title: Critical phase distractions in anaesthesia and the sterile cockpit concept.
abstract: In aviation, the sterile cockpit rule prohibits non-essential activities during critical phases of flight, takeoff and landing, phases analogous to induction of, and emergence from, anaesthesia. We studied distraction during 30 anaesthetic inductions, maintenances and emergences. Mean (SD) noise during emergence (58.3 (6.2) dB) was higher than during induction (46.4 (4.3) dB) and maintenance (52 (4.5) dB; p<0.001). Sudden loud noises, greater than 70 dB, occurred more frequently at emergence (occurring 34 times) than at induction (occurring nine times) or maintenance (occurring 13 times). The median (IQR [range]) of staff entrances or exits were 0 (0-2 [0-7]), 6 (3-10 [1-18]) and 10 (5-12 [1-20]) for induction, maintenance and emergence, respectively (p<0.001). Conversations unrelated to the procedure occurred in 28/30 (93%) emergences. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. Recognising and minimising distraction should improve patient safety. Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Western Infirmary & Gartnavel Hospitals, Glasgow, UK. malcolmbroom@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Broom
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Capek
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carachi
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Akeroyd
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hilditch
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000592:standards*; D001288:Attention; D001359:Aviation / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D009622:Noise; D009873:Operating Rooms; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods*; D012606:Scotland; D018581:Technology Transfer