title: Adenosine modulates Toll-like receptor function: basic mechanisms and translational opportunities.
abstract: Adenosine is an endogenous purine metabolite whose concentration in human blood plasma rises from nanomolar to micromolar concentrations during the inflammatory process. Leukocytes express seven-transmembrane adenosine receptors whose engagement modulates Toll-like receptor-mediated cytokine responses, in part via modulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Adenosine analogs are used clinically to treat arrhythmias and apnea of prematurity. Herein, we consider the potential of adenosine analogs as innate immune response modifiers to prevent and/or treat infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Melanie R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Power Coombs
authors.forename: Mirjam E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Belderbos
authors.forename: Leighanne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gallington
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bont
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D015720:5'-Nucleotidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001081:Apyrase / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D015720:5'-Nucleotidase; D001081:Apyrase; C067869:CD39 antigen; D000241:Adenosine