title: Disruption of Chlorella vulgaris cells for the release of biodiesel-producing lipids: a comparison of grinding, ultrasonication, bead milling, enzymatic lysis, and microwaves.
abstract: A comparative evaluation of different cell disruption methods for the release of lipids from marine Chlorella vulgaris cells was investigated. The cell growth of C. vulgaris was observed. Lipid concentrations from different disruption methods were determined, and the fatty acid composition of the extracted lipids was analyzed. The results showed that average productivity of C. vulgaris biomass was 208 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹. The lipid concentrations of C. vulgaris were 5%, 6%, 29%, 15%, 10%, 7%, 22%, 24%, and 18% when using grinding with quartz sand under wet condition, grinding with quartz sand under dehydrated condition, grinding in liquid nitrogen, ultrasonication, bead milling, enzymatic lysis by snailase, enzymatic lysis by lysozyme, enzymatic lysis by cellulose, and microwaves, respectively. The shortest disruption time was 2 min by grinding in liquid nitrogen. The unsaturated and saturated fatty acid contents of C. vulgaris were 71.76% and 28.24%, respectively. The extracted lipids displayed a suitable fatty acid profile for biodiesel [C16:0 (~23%), C16:1 (~23%), and C18:1 (~45%)]. Overall, grinding in liquid nitrogen was identified as the most effective method in terms of disruption efficiency and time.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jilong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dou
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels; D018533:Biomass; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002480:Cellulase / Q000378:metabolism; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003890:Desiccation; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008872:Microwaves; D009113:Muramidase / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen; D013010:Sonication; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D009113:Muramidase; D002480:Cellulase; D009584:Nitrogen