title: Interpreting the stress response of early mammalian embryos and their stem cells.
abstract: This review analyzes and interprets the normal, pathogenic, and pathophysiological roles of stress and stress enzymes in mammalian development. Emerging data suggest that stem cells from early embryos are induced by stress to perform stress-enzyme-mediated responses that use the strategies of compensatory, prioritized, and reversible differentiation. These strategies have been optimized during evolution and in turn have aspects of energy conservation during stress that optimize and maximize the efficacy of the stress response. It is likely that different types of stem cells have varying degrees of flexibility in mediating compensatory and prioritized differentiation. The significance of this analysis and interpretation is that it will serve as a foundation for yielding tools for diagnosing, understanding normal and pathophysiological mechanisms, and providing methods for managing stress enzymes to improve short- and long-term reproductive outcomes.
authors.affiliation: CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Awonuga
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Puscheck
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rappolee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002470:Cell Survival; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011494:Protein Kinases; D010100:Oxygen