title: A headspace SPME-GC-ECD method suitable for determination of chlorophenols in water samples.
abstract: A headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography with electron capture detector (HS-SPME-GC-ECD) method was optimized for the determination of seven chlorophenols (CPs) with different levels of chlorination. This is the first time that HS-SPME-GC-ECD with acetylation of the analytes is used for the simultaneous determination of CPs in water samples. The influence of fibre type, derivatization conditions, salt addition, temperature and time of extraction and temperature of desorption was checked. Possible sources of contamination and analyte losses were considered. The best results were obtained with the polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene fibre, derivatization by acetylation using 100 μL of acetic anhydride and 0.1 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate per 10 mL of sample, salt addition of 100 g L(-1) sodium chloride, extraction at 70 °C for 60 min and desorption in the GC injector at 260 °C for 6 min. The limits of detection (LOD) for monochlorophenols were 12 and 122 ng L(-1) for 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol, respectively. For polychlorinated CPs, the LODs were lower than 6 ng L(-1), values similar to the existing methods that use SPME with derivatization for CPs determination in water samples. The method is suitable for the determination of CPs in most environmental aqueous samples. Repeatability and reproducibility were less than 16.8% and 11.7%, respectively. The optimized method was successfully applied for the analysis of waters with complex matrices such as river and estuarine water samples.
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Morais
authors.forename: Teodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stoichev
authors.forename: M Clara P
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Basto
authors.forename: Pedro N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M Teresa S D
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
mesh_terms: D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000032:analysis*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002733:Chlorophenols; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D011137:Polystyrenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C029107:4-chlorophenol; C013830:baysilon; C030683:2-chlorophenol