title: Characteristics of a first-generation x-ray system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the antiquated x-ray system of Hoffmans and van Kleef (circa 1896) with modern x-ray equipment in terms of radiation dose, x-ray beam properties, image quality, and electrical parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antiquated x-ray system consisted of a Ruhmkorff inductor, battery, and Crookes tube. The radiation dose rate, x-ray beam properties, and electrical characteristics of this system were determined. A modern computed radiography plate was used to compare images of a hand specimen obtained by using the antiquated system with images obtained by using the modern system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A peak voltage of 73 kV was obtained with an 8-V battery. With Crookes tube number 9, the half-value layer of the generated x-rays was 0.56 mm Al. Pinhole images showed that the x-rays originated from an extended area of the glass wall, causing image blurring. When measured on the skin of a hand specimen, the radiation dose of the antiquated system was about 10 times greater than that of the modern system for the same detector signal. The estimated skin dose was about 74 mGy for the antiquated system and 0.05 mGy for the modern system. The corresponding exposure times were 90 minutes and 21 msec.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation dose and exposure time of the antiquated system were greater than those of the modern system by about three and five orders of magnitude, respectively. Images of the hand specimen obtained with the antiquated system were severely blurred but were still awe inspiring, considering the simplicity of the system.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.11101899/-/DC1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debijelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands. gerrit.kemerink@mumc.nl
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kemerink
authors.forename: Tom J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dierichs
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dierichs
authors.forename: Hubert J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Huynen
authors.forename: Joachim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wildberger
authors.forename: Jos M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Engelshoven
authors.forename: Gerrit J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kemerink
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011859:Radiography / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014965:X-Rays