title: Analysis of digitalized panorama and cone beam computed tomographic image distortion for the diagnosis of dental implant surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the tooth image measurements according to the tooth location and to calculate the magnification rate for comparison and analysis in digitalized panoramic and cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images.
  
  
  METHODS
  A diagnostic template was fabricated and delivered on the preimplant sites. A 5-mm gutta-percha cone or a metal ball was inserted in the coronal part of each tooth. Panoramic images were obtained with Ortho stage (AUTO III N CM; Asahi, Japan) or Promax (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) and CBCT images were obtained with PANORAMIC CT (PSR9000N; Asahi) for each patient and the same region. The vertical length of the gutta-percha cone or the metal ball was measured and compared with the panoramic and CBCT images according to the tooth location. Magnification rate was compared between the 2 types of panoramic machines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 1.09 to 1.28 magnification occurred in panoramic images, depending on the tooth location. The magnification rate was significantly different between the panoramic machines (Ortho stage, 1.27; Promax. 1.17). Almost no magnification of images occurred in CBCT images with no difference to the tooth location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In panoramic radiography, it is inappropriate to apply a general magnification ratio covering the whole image. For a more accurate implant surgery, the use of a metal ball or a premeasured gutta-percha cone on the preimplant site as standard measurement is recommended. However, in recently introduced CBCT, magnification of images did not occur, allowing it being used for accurate clinical procedures.
authors.affiliation: East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung-hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-hyuk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Dong-mok
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Baek-soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yong-dae
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D015921:Dental Implants; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D008670:Metals; D006171:Gutta-Percha