title: Enhancements to nutrition program in Indian integrated child development services increased growth and energy intake of children.
abstract: The Indian Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) provides supplemental food to children aged 6 mo to 6 y. This study assessed the impact of enhancements to the existing Supplemental Nutrition Program of local production of supplemental food, home fortification with a micronutrient powder, and improved program monitoring. A quasi-experimental longitudinal design was used. Data were collected from 15 Anganwadi centers randomly selected from the enhanced program and 15 from the usual program. Multilevel linear regression was used to examine changes over time between the 2 groups accounting for village-level variation in intent-to-treat analysis. Children in the enhanced program initially aged 12-18 mo gained 0.72 (P = 0.02) greater height-for-age Z-score. Significant differences were observed in gain in weight-for-age Z-score among those initially aged 9-11 (2.48; P = 0.01), 12-18 (0.76; P = 0.01), and 19-24 mo old (0.73; P = 0.01), and gain in weight-for-height Z-score among 9-11 (2.66; P = 0.04) and 19-24 mo old (0.99; P = 0.01). For these age groups, the prevalence of stunting, underweight, or wasting averted ranged from 20.3 to 33.4%. Energy intake in the enhanced program was significantly greater for boys initially aged 12-18 mo (575.1 kJ/d; P = 0.03). Results from a qualitative substudy supported the plausibility of observed outcomes. ICDS would be more effective in improving child nutrition if it included these enhancements. The enhancements studied may be useful in improving program delivery and uptake of other similar programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Rasmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Avula
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Frongillo
authors.forename: Mandana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arabi
authors.forename: Sheel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schultink
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002657:Child Development; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male