title: The DUNDRUM-1 structured professional judgment for triage to appropriate levels of therapeutic security: retrospective-cohort validation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The assessment of those presenting to prison in-reach and court diversion services and those referred for admission to mental health services is a triage decision, allocating the patient to the appropriate level of therapeutic security. This is a critical clinical decision. We set out to improve on unstructured clinical judgement. We collated qualitative information and devised an 11 item structured professional judgment instrument for this purpose then tested for validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  All those assessed following screening over a three month period at a busy remand committals prison (n = 246) were rated in a retrospective cohort design blind to outcome. Similarly, all those admitted to a mental health service from the same prison in-reach service over an overlapping two year period were rated blind to outcome (n = 100).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 11 item scale had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95) and inter-rater reliability. The scale score did not correlate with the HCR-20 'historical' score. For the three month sample, the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) for those admitted to hospital was 0.893 (95% confidence interval 0.843 to 0.943). For the two year sample, AUC distinguished at each level between those admitted to open wards, low secure units or a medium/high secure service. Open wards v low secure units AUC = 0.805 (95% CI 0.680 to 0.930); low secure v medium/high secure AUC = 0.866, (95% CI 0.784 to 0.949). Item to outcome correlations were significant for all 11 items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DUNDRUM-1 triage security scale and its items performed to criterion levels when tested against the real world outcome. This instrument can be used to ensure consistency in decision making when deciding who to admit to secure forensic hospitals. It can also be used to benchmark admission thresholds between services and jurisdictions. In this study we found some divergence between assessed need and actual placement. This provides fertile ground for future research as well as practical assistance in assessing unmet need, auditing case mix and planning care pathways.
authors.affiliation: National Forensic Mental Health Service, Central Mental Hospital, Dundrum, Dublin 14, Ireland.
authors.forename: Grainne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McInerney
authors.forename: Harry G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D008605:Mental Health Services; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods*