title: Development of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana formulations for control of malaria mosquito larvae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have demonstrated effectiveness against anopheline larvae in the laboratory. However, utilising these fungi for the control of anopheline larvae under field conditions, relies on development of effective means of application as well as reducing their sensitivity to UV radiation, high temperatures and the inevitable contact with water. This study was conducted to develop formulations that facilitate the application of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana spores for the control of anopheline larvae, and also improve their persistence under field conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory bioassays were conducted to test the ability of aqueous (0.1% Tween 80), dry (organic and inorganic) and oil (mineral and synthetic) formulations to facilitate the spread of fungal spores over the water surface and improve the efficacy of formulated spores against anopheline larvae as well as improve spore survival after application. Field bioassays were then carried out to test the efficacy of the most promising formulation under field conditions in western Kenya.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When formulated in a synthetic oil (ShellSol T), fungal spores of both Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were easy to mix and apply to the water surface. This formulation was more effective against anopheline larvae than 0.1% Tween 80, dry powders or mineral oil formulations. ShellSol T also improved the persistence of fungal spores after application to the water. Under field conditions in Kenya, the percentage pupation of An. gambiae was significantly reduced by 39 - 50% by the ShellSol T-formulated Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana spores as compared to the effects of the application of unformulated spores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ShellSol T is an effective carrier for fungal spores when targeting anopheline larvae under both laboratory and field conditions. Entomopathogenic fungi formulated with a suitable carrier are a promising tool for control of larval populations of malaria mosquitoes. Additional studies are required to identify the best delivery method (where, when and how) to make use of the entomopathogenic potential of these fungi against anopheline larvae.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. tullu.bukhari@wur.nl
authors.forename: Tullu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bukhari
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takken
authors.forename: Constantianus J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koenraadt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D009033:Culicidae / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005260:Female; D007630:Kenya; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers