title: Novel concentration method for the detection of norovirus and sapovirus from water using minute particles of amorphous calcium phosphate.
abstract: A novel concentration method using minute particles of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was developed for the detection of caliciviruses including norovirus and sapovirus, agents of human gastroenteritis, from water. In seeding experiments with feline calicivirus (FCV), ACP particles were able to adsorb efficiently the viruses in water, and the FCV-concentrated solution was obtained by dissolution of the virus-adsorbing ACP particles with citric acid after centrifugation. By quantitative real-time RT-PCR, the recovery efficiencies from 300 ml ultrapure water seeded with 10³, 10⁴ and >10⁵ copies of FCV were 48, 68 and >100 %, respectively. A comparative study showed that in the addition of viruses at <10⁵ copies, the recovery efficiency of our method was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the similar calcium flocculation-citrate dissolution method. Using our newly developed method, we successfully detected 2.1 x 10⁴ copies l⁻¹ of norovirus (each of genogroups I and II) and 5.4 x 10³ copies l⁻¹ of sapovirus (genogroups I, II, IV and V) from river water. The data suggest that our new viral concentration is a rapid, simple, cost efficient and high virus recovery method, and it can be used for routine monitoring of norovirus and sapovirus in water, especially environmental water.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.|Virus Division, Saitama Institute of Public Health, 639-1 Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.affiliation: Virus Division, Saitama Institute of Public Health, 639-1 Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Virus Division, Saitama Institute of Public Health, 639-1 Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Virus Division, Saitama Institute of Public Health, 639-1 Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomioka
authors.affiliation: Virus Division, Saitama Institute of Public Health, 639-1 Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Virus Division, Saitama Institute of Public Health, 639-1 Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Minegishi
authors.affiliation: Virus Division, Saitama Institute of Public Health, 639-1 Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawahashi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohashi
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry; D029341:Sapovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods*; D053585:Virus Attachment; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D052638:Particulate Matter; C519480:amorphous calcium phosphate