title: Speed choice and driving performance in simulated foggy conditions.
abstract: Driving in fog is a potentially dangerous activity that has been investigated in a number of different ways; however, most have focused on identifying the underlying perceptual changes that result in an inability to perceive speed of vehicle motion. Although the previous research has identified the perceptual changes associated with driving in fog and shows that people are highly likely to perceive their speed to be higher than it actually is, these research studies have not investigated driving behavior when drivers are allowed to maintain speed as they feel appropriate and make use of the vehicle's speedometer. In addition, much of the existing research focuses on speed perception and presents a limited view of other driving performance metrics in terms of lane keeping and event detection. The current study addresses these issues utilizing a driving simulator-based method where fog is simulated as a distance dependent contrast reduction while having participants drive at speeds they feel are appropriate. A number of different instructions and speed feedback mechanisms were tested in order to determine how drivers react when driving in varying levels of fog. Results also include lane keeping measures in order to assess whether drivers are willing to drive at speeds where their lane keeping performance is degraded due to the reduced visibility. Results indicate that, in general, drivers do not tend to slow down significantly until visibility distance is drastically reduced by fog; however, lane keeping ability is maintained throughout most of the range of visibility distances. Lane keeping ability was reduced only when fog results in visibility distances <30 m. Overall, the current study shows that drivers are willing and able to maintain vehicular control at high speed when driving in fog; however, it is important to note that drivers chose to drive at speeds where they would be incapable of stopping to avoid obstacles in the roadway even if they were to identify and react to the obstacle immediately at the border of visibility distance. This research suggests that safety benefits may be gained by convincing drivers to slow down more than they would on their own when driving in fog or enhancing a vehicle's ability to identify and react to hazards that are not visible to the driver. In order to further understand the effects of driving in fog, future naturalistic driving research should focus on identifying and mitigating risky behaviors associated with driving in foggy conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Clemson University, 418 Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, United States. jobrook@clemson.edu
authors.forename: Johnell O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Crisler
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goodenough
authors.forename: Rebekkah W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Beeco
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guirl
authors.forename: Peg J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilpert
authors.forename: Yarbough
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grygier
authors.forename: Brooke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burroughs
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Cody
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004215:Distance Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007699:Kinesthesis; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D014796:Visual Perception; D014887:Weather; D055815:Young Adult