title: Injection medialization laryngoplasty in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review our experience with vocal fold injection medialization in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care academic children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All pediatric patients at our institution who underwent injection laryngoplasty for vocal fold medialization from 2003 to 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, sex, indication for injection, injection material, surgical and anesthetic technique, outcomes including effect on voice and swallowing, and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients underwent 27 injections. Mean patient age was 8.0 years (range, 1.3-18.0 years). The causes of glottic insufficiency included prolonged intubation (6 patients, 46%), patent ductus arteriosus ligation (2 patients, 15%), other cardiac surgery (2 patients, 15%), neck surgery or trauma (2 patients, 15%), and postviral status (1 patient, 8%). Eight patients had vocal fold paralysis or paresis; 3 had vocal fold atrophy; and 2 had vocal fold scarring. Indications for surgery included hoarseness (11 patients), aspiration (5 patients), and dysphagia without aspiration (1 patient). Materials injected included Gelfoam (n = 13), Radiesse Voice (n = 10), and Radiesse Voice Gel (n = 4). The average number of injections per patient was 2.1 (range, 1-9). Patients experienced improvement in symptoms (subjective or objective) after injection in 24 of 27 cases (89%); 15 of 16 injections in patients with hoarseness led to improvement (94%); and 11 of 13 injections in patients with dysphagia or aspiration led to improvement (85%). One patient experienced 2 days of inspiratory stridor postoperatively, which resolved spontaneously. There were no other complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports injection laryngoplasty as a safe and effective intervention for children with glottic insufficiency. Further prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Ave, Faculty Pavilion, Seventh Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Deepak K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Simons
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001284:Atrophy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017886:Durapatite; D005260:Female; D005781:Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007267:Injections; D058753:Laryngoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019233:Retreatment; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D017886:Durapatite