title: Endemic mansonellosis in Emohua local government area, Nigeria: human parasitaemia and Culicoides biting patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was aimed at elucidating the prevalence and intensity of Mansonella perstans microfilaraemia in the Emohua Local Government Area, Nigeria, and ascertaining the abundance, circadian, and the annual biting patterns of the Culicoides vector.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thick smear of 50 µl finger-prick blood stained with Giemsa was examined microscopically in a cross-sectional study. Vector landing collection on human bait was employed in a longitudinal study of the vector biting patterns, carried out between July 2005 and August 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1486 individuals examined, 11.2% of both males and females were positive for M. perstans microfilaraemia. Microfilaraemia appeared early in life. The overall geometric mean intensity among those with positive microfilaraemia was 117 mf/ml (121 mf/ml for males and 113 mf/ml for females). The differences in geometric mean intensity between different age groups were statistically significant (one-way analysis of variance; p <0.05), being highest in the oldest age group (266 mf/ml). A total of 1183 female Culicoides sp were caught from September 2005 to August 2006. The abundance of Culicoides sp was seasonal. The circadian biting activity had a broad peak between 0700 and 1200 hrs. The monthly biting rates ranged from zero bite per person per month in January 2006 to 1151 bites per person per month in June 2006. The annual biting rate was 7382 bites per person per year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Majority of those with positive microfilaraemia were poor socioeconomically, underscoring the need for health education and application of effective control measures against Culicoides biting midges in Emohua.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Uttah
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Etim
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okonofua
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Effiom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology; D009111:Local Government; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008366:Mansonella / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D008368:Mansonelliasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D015995:Prevalence; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult