title: The effects of sedative music, arousal music, and silence on electrocardiography signals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research indicates that music can affect heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductance. Music can stimulate central emotions in the brain and release biochemical materials that change the physiologic state. We sought to compare changes in the electrical function of the heart in response to music.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were asked to listen to 2 types of music, namely, sedative and arousal music, in conjunction with two 30-second periods of complete silence. The experiment was conducted in 4 segments: the first and third parts were silence, and the second and fourth parts were music. First, the response to each type of music was compared with that to the preceding period of silence. Next, the responses to both types of music were compared. Finally, the response to music regardless of the type was compared with that to silence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amplitude of polarization and depolarization changed in response to different kinds of music. The electrical function of the heart in response to music, irrespective of the music type, differed from that in response to silence. The 2 types of music impacted the electrical function of the heart in different ways: the arousal music influenced T-wave maximum amplitude, whereas no such change was recorded in response to the sedative music.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bandwidth of the polarization and depolarization of the heart rate and R-wave amplitude increased in response to music by comparison with silence. In addition, the heart did not seem to try to synchronize with music. The mean R-wave amplitude in sedative music is higher than the arousal music, so our heart works differently when different types of music are heard.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, Electrical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dousty
authors.forename: Sabalan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daneshvar
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haghjoo
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D055815:Young Adult