title: Toxicological assessment of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol fatty acid esters in food.
abstract: Fatty acid esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are a newly identified class of food process contaminants. They are widespread in refined vegetable oils and fats and have been detected in vegetable fat-containing products, including infant formulas. There are no toxicological data available yet on the 3-MCPD and glycidol esters, and the primary toxicological concern is based on the potential release of 3-MCPD or glycidol from the parent esters by lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. Although 3-MCPD is assessed as a nongenotoxic carcinogen with a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 μg/kg body weight (bw), glycidol is a known genotoxic carcinogen, which induces tumors in numerous organs of rodents. The initial exposure estimates, conducted by Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) under the assumption that 100% of the 3-MPCD and glycidol are released from their esters, revealed especially that infants being fed commercial infant formula could ingest harmful amounts of 3-MCPD and glycidol. However, the real oral bioavailability may be lower. As this gives rise for toxicological concern, the currently available toxicological data of 3-MCPD and glycidol and their esters are summarized in this review and discussed with regard to data gaps and further research needs.
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Food Safety, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadiya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bakhiya
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gürtler
authors.forename: Klaus Erich
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lampen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004952:Esters / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D009153:Mutagens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D020005:Propanols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009153:Mutagens; D010938:Plant Oils; D020005:Propanols; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin; C004312:glycidol