title: Looking ahead: a case for human papillomavirus testing  of self-sampled vaginal specimens as a cervical cancer  screening strategy.
abstract: Even in the era of highly effective human papillomavirus (HPV) prophylactic vaccines, substantial reduction in worldwide cervical cancer mortality will only be realized if effective early detection and treatment of the millions of women already infected and the millions who may not receive vaccination in the next decade can be broadly implemented through sustainable cervical cancer screening programs. Effective programs must meet three targets: (i) at least 70% of the targeted population should be screened at least once in a lifetime, (ii) screening assays and diagnostic tests must be reproducible and sufficiently sensitive and specific for the detection of high-grade precursor lesions (i.e., CIN21), and (iii) effective treatment must be provided. We review the evidence that HPV DNA screening from swabs collected by the women in their home or village is sufficiently sound for consideration as a primary screening strategy in the developing world, with sensitivity and specificity for detection of CIN21 as good or better than Pap smear cytology and VIA. A key feature of a self-collected HPV testing strategy (SC-HPV) is the move of the primary screening activities from the clinic to the community. Efforts to increase the affordability and availability of HPV DNA tests, community education and awareness, development of strong partnerships between community advocacy groups, health care centers and regional or local laboratories, and resource appropriate strategies to identify and treat screen-positive women should now be prioritized to ensure successful public health translation of the technologic advancements in cervical cancer prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. pgravitt@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Patti E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gravitt
authors.forename: Jerome L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Belinson
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmeron
authors.forename: Keerti V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D016353:Self-Examination; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000821:virology*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000821:virology