title: Instrumentation and techniques for laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.
abstract: The surgical management of biliary stone disease has long since included ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for the diagnosis and treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Indications to ERCP/ES have progressively expanded from the diagnosis and treatment of retained CBD stones after cholecystectomy to the management of severe cholangitis and acute pancreatitis in high-risk patients to the treatment of all patients with gallstones and CBD stones as part of an integrated endosurgical sequential approach.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor of Surgery, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Paganini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lezoche