title: Low physical activity and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in renal transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low physical activity (PA) is a risk factor for mortality in the general population. This is largely unexplored in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). We studied whether PA is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort of RTR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2001 and 2003, 540 RTRs were studied (age, 51 ± 12 years; 54% male). PA was assessed using validated questionnaires (Tecumseh Occupational Activity Questionnaire and the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire). Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality were recorded until August 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent of age, PA was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome, history of cardiovascular disease, fasting insulin, and triglyceride concentration, and positively associated with kidney function and 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion (i.e., muscle mass). During follow-up for 5.3 years (range, 4.7 to 5.7 years), 81 RTRs died, with 37 cardiovascular deaths. Cardiovascular mortality was 11.7, 7.2, and 1.7%, respectively, according to gender-stratified tertiles of PA (P=0.001). All-cause mortality was 24.4, 15.0, and 5.6% according to these tertiles (P<0.001). In Cox regression analyses, adjustment for potential confounders including history of cardiovascular disease, muscle mass, and traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease did not materially change these associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low PA is strongly associated with increased risk for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in RTRs. Intervention studies are necessary to investigate whether PA improves long-term survival after renal transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Sector A, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. d.m.zelle@int.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Dorien M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zelle
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corpeleijn
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Stolk
authors.forename: Mathieu H G
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: de Greef
authors.forename: Rijk O B
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Gans
authors.forename: Jaap J Homan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van der Heide
authors.forename: Gerjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Navis
authors.forename: Stephan J L
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine