title: Detection of individual over-smoking using conventional laboratory tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to find useful markers for detecting the severity of smoking effects on the human body from conventional laboratory tests used in community health check-ups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 18,576 persons who visited Tokai University Hospital Health Check Clinic between January 5, 2000, and December 28, 2000. The data on their life-style information and laboratory tests were analyzed by multiple regression analysis and logistic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  White blood cell counts (WBC), the numbers of lymphocytes (Ly), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells (MCV), and carcinoembriogenic antigen (CEA) were positively correlated with numbers of cigarettes consumed, while high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was negatively correlated, with statistically significant difference. Although the relationship between the grade of smoking habit and MCV, HDL-C and CEA was affected by alcohol intake, the WBC, MCV, HDL-C and CEA were shown to be the grading index for smoking effect regardless of drinking habit. Logistic analysis indicated that an accumulation of these marker abnormalities was not useful for differentiating smokers from non-smokers as compared with a single marker abnormality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WBC, MCV, HDL-C and CEA can be the grading index for smoking effect. Abnormalities in one or some of those values observed in healthy smokers indicate some effects of smoking on their bodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Tokai University School of Medicine and Research Center for International Health Development, Tokai University Graduate School of Medicine, Isehara City, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komaki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.forename: Reiichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Higashiyama
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinoue
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okazaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers