title: The effect of meditation on psychological distress among Buddhist Monks and Nuns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to ascertain whether there is an association between meditation and psychological distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a cohort of meditating Monks and Nuns who have accomplished varying levels of skill in the art of meditation, we studied whether there are varying degrees of psychological distress, and if so, whether this correlates to how advanced the meditators are. In this cross-sectional study, Monks and Nuns were recruited from monasteries, nunneries, and volunteer centres throughout Dharamshala, Northern India. A total of 331 Monks and Nuns participated. Psychological distress was measured using the GHQ-12, and the expertise on meditation was assessed through the number of years practising meditation and the maximum length of time held in concentration in one sitting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dose response association was found with more years meditating associated with increasingly lower GHQ scores. There was 0.21 points drop in GHQ scores for every year meditating (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that Monks and Nuns who are more advanced in practicing meditation show fewer signs of psychological distress than Monks and Nuns who are less advanced in the art of meditation. The practice of meditation may have therapeutic value in the management of psychological distress, and could be offered as a non-pharmacological treatment alternative in patients with anxiety and depression. This is a preliminary study with limitations. More robust evidence is needed before we can confidently establish a causal link between meditation and psychological wellbeing. Our findings should, however, encourage further research in this area to generate better evidence for the health benefits of what is a long established practice in Buddhist communities.
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol. gauriverm@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gauri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Araya
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D002016:Buddhism / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires