title: Associations between periodontal disease and selected risk factors of early complications among youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies evaluating the relation between periodontal disease and diabetes in children have not considered diabetes type.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between periodontal damage and risk factors of diabetes complications among youth by diabetes type in a pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  155 participants (126 with type 1 diabetes; 29 with type 2 diabetes) from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study in South Carolina who were <20 yr of age at diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of periodontal damage (bone loss ≥3 mm on ≥1 permanent tooth site on pre-existing bitewing radiographs) and diabetes type assigned by the provider at diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Periodontal damage was observed in 52 individuals (34%) overall, but was more common in type 2 (16/29, 55%) vs. type 1 diabetes (37/126, 29%). Among youth with type 2 diabetes, those with periodontal damage had lower fasting c-peptide (2.3 vs. 3.4 ng/mL, p-value=0.01), and higher triglyceride levels (171.8 vs. 87.2, p-value=0.01) than those without periodontal damage after adjustment for age, sex, race, education level, family income, duration of diabetes, diabetes control, time between study visit and date of radiograph, tooth brushing, and visits to the dentist. Blood pressure, waist circumference, LDL cholesterol and A1c were not associated with periodontal damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations between periodontal disease and risk factors for diabetes complications differ by diabetes type. Periodontal damage is associated with impaired beta cell function and metabolic syndrome components in type 2 but not type 1 diabetes. These findings need to be confirmed in larger, prospective studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health and Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. merchant@mailbox.sc.edu
authors.forename: Anwar T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jethwani
authors.forename: Youn-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Elaine H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Morrato
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Liese
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013022:South Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D014280:Triglycerides