title: [Long-term results of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in low-stage nonseminomatous germ-cell testicular tumors (NSGCTT) performed by a senior surgeon: 1999-2003].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic RPLND for low-stages NSGCTT is controversial: it is performed and recommended by excellent laparoscopic surgeons, but it is not widely used. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the results achieved by a senior surgeon, expert in open RPLND, who was introduced to laparoscopic surgery by excellent laparoscopists (LN, CU, GJ).
  
  
  METHODS
  of the 48 operated patients, 36 had primary RPLND for clinical stage I disease (22 TIN0, 7 TxN0, 5 T2-3 N0 and 2 TIS1 N0) and 12 had post-chemotherapy surgery for IIA and IIB retroperitoneal nodes with normalized AFP and HCG. L-RPLND was performed with 4 ports and the en bloc removal of unilateral retroperitoneal nodes with the spermatic vessels. No post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy was planned for patients with documented nodal metastases as for open RPLND since 1985.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average operative time was 3.30' for the 36 clinical stage I patients and 4 hours for post-chemotherapy surgery. Blood loss was minimal in all cases, because of early conversion to open surgery in all patients with no immediate hemostasis at L-RPLND. Metastases were found in 6 (17%) out of the 36 clinical stage I patients: none in the 22 pTI, 1 in the 7 Tx, 3 in the 5 pT2-3 and in 2 of the 2 pT1S1 patients. Residual teratoma was found in 6 of the 12 patients who received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for clinical stage IIA or IIB disease. The other 6 had fibrosis-necrosis. Further metastases developed in 2 of the 30 patients with negative nodes: 1 in the lung in a pT1, and 1 in a pT2 patient with increasing markers. Surprisingly, the first two pT2-3 patients with positive nodes developed liver metastases in a few months after L-RPLND. Consequently, all following patients with active metastases at L-RPLND received 2 courses of adjuvant PEB. All 4 patients who relapsed were cured, are alive and disease-free.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  L-RPLND is a very demanding operation, which appears to be more a staging procedure than a curative operation. It is ideal for pT1 clinical stage I and for post-chemotherapy stages IIA& B with residual teratoma and normalized markers, but wait & see in good risk and open RPLND in high risk patients are very competing. Only few reports compared laparoscopic versus open RPLND, but not in a randomized study.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS, Milano, Italy. pizzocaro@iol.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pizzocaro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiavo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitellaro
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Biasoni
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nicolai
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D009919:Orchiectomy; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013724:Teratoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents