title: The heterogeneity of disruptive behavior disorders - implications for neurobiological research and treatment.
abstract: Disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) are reflected by a great variety of symptoms ranging from impulsive-hot-tempered quarrels to purposeful and goal-directed acts of cruelty. A growing body of data indicates that there are neurobiological factors that increase the risk for developing DBDs. In this review, we give a broad overview of recent studies investigating physiological, neural, genetic factors, and specific neurotransmitter systems. We also discuss the impact of psychosocial risk and consider the effects of gene-environment interactions. Due to the heterogeneity of DBDs, it is concluded that specific subtypes of disruptive behavior should be considered both in terms their biological basis and in regard to specific treatment needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poustka
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sterzer