title: Selecting participants that raise a clinical trial's population attributable fraction can increase the treatment effect within the trial and reduce the required sample size.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detection of modest but worthwhile treatment effects in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demands trials of large sample size. Approaches to decreasing required size of RCTs while maintaining power are needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The epidemiological concept of population attributable fraction (AF(p)) was applied to the population selected for an RCT to assess its role in determining the size of treatment effect and the required sample size. The additional effect of efficacy of treatment specifically among participants at risk for attributable target events (relative risk reduction(at risk) [RRR(at risk)]) was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A model is described which accounts for size of treatment effect in an RCT based on AF(p) and RRR(at risk): RRR(trial) = (AF(p)) (RRR(at risk)). The increase in RRR(trial) resulting from raising AF(p) exceeds that possible under the traditional high risk/high response approach to trial design and allows a reduction in required trial sample size. AF(p) can be estimated from studies of causation that determine both risk and attributable risk (AR) associated with specific risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larger treatment effects within RCTs are enabled by choosing a target outcome having a specific cause and selecting participants at specific risk for that outcome. Using information about phenotypic and genetic predictors of AR may increase our capacity to select trial populations having high AF(p).
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. sinclair@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: R Brian
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Haynes
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk; D018401:Sample Size; D016896:Treatment Outcome