title: Chemical composition, anti-inflammatory, molluscicidal and free-radical scavenging activities of the leaves of Ficus radicans 'Variegata' (Moraceae).
abstract: The methanol crude extract of the leaves of Ficus radicans Roxb. 'Variegata' (Moraceae) and the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions resulting from its fractionation were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, molluscicidal and free-radical scavenging activities. The crude extract and fractions exhibited significant inhibition of inflammation in both croton oil (CO)-induced ear oedema in mice (p<0.001) and carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema models (p<0.01). The molluscicidal assay against Biomphalaria glabrata showed a weak activity for the n-hexane fraction (DL(50)= 400 µg mL(-1)). A moderated 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity was observed for the ethyl acetate fraction (IC(50)= 66.2 µg mL(-1)). Fractionation of the extracts through chromatographic methods afforded the coumarins 7-methoxycoumarin, 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin and methoxy-3,4-dihydrocoumarin, the steroids β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, as well as a cinnamic acid derivative and a flavonoid identified as trans-4-methoxy-2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy cinnamic acid and quercetin 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, respectively. The compounds were identified on the basis of their NMR spectral data and comparison with those previously reported in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Augusta
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Naressi
authors.forename: Marcos Alessandro dos Santos
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Ciomar Aparecida
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bersani-Amado
authors.forename: Maria Lucilia M
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Zamuner
authors.forename: Willian Ferreira da
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Clara M Abe
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Maria Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sarragiotto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001700:Biomphalaria / Q000187:drug effects; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000633:toxicity; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003436:Croton Oil / Q000633:toxicity; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D030681:Ficus / Q000737:chemistry*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008975:Molluscacides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012603:Scopoletin / Q000737:chemistry; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002934:Cinnamates; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005960:Glucosides; D008975:Molluscacides; D009005:Monosaccharides; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012855:Sitosterols; C574174:quercetin 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside; C472604:sitosterol-3-O-glucopyranoside; C574175:trans-4-methoxy-2-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxycinnamic acid; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D003436:Croton Oil; D002351:Carrageenan; D011794:Quercetin; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D012603:Scopoletin