title: Immunogenicity and efficacy in hemodialysis patients of an AS03(A)-adjuvanted vaccine for 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1): a nonrandomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemodialysis patients have a reduced response to vaccinations because of uremia-related immune dysfunction. To increase the immunogenicity of vaccines, antigens can be formulated with adjuvants. The new tocopherol-containing adjuvant system AS03(A) has not been tested yet in patients with end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonrandomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  291 hemodialysis patients from 3 dialysis units co-operating with the Department of Nephrology at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany: 169 patients were vaccinated using either 1 (64 patients) or 2 doses (105 patients); 123 patients refused the vaccination and served as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intramuscular immunization with 3.75 μg of an inactivated split-virion A/California/7/2009 H1N1v pandemic vaccine adjuvanted with AS03(A) in a single- or double-dose regimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pandemic influenza A immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) response >11 AU (arbitrary units) was defined as a positive response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative antibody testing using the pandemic influenza A IgG ELISA. Antibody titers were tested 3 months after vaccination and compared with nonimmunized dialysis patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After vaccination against 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1), 41 of 64 (64.1%) patients with 1 vaccination and 93 of 105 (88.6%) with 2 vaccinations showed a protective immune response compared with 43 of 123 (34.9%) unvaccinated patients (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis confirmed vaccination dose as an independent factor for response to pandemic H1N1 vaccination. No episode of pandemic H1N1 illness occurred in any group within the study period of 6 months after vaccination. No serious adverse events occurred, and local symptoms ranged from mild to moderate in 143 of 169 (84.6%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonrandomized assignment; use of nontreated patients as controls; no comparison to nonadjuvanted vaccines; dose variation in the intervention group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pandemic H1N1 vaccine adjuvanted with AS03(A) is immunogenic, effective, and safe in hemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. ralf.dikow@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dikow
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eckerle
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ksoll-Rudek
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.forename: Vedat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schwenger
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeier
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schnitzler
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sommerer
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058873:Pandemics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007252:Influenza Vaccines