title: An adapted Chinese version of neck pain and disability scale: validity and reliability.
abstract: METHODS
  This is a validation study to evaluate validity and reliability of a translated and culturally adapted Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a cross-cultural adaptation and check the validity and reliability of a Chinese version of NPAD.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Neck pain and its associated disability are very common musculoskeletal problems. NPAD is a reliable evaluation instrument for neck pain and disability, but there is no availability of a published Chinese version.
  
  
  METHODS
  NPAD was translated into Chinese. To examine the psychometric properties and clinical application of the adapted Chinese NPAD, a survey was conducted in a group of 106 patients. The factor structure of NPAD was analyzed and subscales were defined. Reliability assessment was determined by calculating internal consistency and test-retest repeatability. Validity was decided by comparing the Chinese version of SF-36 to NPAD and conducting subscales comparisons to single SF-36 domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor analyses demonstrated four subscales for NPAD: "pain," "disability," "neck-specific function," and "emotional and cognitive influences." The internal consistency for "pain," "disability," "neck-specific function," and "emotional and cognitive influences" subscales was 0.935, 0.952, 0.955, and 0.910, respectively. Test-retest reliability was also acceptable for the whole scale (r = 0.813, P < 0.001), as well as for each of the four subscales. Construct validity was established through comparison with SF-36. All the subscales were significantly correlated with the SF-36 domains, except the items associated with Mental Health and Emotional Role.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors report the validation of a Chinese version of NPAD for use in China, which is culturally relevant, reliable, repeatable, and psychometrically sound.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Department, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ziqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yingchuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: ChuanFeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014175:Translating; D014481:United States