title: Thermally induced transformations of amorphous carbon nanostructures fabricated by electron beam induced deposition.
abstract: We studied the thermally induced phase transformations of electron-beam-induced deposited (EBID) amorphous carbon nanostructures by correlating the changes in its morphology with internal microstructure by using combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high resolution confocal Raman microscopy. These carbon deposits can be used to create heterogeneous junctions in electronic devices commonly known as carbon-metal interconnects. We compared two basic shapes of EBID deposits: dots/pillars with widths from 50 to 600 nm and heights from 50 to 500 nm and lines with variable heights from 10 to 150 nm but having a constant length of 6 μm. We observed that during thermal annealing, the nanoscale amorphous deposits go through multistage transformation including dehydration and stress-relaxation around 150 °C, dehydrogenation within 150-300 °C, followed by graphitization (>350 °C) and formation of nanocrystalline, highly densified graphitic deposits around 450 °C. The later stage of transformation occurs well below commonly observed graphitization for bulk carbon (600-800 °C). It was observed that the shape of the deposits contribute significantly to the phase transformations. We suggested that this difference is controlled by different contributions from interfacial footprints area. Moreover, the rate of graphitization was different for deposits of different shapes with the lines showing a much stronger dependence of its structure on the density than the dots.
authors.affiliation: School of Material Science and Engineering and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States.
authors.forename: Dhaval D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rykaczewski
authors.forename: Srikanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singamaneni
authors.forename: Songkil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Andrei G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Fedorov
authors.forename: Vladimir V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Tsukruk
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods*; D004583:Electrons; D004595:Electroplating / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D008422:Materials Testing; D008968:Molecular Conformation / Q000528:radiation effects; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D002244:Carbon