title: The mind continues to matter: psychologic and physical recovery 5 years after musculoskeletal trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Posttraumatic psychopathology may complicate recovery from musculoskeletal injury. This article details the 5-year follow-up of a cohort study examining the relationship between posttraumatic psychopathology and recovery after musculoskeletal trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of patients with musculoskeletal injuries (Grampian Trauma Outcomes Study) assessed 5 years after their injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthopaedic trauma unit, Level I equivalent.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred four of the initial group of 200 patients with musculoskeletal injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trauma care and prospective evaluation of physical and psychologic recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development of psychopathology (measured by the General Health Questionnaire [GHQ]) and functional outcome (measured by Short Form-36 [SF-36] and Musculoskeletal Function Assessment [MFA]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up at 5 years was 104 patients (52%). GHQ caseness was predictive of physical dysfunction (SF-36, MFA), which had not returned to baseline levels by 5 years. Although injury severity was strongly predictive of psychological disturbance (GHQ caseness) at 5 years, linear regression analysis demonstrated that GHQ score was an important predictor of outcome, whereas Injury Severity Score contributed very little.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychologic disturbance after musculoskeletal trauma is related to adverse functional outcome. This is not influenced by preinjury state, but constitutes a sustained posttraumatic effect that is only weakly related to severity of injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Aberdeen, UK. ort025@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alasdair George
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suttie
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hutchison
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*