title: Hypospadias in Istanbul: incidence and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present prospective study was to determine the incidence of hypospadias in newborns in one of the busiest teaching hospitals of Istanbul, and to investigate the risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  All live-born boys delivered between September 2007 and December 2008 were screened for hypospadias. A questionnaire was given to the parents of the hypospadias and control subjects for investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 1750 boys examined, 34 had hypospadias, that is, the frequency was 19.4 per 1000 male live-births and 93.7 per 10,000 total live-born deliveries. The incidence of additional coexistent anomalies was 29.4%, predominantly urogenital (17.6%), the majority of which were cryptorchidism (14.7%). Twelve (35.3%) of the 34 hypospadiac boys had a second family member with a genital anomaly, nine (26.5%) of whom had hypospadias, three (8.8%) being the fathers. Mean birthweight, length and head circumference were significantly lower in the hypospadiac infants than the control group (P= 0.003, P= 0.025, P= 0.002). Although parity, parental consanguinity, hypospadias in family members, and low birthweight also varied significantly among the groups, logistic regression analysis indicated that maternal age, prematurity, coexistence of cryptorchidism and presence of genital anomaly among family members were independent risk factors for hypospadias (P= 0.016, P= 0.0001, P= 0.041, P= 0.0001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic predisposition and placental insufficiency in early gestation might play a role in the etiology of hypospadias.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics IUrology I, Dr Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research HospitalDivisions of Pediatric Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics IUrology I, Dr Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research HospitalDivisions of Pediatric Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ercan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics IUrology I, Dr Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research HospitalDivisions of Pediatric Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Berrin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Telatar
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics IUrology I, Dr Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research HospitalDivisions of Pediatric Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tarhan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics IUrology I, Dr Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research HospitalDivisions of Pediatric Endocrinology and Adolescent Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Comert
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D015994:Incidence; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth; D012307:Risk Factors; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics