title: Dietary B vitamin intake and incident premenstrual syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 are required to synthesize neurotransmitters that are potentially involved in the pathophysiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to evaluate whether B vitamin intake from food sources and supplements is associated with the initial development of PMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study II cohort. Participants were free of PMS at baseline (1991). After 10 y of follow up, 1057 women were confirmed as cases and 1968 were confirmed as controls. Dietary information was collected in 1991, 1995, and 1999 by using food-frequency questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intakes of thiamine and riboflavin from food sources were each inversely associated with incident PMS. For example, women in the highest quintile of riboflavin intake 2-4 y before the diagnosis year had a 35% lower risk of developing PMS than did those in the lowest quintile (relative risk: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.92; P for trend = 0.02). No significant associations between incident PMS and dietary intakes of niacin, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 were observed. Intake of B vitamins from supplements was not associated with a lower risk of PMS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a significantly lower risk of PMS in women with high intakes of thiamine and riboflavin from food sources only. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of B vitamins in the development of premenstrual syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9304, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Chocano-Bedoya
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hankinson
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chasan-Taber
authors.forename: Alayne G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ronnenberg
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Bertone-Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011293:Premenstrual Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013831:Thiamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D012256:Riboflavin; D013831:Thiamine