title: A comparison of the associations of caffeine and cigarette use with depressive and ADHD symptoms in a sample of young adult smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, and marijuana use in young adult smokers
  
  
  METHODS
  Young adult smokers completed self-report measures of nicotine, caffeine, alcohol and marijuana use, Conner's Adult ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) Rating Scale-Short Version (CAARS-SS), Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories (BDI and BAI), and provided a breath carbon monoxide (CO) sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-reported cigarette use was positively correlated with carbon monoxide, CAARS-SS and the BDI levels. Caffeine intake was correlated with CAARS-SS, BAI and BDI levels and emerged as the more significant predictor of BDI, BAI and CAARS-SS scores when regressed with cigarette use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caffeine use is associated with psychiatric symptoms in young adult cigarette smokers and should be considered in future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40509.
authors.forename: Tyanne
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dosh
authors.forename: Tysa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Helmbrecht
authors.forename: Joye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anestis
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guenthner
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Martin