title: Daily sodium intake in chronic kidney disease patients during nephrology clinic follow-up: an observational study with 24-hour urine sodium measurement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine daily sodium intake in 'real practice' in a large group of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who were under regular follow-up in a nephrology clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 373 consecutive outpatients with CKD stages 1-5 (not on dialysis; men: 52.3%, mean age: 51.6 ± 15.4 years) were included in the study. All patients had at least 3 or more nephrology visits and received information on reducing their sodium intake. Data for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, number of antihypertensive medications and 2 consecutive 24-hour urinary sodium levels were obtained from the patients' medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean 24-hour urinary sodium levels of 2 consecutive urine samples were 168.8 ± 70.3 and 169.3 ± 67.4 mEq/day (p > 0.05). Only 14.7% of the patients had a sodium excretion <100 mmol/day. There was no difference in daily sodium intake from stages 1 to 4, but it was significantly lower in stage 5 (126.6 ± 60.5 mEq/day, p < 0.05). No relation was found between 24-hour urinary sodium output, number of antihypertensives or thiazide use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that almost 85% of CKD patients under regular nephrologic care were consuming more sodium than the recommended level. More robust measures should be devised to increase patient and physician compliance with reducing sodium intake in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey. aysunaybal @ hotmail.com
authors.forename: Aysun Aybal
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kutlugün
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arıcı
authors.forename: Tolga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yıldırım
authors.forename: Didem
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turgut
authors.forename: Rahmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yılmaz
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altındal
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Altun
authors.forename: Yunus
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Erdem
authors.forename: Unal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yasavul
authors.forename: Cetin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turgan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000639:trends; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium