title: Risk of acute promyelocytic leukemia in multiple sclerosis: coding variants of DNA repair genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in double-strand break repair genes may alter DNA repair capacity and, in turn, confer predisposition to leukemia. We analyzed polymorphic variants of DNA repair and detoxification genes in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who developed secondary acute promyelocytic leukemia (sAPL), in most cases after treatment with mitoxantrone (MTZ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using MassARRAY high-throughput DNA analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we genotyped patients with sAPL (n=20) developed after treatment of MS (18 out 20 treated with MTZ) for the presence of 210 SNPs of 22 genes mostly involved in DNA repair and drug detoxification. Patients with MS who did not develop sAPL including 41 treated with MTZ (n=253 and 41, respectively) and healthy blood donors (n=310) were also genotyped as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed risk allele frequency between MS and sAPL for BRCA2 (rs1801406): 6% and 26%, p=0.007; XRCC5 (rs207906): 2.5% and 15%, p=0.016; CYP3A4 (rs2740574): 4.5% and 25%, p=0.0035. The association of homozygous variants of BRCA2 and XRCC5 yielded higher risk of sAPL (MS vs sAPL: 0.4% and 18%, p=0.001). We also observed a significant association between a SNP in the promoter region (rs2740574) of CYP3A4, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of chemotherapeutic agents and development of sAPL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased susceptibility to develop sAPL in patients with MS receiving MTZ may be linked to genetic variants in DNA repair and drug-metabolizing enzymes that result in impaired detoxification of chemotherapy or inefficient repair of drug-induced genetic damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopathology, University Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy. syedhasanbio@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buttari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ottone
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Voso
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hohaus
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marasco
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garagnani
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cicconi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Centonze
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lo-Coco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008942:Mitoxantrone; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes