title: Evaluation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of two resin-based root-canal sealers and their components on human leucocytes in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of two resin-based root canal sealers and to determine the type of cell death they induce.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sealers tested were Epiphany and RealSeal. Each component of the material (Epiphany Primer, Epiphany Thinning Resin, Epiphany Sealant, RealSeal Primer, RealSeal Thinning Resin and RealSeal Root Canal Sealant), components in permutual combinations and all components mixed together were tested on human peripheral blood leucocytes using ethidium bromide/acridine orange viability staining and comet assay. Simultaneously, untreated negative control cultures were analysed in the same manner. DNA damage was evaluated following 4 h of treatment and after 24 h in the absence of the components of the materials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 4 h of treatment, except thinning resin, each individual component and the different combinations of components induced a significant increase in DNA migration ability (P < 0.05). After 24 h, combination of primer, thinning resin and sealant of both materials caused cell death inducing intense apoptosis. After 24 h, cells exposed to Epiphany Sealant and RealSeal Root Canal Sealant, both in polymerized and unpolymerized form, exhibited a level of DNA damage that was similar to the control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primer and thinning resin of both resin-based root canal sealers and their combinations were cytotoxic and induced apoptosis. Both sealants had no significant effect on the viability of the human leucocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. baraba@sfzg.hr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baraba
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zelježić
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kopjar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mladinić
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anić
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miletić
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000633:toxicity; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004996:Ethidium; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008422:Materials Testing; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009336:Necrosis; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000633:toxicity*; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003603:Cytotoxins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009153:Mutagens; C511498:Real Seal composite resin; D019279:Resin Cements; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; C486893:epiphany sealer; D004996:Ethidium; D000165:Acridine Orange