title: Metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease: a dynamic and life-threatening triad.
abstract: The metabolic syndrome (MS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have both become global public health problems, with increasing social and economic impact due to their high prevalence and remarkable impact on morbidity and mortality. The causality between MS and CKD, and its clinical implications, still does remain not completely understood. Moreover, prophylactic and therapeutic interventions do need to be properly investigated in this field. Herein, we critically review the existing clinical evidence that associates MS with renal disease and cardiovascular disease, as well as the associated pathophysiologic mechanisms and actual treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raimundo
authors.forename: José António
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lopes