title: Posture and body image in individuals with major depressive disorder: a controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to quantify posture and body image in patients with major depressive disorder during episodes and after drug treatment, comparing the results with those obtained for healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 10-week period, we evaluated 34 individuals with depression and 37 healthy volunteers. Posture was assessed based on digital photos of the subjects; CorelDRAW software guidelines and body landmarks were employed. Body image was evaluated using the Body Shape Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During depressive episodes (in comparison with the post-treatment period), patients showed increased head flexion (p<0.001), increased thoracic kyphosis (p<0.001), a trend toward left pelvic retroversion (p=0.012) and abduction of the left scapula (p=0.046). During remission, patient posture was similar to that of the controls. At week 1 (during the episode), there were significant differences between the patients and the controls in terms of head flexion (p<0.001) and thoracic kyphosis (p<0.001); at weeks 8-10 (after treatment), such differences were seen only for shoulder position. The mean score on the Body Shape Questionnaire was 90.03 during the depressive episode, compared with 75.82 during remission (p=0.012) and 62.57 for the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During episodes of depression, individuals with major depressive disorder experience changes in posture and mild dissatisfaction with body image. The findings demonstrate that the negative impact of depression includes emotional and physical factors.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Doenças Afetivas, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. jane_canales@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Janette Zamudio
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: Táki Athanássios
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cordás
authors.forename: Juliana Teixeira
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fiquer
authors.forename: André Furtado
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.forename: Ricardo Alberto
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult