title: Reduced intracortical inhibition and facilitation in the primary motor tongue representation of adults who stutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed at detecting neurophysiological changes, in the primary motor tongue representation in adults with persistent stuttering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using transcranial magnetic stimulation in 12 patients and 14 controls, we examined motor threshold, motor-evoked potential (MEP) input-output curve, short-term intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF), based on eight trials per conditioning-test interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In controls inhibition of the MEP-amplitude at short inter-stimulus intervals (ISI) and facilitation of the MEP-amplitude at long ISIs was evident. Patients showed an inhibition at ISI 3 ms and weaker non-significant inhibition at ISI 2 ms; this delay of inhibitory activity was especially prominent in the right hemisphere. Facilitation was reduced at ISI 10 and 15 ms in patients. Furthermore, MEP input-output curve was steeper in patients. Motor thresholds did not differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In persistent stuttering intracortical excitability of the primary motor tongue representation is altered with a deviant time course for inhibitory activity in the right hemisphere and reduced paired-pulse facilitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results specify changes in intracortical networks possibly mediated by altered GABAergic regulations in persistent stuttering. Thus, a better understanding of pathomechanisms and a potential role in understanding pharmacological treatment responses emerge by using transcranial magnetic stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Neef
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neef
authors.forename: A Wolff
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: von Gudenberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013342:Stuttering / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000294:innervation*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation