title: [Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) - recommendations for risk assessment, prophylaxis and therapy - results of an expert panel meeting].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim was to update recommendations concerning the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) for German speaking countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  An expert panel produced evidence-based, consented statements graded according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relevant risk factors for PONV include female gender, non-smoking status, history of PONV, history of motion sickness, use of intra- and postoperative opioids, volatile anesthetics and nitrous oxide. PONV scoring systems allow for an approximative risk assessment as a basis for a risk adapted approach. Since a risk-adapted prophylaxis vs. a risk-independent, fixed (combined) prophylaxis has not yet proven superior and because of inherent limitations of PONV scoring systems a fixed prophylaxis may be favourable. Regardless of the strategy for prophylaxis of PONV, high risk patients must be given a multimodal prophylaxis by avoiding known risk factors and applying multiple validated and effective antiemetic interventions. In the case of PONV immediate treatment is indicated due to its relevance for patients as well as the economic and medicolegal implications PONV may have.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the impact of PONV on patient satisfaction and the availability of effective and safe measures to prevent and treat PONV, further efforts should be taken to actually implement present evidence in order to improve patient?s outcome following surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Oberarzt an der Klinik für Anästhesie und Intensivtherapie des Universitätsklinikums Giessen und Marburg, Standort Marburg, Germany. ruesch@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rüsch
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becke
authors.forename: Leopold H J
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Eberhart
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Arnd
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hönig
authors.forename: Astrid M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Opel
authors.forename: Swen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Treiber
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallenborn
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kranke
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000592:standards*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012606:Scotland