title: Autoimmunity and environment: am I at risk?
abstract: The complex interplay between environmental factors and genetic susceptibility plays an essential role in disease pathogenesis. This is especially true for autoimmunity, where clinical reports, genomic and epidemiological studies, as well as animal models have identified several environmental and genetic risk factors associated with autoimmune disease. The complexity of this relationship is demonstrated by the vast array of environmental factors that have now been implicated in the induction, and possibly the maintenance of autoimmune disease. The multitude of environmental factors implicated includes both infectious and non-infectious agents. Here, we review one specific autoimmune disease, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), as a model for environmental risk factors acting in concert with genetic susceptibility in the disease pathogenesis. PBC is an ideal model, as both infectious and non-infectious environmental agents have been identified as risk factors, and their study provides clues for unravelling the pathogenesis of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK. daniel.2.smyk@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smyk
authors.forename: Eirini I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Rigopoulou
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Burroughs
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vergani
authors.forename: Dimitrios P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bogdanos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015551:Autoimmunity; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012306:Risk; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D015262:Xenobiotics