title: Iatrogenic upper limb nerve injuries: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peripheral nerve injuries are among the most frequent iatrogenic complications and are responsible for considerable morbidity and litigation. Most occur within surgical settings and upper limb nerves are most frequently involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of major iatrogenic upper limb nerve injuries was undertaken to evaluate the contemporary spectrum of such injuries. The electronic databases MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles listed between January 2000 and May 2010. Iatrogenic injuries to the brachial plexus, radial, axillary, ulnar, median, musculocutaneous and major cutaneous nerves were analysed, focusing on context, mechanisms of injury and incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iatrogenic upper limb nerve injuries are relatively common and can affect patients in any surgical specialty. Even patients undergoing diagnostic procedures under general anaesthesia are at risk. Orthopaedic surgery and plastic and reconstructive surgery figure prominently in these complications. The spectrum of iatrogenic peripheral nerve injuries has changed in parallel with technological advances in surgery, anaesthesia and medicine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some iatrogenic upper limb peripheral nerve injuries may be unavoidable, but most cases are probably preventable by an adequate knowledge of surgical anatomy and an awareness of the types of procedures in which peripheral nerves are particularly vulnerable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Abigail E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000009:adverse effects*