title: High-throughput screen of protein expression levels induced by cyclooxygenase-2 during influenza a virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detection of proteins productions and the functions during the influenza A virus infection, especially the proteins expression levels in the patients serum are emphasized in the research of host immune response to influenza virus infection. Protein microarray technology provides a high-throughput platform for efficient profiling of protein expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the expression levels of 507 immune-related proteins in the 85 serum of patients infected by influenza A virus H3N2 using an antibody array and validated these findings by infecting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with A/HongKong/498/97 (H3N2) in vitro. Then we used selective inhibitor of proinflammatory factor cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) NS-398 to identify those immunomodulatory proteins regulated by the proinflammatory factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients' serum, the expression levels of 138 proteins changed >2-fold in response to viral infection, including 102 that were upregulated and 36 that were downregulated. One-hundred six proteins were confirmed in PBMCs infected by H3N2. Of the 106 proteins involved in the immune response to influenza virus infection, 48 were regulated by COX-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings identify the host proteins whose expression levels change in response to influenza virus infection and those involved in the proinflammatory factor COX-2-mediated inflammatory cascade.
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yongkui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D013449:Sulfonamides; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2