title: Documentation of a heroin manufacturing process in Afghanistan.
abstract: The present article documents an authentic process of heroin manufacturing in Afghanistan: white heroin hydrochloride produced using simple equipment and a small quantity of chemicals. The quantities of chemicals actually used corresponded to the minimum needed for manufacturing heroin. The only organic solvent used was acetone, and only a very small quantity of it was used. Because the chemicals used in the demonstration were from actual seizures in Afghanistan, some of the chemicals had been disguised or repackaged by smugglers. Others had been put into labelled containers that proved to be counterfeit, and some glass containers used were not the original containers of the manufacturer displayed on the label. The brown heroin base prepared as an intermediate step in the process shares some of the characteristics of the South-West Asia type of heroin preparations often seized in Germany. The final product of the documented heroin manufacturing process was white heroin hydrochloride, which shares the key characteristics of the white heroin occasionally seized in Germany and other countries in Western Europe since 2000. The present article demonstrates that this kind of heroin can be produced in Afghanistan.
authors.affiliation: Federal Criminal Police Office, Wiesbaden, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zerell
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerz
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone; D000346:Afghanistan; D003132:Commerce / Q000379:methods*; D058110:Counterfeit Drugs / Q000600:supply & distribution; D003906:Developing Countries; D004282:Documentation / Q000379:methods*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D004349:Drug Packaging; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000379:methods; D004864:Equipment and Supplies / Q000600:supply & distribution; D005858:Germany; D003932:Heroin / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D007753:Laboratories / Q000458:organization & administration; D019995:Laboratory Chemicals; D008420:Manufactured Materials / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution; D009020:Morphine / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000600:supply & distribution; D009892:Opium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010207:Papaver / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D058110:Counterfeit Drugs; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D019995:Laboratory Chemicals; D000096:Acetone; D003932:Heroin; D009020:Morphine; D009892:Opium