title: Macrophages induce neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells via BMP6-IL6 Loop.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Frequently associated with hormone refractory prostate cancer are neuroendocrine cells. Because these cells do not express androgen receptors and are castration-resistant, further understanding the mechanism of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of prostate cancer cells may yield novel intervention methods in hormone refractory prostate cancer. In this regard, the present study investigated the effect of macrophages on prostate cancer NED.
  
  
  METHODS
  THP-1 and LNCaP or RAW264.7 and TRAMP-C2 cell line co-cultures were used to investigate NED-macrophage interactions. Also interleukin-6 (IL-6) knockout mice and macrophage-depleted mice were used to test NED in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that co-culturing with THP-1 human monocytic cell line and RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line led to the NED of LNCaP and TRAMP-C2 prostate cancer cells, respectively. Specifically, the conditioned media of activated macrophages stimulated the expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), a marker of NED, in both LNCaP and TRAMP-C2 cells. Mechanistically, bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) derived from prostate cancer cells increased the expression of IL-6 in macrophages. Subsequently, IL-6 induced the NED of prostate cancer cells. When this feedback loop was disrupted with neutralizing antibodies to either BMP-6 or IL-6, NED was no longer observed. In human prostate cancer tissues, neuroendocrine cells frequently co-localized with macrophages and BMP-6. In mice, the removal of IL-6 or macrophages blocked the BMP-6-induced NED of prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, we propose that BMP-6 secreted by prostate cancer cells induces IL-6 expression in macrophages; IL-6, in turn, stimulates the NED of prostate cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Dean and Betty Gallo Prostate Cancer Center, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Geun Taek
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seok Joo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Jae-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seong Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Kee Taek
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Han Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hyun Moo
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wun-Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong Hyeon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Isaac Yi
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D055099:Neuroendocrine Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C525816:BMP6 protein, human; C525817:Bmp6 protein, mouse; D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse