title: A temporary immersion system improves in vitro regeneration of peach palm through secondary somatic embryogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondary somatic embryogenesis has been postulated to occur during induction of peach palm somatic embryogenesis. In the present study this morphogenetic pathway is described and a protocol for the establishment of cycling cultures using a temporary immersion system (TIS) is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zygotic embryos were used as explants, and induction of somatic embryogenesis and plantlet growth were compared in TIS and solid culture medium. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to describe in vitro morphogenesis and accompany morpho-histological alterations during culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The development of secondary somatic embryos occurs early during the induction of primary somatic embryos. Secondary somatic embryos were observed to develop continually in culture, resulting in non-synchronized development of these somatic embryos. Using these somatic embryos as explants allowed development of cycling cultures. Somatic embryos had high embryogenic potential (65·8 ± 3·0 to 86·2 ± 5·0 %) over the period tested. The use of a TIS greatly improved the number of somatic embryos obtained, as well as subsequent plantlet growth. Histological analyses showed that starch accumulation precedes the development of somatic embryos, and that these cells presented high nucleus/cytoplasm ratios and high mitotic indices, as evidenced by DAPI staining. Morphological and SEM observations revealed clusters of somatic embryos on one part of the explants, while other parts grew further, resulting in callus tissue. A multicellular origin of the secondary somatic embryos is hypothesized. Cells in the vicinity of callus accumulated large amounts of phenolic substances in their vacuoles. TEM revealed that these cells are metabolically very active, with the presence of numerous mitochondria and Golgi apparatuses. Light microscopy and TEM of the embryogenic sector revealed cells with numerous amyloplasts, large nuclei and nucleoli, and numerous plasmodesmata. Plantlets were obtained and after 3 months in culture their growth was significantly better in TIS than on solid culture medium. However, during acclimatization the survival rate of TIS-grown plantlets was lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study confirms the occurrence of secondary somatic embryos in peach palm and describes a feasible protocol for regeneration of peach palm in vitro. Further optimizations include the use of explants obtained from adult palms and improvement of somatic embryo conversion rates.
authors.affiliation: University of Hamburg, Department of Crop Science and Plant Ecology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany. douglas.steinmacher@gmail.com
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Steinmacher
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saare-Surminski
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lieberei
mesh_terms: D028023:Arecaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D003470:Culture Media; D006254:Hawaii; D006540:Herbicides; D007101:Immersion; D010846:Picloram; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D058439:Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques / Q000379:methods; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D006540:Herbicides; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010846:Picloram