title: Amelioration of dermal fibrosis by genetic deletion or pharmacologic antagonism of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 in a mouse model of scleroderma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]), is characterized by progressive multiorgan fibrosis. We recently implicated lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the roles of LPA and two of its receptors, LPA₁ and LPA₂, in dermal fibrosis in a mouse model of SSc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild type (WT), and LPA₁-knockout (KO) and LPA₂-KO mice were injected subcutaneously with bleomycin or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) once daily for 28 days. Dermal thickness, collagen content, and numbers of cells positive for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) or phospho-Smad2 were determined in bleomycin-injected and PBS-injected skin. In separate experiments, a novel selective LPA₁ antagonist AM095 or vehicle alone was administered by oral gavage to C57BL/6 mice that were challenged with 28 daily injections of bleomycin or PBS. AM095 or vehicle treatments were initiated concurrently with, or 7 or 14 days after, the initiation of bleomycin and PBS injections and continued to the end of the experiments. Dermal thickness and collagen content were determined in injected skin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LPA₁ -KO mice were markedly resistant to bleomycin-induced increases in dermal thickness and collagen content, whereas the LPA₂-KO mice were as susceptible as the WT mice. Bleomycin-induced increases in dermal α-SMA+ and phospho-Smad2+ cells were abrogated in LPA₁-KO mice. Pharmacologic antagonism of LPA₁ with AM095 significantly attenuated bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis when administered according to either a preventive regimen or two therapeutic regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that LPA/LPA₁ pathway inhibition has the potential to be an effective new therapeutic strategy for SSc, and that LPA₁ is an attractive pharmacologic target in dermal fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Flavia V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Castelino
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seiders
authors.forename: Gretchen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: Sarah F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Swaney
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lorrain
authors.forename: Jerold
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Luster
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tager
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001761:Bleomycin; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005355:Fibrosis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid; D001761:Bleomycin