title: New non-oral drug delivery systems for Parkinson's disease treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson's disease (PD) remains the only neurodegenerative disorder for which there are highly effective symptomatic therapies, but still unmet needs regarding its long-term management. Levodopa (LD) remains the most effective treatment; however, chronic use is associated with potentially disabling motor complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review highlights a variety of new non-oral drug delivery strategies for non-invasive and invasive routes of drug administration for the treatment of PD. It also includes current and future trends of liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and biocompatible microparticles as new non-oral drug delivery systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term complications and limitations of LD treatment might be improved by changing therapy from the present pulsatile stimulation to a more constant stimulation of central dopamine receptors. Stimulation of these receptors may be possible with a new non-oral drug delivery system, with the aim of achieving long-lasting and less fluctuating drug levels, minimization of peak levels and thereby reduction of side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Shadab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Md
authors.forename: Shadabul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Jasjeet Kaur
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sahni
authors.forename: Sanjula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baboota
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents