title: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the amphibian neurotoxin, anntoxin.
abstract: Anntoxin is the first gene-encoded neurotoxin identified from amphibians, which is a 60-residue neurotoxin peptide, acting as an inhibitor of tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). Sodium channels have been considered as therapeutic targets for pain. Several animal models of persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain (tail-flick test, hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin-induced paw licking, carrageenan-induced paw edema) were used to test analgesic functions of recombinant anntoxin (r-anntoxin). In all these animal models, r-anntoxin showed strong analgesic functions. R-anntoxin obviously inhibited secretions of both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Histopathological study indicated that r-anntoxin reduced the edematous epidermis induced by carrageenan. All these results indicate that r-anntoxin has strong analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Tongyan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Dewen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ren
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D029845:Amphibian Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000473:pathology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced; D010147:Pain Measurement; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029845:Amphibian Proteins; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C543423:anntoxin, Hyla annectans; D005557:Formaldehyde; D002351:Carrageenan; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019342:Acetic Acid