title: Therapeutic management of type 1 diabetes before and during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnancy increases the risks of adverse outcomes for mother and infant in women with type 1 diabetes. Obtaining and maintaining adequate glycemic control during pregnancy is crucial for optimizing outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The importance of prepregnancy planning and treatment during pregnancy is reviewed. The use of insulin analogues and antihypertensive drugs in diabetic pregnancy are in focus. The reader is presented with evidence discussing the importance of prepregnancy counseling and treatment during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tight glycemic control before and during pregnancy is crucial and the prevalence of severe hypoglycemia during pregnancy needs to be reduced. Rapid-acting insulin analogues are regarded as safe to use in pregnancy and studies on long-acting insulin analogues are in the pipeline. Supplementation with folic acid may reduce the risk of malformations. Screening for diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and thyroid dysfunction is important, and indications for antihypertensive treatment and treatment of thyroid dysfunction need to be in focus before and during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health Science, 2132, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. em@rh.dk
authors.forename: Elisabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mathiesen
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ringholm
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damm
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin