title: Penetration of quantum dot particles through human skin.
abstract: The skin is a large and accessible area of the body, offering the possibility to be used as an alternative route for drug delivery. In the last few years strong progress has been made on the developing of nanoparticulate systems for specific applications. The interaction of such small particles with human skin and their possible penetration attracted some interest from toxicological as well as from drug delivery perspectives. As size is assumed to play a key role, the aim of the present work was to investigate the penetration profile of very small model particles (approximately 4 nm) into excised human skin under conditions chosen to mimic the in vivo situation. Possible application procedures such as massaging the formulation (5 to 10 minutes) were analyzed by non-invasive multiphoton- and confocal laser scanning microscopy (MPM, CLSM). Furthermore, the application on damaged skin was taken into account by deliberately removing parts of the stratum corneum. Although it was clearly observed that the mechanical actions affected the distribution pattern of the QDs on the skin surface, there was no evidence of penetration into the skin in all cases tested. QDs could be found in deeper layers only after massaging of damaged skin for 10 min. Taking these data into account, obtained on the gold standard human skin, the potential applications of nanoparticulate systems to act as carrier delivering drugs into intact skin might be limited and are only of interest for partly damaged skin.
authors.affiliation: Department Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany.
authors.forename: Taís
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gratieri
authors.forename: Ulrich F
authors.initials: UF
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Mingyuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kostka
authors.forename: Renata F V
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D045663:Quantum Dots; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D012869:Skin Absorption