title: Effect of walnut-enriched meat on the relationship between VCAM, ICAM, and LTB4 levels and PON-1 activity in ApoA4 360 and PON-1 allele carriers at increased cardiovascular risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular risk depends largely on paraoxonase (PON-1) and apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) gene polymorphisms. To compare the effects of consumption of walnut-enriched meat versus low-fat meat (LM) on selected soluble adhesion molecules and leukotrienes (LTB4).
  
  
  METHODS
  In all 22 subjects at increased cardiovascular risk were taken. It is a non-blinded, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Two 5-week experimental periods separated by 4-6 week wash-out interval. Participants consumed walnut-enriched meat during one period and LM during the other. Diet characteristics, HDLc, Apo A1, paraoxonase, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and LTB4 were analysed. PON-1 55, PON-1 192 and APOA4 360 polymorphism effects were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals consuming walnut-enriched meat displayed higher paraoxonase activity (P<0.001), lower levels of sICAM and aVCAM (P=0.046, P=0.012, respectively) and leukotriene B4 (P=0.044), and lower paraoxonase-1/HDLc and paraoxonase-1/Apo A1 ratios (both, P<0.001) than those consuming LM. Paraoxonase levels correlated negatively with those of sICAM (r=-0.471, P<0.01). Significant decreases (at least P<0.05) were observed in sICAM concentrations in PON-1 55LM+MM, PON-1 QQ192 and APOA4-2 carriers while decreases in sVCAM in QR+RR and APOA4-1 carriers were observed. Paraoxonase-1/HDLc and paraoxonase-1/Apo A1 ratios were significantly influenced by paraoxonase polymorphisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Walnut-enriched meat appears as a functional meat as consumed in the framework of a mix diet lowered the concentration of some selected inflammatory chemoattractant biomarkers. This effect was largely influenced by PON-1 and Apo A4-360 polymorphisms.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología I, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Muniz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bastida
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Librelotto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nus
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corella
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guillen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benedi
mesh_terms: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001054:Apolipoproteins A / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D031324:Juglans; D007975:Leukotriene B4 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009754:Nuts; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001054:Apolipoproteins A; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D028321:Plant Preparations; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; C022205:apolipoprotein A-IV; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D007975:Leukotriene B4; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase