title: A universally applicable 68Ga-labeling technique for proteins.
abstract: Although protein-based PET imaging agents are projected to become important tracer molecules in the future, the labeling of complex biomolecules with PET radionuclides is inexpedient and, most of the time, challenging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we present a straightforward labeling chemistry to attach the versatile radionuclide (68)Ga to proteins. Introducing the (68)Ga chelating agent NODA-GA-T (2,2'-(7-(1-carboxy-4-(2-mercaptoethylamino)-4-oxobutyl)-1,4,7-triazonane-1,4-diyl)diacetic acid) by reaction with proteins chemically processed with sulfo-SMCC (4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid 3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester sodium salt) results in labeling precursors, enabling a simple and rapid kit-labeling procedure that requires no workup of the radiolabeled proteins. Various (68)Ga- proteins were labeled using this method, and the radiochemical yields and specific activities of the labeled proteins were determined. To show that the radiotracers are applicable for in vivo studies, proof-of-concept small-animal PET images were acquired in healthy rats using (68)Ga rat serum albumin for blood-pool imaging and (68)Ga-annexin V for apoptosis imaging in mice with a left ventricular myocardial infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proteins could be modified, yielding 1.2-1.7 (68)Ga-labeling sites per protein molecule. All investigated proteins could be labeled in high radiochemical yields of 95% or more in less than 10 min in 1 step, using acetate-buffered medium (pH 3.5-4.0) at room temperature without any further purification. The labeled proteins displayed specific activities of 20-45 GBq/μmol (540-1,200 Ci/mmol). In the proof-of-concept in vivo studies, (68)Ga rat serum albumin and (68)Ga-annexin V were successfully used for in vivo imaging. Both radiotracers showed a favorable biodistribution in the animal models, thus demonstrating the usefulness of the developed approach for the kit (68)Ga labeling of proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preprocessing of proteins proceeds in high chemical yields and with high protein recovery rates after purification. These precursors can be stored for several months at -20°C without degradation, and (68)Ga labeling can be performed in a 1-step kit-labeling reaction in high radiochemical yields. Two of the derivatized model proteins were successfully used in proof-of-concept in vivo imaging studies to prove the applicability of this kit (68)Ga-labeling technique.
authors.affiliation: McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. carmen.waengler@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wängler
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wängler
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lehner
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elsner
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todica
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bartenstein
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schirrmacher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000737:chemistry; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D015637:Gated Blood-Pool Imaging; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D051381:Rats; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D000096985:Calponins
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D000096985:Calponins