title: Pitfalls and artefacts using contrast enhanced ultrasound.
abstract: Ultrasound is the method of choice in the detection and characterization of diffuse and focal organic diseases. For B-mode and colour (power) Doppler ultrasound, besides manual skills, (hands-on) a technical knowledge about ultrasound images is of the upmost importance for the investigator. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has become an important diagnostic tool for hepatic, renal, pancreatic indications and several others due to: (a) an increasing rate of studies resulting in sufficient evidence especially in hepatic indications, (b) a rate of adverse events close to zero (1:10,000 in comparison to iodinated contrast agents from 1-12:100) enabling the application of CEUS in patients with severe renal insufficiency or thyroid gland autonomy, and (c) a reasonable price (depends on the country and influence of the health-care system [reimbursement]) and the dosage used. Mini-doses from 0.1 to 0.4 mL are used depending on the contrast agent and applied indication. Therefore a well founded knowledge concerning the technical aspects of CEUS is important for the investigator to avoid misinterpretation especially when artefacts specific for CEUS occur. Special literature is rare. In the presented article we present pitfalls concerning CEUS. The following aspects are considered and illustrated by images: (i) acoustic power (mechanical index) and other aspects resulting in micro bubble destruction, (ii) the possibility of false positive contrast signals in non-vascularized areas, (iii) attenuation caused by too high contrast agent dose, (iv) influence of the frame rate on the spatial resolution, (v) dealing with deep located lesions, (vi) differences in focus positioning in detection and characterization studies, (vii) advantages and disadvantages of replenishment studies, (viii) reliability of contrast enhanced spectral Doppler measurements.
authors.affiliation: Med. Klinik 2, Caritas-Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany. christoph.dietrich@ckbm.de
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ignee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hocke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schreiber-Dietrich
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Greis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*