title: Cost and resource utilization associated with fluconazole as first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis: a retrospective database analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluconazole is a standard first-line therapy for candidemia/invasive candidiasis (C/IC), based on its efficacy, safety profile, and comparatively low acquisition cost. However, little is known about the total costs associated with fluconazole treatment for this indication, particularly in cases of clinical failure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine overall costs, resource use, and treatment outcomes associated with fluconazole as first-line therapy for invasive Candida infections in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of data from a US hospital-based (>500 hospitals), service-level database was performed. All patients aged >16 years with primary or secondary International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for IC or septicemia, receiving intravenous fluconazole treatment, and discharged between October 1, 2004 and September 30, 2005 were selected. Costs and resource use were calculated from the start of antifungal therapy until discharge. Two groups were analyzed: patients who received fluconazole only and those who required a second-line antifungal. Separate analyses for the survivor subpopulations were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 7170 patients met the inclusion criteria; 21.2% required an additional antifungal agent. Overall mortality was 27.1%, and total mean treatment cost for all patients was $44,482 (in 2005 US dollars). Patients treated with fluconazole alone incurred mean costs of $36,319. Mean hospital and intensive care unit stays in the fluconazole monotherapy group were 17.9 days and 7.1 days, respectively. Patients requiring additional therapy had a mortality rate of 34.5% and a mean treatment cost of $76,329; in this group, the mean hospital and intensive care unit stays were 31.7 days and 14.8 days, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall resource use associated with fluconazole as first-line treatment for C/IC was high, especially in patients who required additional antifungal therapy. Future studies should examine the patterns of care and costs associated with alternative treatment options as first-line C/IC therapy.
authors.affiliation: Premier Inc, Charlotte, North Carolina 28277, USA. Chris_Craver@PremierInc.com
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Craver
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarallo
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Blanchette
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058365:Candidiasis, Invasive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole