title: A clinical instrument for combined raman spectroscopy-optical coherence tomography of skin cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current standard for diagnosis of skin cancers is visual inspection followed by biopsy and histopathology. This process can be invasive, subjective, time consuming, and costly. Optical techniques, including Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Raman Spectroscopy (RS), have been developed to perform non-invasive characterization of skin lesions based on either morphological or biochemical features of disease. The objective of this work is to report a clinical instrument capable of both morphological and biochemical characterization of skin cancers with RS-OCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The portable instrument utilizes independent 785 nm RS and 1,310 nm OCT system backbones. The two modalities are integrated in a 4″ (H) × 5″(W) × 8″(L) clinical probe. The probe enables sequential acquisition of co-registered OCT and RS data sets. The axial response of the RS collection in the skin was estimated using scattering phantoms. In addition, RS-OCT data from patients with cancerous and non-cancerous lesions are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RS-OCT instrument is capable of screening areas as large as 15 mm (transverse) by 2.4 mm (in depth) at up to 8 frames/second with OCT, and identifying locations to perform RS. RS signal is collected from a 44 µm transverse spot through a depth of approximately 530 µm. RS-OCT data sets from a superficial scar and a nodular BCC are reported to demonstrate the clinical potential of the instrument.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RS-OCT instrument reported here is capable of morphological and biochemical characterization of cancerous skin lesions in a clinical setting. OCT can visualize microstructural irregularities and perform an initial morphological analysis of the lesion. The images can be used to guide acquisition of biochemically specific Raman spectra. The two data sets can then be evaluated with respect to one another to take advantage of the mutually complimentary nature of RS and OCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 137235, USA. c.patil@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Chetan A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kirshnamoorthi
authors.forename: Darrel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Ton G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahadevan-Jansen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000295:instrumentation*