title: Recent developments in HIV-related kidney disease.
abstract: Although kidney disease has been a recognized complication of HIV infection since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, its epidemiology, underlying causes and treatment have evolved in developed countries where HAART has been widely available. HIV-associated nephropathy and HIV immune complex-mediated kidney disease were the prominent renal diagnoses in the earlier period of the HIV epidemic. While HIV immune complex-mediated kidney disease remains a common finding among HIV-infected individuals with kidney disease, the incidence of HIV-associated nephropathy has been diminishing in developed countries. The role of the metabolic effects of long-term HAART exposure and nephrotoxicity of certain antiretroviral medications on the development and progression of chronic kidney disease is now of increasing concern. The long-term clinical implications of acute kidney injury among HIV-infected persons are increasingly recognized. Kidney disease in HIV-infected persons continues to be a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality in this patient population; therefore, early recognition and treatment of kidney disease are imperative in lessening the impact of kidney disease on the health of HIV-infected individuals. This review focuses on recent developments and ongoing challenges in the understanding, diagnosis and management of HIV-related kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, 1830 E Monument Street, Suite 416, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Estrella
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Mohamed G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Atta