title: Pharmacokinetics of a novel liquid controlled release codeine formulation.
abstract: Codeine is an important opioid anti-tussive agent whose short half-life (2.9 ± 0.7 h) requires that it be administered at 4-h intervals when formulated as a simple aqueous solution. Liquid controlled release codeine formulations such as an older Codipertussin(®) formulation, which contained codeine bound to an ion exchange resin and coated with a retardant polymer, achieved an equivalent bioavailability when administered every 12 h. An accompanying paper described the development and in vitro characterization of a novel Codipertussin(®) formulation containing a non-coated codeine:ion exchange resin (Amberlite IR 69 F) complex. In this study, the bioavailability of codeine from this new liquid controlled release formulation was investigated in an open label, single center, randomized, steady-state, cross-over study in healthy male volunteers. Participants received either 69.7 mg codeine as the controlled release liquid form every 12 h or 23.2 mg codeine in solution every 4 h. Controlled release from the suspension of beads protracted the apparent mean half life of codeine from 3.2 h to 8.2 h, while the mean AUC(0-12 h) was unchanged. In vivo codeine release profiles were further derived by the numerical deconvolution method, using the data from the drug solution as weighting function for the body system. Comparison of the data obtained with the in vitro release data presented in our earlier work showed an acceptable in vitro-in vivo correlation, which was described as in vitro-in vivo relationship, indicating the power of the in vitro method to predict in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria. peter.dittrich@uni-graz.at
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dittrich
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beubler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haltmeyer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roblegg
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000996:Antitussive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D003061:Codeine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003371:Cough / Q000188:drug therapy; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000996:Antitussive Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D003061:Codeine