title: Pharmacotherapy in pediatric sleep disorders.
abstract: Sleep disorders are highly prevalent during childhood and adolescence. It is known that if left untreated, these problems can have significant impact on daytime function, including learning, memory, attention, and behavior. The approach to the treatment of these disorders (whether with or without pharmacotherapy) is dependent on a thorough evaluation of the sleep complaint and determination of an accurate diagnosis. Many pediatric sleep problems are due to insomnia. There is good evidence that young children with behaviorally based insomnia respond to appropriate behavioral interventions. There is less research evidence of the efficacy of these interventions in children who are either school age or adolescents; however, nonpharmacologic strategies are usually indicated initially in the approach to treatment. The indication for the use of pharmacotherapy in pediatric insomnia is not well understood; however, some general principles are described when medications may be considered. There are specific sleep disorders (other than insomnia) for which pharmacotherapy plus behavioral strategies are warranted. The research regarding pharmacotherapy in pediatric sleep disorders is limited; often, medications are used "off label" based on data extrapolated from adult studies. Clinicians who suggest over-the-counter treatments or prescribe medications for pediatric patients with sleep disorders should have an understanding of the classification of sleep disorders and the role of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of these disorders. In this chapter, the emphasis is on the pharmacologic treatment of sleep disorders in typically developing children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada. shelly.weiss@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: Shelly K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garbutt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008550:Melatonin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000188:drug therapy; D020447:Parasomnias / Q000188:drug therapy; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D058785:GABA-A Receptor Agonists; D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D008550:Melatonin