title: Integrated genome-wide association study findings: identification of a neurodevelopmental network for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder. In the present study, the authors investigated the presence of genomic convergence in the top findings of the five published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors carried out bioinformatics pathway analyses, using the Ingenuity and BiNGO tools, as well as a systematic literature analysis of 85 genes from the five published GWASs containing single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ADHD at a p value <0.0001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings revealed that 45 of the 85 top-ranked ADHD candidate genes encode proteins that fit into a neurodevelopmental network involved in directed neurite outgrowth. Data on copy number variations in patients with ADHD and data from animal studies provide further support for the involvement of this network in ADHD etiology. Several network proteins are also directly modulated by stimulants, the most commonly used psychopharmacological treatment for ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have identified a protein network for ADHD that contributes to our understanding of the molecular basis of the disorder. In addition, the data suggest new candidate genes for ADHD and provide clues to future research into psychopharmacological ADHD treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poelmans
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pauls
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000235:genetics; D050437:Genes, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D016501:Neurites / Q000502:physiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics