title: MR fluoroscopy in vascular and cardiac interventions (review).
abstract: Vascular and cardiac disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and emerging countries. Vascular and cardiac interventions require extensive fluoroscopic guidance to navigate endovascular catheters. X-ray fluoroscopy is considered the current modality for real time imaging. It provides excellent spatial and temporal resolution, but is limited by exposure of patients and staff to ionizing radiation, poor soft tissue characterization and lack of quantitative physiologic information. MR fluoroscopy has been introduced with substantial progress during the last decade. Clinical and experimental studies performed under MR fluoroscopy have indicated the suitability of this modality for: delivery of ASD closure, aortic valves, and endovascular stents (aortic, carotid, iliac, renal arteries, inferior vena cava). It aids in performing ablation, creation of hepatic shunts and local delivery of therapies. Development of more MR compatible equipment and devices will widen the applications of MR-guided procedures. At post-intervention, MR imaging aids in assessing the efficacy of therapies, success of interventions. It also provides information on  vascular flow and cardiac morphology, function, perfusion and viability. MR fluoroscopy has the potential to form the basis for  minimally invasive  image-guided surgeries that offer improved patient management and cost effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107-1701, USA. Maythem.Saeed@radiology.UCSF.edu
authors.forename: Maythem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Steve W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hetts
authors.forename: Joey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; D003287:Contrast Media; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media