation decreased with repeated 24HDRs. For sugars density, the AFs for FFQ (men: 0.39; women: 0.33) were greater than for single 24HDR (men: 0.30; women: 0.24), and similar to two 24HDRs (men: 0.41; women: 0.35). The attenuation associated with both instruments was greater in women than in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the FFQ and 24HDR were found to be biased; hence, incorporation of the sugars biomarker in calibration studies within the cohorts may be necessary to more reliably estimate associations of sugars and disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this article, we propose a new dietary reference instrument based on the recently defined class of predictive biomarkers. Using sugars biomarker, we quantify ME in the FFQ- and 24HDR-reported absolute total sugars and total sugars density.
authors.affiliation: Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Branch, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd, EPN/3121, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. tasevskan@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tasevska
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Midthune
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Potischman
authors.forename: Amy F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Subar
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Sheila A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kipnis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015930:Diet Records; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019422:Dietary Sucrose