title: Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mendelian randomization is used to test and estimate the magnitude of a causal effect of a phenotype on an outcome by using genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs). Estimates of association from IV analysis are biased in the direction of the confounded, observational association between phenotype and outcome. The magnitude of the bias depends on the F-statistic for the strength of relationship between IVs and phenotype. We seek to develop guidelines for the design and analysis of Mendelian randomization studies to minimize bias.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV analysis was performed on simulated and real data to investigate the effect on bias of size of study, number and choice of instruments and method of analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bias is shown to increase as the expected F-statistic decreases, and can be reduced by using parsimonious models of genetic association (i.e. not over-parameterized) and by adjusting for measured covariates. Using data from a single study, the causal estimate of a unit increase in log-transformed C-reactive protein on fibrinogen (μmol/l) is shown to increase from -0.005 (P = 0.99) to 0.792 (P = 0.00003) due to injudicious choice of instrument. Moreover, when the observed F-statistic is larger than expected in a particular study, the causal estimate is more biased towards the observational association and its standard error is smaller. This correlation between causal estimate and standard error introduces a second source of bias into meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies. Bias can be alleviated in meta-analyses by using individual level data and by pooling genetic effects across studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weak instrument bias is of practical importance for the design and analysis of Mendelian randomization studies. Post hoc choice of instruments, genetic models or data based on measured F-statistics can exacerbate bias. In particular, the commonly cited rule of thumb that F > 10 avoids bias in IV analysis is misleading.
authors.affiliation: MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, University Forvie Site, Rosinson Way, Cambridge CB2 OSR, UK. stephen.burgess@mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Simon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057182:Mendelian Randomization Analysis; D011897:Random Allocation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity