title: Hand grip and pinch strength in patients with nocturnal enuresis: is there a role of muscle strength in pathogenesis of enuresis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of muscle strength with nocturnal enuresis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-three patients with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (8-14 years old) were recruited from outpatient clinics. Two hundred eight healthy students served as the control group (8-14 years old) from two primary schools. Physical examinations and the age, gender, height, weight, dominant hand, and body mass of these children index were recorded. A calibrated, Jamar dynamometer was used to assess grip strength at the first two settings. A pinch gauge was used to assess the key pinch of the right and left hands of these children. Two measurements of each grip and pinch were obtained at 15 sec intervals and mean values were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hand grip strength test and pinch was significantly lower in the enuretic group compared with the control group. These low results of the muscle strength in the enuretic group showed that whole body muscle weakness may contribute to the pathogenesis of enuresis as a possible etiological factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this first study on the association of muscle strength with nocturnal enuresis, it was found that neuromuscular function is abnormal in enuretic patients. In this neuromuscular abnormality, the motor activity is affected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Inonu University Medical School, Malatya, Turkey. hkarabiber@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hamza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karabiber
authors.forename: Mesut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garipardic
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uzel
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davutoglu
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.forename: Ziyadeddin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hasturk
authors.forename: Ekrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010808:Physical Examination; D052581:Pinch Strength / Q000502:physiology