title: Cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some natural products consisting of the alkaloids yohimbine and vincamine (indole-type), scopolamine and atropine (tropane-type), colchicine (tropolone-type), allantoin (imidazolidine-type), trigonelline (pyridine-type) as well as octopamine, synephrine, and capsaicin (exocyclic amine-type); the flavonoid derivatives quercetin, apigenin, genistein, naringin, silymarin, and silibinin; and the phenolic acids namely gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quinic acid, were tested for their in vitro antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities and cytotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antiviral activity of the compounds was tested against DNA virus herpes simplex type 1 and RNA virus parainfluenza (type-3). Cytotoxicity of the compounds was determined using Madin-Darby bovine kidney and Vero cell lines, and their cytopathogenic effects were expressed as maximum non-toxic concentration. Antibacterial activity was assayed against following bacteria and their isolated strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis, although they were screened by microdilution method against two fungi: Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atropine and gallic acid showed potent antiviral effect at the therapeutic range of 0.8-0.05 µg ml(-1), whilst all of the compounds exerted robust antibacterial effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antiviral and antimicrobial effects of the compounds tested herein may constitute a preliminary step for further relevant studies to identify the mechanism of action.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Berrin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozçelik
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kartal
authors.forename: Ilkay
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Orhan
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001688:Biological Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D010224:Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D003603:Cytotoxins; D005419:Flavonoids; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; C017616:phenolic acid