title: Regulatory dephosphorylation of CDK at G₂/M in plants: yeast mitotic phosphatase cdc25 induces cytokinin-like effects in transgenic tobacco morphogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the last three decades, the cell cycle and its control by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been extensively studied in eukaryotes. This endeavour has produced an overall picture that basic mechanisms seem to be largely conserved among all eukaryotes. The intricate regulation of CDK activities includes, among others, CDK activation by CDC25 phosphatase at G₂/M. In plants, however, studies of this regulation have lagged behind as a plant Cdc25 homologue or other unrelated phosphatase active at G₂/M have not yet been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Failure to identify a plant mitotic CDK activatory phosphatase led to characterization of the effects of alien cdc25 gene expression in plants. Tobacco, expressing the Schizosaccharomyces pombe mitotic activator gene, Spcdc25, exhibited morphological, developmental and biochemical changes when compared with wild type (WT) and, importantly, increased CDK dephosphorylation at G₂/M. Besides changes in leaf shape, internode length and root development, in day-neutral tobacco there was dramatically earlier onset of flowering with a disturbed acropetal floral capacity gradient typical of WT. In vitro, de novo organ formation revealed substantially earlier and more abundant formation of shoot primordia on Spcdc25 tobacco stem segments grown on shoot-inducing media when compared with WT. Moreover, in contrast to WT, stem segments from transgenic plants formed shoots even without application of exogenous growth regulator. Spcdc25-expressing BY-2 cells exhibited a reduced mitotic cell size due to a shortening of the G₂ phase together with high activity of cyclin-dependent kinase, NtCDKB1, in early S-phase, S/G₂ and early M-phase. Spcdc25-expressing tobacco ('Samsun') cell suspension cultures showed a clustered, more circular, cell phenotype compared with chains of elongated WT cells, and increased content of starch and soluble sugars. Taken together, Spcdc25 expression had cytokinin-like effects on the characteristics studied, although determination of endogenous cytokinin levels revealed a dramatic decrease in Spcdc25 transgenics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data gained using the plants expressing yeast mitotic activator, Spcdc25, clearly argue for the existence and importance of activatory dephosphorylation at G₂/M transition and its interaction with cytokinin signalling in plants. The observed cytokinin-like effects of Spcdc25 expression are consistent with the concept of interaction between cell cycle regulators and phytohormones during plant development. The G₂/M control of the plant cell cycle, however, remains an elusive issue as doubts persist about the mode of activatory dephosphorylation, which in other eukaryotes is provided by Cdc25 phosphatase serving as a final all-or-nothing mitosis regulator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic. lipavska@natur.cuni.cz
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lipavská
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Masková
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vojvodová
mesh_terms: D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells / Q000166:cytology; D016195:G2 Phase; D008938:Mitosis; D009024:Morphogenesis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000201:enzymology*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003583:Cytokinins; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D020687:cdc25 Phosphatases