title: Multi-echo fMRI of the cortical laminae in humans at 7 T.
abstract: Recent developments in ultra high field MRI and receiver coil technology have opened up the possibility of laminar fMRI in humans. This could offer greater insight into human brain function by elucidating both the interaction between brain regions on the basis of laminar activation patterns associated with input and output, and the interactions between laminae in a specific region. We used very high isotropic spatial resolution (0.75 mm voxel size), multi-echo acquisition (gradient-echo) in a 7 T fMRI study of human primary visual cortex (V1) and novel data analysis techniques to quantitatively investigate the echo time dependence of laminar profiles, laminar activation, and physiological noise distributions over an extended region of cortex. We found T(2)* profiles to be explicable in terms of variations in myelin content. Laminar activation profiles vary with echo time (TE): at short TE the highest signal changes are measured at the pial surface; this maximum shifts into grey matter at longer TEs. The top layers peak latest as these have the longest transverse relaxation time. Theoretical simulations and experiment suggest that the intravascular contribution to functional signal changes is significant even at long TE. Based on a temporal noise analysis we argue that the (physiological) noise contributions will ameliorate differences in sensitivity between the layers in a statistical analysis, and correlates with laminar blood volume distribution. We also show that even at this high spatial resolution the physiological noise limit to sensitivity is reached within V1, implying that cortical sub-regions can be examined with this technique.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. peter.koopmans@donders.ru.nl
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Koopmans
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orzada
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000378:metabolism; D019159:Nonheme Iron Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010841:Pia Mater / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019159:Nonheme Iron Proteins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin; D010100:Oxygen