title: Examination of mask disturbance behavior during a carbon dioxide-enriched air challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation examined mask disturbance behavior in the context of a biological challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 128 adults (63.3% women; M(age) = 23.2, SD = 8.9) who underwent a 10% carbon dioxide-enriched air challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mask disturbance behavior, including complete or partial mask removal, was common during the challenge. Moreover, mask removal behavior during the challenge was significantly related to a greater increase in anxiety pre- to post-challenge, as well as greater levels of self-reported avoidance of a future challenge administration. However, mask touching and lifting behaviors were not related to other challenge criterion variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study consisted primarily of young adults and did not include individuals with a panic disorder diagnosis. Replication and extension of the current findings is recommended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that mask removal behavior during the challenge may represent a possible behavioral marker of panic-relevant risk, although further work is necessary to determine its usefulness as a challenge measure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, United States.
authors.forename: Erin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Marshall-Berenz
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Teresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Leyro
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide