title: Enhancement of nickel elution by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantations of metallic biomedical devices into bodies are increasing. The elution of Ni ions from these devices can lead to metal allergies. However, the molecular mechanisms of the elution have not been fully examined. Furthermore, it is not clear whether infection and inflammation affect the corrosion of metals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether the elution of Ni from metal wires and plates was enhanced by inflammation in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Ni or SUS316L wire was implanted subcutaneously in the dorsum of mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected at the site immediately following the implantation. After 8, 24, and 72 h, the tissue around the wire was excised. RAW 264 cells were seeded on a Ni plate and incubated for 24h in medium containing LPS. The amount of Ni in the tissue or conditioned medium was determined fluorometrically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The release of Ni ions from the wire was significantly increased from 8 to 72 h, and further increased by LPS. LPS also enhanced the release of Ni ions by the cells, but only when they were attached to the Ni plate. Chloroquine, bafilomycin A(1) and amiloride markedly inhibited the effects of LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The activation of inflammatory cells on metals enhanced the elution of Ni probably via the release of protons at the interface of the cells and material.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan.
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Kyosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Narushima
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohtsu
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiratsuka
authors.forename: Noriyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D005470:Fluorometry / Q000379:methods; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006967:Hypersensitivity; D007239:Infections; D007249:Inflammation; D007477:Ions; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D007477:Ions; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008670:Metals; D011522:Protons; D009532:Nickel