title: Driving self-restriction in high-risk conditions: how do older drivers compare to others?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many older drivers self-restrict or avoid driving under high-risk conditions. Little is known about the onset of driving self-restrictions or how widespread self-restrictions are among drivers of all ages.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Second Injury Control and Risk Survey (ICARIS-2) was a nationwide cross-sectional, list-assisted random-digit-dial telephone survey from 2001 to 2003. National prevalence estimates and weighted percentages of those reporting driving self-restrictions were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore associations between specific self-restrictions and age group, adjusting for other personal characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than half of all drivers reported at least one driving self-restriction. The most commonly reported restriction was avoidance of driving in bad weather (47.5%), followed by at night (27.9%) and on highways or high-speed roads (19%). A greater percentage of young adult women (18-24 years) reported self-restricting in bad weather compared to women in other age groups, and the percentage of drivers self-restricting at night, in bad weather, and on highways or high-speed roads increased steeply after age 64. We found that women, those in low income groups, and those who had driven low annual mileage were more likely to self-restrict.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to assessing self-restrictions among older drivers, a new finding from our study is that self-restrictions are also quite prevalent among younger age groups. Driving self-restrictions may be better understood as a spectrum across ages in which drivers' reasons for restriction change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research on the ability of driving self-restrictions to reduce actual crash risk and prevent injuries is needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. RNaumann@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Rebecca B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Naumann
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dellinger
authors.forename: Marcie-jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kresnow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D057566:Self Report; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013689:Telephone; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult