title: Electrochemical multiwalled carbon nanotube filter for viral and bacterial removal and inactivation.
abstract: Nanotechnology has potential to offer solutions to problems facing the developing world. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of an anodic multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) microfilter toward the removal and inactivation of viruses (MS2) and bacteria (E. coli). In the absence of electrolysis, the MWNT filter is effective for complete removal of bacteria by sieving and multilog removal of viruses by depth-filtration. Concomitant electrolysis during filtration results in significantly increased inactivation of influent bacteria and viruses. At applied potentials of 2 and 3 V, the electrochemical MWNT filter reduced the number of bacteria and viruses in the effluent to below the limit of detection. Application of 2 and 3 V for 30 s postfiltration inactivated >75% of the sieved bacteria and >99.6% of the adsorbed viruses. Electrolyte concentration and composition had no correlation to electrochemical inactivation consistent with a direct oxidation mechanism at the MWNT filter surface. Potential dependent dye oxidation and E. coli morphological changes also support a direct oxidation mechanism. Advantages of the electrochemical MWNT filter for pathogen removal and inactivation and potential for point-of-use drinking water treatment are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States. vecitis@seas.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Chad D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Vecitis
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schnoor
authors.forename: Md Saifur
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rahaman
authors.forename: Jessica D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: Menachem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elimelech
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017909:Levivirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000633:toxicity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon