title: EEG alpha spindle measures as indicators of driver fatigue under real traffic conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to show the effectiveness of EEG alpha spindles, defined by short narrowband bursts in the alpha band, as an objective measure for assessing driver fatigue under real driving conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  An algorithm for the identification of alpha spindles is described. The performance of the algorithm is tested based on simulated data. The method is applied to real data recorded under real traffic conditions and compared with the performance of traditional EEG fatigue measures, i.e. alpha-band power. As a highly valid fatigue reference, the last 20 min of driving from participants who aborted the drive due to heavy fatigue were used in contrast to the initial 20 min of driving.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis revealed significant increases from the first to the last driving section of several alpha spindle parameters and among all traditional EEG frequency bands, only of alpha-band power; with larger effect sizes for the alpha spindle based measures. An increased level of fatigue over the same time periods for drop-outs, as compared to participants who did not abort the drive, was observed only by means of alpha spindle parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EEG alpha spindle parameters increase both fatigue detection sensitivity and specificity as compared to EEG alpha-band power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is demonstrated that alpha spindles are superior to EEG band power measures for assessing driver fatigue under real traffic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Daimler AG, Research and Development, HPC H602, Leibnizstr. 2, 71032 Böblingen, Germany. micha.m.simon@googlemail.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Eike A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Wilhelm E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Kincses
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fritzsche
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruns
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aufmuth
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogdan
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rosenstiel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schrauf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005221:Fatigue / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012372:ROC Curve; D011936:Reality Testing; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult