title: Assessing the effect of different ultrasonic frequencies on bacterial viability using flow cytometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research investigated the effect of sonication at frequencies of 20, 40 and 580 kHz and approximately the same acoustic intensity on the viability and declumping of two micro-organisms (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two analytical methods were employed; viable plate counts (CFU ml−1) and flow cytometry to identify and quantify both live/viable and dead bacteria in the bulk liquid. Flow cytometry results for E. coli and Kl. pneumonia indicated a high sensitivity to 20 and 40 kHz frequency with a continuous decrease in the viable cells and an increase in dead cells during experiments. In contrast, results using the higher frequency of 580 kHz indicate predominantly deagglomeration of bacterial clumps rather than cell membrane disruption (Joyce et al. 2003). Results indicate a good correlation between flow cytometry and viable plate count methodology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sonication has two different effects on bacteria (i) inactivation and (ii) declumping; however, the scale of these effects is dependent on intensity and frequency. Flow cytometry provides a method to distinguish between and quantify the effects through the observation of two subpopulations: (i) live/viable and (ii) dead bacterial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment using power ultrasound has been shown to have a significant impact on microbial activity. This is the first time a study has compared the influence of a range of different frequencies, but at similar power settings on the survival of bacteria in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). This work is of importance for applications where ultrasound has been considered for use in industry as a means of disinfection including the treatment and pretreatment of water and also for the sterilization of liquid foods.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hashimi
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007709:Klebsiella; D050296:Microbial Viability; D013010:Sonication; D013016:Sound