title: Net air emissions from electric vehicles: the effect of carbon price and charging strategies.
abstract: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) may become part of the transportation fleet on time scales of a decade or two. We calculate the electric grid load increase and emissions due to vehicle battery charging in PJM and NYISO with the current generation mix, the current mix with a $50/tonne CO(2) price, and this case but with existing coal generators retrofitted with 80% CO(2) capture. We also examine all new generation being natural gas or wind+gas. PHEV fleet percentages between 0.4 and 50% are examined. Vehicles with small (4 kWh) and large (16 kWh) batteries are modeled with driving patterns from the National Household Transportation Survey. Three charging strategies and three scenarios for future electric generation are considered. When compared to 2020 CAFE standards, net CO(2) emissions in New York are reduced by switching from gasoline to electricity; coal-heavy PJM shows somewhat smaller benefits unless coal units are fitted with CCS or replaced with lower CO(2) generation. NO(X) is reduced in both RTOs, but there is upward pressure on SO(2) emissions or allowance prices under a cap.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States. speterson@cmu.edu
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Whitacre
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Apt
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001336:Automobiles / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D058572:Carbon Footprint; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D002245:Carbon Dioxide