title: Physician-delivered malnutrition: why do patients receive nothing by mouth or a clear liquid diet in a university hospital setting?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional practices of placing patients nil per os (NPO) or on clear liquid diet (CLD) deter delivery of optimal nutrition care and are not always supported by sound physiologic principles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This perspective survey evaluated the incidence of this practice, the reasons for such orders, and the response to intervention by the Multidisciplinary Nutrition Team (MNT).
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to University of Louisville Hospital were monitored by MNT dietitians and were candidates for the study if they were placed NPO upon CLD for ≥ 3 days. The MNT determined appropriateness of diet orders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 1192 admissions, 22.6% of the patients (n = 262, 61% male, mean age 46.1 years) were found to be NPO or on CLD for ≥ 3 days (mean 5.2 days NPO, 1.04 days CLD), and were entered in the study. Uncertainty regarding the reason for the specific diet order occurred more often when patients were placed on CLD than when made NPO (32.1% vs. 15.0% of cases, respectively, P < 0.05). NPO diet orders were more often deemed appropriate by the MNT than were orders for CLD (58.6% vs. 25.6%, respectively, P < 0.05). Compliance with MNT recommendations was low at 40.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite an active MNT, 22% of patients were made NPO or placed on CLD for a prolonged period of time. More than a third of diet orders for NPO and two thirds of orders for CLD were inappropriate and poorly justified. Improving the adequacy of nutrition therapy is hampered by noncompliance with MNT recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery and Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Glen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McClave
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Hurt
authors.forename: Cynthia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lowen
authors.forename: Allyson E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Stogner
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Priest
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Haffner
authors.forename: Karl R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Deibel
authors.forename: Dana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Blandford
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004032:Diet; D004046:Dietetics / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D044623:Nutrition Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010820:Physicians / Q000592:standards*; D011361:Professional Competence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult