title: Behavioral, neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders in Parkinson's disease patients with and without motor complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson's disease (PD), commonly defined as a hypokinetic movement disorder, is hampered by the appearance of motor complications (MC), including dyskinesias and motor fluctuations, and non-motor symptoms such as behavioral, neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders, which, in the last years, are gaining increasing attention. The factors affecting MC and these non-motor symptoms are still largely unknown and their interactions are not yet fully evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the presence of behavioral, neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders in PD patients with and without MC and to evaluate their association with MC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive PD patients received a comprehensive structured clinical evaluation including pharmacologic treatment, MC and non-motor symptoms such as reward-seeking behaviors, neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, psychoses and hallucinations) and dementia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  349 patients were included in this analysis. Patient with MC showed enhanced frequency of dementia (p < 0.001), anxiety, depression and psychoses (p < 0.01). A higher frequency of impulse control disorders was detected in patients with dyskinesias (22.2% - p < 0.001) and motor complications (12.2% - p < 0.05). Dyskinesias were significantly more present in patients with hypersexuality (p < 0.05) and compulsive shopping (p < 0.001), while they were not significantly associated with pathological gambling and binge eating. Patients with dyskinesias also had significantly higher frequency of dopamine dysregulation syndrome, hallucinations and delusions (p < 0.001), with the exception of delusional jealousy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a higher frequency of behavioral, neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders in patients with MC. The lack of detection of dyskinesias in several PD patients with pathological gambling in our study represents a very interesting issue. While binge eating mainly seems to be related to the use of dopamine agonists, the significant lack of association between dyskinesias and delusional jealousy suggests the hypothesis of a possible underlying psychopathological predisposition rather than a mere pharmacologic effect in PD patients with these behavioral complications.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Center, Institute of Neurology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. paosol29@yahoo.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solla
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cannas
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Floris
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orofino
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costantino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marrosu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marrosu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056912:Binge-Eating Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents