title: Prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as a marker of residual cardiovascular risk among acute coronary syndrome patients from Oman.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence as well as predictors of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients in Oman.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from the records of 1583 consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of ACS as part of the Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events (Gulf RACE). A low HDL-C was considered as <40 mg/dL for males and <50 mg/dL for females.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mean age of the cohort was 59 ± 13 years ranging from 19 to 102 with patients being mostly male (62%) and Omani (83%). The majority were on statin therapy (84%) and 1.1% were on fenofibrate. The overall prevalence of low HDL-C for this ACS population in Oman was 53% mostly affecting females (67 vs. 43%; p < 0.001). After covariate adjustment, renal impairment (serum creatinine >2 mg/dL), triglycerides, and body mass index (BMI) were positive predictors of low HDL-C. However, male gender, total cholesterol, and heart failure (Killip class score ≥3) were negative predictors of low HDL-C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Omani ACS patients have a high prevalence of low HDL-C. Renal impairment, triglycerides, and BMI were positive predictors of low HDL-C. The clinical relevance of a low HDL-C abnormality needs to be evaluated in light of the study's limitations (e.g., cross sectional study design as well as the effects of the acute phase reaction and treatment).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. ial_zakwani@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Zakwani
authors.forename: Kadhim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Rasadi
authors.forename: Dimitri P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mikhailidis
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009850:Oman / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL