title: High-protein diet in lactation leads to a sudden infant death-like syndrome in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well accepted that reduced foetal growth and development resulting from maternal malnutrition are associated with a number of chronic conditions in later life. On the other hand such generation-transcending effects of over-nutrition and of high-protein consumption in pregnancy and lactation, a proven fact in all developed societies, are widely unknown. Thus, we intended to describe the generation-transcending effects of a high-protein diet, covering most relevant topics of human life like embryonic mortality, infant death, and physical health in later life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female mice received control food (21% protein) or were fed a high protein diet (42% protein) during mating. After fertilisation, females stayed on their respective diet until weaning. At birth, pups were put to foster mothers who were fed with standard food or with HP diet. After weaning, control diet was fed to all mice. All offspring were monitored up to 360 days after birth. We determined glucose-tolerance and measured cardiovascular parameters using a tip-catheter. Finally, abdominal fat amount was measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a worried impact of high-protein diet during pregnancy on dams' body weight gain, body weight of newborns, number of offspring, and also survival in later life. Even more important is the discovery that high-protein diet during lactation caused a more than eight-fold increase in offspring mortality. The observed higher newborn mortality during lactation is a hitherto non-described, unique link to the still incompletely understood human sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Thus, although offspring of lactating mothers on high-protein diet might have the advantage of lower abdominal fat within the second half of life, this benefit seems not to compensate the immense risk of an early sudden death during lactation. Our data may implicate that both pregnant women and lactating mothers should not follow classical high-protein diets.
authors.affiliation: Department Experimental Cardiology, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany. thomas.walther@hyms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langhammer
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kucia
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hammon
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Renne
authors.forename: Wolf-Eberhard
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Siems
authors.forename: Cornelia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Metges
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins