title: A fully automated scheme for mammographic segmentation and classification based on breast density and asymmetry.
abstract: This paper presents a fully automated segmentation and classification scheme for mammograms, based on breast density estimation and detection of asymmetry. First, image preprocessing and segmentation techniques are applied, including a breast boundary extraction algorithm and an improved version of a pectoral muscle segmentation scheme. Features for breast density categorization are extracted, including a new fractal dimension-related feature, and support vector machines (SVMs) are employed for classification, achieving accuracy of up to 85.7%. Most of these properties are used to extract a new set of statistical features for each breast; the differences among these feature values from the two images of each pair of mammograms are used to detect breast asymmetry, using an one-class SVM classifier, which resulted in a success rate of 84.47%. This composite methodology has been applied to the miniMIAS database, consisting of 322 (MLO) mammograms -including 15 asymmetric pairs of images-, obtained via a (noisy) digitization procedure. The results were evaluated by expert radiologists and are very promising, showing equal or higher success rates compared to other related works, despite the fact that some of them used only selected portions of this specific mammographic database. In contrast, our methodology is applied to the complete miniMIAS database and it exhibits the reliability that is normally required for clinical use in CAD systems.
authors.affiliation: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dept. of Informatics and Telecommunications, Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, Greece. stzikop@di.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Stylianos D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Tzikopoulos
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mavroforakis
authors.forename: Harris V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dimitropoulos
authors.forename: Sergios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Theodoridis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*