title: Traffic of leukocytes and cytokine up-regulation in the central nervous system in sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of sepsis on brain microvasculature leukocyte rolling and adherence, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, cytokine and chemokine concentrations, and behavioral screening 6, 12, and 24 h after sepsis induction.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice or Wistar rats underwent cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) or sham operation. At 6, 12, and 24 h after sepsis induction, intravital microscopy was performed in the mice brain microvasculature to evaluate leukocyte rolling and adherence. Animals were killed and had the brain removed to determine MPO activity and the levels of cytokines and chemokines. A behavioral screening was also performed in a separate cohort of animals. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cytokines and chemokines were determined in different brain regions in Wistar rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a decrease in circulating leukocyte levels at 6, 12, and 24 h, an increase in rolling and adhesion of leukocytes in the brain microvasculature, followed by an increase in brain MPO activity. In addition, there was an increase in both brain cytokines and chemokines at different times. There was a decrease in the neuropsychiatric state muscle tone and strength only at 6 h, and a decrease in the autonomous function at 6 and 12 h. The pattern of brain cytokines and chemokines, and BBB permeability between the analyzed regions seemed to be similar with minor differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During sepsis the brain's production of cytokines and chemokines is an early event and it seemed to participate both in central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction and BBB permeability alterations, reinforcing the role of brain inflammatory response in the acute CNS dysfunction associated with sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarissa M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Comim
authors.forename: Márcia C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vilela
authors.forename: Larissa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Constantino
authors.forename: Fabrícia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petronilho
authors.forename: Franciele
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vuolo
authors.forename: Norinne
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lacerda-Queiroz
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: João Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.forename: Antônio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quevedo
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dal-Pizzol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003693:Delirium; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055806:Microvessels; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D009195:Peroxidase