title: Multiple norovirus outbreaks linked to imported frozen raspberries.
abstract: In 2009, the number of foodborne norovirus outbreaks in Finland seemed markedly high, and many outbreaks seemed to be linked to imported frozen raspberries. We reviewed the data regarding all notified foodborne outbreaks in 2009 in Finland in order to assess the magnitude of the problem and to summarize the information on raspberry-linked outbreaks. Between March and August, 13 norovirus outbreaks affecting about 900 people could be linked to imported frozen raspberries. Two raspberry samples corresponding to two batches of raspberries were positive for norovirus. These two batches proved to have been the likely source in six of the 13 outbreaks. Analytical studies had not been conducted for six outbreaks, and virological test results were inconclusive in two. However, combining epidemiological and microbiological methods often enabled finding the source, as exemplified in investigation of a large school outbreak. To ensure prompt control measures in similar situations in the future, both aspects of outbreak investigations should be strengthened.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland. emmi.sarvikivi@thl.fi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sarvikivi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roivainen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maunula
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuusi
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005628:Frozen Foods / Q000821:virology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000821:virology*; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D029322:Norovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral