title: Ultrasound-guided injections of hyperosmolar dextrose for overuse patellar tendinopathy: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether ultrasound-guided injection of hyperosmolar dextrose for treatment of patellar tendinopathy decreases pain scores and normalises the appearance of the patellar tendon on ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were referred from primary care clinics and failed conservative treatment. Subjects received a diagnostic ultrasound examination, then ultrasound-guided injection of 25% dextrose with lidocaine into the area of tendinopathy until they were satisfied with treatment. The primary outcome measure was a three-part visual analogue scale (VAS; baseline and mean of 45 weeks after start of treatment) for pain at rest, activities of daily living (ADL) and during sport. Secondary outcomes included segmental ultrasound examinations assessing tendon hypoechogenicity (area and severity score), neovascularity (severity score) and the presence or absence of intratendinous tearing and calcification, irregularities of cortical bone and thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  47 consecutive referrals were included. Subjects received a mean of four (± 3) injection sessions. At mean 45 weeks post-enrollment, subjects reported a reduction in pain across the three VAS items (rest 38.4 ± 25-18.7 ± 18.4; ADL 51.1 ± 22.9-25.8 ± 20.1; sport 78.1 ± 15.7-38.8 ± 26.1; p<0.01). There was improvement in neovascularity following the dextrose injection. A significant correlation between hypoechogenicity severity scores and pain at follow-up is reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a reduction in pain and an improvement in ultrasound appearance following ultrasound-guided dextrose injections for refractory patellar tendinopathy. An improved hypoechoic appearance of the tendon was associated with decreased pain scores, suggesting that dextrose injections may modify patellar tendinopathy at the tissue level and that fibrillar changes may play a role in tendon nociception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Universityof Wisconsin, Madison, USA. mryan76@gmail.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rabago
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taunton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017847:Patellar Ligament; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D005947:Glucose