title: Thoracoscopy in children less than 20 kg for the management of spinal disorders: efficacy at long-term follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracoscopy is now considered a safe and feasible method for surgical management of spinal disorders in both adults and children. Nevertheless, a weight less than 20 kg has been reported as a relative contraindication because of the small volume of the thoracic cage and the anticipated difficulties of single-lung ventilation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, as well as the safety and efficacy, of thoracoscopic procedures in such patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a retrospective analysis of a consecutive group of patients less than 20 kg weight, who underwent a thoracoscopy between 1998 and 2005. Results were evaluated radiologically, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were reported. A minimum 2-year follow-up was required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen patients were included. Age at surgery averaged 3 years and 4 months (±1.25). The mean weight was 13.3 kg (±2.8). Fourteen of the patients had congenital scoliosis, 9 due to hemivertebrae and 5 due to segmentation failures. The other 3 suffered from evolutive kyphosis, 2 caused by Pott disease, and 1 caused by congenital anterior failure of segmentation. The mean follow-up was 6 years and 9 months (±1.5). Lung exclusion time averaged 114 minutes (±20). The intended procedure was possible in all cases and no conversion to open thoracotomy was required. The mean operating time was 139 minutes (±10). A posterior arthrodesis was associated and performed during the same anesthesia in 15 cases. The selective breathing was efficient and well tolerated in all cases. No intraoperative respiratory complication was observed. For patients with congenital scoliosis, the average improvement of the main curve between preoperative and latest follow-up was 55%, with an average Cobb angle improvement of 19.1 degrees (±10.5). For the 3 cases of kyphosis, the curve progression stopped, with a mean reduction of the regional kyphosis of 6 degrees (±11.5). Fusion was obtained radiologically in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of thoracoscopy for the management of spinal disorders in children less than 20 kg weight. Thoracoscopy can still be considered as an option in very young children, even though the small chest cavity creates additional technical challenges and the diminutive bronchial tree necessitates a dedicated method of single-lung ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic, Robert Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 7 University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lefevre
authors.forename: Brice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ilharreborde
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Huot
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fitoussi
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Presedo
authors.forename: Georges-François
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Penneçot
authors.forename: Keyvan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mazda
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome