title: Mesiodistal root angulation of permanent teeth in children with mixed dentition and normal occlusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is little information regarding the mesiodistal angulation of permanent teeth in mixed dentition. The aim of this study was to evaluate mesiodistal root angulation of permanent incisors, canines and first molars of 100 Brazilian children, using a new horizontal reference plane based on the midpoint of the intercuspation of primary canines and permanent first molars in panoramic radiographs during the mixed-dentition phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were equally divided between the genders with a mean age of 8.9 years (SD=0.76), normal occlusion and no eruptive disturbances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The angulation of the permanent maxillary first molars was close to the vertical, whereas the mandibular molars presented approximately 25 degrees of distal root angulation. The maxillary canines were the most distally angulated teeth, whereas the permanent mandibular canines were vertically positioned. The evaluation of the anterior maxillary area showed vertical position of permanent lateral, and central incisors with a slight distal angulation, whereas the permanent mandibular incisors tended to a mesial radicular convergence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed reference line could be useful in mixed dentition root angulation evaluation; there was a slight asymmetry in the mesiodistal angulation among homologous teeth, and also a small variation between the male and the female groups, but no difference between 8-and 10-year-old children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prevention and Oral Rehabilitation, Dental School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia A S
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Jesuino
authors.forename: Luciane R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valladares-Neto
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D003818:Dentition, Mixed; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014078:Tooth Eruption; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging