title: Are apparent negative effects of feeding GM MON810 maize to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, caused by confounding factors?
abstract: The present study was conducted to follow up on apparent differences in growth, relative organ sizes, cellular stress and immune function in Atlantic salmon fed feed containing GM Bacillus thuringiensis maize compared with feed containing the non-modified parental maize line. Gene expression profiling on the distal intestinal segment and liver was performed by microarray, and selected genes were followed up by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In the liver, qPCR revealed some differentially regulated genes, including up-regulation of gelsolin precursor, down-regulation of ferritin heavy subunit and a tendency towards down-regulation of metallothionein (MT)-B. This, combined with the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein NR13 and similar tendencies for ferritin heavy chain and MT-A and -B in the distal intestine, suggests changes in cellular stress/antioxidant status. This corresponds well with and strengthens previous findings in these fish. To exclude possible confounding factors, the maize ingredients were analysed for mycotoxins and metabolites. The GM maize contained 90 μg/kg of deoxynivalenol (DON), while the non-GM maize was below the detection limit. Differences were also observed in the metabolite profiles of the two maize varieties, some of which seemed connected to the mycotoxin level. The effects on salmon observed in the present and previous studies correspond relatively well with the effects of DON as reported in the literature for other production animals, but knowledge regarding effects and harmful dose levels in fish is scarce. Thus, it is difficult to conclude whether the observed effects are caused by the DON level or by some other aspect of the GM maize ingredient.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Postboks 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. nsi@nifes.no
authors.forename: Nini H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Sissener
authors.forename: Gro-Ingunn
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Hemre
authors.forename: Santosh P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lall
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sagstad
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rohloff
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanden
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012313:RNA