title: A method of estimating conceptus doses resulting from multidetector CT examinations during all stages of gestation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current methods for the estimation of conceptus dose from multidetector CT (MDCT) examinations performed on the mother provide dose data for typical protocols with a fixed scan length. However, modified low-dose imaging protocols are frequently used during pregnancy. The purpose of the current study was to develop a method for the estimation of conceptus dose from any MDCT examination of the trunk performed during all stages of gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) radiation transport code was employed in this study to model the Siemens Sensation 16 and Sensation 64 MDCT scanners. Four mathematical phantoms were used, simulating women at 0, 3, 6, and 9 months of gestation. The contribution to the conceptus dose from single simulated scans was obtained at various positions across the phantoms. To investigate the effect of maternal body size and conceptus depth on conceptus dose, phantoms of different sizes were produced by adding layers of adipose tissue around the trunk of the mathematical phantoms. To verify MCNP results, conceptus dose measurements were carried out by means of three physical anthropomorphic phantoms, simulating pregnancy at 0, 3, and 6 months of gestation and thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) crystals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results consist of Monte Carlo-generated normalized conceptus dose coefficients for single scans across the four mathematical phantoms. These coefficients were defined as the conceptus dose contribution from a single scan divided by the CTDI free-in-air measured with identical scanning parameters. Data have been produced to take into account the effect of maternal body size and conceptus position variations on conceptus dose. Conceptus doses measured with TLD crystals showed a difference of up to 19% compared to those estimated by mathematical simulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimation of conceptus doses from MDCT examinations of the trunk performed on pregnant patients during all stages of gestation can be made using the method developed in the current study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Iraklion, Crete, Greece. damilaki@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tzedakis
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Perisinakis
authors.forename: Antonios E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Papadakis
mesh_terms: D049628:Body Size; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*