title: Surface characterisation of bioadhesive PLGA/chitosan microparticles produced by supercritical fluid technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Novel biodegradable and mucoadhesive PLGA/chitosan microparticles with the potential for use as a controlled release gastroretentive system were manufactured using supercritical CO(2) (scCO(2)) by the Particle Gas Saturated System (PGSS) technique (also called CriticalMix(TM)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Microparticles were produced from PLGA with the addition of mPEG and chitosan in the absence of organic solvents, surfactants and crosslinkers using the PGSS technique. Microparticle formulations were morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscope; particle size distribution was measured using laser diffraction. Microparticle surface was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to evaluate the presence of chitosan on the surface. Mucoadhesiveness of the microparticles was evaluated in vitro using a mucin assay employing two different kinds of mucin (Mucin type III and I-S) with different degrees of sialic acid contents, 0.5-1.5% and 9-17%, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two analytical surface techniques (XPS and ToF-SIMS) demonstrated the presence of the chitosan on the surface of the particles (<100 μm), dependent on the polymer composition of the microparticles. The interaction between the mucin solutions and the PLGA/chitosan microparticles increased significantly with an increasing concentration of mucin and chitosan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strong interaction of mucin with the chitosan present on the surface of the particles suggests a potential use of the mucoadhesive carriers for gastroretentive and oral controlled drug release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino P.zza Rinascimento 6, Urbino, 61029, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casettari
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castagnino
authors.forename: Snjezana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stolnik
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Howdle
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Illum
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009077:Mucins / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D009077:Mucins; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D048271:Chitosan