title: Virulence gene expression by Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm cells exposed to antibiotics.
abstract: Staphylococcus epidermidis have become important causes of nosocomial infections, as its pathogenesis is correlated with the ability to form biofilms on polymeric surfaces. Production of poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) is crucial for S. epidermidis biofilm formation and is synthesized by the gene products of the icaADBC gene cluster. Production of PNAG/polysaccharide intercellular adhesin and biofilm formation are regulated by the alternative sigma factor, σ(B), and is influenced by a variety of environmental conditions including disinfectants and other antimicrobial substances. The susceptibility of five S. epidermidis strains to antibiotics alone and in double combination was previously tested. Our results demonstrated that some combinations are active and present a general broad spectrum against S. epidermidis biofilms, namely rifampicin-clindamycin and rifampicin-gentamicin. In the present study, it was investigated whether the combination of rifampicin with clindamycin and gentamicin and these antibiotics alone influence the expression of specific genes (icaA and rsbU) of S. epidermidis within biofilms using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The data showed that in most cases the expression of both genes tested significantly increased after exposure to antimicrobial agents alone and in combination. Besides having a similar antimicrobial effect, rifampicin combined with clindamycin and gentamicin induced a lower expression of biofilm-related genes relatively to rifampicin alone. Associated with the advantage of combinatorial therapy in avoiding the emergence of antibiotic resistance, this study demonstrated that it can also cause a lower genetic expression of icaA and rsbU genes, which are responsible for PNAG/polysaccharide intercellular adhesin production, and consequently reduce biofilm formation recidivism, relatively to rifampicin alone.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cerca
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ceri
authors.forename: Rosário
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; C113831:poly-N-acetyl glucosamine; C113579:polysaccharide intercellular adhesin; D002981:Clindamycin; D010744:Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; D000581:Amidohydrolases; D000117:Acetylglucosamine; D012293:Rifampin