title: Association between metabolic syndrome and male lower urinary tract symptoms in Japanese subjects using three sets of criteria for metabolic syndrome and International Prostate Symptom Score.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), as defined by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 900 men underwent digital rectal examination of the prostate and completed an IPSS questionnaire. These men had visited our hospital for metabolic screening from April 2008 to March 2009. The IPSS includes scores for 3 questions on voiding symptoms, 3 on storage symptoms, and 1 on postmicturition symptoms. The relationships of the LUTS (determined from the IPSS subscores) with the metabolic syndrome diagnosed using the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity, 2005 National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III, and 2005 International Diabetes Federation criteria were examined. The severity of LUTS was compared among the younger, middle-age, and older men (<50, 50-64, and ≥65 years old, respectively) with and without the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome was made in 16.7%, 16.6%, and 11.7% of the men using the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity, 2005 National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III, and 2005 International Diabetes Federation criteria, respectively. Regardless of the presence of the metabolic syndrome, aging was significantly associated with an increased rate of moderate or severe LUTS, except for postmicturition symptoms. In the middle-age men, the metabolic syndrome had a significant negative correlation with storage symptoms (odds ratio 0.258-0.426). In the younger and older men, LUTS was observed equally in those with and without the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A relationship between age and LUTS was observed; however, the metabolic syndrome did not show a clear association with LUTS. Our results suggest that LUTS is associated with aging, regardless of the presence of the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nippon Medical School, Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan. kogaki@nms.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohgaki
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hikima
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D011469:Prostatic Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods*