title: Moderate exercise improves depression parameters in treatment-resistant patients with major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex condition, with very low remission rates. Physical exercise has been used, with some encouraging results, as an alternative therapy in other depressive disorders. This study assessed the impact on depression and functioning parameters of a moderate intensity exercise program, as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy, in treatment-resistant MDD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  150 individuals with treatment-resistant MDD, defined as taking combined therapy in doses considered adequate for 9-15 months, without showing clinical remission, were initially screened. 33 were randomized to one of two groups: usual pharmacotherapy (N = 11) and usual pharmacotherapy plus aerobic exercise (N = 22). The exercise program consisted of home-based 30-45 min/day walks, 5 days/week, for 12 weeks, being 1 walk per week supervised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exercise group showed improvement of all depression and functioning parameters, as indicated by lower HAMD17, BDI and CGI-S and higher GAF (p < 0.05) at last observation compared both to baseline values and to control group. At the end of the study none of the participants in the control group showed response or remission, whilst in the exercise group 21% of participants showed response and 26% remission, although these differences were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 12 week, home-based exercise program of 30-45 min/day walks, 5 days/week, improved depression and functioning parameters in treatment-resistant MDD patients, and contributed to remission of 26% of these patients. Moderate intensity exercise may be a helpful and effective adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant MDD.
authors.affiliation: Porto Psychiatric Department, Hospital Magalhaes Lemos, Porto, Portugal; School of Psychology, University of Minho, Portugal. dr.motapereira@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mota-Pereira
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silverio
authors.forename: Serafim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Jose Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fonte
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents