title: Preliminary application of a new bolus insulin model for type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous work derived a theoretically rigorous bolus insulin model. It was shown that the new model predicts insulin response of subjects without diabetes substantially better than the carbohydrate counting method (CHOcm). As most individuals with type 1 diabetes use the CHOcm, this article investigates if the new model can be applied to them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Equations are derived to characterize a person with type 1 diabetes. These are implemented on a cell phone that calculates bolus insulin dosages. In a small feasibility study the cell phone was used by 11 patients. Basal insulin remained unchanged. The subjects were experienced in the CHOcm and were using it at the start of the study. Continuous glucose monitoring data were recorded to capture blood glucose (BG) control elements such as average BG and tightness of control, as well as hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events. A new rating method was proposed to estimate BG control. It (or a derivative thereof ) may in the future become a valuable measure of total glycemic control. We used the status quo ante versus status quo approach to find indicative results. BG control for the same group when using CHOcm (status quo ante) was compared with BG control when using the new application (status quo).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients found the new application on the cell phone practical. Indicative results also showed BG control improvements, although the subjects were more experienced in the CHOcm. Depending on the weights assigned to the underlying control elements an improvement of between 26% and 64% was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An indicative study (status quo ante vs. status quo) on 11 patients with type 1 diabetes showed that the new method can be practically and successfully applied on a cell phone. Glycemic control even improved. A new BG rating method was proposed. We believe there is enough preliminary indication to warrant a more detailed clinical trial in future by an institution with adequate funds and access to more patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, North-West University, Pretoria, South Africa. rpelzer@researchtoolbox.com
authors.forename: Ruaan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pelzer
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liebenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D040421:Cell Phone; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D003927:Diet, Diabetic / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012648:Self Care / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000523:psychology; D013019:South Africa; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human