title: The myocardial protective effects of adenosine pretreatment in children undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adenosine pretreatment reduces injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion. To investigate the hypothesis that adenosine pretreatment would modulate injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, we conducted a randomized controlled trial on the effects of adenosine pretreatment in children undergoing surgery to repair congenital heart defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children undergoing surgery to repair congenital heart defects were randomized to adenosine pretreatment or control treatment. Adenosine pretreatment was performed by infusing a total of 2.45 mg kg⁻¹ of adenosine over 10 min. Serum troponin I was measured pre- and postoperatively. Multiple clinical parameters, including postoperative use of inotropic medicine and duration in the intensive care unit (ICU), were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 82 patients were enrolled in the study. There were 42 control patients and 40 patients in the adenosine pretreatment group. The mean age and weight of the two groups were not significantly different, nor were cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times. There were no deaths and severe complications in both groups. The adenosine pretreatment protocol caused significant hypotension but had no significant effect on heart rate. One patient had severe tachycardia shortly after the adenosine pretreatment protocol was completed, and adenosine infusion was continued until CPB was started. Postoperative levels of serum troponin I were greater in the control patients than in the adenosine pretreatment group, indicating that the control group suffered greater myocardial injury. Control group patients required more postoperative inotropic agents than those in the adenosine pretreatment group at 0, 1, and 3 h, indicating that the adenosine pretreatment group had a better cardiac function. The adenosine pretreatment group also required significantly less time in the ICU than the control group (3.2 ± 1.2 days vs 3.9 ± 1.2 days, p = 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that adenosine pretreatment is protective of the myocardium during open-heart surgery in pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an 710033,China.
authors.forename: Zhenxiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Weixun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shiqiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Haopeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guanli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Lize
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Dinghua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D019210:Troponin I; D000241:Adenosine