title: Distribution and progression of chondrocyte damage in a whole-organ model of human ankle intra-articular fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the best current treatments, intra-articular fractures commonly cause posttraumatic osteoarthritis. In this disorder, death and dysfunction of chondrocytes associated with acute cartilage injury presumably plays an important role in triggering the pathomechanical cascade that eventually leads to whole-joint degeneration. Information regarding this cell-level cartilage injury, particularly at the whole-organ level in actual human joints, has been lacking. In this study, the distribution and progression of fracture-associated cell-level cartilage damage were assessed using a novel whole-organ model of human ankle intra-articular fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven normal human ankles harvested immediately following amputation were subjected to a transarticular compressive impaction insult that mimicked an injury mechanism typical of tibial plafond fractures. For each ankle, site-specific, time-dependent changes in chondrocyte viability in the fractured tibial surface were studied by means of live-dead assay, using a confocal laser-scanning microscope. Fractional chondrocyte death was measured at several time points, in the superficial zone of the cartilage in "fracture-edge" regions within 1 mm of the fracture lines, as well as in "non-fracture" regions more than 3 mm centrally away from the fracture lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All seven experimental fractures morphologically replicated tibial plafond fractures. Immediately post-fracture, superficial-zone chondrocyte death was significantly greater (p = 0.001) in fracture-edge regions (fractional cell death = 7.6%) than in non-fracture regions (1.6%). Progression of cell death over the next forty-eight hours was significantly faster in fracture-edge regions (p = 0.007), with the fractional cell death reaching 25.9%, which was again significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in non-fracture regions (8.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell-level cartilage damage in human intra-articular fractures was characterized by acute chondrocyte death that predominated along fracture lines and that spontaneously progressed in the forty-eight hours following injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progressive chondrocyte damage along fracture lines appears to be a reasonable target of therapeutic treatment to preserve the whole-joint cartilage metabolism in intra-articular fractures, eventually to mitigate the risk of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA. yuki-tochigi@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tochigi
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Buckwalter
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hillis
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tanawat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vaseenon
authors.forename: Abigail D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D016923:Cell Death; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D018460:Fractures, Comminuted / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D057072:Intra-Articular Fractures / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000473:pathology