title: Fabrication of nanoparticles using partially purified pomegranate ellagitannins and gelatin and their apoptotic effects.
abstract: METHODS
  Nanoparticles possess unique chemical and biological properties compared to bulk materials. Bioactive food components encapsulated in nanoparticles may have increased bioavailability and bioactivities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-assembled nanoparticles made of partially purified pomegranate ellagitannins (PPE) and gelatin were fabricated using three PPE-to-gelatin mass ratios (1:5, 5:5, and 7:5). The PPE contained 16.6% (w/w) of punicalagin A, 32.5% (w/w) of punicalagin B, and a small amount of ellagic acid-hexoside and ellagic acid (1%, w/w). Nanoparticles fabricated using the ratio 5:5 had a particle size of 149.3±1.8 nm, positive zeta-potential of 17.8±0.9 mV, production efficiency 53.0±4.2%, and spherical morphology under scanning electron microscopy. Loading efficiency of punicalagin A and punicalagin B in these particles were 94.2±0.4% and 83.8±0.5 %, respectively. Loading capacity was 14.8±1.5% and 25.7±2.2%, respectively. Only punicalagin anomers were able to bind with gelatin to form nanoparticles, whereas ellagic acid-hexoside or ellagic acid could not. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that the interactions between ellagitannins and gelatin were hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. PPE-gelatin nanoparticle suspension was less effective than PPE in inducing the early stage of apoptosis on human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60. But they had similar effects in inducing late stage of apoptosis and necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pomegranate ellagitannins bind with gelatin to form self-assembled nanoparticles. Ellagitannins encapsulated in nanoparticles had decreased apoptotic effects on leukemia cells HL-60.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Percival
authors.forename: Suzanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonard
authors.forename: Liwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D005780:Gelatin