title: Antimicrobial resistance of aerobes and facultative anaerobes isolated from the oral cavity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the resistance to antimicrobials of aerobes and facultative anaerobes isolated from patients wearing complete dentures, patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, and periodontally health subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and four isolates were tested. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs were evaluated through the agar dilution method using Mueller-Hinton agar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most active antimicrobial drugs were the carbapenems (meropenem and imipenem), and resistance to these drugs was restrict to 1.6-2.3% of the isolates, as well as ciprofloxacin and rifampin. Microbial resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, cephalothin, amikacin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid was particularly high. In most cases, the resistance to β-lactams was mediated by the production of hydrolytic enzymes, especially in gram-negative enteric rods, while enterococci did not evidence production of these enzymes. The association amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was not effective in 28.3% of the tested isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this investigation confirmed that the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis and gingivitis, and particularly edentulous patients wearing complete dentures could harbor microorganisms with several antimicrobial resistance markers, and these microorganisms are frequently implicated in multiresistant, systemic, oral or nosocomial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Propedeutics, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil. egaettij@foa.unesp.br
authors.forename: Ellen Cristina
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Gaetti-Jardim
authors.forename: Antônio Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Marqueti
authors.forename: Leonardo Perez
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Faverani
authors.forename: Elerson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gaetti-Jardim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003824:Denture, Complete / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001618:beta-Lactamases