title: Hypomethylation of intragenic LINE-1 represses transcription in cancer cells through AGO2.
abstract: In human cancers, the methylation of long interspersed nuclear element -1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons is reduced. This occurs within the context of genome wide hypomethylation, and although it is common, its role is poorly understood. L1s are widely distributed both inside and outside of genes, intragenic and intergenic, respectively. Interestingly, the insertion of active full-length L1 sequences into host gene introns disrupts gene expression. Here, we evaluated if intragenic L1 hypomethylation influences their host gene expression in cancer. First, we extracted data from L1base (http://l1base.molgen.mpg.de), a database containing putatively active L1 insertions, and compared intragenic and intergenic L1 characters. We found that intragenic L1 sequences have been conserved across evolutionary time with respect to transcriptional activity and CpG dinucleotide sites for mammalian DNA methylation. Then, we compared regulated mRNA levels of cells from two different experiments available from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), a database repository of high throughput gene expression data, (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) by chi-square. The odds ratio of down-regulated genes between demethylated normal bronchial epithelium and lung cancer was high (p<1E(-27); OR = 3.14; 95% CI = 2.54-3.88), suggesting cancer genome wide hypomethylation down-regulating gene expression. Comprehensive analysis between L1 locations and gene expression showed that expression of genes containing L1s had a significantly higher likelihood to be repressed in cancer and hypomethylated normal cells. In contrast, many mRNAs derived from genes containing L1s are elevated in Argonaute 2 (AGO2 or EIF2C2)-depleted cells. Hypomethylated L1s increase L1 mRNA levels. Finally, we found that AGO2 targets intronic L1 pre-mRNA complexes and represses cancer genes. These findings represent one of the mechanisms of cancer genome wide hypomethylation altering gene expression. Hypomethylated intragenic L1s are a nuclear siRNA mediated cis-regulatory element that can repress genes. This epigenetic regulation of retrotransposons likely influences many aspects of genomic biology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chatchawit
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aporntewan
authors.forename: Chureerat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phokaew
authors.forename: Jittima
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piriyapongsa
authors.forename: Chumpol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ngamphiw
authors.forename: Chupong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ittiwut
authors.forename: Sissades
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tongsima
authors.forename: Apiwat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutirangura
mesh_terms: D060565:Argonaute Proteins; D001483:Base Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D020084:Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: C466422:AGO2 protein, human; D060565:Argonaute Proteins; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm