title: Timing and duration of menopausal hormone treatment may affect cardiovascular outcomes.
abstract: Largely on the basis of the first publication of findings of net harm with menopausal hormone treatment in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) hormone trials, current Food and Drug Administration recommendations limit menopausal hormone treatment to the "…shortest duration consistent with treatment goals…," with goals generally taken to mean relief of menopausal symptoms and maximal duration as approximately 5 years. The WHI finding of net harm was due largely to the absence of beneficial effects on coronary heart disease incidence rates. Published analyses of WHI data by age or time since menopause find that excess coronary heart disease risk with menopausal hormone treatment is confined to more remotely menopausal or older women, with younger women showing nonsignificant trends toward benefit (the "timing hypothesis"). Moreover, a recently published reexamination of data from the WHI Estrogen plus Progestin trial suggests that reduced coronary heart disease risk may appear only after 5 to 6 years of treatment. Consistent with this finding, risk ratios for coronary heart disease were calculated as 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 0.86-1.36) in years 1 to 6 and as 0.46 (confidence interval, 0.28-0.78) in years 7 to 8+ in the WHI Estrogen Alone trial. Previous studies also support the beneficial effects of menopausal hormone treatment after prolonged exposure. Thus, current analyses do not support a generalized recommendation for short duration of menopausal hormone treatment. Rather, they suggest that current Food and Drug Administration practice guidelines should be reconsidered to allow individualized care based on risk:benefit considerations. New research is urgently needed evaluating influences of timing, duration, dose, route of administration, and agents on menopausal hormone treatment-related risks and benefits to better understand how to optimize recommendations for individual patients.
authors.affiliation: Kronos Longevity Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA. mitch.harman@kronosinstitute.org
authors.forename: S Mitchell
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Harman
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vittinghoff
authors.forename: Eliot A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Brinton
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Budoff
authors.forename: Marcelle I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Cedars
authors.forename: Rogerio A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Merriam
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naftolin
authors.forename: Lubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000639:trends; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins