title: Prevalence of dual sensory impairment and its association with traumatic brain injury and blast exposure in OEF/OIF veterans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of self-reported rates of auditory, visual, and dual sensory impairment (DSI) in Afghanistan and Iraq war Veterans receiving traumatic brain injury (TBI) evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective medical chart review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six thousand nine hundred nineteen Veterans who received a TBI evaluation between October 2007 and June 2009. Final sample included 12,521 subjects judged to have deployment-related TBI and a comparison group of 9106 participants with no evidence of TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported auditory and visual impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-reported sensory impairment rates were: 34.6% for DSI, 31.3% for auditory impairment only, 9.9% for visual impairment only, and 24.2% for none/mild sensory impairment. Those with TBI and blast exposure had highest rate of DSI. Regression analyses showed that auditory impairment was the strongest predictor of visual impairment, and vice versa, suggesting these impairments may derive from a common source.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Veterans who self-report clinically significant hearing or vision difficulty during routine TBI evaluation should be evaluated systematically and comprehensively to determine the extent of sensory impairment. Identifying DSI could allow clinicians to collaborate and maximize rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Henry L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: Terri K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Pogoda
authors.forename: Errol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stolzmann
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meterko
authors.forename: David X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Cifu
authors.forename: Jomana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amara
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hendricks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology*