title: Use of the intra-uterine contraceptive device in rural West Pakistan.
abstract: This paper presents selected aspects of experience with the intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUD) in rural West Pakistan. There were 1,162 IUD cases analyzed with respect to retention or non-retention. Retention rates were estimated, using life table methods, to be between 55 and 75 percent at one year; the smaller figure was obtained when theIUD was considered to be in situ only until the last examination, when it was observed to be in place. The latter or larger figure was obtained when the IUD was considered to be in situ unless known to be out.The extent of follow-up greatly affects estimates of the length of time the IUD remains in situ. Retention also varies with the type of I UD employed; exclusive use of Loop 3, which has the best retention record of those used,may be expected to yield higher retention rates by as much as 5 to 10 percent for one year. A number of other factors were examined that might explain non-retention. The objective variables that were examined in this experience, such as age, previous contraception, and husband's illiteracy, were on the whole rather poor predictors of IUD retention. Expulsion and other medical complications appear to account for most discontinuance of use of the IUD.
authors.affiliation: West Pakistan Research and Evaluation Center, 36A Lawrence Road, G.P.O. Box 349, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Rider
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ghazi
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Harper