title: Evaluation of mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil in the in vitro Ames Salmonella/microsome assay and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The possible mutagenic and antimutagenic activity of neem oil (NO) and its DMSO extract (NDE) were, examined in the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight different strains of Salmonella typhimurium were, used to study the genotoxicity of neem oil both in the presence and absence of Aroclor-1254 induced rat liver homogenate (S9). Two-dose treatment protocol was, employed to study the cytogenetic activity in micronucleus assay. Similarly, the antimutagenic activity of neem oil and NDE was studied against mitomycin (MMC) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in the above two test systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neem oil was non-mutagenic in all the eight tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium both in the presence and absence of S9 mix. In the present study, there was no significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in neem oil treated groups over the negative control (DMSO) group of animals, indicating the non-clastogenic activity of neem oil in the micronucleus test. Neem oil showed good antimutagenic activity against DMBA induced mutagenicity compared to its DMSO extract. However, neem oil showed comparatively less antimutagenicity against MMC in the Ames assay. In vivo anticlastogenic assays shows that neem oil exhibited better activity against DMBA induced clastogenicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate non-mutagenic activity of neem oil and significant antimutagenic activity of neem oil suggesting its pharmacological importance for the prevention of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 474 002, India. vij.vinod@gmail.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vinod
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Meshram
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031601:Azadirachta / Q000196:embryology*; D001711:Biotransformation; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D010938:Plant Oils