title: Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbials augment macrophage function in broiler chickens.
abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the function of Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbials (DFMs) on macrophage functions, i.e., nitric oxide (NO) production and phagocytosis in broiler chickens. DFMs used in this study were eight single strains designated as Bs2084, LSSAO1, 3AP4, Bs18, 15AP4, 22CP1, Bs27, and Bs278, and one multiple strain DFM product (Avicorr™) containing equal amount of Bs2084, LSSAO1 and 15AP4. NO concentrations were monitored in plasma and in the supernatants from the peripheral blood-derived monocytic cells (PBMC)-derived macrophages stimulated by either chicken recombinant interferon gamma (IFNγ) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhi. In addition, phagocytosis of fluorescent beads and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Salmonella by PBMC-derived macrophage was assayed. Plasma NO levels were significantly higher in groups given 3AP4 or Bs27 diets compared with the control group at days 7 and 14. NO production by PBMC-derived macrophages stimulated with IFNγ or LPS was apparent, although the effect was strain-dependent. Phagocytosis of fluorescent beads or GFP-labeled Salmonella by macrophages was augmented in groups on DFM-supplemented diets compared with those fed the control diet. This study describes the immunomodulatory effects of Bacillus-based DFMs on innate immunity in broiler chickens.
authors.affiliation: Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors.forename: Kyung-Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Guangxing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hyun S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lillehoj
authors.forename: Sung-Hyen
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Uma S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: Erik P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Lillehoj
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Siragusa
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002645:Chickens; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis; D019936:Probiotics; D012475:Salmonella / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma