title: Reduced chondrocyte viability is associated with the use of surgical marker pen ink.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sterile surgical marker pens are commonly used in cartilage repair surgery to aid in the placement of periosteal patches or collagen membranes in autologous chondrocyte implantation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects that methylene blue and crystal violet marker pen ink have on human chondrocytes when cultured on collagen membranes in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human chondrocytes were applied to Chondro-Gide collagen membranes at a volume of 12 million cells. In the first experiment, 2 sterile marker pens, one containing methylene blue and the other crystal violet inks, were used to mark membranes immediately before the addition of cells. In the second experiment, the same marker pens marked the membranes after 7 days of cell culture. In each experiment, 3 groups of membrane were tested for each pen. Group A consisted of no ink mark, group B had only the uppermost "smooth" layer marked, and group C had the lower "porous" layer marked. All membranes were then cultured in standard growth media for 24 hours. Cell viability was assessed at 24 hours on all membranes using a live/dead-cell viability assay. Cell viability was quantified with florescent microscopy with mean percentage of live cells in each marker pen group compared with control membranes using the Student t test (P < .05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control membranes (group A) with no ink showed cell viability approaching 100%. A statistically significant reduction in cell viability with both methylene blue (23.1%; P < .0001) and crystal violet (18.9%; P < .0001) was found adjacent to the ink mark on the smooth side (group B) and on the porous side remote from the ink (group C) in both experiments (<30%; P < .0001). A reduction in cell viability was noted on the smooth side remote from the ink mark but did not reach statistical significance. Marked cell death was seen with both dyes (<15%; P < .0001) adjacent to the ink on the porous side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chondrocyte viability is significantly reduced when cells are cultured in vitro on collagen membranes marked with methylene blue and crystal violet pen ink.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons should be aware of the potential negative effect of marker pens in cell-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge Orthopaedic Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK. agetgood@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Getgood
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kili
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhullar
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Henson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D005840:Gentian Violet; D008751:Methylene Blue