title: Evaluating the toxicity of environmental concentrations of waterborne chromium (VI) to a model teleost, Oncorhynchus mykiss: a comparative study of in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: Toxic effects of environmental concentrations (50, 100, and 200μg/L) of waterborne chromium (VI) were evaluated in rainbow trout by comparison of in vitro and in vivo assays. Multiple biomarkers were measured including oxidative stress indices and antioxidant response parameters in liver and brain, as well as Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in gill. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were significantly induced (1.54-fold and 1.37-fold, respectively) in fish brain in vivo, but no significant differences were observed in any other biomarker or in vivo test group. Oxidative stress was apparent in vitro as significantly higher levels of oxidative indices, with the highest induction of TBARS and CP found in brain at 200μg/L Cr(VI) (2.41-fold and 1.95-fold, respectively), and SOD and GR activities and reduced glutathione in brain were significantly inhibited (65%, 44%, and 36%, respectively). In vitro Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in gill was also significantly inhibited at concentrations of 100 and 200μg/L (69% and 45%, respectively). Short-term exposure to environmental concentrations of Cr(VI) does not therefore evoke marked effects in fish in vivo. Based on the present results, a set of in vitro tests with tissue homogenate can be evoked more remarkable effects by the lower concentrations of Cr(VI) than in vivo, which could provide some useful information and might be a potential alternative approach for monitoring heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments. However, it needs more detailed studies in other area, such as hormonal response or genotoxicity, before these findings could be applied in the field investigation.
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. zhihuali06@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Zhi-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Randak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002857:Chromium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D029941:Fish Proteins; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D005978:Glutathione