title: Re-evaluation of stomach position as a simple prognostic factor in fetal left congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a multicenter survey in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document outcome and to explore prognostic factors in fetal left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a multicenter retrospective study of 109 patients with prenatally diagnosed isolated left CDH born between 2002 and 2007. The primary outcome was intact discharge, defined as discharge from hospital without major morbidities, such as a need for respiratory support including oxygen supplementation, tube feeding, parenteral nutrition or vasodilators. All patients were managed at perinatal centers with immediate resuscitation, gentle ventilation (mostly with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation) and surgery after stabilization. Prenatal data collected included liver and stomach position, lung-to-head ratio, gestational age at diagnosis and presence or absence of polyhydramnios. Stomach position was classified into four grades: Grade 0, abdominal; Grade 1, left thoracic; Grade 2, less than half of the stomach herniated into the right chest; and Grade 3, more than half of the stomach herniated into the right chest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall intact discharge and 90-day survival rates were 65.1% and 79.8%, respectively. Stomach herniation was classified as Grade 0 in 19.3% of cases, Grade 1 in 45.9%, Grade 2 in 13.8% and Grade 3 in 21.1%. Multivariate analysis revealed that liver position was the strongest prognostic variable for intact discharge, followed by stomach position. Based on our results, we divided patients into three groups according to liver (up vs. down) and stomach (Grade 0-2 vs. Grade 3) position. Intact discharge rates declined significantly from liver-down (Group I), to liver-up with stomach Grade 0-2 (Group II), to liver-up with stomach Grade 3 (Group III) (87.0%, 47.4% and 9.5% of cases, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current status and outcomes of prenatally diagnosed left CDH in Japan were surveyed. Stomach herniation into the right chest was not uncommon and its grade correlated with outcome. The combination of liver and stomach positions was useful to stratify patients into three groups (Group I-III) with different prognoses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan. kitano-y@ncchd.go.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okuyama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masumoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takayasu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawataki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inamura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nose
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sago
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000401:mortality; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011379:Prognosis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013270:Stomach / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D015996:Survival Rate; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*