title: Stent thrombogenicity early in high-risk interventional settings is driven by stent design and deployment and protected by polymer-drug coatings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stent thrombosis is a lethal complication of endovascular intervention. Concern has been raised about the inherent risk associated with specific stent designs and drug-eluting coatings, yet clinical and animal support is equivocal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined whether drug-eluting coatings are inherently thrombogenic and if the response to these materials was determined to a greater degree by stent design and deployment with custom-built stents. Drug/polymer coatings uniformly reduce rather than increase thrombogenicity relative to matched bare metal counterparts (0.65-fold; P=0.011). Thick-strutted (162 μm) stents were 1.5-fold more thrombogenic than otherwise identical thin-strutted (81 μm) devices in ex vivo flow loops (P<0.001), commensurate with 1.6-fold greater thrombus coverage 3 days after implantation in porcine coronary arteries (P=0.004). When bare metal stents were deployed in malapposed or overlapping configurations, thrombogenicity increased compared with apposed, length-matched controls (1.58-fold, P=0.001; and 2.32-fold, P<0.001). The thrombogenicity of polymer-coated stents with thin struts was lowest in all configurations and remained insensitive to incomplete deployment. Computational modeling-based predictions of stent-induced flow derangements correlated with spatial distribution of formed clots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to popular perception, drug/polymer coatings do not inherently increase acute stent clotting; they reduce thrombosis. However, strut dimensions and positioning relative to the vessel wall are critical factors in modulating stent thrombogenicity. Optimal stent geometries and surfaces, as demonstrated with thin stent struts, help reduce the potential for thrombosis despite complex stent configurations and variability in deployment.
authors.affiliation: 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. kkolandaivelu@partners.org
authors.forename: Kumaran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kolandaivelu
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swaminathan
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Vijaya B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Kolachalama
authors.forename: Kim-Lien
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Ehrenreich
authors.forename: Virginia L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Giddings
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Gee K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Elazer R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Edelman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards*; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000592:standards*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers