title: Molecular evolution of a gene cluster of serine proteases expressed in the Anopheles gambiae female reproductive tract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genes involved in post-mating processes of multiple mating organisms are known to evolve rapidly due to coevolution driven by sexual conflict among male-female interacting proteins. In the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae - a monandrous species in which sexual conflict is expected to be absent or minimal - recent data strongly suggest that proteolytic enzymes specifically expressed in the female lower reproductive tissues are involved in the processing of male products transferred to females during mating. In order to better understand the role of selective forces underlying the evolution of proteins involved in post-mating responses, we analysed a cluster of genes encoding for three serine proteases that are down-regulated after mating, two of which specifically expressed in the atrium and one in the spermatheca of A. gambiae females.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of polymorphisms and divergence of these female-expressed proteases in closely related species of the A. gambiae complex revealed a high level of replacement polymorphisms consistent with relaxed evolutionary constraints of duplicated genes, allowing to rapidly fix novel replacements to perform new or more specific functions. Adaptive evolution was detected in several codons of the 3 genes and hints of episodic selection were also found. In addition, the structural modelling of these proteases highlighted some important differences in their substrate specificity, and provided evidence that a number of sites evolving under selective pressures lie relatively close to the catalytic triad and/or on the edge of the specificity pocket, known to be involved in substrate recognition or binding. The observed patterns suggest that these proteases may interact with factors transferred by males during mating (e.g. substrates, inhibitors or pathogens) and that they may have differently evolved in independent A. gambiae lineages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results - also examined in light of constraints in the application of selection-inference methods to the closely related species of the A. gambiae complex - reveal an unexpectedly intricate evolutionary scenario. Further experimental analyses are needed to investigate the biological functions of these genes in order to better interpret their molecular evolution and to assess whether they represent possible targets for limiting the fertility of Anopheles mosquitoes in malaria vector control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Istituto-Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, 'Sapienza' Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tammaro
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baldini
authors.forename: Allegra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Via
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raimondo
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Audisio
authors.forename: Igor V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Sharakhov
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tramontano
authors.forename: Flaminia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Catteruccia
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: della Torre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000201:enzymology; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008958:Models, Molecular; D005810:Multigene Family; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D057057:Serine Proteases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D057057:Serine Proteases