title: The morphology and mineralization of dental hard tissue in the offspring of passive smoking rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of maternal passive smoking on the morphology and mineralization of dental hard tissue in offspring rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have established a maternal passive smoking model. Offspring rats were sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation (E20) or the 3rd (D3) or 10th day (D10) after birth. We observed hard tissue morphology using Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining sections, used micro computer tomography (Micro-CT) to measure hard tissue thickness and volume on the mandibular first molars of the offspring rats, and used Micro-CT and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS) to determine the hard tissue mineral density and the ratio of calcium atom number/calcium atom+phosphorus atom number (Ca(2+)/P(3-)+Ca(2+)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the development of dental hard tissue was delayed in the offspring of passive smoking rats. The thickness and volume of hard tissue were lower in the offspring of the maternal passive smoking group than in the offspring of the control group. Mineral density of the hard tissue and the ratio of (Ca(2+)/P(3-)+Ca(2+)) were also reduced in the offspring of the maternal passive smoking group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal passive smoking inhibits the morphological development and mineralization level of hard tissue on the mandibular first molars of offspring rats.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
authors.forename: Qianqian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Hongkun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Guangyan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Beiyan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Lijie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry; D008963:Molar / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014074:Tooth Calcification / Q000502:physiology*; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000737:chemistry / Q000196:embryology; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D008903:Minerals; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium