title: Lichen sclerosus in boys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a sclerosing skin disease. When it appears in boys, it nearly always affects the penis and usually causes phimosis requiring surgical treatment. The clinical significance of this disease in boys is inadequately recognized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of LS in boys are presented in the light of a review of selected literature. We also present our own experience with this disease in an ambulatory pediatric surgery practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LS has long been recognized as a disease of the prepubertal male genitalia (in such cases, the condition is also called "balanitis xerotica obliterans"). It is thought to be the main cause of acquired phimosis, and it can also involve the meatus and urethra as it progresses. Its possible association with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis remains unclear. Its etiology is unknown; its pathophysiological mechanism involves T-lymphocyte-mediated inflammation. The treatment of choice is complete circumcision. There is still controversy regarding the conservative treatment of LS with topical steroids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LS is much more common in boys than is generally assumed. Lichen sclerosus should be suspected in any case of acquired phimosis. Treatment with complete circumcision does not necessarily bring about a definitive cure. Further research on the pathogenesis of this disease is needed.
authors.affiliation: Kinderchirurgische Praxis, Prinz-Albert-Str. 26, 53113 Bonn, Germany. drkarlbecker@aol.com
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018459:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D010409:Penile Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome