title: Recorded interactive seminars and follow-up discussions as an effective method for distance learning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that, although orthodontic residents prefer to be live and interactive in a seminar, they learn almost as much when watching a previously recorded interactive seminar and following up with live discussion. Our objective was to test the effectiveness and acceptability of using previously recorded interactive seminars and different types of live follow-up discussions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents at schools participating from a distance completed preseminar readings and at their convenience watched streaming video of some or all recordings of 4 interactive seminar sequences consisting of 6 seminars each. Afterward, distant residents participated in 1 of 4 types of interaction: local follow-up discussion, videoconference, teleconference, and no discussion. The effectiveness of the seminar sequences was tested by pretest and posttest scores. Acceptability was evaluated from ratings of aspects of the seminar and discussion experience. Open-ended questions allowed residents to express what they liked and to suggest changes in their experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each seminar sequence, test scores of schools participating through recordings and follow-up discussions improved more than those participating live and interactive. After viewing, residents preferred local follow-up discussion, which was not statistically different from participating live and interactive both locally and from a distance. Videoconference and teleconference discussions were both more acceptable to residents than no follow-up discussion, which was found to be significantly below all methods tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When residents are live and interactive in a seminar, there does not appear to be a significant difference between being local vs at a distance. Recorded interactive seminars with follow-up discussions are also an effective and acceptable method of distance learning. Residents preferred local follow-up discussion, but, at a distance, they preferred videoconference to both teleconference and no discussion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Wallace M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Hannum
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Proffit
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D020375:Education, Distance / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007858:Learning; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000193:education*; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D013685:Telecommunications; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*; D049269:Videoconferencing