title: Effects of a workplace-smoking ban in combination with tax increases on smoking in the Dutch population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the Netherlands, between 2003 and 2005, 3 tobacco control measures were implemented: a workplace-smoking ban and 2 tax increases on tobacco products. This study explores how the combination of measures influences the smoking behavior of the general population divided into subpopulations with and without paid work (all aged 16-65 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Dutch Continuous Survey of Smoking Habits were used. The total sample consisted of 32,014 respondents (27,150 with paid work and 4,864 without paid work) aged 16-65 years. Analyses were done by linear and logistic regression, controlling for relevant factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For respondents with paid work, the combination of a smoking ban and 2 tax increases led to a decrease in the number of cigarettes per day and in the prevalence of daily smoking. For respondents without paid work, there was no significant effect on any of the outcome parameters. In both groups, there was no evidence that the effect of the measures on smoking was moderated by the respondent's gender, age, or level of education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of policy measures has influenced the smoking behavior of respondents with paid work in a positive way. Compared with most other studies, the effect of the workplace-smoking ban alone is smaller. However, the effect of the combined interventions is higher than the that of tax increases in other studies. Among respondents without paid work who were exposed to tax increases only, no significant effects were found.
authors.affiliation: Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, PO Box 2168, 5600 CD Eindhoven, The Netherlands. wendy.verdonk-kleinjan@vwa.nl
authors.forename: Wendy M I
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Verdonk-Kleinjan
authors.forename: Math J J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Candel
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Knibbe
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D057766:Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D017132:Workplace / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D055815:Young Adult