title: Pattern of cigarette smoking effect on periodontal pocketing and attachment loss: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present retrospective study was to evaluate the local effects of smoking on periodontium and to assess the patterns of periodontitis (pocket depths and attachment loss) in smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, records of 126 non-smokers and 51 smokers (≥ 5 cigarettes/day) periodontitis patients were evaluated and probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) data were collected from clinical patients records. Patients' data were subject to two sample t-tests to assess the difference between the groups and to analysis of variance using the generalized linear model to seek associations between smoking and site positions, age and clinical parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference between CAL of smokers and non-smokers was greatest at the anterior maxillary palatal sites (P = 0.002) and reached 1 mm. When the effect of different site positions as well as smoking as a between subject variable and age as a co-variate on the attachment level measurements were assessed using analysis of variance, significant effects for smoking, jaw (lower versus upper) and anterior-posterior position as well as age were detected. No significant interactions were found between smoking and any of the three position variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of interaction between smoking and any of the three position variables indicates that the destructive effects of smoking on the periodontal tissues maybe mainly from systemic side-effects and almost independent of the site position within the mouth, although some additional local effects may be present in areas such as anterior palatal sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. radvarm@mums.ac.ir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radvar
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polster
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arashi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moeintaghavi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sohrabi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult