title: Urolithiasis in a rural Wisconsin population from 1992 to 2008: narrowing of the male-to-female ratio.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urolithiasis is a common disease with multiple etiologies and risk factors. Studies suggest an increased incidence in developed nations in recent decades as well as differential geographic incidence and prevalence rates, and differences between the genders. We updated urolithiasis epidemiological data by examining the incidence and prevalence rates in a stable rural Wisconsin population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area database, a surveillance tool created in 1991 to track disease in residents of an area of 24 ZIP Codes including approximately 85,000 individuals, of whom most receive care at Marshfield Clinic and affiliates. Urolithiasis cases were identified using ICD-9 codes. Incidence, prevalence and recurrence rates were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age adjusted incidence of new onset urolithiasis per 100,000 person-years was 202 (95% CL 168-235) in 1992 and 289 (95% CL 253-325) in 2008. In women the increase per 100,000 person-years was higher than in men, that is 171 (95% CL 129-213) and 289 (95% CL 238-340) vs 238 (95% CL 184-290) and 296 (95% CL 244-348), respectively. The male-to-female incidence ratio decreased from 1.4 to 1.0. The age adjusted prevalence per 100,000 individuals was 1,968 (2%) and 3,554 (3.5%) in 1992 and 2008, respectively. The increase in women was higher than in men (52% vs 26%). The age adjusted recurrence rate per 100,000 individuals was 553 (0.72%) and 676 (1.0%) in 1992 and 2008, respectively. The increase in women was higher than in men (88% vs 20%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since 1992, urolithiasis incidence, prevalence and recurrence rates in this rural Wisconsin population have increased with higher increases noted in women. While prevalence increased, it was lower than reported in other geographic areas in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Penniston
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Greenlee
authors.forename: Stephen Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nakada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology