title: Explaining associations between cannabis use disorders in adolescence and later major depression: a test of the psychosocial failure model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cannabis use disorders (CUDs) in adolescence are associated with increased risk for later major depressive disorder (MDD). The goal of this study was to examine the "psychosocial failure" explanation for this association: the possibility that psychosocial consequences of CUDs in adolescence account for the increased risk for later MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n=1252) were drawn from the community-based sample of the Minnesota Twin Family Study and were assessed at ages 17, 20, and 24. CUDs and MDD were assessed via structured interview. "Psychosocial failure" was defined as educational failure (high school dropout), occupational failure (persistent unemployment), or engagement in crime.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychosocial failure partially mediated the association between CUDs in adolescence and later MDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adverse psychosocial consequences of CUDs in adolescence partially - but not fully - account for the observed association between early CUDs and later MDD.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University, Camden, Department of Psychology, NJ 08102, USA. marmorst@camden.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Naomi R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Marmorstein
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Iacono
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D008910:Minnesota; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult