title: Pill content, dose and resulting plasma concentrations of 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in recreational 'ecstasy' users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve our understanding of the pharmacology of 'ecstasy' in recreational environments; in particular, to describe the composition of ecstasy pills, patterns of ecstasy use and the relationship between dose of 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and resulting plasma concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A naturalistic observational study of 56 experienced 'ecstasy' users in recreational settings in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug use patterns (number of pills consumed, other drugs consumed). drug content of pills and resultant plasma concentrations of MDMA and related drugs were assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ecstasy pills generally contained MDMA, but this was often combined with other drugs such as 3,4-ethylendioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) and methamphetamine. The dose of MDMA per pill ranged from 0 to 245 mg and users consumed from one-half to five pills, with the total dose consumed ranging up to 280 mg. Plasma concentrations of MDMA increased with number of pills consumed and cumulative MDMA dose. Use of larger numbers of pills was associated with extended exposure to the drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDMA is the major active drug in ecstasy pills, but there is a high degree of variation in doses. Use of multiple pills over the course of one session is common and results in a sustained increase in MDMA plasma concentrations over a number of hours. This is likely to lead to a much greater exposure of the brain to MDMA than would be predicted from controlled single-dose pharmacokinetic studies.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Morefield
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Felgate
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Irvine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D012307:Risk Factors; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013607:Tablets; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D013607:Tablets; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine