title: Impairment of 3000-m run time at altitude is influenced by arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation.
abstract: The decline in maximal oxygen uptake (ΔVO(2)max) with acute exposure to moderate altitude is dependent on the ability to maintain arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined if factors related to ΔVO(2)max at altitude are also related to the decline in race performance of elite athletes at altitude.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven elite distance runners (18 men and 9 women, VO(2)max = 71.8 ± 7.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) performed a treadmill exercise at a constant speed that simulated their 3000-m race pace, both in normoxia and in 16.3% O2 (∼2100 m). Separate 3000-m time trials were completed at sea level (18 h before altitude exposure) and at 2100 m (48 h after arrival at altitude). Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 3000-m performance was significantly slower at altitude versus sea level (48.5 ± 12.7 s), and the declines were significant in men (48.4 ± 14.6 s) and women (48.6 ± 8.9 s). Athletes grouped by low SaO2 during race pace in normoxia (SaO2 < 91%, n = 7) had a significantly larger ΔVO(2) in hypoxia (-9.2 ± 2.1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and Δ3000-m time at altitude (54.0 ± 13.7 s) compared with athletes with high SaO2 in normoxia (SaO2 > 93%, n = 7, ΔVO(2) = -3.5 ± 2.0 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), Δ3000-m time = 38.9 ± 9.7 s). For all athletes, SaO2 during normoxic race pace running was significantly correlated with both ΔVO(2) (r = -0.68) and Δ3000-m time (r = -0.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the degree of arterial oxyhemoglobin desaturation, already known to influence ΔVO(2)max at altitude, also contributes to the magnitude of decline in race performance at altitude.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. rfchapma@indiana.edu
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stager
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stray-Gundersen
authors.forename: Benjamind D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen