title: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: risk factors for mortality in two urban centres in Latin America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the experience with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in two major Latin American hospitals; presenting its main causes, treatment, and prognosis, while exploring some risk factors associated with death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and sixty four patients were admitted into any of the 2 hospitals and were at least 15 years of age. Some variables demographics, clinics and treatment were studied. The association between those variables and the death were explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 57.9 years; the men:women ratio was 1.4:1. Three hundred and fifty nine patients (77.3%) presented as outpatients and 105 patients (22.6%) were inpatients presenting with UGIB. 71.6% of patients had an upper GI endoscopy within 24 hours. The main causes of bleeding were peptic ulcer (190 patients, 41%), erosive disease (162 patients, 34.9%) and variceal bleeding (47 patients, 10.1%). Forty four patients died (9.5%). Bleeding as an inpatient has a higher mortality risk than does bleeding as an outpatient (RR 2.4 IC 95% 1.2-4.6). An increasing number of comorbidities such as those described in the Rockall Score are also associated with a higher risk of dying (RR 2.5 IC 95% 1.1-5.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UGIB as an inpatient and the presence of comorbidities should alert the clinician in identifying patients at higher risk of a fatal outcome, these patients should have a more aggressive management and be entitled to an early intervention.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Cirugía. Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Antioquia. Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl (Medellín-Colombia). cmorales@medicina.udea.edu.co
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Morales Uribe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sierra Sierra
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hernández Hernández
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Arango Durango
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: López
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000401:mortality; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000401:mortality*; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D006769:Hospitals, General / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006786:Hospitals, Urban / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants