title: Identification and characterisation of ten glutathione S-transferase genes from oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synthetic pyrethroids are the primary insecticides that are widely used for controlling Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen), a major pest in eastern and southern Asia and the Pacific region. In this paper, ten cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were sequenced and characterised in L. migratoria manilensis. The effects of deltamethrin on the ten GST gene expressions were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phylogenetic analysis revealed nine GSTs in three different classes, including seven in sigma, one in delta and one in theta. The remaining GST (LmGSTu1) was unclassified. RT-PCR analysis showed that most GST genes were expressed in all tissues examined, including the foregut, midgut, gastric caecum, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, fat bodies, muscles, spermaries and ovaries, except that LmGSTs2, LmGSTs4, LmGSTs7 and LmGSTu1 were expressed in several tissues. LmGSTu1 appeared to be the only gene whose expressions could not be detected in eggs. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that deltamethrin at 0.08 and/or 0.12 µg mL⁻¹ increased almost all ten GST gene expressions in third-instar nymph locusts. However, deltamethrin at 0.16 and/or 0.2 µg mL⁻¹ decreased the expressions of LmGSTd1, LmGSTs1, LmGSTs5 and LmGSTs6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increases in GST gene expressions after deltamethrin exposure in L. migratoria manilensis might result in its elevating tolerance to other insecticides and xenobiotics.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Research Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yan Zhu
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Enbo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jianzhen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048188:Locusta migratoria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D005982:Glutathione Transferase