title: ADHD medication reduces cotinine levels and withdrawal in smokers with ADHD.
abstract: Individuals with ADHD may self-medicate with nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient in tobacco smoke, in order to reduce symptoms and negative moods associated with ADHD. ADHD medication (e.g., methylphenidate and atomoxetine) may mimic some of the effects of nicotine and may aid smoking cessation in smokers with ADHD. The present study examined if ADHD medication reduces smoking and withdrawal in non-treatment seeking smokers with ADHD. Fifteen adult smokers with ADHD participated in the study, which consisted of an experimental phase and field monitoring phase to examine the acute and extended effects, respectively, of ADHD medication. During the experimental phase, smokers were asked to complete a Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and the Shiffman-Jarvik smoking withdrawal questionnaire during the following four conditions: (1) ADHD medication+cigarette smoking, (2) ADHD medication+overnight abstinence, (3) placebo+cigarette smoking, and (4) placebo+overnight abstinence. During the field monitoring phase, participants were asked to provide salivary cotinine samples and complete electronic diaries about smoking, smoking urge, ADHD symptoms, and stress in everyday life for two days on ADHD medication and for two days on placebo. Results of the experimental phase showed that ADHD medication improved task performance on the CPT and reduced withdrawal during overnight abstinence. During the field monitoring phase, ADHD medication reduced salivary cotinine levels compared to placebo. In addition, the electronic diary revealed that ADHD medication improved difficulty concentrating during no smoking events and stress. The findings of the present study suggest that, along with other strategies, ADHD medication may be used to aid smoking withdrawal and cessation in smokers with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA. jgehrick@uci.edu
authors.forename: Jean-G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gehricke
authors.forename: Nuong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wigal
authors.forename: Vivien
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D003367:Cotinine