title: Pulmonary toxicity in mice by 2- and 13-week inhalation exposures to indium-tin oxide and indium oxide aerosols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inhalation toxicities of indium-tin oxide (ITO) and indium oxide (IO) in mice were characterized in comparison with those previously reported in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  B6C3F(1) mice of both sexes were exposed by inhalation to ITO or IO aerosol for 6 h/day, 5 day/wk for 2 wk at 0, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 mg/m(3) or 13 wk at 0, 0.1or 1 mg/m(3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ITO and IO particles were deposited in the lung, mediastinal lymph node (MLN) and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. Alveolar proteinosis, infiltrations of alveolar macrophages and inflammatory cells and increased lung weight were induced by 2- and 13-week exposures to ITO and IO, while alveolar epithelial hyperplasia occurred only in the 2-week exposures. Thickened pleural wall, hyperplastic MLN, extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen and increased levels of erythrocyte parameters were induced by 13-week exposure to ITO. The ITO- and IO-induced pulmonary lesions were milder in mice than those previously reported in rats, and the fibrotic lesions were different between these two species. Indium levels in the lung and pooled blood were analyzed in the mice exposed to ITO and IO for 13 wk. In the 13-week inhalation exposure of mice to ITO, alveolar proteinosis and significantly increased lung weight were induced at the same exposure concentration as the current threshold limit value for indium and its compounds.
authors.affiliation: Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan.
authors.forename: Kasuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.forename: Tomoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Eitaki
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.forename: Heihachiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arito
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukushima
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007204:Indium / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011649:Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D017971:Tin Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D017971:Tin Compounds; D007204:Indium; C047711:indium oxide; C109984:indium tin oxide