title: Is there still a role for reconstructive microsurgery in tubal infertility?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current role of tubal reconstructive surgery in the era of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After tubal reconstructive surgery, couples may have unlimited attempts to conceive naturally. Operative risks are low; the risk for ectopic pregnancy after surgery is 4-10%. ART is associated with a number of potential complications: severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (0.25-2%), multiple pregnancies (up to 25%), a higher rate of major malformations and stillbirths, and ectopic pregnancy (1-13%). Birth rates following ART differ between 19 and 35%, depending on different laws governing the fertilization of a limited number of oocytes and the number of embryos transferred. Resterilization is a main indication for microsurgery with resulting pregnancy rates up to 84%. Salpingostomy and dense adhesiolysis have the lowest success rates (term pregnancy rates: 3-65%). Proximal tubal obstructions can be successfully treated by tubocornual anastomosis. Hydrosalpinges should be removed prior to in-vitro fertilization if they cannot be reconstructed. ART is recommended for patients older than 37-38 years, for women with severe tubal pathology, after repeated ectopic pregnancies, and in case of male infertility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tubal reconstructive surgery still plays a role in infertility treatment. ART has not replaced microsurgery routinely as first-line treatment for tubal infertility.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School of Hannover, Germany. Schippert.Cordula@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schippert
authors.forename: Guillermo-José
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Garcia-Rocha
mesh_terms: D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted