title: Effects of different protein sources on plasminogen inhibitor-1 and factor VII coagulant activity added to a fat-rich meal in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exaggerated postprandial triglyceride concentration is believed to be atherogenic, and to influence the risk of thrombosis. Both elevated plasminogen inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and increased factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) are potential important contributors to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the effect of adding four different protein types (i.e. casein, whey, cod, and gluten) to a fat-rich meal on postprandial responses of PAI-1 and FVIIc in type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve type 2 diabetic patients ingested four isocaloric test meals in random order. The test meals contained 100 g of butter and 45 g of carbohydrate in combination with 45 g of casein (Cas-meal), whey (Whe-meal), cod (Cod-meal), or gluten (Glu-meal), respectively. Plasma concentrations of PAI-1 and FVIIc were measured before meal, and at regular intervals for 8-h postprandially.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postprandial PAI-1 concentration decreased significantly by 49% to 56% in response to the four test meals. There were no significant differences between the outcomes from the four test-meals. The FVIIc levels decreased by 8% to 11% after the meals. Again, we observed no significant differences in outcomes between the four protein-enriched meals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four proteins casein, whey, cod, and gluten, added to a fat-rich meal, all decreased the PAI-1 and FVIIc concentrations postprandially in type 2 diabetic subjects. However, postprandial levels of PAI-1 and FVIIc were not acutely influenced by the protein source.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. lene.sundahl@ki.au.dk
authors.forename: Lene S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Kjeld
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005167:Factor VII / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D011506:Proteins; D005167:Factor VII