title: Is 'Opt-Out HIV Testing' a real option among pregnant women in rural districts in Kenya?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An 'opt-out' policy of routine HIV counseling and testing (HCT) is being implemented across sub-Saharan Africa to expand prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). Although the underlying assumption is that pregnant women in rural Africa are able to voluntarily consent to HIV testing, little is known about the reality and whether 'opt-out' HCT leads to higher completion rates of PMTCT. Factors associated with consent to HIV testing under the 'opt-out' approach were investigated through a large cross-sectional study in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observations during HIV pre-test information sessions were followed by a cross-sectional survey of 900 pregnant women in three public district hospitals carrying out PMTCT in the Busia district. Women on their first antenatal care (ANC) visit during the current pregnancy were interviewed after giving blood for HIV testing but before learning their test results. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 900 women participating, 97% tested for HIV. Lack of testing kits was the only reason for women not being tested, i.e. nobody declined HIV testing. Despite the fact that 96% had more than four earlier pregnancies and 37% had been tested for HIV at ANC previously, only 17% of the women surveyed knew that testing was optional. Only 20% of those surveyed felt they could make an informed decision to decline HIV testing. Making an informed decision to decline HIV testing was associated with knowing that testing was optional (OR = 5.44, 95%CI 3.44-8.59), not having a stable relationship with the child's father (OR = 1.76, 95%CI 1.02-3.03), and not having discussed HIV testing with a partner before the ANC visit (OR = 2.64 95%CI 1.79-3.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High coverage of HIV testing appears to be achieved at the cost of pregnant women not understanding that testing is optional. Good quality HIV pre-test information is central to ensure that pregnant women understand and accept the reasons for testing and will thus come back to collect their test results, an important prerequisite for completing PMTCT for those who test HIV-positive.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Global Health, Stockholm, Sweden. Patricia.Awiti@ki.se
authors.forename: Opondo Awiti
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ujiji
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubenson
authors.forename: Festus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ilako
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marrone
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wamalwa
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wangalwa
authors.forename: Anna Mia
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ekström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007630:Kenya; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult