title: Role of cytochromes P450 1A1/2 in detoxication and activation of carcinogenic aristolochic acid I: studies with the hepatic NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase null (HRN) mouse model.
abstract: Aristolochic acid (AA) causes aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy, and their urothelial malignancies. To identify enzymes involved in the metabolism of aristolochic acid I (AAI), the major toxic component of AA we used HRN (hepatic cytochrome P450 [Cyp] reductase null) mice, in which NADPH:Cyp oxidoreductase (Por) is deleted in hepatocytes. AAI was demethylated by hepatic Cyps in vitro to 8-hydroxy-aristolochic acid I (AAIa), indicating that less AAI is distributed to extrahepatic organs in wild-type (WT) mice. Indeed, AAI-DNA-adduct levels were significantly higher in organs of HRN mice, having low hepatic AAI demethylation capacity, than in WT mice. Absence of AAI demethylation in HRN mouse liver was confirmed in vitro; hepatic microsomes from WT, but not from HRN mice, oxidized AAI to AAIa. To define the role of hepatic Cyps in AAI demethylation, modulation of AAIa formation by CYP inducers was investigated. We conclude that AAI demethylation is attributable mainly to Cyp1a1/2. The higher AAI-DNA adduct levels in HRN than WT mice were the result of the lack of hepatic AAI demethylation concomitant with a higher activity of cytosolic NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1), which activates AAI. Mouse hepatic Cyp1a1/2 also activated AAI to DNA adducts under hypoxic conditions in vitro, but in renal microsomes, Por and Cyp3a are more important than Cyp1a for AAI-DNA adduct formation. We propose that AAI activation and detoxication in mice are dictated mainly by AAI binding affinity to Cyp1a1/2 or Nqo1, by their turnover, and by the balance between oxidation and reduction of AAI by Cyp1a.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Levová
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moserová
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kotrbová
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sulc
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: C Roland
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: Heinz H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schmeiser
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mares
authors.forename: Volker M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Arlt
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stiborová
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018736:DNA Adducts; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008745:Methylation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D002273:Carcinogens; D018736:DNA Adducts; C000228:aristolochic acid I; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D009251:NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase