title: Strategies for bringing drug delivery tools into discovery.
abstract: The past decade has yielded a significant body of literature discussing approaches for development and discovery collaboration in the pharmaceutical industry. As a result, collaborations between discovery groups and development scientists have increased considerably. The productivity of pharma companies to deliver new drugs to the market, however, has not increased and development costs continue to rise. Inability to predict clinical and toxicological response underlies the high attrition rate of leads at every step of drug development. A partial solution to this high attrition rate could be provided by better preclinical pharmacokinetics measurements that inform PD response based on key pathways that drive disease progression and therapeutic response. A critical link between these key pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology studies is the formulation. The challenges in pre-clinical formulation development include limited availability of compounds, rapid turn-around requirements and the frequent un-optimized physical properties of the lead compounds. Despite these challenges, this paper illustrates some successes resulting from close collaboration between formulation scientists and discovery teams. This close collaboration has resulted in development of formulations that meet biopharmaceutical needs from early stage preclinical in vivo model development through toxicity testing and development risk assessment of pre-clinical drug candidates.
authors.affiliation: Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA. Elizabeth_kwong@merck.com
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Allen C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Templeton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D019982:Organizational Case Studies