title: Functional, morphological and molecular characterization of bladder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: evidence of a role for L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic cystopathy is one of the most common and incapacitating complications of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate the functional, structural and molecular alterations of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, focusing on the contribution of Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels (L-VOCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with streptozotocin (125 mg·kg(-1) ). Four weeks later, contractile responses to carbachol, α,β-methylene ATP, KCl, extracellular Ca(2+) and electrical-field stimulation were measured in urothelium-intact DSM strips. Cystometry and histomorphometry were performed, and mRNA expression for muscarinic M(2) /M(3) receptors, purine P2X1 receptors and L-VOCC in the bladder was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic mice exhibited higher bladder capacity, frequency, non-void contractions and post-void pressure. Increased bladder weight, wall thickness, bladder volume and neural tissue were observed in diabetic bladders. Carbachol, α,β-methylene ATP, KCl, extracellular Ca(2+) and electrical-field stimulation all produced greater DSM contractions in diabetic mice. The L-VOCC blocker nifedipine almost completely reversed the enhanced DSM contractions in bladders from diabetic animals. The Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 had no effect on the enhanced carbachol contractions in the diabetic group. Expression of mRNA for muscarinic M(3) receptors and L-VOCC were greater in the bladders of diabetic mice, whereas levels of M(2) and P2X1 receptors remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic mice exhibit features of urinary bladder dysfunction, as characterized by overactive DSM and decreased voiding efficiency. Functional and molecular data suggest that overactive DSM in diabetes is the result of enhanced extracellular Ca(2+) influx through L-VOCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: L O S
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Leiria
authors.forename: F Z T
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Mónica
authors.forename: F D G F
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Claudino
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Franco-Penteado
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schenka
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Nucci
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antunes
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism*; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D043587:Receptor, Muscarinic M3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058474:Receptors, Purinergic P2X1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2; D043587:Receptor, Muscarinic M3; D058474:Receptors, Purinergic P2X1; C108830:Y 27632; D002217:Carbachol; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D009543:Nifedipine; D002122:Calcium Chloride