title: Association of red complex, A. actinomycetemcomitans and non-oral bacteria with periodontal diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pathogens related to systemic infections have been detected in the periodontal microbiota. The relationship amongst these pathogens, periodontal bacteria and periodontal clinical status is poorly understood. This study evaluated the association amongst red complex, A. actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) and non-oral pathogenic bacteria in subjects with good periodontal health (PH), gingivitis (G), chronic (CP) and aggressive (AP) periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained from 51 PH, 42 G, 219 CP and 90 AP subjects. The presence and levels of A.a, red complex (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola), Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were determined by DNA probes and DNA-DNA hybridization technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CP and AP subjects presented significantly higher prevalence and levels of A.a, red complex and A. baumannii than G and PH individuals (p<0.01), whereas S. aureus was detected in lower frequency and counts in AP as compared to the other groups (p<0.001). The predictor variables age, prevalence of red complex, and the presence of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa were strongly associated with the frequency of sites with PD and CAL ≥5 mm. Increasing age (OR 1.08), high frequency of red complex (OR 6.10), and the presence of A.a with P. aeruginosa (OR 1.90) were associated with periodontal disease (p<0.001). Subjects harbouring a high prevalence of A.a, A. baumannii, and red complex with P. aeruginosa were more likely to have AP than CP (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Putative periodontal pathogens and non-oral bacteria alone or in association were strongly associated with periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Graduate Periodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carina Maciel
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: da Silva-Boghossian
authors.forename: Renata Martins
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: do Souto
authors.forename: Ronir R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Luiz
authors.forename: Ana Paula Vieira
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Colombo
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000502:physiology; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000502:physiology; D018441:Biofilms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000502:physiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000502:physiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000502:physiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000502:physiology