title: Docosahexaenoic acid modulates in vitro the inflammation of celiac disease in intestinal epithelial cells via the inhibition of cPLA2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cytosolic phospolypase A(2) (cPLA(2)) - dependent release of arachidonic acid (AA) from the intra-epithelial lymphocytes plays a pivotal role in arming lymphocytes to cytolysis in the immune response of celiac disease. However, little is known about the role of enterocytes in releasing AA. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that counteracts many of the proinflammatory effect of AA. The aims of the present work were to evaluate if: 1) intestinal epithelial cells have a role in the celiac inflammation, releasing AA, and 2) if DHA is able to modulate the celiac inflammation, down-regulating the release of AA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A human intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2) was exposed to gliadin peptides (PT-gl) (500 μg/ml) and DHA (2 μg/ml), both alone and simultaneously up to 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exposure of those cells to PT-gl alone resulted in an increased AA release, cycloxygenase-2 expression, cPLA(2) activity and prostaglandin E(2) and interleukin-8 release in culture medium, whereas the simultaneous exposure of the cells to DHA and PT-gl prevented the above-mentioned increases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that intestinal epithelial cells sustain the celiac inflammation, releasing AA when stimulated with gliadin and that DHA inhibits the AA release by these cells.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Olimpia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vincentini
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Quaranta
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viora
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agostoni
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silano
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005903:Gliadin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D054510:Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D005903:Gliadin; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D054510:Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic; D015232:Dinoprostone