title: NICE guidance on long-term sickness and incapacity.
abstract: Long-term sickness absence and incapacity benefits (disability pension) rates have increased across industrialised countries. Effective measures are needed to support return to work. The recommendations of this guidance were informed by the most appropriate available evidence of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Public health evidence was provided by research using a variety of study designs that attempted to determine the outcome of a particular intervention by evaluating status before and after the intervention had been effected, and was not limited to randomised control trials. Where the evidence base was depleted or underdeveloped, expert witnesses were called to give their opinion on the best available evidence and emerging interventions. The process enabled challenge and contestability from stakeholder groups at different points as the guidance was developed. Forty-five heterogeneous studies were included in the review of interventions to reduce long-term sickness absence and transitions from short-term to long-term absence (mainly covering the former and also mainly examining musculoskeletal conditions). The analysis of evidence was restricted to descriptive synthesis. Three general themes emerged from an analysis of the studies that were more likely to report positive results: early interventions; multidisciplinary approaches; and interventions with a workplace component. Two further reviews were undertaken, one on interventions to reduce the re-occurrence of sickness absence, which identified seven studies on lower back pain, and concluded that early intervention and direct workplace input are important factors. The final evidence review focused on six studies of interventions for those in receipt of incapacity benefit. The evidence was that work-focused interviews coupled with access to tailored support are effective and cost-effective interventions. Practitioners should consider the impact of interventions and management options on work ability for patients of working age. Work ability should be considered a key outcome for future intervention studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, Division of Primary Care, University of Liverpool, Liverpool. m.b.gabbay@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gabbay
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hillage
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bambra
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preece
authors.forename: Nichole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taske
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006077:Government Agencies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom; D017132:Workplace