title: The impact in Japan of regulatory action on prescribing of dopamine receptor agonists: analysis of a claims database between 2005 and 2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of the ergot-derived dopamine receptor agonists (cabergoline and pergolide) is associated with an increased risk of cardiac valvulopathy. Pergolide was withdrawn from the US market in 2007 because of the risk of valvular heart disease, while the European Medicines Agency (EMA) required a reduction in the maximum daily dosage of cabergoline and pergolide from 6 mg/day to 3 mg/day in 2008. In Japan, the package inserts of both drugs were revised in April 2007 to request that physicians conduct periodic ultrasonic cardiography (UCG) examinations for patients taking cabergoline or pergolide. Also, through face-to-face communication with medical representatives of drug companies, physicians were informed that use of cabergoline and pergolide has increased the risk of valvulopathy. However, cabergoline and pergolide have remained in wide use, even following the regulatory actions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess the impact of actions, including the package insert revision in April 2007, to encourage periodic UCG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on monthly claims (January 2005-October 2008) covering 330 000 patients were obtained from a Japanese database vendor. We selected patients ≥40 years of age with Parkinson's disease. The impact of the regulatory action on the proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease prescribed cabergoline or pergolide was assessed by segmented regression analysis and by a statistical model of the rates of UCG examination in patients taking/not taking cabergoline or pergolide before and after the action. We also compared the use of cabergoline and pergolide before and after the action with that of other antiparkinson drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 574 patients with Parkinson's disease, the proportion of patients prescribed cabergoline or pergolide did not decrease but rather tended to increase after the action when analysed by segmented regression analysis (p = 0.13). Similarly, the proportion of the prevalent and incident users of cabergoline or pergolide did not change between two 19-month periods before and after the action. The adjusted rates of UCG examination per person-year before and after the action were both 0.02 in those not prescribed cabergoline or pergolide, but 0.02 before the action and 0.09 after the action in those taking either drug. The excess UCG examination rate of cabergoline or pergolide attributable to the action was 0.08 per person-year (95% CI 0.03, 0.11). While 1 of 49 (2%) patients taking cabergoline or pergolide had a UCG up to 19 months before the action, 9 of 36 (25%) patients taking cabergoline or pergolide had a UCG up to 19 months after the action. Annual sales from 2004 to 2008 were 195, 195, 170, 110 and 75 billion yen, respectively, and the number of valvulopathy events, including incompetence of aortic/mitral/tricuspid valves and cardiac valve disease, per annual sales from 2004 to 2008 were estimated at 0.23, 0.03, 0.08, 0.25 and 0.19 per billion yen, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following the actions in April 2007, no decrease in the use of cabergoline or pergolide occurred, although more patients administered the drug underwent a UCG. However, those undergoing a UCG represented one-quarter of the total number prescribed cabergoline or pergolide. To mitigate the risk, additional risk management tools such as patient registration may be needed to secure careful clinical examination (including UCG examination, if necessary) for cardiac function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ooba
authors.forename: Takuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubota
mesh_terms: D000077465:Cabergoline; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004873:Ergolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D033161:Government Regulation; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007564:Japan; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D010479:Pergolide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D004873:Ergolines; D010479:Pergolide; D000077465:Cabergoline