title: Effects of cell phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dramatic increase in use of cellular telephones has generated concern about possible negative effects of radiofrequency signals delivered to the brain. However, whether acute cell phone exposure affects the human brain is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if acute cell phone exposure affects brain glucose metabolism, a marker of brain activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized crossover study conducted between January 1 and December 31, 2009, at a single US laboratory among 47 healthy participants recruited from the community. Cell phones were placed on the left and right ears and positron emission tomography with ((18)F)fluorodeoxyglucose injection was used to measure brain glucose metabolism twice, once with the right cell phone activated (sound muted) for 50 minutes ("on" condition) and once with both cell phones deactivated ("off" condition). Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare metabolism between on and off conditions using paired t tests, and Pearson linear correlations were used to verify the association of metabolism and estimated amplitude of radiofrequency-modulated electromagnetic waves emitted by the cell phone. Clusters with at least 1000 voxels (volume >8 cm(3)) and P < .05 (corrected for multiple comparisons) were considered significant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain glucose metabolism computed as absolute metabolism (μmol/100 g per minute) and as normalized metabolism (region/whole brain).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole-brain metabolism did not differ between on and off conditions. In contrast, metabolism in the region closest to the antenna (orbitofrontal cortex and temporal pole) was significantly higher for on than off conditions (35.7 vs 33.3 μmol/100 g per minute; mean difference, 2.4 [95% confidence interval, 0.67-4.2]; P = .004). The increases were significantly correlated with the estimated electromagnetic field amplitudes both for absolute metabolism (R = 0.95, P < .001) and normalized metabolism (R = 0.89; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In healthy participants and compared with no exposure, 50-minute cell phone exposure was associated with increased brain glucose metabolism in the region closest to the antenna. This finding is of unknown clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Blvd, Room 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. nvolkow@nida.nih.gov
authors.forename: Nora D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Volkow
authors.forename: Dardo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomasi
authors.forename: Gene-Jack
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaska
authors.forename: Joanna S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Telang
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alexoff
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D040421:Cell Phone; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose