title: Micronutritional approaches to periodontal therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periodontitis results from the loss of a delicate balance between microbial virulence factors and a proportionate host response. Nutritional factors have been implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases that are associated with periodontitis. This manuscript reviews the evidence for nutritional exposures in the etiology and therapeutic management of periodontitis, and makes recommendations for daily nutritional intake for vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D, calcium, and antioxidants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontitis is associated with low serum/plasma micronutrient levels, which may result from dietary and/or life-style factors as well as nutrigenetic characteristics. Early evidence suggests beneficial outcomes from nutritional interventions; supporting the contention that daily intake of certain nutrients should be at the higher end of recommended daily allowances. For prevention and treatment of periodontitis daily nutrition should include sufficient antioxidants, vitamin D, and calcium. Inadequate antioxidant levels may be managed by higher intake of vegetables, berries, and fruits (e.g. kiwi fruit), or by phytonutrient supplementation. Current evidence is insufficient to support recommendations of mono-antioxidant vitamin supplements and randomised controlled double-blind intervention studies are needed to provide evidence to underpin future recommendations. Inadequate supply of vitamin D and calcium may be addressed by implementing changes in diet/life style or by supplements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. u.vd.velden@acta.nl
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Van der Velden
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuzmanova
authors.forename: I L C
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Chapple
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054647:Nutrigenomics; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D018977:Micronutrients; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D001205:Ascorbic Acid