title: Effect of novel chitosan-fluoroaluminosilicate glass ionomer cement with added transforming growth factor beta-1 on pulp cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vital pulp therapy might benefit from the sustained release of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) from dental restorative materials. Chitosan has previously been shown to enable sustained release of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from glass ionomer cement (GIC). Because BSA can prolong release of growth factor, chitosan-fluoroaluminosilicate GIC with albumin (BIO-GIC) should sustain the effect of growth factor. This study investigated the effect of BIO-GIC with added TGF-β1 on pulp cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  BIO-GIC was prepared from GIC (conventional type) incorporated with 15% of chitosan and 10% of BSA. TGF-β1 (100 ng) was added in BIO-GIC+TGF-β1 and GIC+TGF-β1 groups during each disk specimen (10 mm diameter, 1 mm high) preparation. Two control groups were BIO-GIC and GIC. The effect of each specimen on pulp cells was investigated by using the Transwell plate technique. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay at 2 time periods (each period lasting 3 days). Pulp cell differentiation was examined by alkaline phosphatase activity and also by cell mineralization, which was measured by calculating the area of mineralization with von Kossa staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage of viable cells of GIC+TGF-β1 group was the highest after the first period. This might suggest an initial rapid release of TGF-β1 from GIC. After the second period, BIO-GIC, BIO-GIC+TGF-β1, and GIC+TGF-β1 had more than 90% cell survival. It was significantly greater than GIC (82% ± 2%). There was no significant difference in alkaline phosphatase activity. BIO-GIC+TGF-β1 had the highest mineralization area during 21 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BIO-GIC could retain the effect of TGF-β1.
authors.affiliation: Dental Department, Narathiwat Hospital, Muang, Narathiwat, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nitra
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rakkiettiwong
authors.forename: Chanothai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hengtrakool
authors.forename: Kewalin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thammasitboon
authors.forename: Ureporn
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kedjarune-Leggat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D017655:Silicon Compounds; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D048271:Chitosan; C020328:fluoroaluminum silicate; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D005459:Fluorides