title: New trends of primary drug resistance among HIV type 1-infected men who have sex with men in Liaoning Province, China.
abstract: To elucidate the recent changes in prevalence of HIV-1 primary resistance mutations in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Liaoning province, 217 samples from antiretroviral therapy-naive MSM were collected. For 201 samples, the entire protease gene and 256 amino acids of the reverse transcriptase gene were successfully amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR of viral RNA and were sequenced. Among the amplified pol sequences, HIV-1 CRF01_AE accounted for 87.6% (176/201), subtype B accounted for 8.0% (16/201), and subtype CRF07_BC accounted for 4.5% (9/201). The overall prevalence of mutations conferring resistance to any drug was 4.5%, representing 4.5% for protease inhibitor (PI)-related mutations, 0.5% for nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-related mutations, and 0.5% for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-related mutations. Included were V32I (0.5%), M46I (2.0%), L90M (2.0%), T215C (0.5%), and Y188L (0.5%). Only one case carried resistance mutations to all three drug classes (L90M, L10I, and A71T to PI; T215C to NRTI; and Y188L to NNRTI). L10I (4.5%), V118I/IV (17.4%), and K103R/KR (10.0%) were commonly observed mutations, but do not confer any drug resistance to PIs, NRTIs, and NNRTIs. CRF01_AE is becoming a major HIV-1 infection subtype among MSM of Liaoning province. Relatively high rates of HIV drug-resistant mutations to PIs in antiretroviral treatment-naive patients in the study represent a serious challenge for future HIV treatment programs in China.
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xiaoxu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhenxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bice
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D055815:Young Adult; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus