title: The lipid accumulation product is associated with increased mortality in normal weight postmenopausal women.
abstract: Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor, which is calculated from waist circumference (WC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between LAP and cardiovascular mortality as well as the presence of type 2 diabetes with respect to gender-specific differences. We determined WC and fasting TG levels and the cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus in 2,279 men and 875 postmenopausal women who were routinely referred to coronary angiography. The LAP was calculated as (WC (cm)--65) × (TG (mmol/l)) for men and as (WC (cm)--58) × (TG (mmol/l)) for women. LAP levels were independently associated with congestive heart failure mortality in all postmenopausal women and with all-cause mortality in diabetic postmenopausal women but not in men. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for all-cause, cardiovascular, and congestive heart failure mortality in the third compared to the first LAP tertile were 4.28 (1.94-9.44; P < 0.001), 3.47 (1.28-9.40; P = 0.015), and 10.77 (1.21-95.88; P = 0.033), respectively, in normal weight postmenopausal women, whereas no significant associations were found in men. LAP levels were highly associated with type 2 diabetes in all subjects, postmenopausal women, and men. High LAP values are predictive of mortality independently of other cardiovascular risk factors in normal weight and diabetic postmenopausal women but not in men. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) was highly associated with LAP in women and men. Our study validates an inexpensive and simple risk profiling that may allow identifying postmenopausal women at high cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. elisabeth.wehr@medunigraz.at
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wehr
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: Bernhard O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Obermayer-Pietsch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014280:Triglycerides