title: Modifying cognitive errors promotes cognitive well being: a new approach to bias modification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) procedures have been used to train individuals to interpret ambiguous information in a negative or benign direction and have provided evidence that negative biases causally contribute to emotional vulnerability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we present the development and validation of a new form of CBM designed to manipulate the cognitive errors known to characterize both depression and anxiety. Our manipulation was designed to modify the biased cognitions identified by Beck's cognitive error categories (e.g. arbitrary inference, overgeneralisation) and typically targeted during therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a later test of spontaneous inferences, unselected (Experiment 1) and vulnerable participants (Experiment 2) who had generated positive alternatives rather than errors perceived novel hypothetical events, their causes and outcomes in a non-distorted manner. These groups were also less vulnerable to two different types of emotional stressor (video clips; and an imagined social situation). Furthermore participants' interpretation of their own performance on a problem-solving task was improved by the manipulation, despite actual performance showing no significant change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that Cognitive Error Modification can promote positive inferences, reduce vulnerability to stress and improve self-perceptions of performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK. kathryn.lester@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Phil S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yiend
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012649:Self Concept; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology