title: Development of pancreatoduodenectomy in North America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatoduodenectomy has been developed over more than 100 years, with contributions being made by many countries to the various aspects of the technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review outlines the contributions of America toward the technical conduct of the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There have been seven phases of the development and refinement of pancreatoduodenectomy from 1935 until now: Phase 1, development and feasibility (1935-1950); Phase 2, radicality of the procedure (1960-1975); Phase 3, total pancreatectomy (1960-1975); Phase 4, pylorus preservation (1975-1985); Phase 5, surgical experience trials (1980-2000); Phase 6, adjuvant treatments (1990 to now); and Phase 7, minimally invasive techniques (1995 to now).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conjunction with Japan, Germany, Italy, France, and many other countries, North America has contributed substantially to the development of the current, state-of-the-art performance of pancreatoduodenectomy and its evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schnelldorfer
authors.forename: Kaye
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reid-Lombardo
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sarr
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009656:North America; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000639:trends*