title: Cardiolipin and β₂-Glycoprotein I antibodies associate with cognitive impairment and seizure frequency in developmental disorders.
abstract: Cardiolipin (CL) and β(2)-Glycoprotein I (β(2)-GpI) antibodies have been shown to associate with various neurological symptoms including seizures and cognitive dysfunction. Here we studied the prevalence of CL, β(2)-GpI and antinuclear (ANA) antibodies in 74 patients with various developmental disorders with epilepsy and 70 healthy controls. Developmental disorders were classified into genetic syndromes and diseases, genetic and/or acquired conditions, cortical dysgenesias and acquired encephalopathias. IgM-CL and β(2)-GpI antibodies were significantly more common in patients (46% vs. 20%, p<0.001 and 10% vs. 0%, p<0.05). Patients with most frequent seizures were more likely to have IgM-CL antibodies. The risk for positive IgM-CL, IgG-CL and β(2)-GpI antibodies increased concomitantly with increasing intellectual disability. Present data demonstrates that epilepsy with frequently recurring seizures may be associated with secondary immune system activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521 Tampere, Finland. kai.lehtimaki@pshp.fi
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peltola
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liimatainen
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Haapala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arvio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000276:immunology; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000276:immunology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000276:immunology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000276:immunology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000032:analysis; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001323:Autoantibodies; D002308:Cardiolipins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I