title: Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes LIPIN2-dependent hepatic insulin resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is linked to peripheral insulin resistance-a major predicament in type 2 diabetes. This study aims to identify the molecular mechanism by which DIO-triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress promotes hepatic insulin resistance in mouse models.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice and primary hepatocytes were used to evaluate the role of LIPIN2 in ER stress-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Tunicamycin, thapsigargin, and lipopolysaccharide were used to invoke acute ER stress conditions. To promote chronic ER stress, mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 8-12 weeks. To verify the role of LIPIN2 in hepatic insulin signaling, adenoviruses expressing wild-type or mutant LIPIN2, and shRNA for LIPIN2 were used in animal studies. Plasma glucose, insulin levels as well as hepatic free fatty acids, diacylglycerol (DAG), and triacylglycerol were assessed. Additionally, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and pyruvate tolerance tests were performed to evaluate the metabolic phenotype of these mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LIPIN2 expression was enhanced in mouse livers by acute ER stress-inducers or by high-fat feeding. Transcriptional activation of LIPIN2 by ER stress is mediated by activating transcription factor 4, as demonstrated by LIPIN2 promoter assays, Western blot analyses, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Knockdown of hepatic LIPIN2 in DIO mice reduced fasting hyperglycemia and improved hepatic insulin signaling. Conversely, overexpression of LIPIN2 impaired hepatic insulin signaling in a phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that ER stress-induced LIPIN2 would contribute to the perturbation of hepatic insulin signaling via a DAG-protein kinase C ε-dependent manner in DIO mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dongryeol
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Woo-Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Young-Sil
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Yo-Na
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Su Sung
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hye-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Sik
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Cheol Soo
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Seung-Hoi
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Koo
mesh_terms: D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced; D010711:Phosphatidate Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014415:Tunicamycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014415:Tunicamycin; D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4; D019284:Thapsigargin; D010711:Phosphatidate Phosphatase; C540254:Lipin 2 protein, mouse