title: Risk of surgery following recent myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to assess the impact of recent myocardial infarction (MI) on outcomes after subsequent surgery in the contemporary clinical setting.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Prior work shows that a history of a recent MI is a risk factor for complications following noncardiac surgery. However, this data does not reflect current advances in clinical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the California Patient Discharge Database, we retrospectively analyzed patients undergoing hip surgery, cholecystectomy, colectomy, elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, and lower extremity amputation from 1999 to 2004 (n = 563,842). Postoperative 30-day MI rate, 30-day mortality, and 1-year mortality were compared for patients with and without a recent MI using univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression. Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals were estimated using bootstrapping with 1000 repetitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative MI rate for the recent MI cohort decreased substantially as the length of time from MI to operation increased (0-30 days = 32.8%, 31-60 days = 18.7%, 61-90 days = 8.4%, and 91-180 days = 5.9%), as did 30-day mortality (0-30 days = 14.2%, 31-60 days = 11.5%, 61-90 days = 10.5%, and 91-180 days = 9.9%). MI within 30 days of an operation was associated with a higher risk of postoperative MI (RR range = 9.98-44.29 for the 5 procedures), 30-day mortality (RR range, 1.83-3.84), and 1-year mortality (RR range, 1.56-3.14).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A recent MI remains a significant risk factor for postoperative MI and mortality following surgery. Strategies such as delaying elective operations for at least 8 weeks and medical optimization should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90509, USA.
authors.forename: Masha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Livhits
authors.forename: Clifford Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zingmond
authors.forename: Melinda Maggard
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Virgilio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D002423:Cause of Death; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors