title: Modulation of protein phosphatase 2A activity alters androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells: therapeutic implications.
abstract: Earlier we identified PPP2CA, which encodes for the α-isoform of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) catalytic subunit, as one of the downregulated genes in androgen-independent prostate cancer. PP2A is a serine/threonine phosphatase and a potent tumor suppressor involved in broad cellular functions; however, its role in prostate cancer has not yet been determined. Here, we have investigated the effect of PP2A activity modulation on the androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells. Our data show that the PPP2CA expression and PP2A activity is downregulated in androgen-independent (C4-2) prostate cancer cells as compared with androgen-dependent (LNCaP) cells. Downregulation of PP2A activity by pharmacologic inhibition or short interfering RNA-mediated PPP2CA silencing sustains the growth of LNCaP cells under an androgen-deprived condition by relieving the androgen deprivation-induced cell-cycle arrest and preventing apoptosis. Immunoblot analyses reveal enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), BAD, increased expression of cyclins (A1/D1), and decreased expression of cyclin inhibitor (p27) on PP2A downregulation. Furthermore, our data show that androgen receptor (AR) signaling is partially maintained in PP2A-inhibited cells through increased AR expression and ligand-independent phosphorylation. Pharmacologic inhibition of Akt, ERK, and AR suggest a role of these signaling pathways in facilitating the androgen-independent growth of LNCaP cells. These observations are supported by the effect of ceramide, a PP2A activator, on androgen-independent C4-2 cells. Ceramide inhibited the growth of C4-2 cells on androgen deprivation, an effect that could be abrogated by PP2A downregulation. Altogether, our findings suggest that modulation of PP2A activity may represent an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncologic Sciences Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Sanjeev K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Honkanen
authors.forename: Eddie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Ajay P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2