title: Satellite cells say NO to radiation.
abstract: Skeletal muscles are commonly exposed to radiation for diagnostic procedures and the treatment of cancers and heterotopic bone formation. Few studies have considered the impact of clinical doses of radiation on the ability of satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) to proliferate, differentiate and contribute to recovering/maintaining muscle mass. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the proliferation of irradiated satellite cells could be rescued by manipulating NO levels via pharmacological approaches and mechanical stretch (which is known to increase NO levels). We used both SNP (NO donor) and PTIO (NO scavenger) to manipulate NO levels in satellite cells. We observed that SNP was highly effective in rescuing the proliferation of irradiated satellite cells, especially at doses less than 5 Gy. The potential importance of NO was further illustrated by the effects of PTIO, which completely inhibited the rescue effect of SNP. Mechanical cyclic stretch was found to produce significant increases in NO levels of irradiated satellite cells, and this was associated with a robust increase in satellite cell proliferation. The effects of both radiation and NO on two key myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD and myogenin) were also explored. Irradiation of satellite cells produced a significant increase in both MyoD and myogenin, effects that were mitigated by manipulating NO levels via SNP. Given the central role of myogenic regulatory factors in the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, the findings of the current study underscore the need to more fully understand the relationship between radiation, NO and the functionality of satellite cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Jennie J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cho-Lim
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Caiozzo
authors.forename: Bertrand P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giedzinski
authors.forename: Mike J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Limoli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005720:Gamma Rays; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D032496:Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007093:Imidazoles; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D009599:Nitroprusside; C079391:2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide; D009569:Nitric Oxide