title: The effect of starter culture and annatto on the flavor and functionality of whey protein concentrate.
abstract: The flavor of whey protein can carry over into ingredient applications and negatively influence consumer acceptance. Understanding sources of flavors in whey protein is crucial to minimize flavor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of annatto color and starter culture on the flavor and functionality of whey protein concentrate (WPC). Cheddar cheese whey with and without annatto (15 mL of annatto/454 kg of milk, annatto with 3% wt/vol norbixin content) was manufactured using a mesophilic lactic starter culture or by addition of lactic acid and rennet (rennet set). Pasteurized fat-separated whey was then ultrafiltered and spray dried into WPC. The experiment was replicated 4 times. Flavor of liquid wheys and WPC were evaluated by sensory and instrumental volatile analyses. In addition to flavor evaluations on WPC, color analysis (Hunter Lab and norbixin extraction) and functionality tests (solubility and heat stability) also were performed. Both main effects (annatto, starter) and interactions were investigated. No differences in sensory properties or functionality were observed among WPC. Lipid oxidation compounds were higher in WPC manufactured from whey with starter culture compared with WPC from rennet-set whey. The WPC with annatto had higher concentrations of p-xylene, diacetyl, pentanal, and decanal compared with WPC without annatto. Interactions were observed between starter and annatto for hexanal, suggesting that annatto may have an antioxidant effect when present in whey made with starter culture. Results suggest that annatto has a no effect on whey protein flavor, but that the starter culture has a large influence on the oxidative stability of whey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Miracle
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D031212:Bixaceae; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043302:Cultured Milk Products; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013649:Taste; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D008894:Milk Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D002338:Carotenoids; C054041:annatto