title: Urine metabolomic analysis identifies potential biomarkers and pathogenic pathways in kidney cancer.
abstract: Kidney cancer is the seventh most common cancer in the Western world, its incidence is increasing, and it is frequently metastatic at presentation, at which stage patient survival statistics are grim. In addition, there are no useful biofluid markers for this disease, such that diagnosis is dependent on imaging techniques that are not generally used for screening. In the present study, we use metabolomics techniques to identify metabolites in kidney cancer patients' urine, which appear at different levels (when normalized to account for urine volume and concentration) from the same metabolites in nonkidney cancer patients. We found that quinolinate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and gentisate are differentially expressed at a false discovery rate of 0.26, and these metabolites are involved in common pathways of specific amino acid and energetic metabolism, consistent with high tumor protein breakdown and utilization, and the Warburg effect. When added to four different (three kidney cancer-derived and one "normal") cell lines, several of the significantly altered metabolites, quinolinate, α-ketoglutarate, and gentisate, showed increased or unchanged cell proliferation that was cell line-dependent. Further evaluation of the global metabolomics analysis, as well as confirmation of the specific potential biomarkers using a larger sample size, will lead to new avenues of kidney cancer diagnosis and therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Kyoungmi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganti
authors.forename: Lining
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Osier
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D055432:Metabolomics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor