title: Sex differences in grey matter atrophy patterns among AD and aMCI patients: results from ADNI.
abstract: We used longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to determine whether there are any gender differences in grey matter atrophy patterns over time in 197 individuals with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 266 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), compared with 224 healthy controls participating in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). While previous research has differentiated probable AD and aMCI groups from controls in brain atrophy, it is unclear whether and how sex plays a role in patterns of change over time. Using regional volumetric maps, we fit longitudinal models to the grey matter data collected at repeated occasions, seeking differences in patterns of volume change over time by sex and diagnostic group in a voxel-wise analysis. Additionally, using a region-of-interest approach, we fit longitudinal models to the global volumetric data of predetermined brain regions to determine whether this more conventional approach is sufficient for determining sex and group differences in atrophy. Our longitudinal analyses revealed that, of the various grey matter regions investigated, males and females in the AD group and the aMCI group showed different patterns of decline over time compared to controls in the bilateral precuneus, bilateral caudate nucleus, right entorhinal gyrus, bilateral thalamus, bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left insula, and right amygdala. As one of the first investigation to model more than two time points of structural MRI data over time, our findings add insight into how AD and aMCI males and females differ from controls and from each other over time.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Division, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. martha.skup@yale.edu
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skup
authors.forename: Hongtu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kelly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Giovanello
authors.forename: Ja-an
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Dinggang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Weili
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012727:Sex Characteristics