title: Immune profiling by multiple gene expression analysis in patients at-risk and with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: There is a need for biomarkers to monitor the development and progression of type 1 DM. We analyzed mRNA expression levels for granzyme B, perforin, fas ligand, TNF-α, IFN-γ, Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and Immunoglobulin G gamma chain (IgG<gamma>) genes in peripheral blood of at-risk, new-onset and long-term type 1 DM , and healthy controls. The majority of the genes were suppressed in long-term type 1 DM compared to controls and new-onset patients. IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly higher in new-onset compared to at-risk and long-term groups. There was decreased mRNA expression for AID and IgG<gamma> and up-regulation of IFN-γ with age in controls. Data suggest an overall depressed immunity in long-term type 1 DM. Increased gene expression levels for IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in new-onset patients from at-risk patients might be used as potential markers for progression of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA. dhan@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Leyva
authors.forename: Della
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mineo
authors.forename: Shari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Messinger
authors.forename: Bonnie B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Blomberg
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Luigi F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Meneghini
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allende
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Skyler
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alejandro
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pugliese
authors.forename: Norma S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kenyon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger