title: Clinicians' perceptions of organizational readiness for change in the context of clinical information system projects: insights from two cross-sectional surveys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The adoption and diffusion of clinical information systems has become one of the critical benchmarks for achieving several healthcare organizational reform priorities, including home care, primary care, and integrated care networks. However, these systems are often strongly resisted by the same community that is expected to benefit from their use. Prior research has found that early perceptions and beliefs play a central role in shaping future attitudes and behaviors such as negative rumors, lack of involvement, and resistance to change. In this line of research, this paper builds on the change management and information systems literature and identifies variables associated with clinicians' early perceptions of organizational readiness for change in the specific context of clinical information system projects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted to test our research model. First, a questionnaire was pretested and then distributed to the future users of a mobile computing technology in 11 home care organizations. The second study took place in a large teaching hospital that had approved a budget for the acquisition of an electronic medical records system. Data analysis was performed using partial least squares.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scale items used in this study showed adequate psychometric properties. In Study 1, four of the hypothesized links in the research model were supported, with change appropriateness, organizational flexibility, vision clarity, and change efficacy explaining 75% of the variance in organizational readiness. In Study 2, four hypotheses were also supported, two of which differed from those supported in Study 1: the presence of an effective project champion and collective self-efficacy. In addition to these variables, vision clarity and change appropriateness also helped explain 75% of the variance in the dependent variable. Explanations for the similarities and differences observed in the two surveys are provided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Organizational readiness is arguably a key factor involved in clinicians' initial support for clinical information system initiatives. As healthcare organizations continue to invest in information technologies to improve quality and continuity of care and reduce costs, understanding the factors that influence organizational readiness for change represents an important avenue for future research.
authors.affiliation: Canada Research Chair in Information Technology in Health Care, HEC Montreal 3000 Cote-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, H3T 2A7, Quebec Canada. guy.pare@hec.ca
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paré
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sicotte
authors.forename: Placide
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poba-Nzaou
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balouzakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D007857:Leadership; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010465:Perception; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires