title: A nonstaining and tasteless hydrophobic salt of chlorhexidine.
abstract: Chlorhexidine (CHX) remains one of the most effective and widely used antiplaque agents around the world, although its side effects still limit a long-term usage as the patient compliance for oral treatment with CHX. We hypothesize that a less water-soluble tetracation salt of CHX might be able to interact weakly with tooth enamel and oral taste cells, reducing those undesirable side effects of CHX. The chlorhexidine tetrapalmitate (CHXTP) was obtained and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by hole-plate diffusion method and twofold tube dilution method; for measurement of its propensity to stain, we used the in vitro method of polymethylmethacrylate blocks in an infusion with black tea solution; the rate of its removal from oral cavity was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography measurement of CHX extracted from human saliva samples; and its effect on the human taste perception was evaluated by taste confusion matrix method. The results showed that CHXTP salt is very active against Streptococcus mutans, with no interference on taste perception and a low tendency to stain; however, chlorhexidine digluconate shows a better retention in saliva. The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone turned possible a nonstaining and tasteless CHXTP formulation to linger in mouth.
authors.affiliation: Lapdest-Laboratory of Drug Design, Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo State, UNESP Araraquara Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato Farina
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Menegon
authors.affiliation: Lapdest-Laboratory of Drug Design, Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo State, UNESP Araraquara Brazil.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo State, UNESP Araraquara Brazil.
authors.forename: Natalia Soares
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Janzantti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo State, UNESP Araraquara Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pizzolitto
authors.affiliation: Lapdest-Laboratory of Drug Design, Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo State, UNESP Araraquara Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo State, UNESP Araraquara Brazil.
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Lapdest-Laboratory of Drug Design, Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo State, UNESP Araraquara Brazil. Electronic address: chungmc@fcfar.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Man Chin
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007700:Kinetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013649:Taste; D055697:Taste Perception; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000139:chemically induced; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009067:Mouthwashes; D002710:Chlorhexidine