title: Chapter 1--importance of chloride homeostasis in the operation of rhythmic motor networks.
abstract: GABA and glycine are classically called "inhibitory" amino acids, despite the fact that their action can rapidly switch from inhibition to excitation and vice versa. The postsynaptic action depends on the intracellular concentration of chloride ions ([Cl(-)](i)), which is regulated by proteins in the plasma membrane: the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2 and the Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter NKCC1, which extrude and intrude Cl(-) ions, respectively. A high [Cl(-)](i) leads to a depolarizing (excitatory) action of GABA and glycine, as observed in mature dorsal root ganglion neurons and in motoneurons both early during development and in several pathological conditions, such as following spinal cord injury. Here, we review some recent data regarding chloride homeostasis in the spinal cord and its contribution to network operation involved in locomotion.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Plasticité et Physio-Pathologie de la Motricité (UMR6196), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS) & Aix-Marseille Université, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille Cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Viemari
authors.forename: Rémi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boulenguez
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brocard
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brocard
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bras
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coulon
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liabeuf
authors.forename: Edouard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pearlstein
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sadlaoud
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stil
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tazerart
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vinay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology; D005998:Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010507:Periodicity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005998:Glycine