title: Treatment of batch in the detection, calibration, and quantification of immunoassays in large-scale epidemiologic studies.
abstract: Many laboratory assays measure biomarkers via a 2-stage process. Direct measurement yields relative measures that are subsequently transformed to the unit of interest by using a calibration experiment. The calibration experiment is performed within the main experiment and uses a validation set for which true values are known and relative values are measured by assays to estimate the relation between relative and absolute values. Immunoassays, polymerase chain reaction, and chromatographic approaches are among assays performed in this manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  For studies with multiple batches, data from more than a single calibration experiment are available. Conventionally, calibration of assays based on the standard curve is performed specific to each batch; the calibration experiment from each batch is used to calibrate each batch independently. This batch-specific approach incorporates batch variability but, due to the small number of calibration measurements in each batch, may not be best suited for this purpose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed-effects models have been described to address interassay variability and to provide a measure of quality assurance. Conversely, when interbatch variability is negligible, a model that does not incorporate batch effect may be used to estimate an overall calibration curve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We explore approaches for use of calibration data in studies with many batches. Using a real data example with biomarker and outcome information, we show that risk estimates may vary depending on the calibration approach used. We demonstrate the potential for bias when using simulations. Under minimal interbatch variability, as seen in our data, conventional batch-specific calibration does not best use information available in the data and results in attenuated risk estimates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9304, USA. bwhitcomb@schoolph.umass.edu
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Whitcomb
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Enrique F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Schisterman
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002138:Calibration; D003198:Computer Simulation; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor