title: Specific screening method for dextran and hydroxyethyl starch in human urine by size exclusion chromatography-in-source collision-induced dissociation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: The use of plasma volume expanders (PVE), such as dextran (DEX) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES), is prohibited in sports. DEX is a naturally occurring glucose polymer, whereas HES is synthetically produced from amylopectin starch by substitution with hydroxyethyl groups. In doping control, the commonly applied enzymatic and colorimetric screening methods are lacking adequate specificity for DEX and HES. Also, gas chromatographic-mass spectrometic (GC-MS) screening methods have specificity issues with DEX. In addition, due to the nature of the target compounds, time-consuming derivatisation steps are required in GC-MS. Based on the high molecular weight of carbohydrate polymers excreted in urine after administration of DEX and HES, a screening method was developed involving size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). By using solely a SEC guard column as an analytical column allowed sufficient chromatographic resolution in a minimal amount of time and with reasonable repeatability (average RSD of 10%). Detector response was linear throughout the measurement range with R(2) > 0.99 for both analytes. Limits of detection were 100 and 250 μg mL(-1) for DEX and HES, respectively. Ion suppression was found to be 52% at maximum. In-source collision-induced dissociation (ISCID) was used to produce characteristic fragments at a mass accuracy better than 2 mDa. The specificity of the SEC-ISCID-TOFMS method was demonstrated with 120 PVE negative doping control samples analyzed in parallel with a routine GC-MS screening method. In addition, seven urine samples from diabetic athletes, causing interpretation problems in routine GC-MS, showed here a definitely negative profile.
authors.affiliation: Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology Division, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marjo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolmonen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.forename: Tiia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuuranne
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelander
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deventer
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ojanperä
mesh_terms: D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003911:Dextrans / Q000652:urine*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives