title: Multi-omics approach to study the growth efficiency and amino acid metabolism in Lactococcus lactis at various specific growth rates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lactococcus lactis is recognised as a safe (GRAS) microorganism and has hence gained interest in numerous biotechnological approaches. As it is fastidious for several amino acids, optimization of processes which involve this organism requires a thorough understanding of its metabolic regulations during multisubstrate growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using glucose limited continuous cultivations, specific growth rate dependent metabolism of L. lactis including utilization of amino acids was studied based on extracellular metabolome, global transcriptome and proteome analysis. A new growth medium was designed with reduced amino acid concentrations to increase precision of measurements of consumption of amino acids. Consumption patterns were calculated for all 20 amino acids and measured carbon balance showed good fit of the data at all growth rates studied. It was observed that metabolism of L. lactis became more efficient with rising specific growth rate in the range 0.10-0.60 h(-1), indicated by 30% increase in biomass yield based on glucose consumption, 50% increase in efficiency of nitrogen use for biomass synthesis, and 40% reduction in energy spilling. The latter was realized by decrease in the overall product formation and higher efficiency of incorporation of amino acids into biomass. L. lactis global transcriptome and proteome profiles showed good correlation supporting the general idea of transcription level control of bacterial metabolism, but the data indicated that substrate transport systems together with lower part of glycolysis in L. lactis were presumably under allosteric control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study demonstrates advantages of the usage of strictly controlled continuous cultivation methods combined with multi-omics approach for quantitative understanding of amino acid and energy metabolism of L. lactis which is a valuable new knowledge for development of balanced growth media, gene manipulations for desired product formation etc. Moreover, collected dataset is an excellent input for developing metabolic models.
authors.affiliation: Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Petri-Jaan
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lahtvee
authors.forename: Kaarel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Adamberg
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arike
authors.forename: Ranno
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nahku
authors.forename: Kadri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aller
authors.forename: Raivo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vilu
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D020543:Proteome; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen