title: Preparation and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles containing Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-human chorionic gonadotropin, a new generation choriocarcinoma-specific gene vector.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of using magnetic iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4))-dextran-anti-β-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) nanoparticles as a gene vector for cellular transfections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-HCG nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical coprecipitation. The configuration, diameter, and iron content of the nanoparticles were detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), light scatter, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-HCG nanoparticles. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence were used to evaluate immunoreactivity. The efficiency of absorbing DNA and resisting deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) digestion when bound to Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-HCG nanoparticles was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. The ability of Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-HCG nanoparticles to absorb heparanase antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODN) nanoparticles in different cell lines was evaluated by flow cytometry. The tissue distribution of heparanase AS-ODN magnetic nanoparticles in choriocarcinoma tumors transplanted in nude mice was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TEM demonstrated that the shape of nanoparticles is irregular. Light scatter revealed nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 75.5 nm and an iron content of 37.5 μg/mL. No cytotoxicity was observed when the concentration of Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-HCG nanoparticles was <37.5 μg/mL. Fe(3)O(4)-dextran nanoparticles have a satisfactory potential to combine with β-HCG antibody. Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of binding experiments showed that after treatment with sodium periodate, Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-HCG nanoparticles have a satisfactory potential to absorb DNA, and the protection experiment showed that nanoparticles can effectively protect DNA from DNase I digestion. Aldehyde Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-HCG nanoparticles can transfect reporter genes, and the transfection efficiency of these nanoparticles is greater than that of liposomes (P < 0.05). Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-HCG nanoparticles can concentrate in choriocarcinoma cells and in transplanted choriocarcinoma tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm that Fe(3)O(4)-dextran-anti-β-HCG nanoparticles have potential as a secure, effective, and choriocarcinoma-specific targeting gene vector.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. cjingting114@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Cai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jingting
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huining
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002822:Choriocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003911:Dextrans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D003911:Dextrans; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C000499:ferric oxide; D004247:DNA; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I