title: Dropping the baton: specialty referrals in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, more than a third of patients are referred to a specialist each year, and specialist visits constitute more than half of outpatient visits. Despite the frequency of referrals and the importance of the specialty-referral process, the process itself has been a long-standing source of frustration among both primary care physicians (PCPs) and specialists. These frustrations, along with a desire to lower costs, have led to numerous strategies to improve the specialty-referral process, such as using gatekeepers and referral guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the literature on the specialty-referral process in order to better understand what is known about current problems with the referral process and what solutions have been proposed. The article first provides a conceptual framework and then reviews prior literature on the referral decision, care coordination including information transfer, and access to specialty care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCPs vary in their threshold for referring a patient, which results in both the underuse and the overuse of specialists. Many referrals do not include a transfer of information, either to or from the specialist; and when they do, it often contains insufficient data for medical decision making. Care across the primary-specialty interface is poorly integrated; PCPs often do not know whether a patient actually went to the specialist, or what the specialist recommended. PCPs and specialists also frequently disagree on the specialist's role during the referral episode (e.g., single consultation or continuing co-management).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are breakdowns and inefficiencies in all components of the specialty-referral process. Despite many promising mechanisms to improve the referral process, rigorous evaluations of these improvements are needed.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 230 McKee Place, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. mehrotra@rand.org
authors.forename: Ateev
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehrotra
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Caroline Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013038:Specialization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States