title: Assessing injury-related movement difficulties: A method for analyzing the association between functional limitations and social participation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The conceptualization of disability has shifted from a medical to a social model with a consequent focus away from impairments and toward activities and participation. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provides a common point of reference and a common language in a developing disability discourse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to apply a model for the measurement of disability based on the activity and participation constructs of the ICF to persons with movement difficulty as a result of injury-related causes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from sample adults aged 18 years and over in the 2001-2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used for analysis. Disability among adults with injury-related movement difficulty was assessed through measures of difficulty performing basic actions (movement, sensory, emotional, and/or cognitive functioning); and limitations of complex activities (defined through measures of self-care, social participation, and work participation). SUDAAN 9.0 was used in all analyses to account for the complex sampling design and weighting of the NHIS data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 16% of noninstitutionalized adults who reported movement difficulty mentioned injury as a cause. On average, between 2001 and 2006, about 7.6 million adults had injury-related movement difficulty in the United States. Overall, 50% of adults who experienced injury-related movement difficulty also experienced some complex activity limitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using NHIS data, we have demonstrated the applicability of an approach using basic actions difficulty and complex activity limitations to measure functioning and participation in individuals with a specific type and cause of difficulty: injury-related movement difficulty. The operationalization of these constructs provides a possible tool to monitor progress toward the attainment of the equalization of opportunities among people with injury-related movement difficulty.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA. mloeb@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: Li-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D015995:Prevalence; D012648:Self Care; D058992:Social Participation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014937:Work; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult