title: Cumulative smoking exposure, duration of smoking cessation, and peripheral arterial disease in middle-aged and older Korean men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the association of cumulative smoking exposure and duration of smoking cessation with peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 2517 community-dwelling Korean men aged 50 years and older. Information on smoking characteristics such as smoking status, pack-years of smoking, and years since quitting smoking was collected using a standardized questionnaire. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index (ABI) less than 0.90 in either leg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval) of PAD was 2.31 (1.20-4.42) for former smokers and 4.30 (2.13-8.66) for current smokers, after adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors. There was a significant dose-response relationship between pack-years of smoking and PAD. Compared with those who had never smoked, the multivariate-adjusted ORs of PAD for smokers of 0.1-20.0, 20.1-40.0, and >40.0 pack-years were 2.15 (1.06-4.38), 2.24 (1.08-4.65), and 2.93 (1.41-6.09), respectively. There was a significant decrease in PAD risk as the years since quitting smoking increased. The multivariate-adjusted ORs of PAD for 11-20 and ≥ 21 years smoking cessation were 0.41 (0.19-0.86) and 0.49 (0.24-0.98), compared with current smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cumulative smoking exposure and duration of smoking cessation were significantly associated with PAD in middle aged and older Korean men.
authors.affiliation: Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Min-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Sun-Seog
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kweon
authors.forename: Jin-Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jung-Ae
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Hye-Ran
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Woo-Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: So-Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Bok-Hee
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hae-Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Seul-Ki
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Kyeong-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*