title: [Cognitive reserve questionnaire. Scores obtained in a healthy elderly population and in one with Alzheimer's disease].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The term cognitive reserve describes the capacity of the adult brain to minimise the clinical manifestation of a neurodegenerative process. The acquisition of cognitive reserve has been linked to the performance of certain intellectual and cognitive activities throughout the whole of the individual's life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create a new cognitive reserve questionnaire (CRQ), to establish its relation with the cognitive functions and to obtain the standard values in the cognitively healthy elderly Spanish population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 55 cognitively healthy controls and 53 patients with Alzheimer's disease. All the subjects were asked to complete the CRQ, which consists of eight items with several different possible answers, together with a brief neuropsychological battery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age had no significant influence on the score obtained on the CRQ in either of the groups, yet the number of years of schooling did exert a significant effect. In both groups significant correlations were found between the score on the CRQ and performance in neuropsychological tests that measure executive functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CRQ is a useful questionnaire for assessing the degree of cognitive reserve in healthy controls and in patients in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The CRQ is associated with the cognitive performance of executive functioning.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Neurociencies, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rami
authors.forename: Cinta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valls-Pedret
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartrés-Faz
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caprile
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solé-Padullés
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castellvi
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olives
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Molinuevo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D058245:Cognitive Reserve / Q000502:physiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires