title: [Activity of alanine aminopeptidase in blood and in urine of smoking and non-smoking smelters].
abstract: The human body is constantly exposed to xenobiotics. This will include exogenous substances from environmental pollution such as heavy metals and lifestyle such as smoking, which may lead to impaired functioning of many organs. The liver and kidney are the critical organs in the case of a long-term occupational or environmental exposure to heavy metals and tobacco smoke. In diagnostics of liver and kidney damage useful are the methods which determine the activity of enzymes such as alanine aminopeptidase (AAP). AAP is a marker for early detection of acute kidney damage, and presence of AAP derive mainly from proximal tubular brush-border. Activity of AAP in urine allows to assess the damage resulting from the nephrotoxic exposure to heavy metals. In the serum AAP is mainly from hepatic. Activity of AAP may be useful to identify liver cancer. The investigation was shown, that AAP activity in the blood is used to detect hepatic cholestasis and congestive jaundice. The aim of present study was to assess the influence of occupational exposure of copper-foundry workers to heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead) on activity of alanine aminopeptidase in blood and urine. The investigations were performed in blood and urine of 166 subjects: 101 male copper smelters and 65 non-exposed male subjects. The study protocol was approved by Local Bioethics Committee of Wroclaw Medical University (KB No: 469/2008). The data on smoking which had been obtained from a direct personal interview were verified by determination of serum cotinine concentrations. Biological material collected from the control group and smelters was divided into subgroups of nonsmokers and smokers. The concentrations of lead and cadmium were determined in whole blood, whilst the level of arsenic and cadmium were determined in urine using FAAS method (Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) in the acetylate flame on the SOLAAR M6. The activity of AA was determined in blood and in urine. The results showed a 9-fold increase in the concentration of lead and 10-fold elevation of arsenic level in all groups of smelters in comparison to the control group. The highest cadmium, lead and arsenic concentrations were observed in blood and urine of smoking smelters. We have observed a significant increase in the concentrations of lead and cadmium in blood of smoking persons from control group in comparison to the non-smoking persons from this group, which suggest, that tobacco smoking increase the heavy metals concentrations in the organisms. Occupational exposure to heavy metals resulted in an increase of AAP activity in blood and urine of all groups of smelters in comparison to corresponding control groups. The highest value of AAP was observed in serum and urine of smoking smelters. Tobacco smoke also increases the AAP activity the blood and urine of smoking smelters and control group compared to the non-smoking smelters and nonsmoking control group, appropriate. The study was shown that occupational exposure to heavy metals and tobacco.
authors.affiliation: Zakład Biomedycznych Analiz Srodowiskowych, Wydział Farmaceutyczny, Akademia Medyczna, Wrocław. ab@tox.am.wroc.pl
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bizoń
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stasiak
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Milnerowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018826:CD13 Antigens / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D018826:CD13 Antigens