title: Partial shoot reiteration in Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae) does not arise from 'axillary meristems'.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conifers are characterized by the paucity of axillary buds which in dicotyledonous trees usually occur at every node. To compensate, conifers also produce 'axillary meristems', which may be stimulated to late development. In juvenile material of Wollemia nobilis (Araucariaceae: Massart's model) first-order (plagiotropic) branches lack both axillary buds and, seemingly, axillary meristems. This contrasts with orthotropic (trunk) axes, which produce branches, either within the terminal bud or as reiterated orthotropic axes originating from axillary meristems. However, plagiotropic axes do produce branches if they are decapitated. This study investigated how this can occur if axillary meristems are not the source.
  
  
  METHODS
  The terminal buds of a series of plagiotropic branches on juvenile trees were decapitated in order to generate axillary shoots. Shoots were culled at about weekly intervals to obtain stages in lateral shoot development. Serial sections were cut with a sliding microtome from the distal end of each sample and scanned sequentially for evidence of axillary meristems and early bud development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anatomical search produced no clear evidence of pre-existing axillary meristems but did reveal stages of bud initiation. Buds were initiated in a group of small starch-rich cortical cells. Further development involved de-differentiation of these small cells and the development of contrasting outer and inner regions. The outer part becomes meristematic and organizes the apex of the new branch. The inner part develops a callus-like tissue of vacuolated cells within which vascular cambia are developed. This kind of insertion of a branch on the parent axis seems not to have been described before.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Axillary meristems in Wollemia characterize the leaf axils of trunk axes so that the origin of reiterated shoots is clear. Plagiotropic axes seemingly lack axillary meristems but still produce axillary branches by distinctive developmental processes. These observations demonstrate limited understanding of branch initiation in trees generally.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, MA 01366, USA.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Huggett
mesh_terms: D018519:Meristem / Q000254:growth & development*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*