title: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 ablation in dystrophin-deficient mdx muscles reduces angiogenesis resulting in impaired growth of regenerated muscle fibers.
abstract: Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of endopeptidases classified into subgroups based on substrate preference in normal physiological processes such as embryonic development and tissue remodeling, as well as in various disease processes via degradation of extracellular matrix components. Among the MMPs, MMP-9 and MMP-2 have been reported to be up-regulated in skeletal muscles in the lethal X-linked muscle disorder Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which is caused by loss of dystrophin. A recent study showed that deletion of the MMP9 gene in mdx, a mouse model for DMD, improved skeletal muscle pathology and function; however, the role of MMP-2 in the dystrophin-deficient muscle is not well known. In this study, we aimed at verifying the role of MMP-2 in the dystrophin-deficient muscle by using mdx mice with genetic ablation of MMP-2 (mdx/MMP-2(-/-)). We found impairment of regenerated muscle fiber growth with reduction of angiogenesis in mdx/MMP-2(-/-) mice at 3 months of age. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), an important angiogenesis-related factor, decreased in mdx/MMP-2(-/-) mice at 3 months of age. MMP-2 had not a critical role in the degradation of dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) components such as β-dystroglycan and β-sarcoglycan in the regeneration process of the dystrophic muscle. Accordingly, MMP-2 may be essential for growth of regenerated muscle fibers through VEGF-associated angiogenesis in the dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Daigo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Shin'ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Shu-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000098:blood supply / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D012038:Regeneration
chemical_list: D016189:Dystrophin; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2