title: Early, single chlorhexidine application reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important complication of mechanical ventilation and is particularly common in trauma, burn, and surgical patients. Interventions that kill bacteria in the oropharynx reduce the pool of viable organisms available for translocation to the lung and thereby lessen the likelihood of developing VAP. Repeated administration of chlorhexidine (CHX) to the mouth and oropharynx has been shown to reduce the incidence of VAP, but use of a single dose has not been studied. This randomized, controlled clinical trial tested an early (within 12 hours of intubation) application of CHX by swab versus control (no swab) on oral microbial flora and VAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 145 trauma patients requiring endotracheal intubation were randomly assigned to the intervention (5 mL CHX) or control group. VAP (Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score [CPIS] ≥ 6) was evaluated on study admission and at 48 and 72 hours after intubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 145 patients were enrolled; 71 and 74 patients were randomized to intervention and control groups, respectively. Seventy percent of the patients were male, and 60% were white; their mean age was 42.4 years (±18.2). A significant treatment effect was found on CPIS both from admission to 48 hours (P = .020) and to 72 hours (P = .027). In those subjects without pneumonia at baseline (CPIS < 6), 55.6% of the control patients (10/18) had developed VAP by 48 or 72 hours versus only 33.3% of the intervention patients (7/21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  an early, single application of CHX to the oral cavity significantly reduces CPIS and thus VAP in trauma patients.
authors.affiliation: Adult Health and Nursing Systems Department of the School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0567, USA. mjgrap@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Mary Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grap
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.forename: V Anne
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Elswick
authors.forename: Curtis N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002710:Chlorhexidine