title: Musculoskeletal injuries in young ballet dancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries, site and type of injury, and the most common injury diagnoses in young ballet dancers at the Royal Swedish Ballet School, a public school in Stockholm.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study of 476 students (297 girls and 179 boys) aged 10-21 years was based on medical records for the period August 1988 to June 1995. Data on diagnosis, site of injury and type of injury were collected, and the injuries were classified as traumatic or due to overuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 438 injuries were recorded. The injury incidence rate was 0.8 per 1,000 dance hours in both female and male dancers and tended to increase with increasing age. Most injuries occurred as the result of overuse. Seventy-six per cent of all injuries occurred in the lower extremities. Ankle sprain was the most common traumatic diagnosis, while the most common overuse-related diagnosis was tendinosis pedis. A few gender differences were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggest that there is a need to apply primary injury prevention in young ballet dancers. Future studies could aim to identify (1) injury risk factors and (2) injury prevention programmes that are effective at reducing injury rates in young dancers.
authors.affiliation: Center for Family and Community Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Alfred Nobels allé 12, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden. charlotteleanderson@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leanderson
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leanderson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wykman
authors.forename: Lars-Erik
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Strender
authors.forename: Sven-Erik
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundquist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003615:Dancing / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013548:Sweden; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult