title: Follow-up study on reading comprehension in Down's syndrome: the role of reading skills and listening comprehension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to the 'Simple View of Reading', reading comprehension requires some abilities such as reading skill and listening comprehension. Individuals with Down's syndrome show relative strengths in reading skills, mainly in word recognition, where they attain a reading age of about 7-8 years. Compared with word recognition, their reading comprehension is usually delayed by at least 6 months. Poor reading comprehension is paralleled by weak listening comprehension. It is claimed that poor listening comprehension might constrain the development of reading comprehension and, therefore, be a cause for the asynchrony between reading skills and reading comprehension.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A follow-up study was carried out in order to analyse the improvements in reading skills, listening and reading text comprehension, and to support the hypothesis of a causal relationship between listening and reading comprehension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten children and adolescents with Down's syndrome, aged between 11 years 3 months and 19 years 10 months, were assessed twice over a one-year period as to their reading skills, listening and reading text comprehension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three main findings emerged: (1) reading skills, on the one hand, and comprehension (both listening and reading), on the other hand, are independent; (2) reading comprehension development is determined mainly by listening comprehension, which in the present study proved to be very poor; and (3) an improvement after a one-year period, even though limited, occurred for all examined abilities except for listening comprehension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are discussed in the light of the theoretical framework of the 'Simple View of Reading' and of their relevance for practical and educational issues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. maja.roch@unipd.it
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roch
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Florit
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levorato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D032882:Comprehension; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading; D013067:Speech Perception; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult