title: Treatment strategies for dosing the second generation antipsychotics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The second generation antipsychotics now have clinical approvals for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar depression, bipolar mania, autism, major depressive disorder and are used furthermore off-label to treat other mental disorders. Each agent is unique in its pharmacodynamic profile and allows for unique dosing strategies to be employed when treating these different disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review relevant data regarding the second generation antipsychotics and their empirical dosing strategies. To further review and comment theoretically in these areas where substantial, definitive data are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE and recent textbook review was conducted regarding each second generation antipsychotic and cross-referenced with searches for major mental disorders. The findings are compiled in the review below.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The second generation antipsychotics are clearly delineated in the treatment of psychosis and mania and share similar mechanisms of action to achieve these results: dopamine-2 receptor antagonism for efficacy and serotonin-2a receptor antagonism for EPS tolerability. From here, each agent has a unique pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile where some agents carry more, or less antidepressant, anxiolyic, or hypnotic profiles. Choosing an agent, and dosing it in low, middle, or high ranges may result in differential effectiveness and tolerability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The second generation antipsychotics have many clinical applications in psychiatric practice. This article serves to review this and also suggests ways clinicians may optimize treatment based upon patient diagnosis and utilizing appropriate dosing of each individual second generation antipsychotic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry State, University of New York Upstate Medical University, NY, USA. schwartt@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stahl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents