title: Muscle passive stiffness increases less after the second bout of eccentric exercise compared to the first bout.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess if the protective adaptation after eccentric exercise affects changes in passive stiffness of the biceps brachii muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  A within-group repeated measures design was used to compare changes in passive muscle stiffness after eccentric exercise between the first and second bouts separated by 2-3 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maximal isometric torque, passive muscle stiffness and soreness were measured on the right elbow flexors in 14 untrained male volunteers before, immediately after, 24, 48 and 120 h following each bout of eccentric exercise that consisted of 30 repetitions of lowering a dumbbell adjusted to 75% of each individual's maximal isometric torque.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximal isometric torque reduced immediately after the first bout by 24 ± 11% (mean ± SD; P < 0.05) and remained decreased for the next 120 h (~23%). Passive muscle stiffness immediately increased from 223 ± 19 N/m to 254 ± 22 N/m (P < 0.05) and remained higher for 120 h. After the second bout maximal isometric torque decreased 21 ± 13%, and 48 h later recovered to pre-exercise level (P < 0.05). Increase in passive muscle stiffness was attenuated after the second bout (238 ± 17 N/m; P < 0.05). The perceived muscle soreness was lower after the second bout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smaller increases in passive muscle stiffness and soreness, and faster maximal isometric torque recovery after the second bout of eccentric exercise could result from adaptation process that occurred after the first bout.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University School of Physical Education, Poland. damian.janecki@awf.wroc.pl
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janecki
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jarocka
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaskólska
authors.forename: Jarosław
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marusiak
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaskólski
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult