title: Convective assembly of 2D lattices of virus-like particles visualized by in-situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering.
abstract: The rapid assembly of icosohedral virus-like particles (VLPs) into highly ordered (domain size > 600 nm), oriented 2D superlattices directly onto a solid substrate using convective coating is demonstrated. In-situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is used to follow the self-assembly process in real time to characterize the mechanism of superlattice formation, with the ultimate goal of tailoring film deposition conditions to optimize long-range order. From water, GISAXS data are consistent with a transport-limited assembly process where convective flow directs assembly of VLPs into a lattice oriented with respect to the water drying line. Addition of a nonvolatile solvent (glycerol) modified this assembly pathway, resulting in non-oriented superlattices with improved long-range order. Modification of electrostatic conditions (solution ionic strength, substrate charge) also alters assembly behavior; however, a comparison of in-situ assembly data between VLPs derived from the bacteriophages MS2 and Qβ show that this assembly process is not fully described by a simple Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek model alone.
authors.affiliation: University of New Mexico/NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
authors.forename: Carlee E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: Darren R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dunphy
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Carnes
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Dimiter N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Petsev
authors.forename: Plamen B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Atanassov
authors.forename: Orlin D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Velev
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sprung
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Peabody
authors.forename: C Jeffrey
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Brinker
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000737:chemistry; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry; D053838:Scattering, Small Angle; D013997:Time Factors; D014771:Virion / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D005990:Glycerol