title: Microbial transformation of triadimefon to triadimenol in soils: selective production rates of triadimenol stereoisomers affect exposure and risk.
abstract: The microbial transformation of triadimefon, an agricultural fungicide of the 1,2,4-triazole class, was followed at a nominal concentration of 50 μg/mL over 4 months under aerobic conditions in three different soil types. Rates and products of transformation were measured, as well as enantiomer fractions of parent and products. The transformation was biotic and enantioselective, and in each soil the S-(+)-enantiomer reacted faster than the R-(-) one. Rates of the first-order reactions were 0.047, 0.057, and 0.107 d(-1) for the three soils. The transformation involves reduction of the prochiral ketone moiety of triadimefon to an alcohol, resulting in triadimenol, which has two chiral centers and four stereoisomers. The abundances of the four product stereoisomers were different from each other, but abundance ratios were similar for all three soil types. Triadimenol is also a fungicide; the commercial product is composed of two diastereomers of unequal amounts (ratio of about 4.3:1), each having two enantiomers of equal amounts. However, the triadimenol formed by soil transformation of triadimefon exhibited no such stereoisomer profile. Instead, different production rates were observed for each of the four triadimenol stereoisomers, resulting in all stereoisomer concentrations being different from each other and very different from concentration/abundance patterns of the commercial standard. This result is important in risk assessment if the toxicity of the environmental transformation product were to be compared to that of the commercial triadimenol. Because triadimenol stereoisomers differ in their toxicities, at least to fungi and rats, the biological activity of the triadimenol formed by microbes or other biota in soils depends on the relative abundances of its four stereoisomers. This is an exposure and risk assessment issue that, in principle, applies to any chiral pesticide and its metabolites.
authors.affiliation: National Exposure Research Laboratory, Ecosystems Research Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, United States. garrison.wayne@epa.gov
authors.forename: Arthur W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Garrison
authors.forename: Jimmy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Avants
authors.forename: W Jack
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014230:Triazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014230:Triazoles; C032910:triadimefon