title: Do implantable cardioverter defibrillators improve survival in patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?
abstract: A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) improve survival in patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. ICDs are designed to terminate potentially fatal cardiac tachyarrhythmias. A right ventricular lead is mandatory for detection, pacing and defibrillation capabilities. Dual chamber ICDs have an additional right atrial lead and are used for patients with conventional atrioventricular pacing indications. More sophisticated, biventricular devices exist to provide cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) in addition to defibrillation (CRT-D). ICDs have been extensively investigated in patients with LVSD post myocardial infarction and in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy for both secondary prevention (history of ventricular arrhythmias) and primary prevention (deemed high risk for ventricular arrhythmias). This best evidence topic aims to review the evidence and its applicability to patients post CABG. Nine hundred and sixteen papers were identified using the search method outlined. Eight randomised controlled trials, two meta-analyses, and one non-randomised trial, in addition to international guidelines presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The current evidence base and guidelines suggest that ICDs should be considered for all patients with LVSD [ejection fraction (EF) ≤30-40%] receiving optimal pharmacological management, who are ≥40 days post MI [four weeks for National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)] and in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I-III. UK NICE guidelines require in addition; non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) on a Holter monitor and inducible ventricular tachycardia at electrophysiological study for EF between 30 and 35%; or a QRS >120 ms if EF <30%. The North American guidelines recommend EF <30% as a threshold for those with NYHA class I symptoms. The evidence is applicable to patients post CABG, provided all the other criteria are met. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines recommend waiting at least three months (consensus opinion) after revascularisation prior to assessment for an ICD, to allow time for potential recovery of ventricular function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK. iftikharfazal@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Iftikhar A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Fazal
authors.forename: Matthew G D
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Iain G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Turley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019985:Benchmarking; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013599:Systole; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left