title: Inadvertent malposition of a permanent pacemaker ventricular lead into the left ventricle which was initially missed and diagnosed two years later: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadvertent malposition of a pacemaker ventricular lead into the left ventricle is an uncommon event, and its actual incidence is probably unknown. It may be underestimated and underreported because of a possible asymptomatic course. A 12-lead electrocardiogram is important to confirm proper placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a case of a 60-year-old Caucasian man with a malpositioned transvenous permanent pacing lead into the left ventricle via a patent foramen ovale that was not suspected during implantation and went undiagnosed for two years without complications. The patient remained asymptomatic as he was being treated with oral anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation. The decision was made to leave the pacing lead in place and continue lifelong warfarin therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inadvertent insertion of pacing wires into the left ventricle is a potentially dangerous complication that may happen under fluoroscopic guidance and may be overlooked by routine pacemaker interrogation. It is advisable to obtain a 12-lead electrocardiogram during or immediately after transvenous pacemaker implantation rather than use a routine pacemaker interrogation or a limited electrocardiogram.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA. medhat.zaher@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Medhat F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Zaher
authors.forename: Basem N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Azab
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bogin
authors.forename: Soad G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Bekheit