title: Chemical restraint in routine clinical practice: a report from a general hospital psychiatric ward in Greece.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a dearth of studies regarding chemical restraint in routine clinical psychiatric practice. There may be wide variations between different settings and countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study on chemical restraint was performed in the 11-bed psychiatric ward of the General Hospital of Arta, in northwestern Greece. All admissions over a 2-year-period (from March 2008 to March 2010) were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemical restraint was applied in 33 cases (10.5% of total admissions). From a total of 82 injections, 22 involved a benzodiazepine and/or levomepromazine, whereas 60 injections involved an antipsychotic agent, almost exclusively haloperidol (96.7% of cases), usually in combination with a benzodiazepine (61.7% of cases). In 36.4% of cases the patient was further subjected to restraint or seclusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our unit, clinicians prefer the combined antipsychotic/benzodiazepine regimen for the management of patients' acute agitation and violent behaviour. Conventional antipsychotics are administrated almost exclusively and in a significant proportion of cases further coercive measures are applied. Studies on the practice of chemical restraint should be regularly performed in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Ioannina, Greece. vaios.peritogiannis@medai.gr.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bilanakis
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papamichael
authors.forename: Vaios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peritogiannis