title: Quantification of left ventricular longitudinal strain, strain rate, velocity, and displacement in healthy horses by 2-dimensional speckle tracking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quantification of equine left ventricular (LV) function is generally limited to short-axis M-mode measurements. However, LV deformation is 3-dimensional (3D) and consists of longitudinal shortening, circumferential shortening, and radial thickening. In human medicine, longitudinal motion is the best marker of subtle myocardial dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility and reliability of 2-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) for quantifying equine LV longitudinal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy untrained trotter horses; 9.6 ± 4.4 years; 509 ± 58 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study. Repeated echocardiographic examinations were performed by 2 observers from a modified 4-chamber view. Global, segmental, and averaged peak values and timing of longitudinal strain (SL), strain rate (SrL), velocity (VL), and displacement (DL) were measured in 4 LV wall segments. The inter- and intraobserver within- and between-day variability was assessed by calculating the coefficients of variation for repeated measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2DST analysis was feasible in each exam. The variability of peak systolic values and peak timing was low to moderate, whereas peak diastolic values showed a higher variability. Significant segmental differences were demonstrated. DL and VL presented a prominent base-to-midwall gradient. SL and SrL values were similar in all segments except the basal septal segment, which showed a significantly lower peak SL occurring about 60 ms later compared with the other segments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2DST is a reliable technique for measuring systolic LV longitudinal motion in healthy horses. This study provides preliminary reference values, which can be used when evaluating the technique in a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium. annelies.decloedt@ugent.be
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Decloedt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Verheyen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sys
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Loon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*