title: Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on perinatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on perinatal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonsmoking women with singleton gestations who delivered 1 April 2001-31 March 2009, identified through the Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Perinatal Database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women who self-reported exposure to ETS were compared with those who reported no exposure. Univariate analyses and multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses (adjusting for maternal age, parity, partnered status, work status, level of education, body mass index, alcohol use, illicit drug use and gestational age) were performed and odds ratios(OR; or adjusted differences) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Birthweight, birth length, head circumference and stillbirth. Secondary outcomes included gestational age at delivery, preterm birth <37 and <34 weeks of gestation, prelabour rupture of membranes, Apgar score, endotracheal intubation for resuscitation, neonatal intensive care unit admission, congenital anomalies, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage, neonatal bacterial sepsis, jaundice and neonatal metabolic abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 11,852 women were included: 1202(11.1%) exposed to ETS and 10,650 (89.9%) not exposed. Exposure to ETS was an independent risk factor for lower mean birthweight (-53.7 g, 95% CI -98.4 to -8.9 g), smaller head circumference (-0.24 cm, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.08 cm), shorter birth length (-0.29 cm, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.07 cm), stillbirth (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.16-9.72, P = 0.026), and trends towards preterm birth <34 weeks (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.00-3.53, P = 0.05) and neonatal sepsis (OR 2.96, 95% CI 0.99-8.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure of nonsmoking pregnant women to ETS is associated with a number of adverse perinatal outcomes including lower birthweight, smaller head circumference and stillbirth, as well as shorter birth length. This information is important for women, their families and healthcare providers, and reinforces the continued need for increased public policy and education on prevention of exposure to ETS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Eastern Health, St John's, NL, Canada. joan.crane@easternhealth.ca
authors.forename: J M G
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keough
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burrage
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hutchens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009523:Newfoundland and Labrador / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D050497:Stillbirth; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution