title: Involvement of estrogen receptor-β in farrerol inhibition of rat thoracic aorta vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of farrerol, a major active component isolated from a traditional Chinese herb "man-shan-hong" (the dried leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L) on fetal bovine serum (FBS)-induced proliferation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of rat thoracic aorta.
  
  
  METHODS
  VSMCs proliferation, DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression were studied using the MTT assay, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA levels of cell cycle proteins were quantified using real-time RT-PCR, and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was determined using Western blotting. Reporter gene and receptor binding assays were employed to study the interaction between farrerol and estrogen receptors (ERs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Farrerol (0.3-10 μmol/L) inhibited VSMC proliferation and DNA synthesis induced by 5% FBS in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects were associated with G(1) cell cycle arrest, down-regulation of cell cycle proteins and reduction in FBS-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Using a reporter gene, it was found that farrerol (3 μmol/L) induced 2.1-fold transcription of ER. In receptor binding assays, farrerol inhibited the binding of [(3)H]estradiol for ERα and ERβ with IC(50) values of 57 μmol/L and 2.7 μmol/L, respectively, implying that farrerol had a higher affinity for ERβ. Finally, the inhibition of VSMC proliferation by farrerol (3 μmol/L) was abolished by the specific ERβ antagonist PHTPP (5 μmol/L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Farrerol acts as a functional phytoestrogen to inhibit FBS-induced VSMC proliferation, mainly via interaction with ERβ, which may be helpful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases related to abnormal VSMCs proliferation.
authors.affiliation: The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qun-yi
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yan-hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yi-ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ming-wei
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D001483:Base Sequence; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D017931:DNA Primers; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; C015881:farrerol