title: Evidence for changes in behaviour leading to reductions in HIV prevalence in urban Malawi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At the epicentre of the HIV epidemic in Eastern Africa, HIV prevalence has appeared to stabilise in most countries. However, there are indications that the HIV epidemic in Malawi has recently declined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed sexual behaviour survey data from Malawi between 2000 and 2004 and HIV prevalence data from the national antenatal clinic HIV surveillance system between 1994 and 2007 using a mathematical modelling technique that can identify associations between behaviour change and reductions in incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Malawi between 2000 and 2004 there were significant reductions in the proportion of 15-19 year olds starting sex, the proportion of men having sex with more than one woman in the previous year and significant increases in condom use by men with multiple partners. In the same period, prevalence dropped from 26% to 15% in urban areas among pregnant women and reduced by 40% among women aged 15-24 years. In the same period, prevalence remained at ∼12% in rural areas. Mathematical modelling suggests that the declines in prevalence in urban areas were associated with the behaviour changes and that, if the changes are maintained, this will have cumulatively averted 140,000 (95% interval: 65,000 to 160,000) HIV infections by 2010.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in sexual behaviour can avert thousands of new HIV infections in mature generalised hyper-endemic settings. In urban Malawi, the reduction in the number of men with multiple partners is likely to have driven the reduction in incidence. Understanding the causes of this change is a priority so that successful programmes and campaigns can be rapidly expanded to rural areas and other countries in the region.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: Bertha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simwaka
authors.forename: Tchaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ndhlovu
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salaniponi
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003075:Coitus; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014504:Urban Health; D055815:Young Adult