title: Vertebrate paralogous MEF2 genes: origin, conservation, and evolution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) gene family is broadly expressed during the development and maintenance of muscle cells. Although a great deal has been elucidated concerning MEF2 transcription factors' regulation of specific gene expression in diverse programs and adaptive responses, little is known about the origin and evolution of the four members of the MEF2 gene family in vertebrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By phylogenetic analyses, we investigated the origin, conservation, and evolution of the four MEF2 genes. First, among the four MEF2 paralogous branches, MEF2B is clearly distant from the other three branches in vertebrates, mainly because it lacks the HJURP_C (Holliday junction recognition protein C-terminal) region. Second, three duplication events might have occurred to produce the four MEF2 paralogous genes and the latest duplication event occurred near the origin of vertebrates producing MEF2A and MEF2C. Third, the ratio (K(a)/K(s)) of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates showed that MEF2B evolves faster than the other three MEF2 proteins despite purifying selection on all of the four MEF2 branches. Moreover, a pair model of M0 versus M3 showed that variable selection exists among MEF2 proteins, and branch-site analysis presented that sites 53 and 64 along the MEF2B branch are under positive selection. Finally, and interestingly, substitution rates showed that type II MADS genes (i.e., MEF2-like genes) evolve as slowly as type I MADS genes (i.e., SRF-like genes) in animals, which is inconsistent with the fact that type II MADS genes evolve much slower than type I MADS genes in plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings shed light on the relationship of MEF2A, B, C, and D with functional conservation and evolution in vertebrates. This study provides a rationale for future experimental design to investigate distinct but overlapping regulatory roles of the four MEF2 genes in various tissues.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Wenwu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Folter
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Wenqian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shiheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors