title: Clinical outcomes of a collaborative, home-based postdischarge warfarin management service.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Warfarin remains a high-risk drug for adverse events, especially following discharge from the hospital. New approaches are needed to minimize the potential for adverse outcomes during this period.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical outcomes of a collaborative, home-based postdischarge warfarin management service adapted from the Australian Home Medicines Review (HMR) program.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, nonrandomized controlled cohort study, patients discharged from the hospital and newly initiated on or continuing warfarin therapy received either usual care (UC) or a postdischarge service (PDS) of 2 or 3 home visits by a trained, HMR-accredited pharmacist in their first 8 to 10 days postdischarge. The PDS involved point-of-care international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring, warfarin education, and an HMR, in collaboration with the patient's general practitioner and community pharmacist. The primary outcome measure was the combined incidence of major and minor hemorrhagic events in the 90 days postdischarge. Secondary outcome measures included the incidences of thrombotic events, combined hemorrhagic and thombotic events, unplanned and warfarin-related hospital readmissions, death, INR control, and persistence with therapy at 8 and 90 days postdischarge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PDS (n=129) was associated with statistically significantly decreased rates of combined major and minor hemorrhagic events to day 90 (5.3% vs 14.7%; p=0.03) and day 8 (0.9% vs 7.2%; p=0.01) compared with UC (n=139). The rate of combined hemorrhagic and thrombotic events to day 90 also decreased (6.4% vs 19.0%; p=0.008) and persistence with warfarin therapy improved (95.4% vs 83.6%; p=0.004). No significant differences in readmission and death rates or INR control were demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the ability of appropriately trained accredited pharmacists working within the Australian HMR framework to reduce adverse events and improve persistence in patients taking warfarin following hospital discharge. Widespread implementation of such a service has the potential to enhance medication safety along the continuum of care.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education, School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. leannes2@utas.edu.au
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Luke R E
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bereznicki
authors.forename: Shane L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Ella C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: van Tienen
authors.forename: Manya T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Angley
authors.forename: Beata V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Bajorek
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McLachlan
authors.forename: Judy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mullan
authors.forename: Gary M H
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Misan
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaetani
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001315:Australia; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D010351:Patient Discharge; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin