title: Short communication: high prevalence of drug resistance in HIV type 1-infected children born in Honduras and Belize 2001 to 2004.
abstract: Antiretroviral therapy has had a great impact on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1. However, development of drug resistance, which could be subsequently transmitted to the child, is a major concern. In Honduras and Belize the prevalence of drug resistance among HIV-1-infected children remains unknown. A total of 95 dried blood spot samples was obtained from HIV-1-infected, untreated children in Honduras and Belize born during 2001 to 2004, when preventive antiretroviral therapy was often suboptimal and consisted of monotherapy with nevirapine or zidovudine. Partial HIV-1 pol gene sequences were successfully obtained from 66 children (Honduras n=55; Belize n=11). Mutations associated with drug resistance were detected in 13% of the Honduran and 27% of the Belizean children. Most of the mutations detected in Honduras (43%) and all mutations detected in Belize were associated with resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which was expected from the wide use of nevirapine to prevent MTCT during the study period. In addition, although several mothers reported that they had not received antiretroviral therapy, mutations associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors were found in Honduras. This suggests prior and unreported use of these drugs, or that these women had been infected with resistant virus. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the presence of drug resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1-infected Honduran and Belizean children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parham
authors.forename: Ivette Lorenzana
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: de Rivera
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Murillo
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naver
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Largaespada
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Annika C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001483:Base Sequence; D001531:Belize / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006721:Honduras / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D015215:Zidovudine; D019829:Nevirapine