title: Flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for trace element determination in vegetable oils, margarine and butter after sample emulsification.
abstract: Trace element analysis plays an important role in oil characterisation and in the detection of oil adulteration because the quality of edible oils and fats is affected by their trace metal content. In this study, the quantification of selected metals in various oils and fats (rice oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, soy oil, olive oil, light margarine, regular margarine and butter) was carried out using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after sample emulsification. FAAS was used to determine the Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe levels in the samples, while GFAAS was used for quantifying Cr, Ni, As, Pb, Cd, Cu and Mn, as these elements appeared in the samples at much lower concentrations. Tween-80 and Triton X-100 were employed as surfactants, and emulsions were prepared by a conventional method that involved heating and mixing of the constituents. Complete stabilisation was achieved through magnetic stirring for 15 min at room temperature. The evaluated figures of merit were linearity, accuracy and sensitivity, which were determined by the characteristic concentration and mass. Analysis of spiked samples demonstrated accuracy, which ranged from 90% (Na) to 112% (Fe) for FAAS and from 83% (Cd) to 121% (Pb) for GFAAS measurements. Atomic absorption spectrometry proved to be a promising approach for the analysis of metals in emulsified edible oils and fats. Additionally, under appropriate emulsification conditions (formulation, stirring time and temperature), the emulsions were homogeneous, had excellent stability, and had appropriate viscosity. The proposed method has proved to be simple, sensitive, reproducible, and economical.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS - Brazil. carineviana@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: C V S
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ieggli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bohrer
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Do Nascimento
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: De Carvalho
mesh_terms: D002079:Butter / Q000032:analysis*; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions; D005506:Food Contamination; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008383:Margarine / Q000032:analysis*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D017830:Octoxynol / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000737:chemistry; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013696:Temperature; D013995:Time; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010938:Plant Oils; D011136:Polysorbates; D014131:Trace Elements; D002079:Butter; D008383:Margarine; D017830:Octoxynol