title: Alcohol-related negative consequences among drinkers around the world.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper examines (i) gender and country differences in negative consequences related to drinking; (ii) relative rates of different consequences; and (iii) country-level predictors of consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-level analyses used survey data from the Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS) collaboration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures included 17 negative consequences grouped into (i) high endorsement acute, (ii) personal and (iii) social. Country-level measures included average frequency and quantity of drinking, percentage who were current drinkers, gross domestic product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the three groupings of consequences were reported by 44%, 12% and 7% of men and by 31%, 6% and 3% of women, respectively. More men than women endorsed all consequences, but gender differences were greatest for consequences associated with chronic drinking and social consequences related to male roles. The highest prevalence of consequences was in Uganda and lowest in Uruguay. Personal and social consequences were more likely in countries with higher usual quantity, fewer current drinkers and lower scores on GDP and HDI. However, significant interactions with individual-level quantity indicated a stronger relationship between consequences and usual quantity among drinkers in countries with lower quantity, more current drinkers and higher scores on GDP and HDI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both gender and country need to be taken into consideration when assessing adverse drinking consequences. Individual measures of alcohol consumption and country-level variables are associated with experiencing such consequences. Additionally, country-level variables affect the strength of the relationship between usual quantity consumed by individuals and adverse consequences.
authors.affiliation: Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, Ontario, Canada. kgraham@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernards
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knibbe
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kairouz
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuntsche
authors.forename: Sharon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wilsnack
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dietze
authors.forename: Isidore
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Obot
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gmel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D059066:Gross Domestic Product; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013695:Temperance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult