title: A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression versus relaxation training for alcohol-dependent individuals with elevated depressive symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A previous pilot study found positive outcomes among alcohol-dependent individuals with elevated depressive symptoms who received cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression (CBT-D; n = 19) compared with a relaxation training control (RTC; n = 16). The current study represents a replication of this pilot study using a larger sample size and a longer follow-up assessment period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients entering a partial hospital drug and alcohol treatment program who met criteria for alcohol dependence and elevated depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory score ≥ 15) were recruited and randomly assigned to receive eight individual sessions of CBT-D (n = 81) or RTC (n = 84).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant improvements in depressive and alcohol use outcomes over time for all participants.Compared with RTC, the CBT-D condition had significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, at the 6-week follow-up. However, this effect was inconsistent because there were no differences in the Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression between conditions at that time point and there were no significant differences at any other follow-up. No significant between-group differences on alcohol use outcomes were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings did not replicate the positive outcomes observed in the CBT-D condition in our previous pilot study. Possible explanations for why these findings were not replicated are discussed, as are theoretical and clinical implications of using CBT-D in alcohol treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital/Brown Medical School, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906, USA. Richard_Brown@Brown.edu
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Maryella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dubreuil
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Ivan W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D013695:Temperance; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol