title: Environmental and genetic preconditioning for long-term anoxia responses requires AMPK in Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preconditioning environments or therapeutics, to suppress the cellular damage associated with severe oxygen deprivation, is of interest to our understanding of diseases associated with oxygen deprivation. Wildtype C. elegans exposed to anoxia enter into a state of suspended animation in which energy-requiring processes reversibly arrest. C. elegans at all developmental stages survive 24-hours of anoxia exposure however, the ability of adult hermaphrodites to survive three days of anoxia significantly decreases. Mutations in the insulin-like signaling receptor (daf-2) and LIN-12/Notch (glp-1) lead to an enhanced long-term anoxia survival phenotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we show that the combined growth environment of 25°C and a diet of HT115 E. coli will precondition adult hermaphrodites to survive long-term anoxia; many of these survivors have normal movement after anoxia treatment. Animals fed the drug metformin, which induces a dietary-restriction like state in animals and activates AMPK in mammalian cell culture, have a higher survival rate when exposed to long-term anoxia. Mutations in genes encoding components of AMPK (aak-2, aakb-1, aakb-2, aakg-2) suppress the environmentally and genetically induced long-term anoxia survival phenotype. We further determine that there is a correlation between the animals that survive long-term anoxia and increased levels of carminic acid staining, which is a fluorescent dye that incorporates in with carbohydrates such as glycogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that small changes in growth conditions such as increased temperature and food source can influence the physiology of the animal thus affecting the responses to stress such as anoxia. Furthermore, this supports the idea that metformin should be further investigated as a therapeutic tool for treatment of oxygen-deprived tissues. Finally, the capacity for an animal to survive long bouts of severe oxygen deprivation is likely dependent on specific subunits of the heterotrimeric protein AMPK and energy stores such as carbohydrates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Bobby L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: LaRue
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Padilla
mesh_terms: D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004777:Environment; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology; D020387:Food Chain; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D057850:Hermaphroditic Organisms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology; D030781:Organisms, Genetically Modified; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D021122:Protein Subunits; D008687:Metformin; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; D010100:Oxygen