title: End-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) affects more than 1500 people per million population in countries with a high prevalence, such as Japan, Taiwan, and the US. Approximately two-thirds of people with ESRD receive haemodialysis, one quarter have kidney transplants, and one tenth receive peritoneal dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of different doses for peritoneal dialysis? What are the effects of different doses and membrane fluxes for haemodialysis? What are the effects of interventions aimed at preventing secondary complications? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2009 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 26 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: cinacalcet, darbepoetin, erythropoietin, haemodialysis (standard-dose, increased-dose), high membrane-flux haemodialysis, increased-dose peritoneal dialysis, low membrane-flux haemodialysis, mupirocin, sevelamer, standard-dose dialysis, and statins.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: Maaz Ahmed
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Chertow
authors.forename: Yoshio N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D004921:Erythropoietin; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
chemical_list: D004921:Erythropoietin