title: Peptide-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer protease substrates for the detection and diagnosis of Bacillus species.
abstract: We describe the development of a highly specific enzyme-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay for easy and rapid detection both in vitro and in vivo of Bacillus spp., among which are the members of the B. cereus group. Synthetic substrates for B. anthracis proteases were designed and exposed to secreted enzymes of a broad spectrum of bacterial species. The rational design of the substrates was based on the fact that the presence of D-amino acids in the target is highly specific for bacterial proteases. The designed D-amino acids containing substrates appeared to be specific for B. anthracis but also for several other Bacillus spp. and for both vegetative cells and spores. With the use of mass spectrometry (MS), cleavage products of the substrates could be detected in sera of B. anthracis infected mice but not in healthy mice. Due to the presence of mirrored amino acids present in the substrate, the substrates showed high species specificity, and enzyme isolation and purification was redundant. The substrate wherein the D-amino acid was replaced by its L-isomer showed a loss of specificity. In conclusion, with the use of these substrates a rapid tool for detection of B. anthracis spores and diagnosis of anthrax infection is at hand. We are the first who present fluorogenic substrates for detection of bacterial proteolytic enzymes that can be directly applied in situ by the use of D-oriented amino acids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. w.kaman@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Wendy E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Kaman
authors.forename: Albert G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hulst
authors.forename: Pleunie T W
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: van Alphen
authors.forename: Sanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roffel
authors.forename: Marcel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van der Schans
authors.forename: Tod
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Belkum
authors.forename: Floris J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bikker
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases