title: Congenital vascular anomalies in amniotic band syndrome of the limbs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone abnormalities and nerve compression are sparsely reported features of amniotic band syndrome. No studies of the vascular architecture of limbs affected by this syndrome have been published.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with amniotic band syndrome affecting the limbs were evaluated in the period between 1997 and 2007. The arterial blood supply was studied using magnetic resonance angiography or computed tomographic angiography. The subjects comprised 8 patients with bilateral and 2 with unilateral limb involvement. The patients' ages ranged from 2 months to 8 years. The male-to-female ratio was 4:6. A total of 20 limbs was investigated, comprising 18 lower limbs and 2 upper limbs. The amniotic bands were divided into superficial or deep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1, thigh bands; group 2, below-knee amputations; group 3, leg bands; and group 4, upper limb bands. A single patient in group 1 with a deep band had a persistent sciatic artery. In group 2, three limbs demonstrated attenuated segments in the superficial femoral artery and/or abnormalities arising at the popliteal artery division. In group 3 (14 legs), 7 with deep bands showed some anomaly either in the popliteal artery division or its branches or both. In the other 7, and in group 4, all with superficial bands, no vascular abnormalities were seen except in one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that amniotic band syndrome is definitely associated with vascular abnormalities and the depth of the band is an important contributory factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. dayam@iafrica.com
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daya
authors.forename: Manti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makakole
mesh_terms: D000652:Amniotic Band Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D001132:Arm / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000098:blood supply; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007866:Leg / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000098:blood supply; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000473:pathology*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed