title: Nonpharmacological treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize recent literature on nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent systematic reviews and individual studies substantiate the effectiveness of aerobic and strength exercise programmes in RA. The evidence for the promotion of physical activity according to public health recommendations is scarce, and implementation research found that the reach and maintenance of exercise or physical activity programmes in RA patients are suboptimal. For self-management interventions, characteristics that increase their effectiveness were identified, including the use of cognitive behavioural approaches and approaches derived from the self-regulation theory. A limited number of recent individual trials substantiate the effectiveness of comprehensive occupational therapy, foot orthoses, finger splints and wrist working splints, but not of wrist resting splints. Overall, the evidence for the effectiveness of assistive devices and dietary interventions is scanty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For exercise and physical activity programmes and self-management interventions in RA, research is increasingly directed towards the optimization of their content, intensity, frequency, duration and mode of delivery and effective implementation strategies. A number of studies substantiate the effectiveness of comprehensive occupational therapy, wrist working splints and finger splints. More research into the effectiveness of assistive devices, foot orthoses and dietary interventions is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. t.p.m.vliet_vlieland@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Theodora P M
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Vliet Vlieland
authors.forename: Cornelia H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van den Ende
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009788:Occupational Therapy; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D055070:Resistance Training; D012648:Self Care; D013165:Splints; D016896:Treatment Outcome