title: Effects of increasing lysine on further processed product characteristics from immunologically castrated male pigs.
abstract: The objective of this experiment was to determine if increasing lysine in the diets of immunologically castrated (IC) male pigs would affect further processed product characteristics when compared with physical castrates or entire males. Raw materials for this experiment were derived from a previous experiment evaluating carcass characteristics. Physical castrates, IC males, and entire males were assigned to 1 of 4 diet programs with increasing lysine in a step-down lysine inclusion program that culminated with the following concentrations in the late finishing diet: physical castrate with low lysine (0.7%), IC with low lysine (0.7%), IC with low/medium lysine (0.8%), IC with medium/high lysine (0.9%), IC with high lysine (1.0%), and entire with high lysine (1.0%). Bellies were injected with a cure solution to a target of 110% of original green weight, and weighed again to determine brine uptake. Hams were injected with same cure solution to a target of 130% of green weight. Cure solution was formulated for a finished product inclusion of 1.5% salt, 0.34% phosphate, 0.05% sodium erythorbate, 0.11% sugar, and 0.014% sodium nitrate. Physical castrates had thicker (3.77 cm) bellies (P<0.05) than all treatment groups, except IC males fed low/medium lysine (3.73 cm). Entire males (2.85 cm) had the thinnest (P<0.05) bellies of all treatment groups. There were no differences (P>0.05) in percentage brine uptake for cured bellies among IC males regardless of dietary lysine (range 9.93 to 10.67%). Cooked yield of cured bellies was not different (P>0.05) among physical castrates or IC males regardless of lysine inclusion. Cooked yield of cured bellies from entire males (95.12%) was less (P<0.05) than cooked yield for any other treatment group. Pumped weight differences of cured hams among treatment groups were similar to green weight differences, and there were no differences (P>0.05) among any treatment groups for pump uptake percentage. There were also no differences in cook loss percentages among any treatment group. Therefore, differences in cooked yield are a reflection of initial green weight. There were no differences (P>0.05) for protein fat-free values among any treatment groups. Therefore, it can be concluded, in this population of pigs, there were no differences in further processed product characteristics among physical castrates and IC males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801, USA.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Boler
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Meeuwse
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: McKeith
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Killefer
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000276:immunology; D008239:Lysine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D008239:Lysine