title: Anthocyanidins-enriched bilberry extracts inhibit 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation via the insulin pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity and metabolic syndrome are important public concerns, and there is increasing demand for effective therapeutic strategies. Flavonoids are expected to improve the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Anthocyanidins are a kind of flavonoids; well known for their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. However, their effects on adipocytes and molecular systems are not well defined. In this study, we examined the effects of anthocyanidins-enriched bilberry extracts on adipocyte differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilizing 3T3-L1 cell line, we investigated that bilberry extracts and anthocyanidins induced inhibition of lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. To identify what is the most important bilberry mediated-effect, we analyzed the expressions of key transcriptional factors associated with adipocyte differentiation by Real Time (RT)-PCR. From the results of RT-PCR, we hypothesized that bilberry extracts and anthocyanidins blocks insulin signal, we determined the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) protein by western blotting analysis. In addition, we compared the whole-genome expression profiles of early stage of adipocyte differentiation under four different growth conditions (DMSO, bilberry, two anthocyanidins) by microarray analyses and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to bilberry extracts and anthocyanidins during adipocyte differentiation inhibited 3T3-L1 differentiation. During this period, bilberry extracts and anthocyanidin significantly decreased a key adipocyte differentiation-associated marker, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (Ppar γ ) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp1c). Western blotting analysis showed that bilberry extracts and anthocyanidin decreased the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of IRS1. In addition, microarray experiments and GSEA data revealed significantly altered expression of the known genes of the insulin pathway in cells treated with bilberry extracts or anthocyanidins in the early differentiation stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that anthocyanidin enriched bilberry extracts strongly inhibit the adipocyte differentiation via the insulin pathway. Furthermore, bilberry extracts might be used as a potential complementary treatment for the obese patients with metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Rieko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakatsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takanashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Aashiq
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Molecular Gene, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Molecular Gene, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda