title: Nosocomial infections and multidrug-resistant organisms in Germany: epidemiological data from KISS (the Hospital Infection Surveillance System).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 800 hospitals and 586 intensive care units (ICUs) in Germany currently participate in a nationwide surveillance system for nosocomial infections (Krankenhaus-Infektions-Surveillance-System, KISS), which collects data on the frequency of nosocomial infections and pathogens and on the appearance of pathogens of special epidemiological importance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from ICUs regarding lower respiratory tract infections, primary sepsis, and urinary tract infections and on the temporal relation of these types of infection to the use of specific medical devices (invasive ventilation, central venous catheters, and urinary catheters). On the basis of these data, device-associated infection rates (number of infection per 1000 device days) were calculated for different types of ICUs. KISS also collected data on all ICU patients colonized or infected with selected multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) and on all hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Device-associated infection rates ranged from 0.9 to 9.6 per 1000 device-days, depending on the type of infection and the type of ICU. An extrapolation from these figures yields an estimate of 57 900 ICU-acquired infections occurring in Germany each year. The most common MDRO in ICU patients is MRSA. The frequency of MRSA has remained stable in recent years, but that of other MDROs among ICU patients is rising. Hospitalized patients are twice as likely to acquire CDAD as they are to acquire MRSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nosocomial infections are common in the ICU. The percentage of ICU patients with MDRO is low, but rising. Future preventive strategies must address this development.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin und Nationales Referenzzentrum für die Surveillance von nosokomialen Infektionen, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, Berlin, Germany. christine.geffers@charite.de
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geffers
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gastmeier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult