title: Chemokine expression by small sputum macrophages in COPD.
abstract: Small sputum macrophages represent highly active cells that increase in the airways of patients with inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It has been reported often that levels of cytokines, chemokines and pro-teases are increased in sputum supernatants of these patients. In COPD, the small sputum macrophages may contribute to these supernatant proteins and recruit additional cells via specific chemokine expression patterns. We therefore investigated the expression profile of chemokines in sputum macrophages obtained from COPD patients in comparison to cells from healthy donors and cells isolated after inhalation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We used the minimally invasive procedure of sputum induction and have purified macrophages with the RosetteSep technology. Using macrophage purification and flow cytometry we show that in COPD small sputum macrophages account for 85.9% ± 8.3% compared with 12.9% ± 7.1% of total macrophages in control donors. When looking at chemokine expression we found, for the small macrophages in COPD, increased transcript and protein levels for CCL2, CCL7, CCL13 and CCL22 with a more than 100-fold increase for CCL13 mRNA (P < 0.001). Looking at active smokers without COPD, there is a substantial increase of small macrophages to 60% ± 15% and, here, chemokine expression is increased as well. In a model of airway inflammation healthy volunteers inhaled 20 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which resulted in an increase of small sputum macrophages from 18% ± 19% to 64% ± 25%. The pattern of chemokine expression was, however, different with an upregulation for CCL2 and CCL7, while CCL13 was downregulated three-fold in the LPS-induced small macrophages. These data demonstrate that sputum macrophages in COPD show induction of a specific set of CCL chemokines, which is distinct from what can be induced by LPS.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Cooperation Group Inflammatory Lung Diseases, Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting and Helmholtz Center Munich, Gauting, Germany. frankenberger@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frankenberger
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: Thomas P J
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heimbeck
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skokann
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kassner
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Loems
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ziegler-Heitbrock
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002452:Cell Count; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054422:Chemokine CCL22 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054410:Chemokine CCL7 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013183:Sputum / Q000378:metabolism*; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: C099677:CCL13 protein, human; C515482:CCL22 protein, human; C515450:CCL7 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054422:Chemokine CCL22; D054410:Chemokine CCL7; D018925:Chemokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins