title: Errors associated with the concentration of epinephrine in endonasal surgery.
abstract: This paper presents two cases of using erroneous concentrations of epinephrine during endonasal surgery. The two patients discussed were part of a larger study aimed at monitoring the absorption of epinephrine upon injection into the nasal mucosa. During this study, we observed major cardiovascular reactions in two consecutive patients--ventricular tachycardia with ventricular extrasystole and a significant rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate. This state required pharmacological intervention. In hindsight, it was found that an erroneous application of ten times higher (1:10,000) concentration of epinephrine than the usual was injected. The applied solution was prepared in our institutional pharmacy and was labelled incorrectly (1:100,000 instead of 1:10,000). The authors have analysed the steps leading to the erroneous applications and recommend safety precautions for the prevention of errors in the concentration levels of epinephrine. Epinephrine injections in concentrations of 1:10,000, followed by analyses of epinephrine levels in venous blood, have not yet been described in available literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Ostrava, 17 listopadu Street 1790, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic. petr.matousek@fno.cz
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Matoušek
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Komínek
authors.forename: Antonín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garčic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014288:Trimecaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014288:Trimecaine; D004837:Epinephrine