title: Transcriptional controls by nuclear fat-soluble vitamin receptors through chromatin reorganization.
abstract: Fat-soluble ligands like vitamin A/D and steroid hormones activate their cognate nuclear receptors for ligand-dependent transcriptional regulation. Nuclear receptors constitute a gene superfamily with 48 members in higher mammals, and act as ligand-dependent transcription factors to bind stably to specific DNA elements in ligand/NR target gene promoters. Hence, most of biological actions of fat-soluble ligands are generally thought to mediate NR-mediated gene regulation. Starting in early 1990, transcriptional co-regulators supporting ligand-dependent transcriptional controls by NRs have been characterized. Initially, the transcriptional co-regulators were believed to couple with histone acethylation/deacethylation, and thereby histone acethyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacethylases (HDACs) were characterized as NR co-activators and co-repressor, respectively. However, recent progress in chromatin biology and epigenome have revealed that other histone modifying enzymes and chromatin remodelers are potential co-regulators for NRs. In this review, these cuttingedge aspects are discussed together with our recent findings on NR co-regulators.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. uskato@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fujiki
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D004247:DNA; D057890:Epigenomics; D005223:Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056488:Histone Chaperones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012995:Solubility; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014815:Vitamins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D005223:Fats; D056488:Histone Chaperones; D006657:Histones; D008024:Ligands; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014815:Vitamins; D004247:DNA; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006655:Histone Deacetylases