title: Cytokine production by primary human macrophages infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 or pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza viruses.
abstract: Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses have caused infection in humans, with a high mortality rate, since 1997. While the pathogenesis of this infection is not completely understood, hypercytokinaemia and alveolar macrophages are thought to play a role. To gain further insight into the cytokine-mediated pathogenesis of this infection in humans, we measured various cytokines produced by primary human macrophages infected with H5N1, pandemic H1N1 or seasonal influenza viruses. We found that many cytokines were produced at higher levels on infection with the H5N1 strains tested compared with seasonal influenza viruses. Interestingly, the extent of cytokine induction varied among the H5N1 strains and did not correlate with replicative ability in macrophages. Further, a pandemic H1N1 virus induced higher levels of several cytokines compared with seasonal viruses and some H5N1 strains. Our results demonstrate that high cytokine induction is not a universal feature of all H5N1 viruses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakabe
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwatsuki-Horimoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tropical Disease Centre, Airlangga University, Suyabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Chairul A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Nidom
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Mai Thi Quynh
authors.initials: MTQ
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Processing and Transfusion, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Tokiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagamura-Inoue
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Taisuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.|ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.|Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.|Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawaoka
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D007564:Japan; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D058873:Pandemics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines