title: Alterations of antioxidant biomarkers and type I collagen deposition in the parotid gland of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acarbose is a competitive inhibitor of intestinal alpha-glycosidases that slows the breakdown of sucrose and starch, thereby reducing glucose and fructose absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acarbose treatment on antioxidant parameters and deposition of type I collagen in the parotid glands of diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes mellitus was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin, and rats were divided into four groups: non-diabetic (NDM), diabetic (DM), diabetic treated with 25mg/kg acarbose (DMA) and non-diabetic treated with acarbose (NDMA). Changes in enzymatic antioxidant systems, such as the activity of SOD and GPx enzymes, were evaluated, and the specific staining pattern of the type I collagen fibres was investigated in the rat parotid glands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DM group presented high levels of SOD and GPx enzymes, which were reduced by acarbose treatment. Tissue damage, which was indicated by an increased MDA concentration in the parotid glands of rats in the DM group, was also reversed in the DMA group. Moreover, type I collagen fibres from DM rats were more intensely stained than those of NDM rats. Acarbose treatment was effective in decreasing collagen deposition, which was shown by a decrease in staining intensity of approximately 25%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the diabetic state influences the type I collagen concentration in the parotid glands of rats. In addition, acarbose treatment was helpful in preventing the deposition of such fibres, as well the increase in oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, CEP 38400-902, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Simone Ramos
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Deconte
authors.forename: Renato José da Silva
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Luciana Karen
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Calábria
authors.forename: Vanessa Neves de
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Neire Moura de
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Gouveia
authors.forename: Alberto da Silva
authors.initials: Ada S
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: Foued Salmen
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Espindola
mesh_terms: D020909:Acarbose / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000187:drug effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000032:analysis; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000187:drug effects; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000187:drug effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001798:Blood Proteins; D024042:Collagen Type I; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D014280:Triglycerides; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013311:Streptozocin; D014508:Urea; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D020909:Acarbose