title: Evidence that neurons of the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus triggering paradoxical (REM) sleep are glutamatergic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) neurons triggering paradoxical (REM) sleep (PS) are glutamatergic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of rats were used: controls, rats deprived of PS for 72 h, and rats allowed to recover for 3 h after deprivation. Brain sections were processed for double labeling combining Fos immunohistochemistry and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2) in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of single Fos+ and Fos/vGLUT2+ double-labeled neurons was counted for each experimental condition. A very large number of Fos+ neurons expressing vGLUT2 mRNA specifically after PS hypersomnia was counted in the SLD. These double-labeled cells accounted for 84% of the total number of Fos+ cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This finding adds further evidence to the concept that PS-on neurons of the SLD generating PS are of small size and glutamatergic in nature. By means of their descending projections to medullary and/or spinal glycinergic/GABAergic premotoneurons, they may be especially important for the induction of muscle atonia during PS, a disturbed phenomenon in narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder.
authors: Physiopathology of the Neuronal Network Responsible for the Sleep-Waking Cycle Team, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Lyon Neuroscience, Research Center, Lyon, F-69372, France. luppi@sommeil.univ-lyon1.fr
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Clément
authors: Emilie
authors: E
authors: Sapin
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Bérod
authors: Patrice
authors: P
authors: Fort
authors: Pierre-Hervé
authors: PH
authors: Luppi
mesh_terms: D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2 / Q000502:physiology; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000502:physiology; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D027322:Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; C495683:Slc2a2 protein, rat