title: An anthropomorphic breast model for breast imaging simulation and optimization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optimization studies for x-ray-based breast imaging systems using computer simulation can greatly benefit from a phantom capable of modeling varying anatomical variability across different patients. This study aimed to develop a three-dimensional phantom model with realistic and randomizable anatomical features.
  
  
  METHODS
  A voxelized breast model was developed consisting of an outer layer of skin and subcutaneous fat, a mixture of glandular and adipose, stochastically generated ductal trees, masses, and microcalcifications. Randomized realization of the breast morphology provided a range of patient models. Compression models were included to represent the breast under various compression levels along different orientations. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation code was adapted to simulate x-ray based imaging systems for the breast phantom. Simulated projections of the phantom at different angles were generated and reconstructed with iterative methods, simulating mammography, breast tomosynthesis, and computed tomography (CT) systems. Phantom dose maps were further generated for dosimetric evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Region of interest comparisons of simulated and real mammograms showed strong similarities in terms of appearance and features. Noise-power spectra of simulated mammographic images demonstrated that the phantom provided target properties for anatomical backgrounds. Reconstructed tomosynthesis and CT images and dose maps provided corresponding data from a single breast enabling optimization studies. Dosimetry result provided insight into the dose distribution difference between modalities and compression levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anthropomorphic breast phantom, combined with the MC simulation platform, generated a realistic model for a breast imaging system. The developed platform is expected to provide a versatile and powerful framework for optimizing volumetric breast imaging systems.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Baiyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shorey
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Loren W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samei
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed