title: Exercise intervention to improve exercise capacity and health related quality of life for patients with Non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of exercise intervention for patients with Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been systematically reviewed to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify, evaluate and synthesize the evidence examining (1) the effect of exercise intervention on exercise capacity, health related quality of life (HRQoL), physical activity levels, cancer symptoms and mortality for patients with NSCLC; and (2) the safety and feasibility of exercise intervention for a population with NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of articles using the electronic databases MEDLINE (1950-2010), CINAHL (1982-2010), EMBASE (1980-2010), TRIP (1997-2010), Science Direct (1994-2010), PubMed (1949-2010), Cochrane Library (2010), Expanded Academic ASAP (1994-2010), Meditext Informit (1995-2010), PEDRO (1999-2010) and DARE (2010). Additional studies were identified by manually cross referencing all full text reports and personal files were searched. No publication date restrictions were imposed. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), case-control studies and case series assessing exercise intervention to improve exercise capacity, HRQoL, level of daily physical activity, cancer symptoms or mortality of patients with NSCLC were included. Only articles available in English and published in a peer reviewed journal were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  A data collection form was developed by one reviewer and data extracted. Data extraction was cross checked by a second reviewer. RESULTS AND DATA SYNTHESIS: 16 studies on 13 unique patient groups totalling 675 patients with NSCLC met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies were case series (n=9) and two RCTs were included. Studies exercising participants pre-operatively reported improvements in exercise capacity but no change in HRQoL immediately post exercise intervention. Studies exercising participants post-treatment (surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy) demonstrated improvements in exercise capacity but conflicting results with respect to the impact on HRQoL immediately post exercise intervention. Heterogeneity among studies was observed and a meta-analysis was deemed inappropriate. PRISMA guidelines were followed in reporting this systematic review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise intervention for patients with NSCLC is safe before and after cancer treatment. Interventions pre-operatively or post-cancer treatment are associated with positive benefits on exercise capacity, symptoms and some domains of HRQoL. The majority of studies are small case series therefore results should be viewed with caution until larger RCTs are completed. Further research is required to establish the effect of exercise during and after cancer treatment and in the advanced stage of disease, the optimum type of exercise training and the optimum setting for delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Level 1, 200 Berkeley Street, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia. catherine.granger@austin.org.au
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berney
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denehy
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009043:Motor Activity; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic