title: Reactive oxygen species induced by bile acid induce apoptosis and protect against necrosis in pancreatic acinar cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, but clinical trials of antioxidants have produced conflicting results. We examined the role of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pancreatic acinar cell injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Freshly isolated murine and human pancreatic acinar cells were studied using confocal microscopy to measure changes in intracellular and mitochondrial ROS concentrations ([ROS]I and [ROS]M), cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]C and [Ca2+]M), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate levels, and death pathways in response to taurolithocholate acid sulfate (TLC-S) or the oxidant menadione. Ca2+-activated Cl- currents were measured using whole-cell patch clamp, with or without adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLC-S induced prolonged increases in [Ca2+]C and [Ca2+]M, which led to dose-dependent increases in [ROS]I and [ROS]M, impaired production of ATP, apoptosis, and necrosis. Inhibition of the antioxidant reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinine oxidoreductase by 2,4-dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene potentiated the increases in [ROS]I and apoptosis but reduced necrosis, whereas the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine reduced [ROS]I and apoptosis but increased necrosis. Inhibition of mitochondrial ROS production prevented apoptosis but did not alter necrosis; autophagy had no detectable role. Patched ATP prevented sustained increases in [Ca2+]C and necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in [ROS]M and [ROS]I during bile acid injury of pancreatic acinar cells promote apoptosis but not necrosis. These results indicate that alternative strategies to antioxidants are required for oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, National Institute for Health Research Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Rajarshi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Awais
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Neoptolemos
authors.forename: Oleg V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Gerasimenko
authors.forename: Alexei V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Tepikin
authors.forename: Ole H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Criddle
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D046790:Pancreas, Exocrine / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013658:Taurolithocholic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002712:Chlorides; D016877:Oxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C066776:taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate; D013658:Taurolithocholic Acid; D009249:NADP; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium