title: Precise delineation of ureterocele anatomy: virtual magnetic resonance cystoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the application of virtual magnetic resonance cystoscopy (VMRC) in precise detection of ureterocele extension compared with conventional cystoscopy (as the gold standard) and other imaging modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of 55 patients, with confirmed diagnosis of ureterocele during endoscopic surgery, were reviewed retrospectively. Thirty-two of them (14 girls and 18 boys, age range: 4-22 months) whom underwent investigation with magnetic resonance urography, voiding cystourethrography, and ultrasonography were included. Images were obtained using T1-scanner with pulse sequences (TR = 30-50 ms, TE = 2-8 ms, echo train length = 8 moderate, filip angel = 40°). Using multiplanar reformation from source images, the bladder was evaluated to determine ureterocele anatomy. Virtual findings were compared with other imaging studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cystoscopy confirmed 3(9%) bilateral and 9(28%) unilateral intravesical ureteroceles, and 20(63%) ectopic type. VMRC was the most sensitive method in detection of ureterocele anatomy and its extension (detection rate: 94%) It detected one case of bilateral intravesical and three ectopic types, which were not detected in other imaging modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VMRC is a promising non-invasive technique in exact detection of ureterocele extension prior to endoscopic operation. It permits evaluation of concurrent genitourinary abnormalities and facilitates preoperative planning especially in complex ectopic ureteroceles. It may be indicated as a clinical routine, when conventional cystoscopy is contraindicated.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 32, 7th Street, Saadat-Abad, Ave, 1998714616, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Shadi Abdar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Esfahani
authors.forename: Abdol-Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kajbafzadeh
authors.forename: Reza Seyedhosein
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Beigi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salavati
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elmi
authors.forename: Saman Shafaat
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Talab
authors.forename: Mehrzad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehdizadeh
mesh_terms: D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014518:Ureterocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging