title: Risk factors in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a multivariate analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the operation of choice in the treatment of symptomatic gallstone disease. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for LC, outcomes include operating time, length of stay, conversion rate, morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing LC between 1998 and 2007 in a single district general hospital. Risk factors were examined using uni- and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2117 patients underwent LC, with 1706 (80.6%) patients operated on electively. Male patients were older, had more co-morbidity and more emergency surgery than females. The median post-operative hospital stay was one day, and was positively correlated with the complexity of surgery. Conversion rates were higher in male patients (OR 1.47, p = 0.047) than in females, and increased with co-morbidity. Emergency surgery (OR 1.75, p = 0.005), male gender (OR 1.68, p = 0.005), increasing co-morbidity and complexity of surgery were all positively associated with the incidence of complications (153/2117 [7.2%]), whereas only male gender was significantly associated with mortality (OR 5.71, p = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adverse outcome from LC is particularly associated with male gender, but also the patient's co-morbidity, complexity and urgency of surgery. Risk-adjusted outcome analysis is desirable to ensure an informed consent process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, North Tyneside General Hospital, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Rake Lane, North Shields, Tyne and Wear NE29 8NH, United Kingdom. ven.kanakala@gmail.com
authors.forename: Venkatesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kanakala
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Borowski
authors.forename: Michael G C
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pellen
authors.forename: Shridhar S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dronamraju
authors.forename: Sean A A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: Stephen E A
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Attwood
authors.forename: Liam F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Horgan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult