title: Growth, geometry, and mechanics of a blooming lily.
abstract: Despite the common use of the blooming metaphor, its floral inspiration remains poorly understood. Here we study the physical process of blooming in the asiatic lily Lilium casablanca. Our observations show that the edges of the petals wrinkle as the flower opens, suggesting that differential growth drives the deployment of these laminar shell-like structures. We use a combination of surgical manipulations and quantitative measurements to confirm this hypothesis and provide a simple theory for this change in the shape of a doubly curved thin elastic shell subject to differential growth across its planform. Our experiments and theory overturn previous hypotheses that suggest that blooming is driven by differential growth of the inner layer of the petals and in the midrib by providing a qualitatively different paradigm that highlights the role of edge growth. This functional morphology suggests new biomimetic designs for deployable structures using boundary or edge actuation rather than the usual bulk or surface actuation.
authors.affiliation: Engineering and Applied Sciences, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Wyss Institute, Kavli Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Haiyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mahadevan
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D027762:Lilium / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019370:Observation