title: GAD-alum immunotherapy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-alum (Diamyd(®), Diamyd Medical, Stockholm, Sweden) is an adjuvant-formulated vaccine incorporating recombinant human GAD65, the specific isoform of GAD expressed in human pancreatic β-cells and a major antigen targeted by autoreactive T lymphocytes in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Intermittent vaccination with this protein is theorized to induce immune tolerance to GAD65, thereby potentially interrupting further β-cell destruction. Hence, clinical trials are ongoing to examine the efficacy and safety of GAD-alum immunotherapy in patients with autoimmune-mediated forms of diabetes, including Type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA. moralesalba@uams.edu
authors.forename: Alba E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Thrailkill
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001323:Autoantibodies; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014612:Vaccines; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2