title: An association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory diseases in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence for a link between long-term exposure to air pollution and lung cancer is limited to Western populations. In this prospective cohort study, we examined this association in a Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 63 520 participants living in 6 areas in 3 Japanese prefectures who were enrolled between 1983 and 1985. Exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) was assessed using data from monitoring stations located in or nearby each area. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the hazard ratios associated with the average concentrations of these air pollutants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 10-year average concentrations of PM(2.5), SO(2), and NO(2) before recruitment (1974-1983) were 16.8 to 41.9 µg/m(3), 2.4 to 19.0 ppb, and 1.2 to 33.7 ppb, respectively (inter-area range). During an average follow-up of 8.7 years, there were 6687 deaths, including 518 deaths from lung cancer. The hazard ratios for lung cancer mortality associated with a 10-unit increase in PM(2.5) (µg/m(3)), SO(2) (ppb), and NO(2) (ppb) were 1.24 (95% confidence interval: 1.12-1.37), 1.26 (1.07-1.48), and 1.17 (1.10-1.26), respectively, after adjustment for tobacco smoking and other confounding factors. In addition, a significant increase in risk was observed for male smokers and female never smokers. Respiratory diseases, particularly pneumonia, were also significantly associated with all the air pollutants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with lung cancer and respiratory diseases in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Information Services and Surveillance Division, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. kkatanod@ncc.go.jp
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katanoda
authors.forename: Tomotaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sobue
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: Takaichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takezaki
authors.forename: Tomio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: Suketami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tominaga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide