title: Gremlin1 is required for skeletal development and postnatal skeletal homeostasis.
abstract: Gremlin is an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins, and its overexpression causes suppressed osteoblastogenesis and osteopenia. Inactivation of Grem1 results in severe developmental defects, but the consequences of the global inactivation of Grem1 on the postnatal skeleton are not known. To study the function of gremlin, Grem1 was inactivated by homologous recombination, and mice were maintained in a C57BL/6/FVB mixed genetic background due to embryonic and neonatal lethality in the uniform C57BL/6 background. Grem1 null mice exhibited developmental skeletal abnormalities, leading to incomplete formation of metatarsal bones and of fore limbs and hind limbs. Grem1 null mice exhibited decreased weight and body fat and shortened femoral length. Bone histomorphometric and microarchitectural analyses of distal femurs revealed decreased bone volume and increased bone formation in 1-month-old Grem1 null mice. Trabecular femoral bone volume was restored in older Grem1 null female mice, and to a lesser extent in male mice. Vertebral microarchitecture confirmed the osteopenia observed in 1-month-old Grem1 null mice and demonstrated recovery of trabecular bone in older female, but not in older male Grem1 null mice, which exhibited persistent vertebral osteopenia. In conclusion, Grem1 is not only necessary for skeletal development, but also for postnatal skeletal homeostasis; its inactivation causes osteopenia, which is partially reversed in a spatial, temporal, and sex-dependent manner due to an increase in bone formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06105-1299, USA. ecanalis@stfranciscare.org
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Canalis
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zanotti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000235:genetics; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016207:Cytokines
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C113178:Grem1 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines