title: Review article: proton pump inhibitors with clopidogrel--evidence for and against a clinically-important interaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of acute coronary syndromes involves a combination of antiplatelet therapies. Proton pump inhibitors are frequently recommended for patients receiving clopidogrel in addition to aspirin, to minimise the risk of bleeding. Several studies have shown that proton pump inhibitors can affect the platelet inhibitory effects of clopidogrel. However, the data on whether this has an effect on clinical outcomes are conflicting and a definitive answer is still awaited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of the evidence for the pharmacological interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel and to discuss whether this interaction translates into adverse clinical outcomes. Despite recent developments, clear consensus is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the published literature combined with the authors' knowledge of the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is evidence to show that proton pump inhibitors can influence the pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel, but the data suggesting clinical effects are weak and conflicting. Supporting a clinically important interaction are four retrospective studies including over 11,000 patients prescribed both clopidogrel and a proton pump inhibitor. Evidence against a clinically important interaction is derived from over 18,000 patients from seven studies, including the only prospective trial to examine the potential interaction. Confounding variables are relevant and prospective clinical evidence is lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proton pump inhibitors offer clear protection and the concern over clinically relevant interactions with clopidogrel is biologically plausible, but not yet proven.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, City Hospital, SWBH NHS Trust, Dudley Road, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Disney
authors.forename: R D S
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Blann
authors.forename: G Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012306:Risk; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin