title: A new technique for nonsurgical retreatment of teeth with amalgam root end fillings: case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this article was to show an alternative clinical approach to retreating teeth having had prior combined nonsurgical and surgical endodontic treatment with retrograde amalgam fillings. Nonsurgical retreatment performed alone has historically presented numerous challenges for the clinician and an uncertain outcome for the patient. Surgical retreatment has the potential disadvantages of additional root shortening, bone loss, and scarring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four cases are presented with recalls up to 5.5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was shown to be predictable and successful in this series. Root length was preserved, and surgery was avoided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonsurgical amalgam removal from the root end may provide a desirable alternative to the more common and complicated option of combined nonsurgical and surgical endodontic retreatment.
authors.affiliation: terry@pannkuk.com
authors.forename: Terrell F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Pannkuk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001047:Apicoectomy / Q000379:methods; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000473:pathology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010087:Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000628:therapy; D019233:Retreatment; D012184:Retrograde Obturation / Q000379:methods*; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017640:Silicates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013396:Suction / Q000379:methods; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000473:pathology; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D003723:Dental Amalgam; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D002710:Chlorhexidine