title: Simulation of the impact of refractive surgery ablative laser pulses with a flying-spot laser beam on intrasurgery corneal temperature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate ablation algorithms and temperature changes in laser refractive surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model (virtual laser system [VLS]) simulates different physical effects of an entire surgical process, simulating the shot-by-shot ablation process based on a modeled beam profile. The model is comprehensive and directly considers applied correction; corneal geometry, including astigmatism; laser beam characteristics; and ablative spot properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulse lists collected from actual treatments were used to simulate the temperature increase during the ablation process. Ablation efficiency reduction in the periphery resulted in a lower peripheral temperature increase. Steep corneas had lesser temperature increases than flat ones. The maximum rise in temperature depends on the spatial density of the ablation pulses. For the same number of ablative pulses, myopic corrections showed the highest temperature increase, followed by myopic astigmatism, mixed astigmatism, phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK), hyperopic astigmatism, and hyperopic treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed model can be used, at relatively low cost, for calibration, verification, and validation of the laser systems used for ablation processes and would directly improve the quality of the results.
authors.affiliation: Computer Sciences Group, University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shraiki
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arba-Mosquera
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D048988:Corneal Surgery, Laser; D006801:Humans; D054018:Lasers, Excimer; D008954:Models, Biological; D009216:Myopia / Q000601:surgery*; D013817:Thermography; D014584:User-Computer Interface