title: Cloud-point extraction of rhodamine 6G by using Triton X-100 as the non-ionic surfactant.
abstract: Cloud-point extraction (CPE) using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 was used successfully to remove a highly toxic dye, rhodamine 6G (R6G), from water and wastewater. The effects of different analytical parameters such as pH, concentration of Triton X-100 (TX-100) and salts, equilibrium temperature, and incubation time on the efficiency of the extraction of R6G were studied in detail, and optimum conditions for dye extraction were obtained. Thermodynamic parameters including changes in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy were also calculated, and these parameters indicated that the CPE of R6G was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic in the temperature range of 75-95 degrees C. The equilibrium solubilization capacity of TX-100 was found to be 1.10 mmol/mol by using Langmuir isotherm models. No significant interference effects were observed in the presence of phenol and its derivatives, some acidic and basic dyes and most of the anions and cations. It was concluded that the CPE process described in this paper can be an alternative technique for removal of dyes and other pollutants from waters and wastewaters.
authors.affiliation: Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey. cduran@ktu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Celal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: Duygu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ozdes
authors.forename: Volkan Numan
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Bulut
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tufekci
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soylak
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D017830:Octoxynol; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007220:Industrial Waste; D012235:Rhodamines; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C026188:rhodamine 6G; D017830:Octoxynol