title: Home visits reduce the number of hazards for childhood home injuries in Karachi, Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although unintentional injuries are major causes of morbidity and mortality in less developed countries, they have received scant attention, and injury prevention policies and programs have just begun to be addressed systemically.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To reduce hazards associated with home injuries due to falls and ingestions through an injury prevention program administered by home visitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-blinded randomized controlled trial design of two interventions where one branch of the study group served as the control for the other in an urban neighborhood in Karachi, Pakistan. The study participants included 340 families with at least one child aged 3 years or less, discharged home from the Emergency Department following a visit for any reason other than an injury. The interventions included: (1) counseling to reduce falls; (2) counseling to reduce poisoning and choking. The primary outcome measure for each intervention was the relative risk of change in the home status from "unsafe" to "safe" after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 170 families in the fall prevention and 170 families in the ingestion prevention branch of the study. The percentage of homes deemed "safe" in which the families had received fall intervention counseling was 13.5% compared to 3.5% in the control group (relative risk 3.8; 95% CI: 1.5 to 10.0; p = 0.002), whereas the percentage of homes deemed "safe" in which the families had received the ingestions intervention counseling was 18.8% compared to 2.4% in the control group (relative risk 7.8; 95% CI: 2.4 to 25.3; p < 0.001). Effectiveness did not depend on education or the socioeconomic status of the study participants. The mean number of fall hazards was reduced from 3.1 at baseline to 2.4 in the fall intervention counseling group, and the mean number of ingestion hazards decreased from 2.3 to 1.9. (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of an educational intervention aimed at improving the home safety practices of families with young children.
authors.forename: Rifat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rehmani
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leblanc