title: Evaluation of a multi-endpoint assay in rats, combining the bone-marrow micronucleus test, the Comet assay and the flow-cytometric peripheral blood micronucleus test.
abstract: With the publication of revised draft ICH guidelines (Draft ICH S2), there is scope and potential to establish a combined multi-end point in vivo assay to alleviate the need for multiple in vivo assays, thereby reducing time, cost and use of animals. Presented here are the results of an evaluation trial in which the bone-marrow and peripheral blood (via MicroFlow(®) flow cytometry) micronucleus tests (looking at potential chromosome breakage and whole chromosome loss) in developing erythrocytes or young reticulocytes were combined with the Comet assay (measuring DNA strand-breakage), in stomach, liver and blood lymphocytes. This allowed a variety of potential target tissues (site of contact, site of metabolism and peripheral distribution) to be assessed for DNA damage. This combination approach was performed with minimal changes to the standard and regulatory recommended sampling times for the stand-alone assays. A series of eight in vivo genotoxins (2-acetylaminofluorene, benzo[a]pyrene, carbendazim, cyclophosphamide, dimethylnitrosamine, ethyl methanesulfonate, ethyl nitrosourea and mitomycin C), which are known to act via different modes of action (direct- and indirect-acting clastogens, alkylating agents, gene mutagens, cross-linking and aneugenic compounds) were tested. Male rats were dosed at 0, 24 and 45 h, and bone marrow and peripheral blood (micronucleus endpoint), liver, whole blood and stomach (Comet endpoint) were sampled at three hours after the last dose. Comet and micronucleus responses were as expected based on available data for conventional (acute) stand-alone assays. All compounds were detected as genotoxic in at least one of the endpoints. The importance of evaluating both endpoints was highlighted by the uniquely positive responses for certain chemicals (benzo[a]pyrene and 2-acetylaminofluorene) with the Comet endpoint and certain other chemicals (carbendazim and mitomycin C) with the micronucleus endpoint. The data generated from these investigations demonstrate the suitability of the multi-endpoint design.
authors.affiliation: JSC International Ltd., Simpson House, Windsor Court, Clarence Drive, Harrogate HG1 2PE, UK.
authors.forename: Damian E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Whitwell
authors.forename: Lucinda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lillford
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mc Garry
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beevers
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kirkland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D004912:Erythrocytes; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply; D008214:Lymphocytes; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012156:Reticulocytes; D013270:Stomach / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens