title: Evaluating the effects of an integrated medical ethics curriculum on first-year students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An integrated biomedical ethics track was implemented as part of the new medical undergraduate curriculum at the National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine in academic year (AY) 2008/2009. This study analyses the effects of the new curriculum on fi rst-year students' knowledge, confidence and opinions in relation to the subject.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort-based quasi-experimental study, we administered a pre-course and post-course questionnaire to a group of fi rst-year students in AY2008/2009 who underwent the new biomedical ethics curriculum. The same questionnaire was carried out with the fi rst-year cohort of AY2007/2008, who had received only ad hoc teaching in biomedical ethics. The questionnaire focused on the students' opinions on selected taught topics in biomedical ethics and law, and formal ethics education; their confidence in relation to specific clinical ethical competencies; and their knowledge of selected taught topics in the fi rst-year syllabus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental cohort acquired more knowledge and confidence. They rated more positively formal ethics teaching and assessment as a requirement of medical education. Attitudes were found to have been 'professionalised' within the experimental group, with significantly greater receptiveness towards ethical codes of the profession and the regulatory role of the Singapore Medical Council. They were found to be more conservative with respect to legislative changes in healthcare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pioneer biomedical ethics curriculum had significant effects on the ethical development of fi rst-year medical students. Longitudinal research through further phases of the integrated curriculum is needed to identify learning issues that affect the consolidation of knowledge, confidence and attitudes in medical ethics, law and professionalism.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. medjcjl@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Jacqueline J L
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Teck Chuan
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Voo
authors.forename: Syahirah Abdul
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: Yiong Huak
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Alastair V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004992:Ethics, Medical / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012846:Singapore; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013663:Teaching