title: VACTERL association and mitochondrial dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  VACTERL association includes the presence of malformations affecting the vertebrae, anus, heart, trachea and esophagus, kidneys, and limbs. The causes remain largely unknown, but rare patients with mitochondrial dysfunction have been reported. Although clinical signs and symptoms consistent with possible mitochondrial disease are not uncommon in patients with VACTERL association, the necessary testing to confirm mitochondrial dysfunction is infrequently performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe a patient with relatively classic signs of VACTERL association who had an onset of clinical signs of mitochondrial dysfunction at 13 months of age. These signs included progressive muscle weakness, autonomic dysregulation, episodic hypoglycemia, and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. The patient was later shown to have evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction (cytochrome c oxidase deficiency).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal mitochondrial function may be associated with VACTERL association, and clinicians who encounter patients with VACTERL association should have a low threshold for considering mitochondrial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. solomonb@ mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Ankita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Sau Wai
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Pineda-Alvarez
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; D004947:Esophagus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014132:Trachea / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology