title: Nasal cannula, CPAP, and high-flow nasal cannula: effect of flow on temperature, humidity, pressure, and resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delivery of warm, humidified, supplemental oxygen via high-flow nasal cannula has several potential benefits; however, the high-flow range may not maintain humidification and temperature and in some cases may cause excessive expiratory pressure loading.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of flow on temperature, humidity, pressure, and resistance in nasal cannula (NC), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in a clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three delivery systems were tested in the nursery using each instrument's recommended specifications and flow ranges (0-3 L/min and 0-8 L/min). Flow, pressure, temperature, and humidity were measured, and resistance was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all devices at 0-3 L/min, there was a difference (p<0.01) in temperature (NC 35.9°C > CPAP 34.5°C > HFNC 34.0°C), humidity (HFNC 82% > CPAP 77% > NC 57%), pressure (HFNC 22 cmH(2)O > NC 4 cmH(2)O > CPAP 3 cmH(2)O), and resistance (HFNC 636 cmH(2)O/L/sec > NC 270 cmH(2)O/L/sec > CPAP 93 cmH(2)O/L/sec) as a function of flow. For HFNC and CPAP at 0-8 L/min, there was a difference (p<0.01) in temperature (CPAP 34.5°C > HFNC 34.0°C) in humidity (HFNC 83 % > CPAP 76 %), pressure (HFNC 56 cmH(2)O > CPAP 14 cmH(2)O) and resistance (HFNC 783 cmH(2)O/L/sec > CPAP 280 cmH(2)O/L/sec) as a function of flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gas delivered by HFNC was more humid than NC and CPAP. However, the higher pressure and resistance delivered by the HFNC system may have clinical relevance, such as increased work of breathing, and warrants further in vivo studies.
authors.affiliation: Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA. changg@mlhs.org
authors.forename: Gordon Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shaffer
mesh_terms: D000403:Airway Resistance; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D057785:Catheters; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006813:Humidity; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D011312:Pressure; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013696:Temperature