title: Intravenous injection of mesenteric lymph produced during hemorrhagic shock decreases RBC deformability in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that gut-derived factors carried in trauma-hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) lymph are sufficient to induce red blood cells (RBC) injury, to investigate their potential mechanisms of action, and to define the time post-T/HS that these factors appear in the lymph.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mesenteric lymph collected from T/HS or trauma-sham shock (T/SS) rats over different time periods was injected intravenously into male rats at a rate of 1 mL/h for 3 hours. RBC deformability was measured using laser-assisted ektacytometer to calculate the elongation index. From the shear-stress elongation curve, the stress required for the erythrocytes to reach 50% of their maximal elongation was also determined. RBC deformability was measured before lymph infusion and at 1 hour and 3 hours after the initiation of lymph infusion. The effect of the lymph samples (5% v/v) was also determined in vitro by incubating naïve whole blood with the lymph samples. The potential role of T/HS lymph-induced RBC oxidant injury mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-generated oxidants and/or white blood cells (WBC) was investigated using iNOS inhibitors and WBC depletion, respectively. In all the in vivo studies, five to seven rats were studied per group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intravenous injection of T/HS lymph but not T/SS lymph caused in vivo RBC injury. The biological activity of T/HS lymph varied over time with the RBC-injurious factors being produced only during the first 3 hours postshock. The in vivo inhibition of iNOS did not prevent lymph-induced RBC injury. T/HS lymph incubated in vitro with naïve whole blood resulted in RBC injury, but this injury was not observed in blood depleted of WBC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that T/HS lymph produced during the initial 3-hour postshock period is sufficient to induce RBC injury in otherwise normal rats and that the lymph-induced RBC injury is not dependent on activation of the iNOS pathway but seems to require WBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Condon
authors.forename: Maheswari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Senthil
authors.forename: Da-Zhong
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Sharvil U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Sheth
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Spolarics
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feketova
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Machiedo
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Deitch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004907:Erythrocyte Deformability / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008196:Lymph / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008643:Mesentery / Q000503:physiopathology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C004479:pimagedine