title: Epigenetic reprogramming in the porcine germ line.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epigenetic reprogramming is critical for genome regulation during germ line development. Genome-wide demethylation in mouse primordial germ cells (PGC) is a unique reprogramming event essential for erasing epigenetic memory and preventing the transmission of epimutations to the next generation. In addition to DNA demethylation, PGC are subject to a major reprogramming of histone marks, and many of these changes are concurrent with a cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase. There is limited information on how well conserved these events are in mammals. Here we report on the dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation at CpGs of imprinted loci and DNA repeats, and the global changes in H3K27me3 and H3K9me2 in the developing germ line of the domestic pig.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show loss of DNA methylation in PGC colonizing the genital ridges. Analysis of IGF2-H19 regulatory region showed a gradual demethylation between E22-E42. In contrast, DMR2 of IGF2R was already demethylated in male PGC by E22. In females, IGF2R demethylation was delayed until E29-31, and was de novo methylated by E42. DNA repeats were gradually demethylated from E25 to E29-31, and became de novo methylated by E42. Analysis of histone marks showed strong H3K27me3 staining in migratory PGC between E15 and E21. In contrast, H3K9me2 signal was low in PGC by E15 and completely erased by E21. Cell cycle analysis of gonadal PGC (E22-31) showed a typical pattern of cycling cells, however, migrating PGC (E17) showed an increased proportion of cells in G2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that epigenetic reprogramming occurs in pig migratory and gonadal PGC, and establishes the window of time for the occurrence of these events. Reprogramming of histone H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 detected between E15-E21 precedes the dynamic DNA demethylation at imprinted loci and DNA repeats between E22-E42. Our findings demonstrate that major epigenetic reprogramming in the pig germ line follows the overall dynamics shown in mice, suggesting that epigenetic reprogramming of germ cells is conserved in mammals. A better understanding of the sequential reprogramming of PGC in the pig will facilitate the derivation of embryonic germ cells in this species.
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK. ramiro.alberio@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sara M W
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hyldig
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Croxall
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Preben D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Ramiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alberio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D056466:Histone Demethylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017527:Receptor, IGF Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D017385:Sequence Homology; D020086:Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; D013552:Swine / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; D017527:Receptor, IGF Type 2; D056466:Histone Demethylases; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating