title: Patient- and delivery-level factors related to acceptance of HIV counseling and testing services among tuberculosis patients in South Africa: a qualitative study with community health workers and program managers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  South Africa has a high tuberculosis (TB)-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection rate of 73%, yet only 46% of TB patients are tested for HIV. To date, relatively little work has focused on understanding why TB patients may not accept effective services or participate in programs that are readily available in healthcare delivery systems. The objective of the study was to explore barriers to and facilitators of participation in HIV counseling and testing (HCT) among TB patients in the Free State Province, from the perspective of community health workers and program managers who offer services to patients on a daily basis. These two provider groups are positioned to alter the delivery of HCT services in order to improve patient participation and, ultimately, health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group discussions and semistructured interviews were conducted with 40 lay counselors, 57 directly observed therapy (DOT) supporters, and 13 TB and HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) program managers in the Free State Province between September 2007 and March 2008. Sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The themes emerging from the focus group discussions and interviews included four main suggested barrier factors: (1) fears of HIV/AIDS, TB-HIV coinfection, death, and stigma; (2) perceived lack of confidentiality of HIV test results; (3) staff shortages and high workload; and (4) poor infrastructure to encourage, monitor, and deliver HCT. The four main facilitating factors emerging from the group and individual interviews were (1) encouragement and motivation by health workers, (2) alleviation of health worker shortages, (3) improved HCT training of professional and lay health workers, and (4) community outreach activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide insight into the relatively low acceptance rate of HCT services among TB patients from the perspective of two healthcare workforce groups that play an integral role in the delivery of effective health services and programs. Community health workers and program managers emphasized several patient- and delivery-level factors influencing acceptance of HCT services.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Systems Research & Development, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa. heunisj.hum@ufs.ac.za
authors.forename: J Christo
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Heunis
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Wynne E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Engelbrecht
authors.forename: N Gladys
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Kigozi
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ragin
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D003150:Community Health Workers; D003219:Confidentiality / Q000523:psychology; D037001:Directive Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010358:Patient Participation; D013019:South Africa; D013240:Stereotyping; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D000078329:Workforce