title: Drug delivery strategies for therapeutic angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis is essential to human biology and of great clinical significance. Excessive or reduced angiogenesis can result in, or exacerbate, several disease states, including tumor formation, exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and ischemia. Innovative drug delivery systems can increase the effectiveness of therapies used to treat angiogenesis-related diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper reviews the basic biology of angiogenesis, including current knowledge about its disruption in diseases, with the focus on cancer and AMD. Anti- and proangiogenic drugs available for clinical use or in development are also discussed, as well as experimental drug delivery systems that can potentially improve these therapies to enhance or reduce angiogenesis in a more controlled manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laboratory and clinical results have shown pro- or antiangiogenic drug delivery strategies to be effective in drastically slowing disease progression. Further research in this area will increase the efficacy, specificity and duration of these therapies. Future directions with composite drug delivery systems may make possible targeting of multiple factors for synergistic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Nupura S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bhise
authors.forename: Ron B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Shmueli
authors.forename: Joel C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sunshine
authors.forename: Stephany Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.forename: Jordan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D004337:Drug Carriers