title: Drugs and driving: the Finnish perspective.
abstract: Drugs can cause behavioural impairment of the driver's ability to operate safely That impairment of driving ability can be documented, and biological fluids can be tested for drugs. Most countries have legislation that covers driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. Some countries have introduced zero-tolerance laws (per se laws), which prohibit the operation of a motor vehicle while an illicit drug or its metabolite is present in the body, whether or not impairment is manifested. There is growing interest in using saliva (oral fluid) in preliminary roadside testing. Legislation in the state of Victoria, Australia, already allows the use of oral fluid for evidentiary testing in the case of cannabis and methamphetamine. Nevertheless, blood testing will probably remain the most common form of evidentiary testing. It has been estimated that the prevalence of illicit drug use among the general driving population in Europe is in the range of 1-5 per cent, while the prevalence of licit drugs, such as benzodiazepines, affecting driving performance is higher: 5-10 per cent. Epidemiological research is often carried out on offenders and drivers involved in collisions. Among drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs, there is a high percentage of licit and/or illicit drug use, as the statistics for Finland in the present article show. The drugs of most concern are amphetamine and amphetamine-type substances, cocaine, cannabis, opiates and benzodiazepines and other sedative-hypnotics. The handling of drugs and driving cases are presented, and a summary of areas for further study are provided.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute of Finland, Helsinhi.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lillsunde
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gunnar
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood*; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000097:blood; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000097:blood* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D035846:Law Enforcement; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000097:blood; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000431:Ethanol; D008694:Methamphetamine