title: Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the effects, adverse consequences, and extent of energy drink consumption among children, adolescents, and young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed and Google using "energy drink," "sports drink," "guarana," "caffeine," "taurine," "ADHD," "diabetes," "children," "adolescents," "insulin," "eating disorders," and "poison control center" to identify articles related to energy drinks. Manufacturer Web sites were reviewed for product information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to self-report surveys, energy drinks are consumed by 30% to 50% of adolescents and young adults. Frequently containing high and unregulated amounts of caffeine, these drinks have been reported in association with serious adverse effects, especially in children, adolescents, and young adults with seizures, diabetes, cardiac abnormalities, or mood and behavioral disorders or those who take certain medications. Of the 5448 US caffeine overdoses reported in 2007, 46% occurred in those younger than 19 years. Several countries and states have debated or restricted energy drink sales and advertising.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Energy drinks have no therapeutic benefit, and many ingredients are understudied and not regulated. The known and unknown pharmacology of agents included in such drinks, combined with reports of toxicity, raises concern for potentially serious adverse effects in association with energy drink use. In the short-term, pediatricians need to be aware of the possible effects of energy drinks in vulnerable populations and screen for consumption to educate families. Long-term research should aim to understand the effects in at-risk populations. Toxicity surveillance should be improved, and regulations of energy drink sales and consumption should be based on appropriate research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Integrative Medicine Program, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Schaechter
authors.forename: Eugene R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hershorin
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lipshultz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D004326:Drinking; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants