title: Exposure to mixtures of organohalogen contaminants and associative interactions with thyroid hormones in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus).
abstract: We investigated the multivariate relationships between adipose tissue residue levels of 48 individual organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) and circulating thyroid hormone (TH) levels in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland (1999-2001, n=62), using projection to latent structure (PLS) regression for four groupings of polar bears; subadults (SubA), adult females with cubs (AdF_N), adult females without cubs (AdF_S) and adult males (AdM). In the resulting significant PLS models for SubA, AdF_N and AdF_S, some OHCs were especially important in explaining variations in circulating TH levels: polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE)-99, PBDE-100, PBDE-153, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-52, PCB-118, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, trichlorobenzene (TCB) and pentachlorobenzene (QCB), and both negative and positive relationships with THs were found. In addition, the models revealed that DDTs had a positive influence on total 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (TT3) in AdF_S, and that a group of 17 higher chlorinated ortho-PCBs had a positive influence on total 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine, TT4) in AdF_N. TH levels in AdM seemed less influenced by OHCs because of non-significant PLS models. TH levels were also influenced by biological factors such as age, sex, body size, lipid content of adipose tissue and sampling date. When controlling for biological variables, the major relationships from the PLS models for SubA, AdF_N and AdF_S were found significant in partial correlations. The most important OHCs that influenced TH levels in the significant PLS models may potentially act through similar mechanisms on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, suggesting that both combined effects by dose and response addition and perhaps synergistic potentiation may be a possibility in these polar bears. Statistical associations are not evidence per se of biological cause-effect relationships. Still, the results of the present study indicate that OHCs may affect circulating TH levels in East Greenland polar bears, adding to the "weight of evidence" suggesting that OHCs might interfere with thyroid homeostasis in polar bears.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. groand@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gro D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Villanger
authors.forename: Bjørn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jenssen
authors.forename: Rita R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Fjeldberg
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Letcher
authors.forename: Derek C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006116:Greenland; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D001503:Ursidae / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D013963:Thyroid Hormones