title: Exploring the neural mechanisms that underlie motor difficulties in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioural disorder of childhood. Motor performance appears to be impaired for an important sub-set of this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This structured review draws attention to the neurological mechanisms that could potentially explain these difficulties.
  
  
  METHODS
  In August 2010, Medline, PsychINFO and Embase databases were searched with keywords related to ADHD, neuroimaging modalities and motor performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four studies were retrieved that examined both motor performance and possible neural substrates. Each study explored different hypotheses and no common conclusion is emerging. The cortical activation dysregulation hypothesis, the cerebellar dysfunction hypothesis and the delayed white matter maturation hypothesis were proposed, applying combinations of motor observations and neuroimaging findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Published literature to date is insufficient to confirm specific hypotheses. Additional studies coupling discrete motor evaluations to neuroimaging techniques are needed in children with ADHD to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms of their motor difficulties.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal Children’s Hospital-McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brossard-Racine
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majnemer
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Shevell
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*