title: Impact of enhanced pharmacologic care on the prevention of falls: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Falls are the leading cause of both fatal and nonfatal injuries among older adults in the United States. Medications that affect the central nervous system are known to increase the risk of falling.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a community pharmacy-based falls-prevention program targeting high-risk older adults on the rates of recurrent falls, injurious falls, and filling prescriptions for medications that have been associated with an increased risk of falling.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized controlled trial of participants recruited through a community pharmacy chain in North Carolina. The 2-year study consisted of a 1-year "look-back" period before randomization and a 1-year follow-up period after randomization. Patients were eligible to participate if they were ≥65 years of age, had fallen at least once during the 1-year period preceding enrollment, and were taking medications associated with an increased risk of falling. Medications classified as high risk included benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, sedative hypnotics, opioid analgesics, antipsychotics, and skeletal muscle relaxants. Participants were assigned to either the intervention arm or the control arm; participants in the intervention arm were invited to attend a face-to-face medication consultation conducted by a community pharmacy resident, whereas those in the control arm received no medication consultation. The primary end point was the rate of recurrent falls during the 1-year followup period. Secondary end points were the total number of prescriptions for high-risk medications filled during the follow-up period and either discontinued use or a reduction in the dosage of a high-risk medication during the follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eighty-six patients (132 women, 54 men; 88.7% white) were enrolled. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses revealed no significant differences in the rates of recurrent falls, injurious falls, or filling prescriptions for high-risk medications. However, 13 patients in the intervention group either discontinued use of a high-risk medication or had the dosage reduced during the follow-up period, compared with 5 patients in the control group (χ(2) = 3.94; P < 0.05). As-treated analyses revealed numeric reductions in the rates of falls (rate ratio [RR] = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.53-1.09), injurious falls (RR= 0.67; 95% CI, 0.43-1.05), and filling prescriptions for high-risk medications (RR= 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72-1.03) after receipt of the intervention, but the differences were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study support the feasibility of using community pharmacies to deliver a falls-prevention program targeting high-risk older adults. Although the ITT analyses revealed no significant reduction in the rate of recurrent falls, injurious falls, or overall use of high-risk medications, individuals in the intervention group were more likely than those in the control group to discontinue use of a high-risk medication or have the dosage reduced during the 1-year follow-up period. More work is needed to evaluate the intervention using a larger sample size that provides greater power to detect clinically meaningful effects of reduction in the use of high-risk medications on preventing or reducing falls in the high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Blalock
authors.forename: Carri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casteel
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferreri
authors.forename: Karen B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Demby
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shankar
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D008297:Male; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D055553:Prescription Drugs