title: Racial disparities in the use of hospice services according to geographic residence and socioeconomic status in an elderly cohort with nonsmall cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors investigated whether there were racial disparities in the receipt of hospice services within geographic residence and socioeconomic status (SES) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 117,894 patients aged ≥66 years with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked database who had received hospice services in the last 6 months before death and who died between January 1, 1991 and December 31, 2005. Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to describe relations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In urban areas, there were significant disparity trends in age/sex-adjusted rates for blacks and Asians/Pacific Islanders compared with whites (P = .003 and P = .036, respectively). Blacks (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.75-0.82), Asians/Pacific Islanders (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.39-0.46), and Hispanics (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.73-0.91) were less likely to receive hospice services. In rural areas, blacks were 21% less likely to receive hospice services (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63-0.98). Patients in the poorest socioeconomic status (SES) quartile were 7% less likely to receive hospice services (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.86-1.00). Moreover, within stratified SES quartiles, blacks and Asians/Pacific Islanders had lower receipt of hospice services, and Asians/Pacific Islanders were the least likely to receive hospice services, particularly those in the poorest SES quartile. In general, older patients and women were more likely to receive hospice services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were substantial disparities in the receipt of hospice services among ethnic minorities within urban and rural areas and within SES levels. The results indicated that efforts are needed to identify barriers, enhance support, and educate patients on the benefits of hospice services.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Disease Control, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. dale.s.hardy@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Wenyaw
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Chih-Chin
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Janice N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Cormier
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruera
authors.forename: Xianglin L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D017051:Hospice Care; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012424:Rural Population; D012923:Social Class