title: Alcohol intake and the risk of hyperuricaemia: a 6-year prospective study in Japanese men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since there is little information derived from prospective studies on the amount of alcohol drinking required to induce hyperuricaemia, we attempted to address this issue in a Japanese population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3310 Japanese men aged 20-54 years that were free of hyperuricaemia were classified according to their alcohol intake per week at baseline. Incident hyperuricaemia, defined as >7.0 mg/dl and/or taking medication for hyperuricaemia, was assessed through annual heath examinations for 6 years after the baseline examination. During follow-up, 529 incident cases of hyperuricaemia occurred. There was a positive, dose-response relationship between alcohol intake and the risk of incident hyperuricaemia. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for hyperuricaemia in drinkers compared with non-drinkers was 1.10 (0.85-1.42) for <10.0 drinks/week, 1.40 (1.07-1.84) for 10.0-19.9 drinks/week, 1.64 (1.23-2.21) for 20.0-29.9 drinks/week and 1.98 (1.40-2.80) for ≥30.0 drinks/week (one drink contained 11.5 g of ethanol) after adjusting for age, baseline serum uric acid, body mass index, smoking habits, exercise habits, serum creatinine, blood pressure, serum cholesterol and blood glucose. The fraction of hyperuricaemia in the population attributable to alcohol intake was 21.6%. A clear dose-response pattern was observed for both beer and sake, when the consumption of these two beverages was analysed separately.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Habitual alcohol intake significantly contributed to the development of hyperuricaemia in Japanese men, regardless of type of alcoholic beverage consumed. Therefore, it is essential to reduce excessive alcohol intake to prevent and manage hyperuricaemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. knaka@kanazawa-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suwazono
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D044466:Asian People; D001515:Beer / Q000009:adverse effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid