title: Mapping cortical morphology in youth with velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS; 22q11.2 deletion syndrome) represents one of the highest known risk factors for schizophrenia. Insofar as up to 30% of individuals with this genetic disorder develop schizophrenia, VCFS constitutes a unique, etiologically homogeneous model for understanding the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a longitudinal, case-control design, anatomic magnetic resonance images were acquired to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal alterations in surface cortical morphology in a cohort of adolescents with VCFS and age-matched typical controls. All participants were scanned at two time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, youth with VCFS exhibited alterations in inferior frontal, dorsal frontal, occipital, and cerebellar brain regions at both time points. Little change was observed over time in surface morphology of either study group. However, within the VCFS group only, worsening psychosocial functioning over time was associated with time 2 surface contractions in left middle and inferior temporal gyri. Further, prodromal symptoms at time 2 were associated with surface contractions in the left and right orbitofrontal, temporal, and cerebellar regions and surface protrusions of the supramarginal gyrus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings advance the understanding of cortical disturbances in VCFS that produce vulnerability for psychosis in this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. KatesW@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Wendy R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kates
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fremont
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Antshel
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shprintzen
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22; D004062:DiGeorge Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000523:psychology