title: Comparison of robot-assisted nephrectomy with laparoscopic and hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the initial perioperative outcomes of our robot-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomies with laparoscopic and hand-assisted nephrectomies performed by 2 experienced laparoscopic surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated all patients who underwent laparoscopic (LN), hand-assisted (HALN), and robot-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy (RALN) for benign and malignant diseases between August 2006 and December 2008. Data collected included patient age, body mass index, operative times, estimated blood loss, complications, and hospital stay. Radical nephrectomy was performed for renal neoplasms, and simple nephrectomy was performed for suspected benign diseases. In addition, average direct costs and total costs were calculated for each laparoscopic approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients underwent LN, 20 underwent HALN, and 13 underwent RALN. The median operative time was 171, 210, and 168 minutes, respectively. LN, HALN, and RALN groups had similar median EBL [(100 mL (IQR=113 mL), 100mL (IQR=150 mL), and 100mL (IQR=125 mL); P=0.695], length of hospital stay [2.0d (IQR=1.0d), 3.0d (IQR=2.0d), and 2.0d (IQR=3.0d); P=0.233], and postoperative morphine equivalent analgesic requirements [33 mg (IQR=43 mg), 45 mg (IQR=50 mg), and 30 mg (IQR=16 mg); P=0.766]. Three patients (6%) in the LN group had complications, 2 (10%) in the HALN group had complications, and 4 (30%) in the RALN group had complications. The average total direct operating room costs were $5,500, $6,979, and $6,869 for the LN, HALN, and RALN groups, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early experience with robotic assistance for radical and simple nephrectomy offers no significant advantage over traditional laparoscopic or hand-assisted approaches. It was also more costly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boger
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Sara C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Chandru P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sundaram
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D058733:Hand-Assisted Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome