title: Cell sheet engineering: solvent effect on nanometric grafting of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide onto polystyrene substrate under ultraviolet radiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The best solvent type and ratio for grafting of poly-n-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) on the surface of polystyrene is obtained under ultraviolet radiation. In this study, the effects of solvents, such as water, methanol, and their combinations, under ultraviolet radiation were investigated successfully.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the existence of the graft PNIPAAm on the substrate for all samples resolved in solvents. The best solvent ratio and NIPAAm concentration for grafting was obtained with 40% NIPAAm concentrations resolved in a solvent of 9:1 (v/v) water/methanol (120%). Scanning electron microscopic and atomic force microscopic images clearly showed that a 10% increase of methanol to water would increase the amount of grafting. Surface topography and graft thickness in atomic force microscopic images of the grafted samples showed that the thickness of these grafts was about 600 nm. The drop water contact angles of the best grafted sample at 37°C and 4°C were 43.3° and 60.4°, respectively, which demonstrated the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the grafted surfaces. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis also revealed the low critical solution temperature of the grafted sample to be 32°C. Thermoresponsive polymers were grafted to dishes covalently, which allowed epithelial cells to attach and proliferate at 37°C. The cells were also detached spontaneously without using enzymes when the temperature dropped below 4°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MTT analysis also showed good viability of cells on the grafted samples, suggesting that this type of grafted material had potential as a biomaterial for cell sheet engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. kia_esm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biazar
authors.forename: Mt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khorasani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daliri
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D011137:Polystyrenes; D014867:Water; C052970:poly-N-isopropylacrylamide; D000432:Methanol