title: Advances in nipple-sparing mastectomy: oncological safety and incision selection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the evolution of breast reconstruction and oncoplastic techniques, more aesthetic mastectomies are being offered to patients. Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) has been controversial, but an expanding body of published experience has allowed this concept to gain momentum.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors review their experience with NSM.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2007 to 2009, 112 consecutive patients (204 breasts) who were candidates for NSM presented to one of two private plastic surgery practices. All patients underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging to assess the size of the tumor, its distance from the nipple, and any additional disease within the ipsilateral/contralateral breast or axillae. Exclusion criteria included tumors larger than 3 cm, clinical invasion of the nipple-areolar complex, tumors within 2 cm of the nipple, evidence of multicentric disease, a positive intraoperative retroareolar frozen section, or nodal disease (excluding isolated immunohistochemistry positivity). Fourteen patients were excluded from the study for one of these reasons, leaving a total of 98 patients (186 breasts) who underwent NSM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk-reducing mastectomies were performed on 45 patients. Therapeutic mastectomies were performed for Stage 0 cancer (ductal carcinoma in situ) in 26 patients, for Stage 1A in 24 patients, and for Stage 1B in three patients. Disease-free survival was calculated from the date of surgery to any local, regional, or distant relapse (whichever occurred first). As of the writing of this article, follow-up ranged from nine months to three years, and there has been no local or regional recurrence in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSM is evolving and should be considered a good treatment option in carefully-selected patients. These findings add to the growing body of evidence showing that, with proper patient selection and operative technique, NSM is a safe and effective intervention for patients requiring therapeutic or prophylactic mastectomy.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University Medical Center, USA.
authors.forename: G Patrick
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Storm-Dickerson
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whitworth
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rubano
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gabriel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D009558:Nipples / Q000601:surgery*