title: Quantification of near-field heating during volumetric MR-HIFU ablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-intensity focused ultrasound guided by magnetic resonance imaging has been extensively evaluated during the past decade as a clinical alternative for thermal ablation of tumor tissue. However, the maximal ablation volume is limited by the extensive treatment duration resulting from the small size of the focal point as compared to the average tumor size. Volumetric sonication has been shown to efficiently enlarge the ablated volume per sonication, but remains limited by the temperature increase induced in the skin and fat layers. In this study, multiplane MR thermometry is proposed for monitoring the near-field temperature rise in order to prevent related unintended thermal damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method was evaluated by performing sonications in the thigh muscle of 11 pigs maintained under general anesthesia. Volumetric ablations were performed by steering the focal point along trajectories consisting of multiple outward-moving concentric circles. Near-field heating was characterized with MR temperature maps and thermal dose maps. The results from the MR measurements were compared to simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, the measured maximum temperature rise was found to correlate linearly with the surface energy density within the near field of the beam path with a slope of 4.2 K mm2/J. This simple linear model appears to be almost independent of the trajectory pattern and the sonication depth. The safety limit to avoid lethal damage of the subcutaneous tissues of the porcine thigh was identified to be an absolute temperature of 50 degrees C, corresponding to a surface energy density of 2.5 J/mm2 at 1.2 MHz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A linear relationship can be established to estimate the temperature increase based on the chosen power prior to ablation, thereby providing an a priori safety check for possible excessive near-field heating using a known surface energy density threshold. This method would also give the clinician the possibility to abort the sonication should excessive near-field temperature rise be seen before fat layer damage or skin burns are inflicted.
authors.affiliation: Philips Healthcare, Suresnes 92156, France. charles.mougenot@philips.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mougenot
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Enholm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Quesson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moonen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009132:Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D012449:Safety; D013010:Sonication; D013552:Swine