title: The use of models in laparoscopic education.
abstract: From earliest times, visual aids - from crude diagrams to complex, beautiful wax anatomical models - have been created to enhance the surgical learning process. Surgical educators realized early that suitable models could be used to develop the needed technical expertise essential to the safe performance of surgery. Practice on models also assisted in developing surgical judgment.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery, UCLA Medical Center, Director, Endocare, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paz-Partlow
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Daykhovsky
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gordon