title: A fermented formula in pre-term infants: clinical tolerance, gut microbiota, down-regulation of faecal calprotectin and up-regulation of faecal secretory IgA.
abstract: Intestinal bacterial colonisation in pre-term infants is delayed compared with full-term infants, leading to an increased risk of gastrointestinal disease. Modulation of colonisation through dietary supplementation with probiotics or prebiotics could decrease such a risk. The present study evaluated clinical tolerance, the effects on gut microbiota, and inflammatory and immunological mucosal responses to an infant formula adapted for pre-term infants that included in its manufacturing process a fermentation step with two probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065, inactivated by heat at the end of the process. A total of fifty-eight infants (gestational age: 30-35 weeks), fed either the fermented pre-term formula or a standard pre-term formula, were followed up during their hospital stay. Clinical tolerance, faecal microbiota using a culture and a culture-independent method (temporal temperature gel electrophoresis), faecal calprotectin and secretory IgA were analysed weekly. No difference was observed regarding anthropometric data and digestive tolerance, except for abdominal distension, the incidence of which was lower in infants fed the fermented formula for 2 weeks. Bacterial colonisation was not modified by the type of feeding, particularly for bifidobacteria. Faecal calprotectin was significantly lower in infants fed the fermented formula for 2 weeks, and secretory IgA increased with both mother's milk and the fermented formula. The fermented formula was well tolerated and did not significantly modulate the bacterial colonisation but had benefits on inflammatory and immune markers, which might be related to some features of gastrointestinal tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Néonatologie et Gastroentérologie pédiatrique, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Université Paris Descartes, 78-82 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campeotto
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie, EA 3199, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suau
authors.affiliation: Ecosystème intestinal, probiotiques, antibiotiques (EA 4065), Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kapel
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie, EA 3199, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magne
authors.affiliation: Biostatistique, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Port Royal, 27 rue du Faubourg St Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Viallon
authors.affiliation: Ecosystème intestinal, probiotiques, antibiotiques (EA 4065), Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferraris
authors.affiliation: Ecosystème intestinal, probiotiques, antibiotiques (EA 4065), Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Judith
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Waligora-Dupriet
authors.affiliation: Néonatologie et Gastroentérologie pédiatrique, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Université Paris Descartes, 78-82 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soulaines
authors.affiliation: Néonatologie, Unité Mère-Enfant Alix de Champagne, 23 rue des Moulins, 51000 Reims, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.affiliation: Néonatologie et Gastroentérologie pédiatrique, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Université Paris Descartes, 78-82 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalach
authors.affiliation: Néonatologie et Gastroentérologie pédiatrique, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Université Paris Descartes, 78-82 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.affiliation: Ecosystème intestinal, probiotiques, antibiotiques (EA 4065), Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Butel
mesh_terms: D001644:Bifidobacterium; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D005285:Fermentation; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000378:metabolism*; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology; D056692:Prebiotics; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D048249:Streptococcus thermophilus
chemical_list: D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; D056692:Prebiotics