title: Subjective well-being in patients with chronic tension-type headache: effect of acupuncture, physical training, and relaxation training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Episodic tension-type headache is a common problem affecting approximately 2 of 3 of the population. The origin of tension-type headache is multifactorial, but the pathogenesis is still unclear. In some individuals episodic tension-type headache transforms into chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). Subjective symptoms related to the central nervous system might affect patients subjective well-being and quality of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compared 3 nonpharmacologic treatments; acupuncture, relaxation training, and physical training on subjective well-being in patients with CTTH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety consecutive patients with CTTH were randomly allocated to acupuncture, relaxation training, or physical training. At baseline 88 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls were compared with the patients with CTTH. Subjective, central nervous system-related symptoms that might affect patients' subjective well-being and quality of life were assessed with the Minor Symptom Evaluation Profile, which contains 24 self-administered standardized items with visual analog scale responses. Fifteen items are categorized into 3 dimensions: contentment, vitality, and sleep. Assessments were made before treatment, immediately after, and 3 and 6 months after the last treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline values of the total score of the 24 items and the 3 dimensions were generally lower in patients with tension-type headache compared with the reference group. No significant differences were found among the 3 treatment groups during the baseline period. All treatments proportionally improved the subjective, central nervous system-related symptoms in patients with CTTH. The 3-month follow-up, the total score of the Minor Symptom Evaluation Profile was significantly improved in the physical training group compared with the acupuncture group (P=0.036). Total mean over period was also highest in the physical training group compared with the acupuncture group (P=0.025). The vitality and sleep dimension was significantly improved at the 6-month follow-up in the relaxation training group compared with the acupuncture group (P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical training and relaxation training seem to be preferable nonpharmacologic treatments for improvement of central nervous system-related symptoms and subjective well-being for patients with CTTH.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation/Physiotherapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden. elisabeth.soderberg@neuro.gu.se
authors.forename: Elisabeth I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Söderberg
authors.forename: Jane Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stener-Victorin
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dahlöf
mesh_terms: D015667:Acupuncture Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D012064:Relaxation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult