title: Trained modulation of sensorimotor rhythms can affect reaction time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology might be useful for rehabilitation of motor function. This speculation is based on the premise that modifying the EEG will modify behavior, a proposition for which there is limited empirical data. The present study examined the possibility that voluntary modulation of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) can affect motor behavior in normal human subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six individuals performed a cued-reaction task with variable warning periods. A typical variable foreperiod effect was associated with SMR desynchronization. SMR features that correlated with reaction times were then used to control a two-target cursor movement BCI task. Following successful BCI training, an uncued reaction time task was embedded within the cursor movement task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Voluntarily increasing SMR beta rhythms was associated with longer reaction times than decreasing SMR beta rhythms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Voluntary modulation of EEG SMR can affect motor behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results encourage studies that integrate BCI training into rehabilitation protocols and examine its capacity to augment restoration of useful motor function.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 509, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Boulay
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Sarnacki
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wolpaw
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McFarland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface