title: Alcohol intake and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a pooled analysis from the BEACON Consortium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol intake is a strong and well established risk factor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but the association with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OA) or adjacent tumours of the oesophagogastric junction (OGJA), remains unclear. Therefore, the association of alcohol intake with OSCC, OA, and OGJA was determined in nine case-control studies and two cohort studies of the Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON).
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was collected on alcohol intake, age, sex, education, body mass index, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and tobacco smoking from each study. Along with 10,854 controls, 1821 OA, and 1837 OGJA, seven studies also collected OSCC cases (n=1016). Study specific ORs and 95% CIs were calculated from multivariate adjusted logistic regression models for alcohol intake in categories compared to non-drinkers. Summary risk estimates were obtained by random effects models. Results No increase was observed in the risk of OA or OGJA for increasing levels of any of the alcohol intake measures examined. ORs for the highest frequency category (≥ 7 drinks per day) were 0.97 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.36) for OA and 0.77 (95% CI = 0.54 to 1.10) for OGJA. Suggestive findings linked moderate intake (eg, 0.5 to <1 drink per day) to decreased risk of OA (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.99) and OGJA (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.99). In contrast, alcohol intake was strongly associated with increased risk of OSCC (OR for ≥ 7 drinks per day 9.62, 95% CI 4.26 to 21.71).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to OSCC, higher alcohol consumption was not associated with increased risk of either OA or OGJA. The apparent inverse association observed with moderate alcohol intake should be evaluated in future prospective studies.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. freedmanne@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Liam J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Farin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kamangar
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Abnet
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nyrén
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Anna H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Nirmala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandeya
authors.forename: Adele C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Casson
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giffen
authors.forename: Harvey A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Risch
authors.forename: Marilie D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.forename: Wong-Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Corley
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Whiteman
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult