title: Risks for glomerular filtration rate decline in association with progression of albuminuria in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the annual rate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline and risks for this decline in association with albuminuria progression in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational 4-year cohort study was performed on 1002 subjects with preserved GFR (699 normoalbuminuric), and the predictive value of baseline variables on the GFR slope was investigated. GFR decliner and albuminuria progressor were defined as a GFR slope <-4.0%/year and changes in the geometric mean of urinary albumin from baseline to follow-up >150%, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual rates of GFR decline (percent per year, median and interquartile range) were -2.58 (-4.70 to -0.48) in normoalbuminuria, -3.49 (-5.93 to -1.11) in microalbuminuria and -6.58 (-10.64 to -3.53) in macroalbuminuria. Subjects cross-classified according to GFR decliner/albuminuria progressor consisted of 51% (-/-), 13% (-/+), 28% (+/-) and 8% (+/+). Common risks for GFR decline and albuminuria progression were retinopathy, neuropathy, hemoglobin A(1C) (HbA(1C)) and urinary albumin. Independent significant risks for GFR decline were baseline GFR, systolic blood pressure (SBP), total protein (TP) and hypertension. Proportions with progression to albuminuria were similar between GFR decliners and non-decliners. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that GFR slope was predicted by baseline variables of urinary albumin, GFR, HbA(1C), SBP, plasma TP and retinopathy. These risks appeared variable according to high or low levels of urinary albumin and GFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary albumin excretion is only one risk factor for albuminuria progression and GFR decline, and other important factors were implicated as important for prevention of end-stage renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Jiyugaoka Medical Clinic, Internal Medicine, Obihiro, Japan. hiroki@m2.octv.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Sakiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Suguho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Daishiro
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Honjo
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haneda
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine