title: BCG vaccination: a role for vitamin D?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  BCG vaccination is administered in infancy in most countries with the aim of providing protection against tuberculosis. There is increasing interest in the role of vitamin D in immunity to tuberculosis. This study objective was to determine if there was an association between circulating 25(OH)D concentrations and BCG vaccination status and cytokine responses following BCG vaccination in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from UK infants who were vaccinated with BCG at 3 (n = 47) and 12 (n = 37) months post BCG vaccination. These two time-points are denoted as time-point 1 and time-point 2. Two blood samples were also collected from age-matched unvaccinated infants (n = 32 and 28 respectively), as a control group. Plasma vitamin D concentrations (25(OH)D) were measured by radio-immunoassay. The cytokine IFNγ was measured in supernatants from diluted whole blood stimulated with M.tuberculosis (M.tb) PPD for 6 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  58% of infants had some level of hypovitaminosis (25(OH)D <30 ng/ml) at time-point 1, and this increased to 97% 9 months later. BCG vaccinated infants were almost 6 times (CI: 1.8-18.6) more likely to have sufficient vitamin D concentrations than unvaccinated infants at time-point 1, and the association remained strong after controlling for season of blood collection, ethnic group and sex. Among vaccinees, there was also a strong inverse association between IFNγ response to M.tb PPD and vitamin D concentration, with infants with higher vitamin D concentrations having lower IFNγ responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D may play an immuno-regulatory role following BCG vaccination. The increased vitamin D concentrations in BCG vaccinated infants could have important implications: vitamin D may play a role in immunity induced by BCG vaccination and may contribute to non-specific effects observed following BCG vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. maeve_lalor@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Maeve K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lalor
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Floyd
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gorak-Stolinska
authors.forename: Rosemary E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blitz
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Branson
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Hazel M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Dockrell
mesh_terms: D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006113:United Kingdom; D014611:Vaccination; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D016207:Cytokines; D014807:Vitamin D