title: Protecting self-esteem from stigma: a test of different strategies for coping with the stigma of mental illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, there has been little research into effective strategies for preventing the detrimental effects of stigma on the well-being of people with mental illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present research set out to identify adaptive strategies for dealing with the stigma of mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of the responses of 355 people with mental illness (PWMI) a standardized questionnaire assessing 10 identity management strategies was developed. Participants also reported their personal experiences with stigma, depression and self-esteem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hierarchical regression analyses showed that after controlling for depression and stigmatizing experiences, the strategies of community involvement, humour and positive ingroup stereotyping were related to higher self-esteem. Secrecy, selective disclosure and attempts at overcompensation or disproving stereotypes were related to lower self-esteem. The following strategies were unrelated to self-esteem: comparing the present social position of PWMI with that in the past, normalization of the illness within a medical model, information seeking and selective withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PWMI should be encouraged to seek support within their community and to develop a positive image of their ingroup.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, University of Bielefeld, Germany. marie.ilic@gmx.de
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilic
authors.forename: Jost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinecke
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bohner
authors.forename: Hans-Onno
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Röttgers
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beblo
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Driessen
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Frommberger
authors.forename: Patrick William
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Corrigan
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires