title: Why liquid energy results in overconsumption.
abstract: Liquids have been shown to have a low satiating efficiency. The may be related to the high rate of consumption for liquids which may be higher than 200 g/min. In a number of studies, we showed that the positive relationship between eating rate and energy intake is mediated by oro-sensory exposure time. Longer sensory exposure times are consistently associated with lower food intakes. This observation maybe linked to the role of cephalic phase responses to foods. Cephalic phase responses are a set of physiological responses, which are conceived to prepare the digestive system for the incoming flow of nutrients after ingestion, with the aim of maintaining homeostasis. Results from various studies suggest that cephalic phase responses are much smaller (absent) for liquids compared to solids. It is hypothesised that the absence of cephalic phase responses to liquid foods may be one of the causes why liquid energies enter the body undetected and lead to weak energy intake compensation. This idea fits with the concept of the taste system as a nutrient-sensing system that informs the brain and the gastro-intestinal system about what is coming into our body. With liquids, this system is bypassed. Slower eating may help the human body to associate the sensory signals from food with their metabolic consequences. Foods that are eaten quickly may impair this association, and may therefore lead to overconsumption of energy, and ultimately to weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Kees.deGraaf@wur.nl
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Graaf
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D012677:Sensation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D055697:Taste Perception / Q000502:physiology*