title: Symptom clusters and health-related quality of life in people with chronic stable angina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports findings of a study to examine the independent contribution of chest pain, fatigue and dyspnoea to health-related quality of life in people with chronic stable angina.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  People with chronic stable angina experience poorer quality of life in multiple areas including physical and emotional health. Emerging evidence suggests the presence of concomitant symptoms yet there are no systematic studies examining the impact of symptom clusters on quality of life in people with chronic angina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients (n = 134), recruited over a 16-month period in 2000 and 2001, with confirmed coronary heart disease and chronic angina completed reliable and valid questionnaires measuring chest pain frequency, fatigue, dyspnoea and quality of life. The data have contemporary relevance because despite changes in treatment of coronary heart disease, chronic angina remains prevalent worldwide. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to examine the symptom cluster of chest pain frequency, fatigue and dyspnoea in predicting quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was predominantly white (74·6%), men (59·7%) with a mean age of 63·4 (sd 12·12) years. Controlling for age, gender, social status and co-morbidities, the symptom cluster of chest pain frequency, dyspnoea and fatigue accounted for a statistically significant increase in unadjusted R² (F of Δ, P < 0·05) for the models predicting physical limitation (R² Δ 24·1%), disease perception (R² Δ 24·6%), Short Form-36 Physical Component Score (R² Δ 24·3%) and Mental Component Score (R² Δ 07·0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptom assessment and management of people with chronic stable angina should involve multiple symptoms. Greater fatigue predicted poorer quality of life in multiple areas. As a possible indicator of depression, it warrants further assessment and follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Baptist College of Nursing, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. kimble_lp@mercer.edu
authors.forename: Laura P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kimble
authors.forename: Sandra B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: Deborah B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Sharon F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Manzo
authors.forename: Ora L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Strickland
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004417:Dyspnea; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology