title: Role of four-dimensional ultrasound (spatiotemporal image correlation and sonography-based automated volume count) in prenatal assessment of atrial morphology in cardiosplenic syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the diagnostic role of four-dimensional ultrasound using spatiotemporal image correlation and Sonography-based Automated Volume Count (STIC-SonoAVC) in the identification of the morphology of the atrial appendages in cases with cardiosplenic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective investigation of 22 fetuses with cardiosplenic syndromes seen at our institution over a 5-year period from January 2004. As control groups, 10 normal fetuses, five cases with a non-isomeric atrioventricular septal defect and five cases with other congenital heart diseases were also analyzed. For all fetuses, one or more cardiac volume datasets were available for offline analysis. Two-dimensional and four-dimensional echocardiography was carried out in all cases at the time of diagnosis using high quality three-dimensional equipment. Dedicated software was used to assess chamber morphology using the SonoAVC technique, which allows the creation of casts of hollow structures. Two different operators used the software. The first performed all steps up to positioning of the region of interest box. The second operator, who was blinded to clinical information, then rendered the cardiac chambers using the SonoAVC technique. This operator then used the rendered image to subjectively assess atrial morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Suitable rendered images of the cardiac chambers could be produced in 40/42 fetuses. In two cases of left atrial isomerism, advanced (34 weeks) and early (13 weeks) gestational age made it impossible to obtain adequate rendered images. In the remaining 40 cases (13 cases of left atrial isomerism, seven cases of right atrial isomerism, five cases of non-isomeric atrioventricular septal defect, five cases of other congenital heart diseases and 10 normal fetuses), atrial morphology was correctly identified by evaluation of the rendered images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four-dimensional ultrasound with SonoAVC rendering allows correct identification of the morphology of atrial appendages in all cases of cardiosplenic syndromes in which an adequate cardiac volume dataset can be obtained for analysis.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine and Cardiology Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy. paladini@unina.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paladini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sglavo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masucci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pastore
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nappi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003914:Dextrocardia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019561:Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005865:Gestational Age; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D059446:Heterotaxy Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013154:Spleen / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013577:Syndrome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal