title: Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in surface soils from Surabaya, Indonesia.
abstract: In this study, soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs and two novel BFRs such as 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromopenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in various locations such as industrial, urban, rural, dumping site and agricultural areas of Surabaya, Indonesia has been characterized in order to evaluate their contamination status, profiles, potential sources, fate and behavior. Range and median concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs, HBCDs, BTBPE and DBDPE were ND - 9.6 (1.2), 0.069 - 24 (7.4), ND - 1.8 (0.48), ND - 1.7 (0.14) and ND - 7.6 (2.2) ng g(-1)dw, respectively. Industrial, urban and dumping areas were inventoried as the main sources of these pollutants. Decreasing gradient levels were observed for these contaminants from industrial district, urban, dumping site, rural and agricultural areas, in that order. Furthermore, organic carbon contents and proximity to the point sources were found as the major controlling factors. Contaminant profiles were characterized by the predominance of hexa-, hepta- and penta-homologues for PCBs; deca-, nona- and octa- for PBDEs and α-isomer for HBCDs. Product mixtures such as Ar1260/KC600 and Ar1254/KC500 for PCBs, deca- and octa-BDEs for PBDEs were the possible common formulations used in study area. To our knowledge, this is a first comprehensive study on characterization of soil contamination by PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs together with two novel BFRs in a highly industrialized city located in tropical region. This study provides baseline information for establishing national monitoring programs in Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilyas
authors.forename: Agus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudaryanto
authors.forename: Iwan Eka
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Setiawan
authors.forename: Adi Slamet
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Riyadi
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanabe
mesh_terms: D017605:Bromine Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D007214:Indonesia; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017605:Bromine Compounds; D001969:Bromobenzenes; D005411:Flame Retardants; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C491509:decabromodiphenyl ethane; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls