title: Irreversible electroporation of the liver and liver hilum in swine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel, non-thermal form of ablation. We studied the safety and efficacy of IRE for the ablation of liver tissue around the liver hilum. We also studied the ability of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining (TTC) to predict the zone of ablation after IRE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight swine underwent 20 ablations of the liver and liver hilum. Two monopolar probes were positioned 2 cm apart. IRE was performed using 90 pulses of 2500-3000 V/cm. IRE treatments were performed from 15 min to 14 days (n= 4) before sacrifice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals survived. No major complications were encountered. Ablation width ranged from 2.27 to 4.45 cm and ablation height ranged from 1.5 to 1.8 cm. TTC staining demonstrated the zone of ablation in all animals. Hepatocyte necrosis occurs immediately adjacent to large central veins without evidence of heat sink. Bile ducts, portal veins and hepatic arteries appear to be more resistant to the effects of IRE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IRE appears to be safe and effective for liver tissue ablation in the liver hilum. The portal structures appear more resistant to the effects of IRE. TTC staining can predict the zone of IRE ablation as early as 15 min after treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. kcharpentier@lifespan.org
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.forename: Farrah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Lelia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Brody
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winn
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Damian E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Dupuy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007813:Laparotomy; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C009591:triphenyltetrazolium