title: Vocal cord dysfunction and asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vocal cord dysfunction can occur independently or can co-exist with asthma. It often mimics asthma in presentation and can be challenging to diagnose, particularly in those with known asthma. Vocal cord dysfunction remains under-recognized, which may result in unnecessary adjustments to asthma medicines and increased patient morbidity. There is a need to review current literature to explore current theories regarding disease presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The underlying cause of vocal cord dysfunction is likely multifactorial but there has been increased interest in hyper-responsiveness of the larynx. Many intrinsic and extrinsic triggers have been identified which in part may explain asthma-like symptomatology. A variety of techniques have been reported to provoke vocal cord dysfunction during testing which may improve diagnosis. There is a significant gap in the literature regarding specific laryngeal control techniques, duration of therapy, and the effectiveness of laryngeal control as a treatment modality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those with vocal cord dysfunction and asthma report more symptoms on standardized asthma control questionnaires, which can result in increasing amounts of medication if vocal cord dysfunction is not identified and managed appropriately. Clinicians need to maintain a high index of suspicion to identify these patients. Videolaryngostroboscopy remains the diagnostic method of choice. Evidence-based guidelines are needed for the most effective diagnostic techniques. Laryngeal control taught by speech pathologists is the most common treatment. Effectiveness is supported in case reports and clinical experience, but not in larger randomized trials which are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benninger
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Mastronarde
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000503:physiopathology*