title: Dose-response relationships of clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae).
abstract: The western chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae), has emerged as a serious pest of buffalograss, Buchlod dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann. In general, neonicotinoid insecticides effectively control a variety of turfgrass insects, particularly phloem-feeding pests. However, because of well documented inconsistencies in control, these compounds are generally not recommended for chinch bugs. This study was designed to document the contact and systemic toxicity of three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) to B. occiduus. In contact bioassays, thiamethoxam was approximately 20-fold less toxic than clothianidin or imidacloprid to B. occiduus nymphs and three-fold more toxic to adults. In adult systemic bioassays, thiamethoxam was up to five-fold more toxic than clothianidin or imidacloprid. Interestingly, thiamethoxam was significantly more toxic to adults than to nymphs in both contact and systemic bioassays. This was not observed with clothianidin or imidacloprid. Bifenthrin, used for comparative purposes, exhibited 1844-fold and 122-fold increase in toxicity to nymphs and adults, respectively. These results provide the first documentation of the relative toxicity of these neonicotinoid insecticides to B. occiduus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 202 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA. mstamm3@unl.edu
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Baxendale
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Heng-Moss
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Siegfried
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Blankenship
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gaussoin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D020062:Heteroptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D010078:Oxazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C480342:clothianidin; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam