title: Implicit procedural learning in fragile X and Down syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Procedural learning refers to rule-based motor skill learning and storage. It involves the cerebellum, striatum and motor areas of the frontal lobe network. Fragile X syndrome, which has been linked with anatomical abnormalities within the striatum, may result in implicit procedural learning deficit.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address this issue, a serial reaction time (RT) task including six blocks of trials was performed by 14 individuals with fragile X syndrome, 12 individuals with Down syndrome and 12 mental age-matched control subjects. The first (B1) and fifth (B5) blocks were random whereas the others (B2, B3, B4 and B6) consisted of a repeated 10-step sequence. Results were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For patients with fragile X syndrome, the RT was highly suggestive of preserved implicit learning as a significant difference was observed between blocks B5 and B6 (P = 0.009). However, the difference of RT between B4 and B5 did not reach significance, possibly due to a subgroup of individuals who did not learn. In contrast, in the Down syndrome group, RT decreased significantly between B4 and B5 (W = 2; P = 0.003) but not between the last ordered block (B6) and the last random block (B5), suggesting a weakness in procedural learning which was sensitive to the interfering random block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  implicit learning is variable in genetic syndromes and therefore relatively independent of general intellectual capacities. The results are discussed together with previous reports.
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Bron, France. gbussy@isc.cnrs.fr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bussy
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charrin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curie
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: des Portes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012691:Serial Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult