title: Cigarette and cannabis use trajectories among adolescents in treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is common in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUD). However, little is known about the relationship between cigarette and cannabis use trajectories in the context of treatment for both ADHD and SUD. To address this research gap, we report collateral analyses from a 16-week randomized, controlled trial (n=303) of osmotic-release methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) in adolescents with ADHD concurrently receiving cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) targeting non-nicotine SUD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed cigarette and cannabis use self-report at baseline and throughout treatment. Analyses were performed to explore the relationships between cigarette smoking, cannabis use, and other factors, such as medication treatment assignment (OROS-MPH versus placebo).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline (pre-treatment) cigarette smoking was positively correlated with cannabis use. Negligible decline in cigarette smoking during treatment for non-nicotine SUD was observed in both medication groups. Regular cigarette and cannabis users at baseline who reduced their cannabis use by >50% also reduced cigarette smoking (from 10.8±1.1 to 6.2±1.1 cigarettes per day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings highlight the challenging nature of concurrent cannabis and cigarette use in adolescents with ADHD, but demonstrate that changes in use of these substances during treatment may occur in parallel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, MSC861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. graykm@musc.edu
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Paula D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: Sung-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mikulich-Gilbertson
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Winhusen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000639:trends*; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000639:trends*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D010919:Placebos; D008774:Methylphenidate