title: Biological and chemical studies on aryl hydrocarbon receptor induction by the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α and its condensation product pifithrin-β.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pifithrin α (PFTα), an inhibitor of the p53 protein, is regarded as a lead compound for cancer and neurodegenerative disease therapy. There is some evidence that this compound activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in a complete independent way of the p53 inhibition and that it is easily converted to its condensation product pifithrin β (PFTβ). The aim of this study was to explore the ability of PFTα and of PFTβ to induce a variety of AhR mediated processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computational analysis using quantum chemical calculations and chemical analysis have been used to study the conformation of the compounds as well as the cyclization reaction. The AhR mediated processes of these compounds have been studied in a rainbow trout cell line (RTG-2) and in a rat hepatoma cell line (H4IIE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PFTα molecule could not take a planar conformation required for AhR activation whereas PFTβ showed a conformation similar to those of the prototypical AhR ligand β-naphthoflavone. In both cell lines, PFTα and PFTβ provoked different responses related with AhR activation. However, when cyclization of PFTα to PFTβ was hampered by acetylation of the exocyclic nitrogen, all these responses were not observed. These results lead to the conclusion that the activation of the AhR is probably caused by PFTβ instead of PFTα.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since PFTα is a promising compound for the development of new pharmaceuticals inhibiting p53, the chemical instability of this compound as well as the capacity of its transformation product should be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Carretera de la Coruña Km. 7.5, Madrid, Spain. fcruz@inia.es
authors.forename: María Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fernández-Cruz
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valdehita
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herradón
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Navas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014050:Toluene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C558699:pifithrin-beta; D014050:Toluene; C121565:pifithrin; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1