title: Fluid intake and incidence of renal cell carcinoma in UK women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that the apparent protective effect of alcohol intake on renal cell carcinoma may be due to the diluting effect of carcinogens by a high total fluid intake. We assessed the association between intakes of total fluids and of specific beverages on the risk of renal cell carcinoma in a large prospective cohort of UK women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on beverage consumption was obtained from a questionnaire sent ∼3 years after recruitment into the Million Women Study. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for renal cell carcinoma associated with beverage consumption adjusted for age, region of residence, socioeconomic status, smoking, and body mass index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After an average of 5.2 years of follow-up, 588 cases of renal cell carcinoma were identified among 779,369 women. While alcohol intake was associated with a reduced risk of renal cell carcinoma (RR for ≥ 2 vs <1 drink per day: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.61-0.96; P for trend=0.02), there was no association with total fluid intake (RR for ≥ 12 vs <7 drinks per day: 1.15; 95% CI: 0.91-1.45; P for trend=0.3) or with intakes of specific beverages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The apparent protective effect of alcohol on the risk of renal cell carcinoma is unlikely to be related to a high fluid intake.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK. naomi.allen@ceu.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balkwill
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Beral
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004326:Drinking; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D013662:Tea; D014867:Water