title: Structural correlates of active-staining following magnetic resonance microscopy in the mouse brain.
abstract: Extensive worldwide efforts are underway to produce knockout mice for each of the ~25,000 mouse genes, which may give new insights into the underlying pathophysiology of neurological disease. Microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI) is a key method for non-invasive morphological phenotyping, capable of producing high-resolution 3D images of ex-vivo brains, after fixation with an MR contrast agent. These agents have been suggested to act as active-stains, enhancing structures not normally visible on MRI. In this study, we investigated the structural correlates of the MRI agent Gd-DTPA, together with the optimal preparation and scan parameters for contrast-enhanced gradient-echo imaging of the mouse brain. We observed that in-situ preparation was preferential to ex-situ due to the degree of extraction damage. In-situ brains scanned with optimised parameters, enabled images with a high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR ~30) and comprehensive anatomical delineation. Direct correlation of the MR brain structures to histology, detailed fine histoarchitecture in the cortex, cerebellum, olfactory bulb and hippocampus. Neurofilament staining demonstrated that regions of negative MR contrast strongly correlated to myelinated white-matter structures, whilst structures of more positive MR contrast corresponded to areas with high grey matter content. We were able to identify many sub-regions, particularly within the hippocampus, such as the unmyelinated mossy fibres (stratum lucidum) and their region of synapse in the stratum pyramidale, together with the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, an area of densely packed cell bodies, which was clearly visible as a region of hyperintensity. This suggests that cellular structure influences the site-specific distribution of the MR contrast agent, resulting in local variations in T(2)*, which leads to enhanced tissue discrimination. Our findings provide insights not only into the cellular distribution and mechanism of MR active-staining, but also allow for three dimensional analysis, which enables interpretation of magnetic resonance microscopy brain data and highlights cellular structure for investigation of disease processes in development and disease.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Department of Medicine and Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jon O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.forename: Frances K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Wiseman
authors.forename: Francesca C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Anthony N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Mankin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.forename: Victor L J
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Tybulewicz
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ordidge
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brandner
authors.forename: Elizabeth M C
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lythgoe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010477:Perfusion; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013788:Thalamus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016707:Tissue Fixation