title: Infection during transgastric and transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery in a live porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The infection risk of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is of concern. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of NOTES by investigating the intraperitoneal bacterial load during transgastric and transvaginal procedures with antiseptic or controlling perioperative preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five female pigs were randomly assigned to five equal groups: the transgastric (TG) control group (group A), the TG middle volume gastric lavage group (group B), the TG high volume lavage group (group C), the transvaginal (TV) control group (group D) and the TV study group (group E). The study groups received gastric or vaginal lavage and abdominal antimicrobial irrigation, while the control groups received neither. All animals were administered intravenous antibiotics, underwent NOTES peritoneoscopy and transumbilical laparoscopic cholecystectomy under NOTES view with sterile instruments. The viscerotomy was closed by laparoscopic suture. The animals were observed until necropsy was performed 14 days postoperatively. Quantitative bacteriologic cultures were taken from the gastric or vaginal aspirate before and after lavage; peritoneal fluid was collected before and after peritoneal irrigation and at necropsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surgical procedures were completed for all the pigs and all of them survived. The mean operative time of the TG group and the TV group was (81 ± 27) minutes and (66 ± 12) minutes, respectively. All animals survived for 14 days. At necropsy, significantly more peritoneal infections were noted in group A than in group D (5:9 vs. 0:9; P < 0.05). No gross evidence of intra-peritoneal infection was found in groups B, C, D and E. Bacteriological evidence was seen in all pigs in group A, 7 pigs in group B, 6 pigs in group D, and none in groups C and E.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Without gastric or vaginal lavage and antibiotic peritoneal irrigation, the TG procedure has a higher infection rate than the TV access. After antiseptic preparation, the bacterial load significantly decreased in the TG group, which seems as safe as the sterile TV approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Qing-yun
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Guang-yong
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhi-gang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yan-qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiang-jiu
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: San-yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery*