title: Psychometric properties of the Gotland Scale for Depression in Italian psychiatric inpatients and its utility in the prediction of suicide risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rutz has postulated a "male depressive syndrome" measured by the Gotland Scale of Male Depression (GSMD). The aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the GSMD in a sample of male and female psychiatric inpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was composed of 326 Italian inpatients who completed the GSMD and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicated that all the items of the GSMD, except item #13, were highly interrelated, and that the first 12 items of the GSMD may be considered a homogeneous measure of depression. Furthermore, GSMD scores did not differ by sex. The GSMD had good convergent validity with the BHS and was useful in categorizing individuals admitted for a suicide attempt committed in the last 48h vs. those who had not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study was retrospective in nature and did not assess the ability of the GSMD for predicting future suicidal behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GSMD may be considered to be a valid instrument for measuring non-typical ("suicidality-related") symptoms of depression in both male and female patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Functions, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innamorati
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amore
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niolu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rutz
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rihmer
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D000092864:Suicide Prevention