title: Biomimetic calcium phosphate crystal mineralization on electrospun cellulose-based scaffolds.
abstract: Novel cellulose based-scaffolds were studied for their ability to nucleate bioactive calcium phosphate crystals for future bone healing applications. Cellulose-based scaffolds were produced by electrospinning cellulose acetate (CA) dissolved in a mixture of acetone/dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The resulting nonwoven CA mats containing fibrils with diameters in the range of 200 nm to 1.5 μm were saponified by NaOH/ethanol for varying times to produce regenerated cellulose scaffolds. Biomimetic crystal growth nucleated from the fiber surface was studied as a function of surface chemistry. Regenerated cellulose scaffolds of varying treatments were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. Scaffolds that were treated with CaCl(2), a mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and CaCl(2), and NaOH and CaCl(2), were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy to understand the growth of bioactive calcium phosphate (Ca-P) crystals as a function of surface treatment. The crystal structure of the nucleated Ca-P crystals had a diffraction pattern similar to that of hydroxyapatite, the mineralized component of bone. The study shows that the scaffold surface chemistry can be manipulated, providing numerous routes to engineer cellulosic substrates for the requirements of scaffolding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States.
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renneckar
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gatenholm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods*; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D012399:Rotation; D013499:Surface Properties; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002482:Cellulose; C020243:calcium phosphate