title: Reduced food access due to a lack of money, inability to lift and lack of access to a car for food shopping: a multilevel study in Melbourne, Victoria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe associations between demographic and individual and area-level socio-economic variables and restricted household food access due to lack of money, inability to lift groceries and lack of access to a car to do food shopping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel study of three measures of restricted food access, i.e. running out of money to buy food, inability to lift groceries and lack of access to a car for food shopping. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to examine the risk of each of these outcomes according to demographic and socio-economic variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random selection of households from fifty small areas in Melbourne, Australia, in 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main food shoppers in each household (n 2564).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lack of money was significantly more likely among the young and in households with single adults. Difficulty lifting was more likely among the elderly and those born overseas. The youngest and highest age groups both reported reduced car access, as did those born overseas and single-adult households. All three factors were most likely among those with a lower individual or household socio-economic position. Increased levels of area disadvantage were independently associated with difficulty lifting and reduced car access.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Melbourne, households with lower individual socio-economic position and area disadvantage have restricted access to food because of a lack of money and/or having physical limitations due difficulty lifting or lack of access to a car for food shopping. Further research is required to explore the relationship between physical restrictions and food access.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Cate
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Lukar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001336:Automobiles; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003710:Demography; D004032:Diet / Q000191:economics*; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D005523:Food Supply; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014739:Victoria; D055815:Young Adult