title: The struggle for male hormonal contraception.
abstract: The principle of male hormonal contraception is based on the suppression of LH and FSH and the replacement of testosterone to maintain androgenicity. The goal can best be achieved by testosterone alone or by testosterone in combination with a gestagen. The five clinical trials using pregnancy rates as end points and the one trial performed by the pharmaceutical industry are reviewed here. An ongoing large multicenter trial launched by WHO and the US CONRAD Programme will decide about the future of male hormonal contraception.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology CeRA, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany. Eberhard.nieschlag@ukmuenster.de
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieschlag
mesh_terms: D053713:Azoospermia / Q000139:chemically induced; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003267:Contraception / Q000639:trends*; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013739:Testosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D011372:Progestins; D013739:Testosterone; C004648:testosterone enanthate; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate; C024319:norethindrone enanthate; D009640:Norethindrone