title: Economic costs attributable to smoking in China: update and an 8-year comparison, 2000-2008.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the health-related economic costs attributable to smoking in China for persons aged 35 and older in 2003 and in 2008 and to compare these costs with the respective results from 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prevalence-based, disease-specific approach was used to estimate smoking-attributable direct and indirect economic costs. The primary data source was the 2003 and 2008 China National Health Services Survey, which contains individual participant's smoking status, healthcare use and expenditures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total economic cost of smoking in China amounted to $17.1 billion in 2003 and $28.9 billion in 2008 (both measured in 2008 constant US$). Direct smoking-attributable healthcare costs in 2003 and 2008 were $4.2 billion and $6.2 billion, respectively. Indirect economic costs in 2003 and 2008 were $12.9 billion and $22.7 billion, respectively. Compared to 2000, the direct costs of smoking rose by 72% in 2003 and 154% in 2008, while the indirect costs of smoking rose by 170% in 2003 and 376% in 2008.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The economic burden of cigarette smoking has increased substantially in China during the past decade and is expected to continue to increase as the national economy and the price of healthcare services grow. Stronger intervention measures against smoking should be taken without delay to reduce the health and financial losses caused by smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economics, Huaxi School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hai-Yen
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Zhengzhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Teh-wei
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Keqin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data