title: Human papillomavirus detection in moroccan patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor which arises in surface epithelium of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. There's is evidence that Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is associated to NPC development. However, many epidemiologic studies point to a connection between viral infections by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and NPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy Moroccan patients with NPC were screened for EBV and HPV. EBV detection was performed by PCR amplification of BZLF1 gene, encoding the ZEBRA (Z Epstein-Barr Virus Replication Activator) protein, and HPV infection was screened by PCR amplification with subsequent typing by hybridization with specific oligonucleotides for HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45 and 59.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age distribution of our patients revealed a bimodal pattern. Sixty two cases (88.9%) were classified as type 3 (undifferentiated carcinoma), 6 (8.6%) as type 2 (non keratinizing NPC) and only 2 (2.9%) cases were classified as type 1 (keratinizing NPC). EBV was detected in all NPC tumors, whereas HPV DNA was revealed in 34% of cases (24/70). Molecular analysis showed that 20.8% (5/24) were infected with HPV31, and the remaining were infected with other oncogenic types (i.e., HPV59, 16, 18, 33, 35 and 45). In addition, statistical analysis showed that there's no association between sex or age and HPV infection (P > 0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicated that EBV is commonly associated with NPC in Moroccan patients and show for the first time that NPC tumours from Moroccan patients harbour high risk HPV genotypes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Oncovirology, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 20 360 Casablanca, Morocco. meriem.khyatti@pasteur.ma.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Laantri
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attaleb
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kandil
authors.forename: Fadwa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naji
authors.forename: Tarik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mouttaki
authors.forename: R'kia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dardari
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Belghmi
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benchakroun
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Mzibri
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khyatti