title: Stain removal efficacy of a novel dentifrice containing papain and Bromelain extracts--an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the in vitro stain removal efficacy of a novel commercially available dentifrice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty four human molar teeth (12 in test and 12 in control group) were cut to obtain enamel specimens approximately 9 mm(2) and placed on a microscopic slide using mounting adhesive. They were cycled in human saliva, staining model and dried for brushing regimen using a customized brushing apparatus. Lightness values were recorded at baseline, after staining and after brushing regimen using Adobe Photoshop software. Stain removal efficacy was tested using the either of the two dentifrice slurries for 2 one minute brushing cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean lightness increment for test and control after brushing regimen was 13.7 ± 6.35 and 3.16 ± 1.29 respectively. There was statistically significant difference in percentage removal of stains for test and control groups (66.99 ± 9.57 and 25.89 ± 16.2 P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was significant stain removal with new whitening dentifrice when compared with control. Further clinical trials are recommended to evaluate this significant difference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India. drkalyan81@gmail.com
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalyana
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shashidhar
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meghashyam
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Sreevidya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sweta
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000009:adverse effects; D001114:Areca; D001963:Bromelains / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000009:adverse effects; D003069:Coffee; D003116:Color; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008422:Materials Testing; D010206:Papain / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023861:Photography, Dental; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects; D012463:Saliva / Q000502:physiology; D013662:Tea; D013997:Time Factors; D014026:Nicotiana; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D003069:Coffee; D003802:Dentifrices; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013662:Tea; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents; D001963:Bromelains; D010206:Papain; D002710:Chlorhexidine