title: Torsional strength and toughness of nickel-titanium rotary files.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this investigation was to compare torsional strength, distortion angle, and toughness of various nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five NiTi rotary instruments with different cross-sectional geometries were selected: TF and RaCe with equilateral triangle, ProTaper with convex-triangle, ProFile with U-shape, and Mtwo with S-shape. The size 25/.06 taper of TF, RaCe, ProFile, and Mtwo and the ProTaper F1 files were tested, all with the same diameter at D5. A metal mounting block with a cubical hole was constructed in which 5 mm of the file tip was rigidly held in place by filling the mold with a resin composite. The files were subjected to clockwise rotation at 2 rpm in a torsion tester. The torque and angular distortion were monitored until the file failed. The data were compared statistically for the yield and ultimate strengths, plastic hardening period, and toughness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TF and RaCe had significantly lower yield strength than other systems. TF had a significantly lower ultimate strength than other files, whereas Mtwo showed the greatest. ProFile showed the highest distortion angle at break, followed by TF. ProFile also showed the highest toughness value, whereas TF and RaCe both showed a lower toughness value than the others (P < .05). Fractographic examination revealed typical pattern of torsional fracture for all brands, characterized by circular abrasion marks and skewed dimples near the center of rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the limitations of the present study, the 5 tested NiTi rotary files showed a similar mechanical behavior under torsional load, with a period of plastic deformation before actual torsional breakage but with unequal strength and toughness value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jiwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yum
authors.forename: Gary Shun-Pan
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Jeong-Kil
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Bock
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.forename: Hyeon-Cheol
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019415:Torque; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium