title: Changing from regular-fat to low-fat dairy foods reduces saturated fat intake but not energy intake in 4-13-y-old children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dairy foods are nutrient rich but also a source of saturated fat in the diets of children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed effects on dietary intakes and health outcomes of changing dairy foods consumed by children from regular- to reduced-fat varieties.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a 24-wk cluster randomized controlled trial in 93 families with 4-13-y-olds who were randomly allocated to parental education regarding changing to reduced-fat dairy foods (n = 76 children) or reducing screen time (n = 69 children). Study outcomes, which were measured at weeks 0, 12 (end of the intervention), and 24, included saturated fat, energy, and nutrient intakes; pentadecanoic acid and blood lipid concentrations; body mass index z score; and waist circumference. Multilevel analyses were used with adjustment for child- and family-level covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no group differences in overall dairy intakes (-45 g dairy; 95% CI: -141, 51 g dairy; P = 0.356). Saturated fat intakes were 3.3 percentage points lower (P < 0.0001) in the intervention group at week 24 than in the comparison group. Pentadecanoic acid concentrations were lower at week 12 (0.03%; P = 0.012) but not at week 24. LDL-cholesterol concentrations were not different at week 12, but LDL-cholesterol concentration was 0.15 mmol/L lower in the intervention group at week 24 than in the comparison group (P = 0.037). There were no significant group differences in total energy or adiposity measures. Regular-fat dairy foods decreased from 88% to 14% of dairy intake in the intervention group. Calcium, magnesium, and carbohydrate (percentage of energy) intakes were higher in the intervention group than in the comparison group; retinol intakes were lower in the intervention group than in the comparison group; and overall vitamin A intakes were similar between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advice to parents to change to reduced-fat products was effective in reducing children's saturated fat intakes but did not alter energy intakes or measures of adiposity. This trial was registered in the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12609000453280.
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, Australia. gilly.hendrie@csiro.au
authors.forename: Gilly A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hendrie
authors.forename: Rebecca K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Golley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014801:Vitamin A; C117025:pentadecanoic acid