title: Antifungal testing and high-throughput screening of compound library against Geomyces destructans, the etiologic agent of geomycosis (WNS) in bats.
abstract: Bats in the northeastern U.S. are affected by geomycosis caused by the fungus Geomyces destructans (Gd). This infection is commonly referred to as White Nose Syndrome (WNS). Over a million hibernating bats have died since the fungus was first discovered in 2006 in a cave near Albany, New York. A population viability analysis conducted on little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), one of six bat species infected with Gd, suggests regional extinction of this species within 20 years. The fungus Gd is a psychrophile ("cold loving"), but nothing is known about how it thrives at low temperatures and what pathogenic attributes allow it to infect bats. This study aimed to determine if currently available antifungal drugs and biocides are effective against Gd. We tested five Gd strains for their susceptibility to antifungal drugs and high-throughput screened (HTS) one representative strain with SpectrumPlus compound library containing 1,920 compounds. The results indicated that Gd is susceptible to a number of antifungal drugs at concentrations similar to the susceptibility range of human pathogenic fungi. Strains of Gd were susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole. In contrast, very high MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) of flucytosine and echinocandins were needed for growth inhibition, which were suggestive of fungal resistance to these drugs. Of the 1,920 compounds in the library, a few caused 50%--to greater than 90% inhibition of Gd growth. A number of azole antifungals, a fungicide, and some biocides caused prominent growth inhibition. Our results could provide a theoretical basis for future strategies aimed at the rehabilitation of most affected bat species and for decontamination of Gd in the cave environment.
authors.affiliation: Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: Sunanda S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rajkumar
authors.forename: Xiaojiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hurteau
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shtutman
authors.forename: Vishnu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000382:microbiology*; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009181:Mycoses / Q000382:microbiology*; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries