title: Surface characterization analysis of failed dental implants using scanning electron microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the failure of 15 dental implants (Paragon/Zimmer) in relation to their surface quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised of 15 dental implants (7 mm D Advent Implant, 3.9 mm D apex design implant), which were followed from surgery to completion of prosthetic restorations. The implants were placed during a 6-year period from 2003-2009 in non-smoking patients (male; 7, females; 5). There were eight upper and seven lower implants. Surface characterization after immersion in SBF of these failed implants was investigated using SEM and EDS compared to that of an unused implant of the same brand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed that, following immersion in SBF, the implant surfaces showed new components like Ca(+), Na(+) and Cl(-), but in trace quantities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After SEM observation and EDS analysis, it was concluded that the apatite layer formation could not be verified.
authors: International Medical University, Malaysia. umer_daood@imu.edu.my
authors: Umer
authors: U
authors: Daood
authors: Ninette
authors: N
authors: Bandey
authors: Saad Bin
authors: SB
authors: Qasim
authors: Hanan
authors: H
authors: Omar
authors: Saad A
authors: SA
authors: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001031:Apatites / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D010949:Plasma; D016062:Porosity; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D002712:Chlorides; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; C009495:titanium dioxide; D012964:Sodium; D014025:Titanium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium; C046804:titanium hydroxide