title: Restenosis after carotid surgery: the importance of clinical presentation and preoperative timing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) of stable atherosclerotic plaques is associated with an increased risk for restenosis. Patients with transient ischemic attack and patients with and stroke have relatively unstable atherosclerotic plaques. However, carotid plaques stabilize over time after a cerebrovascular event due to plaque repair after rupture. These findings raised 2 questions: (1) Is preoperative clinical presentation related to restenosis after CEA? (2) Does delayed revascularization result in a higher risk for restenosis compared with CEA in the short term after a cerebrovascular event?
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2002 and 2009, 1203 patients undergoing CEA were included. The impact of clinical presentation on the occurrence of restenosis 1 year after CEA was investigated and corrected for cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, and type of arteriotomy closure. Patency was assessed with standardized duplex ultrasound imaging at 1 year after CEA. Restenosis was defined as recurrent luminal narrowing ≥50% at the endarterectomy site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 year of follow-up, restenosis was observed more frequently in asymptomatic patients than in patients with transient ischemic attack and patients with stroke. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for restenosis was 0.56 (0.35 to 0.89) for patients with transient ischemic attack and 0.49 (0.27 to 0.87) for patients with stroke compared with asymptomatic patients. Subgroup analysis showed an increased risk for restenosis if CEA was performed >30 days after stroke (adjusted OR, 2.23; 1.02 to 5.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asymptomatic patients have an increased risk for restenosis at 1 year after CEA compared with patients with transient ischemic stroke and patients with stroke. CEA within 30 days after stroke is associated with a decreased risk of restenosis, which supports the current strategy for early surgical intervention after stroke.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht and the Department of Vascular Surgery, St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Heidelberglaan 100, Room G02.523, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. G.W.vanlammeren@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Guus W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: van Lammeren
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Jean-Paul P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Dominique P V
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Kleijn
authors.forename: Gert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: De Borst
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasterkamp
authors.forename: Frans L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Moll
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D015897:Comorbidity; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors