title: Measurement of fine breathable particles (PM(2.5)) as a marker of environmental smoke in catering establishments in Zaragoza.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the levels of small breathable suspended particles (PM(2.5)) as atmospheric markers of environmental tobacco smoke in catering establishments in Zaragoza, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study was conducted between October 2006 and April 2008 in various catering establishments in Zaragoza. A SidePack Aerosol Monitor (AM510 model) was used to sample and record the levels of breathable suspended particles (PM(2.5)) indoors and outdoors, and the following variables were collected: smoking policy (smoking allowed, completely banned, or partially banned with non-smoking sections, physically separated or not); percentage of smokers and presence of cigarette ends, ashtrays or smokers in non-smoking sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 111 venues were sampled. The level of PM(2.5) was eight times higher in smoking venues than in non-smoking ones and also higher than outdoors. The correlation between the level of particles and percentage of smokers was 0.61 (P<.01). In the non-smoking sections without physical separation the level of particles was twice as much as outdoors and similar to physically separated smokers sections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only a complete ban on smoking in all workplaces, including leisure venues, has been shown to have a positive effect on workers and customers health. The measurement of PM(2.5) can be a simple method to assess the presence of environmental tobacco smoke.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Tabaquismo FMZ, Departamento de Medicina y Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. isabelne@unizar.es
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nerín
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alayeto
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Córdoba
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nebot
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005511:Food Handling; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D013030:Spain; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D012906:Smoke; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution