title: Transmission of Beauveria bassiana from male to female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resistance to chemical insecticides plus high morbidity rates have lead to rising interest in fungi as candidates for biocontrol agents of mosquito vectors. In most studies fungal infections have been induced by exposure of mosquitoes to various surfaces treated with conidia. In the present study eight Mexican strains of Beauveria bassiana were assessed against Aedes aegypti by direct exposure of females to 6 × 10(8) conidia ml (-1) on a filter paper, afterwards, the transmission of the least and most virulent isolates was evaluated by mating behavior from virgin, fungus-contaminated male to females, to examine this ethological pattern as a new approach to deliver conidia against the dengue vector.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an exposure chamber with a filter paper impregnated with 6 × 10(8) conidia ml (-1) of the least and most virulent strains of B. bassiana, 6-8 day old males of A. aegypti were exposed for 48 hours, and then transferred individually (each one was a replicate) to another chamber and confined with twenty healthy females of the same age. Clean males were used in controls. Survival, infection by true mating (insemination) or by mating attempts (no insemination) and fecundity were daily registered until the death of last female. Data analysis was conducted with proc glm for unbalanced experiments and means were separated with the Ryan test with SAS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All strains were highly virulent with LT(50) ranging from 2.70 (± 0.29) to 5.33 (± 0.53) days. However the most (Bb-CBG2) and least virulent (Bb-CBG4) isolates were also transmitted by mating behavior; both killed 78-90% of females in 15 days after being confined with males that had previously been exposed for 48 hours to fungi. Of these mortality rates, 23 and 38% respectively, were infections acquired by copulations where insemination occurred. The LT(50) for sexually-infected females were 7.92 (± 0.46) and 8.82 (± 0.45) days for both strains, while the one in control was 13.92 (± 0.58). Likewise, fecundity decreased by 95% and 60% for both Bb-CBG2 and Bb-CBG4 isolates in comparison with control. The role of mating attempts in this delivery procedure of B. bassiana is discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report about transmission of B. bassiana by mating behavior from virgin, fungus-contaminated males to females in A. aegypti. Fungal infections acquired by this route (autodissemination) infringed high mortality rates (90%) in mated or approached females. However, prior to releasing virgin, fungus-contaminated males to spread B. basasiana among females of A. aegypti, this novel alternative needs further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba S/N Ciudad Universitaria, Apdo. Postal 109-F, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México.
authors.forename: Alberto M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: García-Munguía
authors.forename: Javier A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Garza-Hernández
authors.forename: Eduardo A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rebollar-Tellez
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Pérez
authors.forename: Filiberto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reyes-Villanueva
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004199:Disease Vectors; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D012098:Reproduction; D016019:Survival Analysis