title: Effects of chlorogenic acid on neutrophil locomotion functions in response to inflammatory stimulus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Species of Lychnophora are used in Brazilian folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and their analogues are important components of polar extracts of these species, as well in several European and Asian medicinal plants. Some of these phenolic compounds display anti-inflammatory effects. In this paper we report the isolation of CGA from Lychnophora salicifolia and its effects on functions involved in neutrophils locomotion.
  
  
  METHODS
  LC-MS(n) data confirmed the presence of CGA in the plant. Actions of CGA were investigated on neutrophils obtained from peritoneal cavity of Wistar rats (4h after 1% oyster glycogen solution injection; 10 ml), and incubated with vehicle or with 50, 100 or 1000 μM CGA in presence of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPS, 5 μg/ml). Nitric oxide (NO; Griess reaction); prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA)]; protein (flow cytometry) and gene (RT-PCR) expression of L-selectin, β(2)integrin and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) were quantified. In vitro neutrophil adhesion to primary culture of microvascular endothelial cell (PMEC) and neutrophil migration in response to formyl-methionil-leucil-phenilalanine (fMLP, 10(-8)M, Boyden chamber) was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CGA treatment did not modify the secretion of inflammatory mediators, but inhibited L-selectin cleavage and reduced β(2) integrin, independently from its mRNA synthesis, and reduced membrane PECAM-1 expression; inhibited neutrophil adhesion and neutrophil migration induced by fMLP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these findings, we highlight the direct inhibitory actions of CGA on adhesive and locomotion properties of neutrophils, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects and help to explain the use of Lychnophora salicifolia as an anti-inflammatory agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hebeda
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bolonheis
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakasato
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Belinati
authors.forename: P D C
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gouvea
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: S H P
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Farsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D002726:Chlorogenic Acid