title: Evaluation of methods for measuring particulate matter emissions from gas turbines.
abstract: The project SAMPLE evaluated methods for measuring particle properties in the exhaust of aircraft engines with respect to the development of standardized operation procedures for particulate matter measurement in aviation industry. Filter-based off-line mass methods included gravimetry and chemical analysis of carbonaceous species by combustion methods. Online mass methods were based on light absorption measurement or used size distribution measurements obtained from an electrical mobility analyzer approach. Number concentrations were determined using different condensation particle counters (CPC). Total mass from filter-based methods balanced gravimetric mass within 8% error. Carbonaceous matter accounted for 70% of gravimetric mass while the remaining 30% were attributed to hydrated sulfate and noncarbonaceous organic matter fractions. Online methods were closely correlated over the entire range of emission levels studied in the tests. Elemental carbon from combustion methods and black carbon from optical methods deviated by maximum 5% with respect to mass for low to medium emission levels, whereas for high emission levels a systematic deviation between online methods and filter based methods was found which is attributed to sampling effects. CPC based instruments proved highly reproducible for number concentration measurements with a maximum interinstrument standard deviation of 7.5%.
authors.affiliation: DLR, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre , Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany. andreas.petzold@dlr.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petzold
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Yura
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sevcenco
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Delhaye
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crayford
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Bachalo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raper
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000401:Aircraft / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions