title: Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a multicenter case--control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess factors associated with impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson disease (PD) using a multicenter case--control design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients enrolled in the DOMINION study, a multicenter study assessing the cross-sectional frequency of ICDs in PD, were eligible to participate in the case--control study. PD patients with and without an ICD (n = 282 each) (compulsive gambling, buying, sexual behavior, and eating) were matched individually on age, gender, and dopamine agonist treatment. Subjects were assessed with a comprehensive neurological, psychiatric, and cognitive assessment battery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICD patients reported more functional impairment (p < 0.001); greater depressive (p < 0.0001), state (p < 0.0001), and trait (p < 0.0001) anxiety; greater obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.0001); higher novelty-seeking (p < 0.001) and impulsivity (p < 0.001); and differences in reward preference reflecting greater choice impulsivity (p < 0.05). Patients with multiple ICDs had greater dyskinesia scores compared to those with single ICDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICDs in PD are associated with multiple psychiatric and cognitive impairments, including affective and anxiety symptoms, as well as elevated obsessionality, novelty seeking, and impulsivity. These results highlight the importance of assessing multiple mental health domains in individuals with PD and ICDs, and suggest possible pathophysiological mechanisms and risk indicators for these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. voonval@gmail.com
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Voon
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sohr
authors.forename: Anthony E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Potenza
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Siderowf
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whetteckey
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weintraub
authors.forename: Glen R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wunderlich
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stacy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D007980:Levodopa