title: Cephalometric features in isolated growth hormone deficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze cephalometric features in adults with isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency (IGHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine adult IGHD individuals (7 males and 2 females; mean age, 37.8 ± 13.8 years) underwent a cross-sectional cephalometric study, including 9 linear and 5 angular measurements. Posterior facial height/anterior facial height and lower-anterior facial height/anterior facial height ratios were calculated. To pool cephalometric measurements in both genders, results were normalized by standard deviation scores (SDS), using the population means from an atlas of the normal Brazilian population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All linear measurements were reduced in IGHD subjects. Total maxillary length was the most reduced parameter (-6.5 ± 1.7), followed by a cluster of six measurements: posterior cranial base length (-4.9 ± 1.1), total mandibular length (-4.4 ± 0.7), total posterior facial height (-4.4 ± 1.1), total anterior facial height (-4.3 ± 0.9), mandibular corpus length (-4.2 ± 0.8), and anterior cranial base length (-4.1 ± 1.7). Less affected measurements were lower-anterior facial height (-2.7 ± 0.7) and mandibular ramus height (-2.5 ± 1.5). SDS angular measurements were in the normal range, except for increased gonial angle (+2.5 ± 1.1). Posterior facial height/anterior facial height and lower-anterior facial height/anterior facial height ratios were not different from those of the reference group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Congenital, untreated IGHD causes reduction of all linear measurements of craniofacial growth, particularly total maxillary length. Angular measurements and facial height ratios are less affected, suggesting that lGHD causes proportional blunting of craniofacial growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Alves
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Neto
authors.forename: Mariade de Fátima B
authors.initials: Mde F
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Alexandre A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Alaíde H A
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Anita H O
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Eugênia H O
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Valença
authors.forename: Isabela M P A
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Britto
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salvatori
authors.forename: Manuel H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Aguiar-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001938:Brazil; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004393:Dwarfism, Pituitary / Q000151:congenital / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000172:deficiency*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D008875:Middle Aged; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000235:genetics; D018017:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; D018017:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; C048250:somatotropin releasing hormone receptor