title: Vitamin B₁₂ biosynthesis gene diversity in the Ross Sea: the identification of a new group of putative polar B₁₂ biosynthesizers.
abstract: Vitamin B₁₂, a cobalt-containing micronutrient, has been shown to limit phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea of the Southern Ocean. However, B₁₂ biosynthesis potential in this environment remains uncharacterized. Select bacteria and archaea synthesize B₁₂ while many phytoplankton require it for growth. Low ratios of bacterial biomass production to primary productivity and high concentrations of labile cobalt in Antarctic surface water suggest that factors controlling bacterial growth rather than cobalt availability may determine vitamin production rates here. In order to assess B₁₂ biosynthesis potential, degenerate polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to target the genetic locus cbiA/cobB, encoding cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase, a B₁₂ biosynthesis protein. Sequencing the DNA compliment of Ross Sea 16S rRNA (see Supporting information) allowed targeting of cbiA/cobB probes to dominant bacterial groups. CbiA/cobB DNA sequences were successfully identified in clone libraries from the Ross Sea. To our knowledge, this study represents the first targeted molecular characterization of environmental B₁₂ biosynthesis potential. A newly identified group of cbiA/cobB sequences dominated the diversity of the sequences retrieved; their expression was confirmed via mass spectrometry-based peptide detection. These sequences seem to have originated from a previously undescribed group of bacteria that could dominate the B₁₂ biosynthesizing community in polar systems.
authors.affiliation: MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Chemical Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. ebertrand@whoi.edu
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: Mak A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Young Jae
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Neilan
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003035:Cobalt / Q000032:analysis; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D015723:Gene Library; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D054892:Metagenome; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000502:physiology; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D000637:Transaminases / Q000235:genetics*; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D003035:Cobalt; D000637:Transaminases; C065829:cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase; D014805:Vitamin B 12