title: Toxic effects of dietary methylmercury on immune function and hematology in American kestrels (Falco sparverius).
abstract: Fifty-nine adult male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were assigned to one of three diet formulations including 0 (control), 0.6, and 3.9 µg/g (dry wt) methylmercury (MeHg). Kestrels received their diets daily for 13 weeks to assess the effects of dietary MeHg on immunocompetence. Immunotoxic endpoints included assessment of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) using the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin-swelling assay and primary and secondary antibody-mediated immune responses (IR) via the sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemagglutination assay. Select hematology and histology parameters were evaluated to corroborate the results of functional assays and to assess immunosuppression of T and B cell-dependent components in spleen tissue. Kestrels in the 0.6 and 3.9 µg/g MeHg groups exhibited suppression of CMI, including lower PHA stimulation indexes (p = 0.019) and a 42 to 45% depletion of T cell-dependent splenic lymphoid tissue (p = 0.006). Kestrels in the 0.6 µg/g group exhibited suppression of the primary IR to SRBCs (p = 0.014). MeHg did not have a noticeable effect on the secondary IR (p = 0.166). Elevation of absolute heterophil counts (p < 0.001), the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.001), and total white blood cell counts (p = 0.003) was apparent in the 3.9 µg/g group at week 12. Heterophilia, or the excess of heterophils in peripheral blood above normal ranges, was apparent in seven of 17 (41%) kestrels in the 3.9 µg/g group and was indicative of an acute inflammatory response or physiological stress. This study revealed that adult kestrels were more sensitive to immunotoxic effects of MeHg at environmentally relevant dietary concentrations than they were to reproductive effects as previously reported.
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA. fallacarad@battelle.org
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fallacara
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Halbrook
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002060:Bursa of Fabricius / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D006405:Hematology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds