title: Wheat gluten-based materials plasticised with glycerol and water by thermoplastic mixing and thermomoulding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gluten has been investigated as a source for biodegradable polymeric materials because it is a renewable, available and low-cost raw material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of some variables involved in the two stages of protein/plasticiser thermo-mechanical processing, where a mixture of glycerol and water was used as the plasticiser.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gluten/glycerol/water blends mixed under different thermal conditions (adiabatic starting at 25 °C and isothermal at 60 and 90 °C) exhibited shear thinning capillary flow behaviour, where a marked increase in flow properties was obtained at the highest temperature. Two thermal events, glass transitions related to the plasticiser blend and gluten, were detected by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MDSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) tests. Moderate moulding temperature led to less resistant materials showing higher ductility, whereas higher mixing and moulding temperatures led to bioplastics with higher mechanical properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A moulding temperature of 130 °C (close to the denaturation temperature) was found to be suitable for the thermomoulding process. In addition, the use of moderate mixing temperature seems to be convenient for those applications that required materials exhibiting high water absorption behaviour and suitable mechanical properties. Protein extractability results reflect the benefits of combining high shear and high temperature during processing to improve cross-linking reactions.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Química, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Lidia S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Zárate-Ramírez
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Partal
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrero
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D001709:Biotechnology; D005983:Glutens / Q000737:chemistry*; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D019563:Mechanics; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010968:Plasticizers; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water; D005983:Glutens; D005990:Glycerol