title: Emotional distress in infertile women and failure of assisted reproductive technologies: meta-analysis of prospective psychosocial studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether pretreatment emotional distress in women is associated with achievement of pregnancy after a cycle of assisted reproductive technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis of prospective psychosocial studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, PsychNET, ISI Web of Knowledge, and ISI Web of Science were searched for articles published from 1985 to March 2010 (inclusive). We also undertook a hand search of reference lists and contacted 29 authors. Eligible studies were prospective studies reporting a test of the association between pretreatment emotional distress (anxiety or depression) and pregnancy in women undergoing a single cycle of assisted reproductive technology. Review methods Two authors independently assessed the studies for eligibility and quality (using criteria adapted from the Newcastle-Ottawa quality scale) and extracted data. Authors contributed additional data not included in original publication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies with 3583 infertile women undergoing a cycle of fertility treatment were included in the meta-analysis. The effect size used was the standardised mean difference (adjusted for small sample size) in pretreatment anxiety or depression (priority on anxiety where both measured) between women who achieved a pregnancy (defined as a positive pregnancy test, positive fetal heart scan, or live birth) and those who did not. Pretreatment emotional distress was not associated with treatment outcome after a cycle of assisted reproductive technology (standardised mean difference -0.04, 95% confidence interval -0.11 to 0.03 (fixed effects model); heterogeneity I&sup2;=14%, P=0.30). Subgroup analyses according to previous experience of assisted reproductive technology, composition of the not pregnant group, and timing of the emotional assessment were not significant. The effect size did not vary according to study quality, but a significant subgroup analysis on timing of the pregnancy test, a contour enhanced funnel plot, and Egger's test indicated the presence of moderate publication bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this meta-analysis should reassure women and doctors that emotional distress caused by fertility problems or other life events co-occurring with treatment will not compromise the chance of becoming pregnant.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Fertility Studies Research Group, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. boivin@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boivin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Venetis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D017211:Treatment Failure