title: Mopeds and scooters: crash outcomes in a high traffic state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moped and scooter crash outcomes in the United States were last reported more than 20 years ago. These vehicles have experienced resurgence in popularity with sales that have increased up to 60% in recent years. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors between severe and nonsevere driver-related injuries and to identify modifiable risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Florida Traffic Crash Records Database (FTCRD) was used to identify all crashes involving mopeds and scooters occurring between 2002 and 2008. A total of 5,660 moped crashes were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the strength of association of severe injury for each risk factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 90% of drivers involved in moped or scooter crashes were uninsured. Only 17% of all drivers wore helmets. Alcohol and drug use was a significant risk factor of severe and lethal crashes (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64, 2.66). Risk factors amenable for state intervention and associated with increased severe or lethal injury were unpaved roads (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.30, 1.88); driving speeds >20 mph (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.73, 2.36); posted speed limits >30 mph (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.22, 1.62); major roadways with four or more lanes (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.04, 3.21); and poor lighting conditions (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.23, 2.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that most of the traffic infrastructure does not accommodate the safety of moped and scooter drivers. Focused interventions and further investigation into statewide traffic rules may improve moped crash outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Makesha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miggins
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lottenberg
authors.forename: Huazhi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lyle
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moldawer
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Efron
authors.forename: Darwin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ang
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology