title: Evaluation of tubular poly(trimethylene carbonate) tissue engineering scaffolds in a circulating pulsatile flow system.
abstract: Tubular scaffolds (internal diameter approximately 3 mm and wall thickness approximately 0.8 mm) with a porosity of approximately 83% and an average pore size of 116 µm were prepared from flexible poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) polymer by dip-coating and particulate leaching methods. PTMC is a flexible and biocompatible polymer that crosslinks upon irradiation; porous network structures were obtained by irradiating the specimens in vacuum at 25 kGy before leaching soluble salt particles. To assess the suitability of these scaffolds in dynamic cell culturing for cardiovascular tissue engineering, the scaffolds were coated with a thin (0.1 to 0.2 mm) non-porous PTMC layer and its performance was evaluated in a closed pulsatile flow system (PFS). For this, the PFS was operated at physiological conditions at liquid flows of 1.56 ml/s with pressures varying from 80-120 mmHg at a frequency of 70 pulsations per minute. The mechanical properties of these coated porous PTMC scaffolds were not significantly different than non-coated scaffolds. Typical tensile strengths in the radial direction were 0.15 MPa, initial stiffness values were close to 1.4 MPa. Their creep resistance in cyclic deformation experiments was excellent. In the pulsatile flow setup, the distention rates of these flexible and elastic scaffolds were approximately 0.10% per mmHg, which is comparable to that of a porcine carotid artery (0.11% per mmHg). The compliance and stiffness index values were close to those of natural arteries.?In long-term deformation studies, where the scaffolds were subjected to physiological pulsatile pressures for one week, the morphology and mechanical properties of the PTMC scaffolds did not change. This suggests their suitability for application in a dynamic cell culture bioreactor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jos W H
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wennink
authors.forename: Andre A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Poot
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vermes
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feijen
authors.forename: Dirk W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Grijpma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003187:Compliance; D004146:Dioxanes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000502:physiology; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D008323:Mammary Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D016062:Porosity; D011312:Pressure; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000502:physiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004146:Dioxanes; D011108:Polymers; C059299:polytrimethylene carbonate