title: Development and validation of a symptom scale for lumbar spinal stenosis.
abstract: METHODS
  A cross-sectional study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We developed a reliable and valid instrument to measure symptom severity in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies on LSS have investigated the efficacy of drug therapy compared with conservative therapy and surgery, examined predictive factors for therapeutic effects, and ascertained postoperative quality of life. However, patient background factors have varied among studies, making it difficult to compare findings across studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, focus group interviews were conducted, and data were analyzed using qualitative methods. Then, 189 patients with a diagnosis of LSS from 9 hospitals completed the LSS questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the construct validity, and Cronbach α coefficient was calculated to test internal consistency. The criterion-related validity used pain, numbness, and walking capacity as external criteria. The test-retest reliability with an interval of 1 to 5 weeks was analyzed in 163 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative study extracted 10 domains and created a pool of 36 items. With factor analysis, items with factor loading less than 0.35 were excluded, and 25 items in 8 domains were selected. The Cronbach α of these items was 0.929. The coefficient of the test-retest reliability was 0.807. Pain, numbness, and walking capacity were significantly correlated with the scores of the LSS symptom scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 25-item LSS symptom scale was developed, and its reliability and validity were confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan. miho-s@fmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakita
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Onishi
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*