title: Usage patterns of stop smoking medications in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States: findings from the 2006-2008 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.
abstract: Varenicline is a new prescription stop smoking medication (SSM) that has been available in the United States since August 1, 2006, in the United Kingdom and other European Union countries since December 5, 2006, in Canada since April 12, 2007, and in Australia since January 1, 2008. There are few population-based studies that have examined use rates of varenicline and other stop smoking medications. We report data from the ITC Four Country survey conducted with smokers in the US, UK, Canada, and Australia who reported an attempt to quit smoking in past year in the 2006 survey (n = 4,022 participants), 2007 (n = 3,790 participants), and 2008 surveys (n = 2,735 participants) Respondents reported use of various stop smoking medications to quit smoking at each survey wave, along with demographic and smoker characteristics. The self-reported use of any stop smoking medication has increased significantly over the 3 year period in all 4 countries, with the sharpest increase occurring in the United States. Varenicline has become the second most used stop smoking medication, behind NRT, in all 4 countries since being introduced. Between 2006 and 2008, varenicline use rates increased from 0.4% to 21.7% in the US, 0.0% to 14.8% in Canada, 0.0% to 14.5% in Australia, and 0.0% to 4.4% in the UK. In contrast, use of NRT and bupropion remained constant in each country. Males and non-whites were significantly less likely to report using any SSM, while more educated smokers were significantly more likely to use any SSM, including varenicline. Our findings suggest that the introduction of varenicline led to an increase in the number of smokers who used evidence-based treatment during their quit attempts, rather than simply gaining market share at the expense of other medications. From a public health perspective, messages regarding increased success rates among medication users and the relative safety of stop smoking medications should be disseminated widely so as to reach all smokers of all socioeconomic classifications equally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Street, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. brian.fix@roswellpark.org
authors.forename: Brian V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Fix
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivard
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borland
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: K Michael
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002170:Canada; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D000068580:Varenicline
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D000068580:Varenicline