title: Ultrasound imaging diagnostics: healthcare risks for urologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study are: 1) assessing if Ultrasound (US) used during US scans can represent a risk for the healthcare of urologists; 2) verifying the frequency of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) symptoms and musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), trying to assess the possible correlation with job load and US scanning procedures; 3) assessing the role of individual factors like age, gender and physical activity in determining such disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 35 voluntary urologists carrying out ultrasound scans were selected: 13 were working for the 1 degrees Teaching Hospital Urology, 11 for the 2 degrees Teaching Hospital Urology, 2 for the Hospitalization Urology of the Policlinico of Bari and 9 for Urology of Public Corporation Di Venere of Bari. A questionnaire, divided in two parts, was administered to the sample: the first aimed at collecting demographic data and at describing the operators' workload and the second focused on the possible presence of CTS and MSD symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  32 urologists over 35 performed more than 5 scans per week and more than 5 scans per day. On average the specialists were carrying out this activity since 18 years wheras for post-graduate students, this time was about 4 years. Twenty-six subjects (74%) showed no symptoms, 8 subjects (23%) showed from 1 to 4 symptoms which can be associated to the presence of CTS; only one subject presents more than 5 symptoms. As regards MSD, 6 urologists (17%) did not present disorders, 24 subjects (69%) showed from 1 to 4 symptoms and 5 subjects (14%) presented more than 5 symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of US scan examination is completely safe both for the healthcare of the patients and the operator. For what concerns healthcare risks, it is highly recommended to adopt a correct posture when performing the examination and to use the provided chair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Public Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine "B. Ramazzini", University of Bari, Bari, Italy. tilde.martino@libero.it
authors.forename: Tilde
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014572:Urology