title: High melamine migration in daily-use melamine-made tableware.
abstract: Melamine is commonly used to manufacture tableware, and this could be one of the important exposure sources in humans. The study aims to measure melamine migrated from different material-made tableware by the most sensitive technique of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The test samples were filled with pre-warmed designated-temperature (from room temperature (∼20 °C), 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, to 90 °C) simulant (either distilled water or 3% acetic acid) up to 20 ml and immersed in a water bath at that designated temperature for 15 or 30 minutes (min). High melamine migration levels, ranging from 6.97 to 19.03 μg/ml, can be measured from all melamine-made samples containing 20 ml 3% acetic acid in water bath of 90 °C for 30 min, whereas melamine cannot be detectable in all other material-made samples in the same condition. In addition, the cheaper the melamine-made tableware samples, the higher the melamine migration levels. The migration of melamine amount is dependent on different temperatures, contact times, simulant, and prices of tableware. Since tableware is used in daily life, it is prudent to cautiously select materials that contain foodstuffs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chao-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Chia-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chia-Chu
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bai-Hsiun
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shu-Pin
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yii-Her
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Ai-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Hei-Hwa
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chih-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Wen-Jeng
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jung-Tsung
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Mei-Yu
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chun-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jentaie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shiea
authors.forename: Tusty-Jiuan
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Ming-Tsang
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils; D005506:Food Contamination; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006794:Household Articles; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D013696:Temperature; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D014227:Triazines; C011907:melamine