title: Finite element based bladder modeling for image-guided radiotherapy of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A biomechanical model was constructed to give insight into pelvic organ motion as a result of bladder filling changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used finite element (FE) modeling to simulate bladder wall deformation caused by urine inflow. For ten volunteers, a series of MRI scans of the pelvic area was recorded at regular intervals of 10 min over 1 h. For the series of scans, the bladder volume gradually increased while the rectal volume was constant. The MR image with the bladder volume closest to 250 ml was selected as the reference in each volunteer. All pelvic structures were defined from the reference image including bladder wall, small bowel, prostate (male), uterus (female), rectum, pelvic bone, and the rest of the body. These structures were translated to FE meshes. Using appropriate material properties for all organs, deformations of these organs as a response to changing bladder pressure were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The computation results showed realistic anisotropic deformation of the bladder wall: The bladder became more elongated in the cranial and anterior directions with increasing bladder volume. After fitting the volume of the computed bladder to the actual bladder volume on the test images, the computed bladder shape agreed well with the real bladder shape (overlap from 0.79 to 0.93). The average mean bladder wall prediction errors of all the volunteers were 0.31 cm average and 0.29 cm SD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, a FE based mechanical bladder model shows promise for the prediction of the short-term bladder shape change using only one pelvic scan and volume change of the bladder as input. The accuracy levels achieved with this method are likely mostly limited by inaccuracies in material properties and sliding tissue between organs, which has not been modeled. This model can potentially be used to improve image-guided radiotherapy for bladder cancer patients, i.e., by prediction short-term bladder deformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. x.chai@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Xiangfei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Herk
authors.forename: Jeroen B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van de Kamer
authors.forename: Maarten C C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hulshof
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Remeijer
authors.forename: Heidi T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lotz
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bel
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009929:Organ Size; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000532:radiotherapy*