title: Reinforcement of calcium phosphate cement with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and bovine serum albumin for injectable bone substitute applications.
abstract: This paper presents the development of novel alternative injectable calcium phosphate cement (CPC) composites for orthopaedic applications. The new CPC composites comprise β-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) and di-calcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) mixed with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and incorporated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or functionalized MWCNTs (MWCNTs-OH and MWCNTs-COOH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compressive strength tests, injectability tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the properties of the final products. Compressive strength tests and SEM observations demonstrated particularly that the concomitant admixture of BSA and MWCNT improved the mechanical properties, resulting in stronger CPC composites. The presence of MWCNTs and BSA influenced the morphology of the hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals in the CPC matrix. BSA was found to act as a promoter of HA growth when bounded to the surface of CPC grains. MWCNT-OH-containing composites exhibited the highest compressive strengths (16.3 MPa), being in the range of values for trabecular bone (2-12 MPa).
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kean-Khoon
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Kah-Ling
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Sharif Hussein
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sharif Zein
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: McPhail
authors.forename: Lutz-Christian
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roether
authors.forename: Aldo R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Boccaccini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000378:metabolism; D007267:Injections; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003738:Dental Cements; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D017886:Durapatite; C020243:calcium phosphate