title: Radionuclide concentration in tea, cabbage, orange, kiwi and soil and lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in Rize, Turkey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, the activity concentrations of (232) Th, (238) U, (40) K and (137) Cs were measured in tea, cabbage, orange, kiwi and soil samples collected from different stations using gamma spectrometry with a high-purity germanium detector.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average activity concentrations of (232) Th, (238) U, (40) K and (137) Cs were found to be 8.2 ± 1.8, 17.3 ± 3.3, 465.8 ± 11.8 and 20.9 ± 3.8 Bq kg(-1) in food samples, and 72.4 ± 9.8, 51.1 ± 8.3, 229.3 ± 14.7 and 312.9 ± 11.5 Bq kg(-1) in farm soils, respectively. The internal effective dose to individuals and excess lifetime cancer risk from the consumption of the food type radioactivity ranged between 11.7 and 53.6 µSv y(-1) and between 0.05 × 10(-3) and 0.24 × 10(-3) , respectively. The annual external gamma effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk in the farms due to soil radioactivity ranged between 94.1 and 139.8 µSv y(-1) and between 0.43 × 10(-3) and 0.64 × 10(-3) , respectively. The mean transfer factors of (232) Th, (238) U, (40) K and (137) Cs, from the soil to vegetables and fruit were 0.57, 0.32, 2.12 and 0.04, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annual effective gamma doses were found to be higher than the world's average in soil samples. The excess lifetime cancer risks were only found higher than the world's average in soil samples.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Physics, Rize University, Rize, Turkey. recep.keser@rize.edu.tr
authors.forename: Recep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keser
authors.forename: Filiz Korkmaz
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Görür
authors.forename: Nilay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akçay
authors.forename: Nazmi Turan
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Okumuşoǧlu
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D001937:Brassica / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005507:Food Contamination, Radioactive; D005638:Fruit / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012306:Risk; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013662:Tea / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013910:Thorium / Q000032:analysis; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis; D014675:Vegetables / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes; D012987:Soil; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D013662:Tea; D014501:Uranium; D013910:Thorium