title: Gene expression profiling in ethnic Malays with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with and without diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (DM) in Malaysia. This study used microarray analysis to determine the gene expression profiling in ethnic Malay patients with type 2 DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 312 patients were recruited; 25 were on dialysis due to ESRD, 128 were classified as normoalbuminuric, 93 as microalbuminuric and 66 as macroalbuminuric, based on urine albumin to creatinine ratio of <3.5, between 3.5 and 35 and =35 mg/mmol, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microalbuminuria was associated with up- and down-regulation of 2,694 and 2,538 genes, respectively, while macroalbuminuria was associated with up-regulation of 2,520 genes and down-regulation of 2,920 genes. There was significant up-regulation of 1,135 genes and down-regulation of 908 genes in the ESRD samples. Thirty-seven significantly up-regulated genes and 40 down-regulated genes were commonly expressed in all 3 groups of patients with worsening of renal functions. Up-regulated genes included major histocompatibility complex (HLA-C), complement component 3a receptor 1 (C3AR1), solute carrier family 16, member 3 (SLC16A3) and solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger) (SLC9A8). Consistently down-regulated genes included were bone morphogenetic phosphatase kinase (BMP2K), solute carrier family 12, member 1 (SLC12A1), solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A2), paternally expressed 10 (PEG10) and protein phosphatase 1 regulatory (inhibitor unit) (PPP1R1C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has identified several genes of interest, such as HLA-C, SLC16A3, SLC9A8, SLC12A1 and SLC7A2, that require verification of their roles as susceptibility genes for diabetic nephropathy in ethnic Malays with type 2 DM.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Faradianna E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Lokman
authors.forename: Norhashimah A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Seman
authors.forename: Aziz Al-Safi
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Nor Azwany
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Yaacob
authors.forename: Norlaila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: Amir S M
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Khir
authors.forename: Zanariah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: Wan Nazaimoon
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Wan Mohamud
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D015854:Up-Regulation