title: The E-loop is involved in hydrogen peroxide formation by the NADPH oxidase Nox4.
abstract: In contrast to the NADPH oxidases Nox1 and Nox2, which generate superoxide (O(2)(·-)), Nox4 produces hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). We constructed chimeric proteins and mutants to address the protein region that specifies which reactive oxygen species is produced. Reactive oxygen species were measured with luminol/horseradish peroxidase and Amplex Red for H(2)O(2) versus L-012 and cytochrome c for O(2)(·-). The third extracytosolic loop (E-loop) of Nox4 is 28 amino acids longer than that of Nox1 or Nox2. Deletion of E-loop amino acids only present in Nox4 or exchange of the two cysteines in these stretches switched Nox4 from H(2)O(2) to O(2)(·-) generation while preserving expression and intracellular localization. In the presence of an NO donor, the O(2)()-producing Nox4 mutants, but not wild-type Nox4, generated peroxynitrite, excluding artifacts of the detection system as the apparent origin of O(2)(·-). In Cos7 cells, in which Nox4 partially localizes to the plasma membrane, an antibody directed against the E-loop decreased H(2)O(2) but increased O(2)(·-) formation by Nox4 without affecting Nox1-dependent O(2)(·-) formation. The E-loop of Nox4 but not Nox1 and Nox2 contains a highly conserved histidine that could serve as a source for protons to accelerate spontaneous dismutation of superoxide to form H(2)O(2). Mutation of this but not of four other conserved histidines also switched Nox4 from H(2)O(2) to O(2)(·-) formation. Thus, H(2)O(2) formation is an intrinsic property of Nox4 that involves its E-loop. The structure of the E-loop may hinder O(2)(·-) egress and/or provide a source for protons, allowing dismutation to form H(2)O(2).
authors.affiliation: Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takac
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Leilei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lardy
authors.forename: Narayana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anilkumar
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lambeth
authors.forename: Ajay M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Francoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.forename: Ralf P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Brandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D013481:Superoxides; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; C488842:Cybb protein, mouse; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C000614711:NOX1 protein, mouse; C422943:Nox4 protein, mouse