title: The reproductive endocrinology and behavior of Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis).
abstract: The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis; VIM) is one of North America's most endangered species with fewer than 150 individuals remaining in the wild. A captive breeding program was established across four facilities in Canada as an insurance population and source of animals for reintroduction to the wild. The purpose of this study was to gather information about the basic reproductive biology and behavior of this species, which is essential to improve captive breeding programs. Regular fecal samples were obtained from adult female (n = 14) and male (n = 10) marmots, 2 years of age and older, over 1-3 breeding seasons (2-3 months duration posthibernation) for steroid hormone analysis. Enzyme immunoassays were validated for quantifying fecal testosterone metabolite concentrations for males, and fecal estrogen and progesterone metabolite concentrations for females. Results indicated that fecal progesterone metabolite concentrations can be used to monitor ovulation and pregnancy. Behavioral monitoring through infrared video surveillance was conducted in four breeding pairs over a 2-year period (n = 7 behavioral profiles). Breeding behaviors correlated strongly with changes in reproductive endocrine profiles. A high frequency of play behavior or "wrestling" was observed in conjunction with breeding activity before an elevation in progesterone metabolite concentrations. Impending parturition was associated with increased aggression and exclusion of the male from the maternal nestbox as well as an increase in nesting activity. Observational data combined with hormonal analysis suggest that female VIMs are induced ovulators and that multiple breeding attempts may be required for ovulation and conception. Gestation appears to be approximately 34 days from peak breeding activity (32 days from estimated ovulation). Fecal testosterone concentrations suggest that testicular activity is seasonal with the reproductive activity occurring immediately posthibernation. Monitoring breeding behavior is a useful means of indicating estrus, conception and pregnancy, which can also be supported by the hormonal analysis of daily fecal samples of individual animals.
authors.affiliation: Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keeley
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Goodrowe
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D001955:British Columbia; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D056727:Endangered Species; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008392:Marmota / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009425:Nesting Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D019370:Observation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone