title: Estimated infant exposure to enantiomer-specific methadone levels in breastmilk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breastfeeding, a public health priority, improves outcomes for infants. Methadone is dispensed as a racemic mixture; R-methadone is the active enantiomer. Pharmacologic data for R-methadone in breastmilk could improve risk-benefit decision-making for treatment of lactating women. This study estimated infant exposure to R- and S-methadone via breastmilk by theoretic infant dose (TID) and relative infant dose (RID) and reported the milk-to-maternal plasma (M/P) ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women treated with methadone doses of 40-200 mg/day (mean, 102 mg/day) provided concomitantly collected plasma and breastmilk samples 1-6 days after delivery. Most (16 of 20) samples were taken at the time of peak maternal plasma levels; thus infant exposure estimates are for maximum possible exposure. Concentrations of R- and S-methadone were measured in maternal plasma and breastmilk; M/P ratio, TID, and RID were calculated for each enantiomer and total methadone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 20 participants were 18-38 years old and publicly insured; a quarter did not complete high school, and only one was not white. R-Methadone concentration was 1.3-3.0 times that of S-methadone in all breastmilk samples. The mean (SD) R-, S-, and total methadone M/P ratios were 0.52 (0.28), 0.28 (0.15), and 0.40 (0.21), respectively. Mean (range) R-, S-, and total methadone TID were 0.02 mg/kg/day (0.004-0.099), 0.013 mg/kg/day (0.002-0.071), and 0.033 mg/kg/day (0.006-0.170), respectively. Mean (range) RID of R-, S-, and total methadone were 2.7% (0.7-10.1%), 1.6% (0.3-7.2%), and 2.1% (0.52-8.8%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  R-Methadone is found in higher concentrations than S-methadone in breastmilk. Even at high methadone doses, breastmilk methadone concentrations were relatively low and support American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations that dose should not be a factor in determining whether women on methadone breastfeed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3414 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. bogendl@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bogen
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Perel
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Helsel
authors.forename: Barbara H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hanusa
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wisner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011247:Pregnancy; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone