title: Perceived learning outcome: the relationship between experience, realism and situation awareness during simulator training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Navigation errors are a frequent cause of serious accidents and work-related injuries among seafarers. The present study investigated the effects of experience, perceived realism, and situation awareness (SA) on the perceived learning outcome of simulator-based navigation training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two Norwegian Navy officer cadets were assigned to a low and a high mental workload conditions based on previous educational and navigational experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the low mental workload condition, experience (negatively associated), perceived realism, and subjective SA explained almost half of the total variance in perceived learning outcome. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that only subjective SA made a unique contribution to the learning outcome. In the high mental workload condition, perceived realism and subjective SA together explained almost half of the variance in perceived learning outcome. Furthermore, both perceived realism and subjective SA were shown to make an independent contribution to perceived learning outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that in order to enhance the learning outcomes from simulator training it is necessary to design training procedures and scenarios that enable students to achieve functional fidelity and to generate and maintain SA during training. This can further improve safety and reduce the risk of maritime disasters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. evelyn-rose.saus@psysp.uib.no
authors.forename: Evelyn-Rose
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Saus
authors.forename: Bjørn Helge
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Jarle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eid
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000193:education*; D009326:Naval Medicine; D009664:Norway; D011361:Professional Competence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult