title: An in vivo investigation of photoplethysmographic signals and preliminary pulse oximetry estimation from the bowel using a new fiberoptic sensor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The continuous monitoring of splanchnic organ oxygen saturation could make the early detection of inadequate tissue oxygenation feasible, reducing the risk of hypoperfusion, severe ischemia, multiple organ failure, and, ultimately, death. Current methods for assessing splanchnic perfusion have not been widely accepted for use in the clinical care environment. In an attempt to overcome the limitations of the current techniques, a new fiberoptic photoplethysmographic (PPG)/pulse oximetry sensor was developed as a means of assessing splanchnic organ perfusion during surgery in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new fiberoptic splanchnic pulse oximeter and an optically identical fiberoptic finger pulse oximeter have been developed. Simultaneous PPG signals and preliminary estimates of arterial oxygen saturation from the bowel (small and large) and finger were obtained in 17 patients (3 men and 14 women) undergoing open laparotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good quality PPG signals were obtained from the small and large bowel and from the finger in all patients (lower 95% confidence limit for the proportion was 0.64). Comparisons of blood oxygen saturation values acquired when using the splanchnic and the finger fiberoptic sensors and a commercial finger pulse oximeter indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between them (all P>0.454). A Bland and Altman plot of the difference between blood oxygen saturation values from the bowel fiberoptic pulse oximeter and the fiberoptic finger pulse oximeter against their mean showed that the limits of agreement between the 2 pulse oximeters were -3.8% and 4.2% for small bowel measurements, and -3.4% and 4.3% for large bowel measurements. The 95% prediction interval for the difference between the 2 devices was between -4.2% and 4.7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that good quality PPG signals can be obtained from the bowel using a new fiberoptic sensor. Further evaluation is required to determine whether fiberoptic pulse oximetry of the bowel may provide a suitable method for monitoring splanchnic perfusion.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, City University, London, EC1V 0HB, UK.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: Nilesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Randive
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: Panayiotis A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kyriacou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000098:blood supply*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000098:blood supply*; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010092:Oximetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010100:Oxygen