title: Effector diversification within compartments of the Leptosphaeria maculans genome affected by Repeat-Induced Point mutations.
abstract: Fungi are of primary ecological, biotechnological and economic importance. Many fundamental biological processes that are shared by animals and fungi are studied in fungi due to their experimental tractability. Many fungi are pathogens or mutualists and are model systems to analyse effector genes and their mechanisms of diversification. In this study, we report the genome sequence of the phytopathogenic ascomycete Leptosphaeria maculans and characterize its repertoire of protein effectors. The L. maculans genome has an unusual bipartite structure with alternating distinct guanine and cytosine-equilibrated and adenine and thymine (AT)-rich blocks of homogenous nucleotide composition. The AT-rich blocks comprise one-third of the genome and contain effector genes and families of transposable elements, both of which are affected by repeat-induced point mutation, a fungal-specific genome defence mechanism. This genomic environment for effectors promotes rapid sequence diversification and underpins the evolutionary potential of the fungus to adapt rapidly to novel host-derived constraints.
authors.affiliation: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01, Thiverval-Grignon F-78850, France. rouxel@versailles.inra.fr
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rouxel
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grandaubert
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hane
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoede
authors.forename: Angela P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: van de Wouw
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couloux
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anthouard
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bally
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bourras
authors.forename: Anton J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cozijnsen
authors.forename: Lynda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ciuffetti
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degrave
authors.forename: Azita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dilmaghani
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duret
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fudal
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gout
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Juliette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linglin
authors.forename: Gert H J
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kema
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lapalu
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ollivier
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poulain
authors.forename: Conrad L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Schoch
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Spatafora
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stachowiak
authors.forename: B Gillian
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Turgeon
authors.forename: Brett M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weissenbach
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amselem
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Quesneville
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wincker
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Balesdent
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Howlett
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001482:Base Composition / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016681:Genome, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D014157:Transcription Factors