title: C-reactive protein polarizes human macrophages to an M1 phenotype and inhibits transformation to the M2 phenotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation is pivotal in atherosclerosis. Monocyte-macrophages are crucial in atherosclerosis. Monocytes can develop into subsets: classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated cells. Several studies point to a proinflammatory role for C-reactive protein (CRP). Because there is a paucity of data on the effects of CRP on macrophage phenotype, we tested effects of CRP on macrophage polarization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monocytes were incubated with CRP (0 to 50 μg/mL) and differentiated into macrophages for 7 days. Phenotypic characterization of M1 and M2 macrophages was performed using flow cytometry. CRP treatment resulted in increased population of M1 macrophages (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]/interleukin [IL]-12/C-C chemokine receptor 2, TNF/IL-12/monocyte chemotactic protein-1, or TNF/IL-1/IL-12). These effects were not abrogated by polymixin B or small interfering RNA to Toll-like receptor-4, but they were abrogated by boiled CRP. Administration of human CRP to rats in vivo increased polarization of macrophages to M1 phenotype compared with human serum albumin. When macrophages were primed to the M2 phenotype with IL-4, addition of CRP resulted in significantly increased secretion of TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-1 and conversion of macrophages from the M2 to the M1 phenotype. CRP failed to prime macrophages to the M1 phenotype in presence of CD32/CD64 small interfering RNA or dominant-negative nuclear factor kappa B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these results further support a role for CRP in promoting differentiation of human monocytes toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Sridevi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devaraj
authors.forename: Ishwarlal
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jialal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016764:Cell Polarity; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000378:metabolism; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D017452:Receptors, IgG; D012709:Serum Albumin; D015847:Interleukin-4; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D011112:Polymyxin B