title: [Physical activity and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients: the role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress].
abstract: Type 2 diabetic patients have an increased level of systemic free radicals, which severely restrict the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) and thus contribute to the development of an endothelial dysfunction. This review analyses the influence of physical training on molecular development mechanisms of the endothelial dysfunction and determines the significance of regular physical exercise for the endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients. Systematic training reinforces the endogenic antioxidative capacity and results in a reduction in oxidative stress. Training - also combined with a change in diet - furthermore reduces hyperglycaemic blood sugar levels, thus curbing a major source of free radicals in diabetes. Moreover, physical exercise enhances vascular NO synthesis through an increased availability/activity of endothelial NO synthases (eNOS). Endurance, as well as resistance training with submaximal intensity or a combination of both forms of training is suitable to effectively improve the endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients in the long term.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Molekulare und Zelluläre Sportmedizin, Institut für Kreislaufforschung und Sportmedizin, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Germany. ch.brinkmann@gmx.net
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.forename: Robert H G
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Schwinger
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brixius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000502:physiology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000097:blood; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood; D055070:Resistance Training; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide