title: Ischemic optic neuropathy and implications for plastic surgeons: report of a new case and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative visual loss is a rare and devastating complication after nonocular as well as ocular surgery. A case of such a complication arising as a consequence of nonocular surgery prompted a review of the literature, and an appraisal of current theories on etiology, risk factors, and potential treatment options, as well as implications for informed consent. It is clear from our review that all patients undergoing both reconstructive and cosmetic surgery are at risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed to identify all cases of ischemic optic neuropathy (both anterior and posterior subtypes) subsequent to any type of plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery procedures. An analysis of current knowledge regarding risk factors, etiology, prevention, and treatment options was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 38 patients aged between 16 and 76 years affected by ischemic optic neuropathy were identified, many as a consequence of routine and sometimes minor operative procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic optic neuropathy can be a devastating complication of surgery. Plastic surgeons need to be aware of the risks, as well as the signs and symptoms, and counsel at-risk patients accordingly because of the potentially devastating nature of this complication. There are significant implications in relation to informed consent, underscored by the legal case of Rogers v Whitaker, 67 ALJR 47 (Aust 1992), which highlights the importance within the consent process of complications threatening sight, no matter how small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. tommasoagostini@ymail.com
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lazzeri
authors.forename: Vittorugo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: Kayvan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shokrollahi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018917:Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields; D055815:Young Adult