title: The roles of transmembrane domain helix-III during rhodopsin photoactivation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhodopsin, the prototypic member of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), undergoes isomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal upon photoactivation. Although the basic mechanism by which rhodopsin is activated is well understood, the roles of whole transmembrane (TM) helix-III during rhodopsin photoactivation in detail are not completely clear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We herein use single-cysteine mutagenesis technique to investigate conformational changes in TM helices of rhodopsin upon photoactivation. Specifically, we study changes in accessibility and reactivity of cysteine residues introduced into the TM helix-III of rhodopsin. Twenty-eight single-cysteine mutants of rhodopsin (P107C-R135C) were prepared after substitution of all natural cysteine residues (C140/C167/C185/C222/C264/C316) by alanine. The cysteine mutants were expressed in COS-1 cells and rhodopsin was purified after regeneration with 11-cis-retinal. Cysteine accessibility in these mutants was monitored by reaction with 4, 4'-dithiodipyridine (4-PDS) in the dark and after illumination. Most of the mutants except for T108C, G109C, E113C, I133C, and R135C showed no reaction in the dark. Wide variation in reactivity was observed among cysteines at different positions in the sequence 108-135 after photoactivation. In particular, cysteines at position 115, 119, 121, 129, 131, 132, and 135, facing 11-cis-retinal, reacted with 4-PDS faster than neighboring amino acids. The different reaction rates of mutants with 4-PDS after photoactivation suggest that the amino acids in different positions in helix-III are exposed to aqueous environment to varying degrees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accessibility data indicate that an aqueous/hydrophobic boundary in helix-III is near G109 and I133. The lack of reactivity in the dark and the accessibility of cysteine after photoactivation indicate an increase of water/4-PDS accessibility for certain cysteine-mutants at Helix-III during formation of Meta II. We conclude that photoactivation resulted in water-accessible at the chromophore-facing residues of Helix-III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America. ouwb75@gmail.com
authors.forename: Wen-bin
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: Tingfang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Jong-Myoung
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: H Gobind
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Khorana
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002384:Catalysis; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003545:Cysteine / Q000235:genetics; D008027:Light; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050505:Mutant Proteins; D012243:Rhodopsin; D003545:Cysteine