title: Use of opioids in long-term management of temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
abstract: The long-term treatment of patients with chronic temporomandibular joint dysfunction has been challenging. The long-term use of opioids in these patients can be neither supported nor refuted based on current evidence. However, evidence is available to support the long-term use of opioids in other chronic noncancer pain states with reduced pain, improved function, and improved quality of life. One group of patients with chronic temporomandibular joint pain, for whom both noninvasive and invasive treatment has failed, might benefit from long-term opioid medication. The choices include morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, tramadol, hydrocodone, and methadone. Adjunct medication, including antidepressant and anticonvulsant drugs, can also be used. The safety of these medications has been well established, but the potential for adverse drug-related behavior does exist, requiring appropriate patient selection, adequate monitoring, and intervention when needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. gfboulo@emory.edu
authors.forename: Gary F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Bouloux
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D018579:Patient Selection; D011788:Quality of Life; D012449:Safety; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid