title: Cyclic alternating pattern in sleep and its relationship to creativity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep has been shown to enhance creativity, but the reason for this enhancement is not entirely known. There are several different physiologic states associated with sleep. In addition to rapid (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, NREM sleep can be broken down into Stages (1-4) that are characterized by the degree of EEG slow-wave activity. In addition, during NREM sleep the cyclic alternating pattern (CAPs) of EEG activity has been described which can also be divided into three subtypes (A1-A3) according to the frequency of the EEG waves. Differences in CAP subtype ratios have been previously linked to cognitive performances. The purpose of this study was to asses the relationship between CAP activity during sleep and creativity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were eight healthy young adults (four women) who underwent three consecutive nights of polysomnographic recording and took the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA) on the second and third mornings after the recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were positive correlations between Stage 1 of NREM sleep and some measures of creativity such as fluency (R=.797; p=.029) and flexibility (R=.43; p=.002), between Stage 4 of NREM sleep and originality (R=.779; p=.034) and a global measure of figural creativity (R=.758; p=.040). There was also a negative correlation between REM sleep and originality (R=-.827; p=.042). During NREM sleep the CAP rate, which in young people reflects primarily the A1 subtype, also correlated with originality (R=.765; p=.038).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NREM sleep is associated with low levels of cortical arousal, and low cortical arousal may enhance the ability of people to access to the remote associations that are critical for creative innovations. In addition, A1 CAP subtypes reflect frontal activity, and the frontal lobes are important for divergent thinking, also a critical aspect of creativity.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Via Pilastroni, 4, 25125 Brescia, Italy. vdrago@fatebenefratelli.it
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Drago
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Heilman
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aricò
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montagna
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003405:Creativity; D004325:Dreams / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D010507:Periodicity; D017286:Polysomnography; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult