title: The forward parachute reaction and independent walking in infants with brain lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the onset of forward parachute reaction (FPR) in infants with brain lesions and its correlation with age of walking.
  
  
  METHODS
  FPR was assessed at 6, 9, and 12 months in 140 infants with brain lesions (78 males, 62 females; mean gestational age 31 wks; SD 3.6 wks; mean birthweight 1450 g, SD 252 g). On cranial ultrasound 62 infants had mild and 78 had major abnormalities; 86 developed cerebral palsy. All were followed for 5 years, and the age at which each child achieved independent walking was recorded. Infants who had been born small for gestational age (weight <10th centile) were excluded, as were those who had major congenital malformations, severe postnatal infectious diseases, or metabolic or haematological complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A complete FPR was present in eight infants at 6 months, in 42 at 9 months, and in 71 at 12 months. At 12 months, 29 infants presented incomplete FPR and 40 presented absent FPR. Seventy-three infants were able to walk independently between the ages of 11 months and 60 months (67 with complete FPR and six with incomplete FPR at 12 mo). A complete FPR at 12 months was a good predictor of independent walking. The age at onset of complete FPR was also a good predictor of age of walking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The late acquisition of a complete FPR appears to be an early sign of a more general delayed maturation of functional abilities.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Neurology Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baranello
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pagliano
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brogna
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olivieri
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Contaldo
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quintiliani
authors.forename: Maria Giulia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Torrioli
authors.forename: Mario G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mercuri
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D011187:Posture; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012018:Reflex; D012307:Risk Factors; D016138:Walking