title: Cell-based meniscal tissue engineering: a case for synoviocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Avascular meniscal injuries are largely incapable of healing; the most common treatment remains partial meniscectomy despite the risk of subsequent osteoarthritis. Meniscal responses to injury are partially mediated through synovial activity and strategies have been investigated to encourage healing through stimulating or transplanting adjacent synovial lining. However, with their potential for chondrogenesis, synovial fibroblast-like stem cells hold promise for meniscal cartilage tissue engineering.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Thus, specific purposes of this review were to (1) examine how the synovial intima and synoviomeniscal junction affect current meniscal treatment modalities; and (2) examine the components of tissue engineering (cells, scaffolds, bioactive agents, and bioreactors) in the specific context of how cells of synovial origin may be used for meniscal healing or regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  An online bibliographic search through PubMed was performed in March 2010. Studies were subjectively evaluated and reviewed if they addressed the question posed. Fifty-four resources were initially retrieved, which offered information on the chondrogenic potential of synovial-based cells that could prove valuable for meniscal fibrocartilage engineering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the positive effects of adjoining synovium on meniscal healing as used in some current treatment modalities, the chondrogenic potential of fibroblast-like stem cells of synovial origin make this cell source a promising candidate for cell-based tissue engineering strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The abundance of autologous synovial lining, its ability to regenerate, and the potential of synovial-derived stem cells to produce a wide spectrum of chondral matrix components make it an ideal candidate for future meniscal engineering investigations.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri, Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, Columbia, MO, USA. foxdb@missouri.edu
authors.forename: Derek B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Warnock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D006801:Humans; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D012038:Regeneration; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000637:transplantation*; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing