title: Neuropsychological evaluation of blast-related concussion: illustrating the challenges and complexities through OEF/OIF case studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Soldiers of Operations Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Iraqi Freedom (OIF) sustain blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) with alarming regularity. This study discusses factors in addition to concussion, such as co-morbid psychological difficulty (e.g. post-traumatic stress) and symptom validity concerns that may complicate neuropsychological evaluation in the late stage of concussive injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study presents the complexities that accompany neuropsychological evaluation of blast concussion through discussion of three case reports of OEF/OIF personnel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors emphasize uniform assessment of blast concussion, the importance of determining concussion severity according to acute-injury characteristics and elaborate upon non-concussion-related factors that may impact course of cognitive limitation. The authors conclude with a discussion of the need for future research examining the impact of blast concussion (particularly recurrent concussion) and neuropsychological performance.
authors.affiliation: University of St. Thomas, Graduate School of Professional Psychology, LaSalle Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55403, USA. nels0600@stthomas.edu
authors.forename: Nathaniel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hoelzle
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Amanda G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ferrier-Auerbach
authors.forename: Molly J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Charlesworth
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sponheim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*