title: Constipation and diarrhoea - common adverse drug reactions? A cross sectional study in the general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Constipation and diarrhoea are common complaints and often reported as adverse drug reactions. This study aimed at finding associations between drugs and constipation and diarrhoea in a general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A selection of inhabitants in Oppland County, Norway participated in a cross-sectional survey. Information about demographics, diseases including gastrointestinal complaints classified according to the Rome II criteria and use of drugs were collected on questionnaires. Constipation was defined as functional constipation and constipation predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), and diarrhoea as functional diarrhoea and diarrhoea predominant IBS. Associations between drugs and constipation and diarrhoea were examined with multivariable logistic regression models. Based on the multivariable model, the changes in prevalence (risk difference) of the abdominal complaints for non-users and users of drugs were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total 11078 subjects were invited, 4622 completed the questionnaires, 640 (13.8%) had constipation and 407 (8.8%) had diarrhoea. To start using drugs increased the prevalence of constipation and diarrhoea with 2.5% and 2.3% respectively. Polypharmacy was an additional risk factor for diarrhoea. Use of furosemide, levothyroxine sodium and ibuprofen was associated with constipation, and lithium and carbamazepine with diarrhoea. The excess drug related prevalence varied from 5.3% for the association between ibuprofen and constipation to 27.5% for the association between lithium and diarrhoea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of drugs was associated with constipation and diarrhoea in the general population. The associations are most likely adverse drug reactions and show that drug-induced symptoms need to be considered in subjects with these complaints.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Gjøvik, Norway. gunvor.s.fosnes@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Gunvor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fosnes
authors.forename: Stian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lydersen
authors.forename: Per G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Farup
mesh_terms: D003248:Constipation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires