title: Toxicity evaluation of verapamil and tramadol based on toxicity assay and expression patterns of Dhb, Vtg, Arnt, CYP4, and CYP314 in Daphnia magna.
abstract: In this study, the toxicities of two pharmaceuticals, verapamil and tramadol were evaluated in Daphnia magna using the conventional toxicity tests (acute and chronic test) and the expression patterns of five stress responsive genes. In the chronic toxicity test, several parameters, such as the survival percentage, the body length of D. magna, the time of first reproduction, and the number of offspring per female, were adversely affected during the exposure to 4.2 mg L(-1) verapamil and 34 mg L(-1) tramadol. During the 24-h short-term exposure, verapamil particularly caused a downregulated expression of the CYP4 and CYP314 genes, whereas tramadol upregulated the expression of the CYP314 gene. Neither pharmaceutical affected the expression of Dhb, Arnt, and Vtg. However, during the 21-day long-term exposure, both verapamil and tramadol significantly reduced the expression level of the Vtg gene, a biomarker of the reproduction ability in an oviparous animal, whereas neither affected the other genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Deokjin-dong, 1Ga Deokjin-Gu Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Thai-Hoang
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Eun-Suk
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Sung-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yang-Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jiho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Min
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014147:Tramadol / Q000633:toxicity*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D014147:Tramadol; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D014700:Verapamil