title: The influence of attachment and temperament on venipuncture distress in 14-month-old infants: the Generation R Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effects of attachment and temperament on infant distress during venipuncture.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a prospective population-based study. Two different research procedures (i.e., blood sampling and the Ainsworth Strange Situation Procedure) yielded measures of venipuncture distress and attachment security and disorganization in 246 infants aged 14 months. Four temperament traits (distress to limitations, fear, recovery from distress, and sadness) were assessed using the maternally reported Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised, at the age of 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between mean levels of distress during venipuncture in infants classified as having insecure attachment, but there was a trend for disorganized attachment. The temperament traits were not related to distress. However, children with a disorganized attachment and higher temperamental fear had more venipuncture distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When different risk factors are present simultaneously, infant distress is heightened.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam,The Netherlands. n.wolff@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Noor J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie E
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Darlington
authors.forename: Joke A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hunfeld
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tharner
authors.forename: Marinus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Van Ijzendoorn
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bakermans-Kranenburg
authors.forename: Henriette A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Passchier
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009769:Object Attachment; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult