title: Gastroprotective and ulcer healing effects of essential oil from Hyptis spicigera Lam. (Lamiaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyptis Jacq. (Lamiaceae) is being used in traditional medicine to treat fever, inflammation and gastric disturbances. Hyptis spicigera Lam. is a native plant distributed across the central region of Brazil. The essential oil extracted from this plant is used in folk medicine as antipyretic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effects of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of Hyptis spicigera (OEH) were evaluated for their gastroprotective and healing activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  OEH chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The gastroprotective action of the OEH was evaluated in rodent experimental models (ethanol and NSAID). To elucidate mechanisms of action, the antisecretory action and involvements of NO, SH, mucus and PGE2 were evaluated. The acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer model and Western Blot assay (COX-2 and EGF) were also used to evaluate the OEH healing capacity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GC-MS analysis of OEH indicated three monoterpenes as major compounds: alpha-pinene (50.8%), cineole (20.3%) and beta-pinene (18.3%) and, at the dose of 100 mg/Kg, p.o., OEH provided effective gastroprotection against lesions induced by absolute ethanol (97%) and NSAID (84%) in rats. OEH do not interfere with H+ secretion in gastric mucosa and its gastric protection does not depend on nitric oxide (NO) and sulfhydryl compounds (SH). The gastroprotective action of OEH occurs due to an increase in the gastric mucus production (28%) induced by PGE2 levels. Furthermore, OEH demonstrated a great healing capacity with 87% of reduction in ulcerative lesion area. It accelerated the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric lesions due to an increase in COX-2 (75%) and EGF (115%) expression in gastric mucosa. No sign of toxicity was observed in this study, considering the analyzed parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All these results suggest the efficacy and safety of Hyptis spicigera in combating and healing gastric ulcer. Considering the results, it is suggested that the OEH could probably be a good therapeutic agent for the development of new phytotherapeutic medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcer.
authors.affiliation: Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biology Institute, Campinas State University-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil. christiane.takayama@gmail.com
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Felipe Meira
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: de-Faria
authors.forename: Ana Cristina Alves
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Deborah de Arantes e Oliveira
authors.initials: Dde A
authors.lastname: Valim-Araújo
authors.forename: Camilla Souza
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rehen
authors.forename: Ricardo José
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dunder
authors.forename: Eduardo Augusto Rabelo
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Socca
authors.forename: Luis Paulo
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Manzo
authors.forename: Ariane Leite
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rozza
authors.forename: Marcos José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: Claúdia Helena
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pellizzon
authors.forename: Clélia Akiko
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hiruma-Lima
authors.forename: Anderson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luiz-Ferreira
authors.forename: Alba Regina Monteiro
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Souza-Brito
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001938:Brazil; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D031331:Hyptis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol; C010789:beta-pinene; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C005451:alpha-pinene; D015232:Dinoprostone; D019342:Acetic Acid; D000077591:Eucalyptol