title: A comparison between high hydrostatic pressure extraction and heat extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine biomaterial components, the components must first be transferred into solution; thus extraction is the first step in biomaterial analysis. High hydrostatic pressure technology was used for ginsenoside extraction from ginseng roots. In the extraction of fresh and red ginseng, high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) was found to be more effective than heat extraction (HE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In fresh ginseng extraction under HHPE, total ginsenosides (1602.2 µg mL⁻¹) and ginsenoside metabolite (132.6 µg mL⁻¹) levels were slightly higher than those under HE (1259.0 and 78.7 µg mL⁻¹), respectively. In red ginseng, similar results indicated total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite amounts according to the extraction methods. Most volatile compounds by HHPE were higher than by HE treatment. HHPE of red ginseng was conducted under four pressures: 0.1 MPa (1 atm), 30, 50, and 80 MPa. Total sugar, uronic acid, and polyphenol amounts increased until 30 MPa of pressure and then showed decreasing tendencies. Total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite contents linearly increased with increasing pressure, and a maximum was reached at 80 MPa for the metabolites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HHPE used for red ginseng processing contributes to enhanced extraction efficiencies of functional materials such as ginsenosides through cell structure modification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition and Institute of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyun Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyung Jo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Do Weon
authors.initials: do W
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: Yoonsook
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chong-Tai
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chul-Jin
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Namsoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sin-Yang
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hyung Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000302:isolation & purification; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018517:Plant Roots; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014574:Uronic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D014574:Uronic Acids