title: Immediate newborn care practices delay thermoregulation and breastfeeding initiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A deadly nosocomial outbreak in a Philippine hospital drew nationwide attention to neonatal sepsis. Together with specific infection control measures, interventions that protect newborns against infection-related mortality include drying, skin-to-skin contact, delayed cord clamping, breastfeeding initiation and delayed bathing. This evaluation characterized hospital care in the first hours of life with the intent to drive policy change, strategic planning and hospital reform.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trained physicians observed 481 consecutive deliveries in 51 hospitals using a standardized tool to record practices and timing of immediate newborn care procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drying, weighing, eye care and vitamin K injections were performed in more than 90% of newborns. Only 9.6% were allowed skin-to-skin contact. Interventions were inappropriately sequenced, e.g. immediate cord clamping (median 12 sec), delayed drying (96.5%) and early bathing (90.0%). While 68.2% were put to the breast, they were separated two minutes later. Unnecessary suctioning was performed in 94.9%. Doctors trained in neonatal resuscitation were 2.5 (1.1-5.7) times more likely to unnecessarily suction vigorous newborns. Two per cent died and 5.7% developed sepsis/pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This minute-by-minute observational assessment revealed that performance and timing of immediate newborn care interventions are below WHO standards and deprive newborns of basic protections against infection and death.
authors.affiliation: WHO Representative's Office in the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Sobel
authors.forename: Maria Asuncion A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Silvestre
authors.forename: Jacinto Blas V
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mantaring
authors.forename: Yolanda E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Oliveros
authors.forename: Soe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nyunt-U
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007224:Infant Care; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018805:Sepsis / Q000517:prevention & control*