title: Peritonitis in children: our experience in Benin City, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peritonitis is a surgical emergency of variable etiology with a high mortality rate, particularly in children. This paper reports our experience with the epidemiology and outcome of management of childhood peritonitis in an African setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive children with peritonitis managed over six years (2004-2009) at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, were included in this prospective experience after approval by the local Ethics Committee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 721 children aged between one day and 18 years (mean 5 ± 4.2 years), comprising 415 males and 306 females (male/female ratio 1.4:1) who were managed for gastrointestinal disease, 182 (25.2%) developed peritonitis, 179 (98.4%) preoperatively and three (1.6%) postoperatively. Secondary bacterial peritonitis most often followed complicated appendicitis (120; 65.9%), intussusception (13; 7.1%), volvulus (5; 2.7%), and intestinal atresia (4; 2.2%). Peritonitis was generalized in all children younger than 11 years but less so after that age, and the outcome was poorest in neonatal infants, who accounted for 14 (63.6%) of the 18 peritonitis-related deaths (p < 0.0001). All the children had thorough peritoneal irrigation and lavage that included the insertion of drains in cases of localized peritonitis. The choice of antibiotics and additional surgical options that included bowel resection and anastomosis, stoma creation, and closure of perforation depended on the primary pathology and bacteriology findings. The duration of hospitalization was increased to between seven days in older children with localized peritonitis and 25 days in neonatal infants with generalized peritonitis compared with 3-5 days in children with similar pathology who did not have peritonitis (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peritonitis was severe and generalized in younger children, especially neonatal infants, who accounted for the majority of the deaths recorded. Early referral of children, particularly neonatal infants, having gastrointestinal complaints for surgical consultation and prompt surgical management is recommended to prevent peritonitis and to improve the outcome of children with the disease.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. Leadekso@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Osarumwense D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Osifo
authors.forename: Scott O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ogiemwonyi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome