title: A stimulatory TSH receptor antibody enhances adipogenesis via phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation in orbital preadipocytes from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy.
abstract: Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is characterized by expanded volume of the orbital tissues associated with elevated serum levels of TSH receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies. Because previous studies have demonstrated evidence of adipogenesis within the GO orbit, we sought to determine whether M22, a human monoclonal antibody directed against TSHR, enhances adipogenesis in orbital fibroblasts from patients with GO and, if so, to identify signaling mechanisms involved. GO orbital fibroblast cultures (n=10) were treated for 10 days with bovine TSH (1 or 10.0 U/l) or M22 (1 or 10 ng/ml) in serum-free adipocyte differentiation medium. Some cultures also received a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor or an inhibitor of cAMP production. In other experiments, confluent cultures (n=8) were treated for between 1 and 30  min with TSH (0.1-10.0 U/l) or M22 (0.1-100 ng/ml) with measurement of cAMP production or levels of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT). We found levels of adiponectin, leptin, and TSHR mRNA to be increased in GO cultures treated for 10 days with either M22 (2.6 mean fold ± 0.7; P=0.03) or TSH (13.2 ± 5.8-fold, P=0.048). In other studies, M22 and TSH stimulated cAMP production and pAKT levels in GO cells. Inhibition of PI3K activity during 10 days in culture decreased the levels of M22-stimulated mRNA encoding adiponectin (67 ± 12%; P=0.021), as well as adiponectin and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α protein levels. In conclusion, M22 is a pro-adipogenic factor in GO orbital preadipocytes. This antibody appears to act via the PI3K signaling cascade, suggesting that inhibition of PI3K signaling may represent a potential novel therapeutic approach in GO.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadeem
authors.forename: Marius N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Stan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coenen
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bahn
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009915:Orbit / Q000166:cytology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin / Q000819:agonists*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D011989:Receptors, Thyrotropin; D013972:Thyrotropin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases