title: The facial skeleton in patients with osteoporosis: a field for disease signs and treatment complications.
abstract: Osteoporosis affects all bones, including those of the facial skeleton. To date the facial bones have not drawn much attention due to the minimal probability of morbid fractures. Hearing and dentition loss due to osteoporosis has been reported. New research findings suggest that radiologic examination of the facial skeleton can be a cost-effective adjunct to complement the early diagnosis and the follow up of osteoporosis patients. Bone-mass preservation treatments have been associated with osteomyelitis of the jawbones, a condition commonly described as osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ). The facial skeleton, where alimentary tract mucosa attaches directly to periosteum and teeth which lie in their sockets of alveolar bone, is an area unique for the early detection of osteoporosis but also for the prevention of treatment-associated complications. We review facial bone involvement in patients with osteoporosis and we present data that make the multidisciplinary approach of these patients more appealing for both practitioners and dentists. With regard to ONJ, a tabular summary with currently available evidence is provided to facilitate multidisciplinary practice coordination for the treatment of patients receiving bisphosphonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kyrgidis
authors.forename: Thrasivoulos-George
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Tzellos
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toulis
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Antoniades