title: Dynamic B0 shimming at 7 T.
abstract: Dynamic slice-wise shimming improves B0 field homogeneity by updating shim coil currents for every slice in a multislice acquisition, producing better field homogeneity over a volume than can be obtained by a single static global shim. The first aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of slice-wise field-map-based second-order dynamic shimming in a human high-field 7 T clinical scanner vis-à-vis image based second order static global shimming. Another goal was to characterize eddy currents induced by second and third order shim switching. A final aim was to compare global and dynamic shimming through shim orders to elucidate the relative benefits of going to higher orders and to dynamic shim updating from a static shimming regime. An external hardware module was used to store and dynamically update slice-optimized shim values during multislice data acquisition. High-bandwidth multislice gradient echo scans with B0 field mapping and low-bandwidth single-shot echo planar scans were performed on phantoms and humans using second-order dynamic and static global shims. For the measurement of second and third order shim induced eddy currents, step response temporal phase changes of individual shims were measured and fit to shim harmonics spatially and to multiexponential decay functions temporally. Finally, an order-wise field-map-based comparison was performed with first, second and third order global static shimming, first and second order dynamic shimming, as well as combined second or third order global and first order dynamic shim. Dynamic shimming considerably improved B0 homogeneity compared to static global shimming both in phantoms and in human subjects, reducing image distortion and signal dropout. The unshielded second and third order shims generated strong B0 and self and cross-term eddy fields, with multiple time constants ranging from milliseconds to seconds. Field homogeneity improved with increasing order of shim, with dynamic shimming performing better than global shimming. Hybrid global and dynamic shimming approach yielded field homogeneity better than global static shims but worse than dynamic shims.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA. saikat.sengupta@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Saikat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: E Brian
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Yansong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foxall
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Starewicz
authors.forename: Adam W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Malcolm J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Avison
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003201:Computers; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors; D051598:Whole Body Imaging