title: Paradoxical increase in seizure frequency with valproate in nonketotic hyperglycinemia.
abstract: Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), or glycine encephalopathy, is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in the glycine cleavage enzyme system. In neonatal-onset NKH, patients manifest lethargy, hypotonia, apnea, and intractable epileptic seizures that are not specific to this disease. We experienced a 6-year-old girl with spastic quadriplegia, intractable epilepsy, and mental retardation, all initially regarded as sequelae of neonatal meningitis. The seizure frequency was transiently increased when valproate was started. Head MRI revealed progressive brain atrophy and white matter loss with high intensity signals on T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted images, which prompted us to conduct further metabolic workups. High glycine levels led us to suspect NKH, and we confirmed this diagnosis by the non-invasive, (13)C-glycine breath test. DNA sequencing revealed novel Leu885Pro/Trp897Cys mutations in the glycine decarboxylase gene that were transmitted from both parents. Sodium benzoate and dextromethorphan dramatically decreased her hypertonicity. Our case shows that paradoxical increases in seizure frequency following valproate can be a clue for a diagnosis of NKH, and that a correct diagnosis of NKH can greatly alter the quality of life in such patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuyusaki
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimbo
authors.forename: Takahito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Mizue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iai
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Sumimasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aida
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kure
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Osaka
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020158:Hyperglycinemia, Nonketotic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D020160:Sodium Benzoate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D014635:Valproic Acid; D003915:Dextromethorphan; D020160:Sodium Benzoate