title: A novel robotic system for quantifying arm kinematics and kinetics: description and evaluation in therapist-assisted passive arm movements post-stroke.
abstract: We developed a system for quantitatively measuring arm movement. Our approach provides a method to simultaneously capture upper limb kinetic and kinematic data during assisted passive arm movements. Data are analysed with respect to Cartesian and upper limb coordinate systems to obtain upper limb joint angles and torques. We undertook an evaluation of the system in participants with stroke to show the feasibility of this approach. During rehabilitation after stroke, one aspect of treatment includes the physiotherapist applying assistive forces to move the impaired arm of the patient who remains passive. There is a dearth of published data on the relationship between upper limb kinematics and the underlying forces (kinetics) in this mode of physiotherapy treatment. Such quantitative data are crucial in facilitating research into therapy practice, for example by measuring variation in practice and determining dosage. An experienced therapist prescribed passive movements tailored to the needs of 16 participants with stroke (41-81 years) with a range of anthropometric sizes and motor impairments. Our novel measurement tool recorded kinematic and kinetic data at 100 Hz for 6-11 movements per participant. The kinetic data show that the majority of movements fall within upper limits of 36.7 N in shoulder elevation, 22.4N in shoulder protraction, 4.6 Nm in shoulder abduction, 12.8 Nm in shoulder flexion, 2.4 Nm in shoulder rotation and 5.5 Nm in elbow flexion. These data show the potential of this system to better understand arm movement, in particular to objectively evaluate physical therapy treatments and support development of robotic devices to facilitate upper limb rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, West Yorks, UK. p.r.culmer@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Culmer
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Makower
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cozens
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Levesley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mon-Williams
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhakta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015915:Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000592:standards; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation