title: Bond strength of five dental adhesives using a fracture mechanics approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The adhesion tests utilized in dentistry are unable to separate the effects of adhesive composition, substrate properties, joint geometry and type of loading on the measured bond strength. This makes it difficult for the clinician to identify the most suitable adhesive for a given procedure and for the adhesive manufacturer to optimize its composition. Thus, an adhesion test protocol based on the fracture mechanics has been proposed to generate data for which separation of the effect of composition from that of the joint geometry on the shear (τ(a)) and tensile (σ(a)) bond strengths was possible for five commercial dental adhesives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Planar 40×5×5 mm(3) sections of bovine femur were used as model adherends. The adhesive thickness (h) was varied from 15 to 500 μm. Commercial adhesives with fracture toughness (K(IC)) ranging from 0.3 to 1.6 MPa m(1/2) were used. Double lap joint (DLJ) and modified compact tension (MCT) specimens were conditioned for 24 h in 37 °C distilled water, then dried in a vacuum oven at 37 °C for 24 h prior to testing. The thickness dependence of σ(a) and τ(a) was measured at constant strain rate and analyzed using the interface corner stress intensity factor model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both τ(a) and σ(a) increased with increasing adhesive thickness, exhibiting a maximum bond strength at the optimum thickness (h(opt)). For h<h(opt), both τ(a) and σ(a) were proportional to h, and, above h(opt), both τ(a) and σ(a) decreased with h(-4/10) in agreement with the fracture mechanics predictions. Hence, two geometry-independent material parameters, Ψ and (H(c)/Q), were found to characterize τ(a) and σ(a) over the entire thickness interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adhesion tests currently used in dentistry provide the geometry-dependent bond strength, and such data cannot be used either for prediction of clinical reliability of commercial dental adhesives or for development of new ones. The proposed test protocol allowed us to determine two composition-only dependent parameters determining τ(a) and σ(a). A simple proposed procedure can then be used to estimate the weakest point in clinically relevant joints always exhibiting varying adhesive thickness and, thus, to predict the locus of failure initiation. Moreover, this approach can also be used to analyze the clinical relevance of the fatigue tests of adhesive joints.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic. jancar@fch.vutbr.cz
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jancar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005269:Femur / Q000378:metabolism; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements