title: Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with conduct disorder in adolescence: findings from a birth cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and the rate of conduct disorder in exposed compared with unexposed adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for these analyses are from a longitudinal study of prenatal substance exposures. Women were interviewed at their fourth and seventh prenatal months, and with their children, at birth, 8 and 18 months, 3, 6, 10, 14, and 16 years postpartum. Offspring were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-IV; maternal and adolescent diagnoses were made using DSM-IV criteria at age 16 years. The sample was 592 adolescents and their mothers or caretakers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prenatal alcohol exposure is significantly associated with an increased rate of conduct disorder in the adolescents. This effect was detected above an average exposure of one or more drinks per day in the first trimester. The effect remained significant after controlling for other significant variables including measures of the environment, maternal psychopathology, and other prenatal exposures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal alcohol use in the first trimester is a risk factor for conduct disorder in the exposed offspring.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593, USA. larkby@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Larkby
authors.forename: Lidush
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldschmidt
authors.forename: Barbara H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hanusa
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000523:psychology; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors