title: Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch) Sorok and Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill to adult Phlebotomus duboscqi (Neveu-Lemaire) in the laboratory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biological control of sandflies using entomopathogenic fungi is a possible alternative to the expensive synthetic chemical control. It is potentially sustainable, less hazardous, and relatively inexpensive and merits further investigations. The objective of this study was to identify the most pathogenic fungal isolate(s) to sandflies in the laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolates of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana were screened for their pathogenicity against Phlebotomus duboscqi. Adult flies were contaminated using the technique described by Migiro et al (2010). Briefly, flies were exposed to 0.1 g of dry conidia evenly spread on a cotton velvet cloth covering the inner side of a cylindrical plastic tube (95 mm long × 48 mm diam). In all 25 sandflies were transferred into the cylindrical tube and allowed to walk on the velvet for one minute, after which they were transferred from the velvet into the cages in Perplex. Insects in the control treatments were exposed to fungusfree velvet cloth before being transferred into similar cages. The treatments were maintained at 25 ± 2°C, 60-70% RH and 12L: 12D photoperiod. The experiment was replicated 5 times. The most pathogenic isolates were selected for further studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19 isolates were screened against adult sandflies in the laboratory. Mortality in the controls was approximately 16.8 ± 1.7 %. All the isolates were found to be pathogenic to P. duboscqi. Mortality ranged between 76.8 and 100% on all the fungal isolates tested. The lethal time taken to 50% (LT50) and 90% (LT90) mortality ranged from 3.0-7.8 days and from 5.3-16.2 days, respectively. The virulent isolates, causing mortalities of 97.5-100%, were selected for further studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high susceptibility of sandflies to entomopathogenic fungi suggests that fungi are potential alternatives to chemical control methods. We conclude that application of entomopathogenic fungi could result in acute mortalities of sandflies and reduction of parasite transmission and subsequently, reduction of leishmaniasis risk. This method of biological control has great potential as a new strategy for leishmaniasis control.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. pngumbi@kemri.org
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ngumbi
authors.forename: Lucy W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Irungu
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Ndegwa
authors.forename: Nguya K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Maniania
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001681:Biological Assay; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010691:Phlebotomus / Q000382:microbiology*