title: HIV: primary and secondary prophylaxis for opportunistic infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opportunistic infections can occur in up to 40% of people with HIV infection and a CD4 count less than 250/mm(3), although the risks are much lower with use of highly active antiretroviral treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) and toxoplasmosis? What are the effects of antituberculosis prophylaxis in people with HIV infection? What are the effects of prophylaxis for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease for people with, and without, previous MAC disease? What are the effects of prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV)? What are the effects of prophylaxis for invasive fungal disease in people with, and without, previous fungal disease? What are the effects of discontinuing prophylaxis against opportunistic pathogens in people on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART)? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to March 2008 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 43 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: aciclovir; antituberculosis prophylaxis; atovaquone; azithromycin (alone or plus rifabutin); clarithromycin (alone, or plus rifabutin and ethambutol); discontinuing prophylaxis for CMV, MAC, and PCP; ethambutol added to clarithromycin; famciclovir; fluconazole; isoniazid; itraconazole; oral ganciclovir; rifabutin (alone or plus macrolides); trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; and valaciclovir.
authors.affiliation: Director of Virology, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aberg
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Powderly
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009894:Opportunistic Infections; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D015725:Fluconazole; D007538:Isoniazid