title: The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a participative community singing programme as a health promotion initiative for older people: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The growth in numbers of older people represents a considerable cost to health and social care services in the United Kingdom. There is an acknowledged need to address issues of social exclusion and both the physical and mental health of this age group. In recent years there has been much interest in the potential contribution of the arts to the health of communities and individuals. There is some evidence that participative singing may be of benefit to older people, however studies to date are limited in number and have lacked rigour. There is therefore a need to build on this knowledge base to provide more quantifiable evidence of both effectiveness and cost effectiveness of singing as a health intervention for this population group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed study is a pragmatic randomised controlled trial with two parallel arms. The primary hypothesis is that singing groups for older people improve both physical and mental aspects of quality of life when compared to usual activities. Potential participants will be volunteers over 60 years living in the community and recruited through publicity. Eligible and consenting participants will be randomized to either a singing group or a control group. Singing groups will take part in a twelve week planned programme of singing and control groups will continue with usual activities. The primary outcome measure will be the York SF-12, a health related quality of life measure which will be administered at baseline, three and six months after baseline. The study will evaluate both effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study proposes to add to the existing body of evidence on the value of singing for older people by using a rigorous methodological design, which includes a power calculation, a standardised intervention and assessment of cost-effectiveness. It should be regarded as a stage in a progressive programme of studies in this area. If group singing is found to be effective and cost-effective it may offer an alternative means to maintaining the health of people in later life.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN62404401.
authors.affiliation: Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts & Health, Canterbury Christ Church University, University Centre Folkestone, Folkestone, UK. ann.skingley@canterbury.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skingley
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Clift
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Coulton
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019058:Community Networks; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health; D009146:Music; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011788:Quality of Life; D012934:Social Isolation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom