title: Modulation of respiratory responses to chemoreflex activation by L-glutamate and ATP in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of awake rats.
abstract: Presympathetic neurons in the different anteroposterior aspects of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are colocalized with expiratory [Bötzinger complex (BötC)] and inspiratory [pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC)] neurons of ventral respiratory column (VRC), suggesting that this region integrates the cardiovascular and respiratory chemoreflex responses. In the present study, we evaluated in different anteroposterior aspects of RVLM of awake rats the role of ionotropic glutamate and purinergic receptors on cardiorespiratory responses to chemoreflex activation. The bilateral ionotropic glutamate receptors antagonism with kynurenic acid (KYN) (8 nmol/50 nl) in the rostral aspect of RVLM (RVLM/BötC) enhanced the tachypneic (120 ± 9 vs. 180 ± 9 cpm; P < 0.01) and attenuated the pressor response (55 ± 2 vs. 15 ± 1 mmHg; P < 0.001) to chemoreflex activation (n = 7). On the other hand, bilateral microinjection of KYN into the caudal aspect of RVLM (RVLM/pre-BötC) caused a respiratory arrest in four awake rats used in the present study. Bilateral P2X receptors antagonism with PPADS (0.25 nmol/50 nl) in the RVLM/BötC reduced chemoreflex tachypneic response (127 ± 6 vs. 70 ± 5 cpm; P < 0.001; n = 6), but did not change the chemoreflex pressor response. In addition, PPADS into the RVLM/BötC attenuated the enhancement of the tachypneic response to chemoreflex activation elicited by previous microinjections of KYN into the same subregion (188 ± 2 vs. 157 ± 3 cpm; P < 0.05; n = 5). Our findings indicate that: 1) L-glutamate, but not ATP, in the RVLM/BötC is required for pressor response to peripheral chemoreflex and 2) both transmitters in the RVLM/BötC are required for the processing of the ventilatory response to peripheral chemoreflex activation in awake rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Davi J A
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: Leni G H
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bonagamba
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Zoccal
authors.forename: Benedito H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008845:Microinjections; D023421:Models, Animal; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D058469:Receptors, Purinergic P2X / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D058469:Receptors, Purinergic P2X; C077792:pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D007736:Kynurenic Acid