title: Vascular access port implantation and serial blood sampling in a Gottingen minipig (Sus scrofa domestica) model of acute radiation injury.
abstract: Threats of nuclear and other radiologic exposures have been increasing, but no countermeasure for acute radiation syndrome has been approved by regulatory authorities. Because of their similarity to humans in regard to physiology and anatomy, we are characterizing Gottingen minipigs as a model to aid the development of radiation countermeasures. Irradiated minipigs exhibit immunosuppression, severe thrombocytopenia, vascular leakage, and acute inflammation. These complications render serial acquisition of blood samples problematic. Vascular access ports (VAP) facilitate serial sampling, but their use often is complicated by infections and fibrin deposition. We demonstrate here the successful use of VAP for multiple blood samplings in irradiated minipigs. Device design and limited postoperative prophylactic antimicrobial therapy before irradiation were key to obtaining serial sampling, reducing swelling, and eliminating infection and skin necrosis at the implantation site. Modifications of previous protocols included the use of polydioxanone sutures instead of silk; eliminating chronic port access; single-use, sterile, antireflux prefilled syringes for flushing; strict aseptic weekly maintenance of the device, and acclimating animals to reduce stress. VAP remained functional in 19 of 20 irradiated animals for as long as 3 mo. The remaining VAP failed due to a small leak in the catheter, leading to clot formation. VAP-related sepsis occurred in 2 minipigs. Blood sampling did not cause detectable stress in nonanesthetized sham-irradiated animals, according to leukograms and clinical signs.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Countermeasures Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. moroni@afrri.usuhs.mil
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.forename: Thea V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Coolbaugh
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lombardini
authors.forename: Krinon D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Moccia
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Vitaly
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Whitnall
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000662:veterinary; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000662:veterinary; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery*