title: A new bias field correction method combining N3 and FCM for improved segmentation of breast density on MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quantitative breast density is known as a strong risk factor associated with the development of breast cancer. Measurement of breast density based on three-dimensional breast MRI may provide very useful information. One important step for quantitative analysis of breast density on MRI is the correction of field inhomogeneity to allow an accurate segmentation of the fibroglandular tissue (dense tissue). A new bias field correction method by combining the nonparametric nonuniformity normalization (N3) algorithm and fuzzy-C-means (FCM)-based inhomogeneity correction algorithm is developed in this work.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis is performed on non-fat-sat T1-weighted images acquired using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A total of 60 breasts from 30 healthy volunteers was analyzed. N3 is known as a robust correction method, but it cannot correct a strong bias field on a large area. FCM-based algorithm can correct the bias field on a large area, but it may change the tissue contrast and affect the segmentation quality. The proposed algorithm applies N3 first, followed by FCM, and then the generated bias field is smoothed using Gaussian kernal and B-spline surface fitting to minimize the problem of mistakenly changed tissue contrast. The segmentation results based on the N3+FCM corrected images were compared to the N3 and FCM alone corrected images and another method, coherent local intensity clustering (CLIC), corrected images. The segmentation quality based on different correction methods were evaluated by a radiologist and ranked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors demonstrated that the iterative N3+FCM correction method brightens the signal intensity of fatty tissues and that separates the histogram peaks between the fibroglandular and fatty tissues to allow an accurate segmentation between them. In the first reading session, the radiologist found (N3+FCM > N3 > FCM) ranking in 17 breasts, (N3+FCM > N3 = FCM) ranking in 7 breasts, (N3+FCM = N3 > FCM) in 32 breasts, (N3+FCM = N3 = FCM) in 2 breasts, and (N3 > N3+FCM > FCM) in 2 breasts. The results of the second reading session were similar. The performance in each pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank test is significant, showing N3+FCM superior to both N3 and FCM, and N3 superior to FCM. The performance of the new N3+FCM algorithm was comparable to that of CLIC, showing equivalent quality in 57/60 breasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Choosing an appropriate bias field correction method is a very important preprocessing step to allow an accurate segmentation of fibroglandular tissues based on breast MRI for quantitative measurement of breast density. The proposed algorithm combining N3+FCM and CLIC both yield satisfactory results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Muqing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Siwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jeon-Hor
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Shih-Ting
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Cheng-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tzu-Ching
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nalcioglu
authors.forename: Min-Ying
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011786:Quality Control; D055815:Young Adult