title: Aromatase (CYP19) promoter gene polymorphism and risk of nonviral hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental studies suggest that sex hormones may induce or promote the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Androgens are converted to estrogens by the CYP19 gene product, aromatase. Hepatic aromatase level and activity have been shown to be markedly elevated in HCC. Aromatase expression in liver tumors is driven by a promoter upstream of CYP19 exon I.6.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, the authors identified an A/C polymorphism in the exon I.6 promoter of the CYP19 gene. To determine whether allelic variants in the CYP19 I.6 promoter differ in their ability to drive gene expression, we carried out an in vitro reporter gene assay. Then, the authors studied the association between this polymorphism and HCC risk in 2 complementary case-control studies: 1 in high-risk southern Guangxi, China, and another in low-risk US non-Asians of Los Angeles County.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transcriptional activity was 60% higher for promoter vectors carrying the rs10459592 C allele compared with those carrying an A allele (P = .007). In both study populations, among subjects negative for at-risk serologic markers of hepatitis B or C, there was a dose-dependent association between number of high activity C allele and risk of HCC (P(trend) = .014). Risk of HCC was significantly higher (odds ratio [OR], 2.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-4.31) in subjects homozygous for the C allele compared with those homozygous for the A allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides epidemiologic evidence for the role of hepatic aromatization of androgen into estrogen in the development of nonviral hepatitis-related HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. ephkwp@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Woon-Puay
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Jian-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Renwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sugantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.forename: Rowena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oppenheimer
authors.forename: Zhen Quan
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mimi C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sue Ann
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ingles
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017931:DNA Primers; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D001141:Aromatase