title: HPV type-specific prevalence using a urine assay in unvaccinated male and female 11- to 18-year olds in Scotland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a baseline prevalence survey of unvaccinated 11- to 18-year olds to inform effectiveness studies for the new human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation programme in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from schools and colleges and invited to provide demographic data and an anonymous urine sample for type-specific HPV testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among females aged 11-14 years, the weighted prevalence was 1.1% overall; 0.9% for high-risk types and no infections were associated with types 16 and 18. Among 15- to 18-year old females, the weighted prevalence was 15.2% overall; 12.6% for high-risk types and 6.5% for types 16 and 18. Among females aged 16-18 years, infection was more frequently associated with attending college and rural schools, and showed a trend towards increasing prevalence with increasing social deprivation (P=0.045). Among males aged 11-14 years, the weighted prevalence was 1.4% overall; 1.0% for high-risk types and 0.7% for types 16 and 18. Among 15- to 18-year old males, the weighted prevalence was 3.9% overall; 2.4% for high-risk types and 0.7% for types 16 and 18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human Papillomavirus prevalence is low among 11- to 14-year olds, which includes the age group targeted for routine vaccination. The prevalence in males and correlation with deprivation require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Scotland, Clifton House, Clifton Place, Glasgow G3 7LN, UK.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sinka
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cuschieri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lyman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Cubie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donaghy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines