title: Fracture load of titanium crowns coated with gold or titanium nitride and bonded to low-fusing porcelain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is difficult to achieve a reliable bond between the titanium copings and veneering porcelain of restorations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various treatments on the fracture load of bonded titanium and porcelain components of crown restorations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the surfaces of titanium copings (n=6) were either airborne-particle abraded with Al(2)O(3) particles, sputter coated with gold, or coated with TiN. Gold ceramic crowns served as the control group (n=6). The effects of these treatments on the fracture load of bonded titanium and low-fusing porcelain were investigated. A universal testing machine was used to determine the fracture load (N) of the crowns. All data were compared using 1-way ANOVA and the post hoc multiple range Tukey test (α=.05). In addition, the metal ceramic interfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gold-coated titanium (1035 +/-41 N) and TiN-coated titanium (969 +/-93 N) had significantly higher fracture loads (P<.001) than the airborne-particle-abraded titanium ceramic crowns (865+/-44 N). The gold-coated and TiN-coated titanium specimens demonstrated fracture loads similar to that of gold ceramic crowns (1026 +/-50 N) [corrected]. SEM/EDS showed that after the crowns fractured, the gold control group and gold- and TiN-coated titanium specimens had more adherent porcelain on their surfaces than the uncoated titanium that was airborne-particle abraded with Al(2)O(3) particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro fracture load of titanium crowns coated with gold or titanium nitride and bonded to low-fusing porcelain is comparable to that of gold ceramic crowns, and higher than loads observed with uncoated titanium airborne-particle abraded with Al(2)O(3) particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Pil
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Ji-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kwang-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003442:Crowns; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003764:Dental Materials; D006047:Gold Alloys; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C041500:titanium nitride; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide