title: Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients: Action LADA 4.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are associated with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, while their role in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is unclear. Therefore, we compared cytokine concentrations in patients with LADA, type 1 or type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals to test the hypothesis that differences of cytokine concentrations between all groups are attributable to diabetes type and BMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and IL-10 were measured in 90 participants with type 1 diabetes, 61 with LADA, 465 with type 2 diabetes and 41 control participants using multiple regression models adjusted for BMI, sex, age, blood pressure and diabetes duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with type 2 diabetes had higher concentrations of systemic IL-1RA, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines than patients with either LADA or type 1 diabetes (p < 0.0001 for all differences). Cytokine concentrations in controls were lower than those in all diabetes types (p < 0.04). Increased BMI was positively associated with higher systemic cytokine concentrations in all diabetes types (p < 0.0001). Despite the association of cytokines with anthropometric data, differences between diabetes forms persisted also after adjusting analysis for the confounders BMI, age, sex, disease duration and blood pressure (p < 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although body mass associates positively with pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, patients with type 2 diabetes have higher cytokine levels independent of the prevailing BMI. LADA and type 1 diabetes could not be distinguished by systemic cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. minh.pham@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hawa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pfleger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schernthaner
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pozzilli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buzzetti
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Scherbaum
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Scherbaum
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seissler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kolb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: R D G
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Schloot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10