title: Variability in the population pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in South African tuberculosis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in South African pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentration-time measurements obtained from 235 patients receiving oral doses of isoniazid as part of routine tuberculosis chemotherapy in two clinical studies were pooled and subjected to nonlinear mixed-effects analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-compartmental model, including first-order absorption and elimination with allometric scaling, was found to describe the observed dose-exposure relationship for oral isoniazid adequately. A mixture model was used to characterize dual rates of isoniazid elimination. Estimates of apparent clearance in slow and fast eliminators were 9.70 and 21.6 l h(-1) , respectively. The proportion of fast eliminators in the population was estimated to be 13.2%. Central volume of distribution was estimated to be 10% smaller in female patients and clearance was found to be 17% lower in patients with HIV. Variability in absorption rate (90%) was completely interoccasional in nature, whereas in relative bioavailability, interoccasional variability (8.4%) was lower than interindividual variability (26%). Oral doses, given once daily according to dosing policies at the time, were sufficient to reach therapeutic concentrations in the majority of the studied population, regardless of eliminator phenotype. Simulations suggested that current treatment guidelines (5 mg kg(-1) ) may be suboptimal in fast eliminators with low body weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to characterize the highly variable pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in a South African pulmonary tuberculosis patient population. Current treatment guidelines may lead to underexposure in rapid isoniazid eliminators.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Justin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Langdon
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McIlleron
authors.forename: Goonaseelan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ulrika S H
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Simonsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D044383:Black People; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D013019:South Africa; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000378:metabolism*; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007538:Isoniazid