title: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring growth in childhood: 1993 and 2004 Pelotas cohort studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring growth using three approaches: (1) multiple adjustments for socioeconomic and parental factors, (2) maternal-paternal comparisons as a test of putative intrauterine effects and (3) comparisons between two birth cohort studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based birth cohort studies were carried out in Pelotas, Brazil, in 1993 and 2004. Cohort members were followed up at 3, 12, 24 and 48 months. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between maternal and paternal prenatal smoking and offspring anthropometric indices. In the 2004 cohort, the association of smoking with trunk length, leg length and leg-to-sitting-height ratio at 48 months was also explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with reduced z scores of length/height-for-age at each follow-up in both cohorts and reduced leg length at 48 months in the 2004 cohort. Children older than 3 months born to smoking women showed a higher body mass index-for-age z score than children of non-smoking women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study strongly support the hypothesis that maternal smoking during pregnancy impairs linear growth and promotes overweight in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Marechal Deodoro 1160, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. amatija@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matijasevich
authors.forename: Marie-Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brion
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: Aluísio J D
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Iná S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barros
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000196:embryology* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000196:embryology / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors