title: Tactical release of a sexually-selected pheromone in a swordtail fish.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemical communication plays a critical role in sexual selection and speciation in fishes; however, it is generally assumed that most fish pheromones are passively released since most fishes lack specialized scent glands or scent-marking behavior. Swordtails (genus Xiphophorus) are widely used in studies of female mate choice, and female response to male chemical cues is important to sexual selection, reproductive isolation, and hybridization. However, it is unclear whether females are attending to passively produced cues, or to pheromones produced in the context of communication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used fluorescein dye injections to visualize pulsed urine release in male sheepshead swordtails, Xiphophorus birchmanni. Simultaneous-choice assays of mating preference showed that females attend to species- and sex-specific chemical cues emitted in male urine. Males urinated more frequently in the presence and proximity of an audience (conspecific females). In the wild, males preferentially courted upstream of females, facilitating transmission of pheromone cues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Males in a teleost fish have evolved sophisticated temporal and spatial control of pheromone release, comparable to that found in terrestrial animals. Pheromones are released specifically in a communicative context, and the timing and positioning of release favors efficient signal transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America. grosenthal@bio.tamu.edu
authors.forename: Gil G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Jessica N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Fitzsimmons
authors.forename: Kristina U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: Heidi S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012724:Sex Attractants