title: Improving the lung delivery of nasally administered aerosols during noninvasive ventilation-an application of enhanced condensational growth (ECG).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aerosol drug delivery during noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is known to be inefficient due to high depositional losses. To improve drug delivery efficiency, the concept of enhanced condensational growth (ECG) was recently proposed in which a submicrometer or nanoaerosol reduces extrathoracic deposition and subsequent droplet size increase promotes lung retention. The objective of this study was to provide proof-of-concept that the ECG approach could improve lung delivery of nasally administered aerosols under conditions consistent with NIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aerosol deposition and size increase were evaluated in an adult nose-mouth-throat (NMT) replica geometry using both in vitro experiments and CFD simulations. For the ECG delivery approach, separate streams of a submicrometer aerosol and warm (39°C) saturated air were generated and delivered to the right and left nostril inlets, respectively. A control case was also considered in which an aerosol with a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 4.67 μm was delivered to the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro experiments showed that the ECG approach significantly reduced the drug deposition fraction in the NMT geometry compared with the control case [14.8 (1.83)%-ECG vs. 72.6 (3.7)%-control]. Aerosol size increased from an initial MMAD of 900 nm to a size of approximately 2 μm at the exit of the NMT geometry. Results of the CFD model were generally in good agreement with the experimental findings. Based on CFD predictions, increasing the delivery temperature of the aerosol stream from 21 to 35°C under ECG conditions further reduced the total NMT drug deposition to 5% and maintained aerosol growth by ECG to approximately 2 μm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of the ECG approach may significantly improve the delivery of pharmaceutical aerosols during NIV and may open the door for using the nasal route to routinely deliver pulmonary medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284-3015, USA. pwlongest@vcu.edu
authors.forename: P Worth
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Longest
authors.forename: Geng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hindle
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010316:Particle Size; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D012212:Rheology; D013696:Temperature; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D019141:Respiratory System Agents