title: Validation of a simultaneous analytical method for the detection of 27 benzodiazepines and metabolites and zolpidem in hair using LC-MS/MS and its application to human and rat hair.
abstract: Benzodiazepines and zolpidem are controlled in many countries due to their inherent adverse effects of a high degree of tolerance and dependence. Recently, as some of these drugs have become distributed illegally and available through media such as the Internet, their abuse is becoming a serious social problem. Hair is a useful specimen to prove chronic drug use. In the present study, a simultaneous analytical method for the detection of 27 benzodiazepines and metabolites and zolpidem in hair was established and validated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The drugs and their metabolites in hair were extracted using methanol, filtered and injected on the LC-MS/MS. The following validation parameters of the method were satisfactory: selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, recovery, process efficiency, intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy and processed sample stability. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were the total drug detected from the sample. The LODs ranged from 0.005 ng (zolpidem) to 0.5 ng (bromazepam and chlordiazepoxide) and the LOQs were 0.25 ng in every analyte except for bromazepam and chlordiazepoxide, for which they were 0.5 ng. The developed method was successfully applied to five legal cases involving use of benzodiazepines and zolpidem and to an animal study on drug incorporation into hair. Diazepam and its three metabolites, as well as lorazepam, were detected in hair from both the multiple- and single-dose administration groups of lean Zucker rats. The concentration of diazepam was higher than those of its metabolites in both dark grey and white hair from the multiple-dose administration groups, with the mean concentration ranges from 0.16 to 0.51 ng/mg and from 0.10 to 0.24 ng/mg, respectively. The mean concentration ranges of lorazepam were from 0.05 to 0.37 ng/mg in dark grey hair and from 0.11 to 0.45 ng/mg in white hair from the multiple-dose administration groups. Hair pigmentation did not have any significant effect on the degree of the deposition of drugs and their metabolites in hair.
authors.affiliation: National Forensic Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jihyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sooyeun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sanghwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: In
authors.forename: Hwakyung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Heesun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010858:Pigmentation; D011725:Pyridines / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011725:Pyridines; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077334:Zolpidem