title: Pathogenicity of two recent Western Mediterranean West Nile virus isolates in a wild bird species indigenous to Southern Europe: the red-legged partridge.
abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen whose geographic spread and incidence in humans, horses and birds has increased significantly in recent years. WNV has long been considered a mild pathogen causing self-limiting outbreaks. This notion has changed as WNV is causing large epidemics with a high impact on human and animal health. This has been particularly noteworthy since its introduction into North America in 1999. There, native bird species have been shown to be highly susceptible to WNV infection and disease with high mortalities. For this reason, the effect of WNV infection in North American bird species has been thoroughly studied by means of experimental inoculations in controlled trials. To a lesser extent, European wild birds have been shown to be affected clinically by WNV infection. Yet experimental studies on European wild bird species are lacking. The red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) is a gallinaceous bird indigenous to the Iberian Peninsula, widely distributed in South Western Europe. It plays a key role in the Mediterranean ecosystem and constitutes an economically important game species. As such it is raised intensively in outdoor facilities. In this work, red-legged partridges were experimentally infected with two recent WNV isolates from the Western Mediterranean area: Morocco/2003 and Spain/2007. All inoculated birds became viremic and showed clinical disease, with mortality rates of 70% and 30%, respectively. These results show that Western Mediterranean WNV variants can be pathogenic for some European bird species, such as the red-legged partridge.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal del Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CISA-INIA), Ctra Algete-El Casar, s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain. majimenez@inia.es.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sotelo
authors.forename: Ana Valeria
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Guzmán
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: del Amo
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Llorente
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Harrak
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pérez-Ramírez
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Höfle
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Clavero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D046094:Galliformes; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D014766:Viremia / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D017201:Virus Shedding; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral