title: Effect of low lead exposure on gestational age, birth weight and premature rupture of the membrane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find out the effect of prenatal exposure to low lead from cosmetics on gestational age, premature rupture of the membrane and birth weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in the mountainous Aseer region, Southwest of Saudi Arabia where the air is thought to be clean and free of lead pollution due to the absence of petroleum smelting and other heavy industries. The region is famous as a holiday resort for tourists from Arabia and the gulf countries. All 176 pregnant women included in the study were of singleton pregnancies of gestational age 27 weeks or more who attended the antenatal outpatient clinic of the main maternity hospital. On the day of delivery 4 milliliters of venous blood from each singleton parturient was placed in a heparinized non-silica containing tube and stored at -20 degrees C prior to analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-four (70.1%) women out of 134 had maternal blood lead concentration < 200 microg/L and only 40 women had > 200 microg/L. The mean difference in gestational age was 10.5 days, showing a non significant difference (P=0.152). Ninety-three women (72.7%) out of a total of 128 who had blood lead concentration <200 microg/L gave birth to infants weighing an average of 2.87 kg while 35 women who had blood lead level > 200 microg/L gave birth to infants weighing an average of 2.99 kg. The mean difference was 0.12 kg which is non-significant (P=0.261). Regarding premature.rupture of the membrane a total of 127 women with maternal blood lead levels above 200 microg/L showed no significant differences (P=0.64). The Chi-square test of the relationship between the birth weight (kg) and the levels of blood lead below 150 microg/L was not significant while the relationship between the birth weight (kg) and the levels of blood lead above 200 microg/L resulted in very slight differences in the values of infants' birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detected low lead exposures from cosmetics does not produce statistically significant effects on the three pregnancy outcomes; gestational age, premature rupture of the membrane or birth weight. However, the importance of low lead exposure from the 100% lead sulfide eye cosmetic "kohl" is emphasized".
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Zein
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mirghani
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000139:chemically induced; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012529:Saudi Arabia
chemical_list: D007854:Lead