title: Symptoms of depression and stress mediate the effect of pain on disability.
abstract: The mechanism or mechanisms involved in the development of pain-related disability in people with low back pain is unclear. Psychological distress has been identified as one potential pathway by which an episode of pain influences the development of persistent disabling symptoms; however, the relationship has not been formally investigated. This study investigated the causal relationship between pain and disability via psychological distress (and its components depression, stress, and anxiety) by using mediation path analysis. The study sample included 231 participants with subacute low back pain (6 to 12 weeks' pain duration) who had been recruited for an exercise-based randomised, controlled trial. All participants completed self-report assessments of pain (0-10 numerical rating scale), disability (Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire), and psychological distress (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale) at baseline and again at 2 follow-up time points (6 and 12 weeks after baseline). The results of the mediation analysis suggest that approximately 30% of the relationship between subacute pain and later disability is dependent on the level of patients' psychological distress. The finding that psychological distress only partially (30%) mediated the pain-disability relationship indicates that other factors should also be explored. Further analysis into the components of psychological distress revealed that the symptoms of depression and stress, but not anxiety, are responsible for mediation of the pain-disability relationship. These findings provide an opportunity to decrease the risk of long-term disability through early identification and management of depressive and stress symptoms.
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, NSW 2050, Australia Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard's, NSW 2065, Australia Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard's, NSW 2065, Australia Pain Management Research Institute, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonard's, NSW 2065, Australia.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kamper
authors.forename: Chris G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.forename: Manuela L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nicholas
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000150:complications*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors