title: (-)-Linalool, a naturally occurring monoterpene compound, impairs memory acquisition in the object recognition task, inhibitory avoidance test and habituation to a novel environment in rats.
abstract: It is known that (-)-linalool is a competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors, which play a key role in the learning and memory processes; however, only a few studies have reported a possible interference of (-)-linalool in memory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the (-)-linalool effects on acquisition of short- and long-term memories through the objects recognition task, inhibitory avoidance test and habituation to a novel environment. Furthermore, the open field test was used to investigate the interference of (-)-linalool in motivation, locomotion and exploration by animals. Wistar male adult rats received an intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of saline (NaCl 0.9%), tween 5% or (-)-linalool (50 or 100 mg/kg) before training in the tasks; MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg), a glutamate antagonist, was used as positive control. Short-term (STM) and long-term (LTM) memories were tested 1.5 and 24 h after training, respectively, in the inhibitory avoidance and recognition objects. The results suggested that (-)-linalool (as 50- and 100-mg/kg doses) impaired LTM acquisition, but not STM acquisition, in the object recognition task. In the inhibitory avoidance test, animals receiving linalool (both doses) showed impairment in acquisition of both memories measured. In the open field test, the animals that received (-)-linalool showed no significant difference in the crossings and latency to start the locomotion in any of the doses tested, although (-)-linalool 100 mg/kg reduced rearing behavior. When re-exposed to open field 24 h after training, the rats that received (-)-linalool 100mg/kg showed no habituation. Taken together, these data suggested that (-)-linalool was able to impair the acquisition of memory in rats, which can be associated to (-)-linalool antagonist capacity as regards NMDA glutamatergic receptors, since other glutamate antagonists also seem to affect memory.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Toxicologia Aplicada, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gianesini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Von Borowski
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzardo-Martins
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Picada
authors.forename: A R S
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: L F S
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Brum
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D028321:Plant Preparations; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; C018584:linalool