title: Ethical issues in plastic and reconstructive surgery.
abstract: Plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery refers to a variety of operations performed in order to repair or restore body parts to look normal or to enhance a certain structure or anatomy that is already normal. Several ethical considerations such as a patient's right for autonomy, informed consent, beneficence, and nonmalfeasance need to be given careful consideration. The principal objective of the medical profession is to render services to humanity with full respect for human dignity. Plastic surgeons should merit the confidence of patients entrusted to their care, rendering to each a full measure of service and devotion. They require an extensive amount of education and training. The increases in demand for aesthetic plastic surgery and the advocacy of practice in the media have raised concerns about the circumstances under which cosmetic surgery is ethical and permissible. Innovative research, and new technologies derived from such research, almost always raises ethical and policy concerns. Medical ethics regulate what is, and what is not, correct in promoting plastic surgery to the public. It is essential to create an educated and informed public about the ethical issues in the plastic and reconstructive surgery field. Plastic surgeons need to carefully evaluate the degree of deformity, physical and emotional maturity, and desired outcome of patients who request plastic surgery procedures. Science is a powerful force for change in modern society and plastic surgeons have a responsibility to shepherd that change with thoughtful advocacy and careful ethical scrutiny of their own behavior.
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Carlos Chagas Post-Graduate Medical Institute, RJ, Brazil. steroaris@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sterodimas
authors.forename: Henrique N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Radwanski
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pitanguy
mesh_terms: D026686:Beneficence; D001938:Brazil; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics; D008297:Male; D028701:Patient Rights / Q000941:ethics*; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D028662:Principle-Based Ethics; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods