title: Long-term consolidation of declarative memory: insight from temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: Several experiments carried out with a subset of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have demonstrated normal memory performance at standard delays of recall (i.e. minutes to hours) but impaired performance over longer delays (i.e. days or weeks), suggesting altered long-term consolidation mechanisms. These mechanisms were specifically investigated in a group of five adult-onset pharmaco-sensitive patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, exhibiting severe episodic memory complaints despite normal performance at standardized memory assessment. In a first experiment, the magnitude of autobiographical memory loss was evaluated using retrograde personal memory tasks based on verbal and visual cues. In both conditions, results showed an unusual U-shaped pattern of personal memory impairment, encompassing most of the patients' life, sparing however, periods of the childhood, early adulthood and past several weeks. This profile was suggestive of a long-term consolidation impairment of personal episodes, adequately consolidated over 'short-term' delays but gradually forgotten thereafter. Therefore, in a subsequent experiment, patients were submitted to a protocol specifically devised to investigate short and long-term consolidation of contextually-bound experiences (episodic memory) and context-free information (semantic knowledge and single-items). In the short term (1 h), performance at both contextually-free and contextually-bound memory tasks was intact. After a 6-week delay, however, contextually-bound memory performance was impaired while contextually-free memory performance remained preserved. This effect was independent of task difficulty and the modality of retrieval (recall and recognition). Neuroimaging studies revealed the presence of mild metabolic changes within medial temporal lobe structures. Taken together, these results show the existence of different consolidation systems within declarative memory. They suggest that mild medial temporal lobe dysfunction can impede the building and stabilization of episodic memories but leaves long-term semantic and single-items mnemonic traces intact.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Epilepsies et Cognition, INSERM U-751, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de médecine La Timone, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France. eve.tramoni@ap-hm.fr
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tramoni
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Felician
authors.forename: Emmanuel J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Barbeau
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guedj
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guye
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bartolomei
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceccaldi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18