title: Signal-to-noise ratio of bilateral nonimaging transcranial Doppler recordings of the middle cerebral artery is not affected by age and sex.
abstract: Differences between transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) recordings of symmetrical vessels can show true physiologic differences, but can also be caused by measurement error and other sources of noise. The aim of this project was to assess the influence of noise on estimates of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA), and of age, sex and breathing manoeuvres on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was monitored in 30 young (<40 years) and 30 older volunteers (age >60 years) during baseline conditions, breath-holding and hyperventilation. Noise was defined as the difference between beat-to-beat values of the two mean CBF velocity (CBFV) signals. Magnitude squared coherence estimates of noise vs. ABP and ABP vs. CBFV were obtained and averaged. A similar approach was adopted for the CBFV step response. The effect of age and breathing manoeuvre on the SNR was assessed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), whilst the effect of sex was investigated using a Student's t test. No significant differences were observed in SNR (baseline 6.07 ± 3.07 dB and 7.33 ± 3.84 dB, breath-hold: 13.53 ± 3.93 dB and 14.64 ± 4.52 dB, and hyperventilation: 14.69 ± 4.04 dB and 14.84 ± 4.05 dB) estimates between young and old groups, respectively. The use of breathing manoeuvres significantly improved the SNR (p < 10(-4)) without a significant difference between manoeuvres. Sex does not appear to have an effect on SNR (p = 0.365). Coherence estimates were not influenced by the SNR, but significant differences were found in the amplitude of the CBFV step response.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Group, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK. ek161@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Katsogridakis
authors.forename: Nicky E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Dineen
authors.forename: Fiona G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.forename: Thompson G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Ronney B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Panerai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*