title: Early intervention for cognitive decline: is there a role for multiple medical or behavioural interventions?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early medical or behavioural intervention to slow cognitive decline might be a viable strategy for reducing disability and rates of institutional care in older persons. This paper details the published work supporting cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between vascular risk factors, depressive symptoms and progressive cognitive decline. Evidence for the beneficial effects of providing relevant interventions is assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant published work from the areas of dementia research, 'vascular depression' and the cognitive benefits that might result from treating vascular risk factors, managing depression or promoting nutrition, cognitive or physical exercise was ascertained from electronic database searches and recent reviews of key areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The existing published work does not provide many examples of early intervention strategies that target vascular strategies or active treatment of depression to reduce the rate of cognitive decline. Most studies have major limitations including the evaluation of only single-risk-factor interventions, the observational designs and the inadequate measurement of cognition. An optimal early intervention strategy might be to target multiple risk factors within relevant experimental or health service frameworks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early identification and multifaceted reduction of vascular risk factors, active management of depression, engagement in cognitive activity and physical exercise and promotion of better nutrition might together help to slow some forms of cognitive decline or progression to dementia. This health services approach now requires systematic evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Brain & Mind Research Institute, The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Naismith
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Glozier
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Phoebe E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Hickie
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors