title: Household transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) and nonpharmaceutical interventions among households of high school students in San Antonio, Texas.
abstract: San Antonio, Texas, was one of the first metropolitan areas where 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (pH1N1) was detected. Identification of laboratory-confirmed pH1N1 in 2 students led to a preemptive 8-day closure of their high school. We assessed transmission of pH1N1 and changes in adoption of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) within households of students attending the affected school. Household secondary attack rates were 3.7% overall and 9.1% among those 0-4 years of age. Widespread adoption of NPIs was reported among household members. Respondents who viewed pH1N1 as very serious were more likely to adopt certain NPIs than were respondents who viewed pH1N1 as not very serious. NPIs may complement influenza vaccine prevention programs or be the only line of defense when pandemic vaccine is unavailable. The 2009 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to study NPIs, and these real-world experiences provide much-needed data to inform pandemic response policy.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. floustalot@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Fleetwood
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loustalot
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Silk
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaither
authors.forename: Trudi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamias
authors.forename: Fatimah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dawood
authors.forename: Oliver W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fishbein
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Verani
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Vincent P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Sonja J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult