title: How addictive drugs disrupt presynaptic dopamine neurotransmission.
abstract: The fundamental principle that unites addictive drugs appears to be that each enhances synaptic dopamine by means that dissociate it from normal behavioral control, so that they act to reinforce their own acquisition. This occurs via the modulation of synaptic mechanisms that can be involved in learning, including enhanced excitation or disinhibition of dopamine neuron activity, blockade of dopamine reuptake, and altering the state of the presynaptic terminal to enhance evoked over basal transmission. Amphetamines offer an exception to such modulation in that they combine multiple effects to produce nonexocytic stimulation-independent release of neurotransmitter via reverse transport independent from normal presynaptic function. Questions about the molecular actions of addictive drugs, prominently including the actions of alcohol and solvents, remain unresolved, but their ability to co-opt normal presynaptic functions helps to explain why treatment for addiction has been challenging.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, Black 308, 650 W. 168 St., New York, NY 10032, USA. ds43@columbia.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sulzer
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D000431:Ethanol; D009538:Nicotine; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine