title: Interaction of silver nanoparticles with an environmentally beneficial bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis.
abstract: This study explores the potential antimicrobial mechanisms of commercial silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in the environmental bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6. The 10nm size NPs aggregated in water, as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy. Solubility of the NPs at 10mg/L was 0.28 mg/L (pH 6) and 2.3mg/L (pH 7); release from 10mg/L bulk Ag was below detection. The NPs eliminated cell culturability at 3mg/L, whereas no effect was observed at 10mg/L bulk Ag. Zeta potential measurements revealed that the NPs were negatively charged; unlike Ag ions, their addition to the negatively charged cells did not change cell charge at pH 6, but showed a trend to reduce cell charge at pH 7. Isolated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from PcO6 was polydisperse, with negative charge that was neutralized by Ag ions, but not by the NPs. Addition of EPS eliminated Ag NP's toxicity in cells lacking EPS. Intracellular accumulation of OH was not detected in NP-treated cells; however, the use of scavengers suggested the NPs caused extracellular H(2)O(2) production. No evidence was found for loss of membrane integrity upon treatment with the NPs. Our findings indicate that growth of environmental bacteria could be impaired by Ag NPs, depending on the extent of EPS production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. cdimkpa@usu.edu
authors.forename: Christian O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Dimkpa
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calder
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gajjar
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merugu
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Britt
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000187:drug effects*; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D012834:Silver; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide