title: Identification of risk factors for autism spectrum disorders in tuberous sclerosis complex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of and to identify epidemiologic, genetic, electrophysiologic, and neuroanatomic risk factors for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in a cohort of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 103 patients with TSC were evaluated for ASD. A retrospective review of patients' records was performed, including mutational analysis. EEG reports were analyzed for the presence of ictal and interictal epileptiform features. Brain MRI scans were evaluated for TSC neuropathology, including tuber burden.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 103 patients with TSC, 40%were diagnosed with an ASD. On univariate analysis, patients with ASD were less likely to have mutations in the TSC1 gene. Patients with ASD also had an earlier age at seizure onset and more frequent seizures. On EEG, those with ASD had a significantly greater amount of interictal epileptiform features in the left temporal lobe only. On MRI, there were no differences in the regional distribution of tuber burden, although those with TSC2 and ASD had a higher prevalence of cyst-like tubers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of ASD in TSC is not well understood. Given our findings, ASD may be associated with persistent seizure activity early in development in particular brain regions, such as those responsible for social perception and communication in the left temporal lobe. The presence of cyst-like tubers on MRI could provide a structural basis or marker for ASD pathology in TSC, although studies assessing their effect on cortical function are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Numis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Muzykewicz
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Pulsifer
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thiele
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins