title: Exercise electrocardiographic responses and serum cystatin C levels among metabolic syndrome patients without overt diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An impaired heart rate response during exercise (chronotropic incompetence) and an impaired heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise are predictors of cardiovascular risk and mortality. Cystatin C is a novel marker for cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate exercise electrocardiographic responses in patients with metabolic syndrome who were without overt diabetes mellitus, in addition to the association of serum cystatin C levels with the exercise electrocardiographic test results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three consecutive patients admitted to a cardiology outpatient clinic without angina pectoris were recruited if they met criteria for metabolic syndrome but did not have overt diabetes mellitus. Serum cystatin C levels were measured, and all participants underwent exercise electrocardiographic testing. Patients who were found to have ischemia had a coronary angiography procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean cystatin C level of patients was higher in metabolic syndrome group than healthy controls (610.1 ± 334.02 vs 337.3 ± 111.01 μg/L; P < 0.001). The percentage of patients with ischemia confirmed by coronary angiography was 13.9% in the metabolic syndrome group. Cystatin C levels in the ischemic patients of the metabolic syndrome group were higher than that in nonischemic patients (957.00 ± 375.6 vs 553.8 ± 295.3 μg/L; P = 0.005). Chronotropic incompetence was observed in 30.2% of the patients with metabolic syndrome compared with 16.7% in the control group (P = 0.186). Chronotropic response indices were 0.8 ± 0.18 versus 0.9 ± 0.10 for the two groups, respectively (P = 0.259). HRR was significantly lower in the metabolic syndrome patients compared with the controls (20.1 ± 8.01 vs 25.2 ± 4.5 per min; P < 0.001), and the ST-segment adjustment relative to heart rate(ST/HR index ratio) was 1.4 ± 1.34 versus 0.4 ± 0.31 μV/beat (P < 0.001), respectively. Cystatin C was negatively correlated with the chronotropic response index (CRI) and HRR and was positively correlated with ST/HR index in the entire study population (R = -0.658, -0.346, 0.388, respectively; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial proportion of metabolic syndrome patients without overt diabetes mellitus had silent coronary ischemia in addition to impairment of objective exercise electrocardiographic parameters. In the metabolic syndrome patients without overt diabetes mellitus, cystatin C levels were found to be elevated and the elevation was more pronounced in the subgroup with silent ischemia. Cystatin C was also correlated with HRR and CRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. aslitanindi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanindi
authors.forename: Hilal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olgun
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuncel
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pasaoglu
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boyaci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014421:Turkey; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C525030:CST3 protein, human; D055316:Cystatin C