title: Risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to maternal egg and cholesterol intake.
abstract: Higher egg and cholesterol intakes are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, their association with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has not been evaluated. The authors assessed such associations in both a prospective cohort study (1996-2008; 3,158 participants) and a case-control study (1998-2002; 185 cases, 411 controls). A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess maternal diet. Multivariable models were used to derive relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. Compared with no egg consumption, adjusted relative risks for GDM were 0.94, 1.01, 1.12, 1.54, and 2.52 for consumption of ≤1, 2-3, 4-6, 7-9, and ≥10 eggs/week, respectively (P for trend=0.008). Women with high egg consumption (≥7/week) had a 1.77-fold increased risk compared with women with lower consumption (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19, 2.63). The relative risk for the highest quartile of cholesterol intake (≥294 mg/day) versus the lowest (<151 mg/day) was 2.35 (95% CI: 1.35, 4.09). In the case-control study, the adjusted odds ratio for consuming ≥7 eggs/week versus <7 eggs/week was 2.65 (95% CI: 1.48, 4.72), and the odds of GDM increased with increasing cholesterol intake (P for trend=0.021). In conclusion, high egg and cholesterol intakes before and during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of GDM.
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, 1124 Columbia Street, Suite 750, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. Chun-fang.Qiu@Swedish.org
authors.forename: Chunfang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Ihunnaya O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Frederick
authors.forename: Cuilin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tanya K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Enquobahrie
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000209:etiology*; D004531:Eggs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary