title: Acute panicogenic, anxiogenic and dissociative effects of carbon dioxide inhalation in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased anxiety and panic to inhalation of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) has been described in patients with anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder, compared to healthy subjects. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been hypothesised to resemble panic disorder and is currently classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-IV. However, there are only very few data available about the sensitivity of patients with PTSD to CO(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 patients with PTSD, 10 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects and 8 patients with panic disorder we assessed anxiety, panic, dissociative and PTSD symptoms before and after a single vital capacity inhalation of 35% CO(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with PTSD showed an increased anxiety, panic and dissociative reaction to the inhalation of 35% CO(2) compared to healthy participants. PTSD subjects' responses were indistinguishable from those of panic patients. Additionally, PTSD-typical symptoms like post-traumatic flashbacks were provoked in patients with PTSD after the inhalation of CO(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our sample, PTSD was associated with an increased CO(2) reactivity, pointing to an increased susceptibility of PTSD patients to CO(2) challenge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. cmuhtz@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muhtz
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yassouridis
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daneshi
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kellner
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010200:Panic; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide