title: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation influences mood in healthy male volunteers.
abstract: The influence of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on mood in healthy people is uncertain, as former studies show divergent results. Previous studies in healthy volunteers focused exclusively on the immediate effect of a single session of rTMS. In contrast the aim of this randomised sham-controlled study was to analyse the influence on mood of a series of 9 High Frequency (HF) rTMS stimulations of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). 44 young healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to receive 9 sessions of active HF-rTMS (n = 22) or sham rTMS (n = 22) over the left DLPFC. Each session in the active group consisted of 15 trains of 25 Hz starting with 100% of motor threshold. Sham stimulation was performed following the same protocol, but using a sham coil. The variables of interest were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and six Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) which quantified "mood", "enjoyment" and "energy". We found a significant reduction of the BDI sum score in the active group (GLM, p < 0.001) whereas no significant changes of the BDI sum score were caused by sham stimulation (GLM, p = 0.109). The BDI single item analyses revealed within and between group differences supporting the modifying effect of rTMS on BDI. According to the employed VAS we did not find significant differences caused by active or sham stimulation in five of six VAS. In the VAS labelled lively/gloomy the active group was found to be more "gloomy" (p = 0.0111) immediately after stimulation. Our data show that a 9-day long series of HF-rTMS of the left DLPFC improves mood, analysed by BDI in healthy young men, whereas no significant long-term changes were found in VAS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6-10, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. gerd.schaller@uk-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dygon
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richter-Schmidinger
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacobi
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maihöfner
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kornhuber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult