title: A new proposal for randomized start design to investigate disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) and lack of effective agents to attenuate progression have accelerated research and development of disease modifying (DM) therapies. The traditional parallel group design and single time point analysis used in the support of past AD drug approvals address symptomatic benefit over relatively short treatment durations. More recent trials investigating disease modification are by necessity longer in duration and require larger sample sizes. Nevertheless, trial design and analysis remain mostly unchanged and may not be adequate to meet the objective of demonstrating disease modification. Randomized start design (RSD) has been proposed as an option to study DM effects, but its application in AD trials may have been hampered by certain methodological challenges.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To address the methodological issues that have impeded more extensive use of RSD in AD trial and to encourage other researchers to develop novel design and analysis methodologies to better ascertain DM effects for the next generation of AD therapies, we propose a stepwise testing procedure to evaluate potential DM effects of novel AD therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog) is used for illustration. We propose to test three hypotheses in a stepwise sequence. The three tests pertain to treatment difference at two separate time points and a difference in the rate of change. Estimation is facilitated by the Mixed-effects Model for Repeated Measures approach. The required sample size is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations and by modeling ADAS-cog data from prior longitudinal AD studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest advantage of the RSD proposed in this article is its ability to critically address the question on a DM effect. The AD trial using the new approach would be longer (12-month placebo period plus 12-month delay-start period; total 24-month duration) and require more subjects (about 1000 subjects per arm for the non-inferiority margin chosen in the illustration). It would also require additional evaluations to estimate the rate of ADAS-cog change toward the end of the trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A regulatory claim of disease modification for any compound will likely require additional verification of a drug's effect on a validated biomarker of Alzheimer's pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporation of the RSD in AD trials is feasible. With proper trial setup and statistical procedures, this design could support the detection of a disease-modifying effect. In our opinion, a two-phase RSD with a stepwise hypothesis testing procedure could be a reasonable option for future studies.
authors.affiliation: Statistics, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA. richard.zhang@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Richard Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: Christy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chuang-Stein
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Romano
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D003071:Cognition; D018450:Disease Progression; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size
chemical_list: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D015507:Drugs, Investigational