title: Chemical composition and bioactivity of Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation, cold-pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
abstract: The chemical composition of the essential oil of Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante peel obtained by hydrodistillation, cold-pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction techniques was determined by GC/MS analysis. Forty-six components were fully characterised. Limonene and γ-terpinene were the major components of the oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and cold-pressing (CP), while citropten was the major constituent in the oil obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities were evaluated. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation exerted the highest inhibitory activity against BChE (IC₅₀ value of 154.6 µg mL⁻¹) and AChE (IC₅₀ value of 171.3 µg mL⁻¹. Interestingly, the oil obtained by cold-pressing exhibited a selective inhibitory activity against AChE. The essential oils have also been evaluated for the inhibition of NO production in LPS induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. The oil obtained by hydrodistillation exerted a significant inhibition of NO production with an IC₅₀ value of 17 µg mL⁻¹ (IC₅₀ of positive control 53 µg mL⁻¹).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Menichini
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tundis
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonesi
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Cindio
authors.forename: Monica R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Loizzo
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.forename: Giancarlo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Statti
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menabeni
authors.forename: Ruggero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettini
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Menichini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D009569:Nitric Oxide