title: Third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations: defining high-risk clinical clusters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Statistical methods that measure the independent contribution of individual factors for third-/fourth-degree perineal laceration (TFPL) fall short when the clinician is faced with a combination of factors. Our objective was to demonstrate how a statistical technique, classification and regression trees (CART), can identify high-risk clinical clusters.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed multivariable logistic regression, and CART analysis on data from 25,150 term vaginal births.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable analyses found strong associations with the use of episiotomy, forceps, vacuum, nulliparity, and birthweight. CART ranked episiotomy, operative delivery, and birthweight as the more discriminating factors and defined distinct risk groups with TFPL rates that ranged from 0-100%. For example, without episiotomy, the rate of TFPL was 2.2%. In the presence of an episiotomy, forceps, and birthweight of >3634 g, the rate of TFPL was 68.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CART showed that certain combinations held low risk, where as other combinations carried extreme risk, which clarified how choices on delivery options can markedly affect the rate of TFPL for specific mothers.
authors.affiliation: PeriGen, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Emily F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Warrick
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciampi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D022125:Lacerations / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D008423:Maternal Age; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps / Q000009:adverse effects; D010298:Parity; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects