title: Supplementing alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and vitamin D3 in high fat diet decrease IL-6 production in murine epididymal adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes following LPS stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well known that high fat diets (HFDs) induce obesity and an increase in proinflammatory adipokines. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is considered the major inflammatory mediator in obesity. Obesity is associated with a vitamin deficiency, especially of vitamins E and D3. We examined the effects of vitamin D3 and vitamin E supplementation on levels of IL-6 and IL-10 (as a marker of anti-inflammatory cytokines since, a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is maintained) protein expression in adipose tissue of mice provided with an HFD. Additionally, we measured the effects of vitamin E and vitamin D3 treatment on LPS-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes IL-6 and IL-10 secretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-6 protein levels and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio were decreased in epididymal white adipose tissue in groups receiving vitamins E and D3 supplementation compared to the HFD group. A 24-hour treatment of vitamin D3 and vitamin E significantly reduced the IL-6 levels in the adipocytes culture medium without affecting IL-10 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D3 and vitamin E supplementation in an HFD had an anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing IL-6 production in epididymal adipose tissue in mice and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulated with LPS. Our results suggest that vitamin E and D3 supplementation can be used as an adjunctive therapy to reduce the proinflammatory cytokines present in obese patients.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Fábio S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Claudio A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: Eliane B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Claudia Oller
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
authors.forename: Lila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: João F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mota
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol