title: Transplantation of Xenopus laevis ears reveals the ability to form afferent and efferent connections with the spinal cord.
abstract: Previous comparative and developmental studies have suggested that the cholinergic inner ear efferent system derives from developmentally redirected facial branchial motor neurons that innervate the vertebrate ear hair cells instead of striated muscle fibers. Transplantation of Xenopus laevis ears into the path of spinal motor neuron axons could show whether spinal motor neurons could reroute to innervate the hair cells as efferent fibers. Such transplantations could also reveal whether ear development could occur in a novel location including afferent and efferent connections with the spinal cord. Ears from stage 24-26 embryos were transplanted from the head to the trunk and allowed to mature to stage 46. Of 109 transplanted ears, 73 developed with otoconia. The presence of hair cells was confirmed by specific markers and by general histology of the ear, including TEM. Injections of dyes ventral to the spinal cord revealed motor innervation of hair cells. This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and by electron microscopy structural analysis, suggesting that some motor neurons rerouted to innervate the ear. Also, injection of dyes into the spinal cord labeled vestibular ganglion cells in transplanted ears indicating that these ganglion cells connected to the spinal cord. These nerves ran together with spinal nerves innervating the muscles, suggesting that fasciculation with existing fibers is necessary. Furthermore, ear removal had little effect on development of cranial and lateral line nerves. These results indicate that the ear can develop normally, in terms of histology, in a new location, complete with efferent and afferent innervations to and from the spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fritzsch
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D004423:Ear / Q000196:embryology / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000294:innervation*; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000196:embryology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014982:Xenopus laevis