title: Do different body colors and labels of insulin pens enhance a patient's ability to correctly identify pens for injecting long-acting versus short-acting insulins?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to characterize how successfully patients with diabetes are able to distinguish between pens of the same pen type containing long- and short-acting insulins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured one-on-one interviews were conducted with 400 patients with diabetes in the United States, using either a differentiated (n = 100) or undifferentiated (n = 100) SoloSTAR® (insulin glargine vs insulin glulisine) or (n = 200) FlexPen® (insulin detemir vs insulin aspart). A pair of each pen type was presented simultaneously, and participants were asked to identify the pen that they would use to (1) inject at lunch, (2) inject once daily, and (3) inject at breakfast and how they differentiated between pens. The short-acting insulin pen was then presented, and the interviewer asked whether this was the correct pen to administer insulin once or thrice daily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More patients successfully identified the correct SoloSTAR pen across the tests vs FlexPen, and the error rate (incorrect selection/inability to select) was significantly lower, respectively [2.7% (n = 8) vs 16.3% (n = 98)]. The most common reason cited for correct responses among all patients was color (of the label/pen, according to pen type).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the full pen body color used on SoloSTAR pens enhances the patient's ability to differentiate between the pens for long- and short-acting insulin and is a notable improvement compared with the standard approach of differing label color.
authors.affiliation: Lieberman Research Group, Great Neck, New York 11021, USA. lefkowitzm@liebermanresearch.com
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001076:Aptitude; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D003116:Color; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004526:Efficiency; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007277:Injections, Jet; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004304:Dosage Forms; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin