title: Finite element analysis of heel pad with insoles.
abstract: To design optimal insoles for reduction of pedal tissue trauma, experimental measurements and computational analyses were performed. To characterize the mechanical properties of the tissues, indentation tests were performed. Pedal tissue geometry and morphology were obtained from magnetic resonance scan of the subject's foot. Axisymmetrical finite element models of the heel of the foot were created with 1/4 of body weight load applied. The stress, strain and strain energy density (SED) fields produced in the pedal tissues were computed. The effects of various insole designs and materials on the resulting stress, strain, and SED in the soft pedal tissues were analyzed. The results showed: (a) Flat insoles made of soft material provide some reductions in the maximum stress, strain and SED produced in the pedal tissues. These maximum values were computed near the calcaneus. (b) Flat insoles, with conical/cylindrical reliefs, provided more reductions in these maximum values than without reliefs. (c) Custom insoles, contoured to match the pedal geometry provide most reductions in the maximum stress, strain and SED. Also note, the maximum stress, strain and SED computed near the calcaneus were found to be about 10 times the corresponding peak values computed on the skin surface. Based on the FEA analysis, it can be concluded that changing insole design and using different material can significantly redistribute the stress/strain inside the heel pad as well as on the skin surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, VA New York Harbor Health Care System, Room 14045, 423 East 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010, USA. luogm1@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Vern L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: Mary Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Garbarini
authors.forename: Aaron C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Chaiya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thongpop
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006365:Heel / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011312:Pressure; D012775:Shoes; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength