title: Development and psychometric testing of a short version of the Barriers Questionnaire-Taiwan form for cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A comprehensive assessment of patient hesitancy to use analgesics and accurate knowledge related to the promotion of analgesic adherence is necessary for effective pain management. Unfortunately, there has been a lack of a short and concise questionnaire to assess patients' hesitancy to use analgesics in clinical practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of the development and psychometric properties of the short version of the Barriers Questionnaire-Taiwan form (S-BQT).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study employed a descriptive design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample was recruited from oncology clinics at two medical centers in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty-three (N=183) patients receiving analgesics for cancer pain participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instruments included the Barriers Questionnaire-Taiwan form (BQT), the Taiwanese version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Measure-Taiwan form (MMAM-T). Two self-administered questionnaires were performed at the same time, and the ratio of analgesic usage was computed over a two-week period. Reliability was established by calculating Cronbach's α and test-retest reliability. The validity was estimated by construct validity, criterion-related validity, and known group validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To develop the S-BQT, we used reliability analysis to extract nine items from nine subscales. Internal consistency of the S-BQT was indicated by a Cronbach's alphas score of 0.86. Test-retest reliability was assessed as 0.83 over a two-week interval. Factor analysis revealed two factor structures. Criterion-related validity was examined by correlating the S-BQT score, and MMAM-T score, and the ratio of analgesic use. Known group validity was examined by comparing the S-BQT scores of patients with hesitancy to report pain and take analgesics vs. patients demonstrating no such hesitancy in the previous week. Known group validity was also established by comparing the S-BQT scores among patients with low, moderate, and high adherence to the usage of medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The S-BQT shows excellent reliability and validity. The use of this instrument can help to improve communication between patients and clinicians regarding the use of analgesics in the management of pain.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pi-Ling
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Kun-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: Chia-Chin
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics