title: Three-dimensional somatotopic organization and probabilistic mapping of motor responses from the human internal capsule.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The somatotopic organization of the motor fibers within the posterior limb of the internal capsule (IC) in humans remains unclear. Several electrophysiological atlases created from stimulation during stereotactic neurosurgery have suggested that there is considerable overlap between representations of body parts. Overlap reported in these studies may have been due to linear scaling methods applied to the data that were unable to account for individual anatomical variability. In the current work, the authors attempted to overcome these limitations by using a nonlinear registration technique to better understand the spatial location and extent of the body-part representations in the IC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were acquired during 30 cases of deep brain neurosurgery in which the IC was electrically stimulated to localize the ventrolateral nucleus for a subsequent thalamotomy or implantation of a thalamic deep brain stimulator. Motor responses from the tongue, face, arm, or leg were evoked in the IC and coded in the patient's native MR imaging space. The tagged MR images were then nonlinearly registered to a high-resolution template MR image. This work resulted in a functional electrophysiological atlas demonstrating the locations of body-part representations in the posterior limb of the IC that takes individual anatomical variability into account. To further understand the spatial location and extent of the motor responses, the electrophysiological data points were transformed into 3D probability maps that describe the likelihood of obtaining motor responses in the posterior limb of the IC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analyses suggest a reliable face-anterior, arm-intermediate, and leg-posterior somatotopic organization in the posterior limb of the IC with little overlap between the body-part representations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This probabilistic atlas of functional responses evoked by stimulating the posterior limb of the IC provides better understanding of the anatomical organization of descending motor fibers, can be used for indirect intraoperative confirmation of the location of the ventrolateral thalamus, and is applicable to clinical and research MR imaging studies requiring information on spatial organization of motor fibers at the thalamic level in the human brain.
authors.affiliation: Cone Laboratory for Neurosurgery Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Emma G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Duerden
authors.forename: Kirk W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Finnis
authors.forename: Terry M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Abbas F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sadikot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020772:Internal Capsule / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery