title: Needleless vaccine delivery using micro-shock waves.
abstract: Shock waves are one of the most efficient mechanisms of energy dissipation observed in nature. In this study, utilizing the instantaneous mechanical impulse generated behind a micro-shock wave during a controlled explosion, a novel nonintrusive needleless vaccine delivery system has been developed. It is well-known that antigens in the epidermis are efficiently presented by resident Langerhans cells, eliciting the requisite immune response, making them a good target for vaccine delivery. Unfortunately, needle-free devices for epidermal delivery have inherent problems from the perspective of the safety and comfort of the patient. The penetration depth of less than 100 μm in the skin can elicit higher immune response without any pain. Here we show the efficient utilization of our needleless device (that uses micro-shock waves) for vaccination. The production of liquid jet was confirmed by high-speed microscopy, and the penetration in acrylamide gel and mouse skin was observed by confocal microscopy. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine strain pmrG-HM-D (DV-STM-07) was delivered using our device in the murine salmonellosis model, and the effectiveness of the delivery system for vaccination was compared with other routes of vaccination. Vaccination using our device elicits better protection and an IgG response even at a lower vaccine dose (10-fold less) compared to other routes of vaccination. We anticipate that our novel method can be utilized for effective, cheap, and safe vaccination in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India. jaggie@aero.iisc.ernet.in
authors.forename: Gopalan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jagadeesh
authors.forename: G Divya
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Rakesh
authors.forename: Uday Sankar
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.forename: M Gopala
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.forename: Sandeepa M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Eswarappa
authors.forename: Dipshikha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chakravortty
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D058491:Bacterial Load; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007277:Injections, Jet / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000276:immunology; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated