title: Driving while intoxicated among individuals initially untreated for alcohol use disorders: one- and sixteen-year follow-ups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined associations between frequency of driving while intoxicated (DWI) at baseline and obtaining alcohol-related help at follow-up, and between obtaining help and subsequent reductions in DWI. It also examined improvements on personal functioning and life context indices as mediators between obtaining help and reduced occurrences of DWI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 628 individuals who were initially untreated for alcohol use problems completed a baseline inventory; follow-ups were 1, 3, and 16 years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More extended participation in outpatient treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) during Year 1 was associated with a lower likelihood of DWI at the 1-year follow-up. More extended participation in AA through Year 3 was associated with a lower likelihood of DWI at the 16-year follow-up. Improvement on personal functioning and life context indices was associated with reduced risk of subsequent occurrences of DWI. Decreases in drinking-related problems, impulsivity, and drinking to reduce tension mediated associations between more AA participation and reductions in DWI at 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among initially untreated individuals, sustained mutual help may be associated with a reduced number of occurrences of DWI via fewer drinking consequences and improved psychological functioning and coping. Treatment providers should attend to these concomitants of DWI and consider actively referring individuals to AA to ensure ongoing AA affiliation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Evaluation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Stanford University School of Medicine, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. ctimko@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Timko
authors.forename: Akash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Blonigen
authors.forename: Bernice S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Moos
authors.forename: Rudolf H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moos
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000473:pathology; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000436:Alcoholics Anonymous; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol