title: Poland's syndrome and recurrent pneumothorax: is there a connection?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possible connection of Poland's syndrome with the presence of lung bullae and, thus, with an increased risk for recurrent pneumothorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two male patients, aged 19 and 21 years respectively were submitted to our department after their second incident of pneumothorax. Both had Poland's syndrome (unilaterally hypoplastic chest wall with pectoralis major muscle atrophy) and both had multiple bullae to the ipsilateral lung based on CT findings. The patients were treated operatively (bullectomy, lung apicectomy, partial parietal pleurectomy and chemical pleurodesis) due to the recurrent state of their pneumothorax.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients had good results with total expansion of the affected lung.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poland's syndrome can be combined with ipsilateral presence of lung bullae, a common cause of pneumothorax. Whether this finding is part or a variation of the syndrome needs to be confirmed by a larger number of similar cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece. gtagarakis@gmail.com
authors.forename: Georgios I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Tagarakis
authors.forename: Dimos
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karangelis
authors.forename: Angheliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsantsaridou
authors.forename: Fani
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tsolaki
authors.forename: Marios E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Daskalopoulos
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hevas
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kyriakaki
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stamoulis
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lampoura
authors.forename: Nikolaos B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Tsilimingas
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010994:Pleura / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D011045:Poland Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012008:Recurrence; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult