title: Acid and weakly acid gastroesophageal refluxes and type of respiratory symptoms in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between the frequency of acid reflux (AR) and weakly acid reflux (WAR) and specific respiratory symptoms (RS) in childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed medical records of children with difficult-to-treat RS, not under acid suppressive therapy, and with a positive multiple intraluminal esophageal impedance (pH/MII) monitoring. To discriminate children with prevalent AR and WAR events, a ROC curve was designed and the distribution of the different RS in children with prevalent AR or WAR events was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher number of AR over WAR events was detected (p < 0.0001) but the WAR-to-AR events ratio progressively decreased with the age of the subjects (p < 0.01). Similar total number of reflux events was found in the three age group and in children with a more prevalent WAR or AR. The most prevalent RS, equally distributed among the three age groups, were persistent and/or nocturnal cough, wheezy bronchitis/asthma, and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections (RLRTI). Apnoea was most frequent in infants (p = 0.036). A higher frequency of RLRTI, but not of nocturnal cough or wheezy bronchitis/asthma, was shown in WAR as compared with AR patients (p = 0.040), and specifically those in the school-aged group (p = 0.013). Age and WAR were respectively identified as independent predictors of apnoea and RLRTI (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WAR events are common in children with gastroesophageal reflux and difficult-to-treat RS and often associated with RLRTI. These findings support the role of pH/MII monitoring in the evaluation of these patients and may explain the disappointing clinical results often observed with anti-acid treatments.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Unit, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pistorio
authors.forename: Oliviero
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Girolamo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mattioli
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jasonni
authors.forename: Giovanni A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001049:Apnea / Q000150:complications; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000150:complications; D004032:Diet; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D005745:Gastric Acidity Determination / Q000295:instrumentation; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies