title: Responses of pulp sensibility tests during orthodontic treatment and retention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of orthodontic tooth movement involving the six maxillary anterior teeth on the pulp response to both thermal and electric stimuli during active orthodontic treatment and retention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven subjects who required fixed orthodontic appliances were used as a study group with 23 non-orthodontic subjects recruited as a control group. Cold and electrical stimuli were applied to the maxillary incisors and canines immediately before and after the placement of fixed appliances and at regular intervals for both groups during active treatment and 12 months into retention. The numbers of negative responses for each tooth at each time interval were recorded for both groups. The data were collected and tabulated, and chi-square tests were used to determine significant difference between the numbers of negative responses for the two types of tests used on the same tooth and between different teeth. The mean values of the electric pulp testing (EPT) thresholds were also obtained and used to assist in analysing the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control group, all teeth tested positively to the EPT and thermal pulp tests at all time intervals. In the orthodontic group, two teeth failed to respond to EPT and only one tooth to thermal testing at baseline (Time 0). After that, the number of negative responses to both tests increased gradually at each time interval reaching a peak after 2 months of active treatment (Time 3) and then declined gradually towards the end of observation period (Time 14). At baseline, response thresholds to electric testing were typically higher for orthodontic subjects, particularly for the maxillary lateral incisor tooth. For the control group, the response threshold over the study period was relatively constant. For the orthodontic group, application of force immediately increased the response threshold to EPT (Time 1), which peaked after 2 months (Time 3) and then gradually reduced. At the end of the active treatment, response thresholds remained elevated, but they returned to pre-treatment values towards the end of the retention phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental practitioners should interpret responses to electrical pulp testing cautiously in orthodontic patients; thermal testing may be more reliable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Royal Medical Services, Jordan Armed Forces, Amman, Jordan. Falomari15@hotmail.com
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Alomari
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Habahbeh
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Alsakarna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003481:Cuspid / Q000502:physiology; D017005:Dental Debonding; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000502:physiology*; D003791:Dental Pulp Test / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D018704:Orthodontic Retainers; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*