title: Aerodynamic effects of inferior turbinate surgery on nasal airflow--a computational fluid dynamics model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Turbinate reduction surgery may be indicated for inferior turbinate enlargement when conservative treatment fails. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inferior turbinate surgery on nasal aerodynamics using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  CFD simulations were performed for the normal nose, enlarged inferior turbinate and following three surgical procedures: (1) resection of the lower third free edge of the inferior turbinate, (2) excision of the head of the inferior turbinate and (3) radical inferior turbinate resection. The models were constructed from MRI scans of a healthy human subject and a turbulent flow model was used for the numerical simulation. The consequences of the three turbinate surgeries were compared with originally healthy nasal model as well as the one with severe nasal obstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the normal nose, the bulk of streamlines traversed the common meatus adjacent to the inferior and middle turbinate in a relatively vortex free flow. When the inferior turbinate was enlarged, the streamlines were directed superiorly at higher velocity and increased wall shear stress in the nasopharynx. Of the three surgical techniques simulated, wall shear stress and intranasal pressures achieved near-normal levels after resection of the lower third. In addition, airflow streamlines and turbulence improved although it did not return to normal conditions. As expected, radical turbinate resection resulted in intra-nasal aerodynamics of atrophic rhinitis demonstrated in previous CFD studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is little evidence that inspired air is appropriately conditioned following radical turbinate surgery. Partial reduction of the hypertropic turbinate results in improved nasal aerodynamics, which was most evident following resection of the lower third. The results were based on a single individual and cannot be generalised without similar studies in other subjects.
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors: X B
authors: XB
authors: Chen
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Leong
authors: H P
authors: HP
authors: Lee
authors: V F H
authors: VF
authors: Chong
authors: D Y
authors: DY
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D001239:Inhalation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D014420:Turbinates / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery