title: Inflammatory Signals shift from adipose to liver during high fat feeding and influence the development of steatohepatitis in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity and inflammation are highly integrated processes in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Molecular mechanisms underlying inflammatory events during high fat diet-induced obesity are poorly defined in mouse models of obesity. This work investigated gene activation signals integral to the temporal development of obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression analysis in multiple organs from obese mice was done with Taqman Low Density Array (TLDA) using a panel of 92 genes representing cell markers, cytokines, chemokines, metabolic, and activation genes. Mice were monitored for systemic changes characteristic of the disease, including hyperinsulinemia, body weight, and liver enzymes. Liver steatosis and fibrosis as well as cellular infiltrates in liver and adipose tissues were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese C57BL/6 mice were fed with high fat and cholesterol diet (HFC) for 6, 16 and 26 weeks. Here we report that the mRNA levels of macrophage and inflammation associated genes were strongly upregulated at different time points in adipose tissues (6-16 weeks) and liver (16-26 weeks), after the start of HFC feeding. CD11b+ and CD11c+ macrophages highly infiltrated HFC liver at 16 and 26 weeks. We found clear evidence that signals for IL-1β, IL1RN, TNF-α and TGFβ-1 are present in both adipose and liver tissues and that these are linked to the development of inflammation and insulin resistance in the HFC-fed mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macrophage infiltration accompanied by severe inflammation and metabolic changes occurred in both adipose and liver tissues with a temporal shift in these signals depending upon the duration of HFC feeding. The evidences of gene expression profile, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, and histological data support a progression towards nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis in these HFC-fed mice within the time frame of 26 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories (formerly Schering-Plough Research Institute), 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA. chung-her.jenh@merck.com.
authors.forename: Michaela C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Shu-Cheng
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojas-Triana
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kinsley
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenfeder
authors.forename: Loretta A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bober
authors.forename: Chung-Her
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jenh