title: The efficacy of repeated treatment with B-cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: an evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since 2000, we have given B-cell depletion therapy (BCDT) with rituximab to 76 patients with active SLE refractory to standard immunosuppression. Twenty-four of these patients have now received repeated cycles of BCDT. The aims of the study were to: (i) assess the efficacy and safety of repeated cycles of BCDT in treating refractory SLE; and (ii) assess whether retreatment produced a more sustained clinical response.
  
  
  METHODS
  BCDT was administered using CYC 750 mg, methylprednisolone 125-250 mg and rituximab 1 g given intravenously on two occasions, 2 weeks apart. Patients were reviewed at 1-2 monthly intervals and disease activity assessed using the BILAG activity index and serological markers. Clinical response was categorized as complete or partial remission, or no response, based on the change in BILAG scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients had sufficient data for detailed analysis. All were female; mean age 29.9 years; mean duration of follow-up 58.7 months. Two patients died during follow-up and there were two infusion reactions. Disease activity was significantly reduced after both cycles of BCDT at 6 months. More patients achieved disease remission after the second cycle (82 vs 61% first cycle), which was maintained in 65% at 12 months (vs 39% first cycle). The time to disease flare was significantly longer after the second cycle (P < 0.001) and 33% of our patients have still not flared to date following retreatment (mean follow-up 24.5 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeated cycles of BCDT with rituximab are effective in treating refractory SLE and has a favourable safety profile. Retreatment may produce a more sustained clinical response.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Tabitha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Turner-Stokes
authors.forename: Tim Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ehrenstein
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Anisur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Isenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069285:Infliximab; D047589:Leukocyte Reduction Procedures; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012074:Remission Induction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011239:Prednisolone; D000069285:Infliximab