title: Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and European cranberry (Vaccinium microcarpon) proanthocyanidins: isolation, identification, and bioactivities.
abstract: European, small-fruited cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpon) and lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) were characterized for their phenolic compounds and tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiadhesive, and antiinflammatory effects. The main phenolic compounds in both lingonberries and cranberries were proanthocyanidins comprising 63-71% of the total phenolic content, but anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and flavonols were also found. Proanthocyanidins are polymeric phenolic compounds consisting mainly of catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin units. In the present study, proanthocyanidins were divided into three groups: dimers and trimers, oligomers (mDP 4-10), and polymers (mDP > 10). Catechin, epicatechin, A-type dimers and trimers were found to be the terminal units of isolated proanthocyanidin fractions. Inhibitions of lipid oxidation in liposomes were over 70% and in emulsions over 85%, and in most cases the oligomeric or polymeric fraction was the most effective. Polymeric proanthocyanidin extracts of lingonberries and cranberries were strongly antimicrobial against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas they had no effect on other bacterial strains such as Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Escherichia coli. Polymeric fraction of cranberries and oligomeric fractions of both lingonberries and cranberries showed an inhibitory effect on hemagglutination of E. coli, which expresses the M hemagglutin. Cranberry phenolic extract inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner, but it had no major effect on iNOS of COX-2 expression. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL cranberry phenolic extract inhibited LPS-induced IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α production. Lingonberry phenolics had no significant effect on IL-1β production but inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α production at a concentration of 100 μg/mL similarly to cranberry phenolic extract. In conclusion the phenolics, notably proanthocyanidins (oligomers and polymers), in both lingonberries and cranberries exert multiple bioactivities that may be exploited in food development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. petri.kylli@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kylli
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nohynek
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puupponen-Pimiä
authors.forename: Benita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Westerlund-Wikström
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leppänen
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Welling
authors.forename: Eeva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon / Q000737:chemistry*; D029801:Vaccinium vitis-idaea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D044945:Proanthocyanidins