title: Feasibility of assessing public health impacts of air pollution reduction programs on a local scale: New Haven case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New approaches to link health surveillance data with environmental and population exposure information are needed to examine the health benefits of risk management decisions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the feasibility of conducting a local assessment of the public health impacts of cumulative air pollution reduction activities from federal, state, local, and voluntary actions in the City of New Haven, Connecticut (USA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a hybrid modeling approach that combines regional and local-scale air quality data, we estimated ambient concentrations for multiple air pollutants [e.g., PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter), NOx (nitrogen oxides)] for baseline year 2001 and projected emissions for 2010, 2020, and 2030. We assessed the feasibility of detecting health improvements in relation to reductions in air pollution for 26 different pollutant-health outcome linkages using both sample size and exploratory epidemiological simulations to further inform decision-making needs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Model projections suggested decreases (~10-60%) in pollutant concentrations, mainly attributable to decreases in pollutants from local sources between 2001 and 2010. Models indicated considerable spatial variability in the concentrations of most pollutants. Sample size analyses supported the feasibility of identifying linkages between reductions in NOx and improvements in all-cause mortality, prevalence of asthma in children and adults, and cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial reductions in air pollution (e.g., ~60% for NOx) are needed to detect health impacts of environmental actions using traditional epidemiological study designs in small communities like New Haven. In contrast, exploratory epidemiological simulations suggest that it may be possible to demonstrate the health impacts of PM reductions by predicting intraurban pollution gradients within New Haven using coupled models.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Danelle T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Lobdell
authors.forename: Vlad
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Isakov
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Jawad S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Touma
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Smuts
authors.forename: Halûk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Özkaynak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003237:Connecticut; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D058735:Environmental Policy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants