title: Survey of assessment and management of pain for critically ill adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate critical care nurses' current practice and knowledge related to pain assessment and management for critically ill adults able and unable to self-report pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional self-report survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survey response rate was 57%. Though more respondents used formal pain assessment tools often or routinely for patients able to self-report compared to patients unable to communicate (P<0.0001), there was no difference in perceived importance of pain assessment tools. Nurses were less confident in their ability to accurately assess pain for patients unable to self-report (P<0.0001). Behaviours most frequently considered routinely indicative of pain were grimacing (88/140, 62.9%), vocalisation (78/140, 55.7%) and wincing (73/140, 52.1%). Haemodynamic instability, nursing workload and patient inability to communicate were the barriers considered to interfere with pain assessment and management most frequently. Enablers to effective management included pain prioritisation, and adequate prescription of analgesia. Most respondents (118/140 84.3%) had received continuing education on topics related to pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though nurses considered pain assessment equally important for patients unable and able to selfreport, formal assessment tools were used less frequently and nurses were less confident in their ability to assess pain for patients unable to self-report.
authors.affiliation: Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. louise.rose@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haslam
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Leasa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Knechtel
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Ruxandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGillion
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watt-Watson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016638:Critical Illness; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000451:nursing*