title: Intentional weight loss and changes in symptoms of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is related to increased risk of several health complications, including depression. Many studies have reported improvements in mood with weight loss, but results have been equivocal. The present meta-analysis examined changes in symptoms of depression that were reported in trials of weight loss interventions. Between-groups comparisons of different weight loss methods (for example, lifestyle modification, diet-alone and pharmacotherapy) were examined, as were within-group changes for each treatment type.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE was searched for articles published between 1950 and January 2009. Several obesity-related terms were intersected with terms related to depression. Results were filtered to return only studies of human subjects, published in English. Of 5971 articles, 394 were randomized controlled trials. Articles were excluded if they did not report mean changes in weight or symptoms of depression, included children or persons with psychiatric disorders (other than depression), or provided insufficient data for analysis. Thirty-one studies (n=7937) were included. Two authors independently extracted a description of each study treatment, sample characteristics, assessment methods and changes in weight and symptoms of depression. Treatments were categorized as lifestyle modification, non-dieting, dietary counseling, diet-alone, exercise-alone, pharmacotherapy, placebo or control interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Random effects models found that lifestyle modification was superior to control and non-dieting interventions for reducing symptoms of depression, and marginally better than dietary counseling and exercise-alone programs. Exercise-alone programs were superior to controls. No differences were found for comparisons of pharmacologic agents and placebos. Within-group analyses found significant reductions in symptoms of depression for nearly all active interventions. A meta-regression found no relationship between changes in weight and changes in symptoms of depression in lifestyle modification interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On average, obese individuals in weight loss trials experienced reductions in symptoms of depression. Future studies should examine incidence and resolution of clinically significant depressive disorders with weight loss interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. fabricat@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Fabricatore
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wadden
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Higginbotham
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Faulconbridge
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Heymsfield
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Faith
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D015431:Weight Loss