title: Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: racial and gender disparities in survival (1993 to 2002), stage and grade (1993 to 2007).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bladder cancer survival is consistently lower in female and black patients than in male and white patients. We compared trends and differences according to clinical, demographic and facility characteristics by patient race and gender to identify the impact of these characteristics on survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified bladder transitional cell carcinoma cases diagnosed in 1993 to 2007 from the National Cancer Data Base. Trends in grade and stage distribution between 1993 and 2007 were analyzed. Survival differences by race and gender were compared using 5-year relative survival and multivariate Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 310,257 white male, 102,345 white female, 13,313 black male and 7,439 black female patients. Black and female patients had a higher proportion of muscle invasive tumors than white and male patients, and black patients had a larger proportion of higher grade tumors. The incidence of stage 0a and of high grade tumors significantly increased with time. Multivariate analysis showed a significantly lower HR in white females than in white males (HR 0.9) but a significantly higher HR in black males and females (HR 1.2). The higher mortality risk in black males and females was primarily limited to late stage disease (HR 1.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival differences by race and gender are partially explained by differences in tumor and demographic characteristics in black males and females, and fully explained by these characteristics in white females. Treatment delays and under treatment due to comorbid conditions, age and other factors may also contribute to these disparities.
authors.affiliation: American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. kmallin@facs.org
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mallin
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Milowsky
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nanus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American