title: Symptom clusters in advanced cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with advanced cancer often experience multiple concurrent symptoms. Few studies have explored symptom clusters (SCs) in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to explore SCs in advanced cancer, evaluate the characteristics associated with various clusters, and determine their relationship to survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included patients in the palliative care program of the Hospital Universitario La Paz from 2003 to 2005. The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System and a supplement including 13 other symptoms were used to detect symptoms. Principal component analysis was performed to determine symptom relationships and compare SCs with associated parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 406 patients were included, 61% men and 39% women. The median age was 66.4 (range 18-95). The most common primaries were gastrointestinal (35%), lung (25%), genitourinary (8%), breast (5%), and head and neck (5%) carcinomas. The following clusters were identified: confusion (cognitive impairment, agitation, urinary incontinence), neuropsychological (anxiety, depression, and insomnia), anorexia-cachexia (anorexia, weight loss, and tiredness), and gastrointestinal (nausea and vomiting). The presence of these SCs was influenced by primary cancer site, gender, age, and performance status. Survival was related to the number of SCs present in a given patient: zero SC, 52 days; one SC, 38 days; two SCs, 23 days; and three to four SCs, 19 days; P < 0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different SCs can be identified in patients with advanced cancer. These SCs are influenced by primary cancer site, gender, age, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, and they can have prognostic value.
authors.affiliation: Getafe University Hospital, Getafe, Spain. jaimefeliu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madero
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martínez-Marín
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vilches
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feliu
authors.forename: Leyre
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feliu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003221:Confusion / Q000150:complications*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000150:complications*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010166:Palliative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000150:complications*