title: Developing a policy for do not resuscitate orders within a framework of goals of care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Discussions about DNR (do not resuscitate) orders or code status are common but can be difficult and may not lead to accurate understanding between clinicians and patients. These discussion are often isolated from the larger context of a patient's plan of care. Addressing patients goals of care, which provide a basic orientation for clinical and ethical decision making, may improve clinicians' understanding about patients' code-status preferences.
  On the basis of experience at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, which entailed incorporating goals of care in ethics education, identifying six goals of care through a structured literature review, surveying hospitalized adults, and integrating goals of care into palliative care education, the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics ethics committee revised the hospital policy regarding DNR orders. The intention was to avoid treating DNR orders as an isolated clinical phenomenon and to instead place the discussion of DNR orders in the more general context of end-of-life discussions and to place both of these discussions within an even more general framework of goals of care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DNR order policy represents an effort to translate conceptual analysis, empirical research, and clinical experience into hospital policy so that clinicians are encouraged to place code-status discussions within a larger, goal-oriented context. Using goals of care to guide decision making about DNR orders and other treatments should enhance the quality of patient care by improving the fit between the biomedical information we provide patients and the values our patients rely on to make their medical decisions.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA. lauris-kaldjian@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Lauris C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kaldjian
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broderick
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000941:ethics* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D057766:Policy; D016414:Resuscitation Orders / Q000941:ethics*; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration