title: Effect of pain perception on the heartbeat evoked potential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of acute tonic pain on the heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) and to test whether or not pain perception can be reflected by the HEP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded from 21 healthy young adults in three conditions: passive no-task control, no-pain control and cold pain. The HEP was obtained by using ECG R-peaks as event triggers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prominent HEP deflection was observed in both control conditions mainly over the frontal and central locations, while it was significantly suppressed in the cold pain condition over the right-frontal, right-central and midline locations. A comparison of the data in the first and last 5 min of cold pain condition showed that lower subjective pain ratings were accompanied by higher HEP magnitudes. A correlation analysis showed that the mean HEP magnitude over the midline locations was significantly negatively correlated with subjective pain ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cold pain induces significant suppression of the HEP across a number of scalp locations, and the suppression is correlated with self-report of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HEP has the potential to serve as an alternative pain measure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shiyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Kaiquan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Einar P V
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*