title: Conical tomography of a ribbon synapse: structural evidence for vesicle fusion.
abstract: To characterize the sites of synaptic vesicle fusion in photoreceptors, we evaluated the three-dimensional structure of rod spherules from mice exposed to steady bright light or dark-adapted for periods ranging from 3 to 180 minutes using conical electron tomography. Conical tilt series from mice retinas were reconstructed using the weighted back projection algorithm, refined by projection matching and analyzed using semiautomatic density segmentation. In the light, rod spherules contained ∼470 vesicles that were hemi-fused and ∼187 vesicles that were fully fused (omega figures) with the plasma membrane. Active zones, defined by the presence of fully fused vesicles, extended along the entire area of contact between the rod spherule and the horizontal cell ending, and included the base of the ribbon, the slope of the synaptic ridge and ribbon-free regions apposed to horizontal cell axonal endings. There were transient changes of the rod spherules during dark adaptation. At early periods in the dark (3-15 minutes), there was a) an increase in the number of fully fused synaptic vesicles, b) a decrease in rod spherule volume, and c) an increase in the surface area of the contact between the rod spherule and horizontal cell endings. These changes partially compensate for the increase in the rod spherule plasma membrane following vesicle fusion. After 30 minutes of dark-adaptation, the rod spherules returned to dimensions similar to those measured in the light. These findings show that vesicle fusion occurs at both ribbon-associated and ribbon-free regions, and that transient changes in rod spherules and horizontal cell endings occur shortly after dark onset.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Guido A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zampighi
authors.forename: Cataldo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schietroma
authors.forename: Lorenzo M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zampighi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woodruff
authors.forename: Ernest M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Brecha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003623:Dark Adaptation / Q000528:radiation effects; D055032:Electron Microscope Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*