title: Evaluation of antibacterial activity of proteins and peptides using a specific animal model for wound healing.
abstract: Wound healing is a complex process involving the integrated actions of numerous cell types, soluble mediators, and extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) purified from crotalid snake venom was found to express in vitro bactericidal activity against a group of clinical human pathogens. Based on the sequence homology of PLA(2), a series of peptides were derived from the C-terminal region of crotalid PLA(2). These short synthetic peptides were found to reproduce the bactericidal activity of its parent molecule. In vitro assays for bactericidal and cytolytic activities of these peptides showed very high microbicidal potency against Gram-negative and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Variants of the peptides showed reduced toxicity toward normal human cells, while retaining high bactericidal potency. Here we describe the protocol for evaluating the wound healing process by antibacterial peptides. We evaluated the biological roles of the candidate peptides in skin wound healing, using a specific BALB/c mice model. Peptide-treated animals showed accelerated healing of full-thickness skin wounds, with increased reepithelialization, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis observed during the healing process. Healing wounds in protein/peptide-treated mice had higher densities of neutrophils, macrophages, and fibrocytes. Along with increased leukocyte infiltration, levels of macrophage-derived chemokine expression were also upregulated. These results demonstrate that the protein/peptide derived from snake venoms promotes healing of skin wounds. The primary mechanism seems to be an increase in leukocyte infiltration, leading to locally elevated synthesis and release of collagen and growth factors.
authors.affiliation: Venom and Toxin Research Program, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. rperumalsamy@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Ramar Perumal
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Samy
authors.forename: Maung Maung
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Thwin
authors.forename: Vincent T K
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Ho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bow
authors.forename: Ponnampalam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnakone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D017837:Bothrops / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010455:Peptides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D017192:Skin Diseases, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000201:enzymology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010455:Peptides; D012910:Snake Venoms; D054467:Phospholipases A2