title: Effect of mobile phone intervention for diabetes on glycaemic control: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of mobile phone intervention on glycaemic control in diabetes self-management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched three electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library) using the following terms: diabetes or diabetes mellitus and mobile phone or cellular phone, or text message. We also manually searched reference lists of relevant papers to identify additional studies. Clinical studies that used mobile phone intervention and reported changes in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c) ) values in patients with diabetes were reviewed. The study design, intervention methods, sample size and clinical outcomes were extracted from each trial. The results of the HbA(1c) change in the trials were pooled using meta-analysis methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 trials were selected for the review. Meta-analysis among 1657 participants showed that mobile phone interventions for diabetes self-management reduced HbA(1c) values by a mean of 0.5% [6 mmol/mol; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.7% (4-8 mmol/mol)] over a median of 6 months follow-up duration. In subgroup analysis, 11 studies among Type 2 diabetes patients reported significantly greater reduction in HbA(1c) than studies among Type 1 diabetes patients [0.8 (9 mmol/mol) vs. 0.3% (3 mmol/mol); P=0.02]. The effect of mobile phone intervention did not significantly differ by other participant characteristics or intervention strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results pooled from the included trials provided strong evidence that mobile phone intervention led to statistically significant improvement in glycaemic control and self-management in diabetes care, especially for Type 2 diabetes patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evidence Based Medicine and Division of Population Genetics, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D017216:Telemedicine
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin