title: Genetically different clonal isolates of Trichomonas gallinae, obtained from the same bird, can vary in their drug susceptibility, an in vitro evidence.
abstract: Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoon which parasitizes in the upper digestive tract of different birds, especially columbiformes (doves and pigeons) and falconiformes. The parasite is also a common inhabitant of the crop of psittacine birds and is frequently detected in budgerigars. The lesions associated with T. gallinae infection of the upper digestive tract range from mild inflammation of the mucosa to large caseous lesions that block the lumen of the oesophagus. Nitroimidazoles are considered to be the drugs of choice for the treatment of trichomonosis. However, only a few studies report the existence of resistant strains of T. gallinae to these drugs. Thus, in the present investigation cloned cultures of T. gallinae obtained from budgerigars and pigeons were analysed for the first time for their in vitro susceptibilities against four 5´-nitroimidazole derivates, including metronidazole, dimetridazole, ronidazole and ornidazole. Significantly different minimal lethal concentrations (MLCs) were observed for them against all four drugs. The lowest MLCs revealed the Trichomonas isolates obtained from two budgerigars, ranging from 2.0 ± 0.3 to 3.0 ± 0.7 μg/ml for metronidazole and dimetridazole, and from 2.0 ± 0.6 to 6.7 ± 1.7 μg/ml for ornidazole and ronidazole. Contrary to this, the highest MLCs were recorded for one Trichomonas isolate obtained from a pigeon, ranging from 83.3 ± 6.7 (for dimetridazole and ronidazole) to 103.3 ± 3.3 μg/ml (for metronidazole and ornidazole). The data obtained for the resistance testing were further compared with already available genetic data of the small subunit rRNA gene sequences and ITS-1, 5.8S rRNA and ITS-2 sequences, indicating a certain correlation between in vitro results and strain relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A–1210 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zimre-Grabensteiner
authors.forename: Najma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arshad
authors.forename: Aziza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000994:Antitrichomonal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D010856:Columbidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D004131:Dimetridazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D014644:Genetic Variation; D046408:Melopsittacus / Q000469:parasitology; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009950:Ornidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012385:Ronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D014244:Trichomonas / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000994:Antitrichomonal Agents; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D008795:Metronidazole; D009950:Ornidazole; D012385:Ronidazole; D004131:Dimetridazole