title: Clinicopathological features of lung adenocarcinoma with KRAS mutations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  KRAS and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are thought to play an important role in the carcinogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma. However, clinicopathological findings of KRAS mutated adenocarcinoma cases have not yet been fully clarified. The authors analyzed the relationship between the KRAS mutation and corresponding clinicopathological findings, focusing on nonmucinous and mucinous bronchioloalveolar elements.
  
  
  METHODS
  EGFR and KRAS mutations were detected in DNA samples extracted from 182 surgically resected tissues of lung adenocarcinomas by the Smart Amplification Process. The relations between gene mutation status and clinicopathological features were analyzed. All adenocarcinoma cases were divided into bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features, and adenocarcinoma without BAC components (non-BAC). BAC/adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features tumors were further assessed for the presence of mucinous features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EGFR and KRAS mutations were found in 76 and 30 cases, respectively. In the KRAS mutant group, BAC/adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features was found in 22 cases, which included 10 nonmucinous and 12 mucinous tumors. Of 19 cases with mucinous BAC/adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features, KRAS mutations were detected in 12, but no EGFR mutation was detected. In the KRAS mutant group, BAC/adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features had significantly earlier pathological stages and more favorable prognoses than did non-BAC. Mucinous BAC/adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features showed less smoking history than did nonmucinous BAC/adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features and non-BAC. Furthermore, transversion type KRAS mutations were more common in non-BAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KRAS mutated adenocarcinomas can be divided into BAC/adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features and non-BAC types. Non-BAC adenocarcinoma is related to smoking history and has a poor prognosis. BAC/adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features adenocarcinoma, however, has a more favorable prognosis, and mucinous BAC/adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features has little relationship to smoking history.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakegawa
authors.forename: Kimihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamae
authors.forename: Kyoichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaira
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Tetsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamiyoshihara
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takeyoshi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung; D002282:Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar / Q000235:genetics; D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000235:genetics; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D066246:ErbB Receptors; D018631:ras Proteins