title: Head injury (moderate to severe).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Head injury in young adults is often associated with motor vehicle accidents, violence, and sports injuries. In older adults it is often associated with falls. Severe head injury can lead to secondary brain damage from cerebral ischaemia resulting from hypotension, hypercapnia, and raised intracranial pressure. Severity of brain injury is assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). While about one quarter of people with severe brain injury (GCS score less than 8) will make a good recovery, about one third will die, and one fifth will have severe disability or be in a vegetative state.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of interventions to reduce complications of moderate to severe head injury as defined by Glasgow Coma Scale? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to November 2009 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 17 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antibiotics, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, hyperventilation, hypothermia, and mannitol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Accident and Emergency, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maconochie
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001930:Brain Injuries; D002545:Brain Ischemia; D003128:Coma; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D010672:Phenytoin