title: The psychological impact of being screened for anal cancer in HIV-infected men who have sex with men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anal cancer screening may be considered in HIV-infected men who have sex with men because they are at increased risk. Cancer screening can provoke anxiety, which may lead to poorer screening compliance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to measure the psychological consequences of anal cancer screening in HIV-infected men who have sex with men.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation is a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in primary and tertiary care HIV clinics in Toronto, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred four HIV-infected men who have sex with men were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Psychological impact was measured at 4 time points (before screening, after screening, after receiving results, and before follow-up) using the Impact of Events Scale, the Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale, and the Psychological Consequences Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age was 44, 77% were receiving antiretroviral therapy, and 11% had high-grade anal dysplasia (anal intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3). Fifteen to 32% of the patients reported high levels of negative psychological consequences across the 4 time points; the highest levels occurred at time 2. Higher HIV symptom count and baseline level of negative impact were significantly associated with higher Impact of Events scores, whereas younger age and a higher baseline level of negative impact were significantly associated with higher scores with use of the Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anal cancer screening is not associated with greater adverse psychological impact in most HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Younger patients, those with more HIV-related symptoms and greater baseline psychological distress, are at risk for increased psychological distress during screening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. jill.tinmouth@sunnybrook.ca
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tinmouth
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raboud
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malloch
authors.forename: Desheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lytwyn
authors.forename: Sean B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rourke
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rabeneck
authors.forename: Irving
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000821:virology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D011788:Quality of Life; D013997:Time Factors