title: Genetic variation in spatio-temporal confined USA300 community-associated MRSA isolates: a shift from clonal dispersion to genetic evolution?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are increasingly isolated, with USA300-0114 being the predominant clone in the USA. Comparative whole genome sequencing of USA300 isolates collected in 2002, 2003 and 2005 showed a limited number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and regions of difference. This suggests that USA300 has undergone rapid clonal expansion without great genomic diversification. However, whole genome comparison of CA-MRSA has been limited to isolates belonging to USA300. The aim of this study was to compare the genetic repertoire of different CA-MRSA clones with that of HA-MRSA from the USA and Europe through comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to identify genetic clues that may explain the successful and rapid emergence of CA-MRSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hierarchical clustering based on CGH of 48 MRSA isolates from the community and nosocomial infections from Europe and the USA revealed dispersed clustering of the 19 CA-MRSA isolates. This means that these 19 CA-MRSA isolates do not share a unique genetic make-up. Only the PVL genes were commonly present in all CA-MRSA isolates. However, 10 genes were variably present among 14 USA300 isolates. Most of these genes were present on mobile elements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genetic variation present among the 14 USA300 isolates is remarkable considering the fact that the isolates were recovered within one month and originated from a confined geographic area, suggesting continuous evolution of this clone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. N.Carpaij-2@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Neeltje
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carpaij
authors.forename: Rob J L
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hinds
authors.forename: Adam A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Witney
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Marc J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bonten
authors.forename: Ad C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fluit
mesh_terms: D002999:Clone Cells; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D005060:Europe; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000502:physiology; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States