title: Lessons learned from a pediatric clinical trial: the Pediatric Heart Network angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in mitral regurgitation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitral regurgitation is the most common indication for reoperation in children following repair of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). We hypothesized that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy would decrease the severity of mitral regurgitation and limit left ventricular volume overload in children following AVSD repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pediatric Heart Network designed a placebo-controlled randomized trial of enalapril in this population. The primary aim was to test the effect of enalapril on the change in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension body surface area-adjusted z score. Before the launch of the trial, a feasibility study was performed to estimate the number of patients with at least moderate mitral regurgitation following AVSD repair.
  Seventeen months after the start of the study, 349 patients were screened, 8 were trial eligible, and only 5 were enrolled. The study was subsequently terminated because of low patient accrual. Several factors led to the problems with patient accrual, including (1) the use of criteria to assess disease severity in the feasibility study that were not identical to those used in the trial, (2) failure to achieve equipoise for the study among clinicians and referring physicians, (3) reliance on methodology developed in adult populations with different disease mechanisms, and (4) absence of adequate data to define the natural history of the disease process under study. Progress in the treatment of children with cardiovascular disease will depend on the future of multicenter collaborative clinical trials. The lessons learned from this study may contribute to improvements in this research.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. jennifer.li@duke.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Colan
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sleeper
authors.forename: Jane W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Newburger
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Atz
authors.forename: Meryl S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Fraser
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: Gloria L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Ronald V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Lacro
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Radojewski
authors.forename: Marc E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: L Luann
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Minich
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D057239:Early Termination of Clinical Trials; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D004656:Enalapril