title: Advances in fish vaccine delivery.
abstract: Disease prevention is essential to the continued development of aquaculture around the world. Vaccination is the most effective method of combating disease and currently there are a number of vaccines commercially available for use in fish. The majority of aquatic vaccines are delivered by injection, which is by far the most effective method when compared to oral or immersion deliveries. However it is labor intensive, costly and not feasible for large numbers of fish under 20 g. Attempts to develop novel oral and immersion delivery methods have resulted in varying degrees of success but may have great potential for the future.
authors.affiliation: Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA. kplant@uidaho.edu
authors.forename: Karen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Plant
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lapatra
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D005399:Fishes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D007101:Immersion; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D013016:Sound; D014611:Vaccination; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D014780:Viruses / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D014765:Viral Vaccines