title: Roles of stress-activated protein kinases in the replication of Singapore grouper iridovirus and regulation of the inflammatory responses in grouper cells.
abstract: Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), are usually activated in response to different environmental stimuli, including virus infection. In the present study, the roles of SAPKs during Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection were investigated in fish cells. The results showed that increased phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK occurred during active replication of SGIV in grouper cell cultures. Moreover, downstream effectors (c-Jun, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2, p53, activator protein 1, Myc and nuclear factor of activated T cells) were activated after SGIV infection, suggesting that SGIV replication activated the JNK and p38 MAPK signalling pathways. Notably, using specific inhibitors, it was found that viral gene transcripts, protein expression and viral titres were not affected by inhibition of p38 MAPK but were suppressed significantly by inhibiting JNK1/2 activation. In addition, transcription of grouper immune genes including interferon regulatory factor 1, interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were regulated by JNK, whilst only TNF-α was regulated by p38 MAPK. It is proposed that the JNK pathway is important for SGIV replication and modulates the inflammatory responses during virus infection.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China.
authors.forename: Youhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhengliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: OuYang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China.
authors.forename: Qiwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D010473:Perciformes; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017995:Ranavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014779:Virus Replication; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases