title: Serum cystatin C and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of serum cystatin C with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus over a 15 year follow-up period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 15 year cumulative incidence of diabetes was measured in a cohort of Beaver Dam Eye Study participants (n = 3,472, 1988-2003). A person was defined as developing diabetes (a positive history of diabetes mellitus treated with insulin, oral hypoglycaemic agents and/or diet, or elevations in glycosylated haemoglobin levels) in the absence of diabetes at baseline. The relation of cystatin C and other risk factors to incident type 2 diabetes was determined using discrete time extension of the proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 15 year cumulative incidence of diabetes was estimated to be 9.6%. After controlling for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, glycosylated haemoglobin, proteinuria, chronic kidney disease status and hypertension status, serum cystatin C at baseline was associated with the 15 year cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes (OR per log of cystatin C unit 2.19, 95% CI 1.02-4.68).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show a positive relationship of serum cystatin C levels with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus independently of confounding risk factors. The findings strongly suggest the need for further evaluation of the potential importance of cystatin C in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 N Walnut Street, 4th Floor WARF, Madison, WI 53726, USA. sahakyan@epi.ophth.wisc.edu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sahakyan
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014922:Wisconsin
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C