title: The characteristics and motivations of online health information seekers: cross-sectional survey and qualitative interview study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most households in the United Kingdom have Internet access, and health-related Internet use is increasing. The National Health Service (NHS) Direct website is the major UK provider of online health information.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to identify the characteristics and motivations of online health information seekers accessing the NHS Direct website, and to examine the benefits and challenges of the health Internet.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook an online questionnaire survey, offered to users of the NHS Direct website. A subsample of survey respondents participated in in-depth, semistructured, qualitative interviews by telephone or instant messaging/email. Questionnaire results were analyzed using chi-square statistics. Thematic coding with constant comparison was used for interview transcript analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total 792 respondents completed some or all of the survey: 71.2% (534/750 with data available) were aged under 45 years, 67.4% (511/758) were female, and 37.7% (286/759) had university-level qualifications. They sought information for themselves (545/781, 69.8%), someone else (172/781, 22.0%), or both (64/781, 8.2%). Women were more likely than men to seek help for someone else or both themselves and someone else (168/509 vs 61/242, χ(2) (2) = 6.35, P = .04). Prior consultation with a health professional was reported by 44.9% (346/770), although this was less common in younger age groups (<36 years) (χ(2) (1) = 24.22, P < .001). Participants aged 16 to 75 years (n = 26, 20 female, 6 male) were recruited for interview by telephone (n = 23) and instant messaging/email (n = 3). Four major interview themes were identified: motivations for seeking help online; benefits of seeking help in this way and some of the challenges faced; strategies employed in navigating online health information provision and determining what information to use and to trust; and specific comments regarding the NHS Direct website service. Within the motivation category, four concepts emerged: the desire for reassurance; the desire for a second opinion to challenge other information; the desire for greater understanding to supplement other information; and perceived external barriers to accessing information through traditional sources. The benefits clustered around three theme areas: convenience, coverage, and anonymity. Various challenges were discussed but no prominent theme emerged. Navigating online health information and determining what to trust was regarded as a "common sense" activity, and brand recognition was important. Specific comments about NHS Direct included the perception that the online service was integrated with traditional service provision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports a model of evolutionary rather than revolutionary change in online health information use. Given increasing resource constraints, the health care community needs to seek ways of promoting efficient and appropriate health service use, and should aim to harness the potential benefits of the Internet, informed by an understanding of how and why people go online for health.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom. john.powell@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inglis
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ronnie
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Large
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003219:Confidentiality; D054626:Consumer Health Information; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D057226:Information Seeking Behavior; D020407:Internet; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009313:National Health Programs; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult