title: The efficacy of visual cues to improve hand hygiene compliance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guidelines governing healthcare workers' (HCW) hand hygiene (HH) behavior are well established. Despite known hazards of healthcare-associated infection to both HCW and patients, hand hygiene compliance (HHC) rates remain dismally low. To evaluate a potential solution to this ongoing challenge, we used a simulated patient encounter in an actual hospital room to test the efficacy of individual HH triggers.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty HCW (75 physicians and 75 nurses) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to one of five equal-size groups. Each participant performed a focused physical examination on a standardized patient and was expected to maintain HH before and after the examination. Using two rooms on a medical-surgical unit in a tertiary care teaching hospital, various cues were employed, and the impact on pre- and postexamination HHC was recorded. In the control group, the hand sanitizer dispenser was in its usual location (Baseline). In one group, the dispenser was relocated to direct line of sight (Line-of-Sight) on entering the room; in another, flashing lights were affixed to the dispenser in its usual location (Baseline & Flicker); and in a third group, the dispenser was relocated to the line of sight, and flashing lights were attached (Line-of-Sight & Flicker). In the last group, a large warning sign (Warning Sign) was affixed to the door, informing the healthcare provider that the room was under electronic surveillance, and failure to perform HHC would trigger an alarm. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model to perform a repeated measures logistic regression; P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control group (Baseline), pre- and postexamination HHC rates were 36.7% and 33.3%, respectively. All interventions improved HHC preintervention compared with baseline (Line-of-Sight=53.3%, Baseline & Flicker=60%, Line-of-Sight & Flicker=66%, Warning Sign=93.3%), but only the Line-of-Sight & Flicker and the Warning Sign produced statistically significant increased pre-examination HHC (P=0.022 and P<0.001, respectively). Only the Warning Sign produced statistically significant increased HHC postexamination (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual cues can improve HHC, but their efficacy varies. A warning sign informing of a surveillance system with subsequent reporting of noncompliance resulted in the most significant improvement in HHC. Using a standardized patient in an actual hospital room was a helpful tool in assessing the impact of various interventions designed to improve HHC and patient safety.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami-Jackson Memorial Hospital Center for Patient Safety, and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Igal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nevo
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Ruth-Everett
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gluck
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lenchus
authors.forename: Kristopher L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Arheart
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Birnbach
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D003463:Cues; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D005431:Florida; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016014:Linear Models; D009726:Nurses; D005791:Patient Care; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010820:Physicians; D012449:Safety; D016635:Universal Precautions / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local