title: Role of molecular markers in the management of head and neck cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis remains poor. HNSCC comprise a wide spectrum of neoplasms with different tumor biologies, prognosis and response to therapies. Current tumor classification is based on morphology and anatomic distribution, which leads to a homogeneous treatment for different diseases. Moreover, traditional diagnostic methods such as clinical assessment, histopathological examination, and imaging techniques are limited in their capacity to provide information on prognosis and decision making.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Molecular markers have increased the understanding of the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer because they give increasing insight into tumor biology, prognosis, and response to therapy. The practical application of these discoveries is beginning to assist greatly in the evaluation and treatment of HNSCC to achieve a more personalized and effective approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article focuses on the molecular markers that have already been extensively studied such as epidermal growth factor receptor and human papillomavirus as well as those that offer potential for personalized therapy such as HIF-1 and ERCC-1. The ideal biomarker should be assayed accurately and easily, highly specific, and cost effective. Thus, a validation is required before their implementation into clinical guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Ba
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Jonas A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: De Souza
authors.forename: Ezra Ew
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor