title: Relationship of the presence of a household improved latrine with diarrhea and under-five child mortality in Indonesia.
abstract: We characterized the relationship of the presence of an improved latrine with diarrhea and under-five child mortality in Indonesia. The proportion of rural and urban families, respectively, without an improved latrine was 52.1% and 16.2%, with a child with a history of diarrhea in the last 7 days was 8.2% and 9.7%, and with a history of under-five child mortality was 11.1% and 8.5%. Among rural and urban families, respectively, lack of an improved latrine was associated with a child history of diarrhea in the last 7 days (odds ratio [OR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18-1.29, P < 0.0001; OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.13-1.27, P < 0.0001) and under-five child mortality (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.25-1.31, P < 0.0001; OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.12-1.32, P < 0.0001) in separate multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for covariates. The lack of a household improved latrine is associated with diarrhea and under-five child mortality in Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. rdsemba@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Semba
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Pee
authors.forename: Nasima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moench-Pfanner
authors.forename: Jee Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rah
authors.forename: Ashley A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Badham
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bloem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult