title: One-step production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil with high-acid value in ionic liquids.
abstract: Catalytic conversion of un-pretreated Jatropha oil with high-acid value (13.8 mg KOH/g) to biodiesel was studied in ionic liquids (ILs) with metal chlorides. Several commercial ILs were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid. It was found that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate ([BMIm][CH(3)SO(3)]; a Brønsted acidic IL) had the highest catalytic activity with 93% esterification rate for oleic acid at 140°C but only 12% biodiesel yield at 120°C. When FeCl(3) was added to [BMIm][CH(3)SO(3)], a maximum biodiesel yield of 99.7% was achieved at 120°C. Because metal ions in ILs supplied Lewis acidic sites, and more of the sites could be provided by trivalent metallic ions than those of bivalent ones. It was also found that the catalytic activity with bivalent metallic ions increased with atomic radius. Mixture of [BMIm][CH(3)SO(3)] and FeCl(3) was easily separated from products for reuse to avoid producing pollutants.
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Biomass Group, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 88 Xuefulu, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650223, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Yun-Duo
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Li-Qun
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D004951:Esterification; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D031286:Jatropha / Q000737:chemistry*; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C525963:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; D056804:Biofuels; D002712:Chlorides; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D008670:Metals; D010938:Plant Oils; D019301:Oleic Acid