title: Intraoperative cardiac arrest during anesthesia: a retrospective study of 218,274 anesthetics undergoing non-cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient safety has been gained much more attention in recent years. The authors reviewed patients who had cardiac arrest in the operating rooms undergoing noncardiac surgery between January 1989 and December 2001 at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA. The main objectives of the study were to determine the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest, to identify possible causes of cardiac arrest and to explore amenable modifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  With approval by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board, patients experienced cardiac arrest during surgery were retrieved from medical records, surgical operation and anesthesia records and pathological reports by searching the Medical Archival Retrieval System (MARS), a hospital electronic searching system. Cases of cardiac arrest were collected over a period of thirteen years from the Presbyterian University Hospital (PUH), USA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 23 cases of intraoperative cardiac arrests occurred in 218 274 anesthesia cases (1.1 per 10 000). Fourteen patients (60.8%) died in the operating room, leading to a mortality rate from all causes of 0.64 per 10 000 anesthetics. Immediate overall survival rate after arrest was 39% (9/23). Half of the patients (12/23) were emergency cases with 41% survival rate (5/12). One fourth of the arrests were trauma patients (6/23). Most arrest patients (87%, 20/23) were American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA PS) IV and V, while only three patients were ASA PS-I, II and III, respectively. One case was attributable to an anesthesia-related cardiac arrest and recovered after successful resuscitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most intraoperative cardiac arrests were not due to anesthesia-related causes. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrests might have a higher survival rate when compared to other possible causes of cardiac arrest in the operating room.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Jian-Xiong
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Li-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Erin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Qu-Lian
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult