title: Spectrum of disease in the male breast.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to review the anatomy of the male breast and to describe the imaging findings of a variety of diseases that affect the male breast to better understand and recognize the imaging findings and underlying pathophysiology of diseases and conditions affecting this emerging subset of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the anatomy of the male breast is central to developing a differential diagnosis and delivering optimal care in male patients presenting with breast complaints. Diseases in the male breast can affect the skin and subcutaneous tissues, stroma and glandular elements, and neurovascular and lymphatic structures. Although the most commonly encountered disease entity is gynecomastia, men can develop many other benign and neoplastic diseases, including primary breast cancer. By incorporating clinical presentation with imaging findings on mammography and ultrasound, the breast imager can more effectively establish the correct diagnosis in males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Breast Imaging, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. eiuanow@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iuanow
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kettler
authors.forename: Priscilla J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Slanetz
mesh_terms: D018567:Breast Neoplasms, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008327:Mammography; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary