title: Diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination in cervical spine injuries in awake and alert blunt trauma patients.
abstract: METHODS
  Observational, case series.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sensitivity and specificity of clinical judgment as compared to the use of X-ray images in detecting cervical spine injuries in trauma patients presenting in the emergency department of Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cross-table cervical spine views are important in patients with signs and symptoms relating to cervical spine, but asymptomatic patients constitute a different subgroup. Accuracy of clinical examination in these patients has not been subjected to scrutiny.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with blunt trauma who presented to the emergency department and underwent cross-table X-rays as part of their trauma workup were included. The X-rays were read by a radiologist not aware of the history of the patients. We recorded demographic data along with mechanism of injury, associated neck signs or symptoms whether present or not, cervical spine range of motion, associated injuries and X-ray findings. The history and examination were carried out by the on-call neurosurgery team member. The sensitivity and specificity along with negative and positive predictive value of the clinical examination were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 16.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 50 patients with positive signs and symptoms, 4 (8%) had positive X-rays while only 1 out of 324 (0.3%) with no associated signs and symptoms had positive X-ray findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical examination is 80% sensitive and 73.98% specific in detecting true cervical spine injuries as compared to C-spine X-rays in alert and awake patients with blunt trauma.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Manzar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Gohar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Javed