title: The discovery of chlordiazepoxide and the clinical introduction of benzodiazepines: half a century of anxiolytic drugs.
abstract: The clinical introduction of chlordiazepoxide half a century ago was one of the major breakthroughs in the history of psychopharmacology, as it opened the door for the benzodiazepine saga, the pharmacological family par excellence in the treatment of anxiety disorders. This review analyses the discovery of this drug, which was filled with chance events, and numerous chemical and clinical errors of approach. Chlordiazepoxide, initially called methaminodiazepoxide, was patented in 1958 and introduced in clinical treatment in 1960 under the brand name Librium®. The benzodiazepines became the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide, provided truly effective treatment for "minor forms" (neuroses) of mental disorders for the first time, increased the quality of scientific methodology in clinical research, and enabled the development of new etiopathogenic theories for anxiety disorders, especially after the discovery in 1977 of their high-affinity receptor complex.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain. francisco.lopez.munoz@gmail.com
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: López-Muñoz
authors.forename: Cecilio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alamo
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: García-García
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000266:history*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide