title: The transaxillary, totally endoscopic approach for head and neck endocrine surgery in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the safety, efficacy, and learning curve for transaxillary, totally endoscopic (TATE) head and neck endocrine surgery in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 2005 and October 2009, 31 children with head and neck endocrine problems were subjected to the TATE approach. Safety, efficacy, complications, and time of operation were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one children (mean age, 12.7 years; F:M, 5:1) underwent a TATE approach. Glands ranged in size from 10 g (in a small 5-year-old) to 63 g (in one 16-year-old). No cervical incisions were required and there were no conversions to open surgery. Three patients in our early experience underwent a robot-assisted procedure. Two patients suffered from hyperparathyroidism and had adenomas removed, using rapid PTH in the operating room to confirm immediate success. Of the remaining 29 children, 2 girls had an adenoma of the right thyroid lobe removed uneventfully, and the reminder all had Graves disease, which was treated successfully. Complications included transient hypocalcemia in 3 patients who were also on steroids for unrelated medical problems; transient neuropraxia in 3 patients with very large glands; 1 postoperative, lateral, subcutaneous hematoma that resolved uneventfully; and 1 asthmatic with a spontaneous apical pneumothorax that presented as subcutaneous gas in the neck, 6 hours after the surgery and which resolved with chest tube placement. Average operative time for the first 10 patients was 288 minutes and for the subsequent patients was 155 minutes (range, 92-210 minutes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TATE approach appears to be as safe and effective as open surgery for cervical endocrinopathies in children. Only transient, minor complications were observed. Operative time significantly decreases with experience, making the length of surgery comparable to its open counterpart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Blank Children's Hospital, Des Moines, Iowa 50309, USA.
authors.forename: Thom E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Lobe
authors.forename: Simon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D013507:Endocrine Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck; D010279:Parathyroid Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012371:Robotics; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome