title: Implementing accountability for reasonableness framework at district level in Tanzania: a realist evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the growing importance of the Accountability for Reasonableness (A4R) framework in priority setting worldwide, there is still an inadequate understanding of the processes and mechanisms underlying its influence on legitimacy and fairness, as conceived and reflected in service management processes and outcomes. As a result, the ability to draw scientifically sound lessons for the application of the framework to services and interventions is limited. This paper evaluates the experiences of implementing the A4R approach in Mbarali District, Tanzania, in order to find out how the innovation was shaped, enabled, and constrained by the interaction between contexts, mechanisms and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study draws on the principles of realist evaluation -- a largely qualitative approach, chiefly concerned with testing and refining programme theories by exploring the complex interactions of contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes. Mixed methods were used in data collection, including individual interviews, non-participant observation, and document reviews. A thematic framework approach was adopted for the data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study found that while the A4R approach to priority setting was helpful in strengthening transparency, accountability, stakeholder engagement, and fairness, the efforts at integrating it into the current district health system were challenging. Participatory structures under the decentralisation framework, central government's call for partnership in district-level planning and priority setting, perceived needs of stakeholders, as well as active engagement between researchers and decision makers all facilitated the adoption and implementation of the innovation. In contrast, however, limited local autonomy, low level of public awareness, unreliable and untimely funding, inadequate accountability mechanisms, and limited local resources were the major contextual factors that hampered the full implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documents an important first step in the effort to introduce the ethical framework A4R into district planning processes. This study supports the idea that a greater involvement and accountability among local actors through the A4R process may increase the legitimacy and fairness of priority-setting decisions. Support from researchers in providing a broader and more detailed analysis of health system elements, and the socio-cultural context, could lead to better prediction of the effects of the innovation and pinpoint stakeholders' concerns, thereby illuminating areas that require special attention to promote sustainability.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 35169 Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. stephenmaluka@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maluka
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kamuzora
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sansebastián
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Byskov
authors.forename: Benedict
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ndawi
authors.forename: Øystein E
authors.initials: ØE
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hurtig
mesh_terms: D006292:Health Priorities / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D006295:Health Resources / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D016730:Program Development; D012040:Regional Health Planning / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012941:Social Responsibility; D013636:Tanzania