title: Selective arterial embolisation for bone tumours: experience of 454 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors present the experience of a single institution with selective arterial embolisation for primary and metastatic bone tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 365 patients were treated with 454 embolisation procedures from December 2002 to April 2010. Embolisation was the primary treatment for benign bone tumours, adjuvant treatment to surgery for benign and malignant bone tumours and palliative treatment for bone sarcomas and metastases. Indications for repeat embolisation included pain or imaging evidence of progressive disease: 105 patients had repeat embolisation at the same location at an interval of 1-3 months; 260 patients had one embolisation, 78 had two and 29 had three or more. In all patients, N-2-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in 33% lipiodol was the embolic agent used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 419 of the 454 embolisations (93%) were technically successful. In 35 cases, embolisation was not feasible because of poor lesion vascularisation (21 patients with bone metastases and two with aneurysmal bone cysts), origin of the Adamkiewicz artery in the embolisation field (four patients with bone metastases and one with aneurysmal bone cyst), atheromatosis and arteriosclerosis (five patients with bone metastases) and anatomical and technical problems such as small-calibre vessels, many branches and acute vessel angles (two patients with bone metastases). A clinical response was achieved in 406 of the 419 procedures (97%), and no response in 13 procedures in patients with pelvis and sacrum tumours. Complications included postembolisation syndrome in 81 patients (22%), transient paraesthesias in 41 (11%), skin breakdown and subcutaneous necrosis at the shoulder and pelvis in five (1.4%) and paresis of the sciatic nerve in one (0.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend embolisation as primary or palliative treatment or an adjunct to surgery for tumours of variable histology. Strict adherence to the principles of transcatheter embolisation is important. Arteries feeding the tumour and collaterals must be evaluated carefully and catheterised superselectively to protect the normal tissues. NBCA is considered the most appropriate embolic agent for small-vessel occlusion without major complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Angiographic Radiology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mavrogenis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rimondi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ciccarese
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tranfaglia
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Angelelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiorentini
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bartalena
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Errani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruggieri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mercuri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004998:Ethiodized Oil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C057937:iomeprol; D007472:Iohexol; D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D004659:Enbucrilate; D007479:Iopamidol