title: A telephone-delivered physical activity and dietary intervention for type 2 diabetes and hypertension: does intervention dose influence outcomes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations of intervention dose with behavior change outcomes in a telephone counseling intervention for physical activity and dietary change.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of intervention participants from a cluster-randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care practices in a disadvantaged community in Queensland, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients with type 2 diabetes or hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 228) received telephone counseling over a 12-month period. The initiation phase (1-4 months) consisted of up to 10 weekly or fortnightly calls; the maintenance-enhancement phase (5-12 months) consisted of up to eight monthly calls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intervention dose was defined as the number of calls completed in total and during each phase and was categorized into tertiles. Diet and physical activity were measured using validated self-report instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate analyses of call completion and change in health behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those completing a high number of calls were more likely to be female, white, older than 60 years, retired, and earning less than an average weekly Australian wage. Relative to low call completion, high completion during the maintenance-enhancement phase was associated with significantly greater (least squares mean [SE]) behavioral improvement for the following: total fat intake as percentage of calories (-3.58% [.74%]), saturated fat intake (-2.51% [.51%]), fiber intake (4.23 [1.20] g), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (187.82 [44.78] minutes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions of longer duration may be required to influence complex behaviors such as physical activity and fat and fiber intake.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Research Centre, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. a.goode@sph.uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Ana D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.forename: Elisabeth A H
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Sheleigh P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lawler
authors.forename: Marina M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Eakin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011204:Poverty Areas; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011793:Queensland; D013689:Telephone; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome