title: Longitudinal assessment of urban form and weight gain in African-American women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous cross-sectional studies have found higher levels of obesity among residents of auto-oriented, sprawling areas compared to residents of more urban areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The association between neighborhood urban form and 6-year weight change was prospectively analyzed in the Black Women's Health Study, a cohort study of U.S. black women who enrolled in 1995 and are followed biennially with mailed questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis included 17,968 women who lived in New York City, Chicago, or Los Angeles and were followed from 1995 to 2001. Factor analysis was used to combine variables describing the urban form of participants' residential neighborhoods into an "urbanicity" score. Mixed linear regression models were used to calculate least-squares means for weight change across quintiles of the urbanicity score. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs for incident obesity in relation to the urbanicity score among women who were not obese at baseline were derived from Cox regression models. All results were adjusted for age, region, lifestyle factors, and neighborhood SES. Analyses were conducted in 2008-2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis, mean weight gain for women in the highest quintile of urbanicity score (most urban) was 0.79 kg less than for those in the lowest quintile, with a significant trend (p=0.003). The IRR for incident obesity in the highest quintile relative to the lowest was 0.83 (95% CI=0.71, 0.97), with a significant trend (p=0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policies that encourage dense, urban residential development may have a positive role to play in addressing obesity in black women.
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. pcoogan@bu.edu
authors.forename: Patricia F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Coogan
authors.forename: Laura F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hathaway
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult