title: Prevalence and risk factors for unrecognized obstructive lung disease among urban drug users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obstructive lung disease (OLD) is frequently unrecognized and undertreated. Urban drug users are at higher risk for OLD due to race, behavioral, and socioeconomic characteristics, yet little data exist on prevalence and risk factors associated with unrecognized OLD in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of unrecognized OLD in an urban population and identify the characteristics associated with lack of physician-diagnosed OLD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis from the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Linked to the Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) study, an observational study of current and former injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants with spirometry-defined airflow obstruction were stratified by the presence or absence of physician diagnosis of OLD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using cross-sectional demographic, clinical, and spirometric measurements, multivariable regression models were generated to identify factors independently associated with unrecognized OLD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1083 participants evaluated in the ALIVE lung substudy, 176 (16.3%) met spirometric criteria for OLD. Of those, only 88 (50%) had a physician diagnosis of OLD. The prevalence of unrecognized OLD decreased as severity of airflow obstruction increased. Factors independently associated with unrecognized OLD were absence of respiratory symptoms (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-2.23; P < 0.01) and less severe dyspnea (PR, 0.83; 95% CI: 0.72-0.96, per point increase in dyspnea scale; P = 0.01). In the subset of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected participants, the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was independently associated with an increased prevalence of unrecognized OLD (PR, 1.93; 95% CI: 1.05-3.56; P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a cohort of current and former urban drug users, OLD is substantially underrecognized and associated with lack of respiratory symptoms. Relying on the presence of respiratory symptoms as a trigger to perform spirometry may result in a substantial underdiagnosis of OLD in this population. HIV-infected individuals receiving ART are a population particularly vulnerable to unrecognized OLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. mdrummo3@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: M Bradley
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Jacquie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Astemborski
authors.forename: Meredith C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.forename: Mariah M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Shruti H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Merlo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055030:Drug Users / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013147:Spirometry; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*