title: Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in patients with chronic renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As ropivacaine and its metabolites are excreted by the kidneys, we studied their disposition in subjects with renal dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency and 10 healthy volunteers received ropivacaine 1 mg kg(-1) i.v. over 30 min. The concentrations of ropivacaine and its main metabolites, pipecoloxylidide (PPX) and 3-hydroxy-ropivacaine, were measured in plasma and urine for 16-48 h. The relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and creatinine clearance (CL(CR)) was assessed. A model for estimating non-renal clearance of a metabolite of ropivacaine is described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal dysfunction had little or no influence on the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine. The median plasma concentrations of unbound ropivacaine were similar in uraemic and non-uraemic subjects. Renal clearance of PPX correlated significantly with CL(CR) (R(2)=0.81). Lack of correlation between total PPX exposure, expressed as area under the total plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity, and CL(CR) suggests that the clearance of PPX also includes non-renal elimination. However, in two uraemic patients, there was increased exposure to PPX resulting from low non-renal elimination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine is not affected by renal failure. Although the renal clearance of PPX correlates with CL(CR), non-renal elimination seems to compensate for reduced renal clearance in most patients. PPX may accumulate in plasma during long-term postoperative infusions, in particular in patients with co-existing low non-renal elimination. Systemic toxicity is still unlikely because PPX is markedly less toxic than ropivacaine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. pertti.pere@hus.fi
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pere
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekstrand
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Honkanen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sjövall
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henriksson
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism; D000077212:Ropivacaine
chemical_list: C475526:3-OH-ropivacaine; D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009961:Orosomucoid; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D003404:Creatinine; C025149:2',6'-pipecoloxylidide; D002045:Bupivacaine