title: [Alterations in voice, speech and swallowing in patients with Sjögren's syndrome].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and describe voice, speech and swallowing abnormalities in patients with Sjögren's Syndrome (SS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cross-sectional descriptive observational study. Patients with SS were interviewed and physically explored. Nasolaryngeal endoscopy, video laryngeal stroboscopy, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and computerized voice spectrographic analysis (PRAAT® software) of voice and speech were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 31 patients (96.7% women). Average time of evolution was 5 years; mean age was 48.4 years. Of these SS cases, 87% were secondary and 13% primary. Symptomatology: 70.9% dysphagia, 41.9% dysphonia, 35.4% dysglossia, 3.2% dysarthria. We found abnormalities principally in: one or more cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, X, XII) (67.7%), nasopharyngolaryngeal mucosa (77.4%), mucosal wave of vocal cords (90%), swallowing mechanism (90.3%), spectrogram of the vowels /e/ (58.06%) and /i/ (51.61%), and rhythm of the trisyllable "pataka" (35.48%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with SS have voice, speech and swallowing abnormalities, not only associated to xerosis, but perhaps also to neurological abnormalities, probably secondary to the syndrome.
authors.affiliation: División de Foniatría, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, México DF, México. danyallec@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Laura Daniela
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Ruiz Allec
authors.forename: Xochiquetzal
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hernández López
authors.forename: Juanita Beatriz
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Arreguín Porras
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Velasco Ramos
authors.forename: Julia Cristina
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pacheco del Valle
authors.forename: Angel Israel
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Pérez García
mesh_terms: D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D049489:Stroboscopy; D014741:Video Recording; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014985:Xerophthalmia / Q000209:etiology; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology