title: Obstructive sleep apnea: a stand-alone risk factor for chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have found an association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, subjects with confounding factors such as diabetes and hypertension were not excluded. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether patients with OSA without meeting criteria for diabetes or hypertension would also show increased likelihood of CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively enrolled adult patients with a chief complaint of habitual snoring. Overnight polysomnography, fasting blood triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, insulin, creatinine, albumin and hemoglobin A1c, and first voiding urine albumin and creatinine were examined. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance and percentage of CKD were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final analyses involved 40 patients who were middle-aged [44.8 (8.6) years] predominantly male (83%), obese [body mass index, 28.2 (5.1) kg/m(2)] and more severe OSA, with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 51.6 (39.2)/h. The mean eGFR and UACR were 85.4 (18.3) mL/min/1.73m(2) and 13.4 (23.4) mg/g, respectively. The prevalence of CKD in severe OSA subjects is 18%. With stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis, AHI and desaturation index were the only independent predictor of UACR (β = 0.26, P = 0.01, R(2) = 0.17) and eGFR (β = 0.32, P < 0.01, R(2) = 0.32), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High prevalence of CKD is present in severe OSA patients without hypertension or diabetes. Significantly positive correlations were found between severity of OSA and renal function impairment.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Pei-Hsien
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Cheng-Ta
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chun-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veasey
authors.forename: Li-Pang
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Shih-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yu-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ning-Hung
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin