title: Saxophonists tune vocal tract resonances in advanced performance techniques.
abstract: The acoustical impedance spectrum was measured in the mouths of saxophonists while they played. During bugling and while playing in the very high or altissimo range, experienced players tune a strong, but relatively broad, peak in the tract impedance to select which peak in the bore impedance will determine the note. Less experienced players are unable to produce resonances with impedance peaks comparable in magnitude to those of the bore and consequently are unable to play these notes. Experienced players can also tune their tracts to select which combinations of notes are played simultaneously in multiphonics or chords, and to produce pitch bending, a technique in which notes are produced at frequencies far from those of the peak of impedance of the instrument bore. However, in normal playing in the standard range, there is no consistent tuning of the tract resonances. The playing frequency, in all cases, lies close to the peak in the impedance of the reed in parallel with the series combination of the impedances measured in the mouth and the instrument bore on either side of the reed (ZMouth+ZBore)∥ZReed.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia. jerming@phys.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Jer-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000502:physiology*; D009055:Mouth / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D014732:Vibration