title: Acute toxicities of five commonly used antifouling booster biocides to selected subtropical and cosmopolitan marine species.
abstract: Since 1990s, various booster biocides have been increasingly used as substitutes of organotins. However, knowledge about their toxicities on tropical/sub-tropical marine species is significantly lacking. This study comprehensively investigated the acute toxicities of copper, tributyltin (TBT), and five commonly used booster biocides including Irgarol, diuron, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT), copper pyrithione (CuPT) and chlorothalonil on the growth or survival of 12 marine species in which eight of them are native species of subtropical Hong Kong. We found that Irgarol was more toxic than TBT on the growth of autotrophic species. The toxicity of CuPT was comparable to that of TBT on almost all test species, while it showed higher toxicity than TBT on medaka fish larvae. As the usage of these biocides is expected to further increase worldwide, accurate assessments of their ecological risks are required for better informed decision on their management. This study provided useful datasets for such purposes.
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China.
authors.forename: Vivien W W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Kenneth M Y
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Jian-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Michael H W
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004237:Diuron / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D009990:Oryzias; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D009570:Nitriles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D011725:Pyridines; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C487833:copper pyrithione; C103341:irgarol 1051; C011559:tributyltin; D004237:Diuron; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile; C010423:pyrithione zinc