title: "Near-zero" fluoroscopic exposure in supraventricular arrhythmia ablation using the EnSite NavX™ mapping system: personal experience and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias carries a small but non-negligible radiation risk. Studies in children already showed the feasibility of using three-dimensional mapping systems as the primary guide for catheter visualization and positioning in these RFCAs. We aim to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of such an approach in young and middle-aged patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients (age 34 ± 12) with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias underwent electrophysiological study; of these, 47 patients proceeded to RFCA guided by the EnSite NavX(TM) system (23 with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, 16 with an accessory pathway, six with typical atrial flutter, and two with right atrial tachycardia).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 38/50 cases (76%), electroanatomical mapping avoided fluoroscopy entirely, including four cases requiring access to the left heart chambers by a retrograde approach. In the remaining 12/50 cases (24%), fluoroscopy use was limited to 122 ± 80 s, with a correspondingly low radiation exposure (dose area product 1.3 ± 1.1 mGy × m(2)). All procedures were acutely successful, with a procedural time of 113 ± 37 minutes, and without incurring in any major complication. Over a mean follow-up of 12 ± 3 months, we observed one recurrence of pre-excitation and one relapse of atrial flutter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that non-fluoroscopic RFCA of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias using the EnSite NavX(TM) system is feasible, safe, and effective in a population of relatively young adults. Our experience of a non-fluoroscopic approach in these procedures deserves consideration, particularly in the young or in other patients at higher radiation risk.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pelargonio
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dello Russo
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartoletti
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santangeli
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scarà
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanna
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Proietti
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Biase
authors.forename: G Joseph
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gallinghouse
authors.forename: Maria Lucia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Narducci
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sisto
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellocci
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tondo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011830:Radiation Effects; D011835:Radiation Protection; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013611:Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult