title: Pediatric vascular malformations: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and the role of interventional radiology.
abstract: The Mulliken and Glowacki classification (1982) differentiated vascular anomalies into two groups based on their endothelial characteristics: hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Vascular anomalies are localized defects of the vasculature that affect a limited number of vessels in a restricted area of the body. These defects are secondary to errors in vascular morphogenesis. Depending on the type of vessel involved, the vascular malformation group was subdivided into high-flow (such as arteriovenous malformation and arteriovenous fistula) and low-flow lesions (such as venous and lymphatic malformations). Depending on the type of lesion, the location and degree of involvement and the clinical effect, different types of treatment would be required. For the purpose of this review, we concentrate solely on vascular malformations: the clinical features, genetics, diagnosis, and current treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. cahill@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Els Louisa Francine
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Nijs
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008202:Lymphangioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities