title: Physician assistants in Canada: update on health policy initiatives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the health policies related to physician assistants (PAs) and to understand the factors influencing this medical work force movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work combines a review of the literature and qualitative information, and it serves as a historical bookmark. The approach was selected when attempts to obtain reports or literature using customary electronic bibliography (PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, EBSCO, and MEDLINE) searches in English and French, from 1970 through 2010, identified only 14 documents (including gray literature) of relevance. Reports, provincial documents, and information from developers of the PA movement supplemented the literature base.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The historical development of the role of PAs in Canada spans 2 decades. There are now more than 250 PAs, most working in family medicine and emergency medicine. Enabling legislation for PAs has been formalized in Manitoba, and 3 provinces have recognized PAs in various policy statements or initiatives. Three universities and 1 military training centre have enrolled more than 120 students in PA programs. Retired PAs of the Canadian Forces, returning ex-patriot Canadians who had trained as PAs in PA programs in the United States, and American immigrants are working as PAs in Canada. Demonstration projects are under way to better understand the usefulness of PAs in various medical settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For a public health policy enactment of this size and effect, the literature on PAs in Canada is sparse and limited. In spite of this, PA employment is expanding, family medicine practices are using PAs, and there is enabling legislation planned. The result will likely be increased use of PAs. Documentation about PAs, review of their use, and outcomes research are needed to evaluate this new type of clinician in Canadian society.
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3M 0E2, Canada. jonesi@cc.umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: Ian W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Roderick S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hooker
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D006291:Health Policy / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D010823:Physician Assistants / Q000266:history* / Q000639:trends