title: Deviant socialization mediates transmissible and contextual risk on cannabis use disorder development: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the contribution of transmissible risk, in conjunction with family and peer contextual factors during childhood and adolescence, on the development of cannabis use disorder in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The family high-risk design was used to recruit proband fathers with and without substance use disorder and track their sons longitudinally from late childhood to adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The families were recruited under the aegis of the Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
  
  
  METHODS
  The oldest son in the family was studied at ages 10-12, 16, 19 and 22 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The transmissible liability index (TLI), along with measures of quality of the parent-child relationship, cooperative behavior at home, social attitudes and peer milieu were administered to model the developmental pathway to cannabis use disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Affiliation with socially deviant peers and harboring non-normative attitudes (age 16) mediate the association between transmissible risk for substance use disorder (SUD) (age 10-12) and use of illegal drugs (age 19), leading to cannabis use disorder (age 22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deviant socialization resulting from transmissible risk and poor parent-child relationship is integral to development of cannabis use disorder in young adulthood.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. tarter@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Ralph E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tarter
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kirisci
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mezzich
authors.forename: Ty
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ridenour
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanyukov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006796:Household Work; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010379:Peer Group; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012951:Socialization; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult