title: Retrospective evaluation of parenteral nutrition in alpacas: 22 cases (2002-2008).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenteral nutrition is an important method of nutritional support in hospitalized animals, but minimal information has been published on its use in camelids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in alpacas, evaluate the formulations used, and determine potential complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two alpacas hospitalized at the Tufts Cummings School for Veterinary Medicine (site 1: n = 8) and the Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (site 2: n = 14).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of all alpacas that received TPN between 2002 and 2008 was performed to assess clinical indications, clinical and clinicopathologic data, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common underlying diseases in animals receiving TPN were gastrointestinal dysfunction (n = 16), hepatic disease (n = 2), and neoplasia (n = 2). Several metabolic abnormalities were identified in animals (n = 20/22) before TPN was initiated, including lipemia (n = 12/22), hyperglycemia (11/22), and hypokalemia (n = 11/22). Median age was significantly lower for site 1 cases (0.1 years; range, 0.01-11.0) compared with those from site 2 (4.9 years; range, 0.1-13.7; P = .03). Animals at site 2 also had a longer duration of hospitalization (P = .01) and TPN administration (P = .004), as well as higher survival rate (P < .02). Twenty-one of 22 alpacas developed at least 1 complication during TPN administration. Metabolic complications were most prevalent (n = 21/22) and included hyperglycemia (n = 8/21), lipemia (n = 7/21), hypokalemia (n = 3/21), and refeeding syndrome (n = 3/21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TPN is a feasible method of nutritional support for alpacas when enteral feeding is not possible. Prospective studies are warranted to determine optimal TPN formulations for alpacas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
authors.forename: E R S
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Clore
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bedenice
authors.forename: C A Tony
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Buffington
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies