title: Isomin: a novel cytoplasmic intermediate filament protein from an arthropod species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expression of intermediate filaments (IFs) is a hallmark feature of metazoan cells. IFs play a central role in cell organization and function, acting mainly as structural stress-absorbing elements. There is growing evidence to suggest that these cytoskeletal elements are also involved in the integration of signalling networks. According to their fundamental functions, IFs show a widespread phylogenetic expression, from simple diblastic animals up to mammals, and their constituent proteins share the same molecular organization in all species so far analysed. Arthropods represent a major exception in this scenario. Only lamins, the nuclear IF proteins, have so far been identified in the model organisms analysed; on this basis, it has been considered that arthropods do not express cytoplasmic IFs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report the first evidence for the expression of a cytoplasmic IF protein in an arthropod - the basal hexapod Isotomurus maculatus. This new protein, we named it isomin, is a component of the intestinal terminal web and shares with IFs typical biochemical properties, molecular features and reassembly capability. Sequence analysis indicates that isomin is mostly related to the Intermediate Filament protein C (IFC) subfamily of Caenorhabditis elegans IF proteins, which are molecular constituents of the nematode intestinal terminal web. This finding is coherent with, and provides further support to, the most recent phylogenetic views of arthropod ancestry. Interestingly, the coil 1a domain of isomin appears to have been influenced by a substantial molecular drift and only the aminoterminal part of this domain, containing the so-called helix initiation motif, has been conserved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results set a new basis for the analysis of IF protein evolution during arthropod phylogeny. In the light of this new information, the statement that the arthropod phylum lacks cytoplasmic IFs is no longer tenable.See commentary article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007-9-16.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy. mencarelli@unisi.it
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mencarelli
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ciolfi
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caroti
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lupetti
authors.forename: Romano
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dallai
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D007313:Insecta; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007382:Intermediate Filaments / Q000737:chemistry; D007422:Intestines / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D020673:Protein Renaturation
chemical_list: D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins