title: Operative versus non-operative management following Rockwood grade III acromioclavicular separation: a meta-analysis of the current evidence base.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whilst there is little debate over the treatment of Rockwood grade V and VI acromioclavicular dislocation, the management of grade III acromioclavicular dislocation remains less clear. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of patients managed operatively and non-operatively following grade III acromioclavicular dislocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of published and unpublished material was conducted. All included studies were reviewed against the PEDro appraisal tool. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis of pooled results was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 724 citations, six studies met the eligibility criteria. All six studies were retrospective case series (level 4 evidence). The findings of this study indicated that operative management of grade III acromioclavicular dislocation results in a better cosmetic outcome (P < 0.0001) but greater duration of sick leave compared to non-operative management (P < 0.001). There was no difference in strength, pain, throwing ability and incidence of acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis compared to non-operative management. Only one study recorded and showed a higher Constant score for operative management compared to non-operative management (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a lack of well-designed studies in the literature to justify the optimum mode of treatment of grade III acromioclavicular dislocations.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. toby.smith@uea.ac.uk
authors.forename: Toby O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chester
authors.forename: Eyiyemi O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Pearse
authors.forename: Caroline B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hing
mesh_terms: D000173:Acromioclavicular Joint / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices