title: Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children who grow up in environments that afford them a wide range of microbial exposures, such as traditional farms, are protected from childhood asthma and atopy. In previous studies, markers of microbial exposure have been inversely related to these conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two cross-sectional studies, we compared children living on farms with those in a reference group with respect to the prevalence of asthma and atopy and to the diversity of microbial exposure. In one study--PARSIFAL (Prevention of Allergy-Risk Factors for Sensitization in Children Related to Farming and Anthroposophic Lifestyle)--samples of mattress dust were screened for bacterial DNA with the use of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses to detect environmental bacteria that cannot be measured by means of culture techniques. In the other study--GABRIELA (Multidisciplinary Study to Identify the Genetic and Environmental Causes of Asthma in the European Community [GABRIEL] Advanced Study)--samples of settled dust from children's rooms were evaluated for bacterial and fungal taxa with the use of culture techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both studies, children who lived on farms had lower prevalences of asthma and atopy and were exposed to a greater variety of environmental microorganisms than the children in the reference group. In turn, diversity of microbial exposure was inversely related to the risk of asthma (odds ratio for PARSIFAL, 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44 to 0.89; odds ratio for GABRIELA, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99). In addition, the presence of certain more circumscribed exposures was also inversely related to the risk of asthma; this included exposure to species in the fungal taxon eurotium (adjusted odds ratio, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.76) and to a variety of bacterial species, including Listeria monocytogenes, bacillus species, corynebacterium species, and others (adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children living on farms were exposed to a wider range of microbes than were children in the reference group, and this exposure explains a substantial fraction of the inverse relation between asthma and growing up on a farm. (Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the European Commission.).
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany. markus.ege@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Markus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ege
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Anne-Cécile
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Normand
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Genuneit
authors.forename: William O C M
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun-Fahrländer
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heederik
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Piarroux
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Mutius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000383:Agriculture; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D044822:Biodiversity; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D007073:Immunoglobulin E