title: The primary feather lengths of early birds with respect to avian wing shape evolution.
abstract: We examine the relationships between primary feather length (f(prim)) and total arm length (ta) (sum of humerus, ulna and manus lengths) in Mesozoic fossil birds to address one aspect of avian wing shape evolution. Analyses show that there are significant differences in the composition of the wing between the known lineages of basal birds and that mean f(prim) (relative to ta length) is significantly shorter in Archaeopteryx and enantiornithines than it is in Confuciusornithidae and in living birds. Based on outgroup comparisons with nonavian theropods that preserve forelimb primary feathers, we show that the possession of a relatively shorter f(prim) (relative to ta length) must be the primitive condition for Aves. There is also a clear phylogenetic trend in relative primary feather length throughout bird evolution: our analyses demonstrate that the f(prim)/ta ratio increases among successive lineages of Mesozoic birds towards the crown of the tree ('modern birds'; Neornithes). Variance in this ratio also coincides with the enormous evolutionary radiation at the base of Neornithes. Because the f(prim)/ta ratio is linked to flight mode and performance in living birds, further comparisons of wing proportions among Mesozoic avians will prove informative and certainly imply that the aerial locomotion of the Early Cretaceous Confuciusornis was very different to other extinct and living birds.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nudds
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dyke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001717:Birds / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005241:Feathers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005426:Flight, Animal; D005580:Fossils; D010802:Phylogeny; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013045:Species Specificity; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*