title: Low prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum antigenaemia among asymptomatic HAART-treated adults in an urban cohort in Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Presumptive treatment of malaria is common practice in malaria endemic resource-limited settings. With the changing epidemiology of malaria and the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), there is increasing need for parasite-based malaria case management to prevent unnecessary use of anti-malarial medicines, improve patient care in parasite-positive patients and identify parasite-negative patients in whom another diagnosis must be sought. Although parasitological confirmation by microscopy or alternatively by malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) is recommended in all patients suspected of malaria before treatment, gaps remain in the implementation of this policy in resource-limited settings. There is need to evaluate the use of RDTs among highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)-treated people living with HIV (PLHIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Within an urban prospective observational research cohort of 559 PLHIV initiated on HAART and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis between April, 2004 and April, 2005, 128 patients with sustained HIV-RNA viral load < 400 copies/ml for four years were evaluated, in a cross-sectional study, for asymptomatic malaria infection using a histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2) RDT to detect Plasmodium falciparum antigen in peripheral blood. Patients with positive RDT results had microscopy performed to determine the parasite densities and were followed for clinical signs and symptoms during the subsequent six months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 128 asymptomatic patients screened, only 5 (4%) had asymptomatic P. falciparum antigenaemia. All the patients with positive HRP2 RDT results showed malaria parasites on thick film with parasite densities ranging from 02-15 malaria parasites per high power field. None of the patients with positive RDT results reported signs and symptoms of malaria infection during the subsequent six months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an urban area of low to moderate stable malaria transmission, there was low HRP2 P. falciparum antigenaemia among PLHIV after long-term HAART and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Parasite-based malaria diagnosis (PMD) is recommended among PLHIV that are on long-term anti-retroviral therapy. RDTs should be utilized to expand PMD in similar settings where microscopy is unavailable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda. drdamalie@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Damalie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakanjako
authors.forename: Agnes N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kiragga
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castelnuovo
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kyabayinze
authors.forename: Moses R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kamya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014454:Uganda; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D000962:Antimalarials; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination