title: PCOS, coronary heart disease, stroke and the influence of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at risk of arterial disease. We examined the risk of (non)fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke in patients with PCOS and ovulatory women without PCOS, and assessed whether obesity might explain a higher risk of CHD or stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled observational studies. Four definitions of PCOS were considered: World Health Organization type II anovulation, National Institutes of Health criteria, Rotterdam consensus and Androgen-excess criteria. Obesity was defined as BMI > 30 kg/m(2) and/or waist circumference >88 cm. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Primary outcome was fatal/non-fatal CHD or stroke. Definitions of CHD and stroke were based on criteria used by the various authors. The effect measure was the pooled relative risk in a random effects model. Risk ratios and rate ratios were combined here.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After identifying 1340 articles, 5 follow-up studies published between 2000 and 2008 were included. The studies showed heterogeneity in design, definitions and quality. In a random effects model the relative risk for CHD or stroke were 2.02 comparing women with PCOS to women without PCOS (95% confidence interval 1.47, 2.76). Pooling the two studies with risk estimates adjusted for BMI showed a relative risk of 1.55 (1.27, 1.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis showed a 2-fold risk of arterial disease for patients with PCOS relative to women without PCOS. BMI adjustment did not affect this finding, suggesting the increased risk for cardiovascular events in PCOS is not completely related to a higher BMI in patients with PCOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Dekkers
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Romijn
authors.forename: S W M
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Dieben
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Helmerhorst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality