title: Functional neurological symptoms.
abstract: Functional neurological symptoms refer to neurological symptoms that are not explained by disease. They may also be called psychogenic, non-organic, somatoform, dissociative or conversion symptoms. The most common functional neurological symptoms are non-epileptic attacks and functional weakness. These are common in neurology and general medical practice, especially in emergency situations, where they can be mistaken for epilepsy or stroke. Many studies have shown that these symptoms often persist, are associated with distress and disability and, in the right hands, have a low rate of misdiagnosis. Physicians are often uncertain how to approach patients with these problems. Are patients making up the symptoms? How can the diagnosis be made confidently? What is the best way to explain the diagnosis to the patient? Does treatment ever help? This review takes readers through these questions with practical tips for avoiding common pitfalls, both in diagnosis and management. There is no good evidence that these symptoms are any more 'made up' than irritable bowel symptoms or chronic pain. The diagnosis should usually be made by a neurologist on the basis of positive signs of inconsistency such as Hoover's sign or the typical features of a non-epileptic attack. A 'functional' model of the symptoms is useful both in thinking about the problem and when explaining the symptoms to the patient. There are many useful steps in management that do not require a detailed understanding of aetiology in an individual patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. jon.stone@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*