title: The vicious circle and infection intensity: the case of Trypanosoma microti in field vole populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In natural populations, infection and condition may act synergistically to trigger a vicious circle: poor condition predisposes to host infections, which further reduce condition, and so on. If this vicious circle originates from a reduced resistance to infection, it will not only result in greater proneness to becoming infected of those that are in poorer condition, but it may also cause infections of higher intensity. Here, we investigate the temporal relationship between host condition and intensity of infection by a specific pathogen using as a system the dynamics of the protozoan Trypanosoma microti in field vole (Microtus agrestis) populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With two years of longitudinal data from three monthly-sampled populations, we evaluated if individuals acquiring a high intensity of infection previously had lower haematological indicators of condition (red blood cells [RBCs] and lymphocyte counts) than those that acquired lower infection intensities. Also, the association of these indicators with past and present trypanosome blood levels was investigated. The individuals that developed high levels of parasitaemia were those that previously had low lymphocyte counts. Greater intensity of infection corresponded with lower RBCs only in low to moderate weight females, and no effect of intensity of infection on lymphocyte counts was observed. However, delayed effects of high trypanosome intensity were seen on both RBCs and lymphocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vicious circle may also result in high infection intensity: individuals in poor condition are not only more likely to become infected by one pathogen; they may also be the most important source of infection for that and for other pathogens, and thus key protagonists for parasite dynamics.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK. pbeldome@fcv.unl.edu.ar
authors.forename: Pablo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Beldomenico
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Telfer
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gebert
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lukomski
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Begon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003411:Arvicolinae / Q000469:parasitology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004906:Erythrocyte Count / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D018655:Lymphocyte Count / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D006113:United Kingdom