title: [Hygienic profile of the water in Milan swimming pools: a three-year comparative study].
abstract: The aim of this work was to determine whether swimming pool water quality in Milan from 2006 to 2008 was within the standards established by national and local Italian laws (Circolare Min. Sanità 128/71 and DGR 2552/2006). In 2006, 580 samples of water from public swimming pools were analyzed to determine the presence of heterotrophic counts at 37 degrees and total coliforms; pH, free chlorine and chloride of each sample were also measured. In the following years, water from both public and private swimming pools were examined to measure heterotrophic count at 22 degrees and 36 degrees, Escherichia coli, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, pH, free chlorine, and nitrates. The total number of analyses carried out in 2007 and 2008 was 2074 and 1532, respectively. In 2006, the extent of noncompliance of all swimming pools that was observed for both physical/chemical and microbiological parameters was 72.3%, which then decreased to 53.2% and 36.2% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. In particular with regard to the microbiological analysis, an increase of noncompliance based on at least one parameter was determined (7.1% in 2006 vs. 21.5% in 2007 and 22% in 2008). In contrast, a decrease of the extent of noncompliance based on at least one physical/chemical parameter was observed (from 68.1% in 2006 to 40.4% and 22.3% in 2007 and 2008, respectively). Interestingly, public swimming pools exceeded the legal limits of microbiological concentration more often than the private ones, whereas both types of swimming pools showed a decrease in noncompliance with regard to the physical/chemical parameters.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica - Microbiologia - Virologia, Sezione di Igiene Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Milano. marina.tesauro@unimi.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tesauro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Consonni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bollani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cesaria
authors.forename: F Radice
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Trolli
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Galli
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007558:Italy; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013551:Swimming Pools / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D014871:Water Microbiology / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine