title: Multiple factors govern the association between pharmacology and toxicity in a class of drugs: toward a unification of class effect terminology.
abstract: The term class effect has gained in use to describe a side effect including toxicity common to a series of drugs. There is no definition of what constitutes a class effect, and it is not applied against a rigid set of criteria.Thus, the finding of toxicity in one of a series of drugs can raise the concern of a class effect, especially if one or more of the others shows findings even slightly related or at very much lower incidence. This is particularly problematic when the term is used loosely or speculatively on initial events that are themselves of low incidence and serious. This speculation exaggerates and distorts the scientific process in establishing the true benefit risk of the individual drugs and can lead to lengthy development times, or highly restrictive labeling, to the detriment of patient welfare. To provide better definition and application of the term, we suggest that the term class effect toxicity is only used when a clear mechanistic link has been established between a safety concern and drug class based on (I) where the primary pharmacology delivers a clear rationale for the observed findings and toxicities; and (II) where the secondary pharmacology is obligate to the class of the molecule and not subject to variation of structure, and the selectivity cannot be impacted significantly by variations in potency introduced by structural manipulation. With these categorizations, we believe class effect toxicity will be mainly confined to I with examples such as the tetracycline class of antibacterials which inhibit protein synthesis both as a mechanism of antibacterial activity and to produce hepatic injury by mitochondrial injury in the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004798:Enzymes; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase