title: Activity of the chelerythrine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid from Chelidonium majus L. on Dactylogyrus intermedius.
abstract: Dactylogyrus intermedius is a significant monogenean parasite on the gills of cyprinid fishes and can cause severe economic losses in aquaculture and ornamental fish breeding. In the present study, bioactivity-guide fractionation was employed to identify active compound from Chelidonium majus L. against D. intermedius. In vivo anthelmintic activity of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-butanol extracts of C. majus were tested. Among them, only the n-butanol extract exhibited promising anthelmintic efficacy, and therefore subjected to the further isolation and purification using various chromatographic techniques. A compound showing potent activity was obtained and identified by hydrogen, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and electron ionization mass spectrometry as chelerythrine. In vivo anthelmintic efficacy tests exhibited that chelerythrine was 100% effective against D. intermedius at a concentration of 1.60 mg L(-1), with LC(50) values of 0.68 mg L(-1) after 48 h of exposure. The 48-h LC(50) value (acute toxicity tests) of chelerythrine was found to be 3.59 mg L(-1) for grass carp. These results provided evidence that chelerythrine can be selected as a lead compound for the development of new drugs against D. intermedius.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Xi-Lian
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jia-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Zhi-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jin-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Hong-Shun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ru
authors.forename: Xiao-Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053119:Benzophenanthridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002347:Carps / Q000469:parasitology; D002590:Cestode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D028281:Chelidonium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002845:Chromatography; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010986:Platyhelminths / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D010936:Plant Extracts; C016299:chelerythrine