title: Multiple left ventricular inferoseptal clefts. Multimodality imaging appearance and differential diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular inferoseptal clefts are a localized variant of myocardial structure, easily overlooked but potentially raising concern when identified through imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we illustrate and describe inferoseptal clefts by means of multimodality imaging and consider them in relation to possible differential diagnoses. A 49-year-old male patient was investigated for chest pain and found to have multiple inferoseptal clefts. The pain subsequently resolved and was thought to have been pleuritic. There was no evidence or family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis of clefts was arrived at after consultation with several cardiac imaging specialists and the few available relevant published reports. Echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance, invasive ventriculography and computed tomography each showed the clefts in relation to surrounding compact and contractile myocardium of the inferoseptal region, which occluded the clefts in systole. In terms of location, orientation and systolic occlusion the inferoseptal clefts resembled the isolated clefts reported in healthy volunteers, and have features in common with crypts reported in carriers of a genetic mutation associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The incidence and implications of multiple inferoseptal clefts have yet to be determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multimodality imaging permits clear depiction of left ventricular inferoseptal clefts, which should be distinguished from different entities such as left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC), cardiac diverticula and cardiac aneurysms. Inferoseptal clefts have yet to be widely recognized as a distinct variant of regional left ventricular structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Augusta-Krankenhaus, Amalienstrasse 9, Duesseldorf, Germany. wein@vkkd-kliniken.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolf-Puetz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niehues
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kilner
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged