title: Cost-effectiveness of ward-based pharmacy care in surgical patients: protocol of the SUREPILL (Surgery & Pharmacy In Liaison) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preventable adverse drug events (pADEs) are widely known to be a health care issue for hospitalized patients. Surgical patients are especially at risk, but prevention of pADEs in this population is not demonstrated before. Ward-based pharmacy interventions seem effective in reducing pADEs in medical patients. The cost-effectiveness of these preventive efforts still needs to be assessed in a comparative study of high methodological standard and also in the surgical population. For these aims the SUREPILL (Surgery & Pharmacy in Liaison) study is initiated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-centre controlled trial, with randomisation at ward-level and preceding baseline assessments is designed. Patients admitted to the surgical study wards for elective surgery with an expected length of stay of more than 48 hours will be included. Patients admitted to the intervention ward, will receive ward-based pharmacy care from the clinical pharmacy team, i.e. pharmacy practitioners and hospital pharmacists. This ward-based pharmacy intervention includes medication reconciliation in consultation with the patient at admission, daily medication review with face-to-face contact with the ward doctor, and patient counselling at discharge. Patients admitted in the control ward, will receive standard pharmaceutical care.The primary clinical outcome measure is the number of pADEs per 100 elective admissions. These pADEs will be measured by systematic patient record evaluation using a trigger tool. Patient records positive for a trigger will be evaluated on causality, severity and preventability by an independent expert panel. In addition, an economic evaluation will be performed from a societal perspective with the costs per preventable ADE as the primary economic outcome. Other outcomes of this study are: severity of pADEs, number of patients with pADEs per total number of admissions, direct (non-)medical costs and indirect non-medical costs, extra costs per prevented ADE, number and type of pharmacy interventions, length of hospital stay, complications registered in a national complication registration system for surgery, number of readmissions within three months after initial admission (follow-up), quality of life and number of non-institutionalized days during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study will assess the cost-effectiveness of ward-based pharmacy care on preventable adverse drug events in surgical patients from a societal perspective, using a comparative study design.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Netherlands Trial Register (NTR): NTR2258.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.deboer@amc.nl
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Maya A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ramrattan
authors.forename: Jordy J S
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kiewiet
authors.forename: Eveline B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Boeker
authors.forename: Kim B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gombert-Handoko
authors.forename: Nicolette A E M
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: van Lent-Evers
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Kuks
authors.forename: Marcel G W
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Dijkgraaf
authors.forename: Marja A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boermeester
authors.forename: Loraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lie-A-Huen
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000517:prevention & control; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital