title: Mechanical and histomorphometric evaluations of rough titanium implants treated with hydrofluoric acid/nitric acid solution in rabbit tibia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the bone response to rough titanium implants treated with hydrofluoric acid/nitric acid (HF/HNO3) solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implants were treated with HF/HNO3 solution (test implants) or without HF/HNO3 solution (control implants). Forty-five test and 45 control implants were inserted into both tibias of 15 rabbits. After 2, 4, and 8 weeks in situ, tibias were retrieved and prepared for removal torque testing and histomorphometric evaluation. The removed implants were prepared and observed with an electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mechanical tests showed that mean removal torque values for the test implants were higher than those of the control implants after 8 weeks (33.1 Ncm versus 25.7 Ncm, P = .012). Histomorphometric analysis showed that the bone area in the threads of the cortical bone region was significantly higher for test implants (81.99% and 86.38%) than for control implants (75.33% and 81.62%) after 4 and 8 weeks of healing, respectively. The implant-bone contact rate in the cortical region was higher for test implants than for control implants after 8 weeks in situ (79.56% versus 68.45%, P = .003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment with HF/HNO3 solution promotes bone formation and osseointegration after 4 and 8 weeks of bone healing in the rabbit tibia model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fu-Ming
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Guo-Li
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shi-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Zhi-Peng
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017942:Nitric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000473:pathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D016062:Porosity; D011817:Rabbits; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D019415:Torque; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D017942:Nitric Acid; D002244:Carbon; D014025:Titanium; D005459:Fluorides; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; D010100:Oxygen