title: Painful and involuntary multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain, dysphagia, respiratory problems, sexual and cardiovascular dysfunctions may occur in patients with MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present review, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge on the impact pain, dysphagia, respiratory problems, sexual and cardiovascular dysfunctions have in patients with MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To effectively manage MS, it is essential that these symptoms are recognized as early as possible and treated by a rehabilitative multidisciplinary approach, based on proven scientific evidence.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science 1161 21st Ave. S. AA1105 MCN Radiology Department, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. francesca.r.bagnato@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bagnato
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Centonze
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galgani
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: Shalom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haggiag
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strano
mesh_terms: D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence