title: Electrospinning fundamentals: optimizing solution and apparatus parameters.
abstract: Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to accelerate the maturation, improve the growth, and direct the migration of cells in vitro. Electrospinning is a process in which a charged polymer jet is collected on a grounded collector; a rapidly rotating collector results in aligned nanofibers while stationary collectors result in randomly oriented fiber mats. The polymer jet is formed when an applied electrostatic charge overcomes the surface tension of the solution. There is a minimum concentration for a given polymer, termed the critical entanglement concentration, below which a stable jet cannot be achieved and no nanofibers will form - although nanoparticles may be achieved (electrospray). A stable jet has two domains, a streaming segment and a whipping segment. While the whipping jet is usually invisible to the naked eye, the streaming segment is often visible under appropriate lighting conditions. Observing the length, thickness, consistency and movement of the stream is useful to predict the alignment and morphology of the nanofibers being formed. A short, non-uniform, inconsistent, and/or oscillating stream is indicative of a variety of problems, including poor fiber alignment, beading, splattering, and curlicue or wavy patterns. The stream can be optimized by adjusting the composition of the solution and the configuration of the electrospinning apparatus, thus optimizing the alignment and morphology of the fibers being produced. In this protocol, we present a procedure for setting up a basic electrospinning apparatus, empirically approximating the critical entanglement concentration of a polymer solution and optimizing the electrospinning process. In addition, we discuss some common problems and troubleshooting techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: Zhang-Qi
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tuck
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Corey
mesh_terms: D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D012996:Solutions