title: Susceptibility of Atlantic salmon lenses to hydrogen peroxide oxidation ex vivo after being fed diets with vegetable oil and methylmercury.
abstract: The development of cataract in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) has been related to changes in feed composition resulting in sub-optimal lens nutrition. The present study was performed to investigate the ability of Atlantic salmon lenses to withstand oxidative stress ex vivo, with focus on the nutritional lipid history and exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) as a relevant dietary contaminant. Since dietary histidine has been shown to have a mitigating effect on the prevalence of cataract in farmed salmon, the antioxidative abilities of histidine and NAH, a major imidazole in the salmon lens, was also investigated ex vivo. Lenses from Atlantic salmon prefed diets based on either fish oil (FO) or vegetable oil (VO) as lipid source, with or without addition of 5 mg MeHgkg(-1) feed, were cultured for 96 h in normal medium (control), medium added 5 mM H(2)O(2) or in histidine enriched medium. Lipid class composition of the lenses was not affected by the dietary lipids; while VO fed fish had a decrease in lens n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio due to minor but significant increase in the concentration of 18:2 n-6 and 20:4 n-6, and decrease in 20:5 n-3 fatty acids compared to FO fed fish. The lenses accumulated mercury in response to dietary levels, but neither the oxidative status nor any physiological responses were affected. The cultured lenses responded to H(2)O(2) exposure with loss of transparency, accumulation of auto-fluorescent compounds, volume increase and reduced glutathione concentration similarly and irrespective of the dietary history. Lenses extracted histidine from the media, and synthesised NAH during the culture period. The innate antioxidative defence system appeared to be influenced both by the dietary lipid history and histidine enrichment on a transcriptional level. Catalase and SPARC were expressed higher in lenses from FO fed fish, and glutaredoxin showed elevated expression levels in FO lenses cultured in histidine enriched medium, suggesting that histidine is related to the innate antioxidant defence in salmon lenses. Further, the concentration of NAH was significantly reduced in oxidatively stressed lenses. Based on the results from this study it is suggested that NAH has a novel role as antioxidant in the Atlantic salmon lens.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. Sofie.Remo@nifes.no
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Remø
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Olsvik
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Torstensen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amlund
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Breck
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waagbø
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002386:Cataract / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006639:Histidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D015676:Osteonectin / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020317:Salmo salar; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005395:Fish Oils; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D015676:Osteonectin; D010938:Plant Oils; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D006639:Histidine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D005978:Glutathione; C023495:N-acetylhistidine; C004925:methylmercuric chloride