title: High prevalence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies in children with intestinal failure: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in children with intestinal failure as they transitioned from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN).
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed medical records of all patients with severe intestinal failure treated from 1999 to 2008 at a multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation program who had undergone micronutrient biochemical monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort of 30 children (mean age, 5 years; range, 2 to 9 years; 18 boys) had median PN duration of 23 weeks (IQR, 13 to 34 weeks). Median transition from PN to full EN lasted 12 weeks (IQR, 8 to 20 weeks); during this transition, 33% of patients had at least one vitamin deficiency and 77% at least one mineral deficiency. After transition to 100% EN, 70% had at least one vitamin deficiency and 77% had at least one mineral deficiency, with the most common deficiencies being vitamin D (68%), zinc (67%), and iron deficiency (37%). After transition to 100% EN, multivariate analysis identified regular use of a multivitamin supplement (P=.004) and intact ileocecal valve (P=.02) as protective against the development of vitamin deficiencies, independent of bowel length, gestational age, and days on PN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with intestinal failure exhibit a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies during intestinal rehabilitation. Regular monitoring and aggressive supplementation in children with intestinal failure is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Chi-fu Jeffrey
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duro
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaksic
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duggan
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000172:deficiency*; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D014815:Vitamins