title: Segmentation of dermatoscopic images by frequency domain filtering and k-means clustering algorithms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since the introduction of epiluminescence microscopy (ELM), image analysis tools have been extended to the field of dermatology, in an attempt to algorithmically reproduce clinical evaluation. Accurate image segmentation of skin lesions is one of the key steps for useful, early and non-invasive diagnosis of coetaneous melanomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper proposes two image segmentation algorithms based on frequency domain processing and k-means clustering/fuzzy k-means clustering. The two methods are capable of segmenting and extracting the true border that reveals the global structure irregularity (indentations and protrusions), which may suggest excessive cell growth or regression of a melanoma. As a pre-processing step, Fourier low-pass filtering is applied to reduce the surrounding noise in a skin lesion image.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A quantitative comparison of the techniques is enabled by the use of synthetic skin lesion images that model lesions covered with hair to which Gaussian noise is added. The proposed techniques are also compared with an established optimal-based thresholding skin-segmentation method. It is demonstrated that for lesions with a range of different border irregularity properties, the k-means clustering and fuzzy k-means clustering segmentation methods provide the best performance over a range of signal to noise ratios. The proposed segmentation techniques are also demonstrated to have similar performance when tested on real skin lesions representing high-resolution ELM images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the segmentation results obtained using a combination of low-pass frequency filtering and k-means or fuzzy k-means clustering are superior to the result that would be obtained by using k-means or fuzzy k-means clustering segmentation methods alone.
authors.affiliation: Computer Engineering Department, University of Umm Al-Qura, Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mirajab@uqu.edu.sa
authors.forename: Maher I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Rajab
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000473:pathology*