title: Experimentally induced accumulation of Foxp3⁺ T cells in upper airway allergy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells inhibit allergic inflammation in humans by suppressing the activation of allergen-specific effector T cells. Whether this occurs at the site of allergen exposure has not been determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the occurrence of Foxp3(+) Treg cells in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis (AR) patients and non-allergic controls after a nasal allergen challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pollen-allergic patients (n=18) and non-allergic volunteers (n=7) were challenged locally with pollen extract or placebo for 7 days outside the pollen season. Mucosal biopsies were obtained from the inferior turbinate on days 0, 1 and 7 and subjected to multi-colour immunofluorescence and blood was drawn for eosinophil counts on days 0, 2, 5 and 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only AR patients receiving pollen extract experienced typical allergic symptoms and demonstrated increased levels of eosinophils in peripheral blood and nasal mucosa. In allergic patients, a transient early increase (day 1) in CD3(+) T cells was observed in the nasal mucosa, followed by a significant increase of Foxp3(high) T cells at day 7. No changes were found in the control group. The majority of Foxp3(high) cells co-expressed CTLA-4, CD25 and CD4, and a substantial fraction expressed the proliferation marker Ki67.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimentally induced inflammation in AR patients leads to an early inflammatory response followed by accumulation of Foxp3(high) T cells in the nasal mucosa. Our findings are similar to that observed in allergic airways of experimental mice, which suggest that Treg cells are operative in allergic upper airway inflammation. It should be explored whether Treg cells accumulating in the nasal mucosa could be targets for therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital (Rikshospitalet), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. ingebjorg.skrindo@rrresearch.no
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skrindo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheel
authors.forename: F-E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Jahnsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004285:Dogs; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D009299:Nasal Provocation Tests; D011058:Pollen / Q000276:immunology; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012882:Skin Tests; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors