title: Advanced treatments in non-clear renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To focus on the use of targeted therapies against the non-clear histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC); papillary I and II, chromophobe, and collecting duct. The unique genetic and molecular profiles of each distinct non-clear kidney cancer subtype will be described, as these differences are integral to the development and effectiveness of the novel agents used to treat them.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of MEDLINE database searches, we assessed all aspects of targeted therapy in non-clear cell RCC between 2000 and 2010. Trials focusing on non-clear RCC or those that treated clear cell tumors along with significant numbers of non-clear subtypes will be discussed. The role of cytoreductive nephrectomy and the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant targeted therapy will be reviewed. Lastly, areas of future research will be highlighted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of clinical trials testing novel targeted therapies have excluded non-clear subtypes, providing limited therapeutic options for patients with these diagnoses and their oncologists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients presenting with advanced non-clear pathology should undergo a thorough metastatic evaluation and, if appropriate, surgical evaluation to determine if nephrectomy, lymphadenectomy, and/or metastectomy are warranted. Aggressive surgical extirpation is often recommended. Sunitinib also is adequately tolerated and oncologically active in subjects with non-clear histology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco. moulay.elmehdi@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: El Mehdi
authors.initials: el M
authors.lastname: Tazi
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Essadi
authors.forename: Mohamed Fadl
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Tazi
authors.forename: Youness
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ahellal
authors.forename: Hind
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: M'rabti
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Errihani
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy