title: Immune dysfunction and infections in patients with cirrhosis.
abstract: Patients with cirrhosis are immunocompromised and susceptible to infections. Although detection and treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) have improved, overall survival rates have not increased greatly in recent decades-infection still increases mortality 4-fold among patients with cirrhosis. Hospitalized patients with cirrhosis have the highest risk of developing infections, especially patients with gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage. Bacterial infections occur in 32% to 34% of patients with cirrhosis who are admitted to the hospital and 45% of patients with GI hemorrhage. These rates are much higher than the overall rate of infection in hospitalized patients (5%-7%). The most common are SBP (25% of infections), urinary tract infection (20%), and pneumonia (15%). Bacterial overgrowth and translocation from the GI tract are important steps in the pathogenesis of SBP and bacteremia-these processes increase levels of endotoxins and cytokines that induce the inflammatory response and can lead to septic shock, multiorgan dysfunction, and death. A number of other bacterial and fungal pathogens are more common and virulent in patients with cirrhosis than in the overall population. We review the pathogenesis of infections in these patients, along with diagnostic and management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bonnel
authors.forename: Chalermrat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bunchorntavakul
authors.forename: K Rajender
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology*