title: Optimal combinations of acute phase proteins for detecting infectious disease in pigs.
abstract: The acute phase protein (APP) response is an early systemic sign of disease, detected as substantial changes in APP serum concentrations and most disease states involving inflammatory reactions give rise to APP responses. To obtain a detailed picture of the general utility of porcine APPs to detect any disease with an inflammatory component seven porcine APPs were analysed in serum sampled at regular intervals in six different experimental challenge groups of pigs, including three bacterial (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae), one parasitic (Toxoplasma gondii) and one viral (porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus) infection and one aseptic inflammation. Immunochemical analyses of seven APPs, four positive (C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), pig major acute phase protein (pigMAP) and serum amyloid A (SAA)) and three negative (albumin, transthyretin, and apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1)) were performed in the more than 400 serum samples constituting the serum panel. This was followed by advanced statistical treatment of the data using a multi-step procedure which included defining cut-off values and calculating detection probabilities for single APPs and for APP combinations. Combinations of APPs allowed the detection of disease more sensitively than any individual APP and the best three-protein combinations were CRP, apoA1, pigMAP and CRP, apoA1, Hp, respectively, closely followed by the two-protein combinations CRP, pigMAP and apoA1, pigMAP, respectively. For the practical use of such combinations, methodology is described for establishing individual APP threshold values, above which, for any APP in the combination, ongoing infection/inflammation is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Innate Immunology Group, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark. pmhh@vet.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Peter M H
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Heegaard
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stockmarr
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piñeiro
authors.forename: Rakel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carpintero
authors.forename: Fermin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lampreave
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: P David
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Eckersall
authors.forename: Mathilda J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Toussaint
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gruys
authors.forename: Nanna Skall
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Sorensen
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D016977:Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae / Q000502:physiology; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005779:Immunodiffusion / Q000662:veterinary; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D045791:Mycoplasma hyosynoviae / Q000502:physiology; D019318:Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D019316:Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / Q000502:physiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D017011:Streptococcus suis / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000502:physiology; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D014425:Turpentine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D014425:Turpentine