title: Periodontal disease in gestational and type 1 diabetes mellitus pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluated the relationship between periodontal disease and its clinical variables in Brazilian non-diabetic pregnant women (C), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), or type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A periodontal exam was performed in one hundred and sixty-one pregnant women (GDM:80; T1DM:31; C:50) by a single-blinded calibrated examiner who recorded plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding index (BI), gingival margin location (GM), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and tooth mobility index (MI). The medical variables were age, pregestational body mass index (pre-BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c) ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GI, GM, PD, CAL, BOP, and MI were significantly higher (P < 0.01) among GDM and T1DM than for C. The PI was higher in GDM and similar between C and T1DM. The Adjusted Final Model for medical variables to evaluate the effects of groups on periodontal parameters confirmed these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of periodontal disease was significantly higher in Brazilian diabetic pregnancies (GDM and T1DM) when compared to non-diabetic pregnant women (C). The degree of periodontal disease was similar between the GDM and T1DM groups. Age, pregestational BMI, and HbA(1c) were factors related to CAL development in these two types of diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Centro de Diabetes, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Romito
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dib
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000145:classification*; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000188:drug therapy; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014086:Tooth Mobility / Q000145:classification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin