title: Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by different metallic nanoparticles on human kidney cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some manufactured nanoparticles are metal-based and have a wide variety of applications in electronic, engineering and medicine. Until now, many studies have described the potential toxicity of NPs on pulmonary target, while little attention has been paid to kidney which is considered to be a secondary target organ. The objective of this study, on human renal culture cells, was to assess the toxicity profile of metallic nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO and CdS) usable in industrial production. Comparative studies were conducted, to identify whether particle properties impact cytotoxicity by altering the intracellular oxidative status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nanoparticles were first characterized by size, surface charge, dispersion and solubility. Cytotoxicity of NPs was then evaluated in IP15 (glomerular mesangial) and HK-2 (epithelial proximal) cell lines. ZnO and CdS NPs significantly increased the cell mortality, in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic effects were correlated with the physicochemical properties of NPs tested and the cell type used. Analysis of reactive oxygen species and intracellular levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione revealed that particles induced stress according to their composition, size and solubility. Protein involved in oxidative stress such as NF-κb was activated with ZnO and CdS nanoparticles. Such effects were not observed with TiO2 nanoparticles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On glomerular and tubular human renal cells, ZnO and CdS nanoparticles exerted cytotoxic effects that were correlated with metal composition, particle scale and metal solubility. ROS production and oxidative stress induction clearly indicated their nephrotoxic potential.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biologie Cellulaire, FRE/CNRS 3396, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pujalté
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Passagne
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brouillaud
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tréguer
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohayon-Courtès
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: L'Azou
mesh_terms: D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013440:Sulfides / Q000633:toxicity; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013440:Sulfides; C034939:cadmium sulfide; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide