title: Can't stop the craving: the effect of impulsivity on cue-elicited craving for alcohol in heavy and light social drinkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A robust finding in the alcohol literature is that heavy and alcohol-dependent drinkers show stronger reactions to alcohol-related cues than light drinkers. However, there are individual differences in the degree of cue-elicited craving. Personality factors appear to be involved in cue reactivity and impulsivity is a possible candidate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to examine the role of different aspects of impulsivity in heavy drinking and alcohol cue reactivity in social drinkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were heavy (n = 13) and light (n = 29) social drinkers who were exposed to neutral and alcohol-related stimuli during a single laboratory session. Trait impulsivity, response inhibition, and sensitivity to reward were assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), the Stop Signal Task, and the Card-Arranging Reward Responsivity Objective Test, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heavy drinkers scored higher on trait impulsivity (BIS-11) than light drinkers. In addition, heavy drinkers reported elevated levels of craving for alcohol, but both in light and heavy drinkers, craving increased equally after exposure to alcohol cues. Impulsivity appeared to moderate this relation: heavy drinkers with ineffective response inhibition showed more craving to alcohol cues, compared to heavy drinkers with adequate response inhibition. In light drinkers, response inhibition did not influence craving to alcohol cues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different aspects of impulsivity are involved in heavy drinking and perhaps motivate alcohol consumption in a variety of ways. Having a deficient response inhibition appears to be a risk factor for heavy drinkers because it is associated with increased craving to alcohol cues.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. h.papachristou@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: Harilaos
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Papachristou
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nederkoorn
authors.forename: Remco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Havermans
authors.forename: Martje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Horst
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012201:Reward