title: International drug price comparisons: quality assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantitatively summarize results (i.e., prices and affordability) reported from international drug price comparison studies and assess their methodological quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of the most relevant databases-Medline, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), and Scopus, from their inception to May 2009-was conducted to identify original research comparing international drug prices. International drug price information was extracted and recorded from accepted papers. Affordability was reported as drug prices adjusted for income. Study quality was assessed using six criteria: use of similar countries, use of a representative sample of drugs, selection of specific types of prices, identification of drug packaging, different weights on price indices, and the type of currency conversion used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1 828 studies identified, 21 were included. Only one study adequately addressed all quality issues. A large variation in study quality was observed due to the many methods used to conduct the drug price comparisons, such as different indices, economic parameters, price types, basket of drugs, and more. Thus, the quality of published studies was considered poor. Results varied across studies, but generally, higher income countries had higher drug prices. However, after adjusting drug prices for affordability, higher income countries had more affordable prices than lower income countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between drug prices and affordability in different countries were found. Low income countries reported less affordability of drugs, leaving room for potential problems with drug access, and consequently, a negative impact on health. The quality of the literature on this topic needs improvement.
authors.affiliation: Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. m.machado@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Márcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Brodovich
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Einarson
mesh_terms: D015706:Bibliometrics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000191:economics; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics; D007182:Income; D038622:Internationality; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic