title: Preserved arterial vasodilatation via endothelial protease-activated receptor-2 in obese type 2 diabetic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In non-obese diabetic animals, protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) agonists are more effective vasodilators, which is attributed to increased COX-2 and endothelial NOS (eNOS) activities. Under conditions of diabetes and obesity, the effectiveness of PAR2 agonists is unknown. We compared the vasodilator responses of small calibre mesenteric arteries from obese diabetic B6.BKS(D)-Lepr(db) /J (db/db) induced by PAR2-activating agonists 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2fly) and trypsin to those obtained in controls [C57BL/6J (C57)], and assessed the contributions of COX, NOS and calcium-activated potassium channels (K(Ca)) to these responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arteries mounted in wire myographs under isometric tension conditions were contracted submaximally by U46619 then exposed to vasodilators. mRNA and protein expression of PAR2, eNOS and soluble GC (sGC) were determined by real-time PCR and Western blots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACh- and nitroprusside-induced relaxations were attenuated in db/db compared with C57. In contrast, 2fly- and trypsin-induced relaxations were largely retained in db/db. A NOS inhibitor partly inhibited ACh- and 2fly-induced relaxations in C57, but not those in db/db. Inhibitors of the COX-cAMP pathway (FR122044, SC560, NS398, SC58125, SQ22536, CAY10441) did not affect these relaxation responses in either strain. Charybdotoxin (BK(Ca), SK3.1 blocker), but not iberiotoxin (BK(Ca) blocker), inhibited responses to the PAR2 agonists in db/db. In db/db protein levels of eNOS were higher, whereas those of sGC were lower than in C57. PAR2 mRNA expression in db/db was higher than in C57.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAR2-mediated vasodilatation is protected against the negative effects of obesity and diabetes in mice. In diabetic vascular dysfunction, preserved PAR2 vasodilatation was linked to activation of SK3.1.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. skagota@mukogawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kagota
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McGuire
mesh_terms: D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006029:Glycosuria; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009765:Obesity; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C487404:2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide; D001786:Blood Glucose; D009842:Oligopeptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; D009599:Nitroprusside; D010656:Phenylephrine; D019796:15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C021496:lactate-malate transhydrogenase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D005947:Glucose; D011188:Potassium