title: Relationship between postprandial changes in cardiac left ventricular function, glucose and insulin concentrations, gastric emptying, and satiety in healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The digestion of food is known to alter the hemodynamics of the body significantly. The purpose of this study was to study the postprandial changes in stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and left ventricular (LV) longitudinal systolic and diastolic functions measured with tissue Doppler imaging, in relation to gastric emptying rate (GER), satiety, and glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three healthy subjects were included in this study. The fasting and postprandial changes at 30 min and 110 min in CO, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were measured. Moreover, tissue Doppler imaging systolic (S'), early (E') and late (A') mitral annular diastolic velocities were measured in the septal (s) and lateral (l) walls. Glucose and insulin concentrations, and satiety were measured before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after the start of the meal. The GER was calculated as the percentage change in the antral cross-sectional area 15-90 min after ingestion of the meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study show that both CO, systolic longitudinal ventricular velocity of the septum (S's) and lateral wall (S'l), the early diastolic longitudinal ventricular velocity of the lateral wall (E'l), the late diastolic longitudinal ventricular velocity of the septum (A's) and lateral wall (A'l) increase significantly, and were concomitant with increased satiety, antral area, glucose and insulin levels. The CO, HR and SV at 30 min were significantly higher, and the diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower, than the fasting. The satiety was correlated to HR and diastolic blood pressure. The insulin level was correlated to HR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that postprandial CO, HR, SV and LV longitudinal systolic and diastolic functions increase concomitantly with increased satiety, antral area, and glucose and insulin levels. Therefore, patients should not eat prior to, or during, cardiac evaluation as the effects of a meal may affect the results and their interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. joanna.hlebowicz@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hlebowicz
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindstedt
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Björgell
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dencker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002302:Cardiac Output; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin