title: Level and change in alcohol consumption, depression and dysfunctional attitudes among females treated for alcohol addiction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether individual changes in alcohol consumption among female alcoholics under treatment are predicted by level of and changes in depression and dysfunctional attitudes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 women who were treated for alcohol addiction at the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm (Sweden) were assessed twice over a 2-year period using the Depression scale from the Symptom Checklist-90, the Alcohol Use Inventory and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). Latent growth curve analysis was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decrease in alcohol consumption, depression and dysfunctional attitude variables were found at group level. The results also showed significant individual variation in change. Changes in alcohol consumption were predicted by baseline alcohol drinking, as well as by level and changes in depression. Stronger reduction in depression was related to higher level of depression at baseline, and with reduction in dysfunctional attitudes. Different DAS sub-scales resulted in different magnitude of the model relations. Good treatment compliance was related to lower baseline level in depression, but also with higher baseline level in dysfunctional attitudes, and predicted stronger reduction in alcohol consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper shows the importance of incorporating both individual level and change in depression as predictors of change in alcohol consumption among subjects treated for alcohol addiction. Also, dysfunctional attitudes are both indirectly and directly related to treatment outcome. By incorporating alcohol consumption, depression and dysfunctional attitudes as targets of intervention, treatment compliance and outcome may be enhanced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. rolf@gjestad.biz
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gjestad
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Knut A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hagtvet
authors.forename: Brit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haver
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D001290:Attitude; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult