title: A noninvasive, direct real-time PCR method for sex determination in multiple avian species.
abstract: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods to determine the sex of birds are well established and have seen few modifications since they were first introduced in the 1990s. Although these methods allowed for sex determination in species that were previously difficult to analyse, they were not conducive to high-throughput analysis because of the laboriousness of DNA extraction and gel electrophoresis. We developed a high-throughput real-time PCR-based method for analysis of sex in birds, which uses noninvasive sample collection and avoids DNA extraction and gel electrophoresis.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brubaker
authors.forename: Natalie K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Karouna-Renier
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jenko
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: Paula F P
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Henry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis / Q000379:methods*