title: Supraspinal fatigue is similar in men and women for a low-force fatiguing contraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the contribution of supraspinal fatigue to the sex difference in neuromuscular fatigue for a low-intensity fatiguing contraction. Because women have greater motor responses to arousal than men, we also examined whether cortical and motor nerve stimulation, techniques used to quantify central fatigue, would alter the sex difference in muscle fatigue.
  
  
  METHODS
  In study 1, cortical stimulation was elicited during maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) before and after a submaximal isometric contraction at 20% MVC with the elbow flexor muscles in 29 young adults (20 ± 2.6 yr, 14 men). In study 2, 10 men and 10 women (19.1 ± 2.9 yr) performed a fatiguing contraction in the presence and absence of cortical and motor nerve stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 1: Men had a briefer time to task failure than women (P = 0.009). Voluntary activation was reduced after the fatiguing contraction (P < 0.001) similarly for men and women. Motor-evoked potential area and the EMG silent period increased similarly with fatigue for both sexes. Peak relaxation rates, however, were greater for men than women and were associated with time to task failure (P < 0.05). Force fluctuations, RPE, HR, and mean arterial pressure increased at a greater rate for men than for women during the fatiguing contraction (P < 0.05). Study 2: Time to task failure, force fluctuations, and all other physiological variables assessed were similar for the control session and stimulation session (P > 0.05) for both men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supraspinal fatigue was similar for men and women after the low-force fatiguing contraction, and the sex difference in muscle fatigue was associated with peripheral mechanisms. Furthermore, supraspinal fatigue can be quantified in both men and women without influencing motor performance.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
authors.forename: Manda L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Jaclyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pruse
authors.forename: Tejin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schlinder-Delap
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harkins
authors.forename: Sandra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult