title: Stereopsis in drug naïve Parkinson's disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motor deficits associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) have been well described, yet little attention has been paid to non-motor symptoms, especially cortical visual dysfunction. We investigated stereopsis, as well as the relationship between stereopsis and other cognitive function, in a sample of PD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Titmus stereotest plates for assessing stereopsis. Fifty-nine subjects (29 PD patients and 30 normal controls) were included in this study. The included patients underwent a neurological examination, clinical rating scale and neuropsychological tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drug naïve PD patients showed decreased stereopsis on the Titmus fly stereopsis test (Pearson χ2=23.80, p<0.001) compared to PD patients with normal stereopsis. The Hoehn-Yahr stages and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores were significantly higher in patients with PD with abnormal stereopsis than in patients with PD with normal stereopsis (p=0.026; p=0.046). The frequency of abnormal visual perception/constructive function was greater in patients with PD with abnormal stereopsis compared to patients with PD with normal stereopsis (Pearson χ2=5.11, p=0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that stereopsis deficits and visual perception/constructive dysfunction are common in de novo PD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine at Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ji-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yu Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seong-Beom
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology