title: Dry season ecology of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes at larval habitats in two traditionally semi-arid villages in Baringo, Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pre-adult stages of malaria vectors in semi-arid areas are confronted with highly variable and challenging climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to determine which larval habitat types are most productive in terms of larval densities in the dry and wet seasons within semi-arid environments, and how vector species productivity is partitioned over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Larval habitats were mapped and larvae sampled longitudinally using standard dipping techniques. Larvae were identified to species level morphologically using taxonomic keys and to sub-species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Physical characteristics of larval habitats, including water depth, turbidity, and presence of floating and emergent vegetation were recorded. Water depth was measured using a metal ruler. Turbidity, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperatures salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in the field using the hand-held water chemistry meters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean larval densities were higher in the dry season than during the wet season but the differences in density were not statistically significant (F = 0.04, df = 1, p = 0.8501). Significantly higher densities of larvae were collected in habitats that were shaded and holding turbid, temporary and still water. Presence of emergent or floating vegetation, habitat depth, habitat size and habitat distance to the nearest house did not significantly affect larval density in both villages. There was a weakly positive relationship between larval density and salinity (r = 0.19, p < 0.05), conductivity (r = 0.05, p = 0.45) and total dissolved solids (r = 0.17, p < 0.05). However, the relationship between water temperature and larval density was weakly negative (r = 0.15, p = 0.35). All statistical tests were significant at alpha = 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breeding of malaria vector mosquitoes in Baringo is driven by predominantly human-made and permanent breeding sites in which Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus breed at a low level throughout the year. Permanent water sources available during the dry season serve as inocula by providing "larval seed" to freshly formed rain-fed habitats during the rainy season. The highly localized and focal nature of breeding sites in these semi-desert environments provides a good opportunity for targeted larval control since the habitats are few, well-defined and easily traceable.
authors.affiliation: Human Health Division, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P,O, Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. amala@icipe.org
authors.forename: Albert O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Mala
authors.forename: Lucy W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Irungu
authors.forename: Josephat I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Shililu
authors.forename: Ephantus J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Muturi
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mbogo
authors.forename: Joseph K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Njagi
authors.forename: John I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Githure
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D002980:Climate; D004199:Disease Vectors; D017753:Ecosystem; D007630:Kenya; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D008853:Microscopy; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012621:Seasons