title: A simple indentation device for measuring micrometer-scale tissue stiffness.
abstract: Mechanical properties of cells and extracellular matrices are critical determinants of function in contexts including oncogenic transformation, neuronal synapse formation, hepatic fibrosis and stem cell differentiation. The size and heterogeneity of biological specimens and the importance of measuring their mechanical properties under conditions that resemble their environments in vivo present a challenge for quantitative measurement. Centimeter-scale tissue samples can be measured by commercial instruments, whereas properties at the subcellular (nm) scale are accessible by atomic force microscopy, optical trapping, or magnetic bead microrheometry; however many tissues are heterogeneous on a length scale between micrometers and millimeters which is not accessible to most current instrumentation. The device described here combines two commercially available technologies, a micronewton resolution force probe and a micromanipulator for probing soft biological samples at sub-millimeter spatial resolution. Several applications of the device are described. These include the first measurement of the stiffness of an intact, isolated mouse glomerulus, quantification of the inner wall stiffness of healthy and diseased mouse aortas, and evaluation of the lateral heterogeneity in the stiffness of mouse mammary glands and rat livers with correlation of this heterogeneity with malignant or fibrotic pathology as evaluated by histology.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Levental
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Levental
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Assoian
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Janmey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006244:Hardness / Q000502:physiology*; D006245:Hardness Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008846:Micromanipulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical