title: Opioid-prescribing practices and provider confidence recognizing opioid analgesic abuse in HIV primary care settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain syndromes are common in HIV-infected patients, who also are commonly affected by opioid-use disorders. Although opioids can treat pain, prescribers must consider the consequences of iatrogenic or missed addiction diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an anonymous online survey, we asked a national sample of HIV providers about their demographics, experience, and patients, and their practices and attitudes about chronic opioid therapy, addiction, and confidence recognizing opioid analgesic abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred six providers reported 28% of their patients had chronic pain; 21% received opioid analgesics; 37% were HIV infected by injecting drug use; and 12% were addicted to prescription opioids. Few providers followed recommended guidelines for chronic opioid therapy in nonmalignant pain. Mean provider confidence was 6.3 on a scale of 10. Higher confidence was associated with provider sex (P < 0.05), patient volume (P < 0.03), discussing substance use, (P < 0.05), urine toxicology (P < 0.01), prescribing longer acting opioids (P = 0.005), and prescribing buprenorphine (P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV providers seldom follow recommended guidelines for opioid prescribing and have limited confidence in their ability to recognize opioid analgesic abuse. Clinical practices developed to reduce misuse and increase early detection and treatment of opioid dependence are associated with higher confidence. The implementation of guidelines to improve the quality of opioid prescribing in HIV clinics may aid in the diagnosis of addictive disorders and prevent their adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, HIV/AIDS Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. plum@php.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Paula J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.forename: Sherri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Botsko
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hersh
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Thawley
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitty
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boverman
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fiellin
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents