title: Spoiled milk: an experimental examination of bias against mothers who breastfeed.
abstract: Drawing from the objectification literature, three experiments tested the hypothesis that breastfeeding mothers are the victims of bias. In Study 1, participants rated a woman who had breastfed as incompetent. Study 2 replicated these effects and determined that the bias was specific to conditions that sexualized the breast. In Study 3, participants interacted with a confederate in which attention was drawn to her as a mother, as a mother who breastfeeds, as a woman with sexualized breasts, or in a neutral condition. Results showed the breastfeeding confederate was rated significantly less competent in general, in math and work specifically, and was less likely to be hired compared to all other conditions, except for the sexualized breast condition. Importantly, the breastfeeding mother emphasis and the sexualized breast emphasis resulted in equally negative evaluations. Results suggest that although breastfeeding may be economical and healthy, the social cost is potentially great.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Montana State University, 304 Traphagen Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA. jsismith@montana.edu
authors.forename: Jessi L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawkinson
authors.forename: Kelli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paull
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011287:Prejudice; D055815:Young Adult