title: Trace detection and discrimination of explosives using electrochemical potentiometric gas sensors.
abstract: In this article, selective and sensitive detection of trace amounts of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) is demonstrated. The screening system is based on a sampling/concentrator front end and electrochemical potentiometric gas sensors as the detector. Preferential hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide(s) mixed potential sensors based on lanthanum strontium chromite and Pt electrodes with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) solid electrolyte were used to capture the signature of the explosives. Quantitative measurements based on hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide sensor responses indicated that the detector sensitivity scaled proportionally with the mass of the explosives (1-3 μg). Moreover, the results showed that PETN, TNT, and RDX samples could be discriminated from each other by calculating the ratio of nitrogen oxides to hydrocarbon integrated area under the peak. Further, the use of front-end technology to collect and concentrate the high explosive (HE) vapors make intrinsically low vapor pressure of the HE less of an obstacle for detection while ensuring higher sensitivity levels. In addition, the ability to use multiple sensors each tuned to basic chemical structures (e.g., nitro, amino, peroxide, and hydrocarbon groups) in HE materials will permit the construction of low-cost detector systems for screening a wide spectrum of explosives with lower false positives than present-day technologies.
authors: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA. psekhar@lanl.gov
authors: Praveen K
authors: PK
authors: Sekhar
authors: Eric L
authors: EL
authors: Brosha
authors: Rangachary
authors: R
authors: Mukundan
authors: Kevin L
authors: KL
authors: Linker
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Brusseau
authors: Fernando H
authors: FH
authors: Garzon
mesh_terms: D004566:Electrodes; D004573:Electrolytes; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D005740:Gases; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D010417:Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate / Q000032:analysis; D011199:Potentiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D053834:Explosive Agents; D005740:Gases; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D014227:Triazines; D010417:Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C009160:cyclonite