title: Cutting characteristics of ultrasonic surgical instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasonic surgical devices are becoming increasingly popular and work is required to understand the performance of the cutting tips. This experimental study looks to investigate the way in which ultrasonic bone cutting tools oscillate and how this oscillation is modified when contacted against bone surfaces with varying loads. The defects produced in instrumented bone surfaces were measured and related to the tip motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ultrasonic cutting probe was scanned, unloaded, using a scanning laser vibrometer to determine its free oscillation pattern and amplitude. This probe tip was then contacted against bone under various loads to assess the modification in oscillation characteristics. Cuts were performed over a period of 10 s. The cut bone surfaces were assessed using laser profilometry to determine defect depths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average vibration displacement amplitude at the probe tip, under load, was <12 μm in the longitudinal direction and was greatest for the cortical cutting mode. Elliptical probe motion was successfully mapped out under the range of loads tested. Defect depths of up to 0.36 mm were detected and were greatest when the tip was in contact with the bone with a load of 100 g.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work showed that the nature of the surface being cut may significantly alter the mode shape and magnitude of the probe oscillation. The maximum depth of cut with minimum restraining of tip motion was achieved at 100 g contact load.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Dipesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.forename: Malveen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: A Damien
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D002417:Cattle; D004867:Equipment Design; D007834:Lasers; D016014:Linear Models; D059745:Piezosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014732:Vibration