title: Change in medical plant use in Estonian ethnomedicine: a historical comparison between 1888 and 1994.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to compare the changes in the utilization of species from various hemeroby categories (indicating the degree of sensitivity of the plant to human impact) using historical data concerning the years 1888-1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors digitised 8808 handwritten reports, reflecting local ethnopharmacological knowledge from 8 selected collections from the Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum. They were semi-quantitatively analyzed according to the sensitivity to human impact of 540 taxa that could possibly be related to the plant vernacular names given in the reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although in different periods of time the number of ethnopharmacologically used plants has changed, the proportion of plants utilized from each group has remained relatively same, consisting on average of: 23% anthropophytes, 42% apophytes, 32% hemeradiaphores and 3% hemerophobes. Comparison of the application of the most used plants revealed considerable changes of plant utilization, in which the varied use of the most popular anthropophytes increased and the applied scope of the most popular hemeradiaphores and hemerophobes decreased almost by twofold in one century. Case studies on seven taxa are presented, of them, use of Allium sativum L., Aesculus hippocastanum L. and Mentha xpiperita L. increased, whereas the use of Hordeum L., Orchidaceae, Paris quadrifolia L. and Briza media L. decreased greatly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research contributes to the better understanding of the cognitive and human ecological concepts underlying the use of medicinal plants in Estonia. Strong increase in the ethnomedical utilization of plants depending on human influence, and a decrease in the use of taxa that do not prefer human activities indicates that, despite some of the population still have access to natural resources and diverse knowledge of the medical use of plants, the majority relies on a very narrow selection and a rather restricted herbal landscape.
authors.affiliation: Estonian Literary Museum, Vanemuise 42, Tartu 51003, Estonia. renata@folklore.ee
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sõukand
authors.forename: Raivo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalle
mesh_terms: D004957:Estonia; D019448:Ethnobotany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D013045:Species Specificity