title: Abscopal effect of radiation on lung metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The abscopal effect is the effect of radiation therapy at a site distant to the area of irradiation. This is not a common event and has not been clearly defined, resulting in few reported cases in the literature. We discuss this phenomenon in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 63-year-old Japanese man underwent extended right hepatic lobectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. During his follow-up examination, a single lung metastasis and a single mediastinal lymph node metastasis were found. Trans-catheter arterial embolization was initially attempted to treat the mediastinal tumor, however this approach failed to take effect and carried risks of spinal artery embolism. External-beam irradiation, with a dose of 2.25 Gy per fraction, was performed using an antero-posterior parallel-opposed technique (total dose, 60.75 Gy). A computed tomography scan performed one month after starting radiotherapy showed a remarkable reduction of the mediastinal lymph node metastasis. In addition to this, we observed spontaneous shrinking of the lung metastasis, which was located in the right lower lobe and out of the radiation field. No chemotherapy was given during the period. There has been no recurrence of either the lung metastasis or the mediastinal lymph node metastasis during a follow-up 10 years after the radiotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a rare abscopal effect in a site distant from the area of irradiation. Irradiation of the mediastinum resulted in tumor mass regression in the untreated lung tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-,1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. yamashitah-rad@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuma
authors.forename: Hideomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Yuzuru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niibe
authors.forename: Kazushige
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa