title: Immunoglobulin G and M antibodies to human parvovirus 4 (PARV4) are frequently detected in patients with HIV-1 infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transmission routes of PARV4 are not completely understood. The first PARV4 serological study suggested that PARV4 is transmitted predominantly through parenteral route.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To set up an immunoblot system for studying the epidemiology of PARV4 infection in HIV-1 infected patients in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant fusion proteins SUMOVP2 (a.a. 272-630 of PARV4 open reading frame 2) and SUMOVP3 (a.a. 604-914) were made and used as antigens in immunoblot. Plasma samples were from HIV-1 infected intravenous drug users IDU (69), homosexuals (66) and heterosexuals (68).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PARV4 IgG seropositive rate was 73.9%, 71.2% and 58.8%; IgM seropositive rate was 40.5%, 16.7% and 17.6% in IDUs, homosexuals and heterosexuals, respectively. Longitudinal samples were available from two homosexuals positive for IgM anti-PARV4, persistent IgM response was found over a period of 9 and 21 months, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PARV4 is a common viral infection in HIV-1 infected homosexuals and heterosexuals in Taiwan. The detection of IgM anti-PARV4 does not always suggest recent PARV4 infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung Shan South Road, 100 Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shiu-Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chien-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Sui-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kuang-Lun
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mao-Yuan
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D017992:Parvovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein