title: Autism and increased paternal age related changes in global levels of gene expression regulation.
abstract: A causal role of mutations in multiple general transcription factors in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism suggested that alterations in global levels of gene expression regulation might also relate to disease risk in sporadic cases of autism. This premise can be tested by evaluating for changes in the overall distribution of gene expression levels. For instance, in mice, variability in hippocampal-dependent behaviors was associated with variability in the pattern of the overall distribution of gene expression levels, as assessed by variance in the distribution of gene expression levels in the hippocampus. We hypothesized that a similar change in variance might be found in children with autism. Gene expression microarrays covering greater than 47,000 unique RNA transcripts were done on RNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of children with autism (n = 82) and controls (n = 64). Variance in the distribution of gene expression levels from each microarray was compared between groups of children. Also tested was whether a risk factor for autism, increased paternal age, was associated with variance. A decrease in the variance in the distribution of gene expression levels in PBL was associated with the diagnosis of autism and a risk factor for autism, increased paternal age. Traditional approaches to microarray analysis of gene expression suggested a possible mechanism for decreased variance in gene expression. Gene expression pathways involved in transcriptional regulation were down-regulated in the blood of children with autism and children of older fathers. Thus, results from global and gene specific approaches to studying microarray data were complimentary and supported the hypothesis that alterations at the global level of gene expression regulation are related to autism and increased paternal age. Global regulation of transcription, thus, represents a possible point of convergence for multiple etiologies of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America. markalter1968@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Alter
authors.forename: Rutwik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kharkar
authors.forename: Keri E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Raun D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Melmed
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Grebe
authors.forename: R Curtis
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bay
authors.forename: Sharman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ober-Reynolds
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirwan
authors.forename: Josh J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J Blake
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hen
authors.forename: Dietrich A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stephan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010331:Paternal Age; D012307:Risk Factors; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic; D055815:Young Adult