title: A biomechanical investigation of vertebral staples for fusionless scoliosis correction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fusionless scoliosis surgery is an early-stage treatment for idiopathic scoliosis which claims potential advantages over current fusion-based surgical procedures. Anterior vertebral stapling using a shape memory alloy staple is one such approach. Despite increasing interest in this technique, little is known about the effects on the spine following insertion, or the mechanism of action of the staple. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical consequences of staple insertion in the anterior thoracic spine, using in vitro experiments on an immature bovine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual calf spine thoracic motion segments were tested in flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. Changes in motion segment rotational stiffness following staple insertion were measured on a series of 14 specimens. Strain gauges were attached to three of the staples in the series to measure forces transmitted through the staple during loading. A micro-CT scan of a single specimen was performed after loading to qualitatively examine damage to the vertebral bone caused by the staple.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small but statistically significant decreases in bending stiffness (P<0.05) occurred in flexion, extension, lateral bending away from the staple, and axial rotation away from the staple. Each strain-gauged staple showed a baseline compressive loading following insertion which was seen to gradually decrease during testing. Post-test micro-CT showed substantial bone and growth plate damage near the staple.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our findings it is possible that growth modulation following staple insertion is due to tissue damage rather than sustained mechanical compression of the motion segment.
authors.affiliation: Mater Health Services Brisbane Ltd., Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Shillington
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Labrom
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Askin
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013537:Sutures; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*