title: Ultrasound molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis with an integrin targeted microbubble contrast agent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasound molecular imaging is an emerging technique for sensitive detection of intravascular targets. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis has strong potential for both clinical use and as a research tool in tumor biology and the development of antiangiogenic therapies. Our objectives are to develop a robust ultrasound contrast agent platform using microbubbles (MB) to which targeting ligands can be conjugated by biocompatible, covalent conjugation chemistry, and to develop a pure low mechanical index (MI) imaging processing method and corresponding quantification method. The MB and the imaging methods were evaluated in a mouse model of breast cancer in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) pentapeptide containing a terminal cysteine group conjugated to the surface of MB bearing pyridyldithio-propionate (PDP) for targeting αvβ3 integrins. As negative controls, MB without a ligand or MB bearing a scrambled sequence (cRAD) were prepared. To enable characterization of peptides bound to MB surfaces, the cRGD peptide was labeled with FITC and detected by plate fluorometry, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Targeted adhesion of cRGD-MB was demonstrated in an in vitro flow adhesion assay against recombinant murine αvβ3 integrin protein and αvβ3 integrin-expressing endothelial cells (bEnd.3). The specificity of cRGD-MB for αvβ3 integrin was demonstrated by treating bEnd.3 EC with a blocking antibody. A murine model of mammary carcinoma was used to assess targeted adhesion and ultrasound molecular imaging in vivo. The targeted MB were visualized using a low MI contrast imaging pulse sequence, and quantified by intensity normalization and 2-dimensional Fourier transform analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cRGD ligand concentration on the MB surface was ∼8.2 × 10(6) molecules per MB. At a wall shear stress of 1.0 dynes/cm, cRGD-MB exhibited 5-fold higher adhesion to immobilized recombinant αvβ3 integrin relative to nontargeted MB and cRAD-MB controls. Similarly, cRGD-MB showed significantly greater adhesion to bEnd.3 EC compared with nontargeted MB and cRAD-MB. In addition, cRGD-MB, but not nontargeted MB or cRAD-MB, showed significantly enhanced contrast signals with a high tumor-to-background ratio. The adhesion of cRGD-MB to bEnd.3 was reduced by 80% after using anti-αv monoclonal antibody to treat bEnd.3. The normalized image intensity amplitude was ∼0.8, 7 minutes after the administration of cRGD-MB relative to the intensity amplitude at the time of injection, while the spatial variance in image intensity improved the detection of bound agents. The accumulation of cRGD-MB was blocked by preadministration with an anti-αv blocking antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate the functionality of a novel MB contrast agent covalently coupled to an RGD peptide for ultrasound molecular imaging of αvβ3 integrin and the feasibility of quantitative molecular ultrasound imaging with a low MI.
authors.affiliation: Targeson, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Xiaowen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tlaxca
authors.forename: Anne-Emilie
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Declèves
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houghtaling
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Katherine W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rychak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003287:Contrast Media; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D045423:Microbubbles; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3