title: [Nasopharyngeal carriage, antibiotic susceptibility and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children attending day care centers].
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) and Haemophilus influenzae (HI) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal samples were swabbed from children 3 months to 3 years of age, between December 2006 and April 2007, in 10 day-care centers in Dijon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and eighty-five children, 22.7 ± 8.4 months, were included. All were vaccinated against H1 and 92% had received at least one dose of PCV7 vaccine. HI colonization (55%) was associated with young age and concomitant pneumococcal carriage (52.4% vs. 39%). Amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefotaxime resistance rates were 17% and 0.5%. Pneumococcal carriage (48%) was increased in case of prior hospitalization. The rate of PDSP, 50%, was increased in case of recent infection (91% vs. 81%), previous antibiotherapy (64% vs. 41%), and decreased if PCV7 was completed (40.2% vs. 61,8%). There was no resistance to amoxicillin. The erythromycin resistance rate was 50.5%. 15% of the strains were vaccinal serotypes. Thirty-six and 41% of the strains were related and non-related to vaccine serotypes. Twenty-four and 11.6% of the strains were serotypes 19A and 6A respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the last 10 years the global antibiotic resistance in children decreased for SP (22.9%) but nasal colonization remained stable due to the increase of some serotypes, such as 19A, most often resistant to antibiotics. The vaccine effectiveness against HI is optimal since no HIb serotypes were detected; resistance to betalactam is currently due equally to enzymatic mechanism and alteration of protein binding penicillin.
authors.affiliation: Département d'infectiologie, CHU de Dijon, BP 77908, 21000 Dijon, France. pascal.chavanet@chu-dijon.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chavanet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atale
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neuwirth
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varon
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dabernat
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Portier
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002656:Child Day Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines