title: Opportunities and barriers for implementation of integrated TB and HIV care in lower level health units: experiences from a rural western Ugandan district.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As countries with a high burden of TB and HIV roll out integrated TB/HIV care, there is need to assess possibility of lower level health units treating TB to provide integrated TB/HIV care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine barriers and opportunities for provision of integrated TB/HIV care in lower level health units offering TB treatment in Mbarara district, Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conducted key informant interviews, interviewed health workers and observed services offered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  22 health units were assessed and 88 health workers were interviewed. Of the 18 health units mandated to offer laboratory services, 55.6% and 38.9% were able to offer rapid HIV-testing and ZN staining respectively. Understaffing, lack of capacity to diagnose HIV and TB, lack of guidelines to inform care options of TB/HIV co-infected patients and insufficient knowledge and skills among health workers towards provision of integrated TB/HIV care were mentioned as barriers to provision of integrated TB/HIV services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To offer integrated TB/HIV services at lower level health units currently offering TB stand alone services, there is need to address gaps in knowledge and skills among health workers, laboratory diagnostics, staffing levels, medical supplies and infrastructure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology/ Mbarara Regional ReferralHospital, Mbarara, Uganda. dnansera@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nansera
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bajunirwe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kabakyenga
authors.forename: P K J
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Asiimwe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mayanja-Kizza
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000592:standards; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D009313:National Health Programs; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000592:standards; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014454:Uganda; D000078329:Workforce