title: Effects of bond primers on bending strength and bonding of glass fibers in fiber-embedded maxillofacial silicone prostheses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of three commonly used bond primers on the bending strength of glass fibers and their bond strength to maxillofacial silicone elastomer after 360 hours of accelerated daylight aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty specimens were fabricated by embedding resin-impregnated fiber bundles (1.5-mm diameter, 20-mm long) into maxillofacial silicone elastomer M511 (Cosmesil). Twenty fiber bundles served as control and did not receive surface treatment with primers, whereas the remaining 60 fibers were treated with three primers (n = 20): G611 (Principality Medical), A-304 (Factor II), and A-330-Gold (Factor II). Forty specimens were dry stored at room temperature (23 ± 1°C) for 24 hours, and the remaining specimens were aged using an environmental chamber under accelerated exposure to artificial daylight for 360 hours. The aging cycle included continuous exposure to quartz-filtered visible daylight (irradiance 760 W/m(2) ) under an alternating weathering cycle (wet for 18 minutes, dry for 102 minutes). Pull-out tests were performed to evaluate bond strength between fiber bundles and silicone using a universal testing machine at 1 mm/min crosshead speed. A 3-point bending test was performed to evaluate the bending strength of the fiber bundles. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni post hoc test, and an independent t-test were carried out to detect statistical significances (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) values of maximum pull-out forces (N) before aging for groups: no primer, G611, A-304, A-330-G were: 13.63 (7.45), 20.44 (2.99), 22.06 (6.69), and 57.91 (10.15), respectively. All primers increased bond strength in comparison to control specimens (p < 0.05). Primer A-330-G showed the greatest increase among all primers (p < 0.05); however, bonding degraded after aging (p < 0.05), and pull-out forces were 13.58 (2.61), 6.17 (2.89), 6.95 (2.61), and 11.72 (3.03). Maximum bending strengths of fiber bundles at baseline increased after treatment with primers and light aging in comparison with control specimens (p < 0.05), and were in the range of 917.72 to 1095.25 and 1124.06 to 1596.68 MPa at both baseline and after 360 hours aging (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of A-330-G primer in conjunction with silicone Cosmesil M511 produced the greatest bond strength for silicone-glass fiber surfaces at baseline; however, bond strength was significantly degraded after accelerated daylight aging. Treatment with primer and accelerated daylight aging increased bending strength of glass fibers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allied Dental Science/Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. muhanad.hatamleh@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Muhanad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hatamleh
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates; D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass; D008422:Materials Testing; D008447:Maxillofacial Prosthesis; D018583:Pliability; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012821:Silanes; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013472:Sunlight; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D000269:Adhesives; D012821:Silanes; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; C009753:fiberglass