title: Food intake of individuals with and without diabetes across different countries and ethnic groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given the importance of nutrition therapy in diabetes management, we hypothesized that food intake differs between individuals with and without diabetes. We investigated this hypothesis in two large prospective studies including different countries and ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study populations were the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC) and the Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC). Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaires, and calibrated using 24h-recall information for the EPIC Study. Only confirmed self-reports of diabetes at cohort entry were included: 6192 diabetes patients in EPIC and 13 776 in the MEC. For the cross-sectional comparison of food intake and lifestyle variables at baseline, individuals with and without diabetes were matched 1:1 on sex, age in 5-year categories, body mass index in 2.5 kg/m(2) categories and country.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher intake of soft drinks (by 13 and 44% in the EPIC and MEC), and lower consumption of sweets, juice, wine and beer (>10% difference) were observed in participants with diabetes compared with those without. Consumption of vegetables, fish and meat was slightly higher in individuals with diabetes in both studies, but the differences were <10%. Findings were more consistent across different ethnic groups than countries, but generally showed largely similar patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although diabetes patients are expected to undergo nutritional education, we found only small differences in dietary behavior in comparison with cohort members without diabetes. These findings suggest that emphasis on education is needed to improve the current behaviors to assist in the prevention of complications.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Section, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany. u.noethlings@iem.uni-kiel.de
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authors.lastname: Nöthlings
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001515:Beer; D001628:Beverages; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000178:diet therapy; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005006:Ethnicity; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates