title: Clinical significance of positive cranial bone flap cultures and associated risk of surgical site infection after craniotomies or craniectomies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk of surgical site infection (SSI) after craniotomies or craniectomies in patients in whom contaminated bone flaps have been reimplanted has not been determined. The objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence of bone flaps with positive cultures--especially those contaminated with Propionibacterium acnes--to assess the risk of SSI after reimplanting (either during the initial operation or subsequently) bone flaps with positive cultures, and to identify risk factors for SSI following the initial craniotomies or craniectomies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a retrospective review of cases in which patients underwent craniotomy/craniectomy procedures between January and October 2007 in the neurosurgery department at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. They also reviewed processes and procedures and did pulsed field gel electrophoresis of P. acnes isolates to look for a common source of contamination. They then conducted a prospective cohort study that included all patients who underwent craniotomy/craniectomy procedures between November 2007 and November 2008 and met the study criteria. For the cohort study, the authors obtained cultures from each patient's bone flap during the craniotomy/craniectomy procedures. Data about potential risk factors were collected by circulating nurses during the procedures or by a research assistant who reviewed medical records after the procedures. An infection preventionist independently identified SSIs through routine surveillance using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's definitions. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between SSI and potential risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The retrospective review did not identify specific breaks in aseptic technique or a common source of P. acnes. Three hundred seventy-three patients underwent 393 craniotomy/craniectomy procedures during the cohort study period, of which 377 procedures met the study criteria. Fifty percent of the bone flaps were contaminated by microorganisms, primarily skin flora such as P. acnes, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Staphylococcus aureus. Reimplanting bone flaps that had positive culture results did not increase the risk of infection after the initial craniotomy/craniectomy procedures and the subsequent cranioplasty procedures (p = 0.80). Allowing the skin antiseptic to dry before the procedures (p = 0.04, OR 0.26) was associated with lower risk of SSIs. Female sex (p = 0.02, OR = 3.49) was associated with an increased risk of SSIs; Gliadel wafer implants (p = 0.001, OR = 8.38) were associated with an increased risk of SSIs after procedures to treat tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operative factors such as the way the skin is prepared before the incision rather than the skin flora contaminants on the bone flaps may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SSIs after craniotomy/craniectomy. Gliadel wafers significantly increased the risk of SSI after procedures to treat tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Hsiu-yin
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Steelman
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pottinger
authors.forename: Annette J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schlueter
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Diekema
authors.forename: Jeremy D W
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Greenlee
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Loreen A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Herwaldt
mesh_terms: D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous / Q000009:adverse effects*