title: Prevalence of depression in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism or undiagnosed diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Meta-analyses have shown that the risk for depression is elevated in type 2 diabetes. Whether this risk in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) or undiagnosed diabetes (UDD) is elevated relative to normal glucose metabolism (NGM) or decreased relative to previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes (PDD) has not been the subject of a systematic review/meta-analysis. This study examined the prevalence of depression in IGM and UDD subjects relative to each other and to NGM and PDD subjects by reviewing the literature and conducting a meta-analysis of studies on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  EMBASE and MEDLINE databases were searched for articles published up to May 2010. All studies that compared the prevalence of depression in subjects with IGM and UDD were included. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using fixed and random-effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The meta-analysis showed that the risk for depression was not increased in IGM versus NGM subjects (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.85-1.08). Risk for depression did not differ between individuals with UDD and individuals with either NGM (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.71-1.25) or IGM (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.88-1.54). Finally, individuals with IGM or UDD both had a significantly lower risk of depression than individuals with PDD (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.48-0.73, and OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.45-0.74, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this meta-analysis show that the risk of depression is similar for NGM, IGM, and UDD subjects. PDD subjects have an increased risk of depression relative to IGM and UDD subjects.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. f.pouwer@uvt.nl
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nouwen
authors.forename: Giesje
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nefs
authors.forename: Isabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caramlau
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Connock
authors.forename: Kirsty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Winkley
authors.forename: Cathy E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peyrot
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pouwer
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose