title: Association between improvements in insulin resistance and changes in cognitive function in elderly diabetic patients with normal cognitive function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The number of elderly with cognitive dysfunction has been increasing in developed countries. Several studies have shown that diabetes is a risk factor for declines in cognitive function and, recently, numerous studies have demonstrated that exercise improves insulin resistance (IR). However, no studies have been undertaken to examine the relationship between IR and cognitive dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen elderly diabetic patients participated in this study (mean age 70.9 ± 3.7 years). They were divided into control and training groups, and the training group was instructed to exercise 4 days per week for 12 weeks using horse riding simulation equipment (JOBA). Insulin sensitivity was measured by the euglycemic clamp technique and several tests to assess cognitive function, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences between the control and training groups in the baseline data. The differences of glucose infusion rate values and delayed word list scores, between baseline and the follow up, were significantly correlated (P = 0.024). In addition, changes in fasting blood sugar (FBS) and in the Trail Making Test B (TMT-B) score were also correlated (P = 0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study showed that a 12-week exercise intervention program did not significantly improve IR in elderly diabetic patients. However, changes in IR were associated with improvements in memory function, and reduced FBS was associated with improvements in TMT-B.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Geriatrics Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Madoka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yanagawa
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Umegaki
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: Khookhor
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oyun
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeno
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamanouchi
authors.forename: Yuzo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003071:Cognition; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids