title: The influence of abdominal pressure on lower extremity venous pressure and hemodynamics: a human in-vivo model simulating the effect of abdominal obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate that abdominal pressure impacts venous flow and pressure characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous pressure at the femoral vein was measured in 6 non-obese subjects (mean BMI 22 ± 2 kg/m(2)) that were exposed to a circumferential cuff placed around the abdominal trunk and inflated to 20 and 40 mmHg. In a second step non-obese subjects (n = 10, BMI 21.8 ± 1.8 kg/m(2)) exposed to this cuff compression were studied for duplexsonographic parameters at the femoral vein. Duplexsonographic results were compared to subjects with abdominal obesity (n = 22, BMI 36.2 ± 5.9 kg/m(2)) in whom duplexsonographic parameters at the femoral vein were studied without cuff compression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intravenous pressure increased with pressure application in all participants (p = 0.0025). Duplex examination of 10 non-obese subjects revealed increasing venous diameter (p < 0.0001) and decreasing venous peak and mean velocity (all p < 0.0001) when cuff pressure was applied. Duplex parameters with cuff pressure application of 20 and 40 mmHg respectively, were similar to those in obese subjects that were studied without pressure application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  External abdominal pressure application creates venous stasis in lower limbs. Results of this study indicate that abdominal obesity might induce resistance to venous backflow from the lower limbs.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, Division of Clinical and Interventional Angiology, University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Willenberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Haegeli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Amann-Vesti
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Husmann
mesh_terms: D034841:Abdominal Cavity; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011312:Pressure; D014690:Venous Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult