title: Filarial worms reduce Plasmodium infectivity in mosquitoes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Co-occurrence of malaria and filarial worm parasites has been reported, but little is known about the interaction between filarial worm and malaria parasites with the same Anopheles vector. Herein, we present data evaluating the interaction between Wuchereria bancrofti and Anopheles punctulatus in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Our field studies in PNG demonstrated that An. punctulatus utilizes the melanization immune response as a natural mechanism of filarial worm resistance against invading W. bancrofti microfilariae. We then conducted laboratory studies utilizing the mosquitoes Armigeres subalbatus and Aedes aegypti and the parasites Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi, Dirofilaria immitis, and Plasmodium gallinaceum to evaluate the hypothesis that immune activation and/or development by filarial worms negatively impact Plasmodium development in co-infected mosquitoes. Ar. subalbatus used in this study are natural vectors of P. gallinaceum and B. pahangi and they are naturally refractory to B. malayi (melanization-based refractoriness).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mosquitoes were dissected and Plasmodium development was analyzed six days after blood feeding on either P. gallinaceum alone or after taking a bloodmeal containing both P. gallinaceum and B. malayi or a bloodmeal containing both P. gallinaceum and B. pahangi. There was a significant reduction in the prevalence and mean intensity of Plasmodium infections in two species of mosquito that had dual infections as compared to those mosquitoes that were infected with Plasmodium alone, and was independent of whether the mosquito had a melanization immune response to the filarial worm or not. However, there was no reduction in Plasmodium development when filarial worms were present in the bloodmeal (D. immitis) but midgut penetration was absent, suggesting that factors associated with penetration of the midgut by filarial worms likely are responsible for the observed reduction in malaria parasite infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results could have an impact on vector infection and transmission dynamics in areas where Anopheles transmit both parasites, i.e., the elimination of filarial worms in a co-endemic locale could enhance malaria transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Aliota
authors.forename: Cheng-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dagoro
authors.forename: Jeremy F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D005370:Filarioidea / Q000254:growth & development*; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000254:growth & development*