title: Influence of acetazolamide loading on the (in vitro) performances of non-phospholipid-based cationic nanosized emulsion in comparison with phospholipid-based anionic and neutral-charged nanosized emulsions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acetazolamide (ACZM)-loaded anionic, cationic, and neutral-charged oil-in-water nanosized emulsions were prepared and compared with their mean droplet diameter, surface charge, entrapment efficiency, freeze-thaw cycling stability, in vitro drug release, and transcorneal permeation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims to determine the influence of ACZM loading on the performances of non-phospholipid-based cationic nanosized emulsion in comparison with phospholipid-based anionic and neutral-charged nanosized emulsions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of charges, all of these emulsions exhibited a nanometer range mean particle diameter (240-443 nm) following autoclave sterilization. While the anionic and cationic emulsions did show high negative (-36.9 mV) and positive zeta potential (+41.4 mV) values, the neutral-charged emulsion did not. Presence of cryoprotectants (5% w/w sucrose + 5% w/w sorbitol) improved the stability of cationic emulsion to droplet aggregation during freeze-thaw cycling. The in vitro release kinetic behavior of drug exchange with physiological anions present in the simulated tear solution appears to be complex and difficult to characterize using mathematical fitting model equations. Augmentation in drug permeation through goat cornea, in vitro, was noticed for cationic emulsion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACZM-loaded cationic nanosized emulsion could be suitable for topical application into eye to elicit better therapeutic effect in comparison with its anionic and neutral-charged emulsions.
authors.affiliation: International Medical University (IMU) SDN BHD, Jalan Jalil Perkasa, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. tamilvanan2k@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Shunmugaperumal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamilvanan
authors.forename: Balakrishnan Ajith
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry*; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010539:Permeability; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D002412:Cations; D004655:Emulsions; D010743:Phospholipids; D000086:Acetazolamide