title: High-resolution resonant and nonresonant fiber-scanning confocal microscope.
abstract: We present a novel, hand-held microscope probe for acquiring confocal images of biological tissue. This probe generates images by scanning a fiber-lens combination with a miniature electromagnetic actuator, which allows it to be operated in resonant and nonresonant scanning modes. In the resonant scanning mode, a circular field of view with a diameter of 190 μm and an angular frequency of 127 Hz can be achieved. In the nonresonant scanning mode, a maximum field of view with a width of 69 μm can be achieved. The measured transverse and axial resolutions are 0.60 and 7.4 μm, respectively. Images of biological tissue acquired in the resonant mode are presented, which demonstrate its potential for real-time tissue differentiation. With an outer diameter of 3 mm, the microscope probe could be utilized to visualize cellular microstructures in vivo across a broad range of minimally-invasive procedures.
authors.affiliation: Philips Research, Minimally Invasive Healthcare Department, Eindhoven 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands. benno.hendriks@philips.com
authors.forename: Benno H W
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Walter C J
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Bierhoff
authors.forename: Jeroen J L
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Horikx
authors.forename: Adrien E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: Cees A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hezemans
authors.forename: Gert W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: 't Hooft
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mihajlovic
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity