title: Anatomical validity of the Hawkins-Kennedy test--a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite routine use, clinical tests used to diagnose subacromial impingement often display poor diagnostic accuracy. A lack of anatomical validity may contribute to the poor diagnostic accuracy. The current study aimed to examine the anatomical validity of measuring subacromial pressure in the Hawkins-Kennedy impingement test in a cadaveric shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subacromial pressures were measured using pressure transducers in non-provocative and provocative Hawkins-Kennedy test positions using an ABA research design with 25 repeated measures in one cadaver. Data collected included pressure at four subacromial locations (coracoid process, coraco-acromial ligament, anterior acromion and posterior acromion), and observation of anatomical structures impinging on transducers. The split-middle method of visual analysis and the Reliable Change Index (RCI) were applied to examine any differences between provocative and non-provocative positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was increased pressure in the provocative position at the coraco-acromial ligament, which impinged biceps brachii, and at the anterior acromion, which impinged the rotator interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of the current study provide evidence that suggest that structures other than the rotator cuff tendons may be impinged during the Hawkins-Kennedy test.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia.
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Nicholas F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Rodney A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D010808:Physical Examination; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014160:Transducers, Pressure