title: Occurrence and transport of tetracycline, sulfonamide, quinolone, and macrolide antibiotics in the Haihe River Basin, China.
abstract: The occurrence and transport of 12 antibiotics (from the tetracycline, sulfonamide, quinolone, and macrolide families) was studied in a 72-km stretch of the Haihe River, China, and in six of its tributaries. Aqueous and sediment samples were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Sulfonamides were detected at the highest concentrations (24-385 ng/L) and highest frequencies (76-100%). Eight of the 12 antibiotics likely originated from veterinary applications in swine farms and fishponds, and concentrations at these sources (0.12-47 μg/L) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than in the effluent of local wastewater treatment plants. Sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) was detected in all swine farm and fishpond samples (maximum concentration 47 μg/L), which suggests its potential usefulness to indicate livestock source pollution in the Haihe River basin. Hydrological and chemical factors that may influence antibiotic distribution in the Haihe River were considered by multiple regression analysis. River flow rate exerted the most significant effect on the first-order attenuation coefficient (K) for sulfonamides, quinolones, and macrolides, with higher flow rates resulting in higher K, probably due to dilution. For tetracyclines, sediment total organic matter and cation exchange capacity exerted a greater impact on K than flow rate, indicating that adsorption to sediments plays an important role in attenuating tetracycline migration. Overall, the predominance of sulfonamides in the Haihe River underscores the need to consider regulating their veterinary use and improving the management and treatment of associated releases.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Wei Jin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China. luoy@nankai.edu.cn
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rysz
authors.forename: Yuqiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Pedro J J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D018942:Macrolides / Q000032:analysis*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis*; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018942:Macrolides; D015363:Quinolones; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D013752:Tetracycline