title: Comparative study between two animal models of extrapyramidal movement disorders: prevention and reversion by pecan nut shell aqueous extract.
abstract: Acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol are animal models of extrapyramidal disorders often used to study parkinsonism, akinesia and tardive dyskinesia. In humans, these usually irreversible and disabling extrapyramidal disorders are developed by typical antipsychotic treatment, whose pathophysiology has been related to oxidative damages development. So far, there is no treatment to prevent these problems of the psychiatric clinic, and therefore further studies are needed. Here we used the animal models of extrapyramidal disorders cited above, which were performed in two distinct experiments: orofacial dyskinesia (OD)/catalepsy induced by acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol after (experiment 1) and before (experiment 2) oral treatment with pecan shell aqueous extract (AE), a natural and promissory antioxidant. When administered previously (exp.1), the AE prevented OD and catalepsy induced by both reserpine and haloperidol. When reserpine and haloperidol were administered before the extract (exp.2), the animals developed OD and catalepsy all the same. However, the orofacial parameter (but not catalepsy) in both animal models was reversed after 7 and 14 days of AE treatment. These results indicate that, acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol administrations induced similar motor disorders, although through different mechanisms, and therefore are important animal models to study the physiopathology of extrapyramidal disorders. Comparatively, the pecan shell AE was able to both prevent and reverse OD but only to prevent catalepsy. These results reinforce the role of oxidative stress and validate the two animal models used here. Our findings also favor the idea of prevention of extrapyramidal disorders, rather than their reversal.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Trevizol
authors.forename: Dalila M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Benvegnú
authors.forename: Raquel C S
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Barcelos
authors.forename: Camila S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Pase
authors.forename: Hecson J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Segat
authors.forename: Verônica Tironi
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Geisa S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Dolci
authors.forename: Nardeli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boufleur
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reckziegel
authors.forename: Marilise E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bürger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D031325:Carya / Q000737:chemistry*; D002375:Catalepsy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006220:Haloperidol; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012110:Reserpine
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D012110:Reserpine; D006220:Haloperidol