title: Empirically derived subtypes of opioid use and related behaviors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and validate homogeneous subtypes of opioid use and related behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family-based and case-control genetic studies of opioid and/or cocaine dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and general community samples from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and South Carolina.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4061 individuals (2003 individuals from 835 families and 2058 unrelated individuals) recruited to participate in genetic studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The computer-assisted Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) was used to assess participants' demographics, medical history, substance use behaviors and disorders and other psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five homogeneous subtypes were identified, which differed on opioid-related measures, demographics and prevalence rates of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Heritability estimates for the two most severely affected subtypes exceeded 0.60.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An empirical approach based on opioid use and related behaviors can yield homogeneous subtypes that could be of value in gene finding for opioid dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelernter
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oslin
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farrer
authors.forename: Henry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kranzler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D035781:Siblings; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid