title: Triple-negative breast cancer in Hispanic patients: high prevalence, poor prognosis, and association with menopausal status, body mass index, and parity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined as breast cancer that is negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. TNBC represents 15% of all invasive breast cancers, but some studies have suggested that its prevalence differs between races. To the authors' knowledge, no previous studies have determined the prevalence of TNBC and its risk factors among Hispanic women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors identified 2074 Hispanic women with breast cancer who attended the National Cancer Institute in Mexico City from 1998 to 2008. All histopathologic and immunohistochemical diagnoses were rereviewed by a breast cancer pathologist. The prevalence of TNBC, its association with clinicopathologic characteristics, and its prognostic impact were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median patient age at diagnosis (±standard deviation) was 50 ± 12 years. The overall prevalence of TNBC was 23.1%. Younger age (P < .001), premenopausal status (P = .002), increased parity (P = .029), hormonal contraceptive use (P = .04) high histologic grade (P < .001), and advanced disease (P < .001) were associated independently with TNBC. Postmenopausal patients who had a body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m(2) (P = .027) or <30 kg/m(2) (P < .001) were more likely to have TNBC. In multivariate analysis, patients with TNBC had a higher risk of locoregional recurrence (LRR), lower disease-free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.32; P = .009), and a lower cancer-specific survival (CSS) rate (hazard ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.30; P = .002) than patients with non-TNBC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The median age at diagnosis of Hispanic women with breast cancer was 11 years younger than the average age reported in the United States. The prevalence of TNBC in this study population was higher than that reported in white women with breast cancer. TNBC was associated with a higher risk of LRR and with lower DFS and CSS than those in patients with non-TNBC.
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Clinic, National Cancer Institute (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lara-Medina
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sánchez
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saavedra-Pérez
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blake-Cerda
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arce
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Motola-Kuba
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villarreal-Garza
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: González-Angulo
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bargalló
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohar
authors.forename: Óscar
authors.initials: Ó
authors.lastname: Arrieta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen