title: Determination of the antioxidative capacity of the skin in vivo using resonance Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-invasive measurements are of major interest for investigating the effects of stress, nutrition, diseases or pharmaceuticals on the antioxidative capacity of the human skin. However, only a few non-invasive methods are available.
  
  
  METHODS
  The resonance Raman spectroscopy is well established to monitor carotenoids in the skin, but correlations with other antioxidants have not yet been described. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy used for measurements of free radicals has already been used elsewhere to investigate the reduction of applied long-living nitroxide radicals, caused by skin antioxidants and UV irradiation, but only a single or up to four volunteers were included in these studies. Therefore, in this study, the two methods were applied in parallel on 17 volunteers, and the rate constant of the nitroxide decrease was correlated with the cutaneous carotenoid concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A correlation with R = 0.65 was found, supporting the thesis that different antioxidants protect each other and build an antioxidative network in the skin. The results also give first indications that the carotenoids serve as marker substances for the antioxidative capacity, if the nutrition is well balanced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Haag
authors.forename: Berrin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taskoparan
authors.forename: Maxim E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Darvin
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Groth
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lademann
authors.forename: Woflram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sterry
authors.forename: Martina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Meinke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D055815:Young Adult; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C039900:nitroxyl; D000077276:Lycopene; C003959:TEMPO