title: Associations of psychological distress with metabolic syndrome among Japanese urban residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine and evaluate the association between psychological distress and metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2005 and 2006, 1,613 men and women aged 30-79 participated in annual health examinations at Takarazuka City Health Promotion Center in Takarazuka, Japan. Psychological stress was assessed with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and MetS was evaluated using three criteria based on those of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine as the Japanese counterpart of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP/ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean depression score after adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol intake and serum total cholesterol levels was higher for men with than without MetS as defined by Japanese criteria as well as for men with than without fasting glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL. Multivariable-adjusted, odds ratio associated with increments of one standard deviation in the depression score was 1.48 (1.19-1.84) for MetS, and anxiety and depression scores were 1.32 (1.08-1.61) and 1.24 (1.03-1.50) for fasting glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL, respectively. Similar trends were observed for the depression score and MetS as defined by NCEP/ATPIII and IDF. For women, somatic symptoms, anxiety, and depression were not associated with MetS and its components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms are considered to be associated with MetS and, more specifically, glucose abnormality among urban Japanese men.
authors.affiliation: Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.forename: Kae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014506:Urban Renewal; D055105:Waist Circumference