title: Neurochemical alterations in adolescent chronic marijuana smokers: a proton MRS study.
abstract: Converging evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies indicates that heavy marijuana use is associated with cingulate dysfunction. However, there has been limited human data documenting in vivo biochemical brain changes after chronic marijuana exposure. Previous proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have demonstrated reduced basal ganglia glutamate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex N-acetyl aspartate levels in adult chronic marijuana users. Similar studies have not been reported in adolescent populations. The present study used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine whether reductions in glutamate, N-acetyl aspartate and/or other proton metabolite concentrations would be found in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of adolescent marijuana users compared with non-using controls. Adolescent marijuana users (N=17; average age 17.8 years) and similarly aged healthy control subjects (N=17; average age 16.2 years) were scanned using a Siemens 3T Trio MRI system. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired from a 22.5 mL voxel positioned bilaterally within the ACC. Spectra were fitted using commercial software and all metabolite integrals were normalized to the scaled unsuppressed water integral. Analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were performed to compare between-group metabolite levels. The marijuana-using cohort showed statistically significant reductions in anterior cingulate glutamate (-15%, p<0.01), N-acetyl aspartate (-13%, p=0.02), total creatine (-10%, p<0.01) and myo-inositol (-10%, p=0.03). Within-voxel tissue-type segmentation did not reveal any significant differences in gray/white matter or cerebrospinal fluid content between the two groups. The reduced glutamate and N-acetyl aspartate levels in the adolescent marijuana-using cohort are consistent with precedent human (1)H MRS data, and likely reflect an alteration of anterior cingulate glutamatergic neurotransmission and neuronal integrity within these individuals. The reduced total creatine and myo-inositol levels observed in these subjects might infer altered ACC energetic status and glial metabolism, respectively. These results expand on previous functional MRI data reporting altered cingulate function in individuals with marijuana-abuse.
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. Electronic address: andrew.prescot@utah.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Prescot
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. Electronic address: allison.locatelli@utah.edu.
authors.forename: Allison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. Electronic address: PERRY.RENSHAW@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. Electronic address: Deborah.Yurgelun-Todd@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Yurgelun-Todd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate