title: Nutritional support for malnourished patients with cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cancer and its treatments frequently have a negative impact on the weight and nutritional status of patients. Weight loss is associated with reduced survival and poorer outcomes of treatment but is not well characterized and frequently confused with cachexia, which may complicate the interpretation of studies of nutritional support. The aims of this review were to examine the impact of cancer on nutritional status and to review the role of simple oral nutritional interventions and novel agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The terms weight loss, malnutrition and cachexia refer to different entities and new definitions have recently been proposed that take account of the role of the underlying inflammatory processes. Oral nutritional interventions are widely recommended for malnourished cancer patients, but the evidence for their benefits to clinical, nutritional and patient-centred outcomes is limited. Meta-analysis has highlighted the variability in response to simple nutritional interventions of different cohorts of cancer patients and suggested that improvements in nutritional endpoints and aspects of quality of life may be achieved in some patients. Recent research has largely focused on treatments aiming to modulate the inflammatory processes associated with cachexia, but to date has not identified a single treatment with clear efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies characterizing the potential for nutritional support in combination with anti-inflammatory agents in defined patient groups are defined to advance the evidence base in this area.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK. christine.baldwin@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019167:Appetite Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002100:Cachexia / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018529:Nutritional Support / Q000379:methods*; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D019167:Appetite Stimulants; D016207:Cytokines