title: Indoor air pollution and self-reported diseases - a case study of NCT of Delhi.
abstract: People in modern societies often spend 80-90% of their time in indoor environments. It is, therefore, imperative to analyze indoor air quality (IAQ) and its determinants and to consider the contribution of IAQ to possible health outcomes at the household level. Based on empirical data collected from 5949 households from 35 wards of Delhi, it can be summarized that higher proportions of residents live in degraded indoor environmental conditions. The highest risks to health were attached to use of traditional fuels (64%), lack of a kitchen (59%), exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (55%), and poor ventilation (55%). Acute respiratory infections (43%) were identified as one of the most prevalent health problems confronted by residents and are strongly associated with use of traditional fuels (adjusted OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.3-3.1). Asthma shows a significant relationship with the use of traditional fuels (adjusted OR 3.8, 95% CI 3.4-4.3), exposure to ETS (adjusted OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.2-2.7), and poor ventilation (adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13-1.41). Lung cancer (adjusted OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.38-1.71) and cardiovascular diseases (adjusted OR 2.25, 95% CI 2.01-2.53) also show a strong relationship with ETS exposure. More research is needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study can help to create new insights in understanding the gravity of indoor air quality problems in Delhi and can therefore provide interesting material to social scientists, public health officers, planners, and decision makers. The information can be utilized to help formulate comprehensive policies and planning with a humanistic approach for proper urban indoor environments that will be applicable at all administrative levels, viz. local, national, and international, and will also provide an important background for additional research in this area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, A.M.U. Aligarh, U.P., India. zebaish_gf@yahoo.com
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Firdaus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology; D003296:Cooking; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution