title: Metabolism of ophthalmic timolol: new aspects of an old drug.
abstract: Glaucoma is a common eye disease that can cause irreversible blindness if not diagnosed and treated in the early stages of progression. This disease is often, albeit not always, associated with increased intraocular pressure, which is also the most important risk factor for glaucoma. Currently, the only treatment option of glaucoma is reduction of intraocular pressure. A β-adrenergic antagonist, timolol, has been used for the treatment of glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure for more than 30 years and still remains the drug of choice. Locally, timolol is well tolerated. However, it has been reported that approximately 80% of a topically administered eye drop is systemically absorbed. Thus, ophthalmic timolol may cause severe adverse cardiovascular and respiratory effects. On the basis of the aforementioned situation, it is somewhat surprising to notice that the metabolism of timolol has only recently been studied in detail even though the drug has been used for decades. Earlier clinical studies have suggested that timolol is metabolized by CYP2D6, an important member of the cytochrome P450 family. Our recent in vitro studies demonstrated convincingly that CYP2D6 is the main enzyme contributing to timolol metabolism, although also CYP2C19 may have a minor role. Liver is the principal site of timolol metabolism, because - according to our recent findings - only negligible amounts of CYP2D6 are expressed in human ocular tissues. After topical administration, systemic timolol concentrations may be high enough to cause cardiovascular and respiratory adverse effects especially in patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers or use concomitant CYP2D6 inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland. marjovolotinen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marjo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volotinen
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hakkola
authors.forename: Olavi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pelkonen
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vapaatalo
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mäenpää
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000378:metabolism; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D013999:Timolol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D013999:Timolol; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6