title: Limitations of selective deltamethrin application for triatomine control in central coastal Ecuador.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This year-long study evaluated the effectiveness of a strategy involving selective deltamethrin spraying and community education for control of Chagas disease vectors in domestic units located in rural communities of coastal Ecuador.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveys for triatomines revealed peridomestic infestation with Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Panstrongylus howardi, with infestation indices remaining high during the study (13%, 17%, and 10%, at initial, 6-month, and 12-month visits, respectively), which indicates a limitation of this strategy for triatomine population control. Infestation was found 6 and 12 months after spraying with deltamethrin. In addition, a large number of previously vector-free domestic units also were found infested at the 6- and 12-month surveys, which indicates new infestations by sylvatic triatomines. The predominance of young nymphs and adults suggests new infestation events, likely from sylvatic foci. In addition, infection with Trypanosoma cruzi was found in 65%, 21% and 29% at initial, 6-month and 12-month visits, respectively. All parasites isolated (n = 20) were identified as TcI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New vector control strategies need to be devised and evaluated for reduction of T. cruzi transmission in this region.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Disease Institute, Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA. grijalva@ohiou.edu
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grijalva
authors.forename: Anita G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Villacís
authors.forename: Sofía
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ocaña-Mayorga
authors.forename: César A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Yumiseva
authors.forename: Esteban G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Baus
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004484:Ecuador; D004493:Education / Q000379:methods; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010203:Panstrongylus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012239:Rhodnius / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin