title: Cine magnetic resonance imaging with simultaneous audio to evaluate pediatric velopharyngeal insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a protocol linking cine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to simultaneously acquired audio recordings of specific phonatory tasks to evaluate velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional review board-approved development and application of a novel dynamic cine MR imaging protocol linked to simultaneously recorded audio.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary care multidisciplinary pediatric airway center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three healthy adult volunteers and 5 pediatric volunteers (age range, 9.3-18.9 years; mean age, 12.4 years) from the multidisciplinary pediatric airway center with VPI who previously had undergone nasopharyngoscopy, videofluoroscopy, or both.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cine MR imaging with simultaneously acquired audio files was performed in 3 adult volunteers to optimize the protocol and then in 5 pediatric volunteers meeting the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-resolution cine MR images with clear intelligible audio recordings of specific phonatory tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using 3 healthy adult volunteers, a cine MR imaging VPI protocol was developed that links simultaneously acquired cine MR images to audio recordings of specific validated phonatory tasks. Five school-aged children with VPI from our multidisciplinary pediatric airway center were then enrolled and underwent cine MR imaging using this protocol. The cine MR images and audio recordings acquired were of sufficient diagnostic quality to evaluate VPI closure patterns in school-aged children with VPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cine MR imaging linked to audio is a quick, safe, and well-tolerated dynamic diagnostic imaging tool that may eventually have the potential to guide more precisely the selection and application of surgical techniques for VPI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nimkin
authors.forename: Jean E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ashland
authors.forename: Satrajit S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Andre J W
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Kouwe
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Brigger
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hartnick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000502:physiology; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013637:Tape Recording / Q000379:methods*; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology