title: How do pharmacists respond to complaints of acute insomnia? A simulated patient study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is known that many people with insomnia choose to self medicate and present at community pharmacies, particularly in cases of acute insomnia. The objective of this study is to investigate how community pharmacists respond to complaints of acute insomnia from people who seek self treatment and determine the factors affecting this response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community pharmacies in New South Wales, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simulated patient study was conducted in 100 randomly selected pharmacies located in Newcastle and Sydney, Australia. A standardized scenario of acute sleep onset insomnia and a scoring system was used in each pharmacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Main outcome measures included supply/non supply of an over the counter sleep aid to the simulated patient, and scores for pharmacists for skills in eliciting information prior to supply of medication (Pre Supply Score), counseling about medication (Supply Score), or about sleep (Sleep Score).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 100 pharmacies, upon simulated patient presentation, 96% supplied a product, the remaining 4% referred to a physician. Non-pharmacological advice was provided in 42%. Pharmacists scored highly on advice provided with supply of a medication (Supply scores/4, 3.1 ± 0.9), but lower on skills in eliciting information prior to supply (Pre-supply score/8, 3.6 ± 1.9) and sleep related counselling (Sleep Score/9, 2.1 ± 1.7). Lower estimated pharmacist age, being in a chain type pharmacy, and having a visible symbol of quality accreditation were found to significantly improve (P < 0.05 the Sleep Score outcome. Lower estimated pharmacist age as also significantly associated with higher Supply Score (P < 0.05); whilst both lower estimated age an visible quality assurance signage were associated with higher Pre-Supply scores (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that many pharmacists are responding appropriately to complaints of sleeplessness in terms of eliciting insomnia type and counseling about medicines use. However more education for pharmacists would help to further promote good sleep health, and address behaviors including reliance on medicines taking that can progressively worsen insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Pharmacy Building (A15), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kippist
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Delwyn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Bandana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saini
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D003376:Counseling; D004512:Education, Pharmacy; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010595:Pharmacists; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012651:Self Medication; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs