title: The dartmouth atlas applied to kaiser permanente: analysis of variation in care at the end of life.
abstract: The Dartmouth Atlas method for examination of variation in care at the end of life was replicated by Kaiser Permanente (KP). Variation within KP was analyzed and compared with corresponding Dartmouth Atlas Hospital Referral Regions. Although KP inpatient care use rates were 25% to 30% lower and hospice use rates were higher than in the surrounding communities, there was still two- to four-fold variation in inpatient care use across KP geographic areas. Evidence suggests that more, or more intensive, care for this population is neither necessarily better nor desired by patients. If all California (CA) KP residence areas had the hospital day rate of the average of the lowest three, 2005 decedents would have had more than 50,000 fewer hospital days in their last six months of life. High-intensity care accounts for a large proportion of the overall variation in total costs for this population. This strongly reinforces the focus on appropriate intensive care unit (ICU) use in end-of-life care. Greater emphasis on palliative care approaches for patients with chronic conditions and earlier transition to the use of hospice would create a better match between the expressed desires of patients and the care they receive, thus improving member and family satisfaction as well as quality of care. In addition, earlier transition to hospice in KP could be one important tool for avoiding undesired and nonbeneficial ICU use, given the negative correlation between hospice and ICU use identified in this analysis.Geographic variation in hospital use within KP appears to be correlated with variation in the surrounding communities, even though it is lower on average within KP than outside it. This suggests that KP resource use may be influenced at least in part by broader community practices.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stiefel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feigenbaum
authors.forename: Elliott S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Fisher