title: Human chorionic gonadotrophin regulates FGF2 and other cytokines produced by human endometrial epithelial cells, providing a mechanism for enhancing endometrial receptivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preimplantation cross-talk between a functional blastocyst and the endometrium is critical for successful blastocyst implantation. This interaction is mediated in part by endometrial cytokines/growth factors secreted by glandular epithelium into the uterine cavity. Recent evidence suggests that blastocyst-derived hCG may influence the endometrial milieu in conception cycles thereby enhancing receptivity and implantation success. This study investigated the effect of hCG on the secretory profile of a select cohort of 44 cytokines/growth factors from primary human endometrial epithelial cells (hEECs). These factors included those with both known and unknown roles during receptivity and implantation. The expression of one previously unknown hCG-regulated factor, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), in human endometrium and its effects on hEEC function were further examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  hEECs isolated from endometrial biopsies collected from fertile cycling women (n = 15) were treated ± recombinant hCG (0.2-20 IU/ml) for 48 h and conditioned media was quantitatively analysed using Luminex™ multiplex technology. FGF2 was further investigated by immunohistochemistry, western blot and cell-adhesion assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 44 cytokines/growth factors examined, 39 were produced by hEECs with a distinct profile. hCG (2 IU/ml) significantly increased the production of six factors, including those with known roles in receptivity and trophoblast function (interleukin-11), blastocyst migration and adhesion (CXCL10), blastocyst development (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and one unknown with respect to receptivity and implantation (FGF2). Up-regulation of known hCG-regulated proteins, vascular endothelial growth factor and leukaemia inhibitory factor, validated this study. Immunoreactive epithelial FGF2 increased across the menstrual cycle, being highest in secretory and first trimester pregnancy endometrium in vivo. FGF2 (100 ng/ml) stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hEEC with no effect on ERK1/2 abundance and stimulated hEEC adhesion to fibronectin and collagen IV (components of blastocyst/trophectoderm extracellular matrix).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings clearly support roles for hCG and FGF2 in the blastocyst-endometrial cross-talk important for endometrial receptivity and blastocyst implantation.
authors.affiliation: Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia. premila.paiva@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hincks
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pruysers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dimitriadis
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Salamonsen
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000502:physiology*; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000502:physiology*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2