title: p53 in trichostatin A induced C6 glioma cell death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors were demonstrated to induce cell cycle arrest, promote cell differentiation or apoptosis, and inhibit metastasis. HDAC inhibitors have thus emerged as a new class of anti-tumor agents for various types of tumors. However, the mechanisms by which HDAC inhibition-induced cell death remain to be fully defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we explored the apoptotic actions of trichostatin A (TSA), a HDAC inhibitor, in C6 glioma cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TSA activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), leading to p53 phosphorylation and activation. P53, a proapoptotic transcription factor, in turn transactivated the expression of a proapoptotic protein, Bax. In addition, survivin, a member of inhibitor of apoptotic protein, was significantly decreased in TSA-treated C6 cells. P53 recruited to the endogenous survivin promoter region was increased and accompanied by decreasing recruitment of SP1 in response to TSA. TSA was also shown to induce IKK dephosphorylation and to suppress NF-κB reporter activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSA may cause C6 cell apoptosis through activating p38MAPK-p53 cascade resulting in Bax expression and survivin suppression. Negative regulation of IKK-NF-κB signaling may also lead to p53 activation and contribute to TSA apoptotic actions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSA-induced p53 activation may occur through p53 modification by phosphorylation or by acetylation via IKK inactivation. The present study delineates, in part, the signaling pathways involved in TSA-induced glioma cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Fen
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Joen-Rong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: Chien-Huang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tsai-Hsing
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Pei-Ting
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Chun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ming-Jen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D000077022:Survivin; D013997:Time Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494828:Bax protein, rat; C516989:Birc5 protein, rat; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D000077022:Survivin; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C012589:trichostatin A; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases