title: Development of later life spontaneous seizures in a rodent model of hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the development of epilepsy following hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures in Long-Evans rats and to establish the presence of spontaneous seizures in this model of early life seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long-Evans rat pups were subjected to hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures at postnatal day 10 (P10). Epidural cortical electroencephalography (EEG) and hippocampal depth electrodes were used to detect the presence of seizures in later adulthood (> P60). In addition, subdermal wire electrode recordings were used to monitor age at onset and progression of seizures in the juvenile period, at intervals between P10 and P60. Timm staining was performed to evaluate mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampi of P100 adult rats that had experienced neonatal seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In recordings made from adult rats (P60-180), the prevalence of epilepsy in cortical and hippocampal EEG recordings was 94.4% following early life hypoxic seizures. These spontaneous seizures were identified by characteristic spike and wave activity on EEG accompanied by behavioral arrest and facial automatisms (electroclinical seizures). Phenobarbital injection transiently abolished spontaneous seizures. EEG in the juvenile period (P10-60) showed that spontaneous seizures first occurred approximately 2 weeks after the initial episode of hypoxic seizures. Following this period, spontaneous seizure frequency and duration increased progressively with time. Furthermore, significantly increased sprouting of mossy fibers was observed in the CA3 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus in adult animals following hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures. Notably, Fluoro-Jade B staining confirmed that hypoxic seizures at P10 did not induce acute neuronal death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rodent model of hypoxia-induced neonatal seizures leads to the development of epilepsy in later life, accompanied by increased mossy fiber sprouting. In addition, this model appears to exhibit a seizure-free latent period, following which there is a progressive increase in the frequency of electroclinical seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjay N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Rakhade
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Thanthao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hilario-Gomez
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kosaras
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotenberg
authors.forename: Frances E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology*