title: Prevalence of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some research suggests that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a higher than expected risk of bipolar affective disorder. No study has examined the prevalence of bipolar disorder in a UK sample of children with ADHD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence of bipolar disorder in children diagnosed with ADHD or hyperkinetic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychopathology symptoms and diagnoses of bipolar disorder were assessed in 200 young people with ADHD (170 male, 30 female; age 6-18 years, mean 11.15, s.d. = 2.95). Rates of current bipolar disorder symptoms and diagnoses are reported. A family history of bipolar disorder in parents and siblings was also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only one child, a 9-year-old boy, met diagnostic criteria for both ICD-10 hypomania and DSM-IV bipolar disorder not otherwise specified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a UK sample of children with ADHD a current diagnosis of bipolar disorder was uncommon.
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services Network, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Cardiff University, UK.
authors.forename: Amani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Sharifah Shameem
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Agha
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thapar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology