title: Acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis in patients with atresia of the inferior vena cava can be treated successfully with catheter-directed thrombolysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness and clinical outcomes of catheter-directed thrombolysis in patients with atresia of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2001 to 2009, 11 patients (median age, 32 y) with atresia of the IVC and acute iliofemoral DVT in 13 limbs were admitted for catheter-directed thrombolysis. Through a multiple-side hole catheter inserted in the popliteal vein, continuous pulse-spray infusion of tissue plasminogen activator and heparin was performed. Thrombolysis was terminated when all thrombus was resolved and venous outflow through the paravertebral collateral vessels was achieved. After thrombolysis, all patients received lifelong anticoagulation and compression stockings and were followed up at regular intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound or computed tomography revealed absence of the suprarenal segment of the IVC in two patients, and nine were diagnosed with absence of the infrarenal segment of the IVC. Median treatment time was 58 hours (range, 42-95 h). No deaths or serious complications occurred. Overall, complications were observed in four patients, one of whom required blood transfusion. Three patients were diagnosed with thrombophilia. Median follow-up was 37 months (range, 51 d to 96 mo). All patients had patent deep veins and one developed reflux in the popliteal fossa after 4 years. No thromboembolic recurrences were observed during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Catheter-directed thrombolysis of patients with acute iliofemoral DVT and atresia of the IVC is a viable treatment option, as reasonable clinical outcomes can be obtained.
authors: Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. rbroholm@dadlnet.dk
authors: Rikke
authors: R
authors: Broholm
authors: Maja
authors: M
authors: Jørgensen
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Just
authors: Leif P
authors: LP
authors: Jensen
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Bækgaard
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007084:Iliac Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D011152:Popliteal Vein; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D053828:Stockings, Compression; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014859:Warfarin; D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator