title: Alternative attachment factors and internalization pathways for GIII.2 bovine noroviruses.
abstract: Bovine noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae, genus Norovirus. Two genotypes have been described and viruses genetically related to the Jena and Newbury2 strains have been classified into genotypes 1 and 2, respectively. In this study, virus-like particles (VLP) of the previously detected B309 Belgian strain, genetically related to genotype 2 bovine noroviruses, were used to investigate virus-host interactions in vitro. B309 VLP were shown to bind to several bovine cell lines. This binding was not affected by heparinase or chondroitinase treatment but was significantly inhibited by both sodium periodate, α-galactosidase, trypsin and phospholipase C treatment. Cell treatment by neuraminidase also moderately affected this binding. Taken together, these results show that, in addition to a galactosyl residue, sialic acid could also be involved in binding to susceptible cells. In addition, both the cholesterol-dependent pathway and macropinocytosis are used for B309 VLP internalization by Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. The data increase the knowledge on bovine norovirus cell interactions.
authors.affiliation: Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mauroy
authors.affiliation: Immunology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gillet
authors.affiliation: Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mathijs
authors.affiliation: Immunology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanderplasschen
authors.affiliation: Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011485:Protein Binding; D018411:Spodoptera; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053586:Virus Internalization
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins