title: Molecular modeling and in vivo imaging can identify successful flexible triazine dendrimer-based siRNA delivery systems.
abstract: This study aimed to identify suitable siRNA delivery systems based on flexible generation 2-4 triazine dendrimers by correlating physico-chemical and biological in vitro and in vivo properties of the complexes with thermodynamic parameters calculated using molecular modeling. The siRNA binding properties of the dendrimers and PEI 25 kDa were simulated, binding and stability were measured in SYBR Gold assays, and hydrodynamic diameters, zeta potentials, and cytotoxicity were quantified. These parameters were compared with cellular uptake of the complexes and their ability to mediate RNAi. Radiolabeled complexes were administered intravenously, and pharmacokinetic profiles and biodistribution of these polyplexes were assessed both invasively and non-invasively. All flexible triazine dendrimers formed thermodynamically more stable complexes than PEI. While PEI and the generation 4 dendrimer interacted more superficially with siRNA, generation 2 and 3 virtually coalesced with siRNA, forming a tightly intertwined structure. These dendriplexes were therefore more efficiently charge-neutralized than PEI complexes, reducing agglomeration. This behavior was confirmed by results of hydrodynamic diameters (72.0 nm-153.5 nm) and zeta potentials (4.9 mV-21.8 mV in 10 mM HEPES) of the dendriplexes in comparison to PEI complexes (312.8 nm-480.0 nm and 13.7 mV-17.4 mV in 10 mM HEPES). All dendrimers, even generation 3 and 4, were less toxic than PEI. All dendriplexes were efficiently endocytosed and showed significant and specific luciferase knockdown in HeLa/Luc cells. Scintillation counting confirmed that the generation 2 triazine complexes showed more than twofold prolonged circulation times as a result of their good thermodynamic stability. Conversely, generation 3 complexes dissociated in vivo, and generation 4 complexes were captured by the reticulo-endothelial system due to their increased surface charge. Molecular modeling proves very valuable for rationalizing experimental parameters based on the dendrimers' structural properties. Non-invasive molecular imaging predicted the in vivo fate of the complexes. Therefore, both techniques effectively promote the rapid development of safe and efficient siRNA formulations that are stable in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany. Olivia.merkel@staff.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Olivia M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: Mengyao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Meredith A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mintzer
authors.forename: Giovanni M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.forename: Damiano
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Librizzi
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maly
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Höffken
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danani
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Simanek
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kissel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014162:Transfection; D014227:Triazines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050091:Dendrimers; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014227:Triazines