title: Cranial nerve monitoring during subpial dissection in temporomesial surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cranial nerves (CNs) crossing between the brainstem and skull base at the level of the tentorial hiatus may be at risk in temporomesial surgery involving subpial dissection and/or tumorous growth leading to distorted anatomy. We aimed to identify the surgical steps most likely to result in CN damage in this type of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electromyographic responses obtained with standard neuromonitoring techniques and a continuous free-running EMG were graded as either contact activity or pathological spontaneous activity (PSA) during subpial resection of temporomesial structures in 16 selective amygdalohippocampectomy cases. Integrity of peripheral motor axons was tested by transpial/transarachnoidal electrical stimulation while recording compound muscle action potentials from distal muscle(s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous EMG showed pathological activity in five (31.2%) patients. Nine events with PSA (slight activity, n = 8; strong temporary activity, n = 1) were recorded. The oculomotor nerve was involved three times, the trochlear nerve twice, the facial nerve once, and all monitored nerves on three occasions. Surgical maneuvers associated with PSA were the resection of deep parts of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus (CN IV, twice; CN III, once), lining with or removing cotton patties from the resection cavity (III, twice; all channels, once) and indirect exertion of tension on the intact pia/arachnoid of the uncal region while mobilizing the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus en bloc (all channels, once; III, once). CMAPs were observed at 0.3 mA in two patients and at 0.6 mA in one patient, and without registering the exact amount of intensity in three patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most dangerous steps leading to cranial nerve damage during mesial temporal lobe surgery are the final stages of the intervention while the resection is being completed in the deep posterior part and the resection cavity is being lined with patties. Distant traction may act on nerves crossing the tentorial hiatus via the intact arachnoid.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Department of Neurosurgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. martin.ortler@i-med.ac.at
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ortler
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fiegele
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Walser
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trinka
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eisner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000601:surgery; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000601:surgery*