title: Heavy charged particle radiobiology: using enhanced biological effectiveness and improved beam focusing to advance cancer therapy.
abstract: Ionizing radiation causes many types of DNA damage, including base damage and single- and double-strand breaks. Photons, including X-rays and γ-rays, are the most widely used type of ionizing radiation in radiobiology experiments, and in radiation cancer therapy. Charged particles, including protons and carbon ions, are seeing increased use as an alternative therapeutic modality. Although the facilities needed to produce high energy charged particle beams are more costly than photon facilities, particle therapy has shown improved cancer survival rates, reflecting more highly focused dose distributions and more severe DNA damage to tumor cells. Despite early successes of charged particle radiotherapy, there is room for further improvement, and much remains to be learned about normal and cancer cell responses to charged particle radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Borak
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsujii
authors.forename: Jac A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nickoloff
mesh_terms: D004249:DNA Damage; D015870:Gene Expression; D063193:Heavy Ion Radiotherapy; D020450:Heavy Ions; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011853:Radiobiology / Q000295:instrumentation; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons