title: Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): new insights from increased taxon sampling.
abstract: Phylogenetic relationships among higher clades of pulmonate gastropods are reconstructed based on a data set including one nuclear marker (complete ribosomal 18S) and two mitochondrial markers (partial ribosomal 16S and Cytochrome oxidase I) for a total of 96 species. Sequences for 66 of these species are new to science, with a special emphasis on sampling the Ellobiidae, Onchidiidae, and Veronicellidae. Important results include the monophyly of Systellommatophora (Onchidiidae and Veronicellidae) as well as the monophyly of Ellobiidae (including Trimusculus, Otina, and Smeagol). Relationships within Ellobiidae, Onchidiidae, and Veronicellidae are evaluated here for the first time using molecular data. Present results are compared with those from the recent literature, and the current knowledge of phylogenetic relationships among pulmonate gastropods is reviewed: despite many efforts, deep nodes are still uncertain. Identification uncertainties about early fossils of pulmonates are reviewed. Impacts of those phylogenetic and fossil record uncertainties on our understanding of the macro-evolutionary history of pulmonates, especially transitions between aquatic and terrestrial habitats, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA. bdayrat@ucmerced.edu
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dayrat
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Shaina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balayan
authors.forename: Tracy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: Suzete R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Harasewych
authors.forename: António Manuel de Frias
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV