title: The effect of patient positioning aids on PET quantification in PET/MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical PET/MR requires the use of patient positioning aids to immobilize and support patients for the duration of the combined examination. Ancillary immobilization devices contribute to overall attenuation of the PET signal, but are not detected with conventional MR sequences and, hence, are ignored in standard MR-based attenuation correction (MR-AC). We report on the quantitative effect of not accounting for the attenuation of patient positioning aids in combined PET/MR imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used phantom and patient data acquired with positioning aids on a PET/CT scanner (Biograph 16, HI-REZ) to mimic PET/MR imaging conditions. Reference CT-based attenuation maps were generated from measured (original) CT transmission images (origCT-AC). We also created MR-like attenuation maps by following the same conversion procedure of the attenuation values except for the prior delineation and subtraction of the positioning aids from the CT images (modCT-AC). First, a uniform (68)Ge cylinder was positioned centrally in the PET/CT scanner and fixed with a vacuum mattress (10 cm thick) and, in a repeat examination, with MR positioning foam pads. Second, 16 patient datasets were selected for subsequent processing. All patients were regionally immobilized with positioning aids: a vacuum mattress for head/neck imaging (nine patients) and a foam mattress for imaging of the lower extremities (seven patients). PET images were reconstructed following CT-based attenuation and scatter correction using the original and modified (MR-like) CT images: PET(origCT-AC) and PET(modCT-AC), respectively. PET images following origCT-AC and modCT-AC were compared visually and in terms of mean differences of voxels with a standardized uptake value of at least 1.0. In addition, we report maximum activity concentration in lesions for selected patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the phantom study employing the vacuum mattress the average voxel activity in PET(modCT-AC) was underestimated by 6.4% compared to PET(origCT-AC), with 3.4% of the PET voxels being underestimated by 10% or more. When the MR foam pads were not accounted for during AC, PET(modCT-AC) was underestimated by 1.1% on average, with none of the PET voxels being underestimated by 10% or more. Evaluation of the head/neck patient data showed a decrease of 8.4% ([(68)Ga]DOTATOC) and 7.4% ([(18)F]FDG) when patient positioning aids were not accounted for during AC, while the corresponding decrease was insignificant for the lower extremities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on the size and density of the positioning aids used, a regionally variable underestimation of PET activity following AC is observed when positioning aids are not accounted for. This underestimation may become relevant in combined PET/MR imaging of patients with neuropsychiatric indications, but appears to be of no clinical relevance in imaging the extremities.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Preclinical Imaging and Imaging Technology of Werner Siemens-Foundation, Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. frederic.mantlik@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mantlik
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Matthias K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kupferschläger
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schölkopf
authors.forename: Bernd J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pichler
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beyer
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies