title: The effect of auricular acupuncture on fentanyl requirement during hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although auricular acupuncture (AA) is suggested to be effective in treatment of pain, it has not yet been used for intraoperative analgesia. Therefore, we studied whether the AA reduces intraoperative analgesic requirement during total hip arthroplasty (THA).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty patients scheduled for THA were enrolled in this patient-anesthesiologist-blinded study. The patients were randomly assigned to receive needling of specific AA points or a sham procedure (needling of 3 nonacupoints on the ear helix) ipsilateral to the surgery site. Fixed indwelling AA needles were placed in the evening before THA and withdrawn on the day after surgery. The patients received general anesthesia with desflurane, which end-tidal concentration was kept within 3.5 volume % to 5.5 volume % to maintain the Bispectral Index within 40% to 55%. The anesthesiologists were asked to titrate fentanyl to keep the heart rate and blood pressure within 20% of baseline values. The primary outcome was fentanyl amount given during surgery. The secondary outcome measures were incidence of nausea and vomiting and time to first request of analgesics in the recovery room. The success of patients' and anesthesiologist blinding was also documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data of fentanyl requirement of 116 patients were available for the final analysis. Patients from AA group required 15% less fentanyl during surgery than the controls (4.6±1.1 μg/kg vs. 5.2±1.3 μg/kg; mean±SD; P=0.008). Demographic data and secondary outcome measures were comparable in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regarding the modest clinical effect, AA should be further investigated for its clinical usefulness for complementary analgesia during the surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pavlovic
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuse
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gibb
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Merk
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Taras I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Usichenko
mesh_terms: D020831:Acupuncture, Ear / Q000379:methods*; D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D005283:Fentanyl