title: Dose-fractionation sensitivity of prostate cancer deduced from radiotherapy outcomes of 5,969 patients in seven international institutional datasets: α/β = 1.4 (0.9-2.2) Gy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are reports of a high sensitivity of prostate cancer to radiotherapy dose fractionation, and this has prompted several trials of hypofractionation schedules. It remains unclear whether hypofractionation will provide a significant therapeutic benefit in the treatment of prostate cancer, and whether there are different fractionation sensitivities for different stages of disease. In order to address this, multiple primary datasets have been collected for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven datasets were assembled from institutions worldwide. A total of 5969 patients were treated using external beams with or without androgen deprivation (AD). Standard fractionation (1.8-2.0 Gy per fraction) was used for 40% of the patients, and hypofractionation (2.5-6.7 Gy per fraction) for the remainder. The overall treatment time ranged from 1 to 8 weeks. Low-risk patients comprised 23% of the total, intermediate-risk 44%, and high-risk 33%. Direct analysis of the primary data for tumor control at 5 years was undertaken, using the Phoenix criterion of biochemical relapse-free survival, in order to calculate values in the linear-quadratic equation of k (natural log of the effective target cell number), α (dose-response slope using very low doses per fraction), and the ratio α/β that characterizes dose-fractionation sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference between the α/β value for the three risk groups, and the value of α/β for the pooled data was 1.4 (95% CI = 0.9-2.2) Gy. Androgen deprivation improved the bNED outcome index by about 5% for all risk groups, but did not affect the α/β value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall α/β value was consistently low, unaffected by AD deprivation, and lower than the appropriate values for late normal-tissue morbidity. Hence the fractionation sensitivity differential (tumor/normal tissue) favors the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy schedules for all risk groups, which is also very beneficial logistically in limited-resource settings.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. Raymond.Miralbell@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miralbell
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zubizarreta
authors.forename: Jolyon H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hendry
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D012306:Risk; D013557:Switzerland; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists