title: Impact of Cry3Bb1-expressing Bt maize on adults of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetically engineered maize producing insecticidal Cry3Bb1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is protected from root damage by corn rootworm larvae. An examination was made to establish whether western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) adults are affected by Cry3Bb1-expressing maize (MON88017) when feeding on above-ground tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In laboratory bioassays, adult D. v. virgifera were fed for 7 weeks with silk, leaves or pollen from Bt maize or the corresponding near-isoline. Male, but not female, survival was reduced in the Bt-leaf treatment compared with the control. Female weight was lower when fed Bt maize, and egg production was reduced in the Bt-silk treatment. ELISA measurements demonstrated that beetles feeding on silk were exposed to higher Cry3Bb1 concentrations than beetles collected from Bt-maize fields in the United States. In contrast to silk and pollen, feeding on leaves resulted in high mortality and low fecundity. Females feeding on pollen produced more eggs than on silk. C:N ratios indicated that silk does not provide enough nitrogen for optimal egg production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct effects of Cry3Bb1 on adult beetles could explain the observed effects, but varietal differences between Bt and control maize are also possible. The impact of Bt maize on adult populations, however, is likely to be limited.
authors.affiliation: Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zurich, Switzerland. michael.meissle@art.admin.ch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meissle
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hellmich
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romeis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D007300:Insect Control; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D012098:Reproduction; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: C507666:Cry3Bbl endotoxin, Bacillus thuringiensis; D004731:Endotoxins