title: The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The process of Greek colonization of the central and western Mediterranean during the Archaic and Classical Eras has been understudied from the perspective of population genetics. To investigate the Y chromosomal demography of Greek colonization in the western Mediterranean, Y-chromosome data consisting of 29 YSNPs and 37 YSTRs were compared from 51 subjects from Provence, 58 subjects from Smyrna and 31 subjects whose paternal ancestry derives from Asia Minor Phokaia, the ancestral embarkation port to the 6th century BCE Greek colonies of Massalia (Marseilles) and Alalie (Aleria, Corsica).
  
  
  RESULTS
  19% of the Phokaian and 12% of the Smyrnian representatives were derived for haplogroup E-V13, characteristic of the Greek and Balkan mainland, while 4% of the Provencal, 4.6% of East Corsican and 1.6% of West Corsican samples were derived for E-V13. An admixture analysis estimated that 17% of the Y-chromosomes of Provence may be attributed to Greek colonization. Using the following putative Neolithic Anatolian lineages: J2a-DYS445 = 6, G2a-M406 and J2a1b1-M92, the data predict a 0% Neolithic contribution to Provence from Anatolia. Estimates of colonial Greek vs. indigenous Celto-Ligurian demography predict a maximum of a 10% Greek contribution, suggesting a Greek male elite-dominant input into the Iron Age Provence population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the origin of viniculture in Provence is ascribed to Massalia, these results suggest that E-V13 may trace the demographic and socio-cultural impact of Greek colonization in Mediterranean Europe, a contribution that appears to be considerably larger than that of a Neolithic pioneer colonization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Roy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Di Cristofaro
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouvatsi
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Triantaphyllidis
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Scheidel
authors.forename: Natalie M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Myres
authors.forename: Alice A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eissautier
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Semino
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novelletto
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Underhill
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiaroni
mesh_terms: D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D005602:France; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006115:Greece; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA