title: Expression and shedding of endothelial protein C receptor in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidences show that beyond its role in coagulation, endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) interferes with carcinogenesis. Pro-carcinogenic effects of EPCR were linked with a raised generation of activated protein C (aPC) and anti-apoptotic signalling. This study was carried out to analyze the expression, cell surface exposition, and shedding of EPCR in normal and malignant prostate cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EPCR expression is up-regulated both at the mRNA and protein levels in invasive prostate DU-145 and PC-3 cells in comparison to normal prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) and less-invasive LNCaP cells. Release of soluble EPCR (sEPCR) is induced by 12-myristate 13-acetate, ionomycin, H2O2, and disruptor of lipid rafts in PrEC, DU-145, and PC-3 cells. Furthermore, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), but not interleukin-6 or interferon-γ increase sEPCR release. In LNCaP cells, neither pharmacological agents nor IL-1β or TNF-α result in a significant increase of sEPCR release. The effects of IL-1β and TNF-α on EPCR shedding in DU-145 cells are mediated by MEK/ERK 1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK signalling cascades. In PC-3 cells, however, the MEK/ERK 1/2 pathway is down-regulated and incubation with cytokines did not elevate the phosphorylated ERK-1/2 fraction as in the case of DU-145 cells. Treatment with 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA), an activator of metalloproteases, causes a disproportionately large increase of sEPCR release in DU-145 and PC-3 cells, compared to PrEC and LNCaP cells. Finally, an increased release of sEPCR mediated by APMA treatment is shown to be connected with reduced generation of activated protein C indicating the functionality of EPCR in these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates a number of substantial differences in expression and shedding of EPCR in prostate cancer cell lines in comparison with normal cells that may be relevant for understanding the role of this receptor in carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus", Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany. Mario.Menschikowski@uniklinikum-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menschikowski
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagelgans
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tiebel
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klinsmann
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eisenhofer
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siegert