title: Scapular-muscle performance: two training programs in adolescent swimmers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Swimming requires well-balanced scapular-muscle performance. An additional strength-training program for the shoulders is pursued by swimmers, but whether these muscle-training programs need to be generic or specific for endurance or strength is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate isokinetic scapular-muscle performance in a population of adolescent swimmers and to compare the results of training programs designed for strength or muscle endurance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University human research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen adolescent swimmers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each participant pursued a 12-week scapular-training program designed to improve either muscle strength or muscle endurance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral peak force, fatigue index, and protraction/retraction strength ratios before and after the scapular-training program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scapular protraction/retraction ratios were slightly higher than 1 (dominant side  =  1.08, nondominant side  =  1.25, P  =  .006). Side-to-side differences in retraction strength were apparent both before and after the training program (P  =  .03 and P  = .05, respectively). After the training program, maximal protraction (P < .05) and retraction (P < .01) strength improved on the nondominant side. Peak force and fatigue index were not different between the training groups. The fatigue indexes for protraction on both sides (P < .05) and retraction on the nondominant side (P  =  .009) were higher after the training program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe the scapular-muscle characteristics of a group of adolescent swimmers. Both muscle-strength and muscle-endurance programs improved absolute muscle strength. Neither of the strength programs had a positive effect on scapular-muscle endurance. Our results may be valuable for coaches and physiotherapists when they are designing exercise programs for swimmers.
authors.affiliation: Arteveldehogeschool Ghent, Belgium. annemie.vandevelde@ugent.be
authors.forename: Annemie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van de Velde
authors.forename: Kristof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Mey
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maenhout
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calders
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cools
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology