title: Analysis of insertion/deletion polymorphisms of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene in Malaysian end-stage renal disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms found in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene have been associated with hypertension, diabetes and renal disease. The present study sought to determine the association of I/D polymorphisms of the ACE gene with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in Malaysia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 380 subjects were recruited to determine the genotypes of I/D polymorphisms of the ACE gene. Genotyping was performed using a PCR method. Statistical analyses were carried out using statistical software, and a level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequencies for II, ID and DD genotypes of the ACE gene were 24.7%, 65.80% and 9.47%, respectively, in ESRD patients, and in control subjects were 45.26%, 47.37% and 7.37% respectively. The frequency for the D allele was found to be higher (42.40%) in ESRD patients compared to control subjects (31.05%). The genotypic and allelic frequencies of I/D polymorphisms of the ACE gene differed significantly (p < 0.05) between ESRD patients and control subjects in the Malaysian population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study indicate that I/D polymorphisms of the ACE gene are a useful marker and are likely to play a major role in determining genetic susceptibility to ESRD in the Malaysian population.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Aisyah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ramachandran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vasudevan
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia patimahismail@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Patimah
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Christoper Lim
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Thiam Seong
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology, International Medical University, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Srikumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakravarthi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D054643:INDEL Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A