title: Using SMS text messaging to assess moderators of smoking reduction: Validating a new tool for ecological measurement of health behaviors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Understanding the psychological processes that contribute to smoking reduction will yield population health benefits. Negative mood may moderate smoking lapse during cessation, but this relationship has been difficult to measure in ongoing daily experience. We used a novel form of ecological momentary assessment to test a self-control model of negative mood and craving leading to smoking lapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  We validated short message service (SMS) text as a user-friendly and low-cost option for ecologically measuring real-time health behaviors. We sent text messages to cigarette smokers attempting to quit eight times daily for the first 21 days of cessation (N-obs = 3,811).
  
  
  METHODS
  Approximately every two hours, we assessed cigarette count, mood, and cravings, and examined between- and within-day patterns and time-lagged relationships among these variables. Exhaled carbon monoxide was assessed pre- and posttreatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Negative mood and craving predicted smoking two hours later, but craving mediated the mood-smoking relationship. Also, this mediation relationship predicted smoking over the next two, but not four, hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results clarify conflicting previous findings on the relation between affect and smoking, validate a new low-cost and user-friendly method for collecting fine-grained health behavior assessments, and emphasize the importance of rapid, real-time measurement of smoking moderators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA. berkman@uoregon.edu
authors.forename: Elliot T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Berkman
authors.forename: Janna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dickenson
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lieberman
mesh_terms: D057218:Blogging; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface