title: Durability of repaired pacemaker leads in the pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lead failure is a common complication of pacemaker placement in the pediatric population and is often due to insulation breaks or lead fracture. Usually these leads are replaced with new leads. This study describes the surgical technique of lead repair and investigates the longevity of such repairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of lead repairs performed in the pediatric population (<21 years old) between December 1995 and December 2008. Operative records, pre-operative interrogation data, and most recent follow-up data were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one lead repairs were performed on 17 patients. Sixteen were ventricular leads and five were atrial leads. There were 14 insulation defect repairs, six new lead tip splicings, and one lead extender splicing. The repaired leads were followed for a mean time of 3.6 ± 3.0 years (range, 0.3-10.6 years). The freedom from repaired lead failure by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was 89% at 5 years and 22% at 10 years. One atrial lead and two ventricular leads have been replaced since the repairs. One atrial lead has had a repeat insulation break repair since the initial repair. One of the five atrial leads had an elevated threshold at follow-up. Five of 16 ventricular leads had elevated thresholds at follow-up. All leads had normal impedance at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The option of pacemaker lead repair, if surgically feasible, offers an alternative to lead replacement in the pediatric population and may extend the longevity of pacemaker leads in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY 10467-2490, USA. sarahann13@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rusanov
authors.forename: Henry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Spotnitz
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liberman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D017743:Equipment Reuse; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult