title: Effect of anilinopyrimidine resistance on aflatoxin production and fitness parameters in Aspergillus parasiticus Speare.
abstract: Mutants of Aspergillus parasiticus resistant to the anilinopyrimidine fungicides were isolated at a high mutation frequency after UV-mutagenesis and selection on media containing cyprodinil. In vitro fungitoxicity tests resulted in the identification of two predominant resistant phenotypes that were highly (R(1)-phenotype) and moderately (R(2)-phenotype) resistant to the anilinopyrimidines cyprodinil, pyrimethanil and mepanipyrim. Cross-resistance studies with fungicides from other chemical groups showed that the highly resistance mutation(s) did not affect the sensitivity of R(1)-mutant strains to fungicides affecting other cellular pathways. Contrary to that, a reduction in the sensitivity to the triazoles epoxiconazole and flusilazole, the benzimidazole carbendazim, the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, the dicarboximide iprodione and to the strobilurin-type fungicide pyraclostrobin was observed in R(2)-mutant strains. Study of fitness parameters of anilinopyrimidine-resistant strains of both phenotypic classes showed that all R(1) mutant strains had mycelial growth rate, sporulation and conidial germination similar to or even higher than the wild-type parent strain, while these fitness parameters were negatively affected in R(2) mutant strains. Analysis of the aflatoxin production showed that most R(1) mutant strains produced aflatoxins at concentrations markedly higher than the wild-type parent strain. A considerable reduction in the aflatoxin production was observed on cultured medium and on wheat grains by all R(2) mutant strains, indicating a possible correlation between fitness penalties and aflatoxigenic ability of A. parasiticus. The potential risk of increased aflatoxin contamination of agricultural products and their byproducts by the appearance and predominance of highly aflatoxigenic mutant strains of A. parasiticus resistant to the anilinopyrimidines is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Science Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos (Votanikos), 118 55 Athens, Greece. markan@aua.gr
authors.forename: Anastasios N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Markoglou
authors.forename: Eleftherios G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Doukas
authors.forename: Anastasios A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Malandrakis
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D003470:Culture Media; D026141:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009154:Mutation; D025282:Mycelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010641:Phenotype; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D003470:Culture Media; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014230:Triazoles