title: Enrichment of Nur77 mediated by retinoic acid receptor β leads to apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells induced by fenretinide and histone deacetylase inhibitors.
abstract: The synthetic retinoid fenretinide is one of the most promising clinically tested retinoids. Previously, we have shown that fenretinide induces apoptosis of Huh7 cells, but HepG2 cells are relatively resistant to fenretinide-induced apoptosis. This study examines the interactive role of fenretinide and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in inducing apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and the underlying mechanism. Trichostatin A and scriptaid can either enhance fenretinide-induced apoptosis in the fenretinide sensitive HCC cells (Huh7 and Hep3B) or sensitize the fenretinide resistant cells (HepG2) to become sensitive to the apoptotic effect of fenretinide in a cancer cell-specific manner. The sensitivity of cells to fenretinide-induced apoptosis was not associated with reactive oxygen species production nor with antioxidant gene expression. However, the level of retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) and Nur77 (NR4A1) was important for inducing apoptosis. Upon fenretinide and HDACi treatment, the expression of RARβ and Nur77 were induced and colocalized in the cytosol. The induction of Nur77 protein level, but not the messenger RNA level, was RARβ-dependent. In addition, RARβ interacted with Nur77. Nur77 was essential for fenretinide-induced and HDACi-induced apoptosis of Huh7 cells. Induction of the expression, the interaction, and the nuclear export of RARβ and Nur77 mediate fenretinide-induced and HDACi-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that targeting Nur77 and RARβ simultaneously provides an effective way to induce HCC cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Yu-Jui Yvonne
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006898:Hydroxylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D006898:Hydroxylamines; C539821:NR4A1 protein, human; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D011804:Quinolines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; C410733:scriptaid; D017313:Fenretinide; C012589:trichostatin A