title: Nanoparticles and microparticles for skin drug delivery.
abstract: Skin is a widely used route of delivery for local and systemic drugs and is potentially a route for their delivery as nanoparticles. The skin provides a natural physical barrier against particle penetration, but there are opportunities to deliver therapeutic nanoparticles, especially in diseased skin and to the openings of hair follicles. Whilst nanoparticle drug delivery has been touted as an enabling technology, its potential in treating local skin and systemic diseases has yet to be realised. Most drug delivery particle technologies are based on lipid carriers, i.e. solid lipid nanoparticles and nanoemulsions of around 300 nm in diameter, which are now considered microparticles. Metal nanoparticles are now recognized for seemingly small drug-like characteristics, i.e. antimicrobial activity and skin cancer prevention. We present our unpublished clinical data on nanoparticle penetration and previously published reports that support the hypothesis that nanoparticles >10nm in diameter are unlikely to penetrate through the stratum corneum into viable human skin but will accumulate in the hair follicle openings, especially after massage. However, significant uptake does occur after damage and in certain diseased skin. Current chemistry limits both atom by atom construction of complex particulates and delineating their molecular interactions within biological systems. In this review we discuss the skin as a nanoparticle barrier, recent work in the field of nanoparticle drug delivery to the skin, and future directions currently being explored.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Therapeutics Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Tarl W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Prow
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Grice
authors.forename: Lynlee L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Rokhaya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faye
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Elisabeth M T
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wurm
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yoong
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: H Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Soyer
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers