title: An experimental study of artificial murine bladder reflex arc established by abdominal reflex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neurogenic bladder dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury is difficult to treat clinically. The aim of this research was to establish an artificial bladder reflex arc in rats through abdominal reflex pathway above the level of spinal cord injury, reinnervate the neurogenic bladder and restore bladder micturition.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcome was achieved by intradural microanastomosis of the right T13 ventral root to S2 ventral root with autogenous nerve grafting, leaving the right T13 dorsal root intact. Long-term function of the reflex arc was assessed from nerve electrophysiological data and intravesical pressure tests during 8 months postoperation. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing was performed to observe the effectiveness of the artificial reflex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single stimulus (3 mA, 0.3 ms pulses, 20 Hz, 5-second duration) on the right T13 dorsal root resulted in evoked action potentials, raised intravesical pressures and bladder smooth muscle, compound action potential recorded from the right vesical plexus before and after the spinal cord transaction injury between L5 and S4 segmental in 12 Sprague-Dawley rats. There were HRP labelled cells in T13 ventral horn on the experimental side and in the intermediolateral nucleus on both sides of the L6-S4 segments after HRP injection. There was no HRP labelled cell in T13 ventral horn on the control side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the surviving somatic reflex above the level of spinal cord injury to reconstruct the bladder autonomous reflex arc by intradural microanastomosis of ventral root with a segment of autologous nerve grafting is practical in rats and may have clinical applications for humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Wu
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yu-Wu
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Chun-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Wei-Feng
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Bi-Yu
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Rui
authors.forename: Shang-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Xian-You
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Ke-Rong
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012020:Reflex, Abdominal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014294:Trimethaphan / Q000494:pharmacology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D014294:Trimethaphan; D001285:Atropine