title: Effect of experimental endotoxemia on thrombelastography parameters, secondary and tertiary hemostasis in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombelastography (TEG) and indicators of secondary and tertiary hemostasis might be altered in dogs with endotoxemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Endotoxemia influences measures of coagulation in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy cross-bred dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective laboratory study between controls (n = 5) receiving 0.9% saline IV and the study group (n = 5) treated with low-dose lipopolysaccharide (0.02 mg/kg IV). Physical examination and sampling for measurement of leukocytes, platelets, and coagulation variables were performed at time points 0, 1, 4, and 24 hours. Coagulation variables included kaolin-activated TEG, 1-stage prothrombin time (OSPT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, factor VIII, antithrombin, protein C, protein S, activated protein C (APC)-ratio calculated from aPTT with and without presence of APC), and D-Dimers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endotoxemia-induced clinical signs included lethargy (n = 5/5), diarrhea (n = 4/5), emesis (n = 4/5), and abdominal pain (2/5). After 1 hour there was severe leukopenia (2.5 ± 0.7 × 10(9)/L; mean ± SD, P < .0001) and a 2.2-fold increase in D-Dimers (0.81 ± 0.64 mg/L, P < .0001). After 4 hours there was hyperthermia (40.3 ± 0.4°C, P < .0001) and increases in OSPT (10.5 ± 2.7 seconds, P < .0001), aPTT (16.7 ± 5.2 seconds, P = 0.002). A significant decrease in fibrinogen (1.5 ± 1.0 g/L, P = 0.001), protein C (31 ± 33%, P < .0001), protein S (63 ± 47%, P < .0001), TEG α (58 ± 19, P = .007), and TEG maximal amplitude (50 ± 19 mm, P = .003) was seen compared with the controls. APC-ratio rose significantly (2.5 ± 0.2, P < .0001) without exceeding the reference interval (n = 4/5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D-Dimers are the earliest indicator for endotoxemia-associated coagulation abnormalities followed by decreased protein C concentration. APC-ratio and TEG were not good screening variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Eralp
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Failing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D004285:Dogs; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D013916:Thrombelastography / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides