title: Spontaneous electrocardiogram alterations predict ventricular fibrillation in Brugada syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with Brugada syndrome (BS) often have spontaneous changes in their electrocardiogram (ECG).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the significance of ECG alterations, we investigated the relationships between the ECG and the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) in both patients and an experimental model of BS.
  
  
  METHODS
  In study 1, we evaluated ECG alterations in BS patients with (VF+, n = 33) and without (VF-, n = 41) spontaneous VF. We defined type 0 ECG as coved-type ST elevation without a negative T wave, which represents the existence of loss-of-dome (LOD) type action potentials (APs). In study 2, we optically mapped epicardial APs and recorded transmural ECGs in 34 canine right ventricular tissues with a drug-induced BS model by a combination of pinacidil and pilsicainide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In study 1, changes in ST level ≥0.2 mV were more frequent in the VF+ group than in the VF- group (P <.01). Spontaneous ECG alterations and appearances of types 1 and 0 ECGs were more frequent in the VF+ group than in the VF- group (P <.01). In study 2, BS model with spike-and-dome (SAD) epicardial APs exhibited type 1 ECG. Deepening of the phase 1 notch of the APs induced heterogeneous conversion of the APs (SAD→LOD) and resulted in ECG conversion from type 1 to type 0. Significant AP heterogeneity often appeared during AP alterations and initiated phase 2 reentry. Tissues having ventricular tachycardia (VT; n = 20) had more frequent alterations in APs and ECG than in tissues without VT (n = 14; P <.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECG alterations, especially conversion between types 0 and 1, are associated with significant AP heterogeneity that can initiate VF in BS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Take
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Jiashin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagase
authors.forename: Shiho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Norihisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishii
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Kengo F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohe
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Douglas P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Zipes
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D053840:Brugada Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology