title: How can we improve guideline use? A conceptual framework of implementability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guidelines continue to be underutilized, and a variety of strategies to improve their use have been suboptimal. Modifying guideline features represents an alternative, but untested way to promote their use. The purpose of this study was to identify and define features that facilitate guideline use, and examine whether and how they are included in current guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  A guideline implementability framework was developed by reviewing the implementation science literature. We then examined whether guidelines included these, or additional implementability elements. Data were extracted from publicly available high quality guidelines reflecting primary and institutional care, reviewed independently by two individuals, who through discussion resolved conflicts, then by the research team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final implementability framework included 22 elements organized in the domains of adaptability, usability, validity, applicability, communicability, accommodation, implementation, and evaluation. Data were extracted from 20 guidelines on the management of diabetes, hypertension, leg ulcer, and heart failure. Most contained a large volume of graded, narrative evidence, and tables featuring complementary clinical information. Few contained additional features that could improve guideline use. These included alternate versions for different users and purposes, summaries of evidence and recommendations, information to facilitate interaction with and involvement of patients, details of resource implications, and instructions on how to locally promote and monitor guideline use. There were no consistent trends by guideline topic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous opportunities were identified by which guidelines could be modified to support various types of decision making by different users. New governance structures may be required to accommodate development of guidelines with these features. Further research is needed to validate the proposed framework of guideline implementability, develop methods for preparing this information, and evaluate how inclusion of this information influences guideline use.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery; and Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation; and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. anna.gagliardi@uhnresearch.ca
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Palda
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lemieux-Charles
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grimshaw
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000628:therapy; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000628:therapy; D007871:Leg Ulcer / Q000628:therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic