title: Albumin:creatinine ratio--a flawed measure? The merits of estimated albuminuria reporting.
abstract: Current guidelines illogically recommend that a different approach is taken to the correction for creatinine generation rate when estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and when interpreting urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR). Age, gender and race are routinely used to adjust for predicted muscle mass in GFR estimation, even though estimated GFR is expressed per unit body surface area. Conversely, ACR is at most adjusted with the use of gender-specific classification thresholds. This difference is surprising since the proportional effect of muscle mass on serum and urine creatinine is identical. Failure to adjust for creatinine generation rate compromises ACR, potentially adversely affecting management decisions and mislabelling individuals as having/not having CKD. A greater ACR is also a marker of low muscle mass, which has confounding prognostic effects. Determination of the optimal method to adjust ACR for estimated muscle mass should improve its performance. Routine reporting of the resulting 'estimated albumin excretion rate', as for routine eGFR reporting, would remove the need for gender-specific thresholds.
authors.affiliation: The Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road,Sheffield, UK. T.Ellam@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ellam
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001830:Body Surface Area; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine