title: Milk and plasma disposition of thymol following intramammary administration of a phytoceutical mastitis treatment.
abstract: Despite the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, organic producers and veterinarians have limited information when choosing mastitis treatments for animals in organic dairy production. Organic producers commonly administer homeopathic or other plant-based products without having research evaluating the efficacy of these products and using estimated or no withholding times to treat mastitis and other health problems in their herds. In this pilot study, we attempted to identify several active ingredients of Phyto-Mast (Penn Dutch Cow Care, Narvon, PA), a plant-based mastitis treatment used on organic dairy farms, and to quantify the product residue in milk and plasma after intramammary administration. We developed an assay to quantify thymol (one of the active ingredients in Phyto-Mast) in milk and plasma using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymol is a volatile aromatic compound with antiinflammatory properties. As a model for dairy cows, 5 healthy, lactating alpine dairy goats were given 5 mL of Phyto-Mast per udder half. For 10 d following treatment, we analyzed blood and milk samples for thymol residues using GC-MS. The GC-MS assay was very sensitive for thymol detection, to a concentration of 0.01 μg/mL in plasma. Using thymol as a marker, Phyto-Mast was detectable and quantifiable in plasma beginning with the 15-min posttreatment sample, but was no longer detectable in the 4-h posttreatment sample. Thymol residues were only detected in the 12-h posttreatment milk sample. An inflammatory response was not evident in the udder following phytoceutical administration. Although this study provides information about the elimination of thymol, the product contains several other active chemicals, which may have different pharmacokinetic behaviors. Further analysis and additional study animals will help to determine a milk withholding time for Phyto-Mast. Given the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, understanding the pharmacokinetics of therapeutics used in organic production and developing accurate withholding recommendations will help to ensure milk safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: McPhee
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yeatts
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Baynes
mesh_terms: D029971:Angelica sinensis; D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D031282:Gaultheria; D029882:Glycyrrhiza uralensis; D006041:Goats; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D008413:Mastitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013943:Thymol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D046930:Thymus Plant
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D013943:Thymol