title: Rapid pharmacokinetics of intradermal insulin administered using microneedles in type 1 diabetes subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study compared the pharmacokinetics, postprandial glycemic response, and pain associated with intradermal lispro insulin delivery using a microneedle with that of a conventional catheter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five subjects with type 1 diabetes were administered a bolus infusion of lispro insulin using a 9-mm-long subcutaneous catheter (control treatment) and a 0.9-mm-long microneedle (study treatment), followed by consumption of a standardized meal. Blood samples were periodically assayed for plasma glucose and free insulin levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intradermal insulin infusion using microneedles reached peak insulin concentrations in approximately half the time and led to greater reduction in plasma glucose levels than subcutaneous catheters. Microneedles were also significantly less painful than the catheters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rapid pharmacokinetics and minimally invasive nature of intradermal insulin infusion using microneedles provide significant potential for improved diabetes management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Eric I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Felner
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prausnitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D061268:Insulin Lispro; D010865:Pilot Projects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061268:Insulin Lispro