title: Long-term use of supplemental vitamins and minerals does not reduce the risk of urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder in the VITamins And Lifestyle study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urothelial carcinoma has the highest lifetime treatment cost of any cancer, making it an ideal target for preventative therapies. Previous work has suggested that certain vitamin and mineral supplements may reduce the risk of urothelial carcinoma. We used the prospective VITamins And Lifestyle cohort to examine the association of all commonly taken vitamin and mineral supplements as well as 6 common anti-inflammatory supplements with incident urothelial carcinoma in a United States population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 77,050 eligible VITAL participants completed a detailed questionnaire at baseline on supplement use and cancer risk factors. After 6 years of followup 330 incident urothelial carcinoma cases in the cohort were identified via linkage to the Seattle-Puget Sound SEER cancer registry. We analyzed use of supplemental vitamins (multivitamins, beta-carotene, retinol, folic acid, and vitamins B1, B3, B6, B12, C, D and E), minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and selenium) and anti-inflammatory supplements (glucosamine, chondroitin, saw palmetto, ginkgo biloba, fish oil and garlic). For each supplement the hazard ratios (risk ratios) for urothelial carcinoma comparing each category of users to nonusers, and 95% CIs, were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the vitamin, mineral or anti-inflammatory supplements was significantly associated with urothelial carcinoma risk in age adjusted or multivariate models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study do not support the use of commonly taken vitamin or mineral supplements or 6 common anti-inflammatory supplements for the chemoprevention of urothelial carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA. hojames@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hotaling
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Gaia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pocobelli
authors.forename: Parveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins