title: Identification of early molecular markers for breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the mammary gland represents an early, pre-invasive stage in the development of invasive breast carcinoma. Since DCIS is a curable disease, it would be highly desirable to identify molecular markers that allow early detection. Mice transgenic for the WAP-SV40 early genome region were used as a model for DCIS development. Gene expression profiling was carried out on DCIS-bearing mice and control animals. Additionally, a set of human DCIS and invasive mammary tumors were analyzed in a similar fashion. Enhanced expression of these marker genes in human and murine samples was validated by quantitative RT-PCR. Besides, marker gene expression was also validated by immunohistochemistry of human samples. Furthermore in silico analyses using an online microarray database were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In DCIS-mice seven genes were identified that were significantly up-regulated in DCIS: DEPDC1, NUSAP1, EXO1, RRM2, FOXM1, MUC1 and SPP1. A similar up-regulation of homologues of the murine genes was observed in human DCIS samples. Enhanced expression of these genes in DCIS and IDC (invasive ductal carcinoma) was validated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By comparing murine markers for the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the mammary gland with genes up-regulated in human DCIS-samples we were able to identify a set of genes which might allow early detection of DCIS and invasive carcinomas in the future. The similarities between gene expression in DCIS and invasive carcinomas in our data suggest that the early detection and treatment of DCIS is of utmost relevance for the survival of patients who are at high risk of developing breast carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Research Group Surgical Oncology, ECRC, Robert-Rössle-Str, 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany. celine.schaefer@charite.de
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sterner-Kock
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siedentopf
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schoenegg
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schlag
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kemmner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000175:diagnosis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor