title: Calciphylaxis: a still unmet challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA), also known as calciphylaxis, is a rare disease most frequently occurring in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). The clinical picture is typically characterized by very painful skin lesions and ulcerations following calcification and occlusion of small cutaneous arterioles. CUA is life-threatening due to infections and concomitant cardiovascular diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature search for the terms calciphylaxis and calcific uremic arteriolopathy and summarized current state-of-the-art knowledge about pathophysiology, clinical picture, course of the disease, as well as treatment options. We have filled out the literature data with our personal treatment experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A combination of various local and systemic risk factors are necessary to cause the development of calciphylaxis. This pathophysiological cascade is still incompletely understood. Patients with advanced CKD and dialysis patients are especially at risk to develop CUA. Regarding therapy, no randomized prospective trials are available, and treatment is rather based on pathophysiological considerations as well as on evidence derived from case reports or case series. Therapy focuses on optimized dialysis treatment, control of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder parameters, experimental anticalcification strategies and wound care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facing the still deleterious outcome of patients with calciphylaxis, further studies on prophylaxis as well as treatment are urgently needed. Current treatment strategies may help ameliorate the course of the disease in some patients. However, it is still unclear if they are able to decrease mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany. Vincent.Brandenburg@post.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Brandenburg
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cozzolino
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ketteler
mesh_terms: D001160:Arterioles / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002115:Calciphylaxis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D013885:Thiosulfates / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D013885:Thiosulfates; C017717:sodium thiosulfate