title: Why envy outperforms admiration.
abstract: Four studies tested the hypothesis that the emotion of benign envy, but not the emotions of admiration or malicious envy, motivates people to improve themselves. Studies 1 to 3 found that only benign envy was related to the motivation to study more (Study 1) and to actual performance on the Remote Associates Task (which measures intelligence and creativity; Studies 2 and 3). Study 4 found that an upward social comparison triggered benign envy and subsequent better performance only when people thought self-improvement was attainable. When participants thought self-improvement was hard, an upward social comparison led to more admiration and no motivation to do better. Implications of these findings for theories of social emotions such as envy, social comparisons, and for understanding the influence of role models are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Psychology and TIBER (Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research), Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000LE Tilburg, The Netherlands. N.v.d.Ven@tilburguniversity.edu
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van de Ven
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeelenberg
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pieters
mesh_terms: D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007062:Identification, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009426:Netherlands; D011574:Psychoanalytic Theory; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires