title: Analgesia in fast-track paediatric cardiac patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We introduced a fast-track program for our cardiac operations requiring adjustment in anaesthesia techniques to facilitate rapid extubation and discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). Our objective was to investigate the quality of analgesia in fast-track paediatric cardiac patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of the records of all patients who were fast-tracked in our institution between January 2006 and January 2007. Data collected included surgical procedure, anaesthesia technique, intra-operative opioids, ventilation time, intensive care stay, postoperative morphine consumption, pain scores, patient-controlled analgesia/nurse-controlled analgesia (PCA/NCA) duration, supplemental analgesia and incidence of vomiting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four patients were studied, with a median age of 5.6 years (8 months-18 years), median weight 15.6 kg (range: 6.4-101 kg), median intensive care unit (ICU) ventilation time 1.1h (range: 0-8h) and median ICU stay of 4.1h (1-52 h). All patients received intra-operative fentanyl, median dose of 16.8 mcg kg⁻¹ (range: 15-20 mcg kg⁻¹). Twenty-three children received a bolus of morphine intra-operatively median dose of 102 mcg kg⁻¹ (range: 50-170 mcg kg⁻¹). Those patients who did not receive a morphine bolus intra-operatively, received a 100 mcg kg⁻¹ loading dose of morphine in the ICU. Twenty-four patients received intravenous paracetamol intra-operatively and five patients were given both paracetamol and diclofenac. Twenty-five children were not given either paracetamol or diclofenac intra-operatively. During the postoperative period, all patients received morphine by infusion administered via either PCA (18%) or NCA)(73%). The median PCA/NCA infusion time was 28.9h. Forty-eight patients received paracetamol and non-steroidal analgesics postoperatively, either diclofenac or ibuprofen. Five patients received only paracetamol and only one patient required no supplemental analgesia. The bedside nurse reported the pain scores on an hourly basis on a 10-point visual analogue score where 0=no pain and 10=strongest pain. Pain scores showed that most patients after day 0 (which was the day of surgery) had only mild pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed that our program achieves high-quality analgesia in fast-track paediatric cardiac patients.
authors.affiliation: Ospedale Paediatrico Bambino Gesu, Piazza San Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy. francesca_iodice@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Francesca G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Iodice
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Isabeau
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garside
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000293:Adolescent; D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay; D008131:London; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004008:Diclofenac; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009020:Morphine