title: Penile cancer: epidemiology and treatment.
abstract: Penile cancer is an aggressive disease, with major psychological and social impact. The etiological factors are poor genital hygiene, the presence of phimosis, viral infection, ultraviolet radiation, smoking, balanitis xerotic obliterans, and chronic lichen. Identifying prognostic factors is important to select patients at risk for lymph node metastasis and avoid unneeded lymphadenectomy. The presence of lymph node metastasis is currently the strongest prognostic factor but its evaluation is imperfect using clinical and laboratorial methods. The treatment for invasive penile cancer is based on the treatment of primary tumor, usually with amputation and regional lymphadenectomy, treatments that have a high morbidity rate.
authors.affiliation: Pelvic Surgery Department, Hospital A C Camargo, Rua Prof Antonio Prudente 211, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil. guimaraesgc@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gustavo Cardoso
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Rafael Malagoli
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Stenio Cassio
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Zequi
authors.forename: Isabela Werneck
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: Fernando Augusto
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000235:genetics; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53