title: Divergent anti-inflammatory effects of different oil acute consumption on healthy individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are implicated in atherogenesis. In addition, several types of oil as part of different types of diet are associated with the initiation of atherosclerosis and consequently with the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the exact role of oil consumption on vascular inflammation remains unknown. In this parallel study, we assessed the acute effects of extra virgin olive oil, soy oil, corn oil and cod liver oil on circulating soluble(s) forms of adhesion molecules and TNF-α.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 67 healthy volunteers were randomized to receive 50 ml of oil. Soluble forms of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline and at 3 h post oil consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All types of oil had no significant effect on soluble VCAM-1 levels (P=nonsignificant (NS) for all). On the contrary, all oil types decreased ICAM-1 levels (P<0.01). Olive oil (P<0.05), soy oil and cod liver oil (P<0.01 for both) reduced TNF-α levels significantly, in contrast to corn oil, which induced a nonsignificant decrease (P=NS). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the absolute change in ICAM-1 and TNF-α levels (ρ=0.379, P<0.05), but not between the absolute changes in VCAM-1 and TNF-α levels (ρ=0.019, P=NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute consumption of all types of oil decreased significantly ICAM-1 levels. In addition, olive oil, soy oil and cod liver oil decreased significantly TNF-α levels. Moreover, the absolute change in TNF-α levels was correlated with the absolute change in ICAM-1 levels. These findings indicate that acute consumption of specific types of oil is associated with specific significant anti-inflammatory effects.
authors.affiliation: 1st Cardiology Unit, Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Papageorgiou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tousoulis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Psaltopoulou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giolis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antoniades
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsiamis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miliou
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toutouzas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siasos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003060:Cod Liver Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003314:Corn Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D013024:Soybean Oil; D003314:Corn Oil; D003060:Cod Liver Oil