title: Matrix metalloproteinases and chemokines in the gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement.
abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and monocyte chemoattractants are key modulators of the biological mechanisms triggered in the periodontium by mechanical forces. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) provides a non-invasive method to assess longitudinally the release of inflammatory mediators during orthodontic tooth movement. The goal of this study was to examine the GCF levels of MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 and of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and regulated on activation normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) at different time points during orthodontic tooth movement. Fourteen subjects (three males and 11 females, 18.8 ± 4.8 years of age; range from 12 to 28 years) had their maxillary canines retracted. Thirty-second GCF samples were collected from the tension and pressure sides 7 days prior to the activation of the orthodontic appliance, on the day of activation, and after 1 and 24 hours, and 14, 21, and 80 days of constant force application. The volume of GCF was measured and samples analysed using a multiplexed bead immunoassay for the content of the six target molecules. Differences in the mean GFC volumes and mean level for each analyte over time were assessed using the Friedman test, and differences between the tension and pressure sides at each time point with the Mann-Whitney test. The mean levels of the three MMPs changed significantly over time but only at the compression side (P < 0.05, Friedman test). The GCF levels of the three chemokines were not affected by the application of mechanical stress. The levels of MMPs in GCF at the pressure side are modulated by the application of orthodontic force.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil. jonascapelli@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Capelli
authors.forename: Alpdogan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kantarci
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haffajee
authors.forename: Ricardo Palmier
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.forename: Rivail
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fidel
authors.forename: Carlos Marcelo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Figueredo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000032:analysis; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000032:analysis; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000032:analysis; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000032:analysis; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000032:analysis*; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D018925:Chemokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C507079:MMP13 protein, human; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; C511768:MMP3 protein, human; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9