title: Ethnic differences in viral dominance patterns in patients with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus dual infection.
abstract: Studies of hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) dual infection are limited. Most are small, conducted outside the United States, and compare dual infection with HCV monoinfection. The goal of this study was to characterize HBV/HCV dual infection in a large multiethnic, matched, case-control study of dual-infected and HBV-monoinfected patients at two United States centers. Using an International Classification of Disease Version 9 electronic query and chart review, we identified 115 HBV/HCV dual-infected patients with serial HBV DNA, HCV RNA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. As a control, 115 HBV-monoinfected patients were chosen randomly and matched with cases by age ±10 years, sex, Asian versus non-Asian ethnicity, and study site. Both groups had similar sex, ethnic, and age distributions (68% male, 83% Asian, age 52 ± 14 years). The median follow-up times were 33 and 38 months for the dual-infected and monoinfected groups, respectively. More monoinfected patients received HBV antiviral therapy than dual-infected patients (43% versus 24%; P = 0.002). No significant difference was detected between the proportion of monoinfected versus dual-infected patients with ALT above 40 U/L at presentation or during follow-up. Dual infection patients exhibited very little HBV/HCV codominance at baseline and throughout follow-up: patients had either HBV viremia with low or absent HCV RNA or detectable HCV RNA with low or absent HBV DNA. Asian ethnicity was predictive of HBV dominance after adjusting for sex, age, and baseline ALT elevation (odds ratio 7.35; P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBV/HCV dual-infected and HBV-monoinfected patients had similar clinical characteristics. Asian ethnicity is a major independent predictor of HBV-dominant disease, and HCV dominance with undetectable HBV DNA is more common in non-Asian individuals. Larger studies are needed to further characterize the natural history of HBV/HCV dual infection in Asian and non-Asian individuals.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Pacific Health Foundation, San Jose, CA.
authors.forename: Long H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Shane S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Pelu S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Huy N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.forename: Ruel T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Aijaz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Glen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Lutchman
authors.forename: Emmet B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Keeffe
authors.forename: Mindie H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001213:Asian / Q000208:ethnology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000502:physiology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000502:physiology*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014766:Viremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents