title: Cell-phone-based platform for biomedical device development and education applications.
abstract: In this paper we report the development of two attachments to a commercial cell phone that transform the phone's integrated lens and image sensor into a 350x microscope and visible-light spectrometer. The microscope is capable of transmission and polarized microscopy modes and is shown to have 1.5 micron resolution and a usable field-of-view of 150 x 50 with no image processing, and approximately 350 x 350 when post-processing is applied. The spectrometer has a 300 nm bandwidth with a limiting spectral resolution of close to 5 nm. We show applications of the devices to medically relevant problems. In the case of the microscope, we image both stained and unstained blood-smears showing the ability to acquire images of similar quality to commercial microscope platforms, thus allowing diagnosis of clinical pathologies. With the spectrometer we demonstrate acquisition of a white-light transmission spectrum through diffuse tissue as well as the acquisition of a fluorescence spectrum. We also envision the devices to have immediate relevance in the educational field.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biophotonics Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zachary J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kaiqin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Alyssa R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Espenson
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahimzadeh
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gryshuk
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molinaro
authors.forename: Denis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dwyre
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wachsmann-Hogiu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000166:cytology; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004501:Education, Medical; D004867:Equipment Design; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation