title: Molecular epidemiology of Fonsecaea species.
abstract: To assess population diversities among 81 strains of fungi in the genus Fonsecaea that had been identified down to species level, we applied amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) technology and sequenced the internal transcribed spacer regions and the partial cell division cycle, beta-tubulin, and actin genes. Many species of the genus Fonsecaea cause human chromoblastomycosis. Strains originated from a global sampling of clinical and environmental sources in the Western Hemisphere, Asia, Africa, and Europe. According to AFLP fingerprinting, Fonsecaea isolates clustered in 5 groups corresponding with F. pedrosoi, F. monophora, and F. nubica: the latter 2 species each comprised 2 groups, and F. pedrosoi appeared to be of monophyletic origin. F. pedrosoi was found nearly exclusively in Central and South America. F. monophora and F. nubica were distributed worldwide, but both showed substantial geographic structuring. Clinical cases outside areas where Fonsecaea is endemic were probably distributed by human migration.
authors.affiliation: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mohammad Javad
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Najafzadeh
authors.forename: Jiufeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Vania A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.forename: Corne H W
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Klaassen
authors.forename: Alexandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonifaz
authors.forename: A H G
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gerrits van den Ende
authors.forename: Steph B J
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Menken
authors.forename: G Sybren
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: de Hoog
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics; D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002862:Chromoblastomycosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D013045:Species Specificity; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D014404:Tubulin