title: Determination of free and total warfarin concentrations in plasma using UPLC MS/MS and its application to a patient samples.
abstract: Warfarin is routinely monitored by assessing its pharmacologic effects on the international normalized ratio. However, having a patient with INR not responding to increasing warfarin dose mandates a direct measurement of warfarin concentrations (total and free) for better patient clinical management of warfarin therapy. Therefore, a new fully validated specific, precise and accurate ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of free and total warfarin in human plasma. Free warfarin was measured in plasma filtrate, prepared by ultrafiltration, and sample pretreatment involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Linear response (r(2) ≥0.99) was observed over the studied range of free and total warfarin, with the lower limit of detection of 0.25 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation) values were <10% and the accuracy (relative error) was ≤6.6 for free and total warfarin. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between inter- and intra-day studies for the free and total warfarin, which confirmed the reproducibility of the assay method. The mean extraction efficiency was 88.6-107.2% of free and total warfarin. The assay was sensitive to follow warfarin pharmacokinetics (free and total) in a patient with resistance to warfarin up to 24 h after a daily dose of warfarin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mahasen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Radwan
authors.forename: Ghada A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bawazeer
authors.forename: Nouf M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Aloudah
authors.forename: Bushra T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: AlQuadeib
authors.forename: Hassan Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Aboul-Enein
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D000077613:Etoricoxib; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011725:Pyridines / Q000097:blood; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013450:Sulfones / Q000097:blood; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D011725:Pyridines; D013450:Sulfones; D014859:Warfarin; D000077613:Etoricoxib