title: A highly distributed Bragg stack with unique geometry provides effective camouflage for Loliginid squid eyes.
abstract: Cephalopods possess a sophisticated array of mechanisms to achieve camouflage in dynamic underwater environments. While active mechanisms such as chromatophore patterning and body posturing are well known, passive mechanisms such as manipulating light with highly evolved reflectors may also play an important role. To explore the contribution of passive mechanisms to cephalopod camouflage, we investigated the optical and biochemical properties of the silver layer covering the eye of the California fishery squid, Loligo opalescens. We discovered a novel nested-spindle geometry whose correlated structure effectively emulates a randomly distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), with a range of spatial frequencies resulting in broadband visible reflectance, making it a nearly ideal passive camouflage material for the depth at which these animals live. We used the transfer-matrix method of optical modelling to investigate specular reflection from the spindle structures, demonstrating that a DBR with widely distributed thickness variations of high refractive index elements is sufficient to yield broadband reflectance over visible wavelengths, and that unlike DBRs with one or a few spatial frequencies, this broadband reflectance occurs from a wide range of viewing angles. The spindle shape of the cells may facilitate self-assembly of a random DBR to achieve smooth spatial distributions in refractive indices. This design lends itself to technological imitation to achieve a DBR with wide range of smoothly varying layer thicknesses in a facile, inexpensive manner.
authors.affiliation: Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Institute for Collaborative Biotechnology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Sönke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D049834:Loligo / Q000502:physiology*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D012031:Refractometry; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods