title: Therapeutic cancer vaccines:  the latest advancement in targeted therapy.
abstract: Therapeutic cancer vaccines represent an emerging therapeutic modality that may play a more prominent role in cancer treatment in the future. Therapeutic cancer vaccines are designed to generate a targeted, immune-mediated antitumor response. There are 2 main types of therapeutic vaccines: patient-specific (generated either from a patient's own cells or tumor) and patient- nonspecific, where a peptide- or vector-based vaccine induces an immune response in vivo against specific tumor-associated antigens. Studies are currently underway to investigate methods to enhance vaccine strategies, including combinations with standard anticancer therapies or immune-modulating agents. Cancer vaccines are usually well tolerated, with minimal toxicity compared with chemotherapy. This review summarizes selected therapeutic cancer vaccines in late clinical development.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Marijo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bilusic
authors.forename: Ravi A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Madan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines