title: A high throughput screen identifies chemical modulators of the laminin-induced clustering of dystroglycan and aquaporin-4 in primary astrocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) constitutes the principal water channel in the brain and is clustered at the perivascular astrocyte endfeet. This specific distribution of AQP4 plays a major role in maintaining water homeostasis in the brain. A growing body of evidence points to a role of the dystroglycan complex and its interaction with perivascular laminin in the clustering of AQP4 at perivascular astrocyte endfeet. Indeed, mice lacking components of this complex or in which laminin-dystroglycan interaction is disrupted show a delayed onset of brain edema due to a redistribution of AQP4 away from astrocyte endfeet. It is therefore important to identify inhibitory drugs of laminin-dependent AQP4 clustering which may prevent or reduce brain edema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study we used primary rat astrocyte cultures to screen a library of >3,500 chemicals and identified 6 drugs that inhibit the laminin-induced clustering of dystroglycan and AQP4. Detailed analysis of the inhibitory drug, chloranil, revealed that its inhibition of the clustering is due to the metalloproteinase-2-mediated ß-dystroglycan shedding and subsequent loss of laminin interaction with dystroglycan. Furthermore, chemical variants of chloranil induced a similar effect on ß-dystroglycan and this was prevented by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings reveal the mechanism of action of chloranil in preventing the laminin-induced clustering of dystroglycan and AQP4 and validate the use of high-throughput screening as a tool to identify drugs that modulate AQP4 clustering and that could be tested in models of brain edema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Geoffroy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noël
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Hakima
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moukhles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002703:Chloranil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D049030:Dystroglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D005444:Flunarizine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005780:Gelatin / Q000378:metabolism; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007797:Laminin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008853:Microscopy; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051401:Aquaporin 4; D007797:Laminin; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D002703:Chloranil; C113282:prinomastat; D049030:Dystroglycans; D005780:Gelatin; D005444:Flunarizine