title: The effects of visual degradation on face discrimination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People with reduced visual acuity (VA) and/or contrast sensitivity have difficulty recognizing faces and facial expressions. We have quantified these difficulties, using a synthetic face discrimination task employing both normal and artificially degraded vision.
  
  
  METHODS
  VA and contrast thresholds were measured using an optimised staircase procedure [Freiburg acuity Test (FrACT)] in 25 young adults (aged 18-24 years) with corrected visual acuity of 0.0 logMAR or better and with four levels of vision degraded with Bangerter occlusion foils. For face discrimination, male face images were synthesised from 37 cardinal points (position of eyes, width of nose, head shape etc) derived from frontal face photographs and manipulated by altering the points as a fraction of the mean head radius. Face discrimination thresholds (% difference) were measured from a simultaneous four-alternative forced choice of 'odd one out' from three identical faces and one that differed. Psychometric functions were measured for four participants with normal and degraded vision. Subsequently, the difference between faces was fixed at twice the discrimination thresholds and the size of the faces manipulated using the FrACT threshold procedure in 25 participants. Data were converted to equivalent face discrimination distances for realistic face dimensions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With normal vision, face discrimination thresholds ranged from 2.7% to 5.6%; these increased systematically and were more variable with visual degradation. When manipulating face size, face discrimination distance was highly correlated with both acuity and contrast sensitivity (r(2) = 0.77 and 0.80 respectively, p < 0.01). The mean distance with normal vision was 15.3 m (14.5-16.2 ± S.E.M.). With vision degraded to 0.6 logMAR (6/24 Snellen, contrast threshold 15%) the mean face discrimination distance was reduced to 3.9 m (3.7-4.1, ±S.E.M.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor face discrimination has a profound impact on real-life social communication. Here we report that artificial visual degradation also adversely impacts a synthetic face recognition task. As a rule of thumb, reduction in VA of 0.3 logMAR (halving the decimal VA) reduces the face recognition distance by a factor of 0.6 times. The FrACT-based face discrimination task provides an efficient new tool to quantify and monitor face discrimination ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK. dlmc@gcu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Daphne L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Loffler
authors.forename: Kirsty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Colquhoun
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Gordon N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Dutton
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D004215:Distance Perception; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005556:Form Perception; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult