title: Written content indicators of problematic approach behavior toward political officials.
abstract: Those charged with assessing and managing threatening communications must utilize risk factors that are behavioral, operational, and reasonably attainable during investigations. This project examined 326 written correspondence cases of an inappropriate, disruptive, or threatening nature that targeted political officials, with the specific goal of identifying written content indicators of problematic approach behavior. Results revealed that subjects who engaged in problematic approach activity toward their targets had more criminal history, past threat assessment activity, familiarity with firearms, past substance use, and indicators of serious mental illness. Approachers were more likely to engage in multiple contact methods, target dispersion, more overall contacts, and prior contact with their target. Numerous content themes were associated with future problematic approach, including longer handwritten correspondence, referencing specific events, making demands, mentioning stressors, focus on personal themes, feeling their rights were violated, and expressing an intention to approach. Harassing, insulting, and threatening language was not related to approach behavior. The implications of these findings are wide-ranging for the practice of threat assessment.
authors.affiliation: United States Marshals Service, Behavioral Analysis Unit (NSOTC), 2604 Jefferson Davis Highway, Alexandria, Virginia 22301-1025, USA. kate.schoeneman@usdoj.gov
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schoeneman
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Scalora
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Darrow
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McLawsen
authors.forename: Grace H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003142:Communication; D015709:Correspondence as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011057:Politics; D012307:Risk Factors; D055807:Stalking / Q000523:psychology*