title: Kidney function, albuminuria and age-related macular degeneration in NHANES III.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and kidney disease may have shared risk factors, including cardiovascular disease risk factors; additionally AMD and dense deposit disease share a common causal link, with both associated with polymorphisms in the complement pathway. Accordingly, we explored a population-based cohort of US adults to examine if markers of kidney disease identify a higher risk population for prevalent AMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional nested case-control study matching on age, sex and race was performed using data on adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Predictor variables included urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Study outcomes included late AMD, defined as neovascular disease or geographic atrophy (5:1 matching), and a composite of both early AMD, defined as soft drusen or pigment irregularities with or without any drusen, and late AMD (1:1 matching).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 51 participants with late AMD and 865 with any AMD. In conditional logistic regression adjusting for diabetes, hypertension and total cholesterol, lower eGFR was independently associated with late AMD [odds ratio (OR) = 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.51-6.13], while albuminuria was not significant. For any AMD, neither albuminuria nor eGFR were significant in adjusted models. In sensitivity analyses excluding diabetics, albuminuria was associated with any AMD (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.11-1.29 and 1.57, 95% CI: 0.61-3.69 for micro- and macroalbuminuria, respectively, P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late AMD is more common among individuals with reduced kidney function. Whether this association reflects a common causal pathway or shared risk factors such as hypertension requires additional investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. dweiner@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Hocine
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tighiouart
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seddon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001900:Boston / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis