title: Identification of alkaptonuria in the general population: a United Kingdom experience describing the challenges, possible solutions and persistent barriers.
abstract: Progress in research into rare diseases is challenging. This paper discusses strategies to identify individuals with the rare genetic disease alkaptonuria (AKU) within the general population. Strategies used included a questionnaire survey of general practitioners, a dedicated website and patient network contact, targeted family screening and medical conference targeting. Primary care physicians of the UK were targeted by a postal survey that involved mailing 11,151 UK GPs; the response rate was 18.2%. We have identified 75 patients in the UK with AKU by the following means: postal survey (23), targeted family screening (11), patient networks and the website (41). Targeting medical conferences (AKU, rare diseases, rheumatology, clinical biochemistry, orthopaedics, general practitioners) did not lead to new identification in the UK but helped identify overseas cases. We are now aware of 626 patients worldwide including newly identified non-UK people with AKU in the following areas: Slovakia (208), the rest of Europe (including Turkey) (79), North America (including USA and Canada) (110), and the rest of the world (154). A mechanism for identifying individuals with AKU in the general population-not just in the UK but worldwide-has been established. Knowledge of patients with AKU, both in the UK and outside, is often confined to establishing their location in a particular GP practice or association with a particular medical professional. Mere identification, however, does not always lead to full engagement for epidemiological research purposes or targeting treatment since further barriers exist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK. lrang@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ranganath
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shenkin
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sireau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000474:Alkaptonuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011153:Population; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult