title: Context-specific correlates of walking behaviors to and from school: do they vary across neighborhoods and populations?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A growing number of studies have examined correlates of walking-to/from-school behaviors. However, the potential differences across neighborhoods have been understudied. To address this knowledge gap, this study compared 4 elementary school settings (low-income inner-city; mid- to low-income, urban with and without freeway in attendance area; and high-income suburban) in Austin, Texas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parental surveys (n = 680, response rate = 25%) were analyzed using binary logistic regressions to identify correlates of walking to/from school for each setting. Five focus groups were conducted with 15 parents and analyzed using content analysis to supplement the survey results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents' personal barrier was the only consistently significant variable across 4 settings (OR = 0.113-0.463, P < .05). Parental education showed contrasting results between the suburban setting (OR = 3.895, P < .01) and the urban setting with freeway presence (OR = 0.568, P < .05). Personal attitude and walking habit had lower explanatory power in lower-income settings than in the higher-income site. But sociodemographic, physical environment, and safety conditions had greater explanatory power in lower-income settings. Freeway barrier was significant in the inner-city setting (OR = 0.029, P < .05) and the urban setting with freeway presence (OR = 0.142, P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences in correlates of walking-to/from-school behaviors were found across the 4 elementary school settings, suggesting the importance of context-sensitive approaches in future research and practice.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Chanam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Oi-Man
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Varni
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012449:Safety; D012574:Schools; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013781:Texas; D016138:Walking / Q000523:psychology*