title: The role of imaging in the management of cardiorenal syndrome.
abstract: Imaging of the kidney and the heart can provide valuable information in the diagnosis and management of cardiorenal syndromes. Ultrasound- (US-) based imaging (echocardiogram and renal US) is an essential component in the initial diagnostic workup of CRS. Echocardiography provides information on the structure and function of heart, and renal ultrasound is useful in differentiating between acute and chronic kidney disease and excluding certain causes of acute kidney injury such as obstructive uropathy. In this paper we overview the basic concepts of echocardiogram and renal ultrasound and will discuss the clinical utility of these imaging techniques in the management of cardiorenal syndromes. We will also discuss the role of other imaging modalities currently in clinical use such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging as well as novel techniques such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800133, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Sajid Melvin
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalantarinia