title: Modulated Raman spectroscopy for enhanced identification of bladder tumor cells in urine samples.
abstract: Standard Raman spectroscopy (SRS) is a noninvasive technique that is used in the biomedical field to discriminate between normal and cancer cells. However, the presence of a strong fluorescence background detracts from the use of SRS in real-time clinical applications. Recently, we have reported a novel modulated Raman spectroscopy (MRS) technique to extract the Raman spectra from the background. In this paper, we present the first application of MRS to the identification of human urothelial cells (SV-HUC-1) and bladder cancer cells (MGH) in urine samples. These results are compared to those obtained by SRS. Classification using the principal component analysis clearly shows that MRS allows discrimination between Raman spectra of SV-HUC-1 and MGH cells with high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (95%). MRS is also used to distinguish between SV-HUC-1 and MGH cells after exposure to urine for up to 6 h. We observe a marked change in the MRS of SV-HUC-1 and MGH cells with time in urine, indicating that the conditions of sample collection will be important for the application of this methodology to clinical urine samples.
authors: University of St Andrews, SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom. elisabetta.canetta@physics.org
authors: Elisabetta
authors: E
authors: Canetta
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Mazilu
authors: Anna Chiara
authors: AC
authors: De Luca
authors: Antonia E
authors: AE
authors: Carruthers
authors: Kishan
authors: K
authors: Dholakia
authors: Sam
authors: S
authors: Neilson
authors: Harry
authors: H
authors: Sargeant
authors: Tina
authors: T
authors: Briscoe
authors: C Simon
authors: CS
authors: Herrington
authors: Andrew C
authors: AC
authors: Riches
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D055096:Optical Devices; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology