title: A combination of two antioxidants (an SOD mimic and ascorbate) produces a pro-oxidative effect forcing Escherichia coli to adapt via induction of oxyR regulon.
abstract: Cationic Mn(III) N-alkylpyridyl (MnTalkyl-2(or 3)-PyP(5+)) and N, N'-dialkylimidazolylporphyrins (MnTDalkyl-2-ImP(5+)) have been regarded as the most powerful SOD mimics/peroxynitrite scavengers - i. e. antioxidants. The ethyl-, MnTE-2-PyP(5+) (AEOL10113), and hexylpyridyl-, MnTnHex-2-PyP(5+) and diethylimidazolylporphyrin, MnTDE-2-ImP(5+) (AEOL10150) have been mostly studied in vitro and in vivo. Given the in vivo abundance of cellular reductants, MnPs can couple with them in removing superoxide. Thus, they could be readily reduced from Mn(III)P to Mn(II)P with ascorbate and glutathione, and in a subsequent step reduce either O(2)(.-) (while acting as superoxide reductase) or oxygen (while exerting pro-oxidative action). Moreover, MnPs can catalyze ascorbate oxidation and in turn hydrogen peroxide production. The in vivo type of MnP action (anti- or pro-oxidative) will depend upon the cellular levels of reactive species, endogenous antioxidants, availability of oxygen, ratio of O(2)(.-)- to peroxide-removing systems, redox ability of MnPs and their cellular localization/bioavailibility. To exemplify the switch from an anti- to pro-oxidative action we have explored a very simple and straightforward system - the superoxide-specific aerobic growth of SOD-deficient E. coli. In such a system, cationic MnPs, ortho and meta MnTE-2-(or 3)-PyP(5+) act as powerful SOD mimics. Yet, in the presence of exogenous ascorbate, the SOD mimics catalyze the H(2)O(2) production, causing oxidative damage to both wild and SOD-deficient strains and inhibiting their growth. Catalase added to the medium reversed the effect indicating that H(2)O(2) is a major damaging/signaling species involved in cell growth suppression. The experiments with oxyR- and soxRS-deficient E. coli were conducted to show that E. coli responds to increased oxidative stress exerted by MnP/ascorbate system by induction of oxyR regulon and thus upregulation of antioxidative defenses such as catalases and peroxidases. As anticipated, when catalase was added into medium to remove H(2)O(2), E. coli did not respond with upregulation of its own antioxidant systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. ibatinic@duke.edu
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Batinic-Haberle
authors.forename: Zrinka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rajic
authors.forename: Ludmil
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benov
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000737:chemistry*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C499299:oxyR protein, E coli; D013481:Superoxides; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid