title: Effect of aerobic high-intensity hybrid training on stroke volume and peak oxygen consumption in men with spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training during combined arm cycling exercise (ACE) and functional electrical stimulation leg cycling (hybrid exercise), on peak stroke volume and peak oxygen consumption in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A baseline control trial at an outpatient SCI clinic (St. Olav's University Hospital, Norway) was conducted. Participants included six men with SCI in stable neurologic recovery (ASIA Impairment Scale grade A). The study intervention included aerobic high-intensity hybrid exercise training three times a week for 8 wks preceded by a 7-wk control period of regular daily activity. Main outcome measures were peak stroke volume during hybrid cycling and peak oxygen consumption during hybrid cycling, ACE, and functional electrical stimulation leg cycling. The tests were conducted at three time points: 1, baseline; 2, control; and 3, post-training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data are presented as mean (SD). From control to post-training tests, a significant increase in peak stroke volume by 33% (P = 0.004), from 77.7 (9.9) to 103.4 (17.1) ml/beat, was found. Furthermore, between control and post-training tests, hybrid peak oxygen consumption increased by 24.4%, from 24.6 (3.9) to 30.6 (5.2) ml kg (-1) min (-1) (P = 0.003), and peak oxygen consumption during isolated ACE and functional electrical stimulation cycling increased by 25.9% (P = 0.001) and 23.5% (P = 0.007), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training aerobic high-intensity hybrid intervals at 85%-95% of peak Watt was feasible for this group of SCI men and significantly increased peak stroke volume and peak oxygen uptake. Because aerobic capacity is directly linked to mortality and morbidity, the present study may be useful for designing training programs sufficient to reverse the risk of cardiovascular disease in SCI.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Circulation and Biomedical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brurok
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helgerud
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karlsen
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leivseth
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D016552:Ergometry; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*