title: Gender differences in the relationship between parental report of self-regulation skills and adolescents' management of type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent to which self-regulation skills of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D), including executive functioning and emotion regulation, relate to treatment adherence and glycemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 109 adolescents aged 12-18 yr with TID and their primary caregiver who attended an outpatient appointment at a pediatric endocrinology clinic. Parents and adolescents completed a measure of treatment adherence. Parents completed a self-regulation measure while a glycemic control measure [i.e., hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)] was collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For boys, executive functioning and emotion regulation deficits were significantly associated with worse treatment adherence and glycemic control. Further analyses indicated that emotion regulation was the primary self-regulation measure related to treatment adherence and glycemic control. No significant associations were found for girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For adolescent boys, the ability to cope with various stressors and emotions may be as important as higher-order thinking skills for maximizing treatment adherence and diabetes control. Clinical implications and potential mechanisms by which emotion regulation skills relate to adolescent boys' diabetes treatment management are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. pagrazia@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Paulo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Geffken
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Danny C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Storch
authors.forename: Janet H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Silverstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human