title: Interactions between genetic variants of folate metabolism genes and lifestyle affect plasma homocysteine concentrations in the Boston Puerto Rican population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate genetic and lifestyle factors and their interactions on plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations in the Boston Puerto Rican population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Plasma concentrations of Hcy, folate, vitamin B12 and pyridoxal phosphate were measured, and genetic polymorphisms were determined. Data on lifestyle factors were collected in interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population survey of health and nutritional measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 994 Puerto Rican men and women residing in the Boston metropolitan area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking status was positively associated with plasma Hcy. Genetic polymorphisms MTHFR 677C→T, FOLH1 1561C→T, FOLH1 rs647370 and PCFT 928A→G interacted significantly with smoking for Hcy. MTHFR 1298A→C (P = 0·040) and PCFT 928A→G (P = 0·002) displayed significant interactions with alcohol intake in determining plasma Hcy. Subjects with PCFT 928GG genotype had significantly higher plasma Hcy concentrations compared with carriers of the A allele (AA+AG; P = 0·030) among non-drinking subjects. When consuming alcohol, GG subjects had lower plasma Hcy levels compared with AA+AG subjects. Physical activity interacted significantly with MTR 2756A→G in determining plasma Hcy (P for interaction = 0·002). Smoking interacted with physical activity for plasma Hcy (P for interaction = 0·023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking and drinking were associated plasma Hcy concentrations. Genetic variants involved in folate metabolism further modify the effects of lifestyle on plasma Hcy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Yu-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jimmy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Crott
authors.forename: Laurence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Parnell
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Caren E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ordovas
authors.forename: Duo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chao-Qiang
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology; D000483:Alleles; D001900:Boston; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D058979:Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000208:ethnology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D058979:Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter; C505058:SLC46A1 protein, human; D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; D014805:Vitamin B 12