title: Construction of tissue micro array from prostate needle biopsies using the vertical clustering re-arrangement technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue microarray (TMA) allows for simultaneous rapid expression analysis of multiple molecular targets in many tissue specimens. TMA's are specifically in demand for the screening for diagnostic and prognostic markers in prostate cancer (PC). Consequently, TMAs from prostate needle biopsy (PNB) material taken at diagnosis before any treatment commenced are in demand. However, since PNB contain only limited amount of tumor arranged within a very thin tissue core, TMA construction from PNB is problematic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Archival PNB from 30 PC patients with variable Gleason scores (6-10) and % of cores involvement (30-90%) were used. Following selection of representative cores, the paraffin blocks were melted. Each core was sectioned into equal parts of 3-4 mm in length. For each case, a group of fragments was then re-embedded in a vertical orientation. Using Manual TMA Apparatus, 2 mm cores from each of the vertically rearranged fragments were harvested. Sections (4 µm) were stained with H&E and with high-molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWCK), PIN-cocktail (p63 + p504S), and PSA immunohistochemical stains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A TMA from PNB with a capacity of 80 serial 4 µm sections was constructed. In all cases, identical tumor and neighboring tissue morphology (atrophic changes and high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia) with no loss of tissue was evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vertical clustering re-arrangement (VCR) technique is suitable for large scale construction of TMA blocks from PNB maintaining the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the original samples. This method is promising both in terms of archival tissue preservation and biomarkers research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. ef@sheba.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fridman
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daya
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Srigley
authors.forename: Kaitlyn F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jehonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pinthus
mesh_terms: D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis / Q000379:methods*