title: WITHDRAWN: Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage and palliative treatment is the realistic management option for most patients. The optimal intervention for the palliation of dysphagia in these patients has not been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically analyse and summarise the efficacy of different interventions used in the palliation of dysphagia in primary oesophageal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a search according to the Cochrane Upper Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Diseases model using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL and major conference proceedings up to August 2005. The literature search was re-run in August 2006 and March 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with inoperable or unresectable primary oesophageal cancer who underwent palliative treatment. We included rigid plastic intubation, self-expanding metallic stent (SEMS) insertion, brachytherapy, external beam radiotherapy, chemotherapy, oesophageal bypass surgery, chemical and thermal ablation therapy, either head-to-head or in combination. The primary outcome was dysphagia improvement. Secondary outcomes included recurrent dysphagia, technical success, procedure related mortality, 30-day mortality, adverse effects and quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  One author assessed the eligibility criteria of each study and extracted data regarding outcomes and factors affecting risk of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 2542 patients from 40 studies. SEMS insertion is safer and more effective than plastic tube insertion. Thermal and chemical ablative therapy provide comparable dysphagia palliation but have an increased requirement for re-interventions and adverse effects. Anti-reflux stents provide comparable dysphagia palliation to conventional metal stents. Some anti-reflux stents might reduce gastro-oesophageal reflux compared to conventional metal stents. Brachytherapy might be a suitable alternative to SEMS in providing a survival advantage and possibly a better quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-expanding metal stent insertion is safe, effective and quicker in palliating dysphagia compared to other modalities. However, high-dose intraluminal brachytherapy is a suitable alternative and might provide additional survival benefit with a better quality of life. Self-expanding metal stent insertion and brachytherapy provide comparable palliation to endoscopic ablative therapy but are preferable due to the reduced requirement for re-interventions. Rigid plastic tube insertion, dilatation alone or in combination with other modalities, chemotherapy alone, combination chemoradiotherapy and bypass surgery are not recommended for palliation of dysphagia due to a high incidence of delayed complications and recurrent dysphagia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Lincoln County Hospital, Greetwell Road, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK, LN2 2YE.
authors.forename: Aravamuthan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sreedharan
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crellin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Simon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Everett
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015607:Stents