title: Increasing trend of primary NO(2) exhaust emission fraction in Hong Kong.
abstract: Despite the successful reduction in roadside NO(                            x                         ) levels, no such decrease has been detected in roadside NO(2) concentration in Hong Kong. One underlying cause could be the rising primary NO(2) fraction of the total emission of NO(                            x                         ). Primary NO(2) can be particularly detrimental to Hong Kong because a large fraction of the population are exposed to the traffic-related primary pollutants in the street canyons formed by congested high-rise buildings. In this study, hourly mean concentration data for roadside nitrogen oxides (NO(                            x                         )), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and background ozone (O(3)) were used to estimate the mean primary NO(2) fraction from vehicle exhausts in Hong Kong. An overall increasing trend was observed for the primary NO(2) fraction (f-NO(2)) values in all the three roadside air monitoring sites. The primary NO(2) as a fraction of total NO(                            x                         ) (f-NO(2)) increased approximately from 2% in 1998 to 13% in 2008 in Hong Kong. The two particular periods of rising f-NO(2) coincided with the two implementation periods of the diesel retrofit programs for the light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles. Future vehicle emission control strategies should target not only total NO(                            x                         ) but also primary NO(2). Health benefit or disease burden estimates should be taken into account and updated in the process of policy planning and evaluation.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China. linweit@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Linwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Sarah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Hualiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Kin Fai
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Shun Cheng
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ignatius T S
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006723:Hong Kong; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D010126:Ozone; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide