title: Effects of mTOR inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) on bladder cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) on human bladder cancer (BC) cells in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of RAD001 on the growth of UM-UC-3, UM-UC-6, UM-UC-9, and UM-UC-14 BC cells were assessed by crystal violet and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation assays. Flow cytometric cell-cycle analyses were done to measure the apoptotic cell fraction. Protein synthesis was measured using tritium-labeled leucine incorporation assays. The effects of RAD001 on the mTOR pathway were analyzed by Western blotting. To test the effects of RAD001 in vivo, UM-UC-3, UM-UC-6, and UM-UC-9 cells were subcutaneously implanted into nude mice. Tumor-bearing mice were treated orally with RAD001 or placebo. Tumors were harvested for immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, RAD001 transiently inhibited BC cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was augmented by re-treatment of cells after 3 days. UM-UC-14 cells were the most sensitive to RAD001, whereas UM-UC-9 cells were the least sensitive. After re-treatment with RAD001, only sensitive cell lines showed G(1)-phase arrest, with no evidence of apoptosis. RAD001 significantly inhibited the growth of tumors that were subcutaneously implanted in mice. Inhibition of protein synthesis through the S6K and 4EBP1 pathways seems to be the main mechanism for the RAD001-induced growth inhibition. However, inhibition of angiogenesis was the predominant mechanism of the effect of RAD001 on UM-UC-9 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mTOR inhibitor RAD001 inhibits growth of BC cells in vitro. RAD001 is effective in treating BC tumors in an in vivo nude mouse model despite the heterogeneity of in vitro responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiong
authors.forename: I-Ling
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dadbin
authors.forename: Anita L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sabichi
authors.forename: Loleta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Urbauer
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McConkey
authors.forename: Rian J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.forename: Tiewei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D000068338:Everolimus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000068338:Everolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus