title: Environmentally persistent free radicals induce airway hyperresponsiveness in neonatal rat lungs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased asthma risk/exacerbation in children and infants is associated with exposure to elevated levels of ultrafine particulate matter (PM). The presence of a newly realized class of pollutants, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), in PM from combustion sources suggests a potentially unrecognized risk factor for the development and/or exacerbation of asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal rats (7-days of age) were exposed to EPFR-containing combustion generated ultrafine particles (CGUFP), non-EPFR containing CGUFP, or air for 20 minutes per day for one week. Pulmonary function was assessed in exposed rats and age matched controls. Lavage fluid was isolated and assayed for cellularity and cytokines and in vivo indicators of oxidative stress. Pulmonary histopathology and characterization of differential protein expression in lung homogenates was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonates exposed to EPFR-containing CGUFP developed significant pulmonary inflammation, and airway hyperreactivity. This correlated with increased levels of oxidative stress in the lungs. Using differential two-dimensional electrophoresis, we identified 16 differentially expressed proteins between control and CGUFP exposed groups. In the rats exposed to EPFR-containing CGUFP; peroxiredoxin-6, cofilin1, and annexin A8 were upregulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure of neonates to EPFR-containing CGUFP induced pulmonary oxidative stress and lung dysfunction. This correlated with alterations in the expression of various proteins associated with the response to oxidative stress and the regulation of glucocorticoid receptor translocation in T lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Shrilatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balakrishna
authors.forename: Jordy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saravia
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thevenot
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahlert
authors.forename: Slawo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lominiki
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dellinger
authors.forename: Stephania A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cormier
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000139:chemically induced*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D016207:Cytokines; D005609:Free Radicals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D020543:Proteome