title: Assessment of the environmental persistence and long-range transport of endosulfan.
abstract: Concentrations of the insecticide endosulfan (α- and β-isomer) and its degradation product endosulfan sulfate in air, seawater and soil are calculated with the global environmental fate model CliMoChem. As model input, physicochemical properties of all three compounds were assembled and a latitudinally and temporally resolved emission inventory was generated. For concentrations in air, model and measurements are in good agreement; a bimodal seasonality with two peaks in spring and fall as it is observed in Arctic air is reproduced by the model. For seawater, the agreement of model and measurements depends on the values of the hydrolysis activation energy of endosulfan used in the model; with relatively high values around 100 kJ/mol, model results match field data well. The results of this assessment of the levels, persistence, and global distribution of endosulfan are also relevant for the evaluation of endosulfan as a Persistent Organic Pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Linus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheringer
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schenker
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hungerbühler
mesh_terms: D001110:Arctic Regions; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D004726:Endosulfan