title: Cost-effectiveness of lower extremity compression ultrasound in emergency department patients with a high risk of hemodynamically stable pulmonary embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computed tomography angiograms (CTAs) for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) are being ordered with increasing frequency from the emergency department (ED). Strategies are needed to safely decrease the utilization of CTs to control rising health care costs and minimize the associated risks of anaphylaxis, contrast-induced nephropathy, and radiation-induced carcinogenesis. The use of compression ultrasonography (US) to identify deep vein thromboses (DVTs) in hemodynamically stable patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of PE is highly specific for the diagnosis of PE and may represent a cost-effective alternative to CT imaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to analyze the cost-effectiveness of a selective CT strategy incorporating the use of compression US to diagnose and treat DVT in patients with a high pretest probability of PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors constructed a decision analytic model to evaluate the scenario of an otherwise healthy 59-year-old female in whom PE was being considered as a diagnosis. Two strategies were used. The selective CT strategy began with a screening compression US. Negative studies were followed up with a CTA, while patients with positive studies identifying a DVT were treated as though they had a PE and were anticoagulated. The universal CT strategy used CTA as the initial test, and anticoagulation was based on the CT result. Costs were estimated from the 2009 Medicare data for hospital reimbursement, and professional fees were obtained from the 2009 National Physician Fee Schedule. Clinical probabilities were obtained from existing published data, and sensitivity analyses were performed across plausible ranges for all clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base case, the selective CT strategy cost $1,457.70 less than the universal CT strategy and resulted in a gain of 0.0213 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses confirm that the selective CT strategy is dominant above both a pretest probability for PE of 8.3% and a compression US specificity of 87.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A selective CT strategy using compression US is cost-effective for patients provided they have a high pretest probability of PE. This may reduce the need for, and decrease the adverse events associated with, CTAs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. mward04@gmail.com
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sodickson
authors.forename: Deborah B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Diercks
authors.forename: Ali S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Raja
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*