title: Truncated areas under the curve in the assessment of pioglitazone bioequivalence. Data from a single-center, single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-way cross-over bioequivalence study of two formulations of pioglitazone 45 mg tablets under fasting conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pioglitazone (CAS 112529-15-4 for the HCl form) is an oral antidiabetic agent that is a member of the group of drugs known as thiazolidinediones. It is indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the bioequivalence of a new pioglitazone 45 mg formulation (test formulation) vs. the reference product, as required by European regulatory authorities for the marketing of a generic product. Additionally, the applicability of the truncated area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) approach to this drug and under these test conditions was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-center, randomized, single-dose, open-label, 2-way crossover study in healthy volunteers under fasting conditions. Plasma samples were collected up to 120 h post-dosing. Pioglitazone and hydroxypioglitazone plasma levels were determined by reverse liquid chromatography and by tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis. Area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to time of last non-zero concentration (AUC(last)) and maximum observed concentration (C(max)) were the main evaluation criteria, while the area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(inf)) was also analyzed for additional information. For the assessment of the applicability of the truncated AUC approach, AUCs truncated at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h were calculated. All of the abovementioned pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using 90% geometric confidence interval of the ratio (T/R) of least-squares means from the ANOVA of the In-transformed parameter. Tolerability was monitored using physical examination, including vital sign measurements and laboratory analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the classical approach, the 90% geometric confidence intervals obtained by ANOVA for AUC(last), C(max) and AUC(inf) were within the predefined ranges (80-125%) for both analytes. Truncated AUCs were also in all cases within the predefined ranges for acceptance of bioequivalence (e.g. 90% confidence interval).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bioequivalence between test and reference formulations, both in terms of rate and extension of absorption, under fasting conditions was concluded according to European guidelines. Both formulations were well tolerated. The conclusion of bioequivalence was also supported using the truncated AUCs approach.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Grupo Tecnimede, Sintra, Portugal. dmed.ct@tecnimede.pt
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filipe
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pedroso
authors.forename: Araceli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Fethi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Trabelsi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001711:Biotransformation; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077205:Pioglitazone