title: Low pesticide rates may hasten the evolution of resistance by increasing mutation frequencies.
abstract: At very low pesticide rates, a certain low proportion of pests may receive a sublethal dose, are highly stressed by the pesticide and yet survive. Stress is a general enhancer of mutation rates. Thus, the survivors are likely to have more than normal mutations, which might include mutations leading to pesticide resistance, both for multifactorial (polygenic, gene amplification, sequential allelic mutations) and for major gene resistance. Management strategies should consider how to eliminate the subpopulation of pests with the high mutation rates, but the best strategy is probably to avoid too low application rates of pesticides from the outset.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. jonathan.gressel@weizmann.ac.il
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gressel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004351:Drug Resistance; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D020412:Multifactorial Inheritance; D009154:Mutation; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D058728:Weed Control / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides