title: Are school vending machines loaded with calories and fat: an assessment of 106 middle and high schools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which vending offerings in 106 schools in the St. Paul-Minneapolis, Minnesota metropolitan area, met criteria for types of beverages, fat, and calories based on selected criteria offered by the Institute of Medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schools where youth participants were attending for the 2006-2007 school year were identified and invited to participate in the study (n = 143); 81% of schools (n = 116) agreed to participate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 116 schools, 106 had vending machines. Across schools with vending machines (n = 106), 5085 food and 8442 beverage items were offered. Overall, only 18% of beverage items met criteria for calories and type of beverage; significantly more items in public schools met the criteria as compared to private schools (19% vs 12%; p < .01). This difference was also significant for high schools as compared to middle schools (18% vs 22%; p < .01). For food items, 41% met calorie criteria, 45% met fat criteria, and 22% met both fat and calorie criteria. Significantly more food items met both criteria in public than private schools (22% vs 18%; p = .01), while high schools (22%) and middle schools (21%) were similar. A very small proportion of foods (< 5%) would have met the full criteria suggested by the Institute of Medicine for competitive foods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, foods and beverages offered in vending machines continue to be high in fat and calories. Public schools are doing a slightly better job of providing healthy foods as compared to private schools.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, 1 University Station, D3700, Austin, TX 78712-0360, USA. kpasch@mail.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Keryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Pasch
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lytle
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Samuelson
authors.forename: Kian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Farbakhsh
authors.forename: Martha Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kubik
authors.forename: Carrie D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Patnode
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002149:Energy Intake; D005223:Fats; D005509:Food Dispensers, Automatic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008910:Minnesota; D015969:National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D052756:Nutritional Sciences / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009753:Nutritive Value; D017149:Private Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017150:Public Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012574:Schools; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005223:Fats