title: Using multidimensional projection techniques for reaching a high distinguishing ability in biosensing.
abstract: Recent advances in the control of molecular engineering architectures have allowed unprecedented ability of molecular recognition in biosensing, with a promising impact for clinical diagnosis and environment control. The availability of large amounts of data from electrical, optical, or electrochemical measurements requires, however, sophisticated data treatment in order to optimize sensing performance. In this study, we show how an information visualization system based on projections, referred to as Projection Explorer (PEx), can be used to achieve high performance for biosensors made with nanostructured films containing immobilized antigens. As a proof of concept, various visualizations were obtained with impedance spectroscopy data from an array of sensors whose electrical response could be specific toward a given antibody (analyte) owing to molecular recognition processes. In addition to discussing the distinct methods for projection and normalization of the data, we demonstrate that an excellent distinction can be made between real samples tested positive for Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis, which could not be achieved with conventional statistical methods. Such high performance probably arose from the possibility of treating the data in the whole frequency range. Through a systematic analysis, it was inferred that Sammon's mapping with standardization to normalize the data gives the best results, where distinction could be made of blood serum samples containing 10(-7) mg/mL of the antibody. The method inherent in PEx and the procedures for analyzing the impedance data are entirely generic and can be extended to optimize any type of sensor or biosensor.
authors: Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação, USP, CP, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Fernando V
authors: FV
authors: Paulovich
authors: Rafael M
authors: RM
authors: Maki
authors: Maria C F
authors: MC
authors: de Oliveira
authors: Marcelle C
authors: MC
authors: Colhone
authors: Fabiana R
authors: FR
authors: Santos
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: Migliaccio
authors: Pietro
authors: P
authors: Ciancaglini
authors: Katia R
authors: KR
authors: Perez
authors: Rodrigo G
authors: RG
authors: Stabeli
authors: Angelo C
authors: AC
authors: Perinoto
authors: Osvaldo N
authors: ON
authors: Oliveira
authors: Valtencir
authors: V
authors: Zucolotto
mesh_terms: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D017097:Electric Impedance; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D049329:Nanostructures
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan