title: Cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage contributes to poor outcome by vasospasm-dependent and -independent effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathogenesis of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage remains incompletely understood. It is generally assumed that it is caused by angiographic vasospasm. Our aim was to clarify the relationship among angiographic vasospasm, neurological worsening, cerebral infarction, and poor outcome and to investigate whether cerebral infarction also contributes to poor outcome by vasospasm-independent effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This exploratory analysis used data from 413 patients included in the Clazosentan to Overcome Neurological Ischemia and Infarction Occurring After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1) trial. We studied the incidence of neurological worsening, cerebral infarction, and poor outcome in patients with and without angiographic vasospasm. Path analysis implemented by structural equation modeling was performed to determine direct and indirect path coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 194 patients with moderate to severe vasospasm, 43% had neurological worsening of any cause, 20% had cerebral infarction, and 46% poor outcome. Path coefficients for direct effects on poor outcome were 0.20 for World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Grade 4 to 5, 0.13 for history of hypertension, 0.19 for angiographic vasospasm, 0.16 for neurological worsening, and 0.11 for new cerebral infarction. Cerebral infarction contributed to poor outcome by vasospasm-dependent and -independent effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that the majority of patients with moderate to severe angiographic vasospasm did not have neurological worsening of any cause or cerebral infarction. Besides, cerebral infarction also has a direct effect on outcome independent of angiographic vasospasm. This suggests that other coexisting factors might be involved in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral ischemia, which should also be an important research target to improve outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mervyn D I
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Vergouwen
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ilodigwe
authors.forename: R Loch
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Macdonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015984:Causality; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*