title: Long-term progestin-only contraception in humans versus animal models.
abstract: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the leading indication for discontinuation of long-term progestin-only contraceptives. Histological sections of endometria from long-term progestin-treated patients display abnormally enlarged blood vessels that are prone to bleed in a nonuniform manner. Because it has been complex to attain patients willing to complete long-term studies, and good quality endometrial tissues have proven difficult to obtain, animal models have been used to obviate this problem. In this review, we describe these models including the guinea pig, an animal model we have previously investigated, to assess the mechanisms involved in abnormal uterine bleeding following long-term progestin-only contraception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. graciela.krikun@yale.edu
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krikun
authors.forename: Carmen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buchwalder
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caze
authors.forename: Mizanur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Buhimschi
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lockwood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000009:adverse effects; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D011372:Progestins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D011372:Progestins