title: Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings.
abstract: 'Marine biofouling', the undesired growth of marine organisms such as microorganisms, barnacles and seaweeds on submerged surfaces, is a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental penalties. The primary strategy for combating marine fouling is to use biocide-containing paints, but environmental concerns and legislation are driving science and technology towards non-biocidal solutions based solely on physico-chemical and materials properties of coatings. Advances in nanotechnology and polymer science, and the development of novel surface designs 'bioinspired' by nature, are expected to have a significant impact on the development of a new generation of environmentally friendly marine coatings.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. j.a.callow@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Callow
authors.forename: Maureen E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Callow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000254:growth & development; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D010150:Paint; D011108:Polymers; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012624:Seaweed / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012767:Ships; D012833:Siloxanes; D013499:Surface Properties; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D001468:Thoracica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D011108:Polymers; D011140:Polyurethanes; D012833:Siloxanes; D013501:Surface-Active Agents