title: Aromatic A-ring analogues of orobanchol, new germination stimulants for seeds of parasitic weeds.
abstract: Strigolactones are signaling compounds in plants of increasing importance. In this paper the focus is on their activity as germinating agents for seeds of parasitic weeds. The syntheses of aromatic A-ring analogues of the germination stimulant orobanchol have been described. Starting substrate is the ABC unit of the stimulant GR24. Oxidation at the C-4 position gives a 4-oxo derivative which on subsequent reduction produces two C-4 epimeric alcohols, syn and anti in a ratio of 82 : 3. For practical access of the C-4 anti alcohol, the predominant syn epimer is inverted by a Mitsunobu procedure. The anti C-4 alcohol is then coupled with the D-ring in a one-pot two-step process involving a formylation and a reaction with bromobutenolide to give a mixture of the diastereomeric aromatic A-ring analogues of orobanchol. In contrast, the syn C-4 alcohol cannot be coupled directly with the D-ring. Protection of the C-4 syn OH is a prequisite. The best protecting function is the SEM group as deprotection after coupling with the D-ring can then readily be achieved. The structures of these new analogues have been ascertained by X-ray analyses. Both diastereomers of the C-4 syn as well as the C-4 anti orobanchol analogues have been tested as germination agents of seeds of Striga hermonthica and Orobanche ramosa. In addition, the acetates of both epimeric C-4 alcohols have been prepared and tested. Both diastereomers of the 4-oxo derivative have been prepared and bioassayed as well. The bioassays reveal that the diastereomers having the natural relative configuration are most active. The data also suggest that hydrogen bonding is not an important factor in the binding of the stimulant molecules in the receptor.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Heetika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kohlen
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.forename: Floris P J T
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Rutjes
authors.forename: Binne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zwanenburg
mesh_terms: D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D007783:Lactones / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D031672:Orobanche / Q000187:drug effects; D057685:Plant Weeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D034362:Striga / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007783:Lactones; C472678:orobanchol