title: The influence of anchoring on pain judgment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on decision making suggests that a wide range of spontaneous processes may influence medical judgment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We considered an easily accessible strategy, anchoring and insufficient adjustment, which might contribute to health care professionals' miscalibration of patients' pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample (n=423) of physicians, nurses, medical students, and nursing students participated in a computerized task that showed 16 vignettes featuring fictitious patients reporting headache. In the experimental condition, participants were asked to evaluate the severity of the patient's pain before and after knowing the patient's rating. In the control condition, participants were shown all information about the patient at the same time and were required to make judgments in a single stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When participants could express an initial impression before knowing the patient's rating, they fully anchored to their initial impressions in almost half of the responses. Moreover, even among those who revised their initial impression, the extent of the revision was often insufficient. Greater anchoring was associated with patients' ratings that were higher than the participants' initial impression. Finally, we provided evidence that anchoring increased pain miscalibration. We discuss our findings in terms of their contribution to the understanding of the cognitive processes involved in pain assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When estimating patients' pain intensity, observers are driven by anchoring, a rule of thumb that might have pernicious consequences in terms of unwarranted overreliance on initial impressions and insufficient revision in light of relevant disconfirming evidence. Taking this heuristic into account might foster accurate pain assessment and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. paolo.riva1@unimib.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rusconi
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montali
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cherubini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013337:Students, Medical; D013338:Students, Nursing