title: Odors eliciting fear: a conditioning approach to Idiopathic Environmental Intolerances.
abstract: Patients suffering from Idiopathic Environmental Intolerances (IEI) report health symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, which are triggered by harmless odors and therefore medically unexplainable. In line with previous research that predominantly points towards psychological explanations, the present study tests the hypothesis that IEI symptoms result from learning via classical conditioning of odors to fear. A differential conditioning paradigm was employed. Hedonically different odors were compared on ease of fear acquisition. Conditioned stimuli (CSs) were Dimethyl Sulfide (unpleasant) and peach (pleasant). The unconditioned stimulus (US) was an electrical shock. During acquisition one odor (CS+) was followed by shock, while the other odor (CS-) was not. Next, fear extinction was tested by presenting both CS+ and CS- without US. Electrodermal response, odor evaluation, and sniffing behavior were monitored. Results showed successful fear conditioning irrespective of hedonic character as evidenced by electrodermal response. Acquired fear did not extinguish. There was no evidence of evaluative conditioning taking place, as CS evaluation did not change during fear acquisition. Early avoidance of the CS+, as deduced from odor inhalation measures, was demonstrated, but did not sustain during the entire acquisition phase. This study suggests that a fear conditioning account of IEI is only partially satisfactory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. A.Leer@uu.nl
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leer
authors.forename: Monique A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bulsing
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Hout
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D004777:Environment; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018777:Multiple Chemical Sensitivity / Q000523:psychology*; D009812:Odorants