title: Genetic adjuvants.
abstract: In 1992, the era of DNA vaccines began with the report of antibody production upon intradermal injection of mice with a plasmid vector expressing a foreign antigen (1). A rapid succession of subsequent manuscripts showed stimulation of immune responses, including cytolytic T cells, upon inoculation of expression-vectors specific for antigens derived from viruses, bacteria, protozoa and tumor-associated antigens (2-7). Plasmid DNA can be applied through various routes of injection including: intradermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, or directly on mucosal membranes (1,2,8,9). The most commonly used methods of inoculation involve the use of DNA-coated gold beads propelled into the skin by a gene gun or intramuscular inoculation of the vector in saline solution.
authors.affiliation: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ertl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pasquini
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Showe
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Giles-Davis
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: O
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marston
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaszczyk-Thurin
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiang