title: Explaining variation in the uptake of HPV vaccination in England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In England, two national programmes of HPV vaccination for girls have been instituted, a routine programme for 12- and 13-year-olds and a catch-up programme for 17- and 18-year-olds. Uptake rates across the country have been far from uniform, and this research sought to identify factors explaining the variation in uptake by locality.
  
  
  METHODS
  An association between uptake, deprivation and ethnic background had been established in pilot research. The present analysis was conducted at an aggregate, Primary Care Trust (PCT), level for the first year of the programmes. Published measures of HPV vaccination uptake, material deprivation, ethnic composition of PCT populations, primary care quality, and uptake of cervical screening and of other childhood immunisations were collated. Strong evidence of collinearity amongst the explanatory variables required a factor analysis to be undertaken. This provided four independent factors, used thereafter in regression models to explain uptake by PCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The factor analysis revealed that ethnic composition was associated with attitudes towards cervical screening and other childhood vaccinations, whilst material deprivation and quality of primary care were orthogonal. Ethnic composition, early childhood vaccination, cervical screening and primary care quality were found to be influential in predicting uptake in both the routine and the catch-up cohorts, although with a lower degree of confidence in the case of the last two independent variables. Lower primary care quality was significant in explaining a greater fall in vaccination uptake between the first two doses in the catch-up cohort. Greater deprivation was a significant explanatory factor for both uptake and the fall in uptake between doses for the catch-up cohort but not for uptake in the routine cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results for uptake of the first year of the national programme using aggregate data corroborate findings from intentions surveys and pilot studies. Deprivation, the ethnic composition of the population, the effectiveness of primary care and the acceptability of childhood vaccinations are salient factors in explaining local HPV vaccine uptake in England.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.
authors.forename: Varun M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Whynes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D004739:England; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; C510352:human papillomavirus vaccine, L1 type 16, 18