title: Prenatal exposure to tobacco and alcohol are associated with chronic daily headaches at childhood: A population-based study.
abstract: The influence of prenatal events on the development of headaches at childhood has not been investigated and is the scope of our study. Of 2,173 children identified as the target sample, consents and analyzable data were provided by 1,440 (77%). Parents responded to a standardized questionnaire with a validated headache module and specific questions about prenatal exposures. Odds of chronic daily headache (CDH) were significantly higher when maternal tabagism was reported. When active and passive smoking were reported, odds ratio (OR) of CDH were 2.29 [95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.6 vs. 3.6)]; for active tabagism, OR=4.2 (95% CI=2.1-8.5). Alcohol use more than doubled the chance of CDH (24% vs. 11%, OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.2-4.7). In multivariate analyses, adjustments did not substantially change the smoking/CDH association. Prenatal exposure to tobacco and alcohol are associated with increased rates of CDH onset in preadolescent children.
authors.affiliation: Glia Institute, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. arruda@institutoglia.com.br
authors.forename: Marco Antônio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guidetti
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Regina Célia Ajeje Pires de
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.forename: Marcelo Eduardo
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bigal
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D000431:Ethanol