title: Challenges to remaining at work with common health problems: what helps and what influence do organisational policies have?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Common health problems have a significant impact on work productivity (presenteeism), and sickness absence. The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes and beliefs of employees in the public sector about common health problems and work using the Flags system as a conceptual framework to identify problems and potential solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  63 employees took part in 14 focus groups in two public sector organisations. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed thematically using NVivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study confirmed the importance of heath-focused clinical factors (Yellow flags), perceptions of work (Blue flags), and more objective characteristics of work and organisational policies (Black flags), which emerged as major themes. The social and moral norms surrounding sickness absence and presenteeism were frequently discussed, including the impact of absence on colleagues, guilt, legitimising illness, and trust. There were interactions between the different Flags, often mediated by managers via their relationships with employees and their role in implementing organisational policy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Flags system was useful as a conceptual framework in this context for identifying a number of obstacles to working with health problems, many of which were potentially modifiable on worker, workplace, or wider systems levels.
authors.affiliation: Department for Health, University of Bath, 22-23 Eastwood, Claverton Down, Bath, England, UK. r.buck@bath.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rhiannon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porteous
authors.forename: Gwenllian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wynne-Jones
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Ceri J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Main
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015279:Organizational Culture; D016134:Organizational Policy; D018582:Sick Leave; D012931:Social Environment; D014937:Work / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D016526:Workload; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration