title: Bovine shoulder and hip models to teach ultrasound-guided injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physiatrists are well versed in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. In recent years, treatment of musculoskeletal disorders with ultrasound-guided injections has been gaining increasing popularity; however, teaching the proper technique and use of ultrasound remains a problem when resources and funding are limited. Therefore, we focused our attention on the use of a life-like experimental animal model to simulate ultrasound-guided glenohumeral and femoroacetabular joint injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was completed to determine the target depth and needle length of injections completed on patients within our clinic. This was compared to three bovine specimens obtained from a local butcher shop.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found the average target depth to be 3.11 cm with a needle length of 4.50 cm from skin surface to the glenohumeral joint. The bovine glenohumeral joint target depth ranged between 1.27 and 3.23 cm with a needle length of 2.25 to 5.46 cm. The average femoroacetabular joint target depth was 4.66 cm with a needle length of 6.79 cm. The bovine femoroacetabular joint had a target depth of 4.39 cm with a needle length of 7.33 cm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A bovine shoulder specimen is an appropriate and affordable model to simulate both the glenohumeral and femoroacetabular joints in ultrasound-guided injection training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Case Western Reserve University-Metrohealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA.
authors.forename: Anuj P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Daftari
authors.forename: Jihad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jaffer
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Homer
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D023421:Models, Animal; D010810:Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine / Q000193:education; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D055815:Young Adult