title: Pyrazolo[3,4-c]isothiazole and isothiazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole derivatives as antifungal agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diseases of plants and humans due to pathogenic fungi are increasing. Among the substances used to combat fungi, the azoles are of primary interest, both in agricultural field both in health. To avoid fungal resistance phenomena, the synthesis and tests of new derivatives are necessary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article discusses the synthesis and the antifungal activity of pyrazolo[3,4-c]isothiazole and isothiazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole derivatives against three fungi that are pathogenic only for plants and two fungi that are opportunistic in humans and plants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The compounds were prepared starting from 2-cyano-3-ethoxy-2-butenethioamide. The antifungal activity of the compounds was determined by measuring the inhibition of growth of the fungi tested at 20, 50, and 100 µg/mL in comparison with the controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results demonstrated that several compounds were able to control the mycelial growth of the tested fungi, even if they showed different sensitivity to the different azole-derivatives. In general Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) Yaegashi & Udagawa was the most sensitive fungus, being blocked almost entirely by 4-chloro derivative even at 20 µg/mL, a concentration at which the reference commercial compound tricyclazole was nearly ineffective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that the pyrazolo[3,4-c]isothiazole derivatives have a wide spectrum of activity on phytopathogenic and opportunistic fungi. In particular the 4-chloro derivative seems to have a great potential as new product to combat M. grisea in the agricultural field.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara Beatrice
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Vicentini
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manfredini
authors.forename: Damiano
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mares
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007555:Isoxazoles