title: Enhanced oxygen saturation in optic nerve head of non-human primate eyes following the intravitreal injection of NCX 434, an innovative nitric oxide-donating glucocorticoid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypoxia of the retina and optic nerve head (ONH) is believed to be pivotal in the development of ocular vascular disorders, including diabetic macular edema (DME). Glucocorticoids are among the most effective agents for the treatment of back of the eye diseases. However, this class of compounds is highly liable to increase intraocular pressure (IOP) and does not improve ocular perfusion or tissue oxygenation. Nitric oxide (NO) has vasodilating properties and lowers IOP in experimental models and humans, suggesting that its properties might complement those of glucocorticoids. NCX 434 is an NO-donating triamcinolone acetonide (TA) that is less likely to increase IOP while targeting both the vascular and inflammatory components of DME.
  
  
  METHODS
  NCX 434 was studied in vitro with respect to its NO-releasing properties in isolated methoxamine-precontracted rabbit aortic rings and glucocorticoid-like activity in recombinant human glucocorticoid receptors. IOP and oxygen saturation in the ONH and overlaying arteries and veins were studied in the anesthetized cynomolgus monkey. Measurements were taken using, respectively, an applanation tonometer and a hyperspectral imaging system before and 7, 14, 21, 31 and 41 days after the intravitreal injection of NCX 434 (5.8 mg/eye) or TA equimolar doses (4.0 mg/eye).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NCX 434 inhibited (3)H-dexamethasone-specific binding (IC(50)=34±5 nM) on human glucocorticoid receptors and elicited NO-dependent aortic ring relaxation (EC(50) of 0.5±0.1 μM, E(max) 98.9%). In monkey eyes, NCX 434 enhanced, whereas TA did not, oxygen saturation in various ONH areas (*P<0.05 vs. basal), decreased it in veins, and did not affect it in the overlaying arteries. Neither NCX 434 nor TA altered IOP significantly at all time points. However, at 31 days post-treatment TA appeared to start increasing IOP (Δ(IOP)=+3.31±0.51 mmHg, 30.8%, over baseline, NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCX 434 enhances ocular tissue oxygenation. This feature appears to depend on its NO-donating properties; thus, the compound deserves to be further investigated for the treatment of DME and other ocular disorders with impaired ocular perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Bahram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khoobehi
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chiroli
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ronchetti
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miglietta
authors.forename: Hillary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ongini
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Impagnatiello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: C560439:NCX 434; D009566:Nitrates; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D003907:Dexamethasone; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide; D010100:Oxygen