title: Contribution of pH to systemic exposure of niflumic acid following oral administration of talniflumate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic exposure to niflumic acid was significantly increased when talniflumate was given orally together with a meal. To clarify the underlying mechanism, an in vitro dissolution study of talniflumateonducted at different pH values, and magnesium hydroxide was co-administered in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro dissolution tests of talniflumate tablets were performed in a USP Paddle apparatus at pH 1.2, 4.0, and 6.8, respectively, in the presence and absence of Tween 80 (2%). Serial samples of the talniflumate solution were taken and analyzed on a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ultraviolet system. Healthy volunteers were divided randomly into two groups, and each volunteer received a single 740-mg dose of talniflumate, with or without 1 g of magnesium hydroxide, following an overnight fast. The plasma concentrations of niflumic acid were measured using HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Talniflumate was completely insoluble at each of the tested pHs in the absence of Tween 80. The drug was slowly and steadily dissolved (54%) at pH 4 in the presence of the surfactant, but the extent of dissolution was only 15 and 0.5% at pH 1.2 and 6.0, respectively. Magnesium hydroxide co-administered with talniflumate significantly increased systemic exposure to niflumic acid: the mean maximum plasma concentration (C (max)) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC (inf)) were augmented by 2.0- and 1.9-fold, respectively, compared with those in the absence of the antacid. Magnesium hydroxide significantly accelerated the appearance of niflumic acid in plasma by 2.8-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnesium hydroxide increases the rate and extent of systemic exposure to niflumic acid owing to the enhanced solubility of talniflumate and absorption of niflumic acid. The possible combination of talniflumate and an antacid should be considered in the development of pharmaceutical formulations.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea.
authors.forename: Eunyoung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Kyungbuk, 712-749, Korea. wonkuk@yu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Wonku
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000863:Antacids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008276:Magnesium Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009544:Niflumic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000863:Antacids; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001572:Benzofurans; D011725:Pyridines; D009544:Niflumic Acid; C488233:talniflumate; D008276:Magnesium Hydroxide