title: COPD, bone metabolism, and osteoporosis.
abstract: COPD and osteoporosis are strongly associated because of common risk factors such as age, smoking, and inactivity. In addition, COPD-related systemic inflammation, vitamin D deficiency, and the use of systemic corticosteroids enhance ongoing bone destruction. Osteoporosis, in turn, may cause fragility fractures, which further impair mobility and increase morbidity and mortality. Vertebral compression fractures and rib cage fractures in patients with COPD may also reduce pulmonary function or enhance exacerbations. Early prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in COPD is, therefore, important and should be based on integrated risk assessment tools such as FRAX, which take bone mineral density, history of fragility fractures, and population-specific clinical factors into account. As long as intervention studies focusing on the bone in COPD are lacking, a more rigorous application of existing treatment guidelines of osteoporosis in general is mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Division, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lehouck
authors.affiliation: Center of Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boonen
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Division, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Decramer
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Division, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: wim.janssens@uz.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Janssens
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium