title: A diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: clinical and pathologic features and outcomes of 34 consecutive cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (DSPC) is a relatively rare variant of papillary thyroid cancer. Large studies of patients with DSPC have been infrequently performed, and controversy still exists concerning some DSPC features and outcomes. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinicopathologic features and outcomes in a series of 34 consecutive patients with DSPC and to compare them with a larger group of 245 consecutive patients with the classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (cPTC) that were evaluated in the same period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and histological features (sex, age, tumor size,multifocality, bilaterality, extra thyroid extension, and local and distant metastases) were recorded in all patients, as well as any persistent or recurrent disease and the patients' disease status at last observation. Patients with cPTC were classified as either low (122) or high risk (123). DSPC and high-risk patients were all treated with the same protocol, including ¹³¹I treatment. All patients were included in a Cox regression model analysis to investigate the effect of each variable on the hazard ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, multifocality, bilaterality, and extra thyroid extension were more frequently noted at presentation, and the pT1 category of TNM classification was less frequently noted in DSPC and high-risk patients with cPTC compared with low-risk patients with cPTC. No significant difference was found between patients with DSPC and those with high-risk cPTC, except that extra thyroid extension was found more frequently in the patients with DSPC. Using multivariate analysis, diffuse sclerosing variant was an independent variable for predicting a high risk of persistent and recurrent disease during initial follow-up. However, at a later time, and after further treatment, the disease status was not different between patients with DSPC and those with high-risk cPTC, and only the presence of distant metastases affected the final outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DSPC is a thyroid papillary carcinoma variant characterized by high aggressiveness. In patients with DSPC, the outcome is worse than in patients with low-risk cPTC; and, at presentation, characteristics are somewhat worse than for patients with high-risk cPTC.At medium term, the outcome is similar to that observed in patients with high-risk cPTC, provided aggressive treatment is used (additional surgical intervention, when required, and/or ¹³¹I radiotherapy).
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine of the University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Concetto
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Regalbuto
authors.forename: Pasqualino
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malandrino
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tumminia
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Le Moli
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vigneri
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pezzino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002277:Carcinoma; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D045743:Scleroderma, Diffuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000077273:Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome