title: In vitro toxicology of ambient particulate matter: correlation of cellular effects with particle size and components.
abstract: High concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM) have been associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality among exposed populations. Although certain components of PM were suggested to influence these effects, no clear-cut correlation was determined thus far. One of the possible modes of action is the induction of oxidative stress by inhaled PM triggering inflammatory responses. Therefore, the in vitro formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in three cell lines in the presence of five subfractions of PM(10), collected in Münster, Germany was investigated. The PM components chloride, nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, 68 chemical elements, and endotoxin were quantified. The highest concentration of endotoxin was found in particles of 0.42-1.2 μm aerodynamic diameters, and therefore probably subject to long-range transport. Intracellular ROS formation in three well established mammalian cell lines (CaCo2, human; MDCK, canine; RAW264.7, mouse) only correlated positively with particle size. The two smallest PM size fractions provoked the highest rise in ROS. However, the latter did not correlate with the concentration of any PM components investigated. The smallest PM size fractions significantly dominated the number of particles. Therefore, the particle number may be most effective in inducing oxidative stress in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterological Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Medicine B, University of Münster, Domagkstraβe 3a, 48149 Münster, Germany. krolla@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.forename: Johanna K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gietl
authors.forename: Gerhard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wiesmüller
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Günsel
authors.forename: Wendel
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wohlleben
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schnekenburger
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Klemm
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D027963:Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters / Q000633:toxicity; D004285:Dogs; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D009566:Nitrates / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D027963:Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters; D004731:Endotoxins; D008670:Metals; D009566:Nitrates; D052638:Particulate Matter; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013431:Sulfates