title: Surgery in early Jewish history.
abstract: The Hebrew writings in early history are dedicated primarily to the explanations and elucidations of Jewish law. In the context of such laws, several medical and anatomical references are made that provide some clues to the medical practices of the day. In particular, this article serves to compile references made to surgical interventions within these texts. Particular attention is paid to the possible use of anesthetics, the environment and equipment utilized in surgery, as well as the indication of knowledge of infection and hygienic practices. An understanding of human morphology was necessary for many of these surgical practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies. mloukas@sgu.edu
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bilinsky
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilinsky
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abrahams
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: Mohammadali M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shoja
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000266:history; D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history*; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007599:Judaism / Q000266:history*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative