title: Field evaluation of lambda-cyhalothrin (ICON 10 CS) indoor residual spraying against Anopheles culicifacies in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Field trials of lambda-cyhalothrin 10 CS (ICON 10 CS) in indoor residual spraying (IRS) with 25 mg a.i./m2 against Anopheles culicifacies was undertaken vs malathion IRS (25% WP-2 g a.i./m2) in Tumkur district, Karnataka; vs deltamethrin IRS (2.5% WP-20 mg a.i./m2) in Dharmapuri district; and vs lambda-cyhalothrin (10 WP-25 mg a.i./m2) in Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spray operations in the experimental villages were done by the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) and in the control villages by the respective State Health Department staff. Persistence of efficacy of insecticide sprayed in villages was assessed by contact bioassays against vector mosquitoes. Entomological indicators such as per structure density, parity rates of vector mosquitoes and sporozoite rates were measured in all the three study areas using standard procedures. Mass blood surveys and active fever case detections were carried out in experimental and control villages to study the impact of IRS on malaria transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persistence of effectiveness of ICON 10 CS was observed up to 2-3 months in all the three study areas. ICON 10 CS was found effective at par with or better than the insecticides used in the national programme in reducing the mosquito densities and in interrupting malaria transmission in the study villages. Vector density, parity rates and malaria cases considerably reduced in the ICON 10 CS-sprayed villages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Field trials at three sites have established that ICON 10 CS formulation was relatively more effective than malathion 25% WP, deltamethrin 2.5% WP and lambda-cyhalothrin 10% WP in some evaluation parameters like indoor resting mosquitoes, parity rates in vector mosquitoes and persistence of effectiveness. It can be used for IRS for malaria vector control with two rounds of spray at an interval of 3 months for curtailing the malaria transmission and an additional round is recommended in perennial malaria transmission areas.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India. kamarajur2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raghavendra
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Satyanarayan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ravindran
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sreehari
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dash
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D008294:Malathion / Q000494:pharmacology; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D008294:Malathion; C037304:cyhalothrin