title: Developing a shortened measure of negative thinking for use in patients with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Negative thinking is a target for treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure (HF). A brief instrument is needed to measure negative thinking in these patients. The study objective was to shorten the Crandell Cognitions Inventory (CCI) for use in patients with HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from outpatients with HF (N = 179, 30% were female, age 60 ± 13 years) were used to evaluate psychometrics of the CCI. Internal consistency reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha construct validity with hypothesis testing. Principal components analysis was used in shortening. A separate sample of hospitalized patients with HF (N = 77, 49% were female, age 66 ± 11 years) was used to validate the shortened CCI (CCI-SF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CCI showed evidence of reliability and validity, but there was item redundancy in outpatients with HF. The 12-item CCI-SF showed good evidence of reliability and validity in inpatients with HF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the reliability and validity of the CCI-SF to measure negative thinking in hospitalized patients with HF.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0232, USA. rdekker@uky.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lennie
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Ann R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Peden
authors.forename: Misook L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012803:Sick Role; D013850:Thinking