title: Determinants of expiratory flow limitation in healthy women during exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) can occur in healthy young women during exercise. We questioned whether the occurrence and severity of EFL were related to aerobic fitness or anatomical factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two healthy young (<40 yr) women performed a progressive cycle test to exhaustion. The subjects' maximum expiratory flow-volume curve was compiled from several effort-graded vital capacity maneuvers before and after exercise. The maximum expiratory flow-volume curve, along with inspiratory capacity maneuvers, was used to determine lung volumes and expiratory flows and to quantify EFL. To determine relative airway size, we used a ratio sensitive to both airway size and lung volume, called the dysanapsis ratio. The subjects were partitioned into two groups based upon the appearance of >5% EFL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten subjects showed EFL during exercise. Forced vital capacities (4.4 ± 0.4 vs 3.7 ± 0.4 L, P < 0.001) and forced expiratory flows for any given lung volume were significantly larger in the non-expiratory flow-limited (NEFL) group. The NEFL group's dysanapsis ratio was significantly larger than that of the EFL group (0.27 ± 0.06 vs 0.21 ± 0.04, respectively, P < 0.05), indicating larger airways in the NEFL group. There was no difference between the NEFL and EFL groups with respect to maximal aerobic capacity (50.8 ± 10.0 vs 46.7 ± 5.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), respectively, P = 0.264). At peak exercise, the NEFL group had a significantly higher end-expiratory lung volume than the EFL group (40.1% ± 4.8% vs 33.7% ± 5.7% FVC, respectively, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that EFL in women can largely be explained by anatomical factors that influence the capacity to generate flow and volume during exercise rather than fitness per se.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Kinetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Paolo B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Dominelli
authors.forename: Jordan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Guenette
authors.forename: Sabrina S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.forename: Glen E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: A William
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Sheel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult