title: Do household smoking behaviors constitute a risk factor for hookah use?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much research has focused on the role played by families in cigarette smoking behavior. However, there is a lack of such research for hookah (waterpipe) smoking. This study focuses on the role of family members' hookah smoking behaviors as a possible risk factor for hookah smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred and one adults in southeast Michigan responded to an anonymous self-administered survey regarding personal and family members' hookah smoking behavior and perceptions of health risks related to hookah smoking. Multinomial logistic regression modeling was used to examine risk factors for hookah use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of current hookah smoking in the study population was 26%. The odds ratio for an individual to smoke hookah were 9.5 (95% CI = 2.37-38.47, p < .01), 8.6 (95% CI = 3.92-19.02, p < .001), and 1.2 (95% CI = 1.14-1.41, p < .05) if the father, mother, or sibling, respectively, smoked hookah at home. Male gender and younger age were also significantly associated with hookah smoking. Household hookah smoking behaviors were also significant risk factors among former hookah smokers compared with nonsmokers, but there were no significant risk factors when comparing former hookah smokers with current hookah smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Having a father, mother, or sibling smoking hookah at home, male gender and younger age are significant risk factors for current hookah smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. hjamil@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Hikmet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janisse
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elsouhag
authors.forename: Monty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fakhouri
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Arnetz
authors.forename: Bengt B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Arnetz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult