title: Ratiometric coumarin-neutral red (CONER) nanoprobe for detection of hydroxyl radicals.
abstract: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species can lead to alteration of cellular functions responsible for many diseases including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging. Hydroxyl radical is a short-lived radical which is considered very aggressive due to its high reactivity toward biological molecules. In this study, a COumarin-NEutral Red (CONER) nanoprobe was developed for detection of hydroxyl radical based on the ratiometric fluorescence signal between 7-hydroxy coumarin 3-carboxylic acid and neutral red dyes. Biocompatible poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles containing encapsulated neutral red were produced using a coumarin 3-carboxylic acid conjugated poly(sodium N-undecylenyl-Nε-lysinate) (C3C-poly-Nε-SUK) as moiety reactive to hydroxyl radicals. The response of the CONER nanoprobe was dependent on various parameters such as reaction time and nanoparticle concentration. The probe was selective for hydroxyl radicals as compared with other reactive oxygen species including O(2)(•-), H(2)O(2), (1)O(2), and OCl(-). Furthermore, the CONER nanoprobe was used to detect hydroxyl radicals in vitro using viable breast cancer cells exposed to oxidative stress. The results suggest that this nanoprobe represents a promising approach for detection of hydroxyl radicals in biological systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriela M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ganea
authors.forename: Paulina E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Kolic
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: El-Zahab
authors.forename: Isiah M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Warner
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003374:Coumarins / Q000737:chemistry*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003374:Coumarins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009499:Neutral Red; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; C030123:coumarin