title: Racial differences in gene-specific DNA methylation levels are present at birth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA methylation patterns differ among children and adults and play an unambiguous role in several disease processes, particularly cancers. The origin of these differences is inadequately understood, and this is a question of specific relevance to childhood and adult cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA methylation levels at 26,485 autosomal CpGs were assayed in 201 newborns (107 African American and 94 Caucasian). Nonparametric analyses were performed to examine the relation between these methylation levels and maternal parity, maternal age, newborn gestational age, newborn gender, and newborn race. To identify the possible influences of confounding, stratification was performed by a second and third variable. For genes containing CpGs with significant differences in DNA methylation levels between races, analyses were performed to identify highly represented gene ontological terms and functional pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  13.7% (3623) of the autosomal CpGs exhibited significantly different levels of DNA methylation between African Americans and Caucasians; 2% of autosomal CpGs had significantly different DNA methylation levels between male and female newborns. Cancer pathways, including four (pancreatic, prostate, bladder, and melanoma) with substantial differences in incidence between the races, were highly represented among the genes containing significant race-divergent CpGs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At birth, there are significantly different DNA methylation levels between African Americans and Caucasians at a subset of CpG dinucleotides. It is possible that some of the epigenetic precursors to cancer exist at birth and that these differences partially explain the different incidence rates of specific cancers between the races.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 48103, USA. radkins1@uthsc.edu
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Adkins
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krushkal
authors.forename: Frances A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Tylavsky
authors.forename: Fridtjof
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009035:Mothers; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011247:Pregnancy; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics