title: Dynamics of distribution and efficacy of different spot-on permethrin formulations in dogs artificially infested with Dermacentor reticulatus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Varying reports concerning the duration and reliability of different permethrin preparations' efficacy can be found in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the distribution and efficacy of four different spot-on formulations with permethrin as the active ingredient formulated with different solvents. To examine the influence of these solvents on the speed of distribution and the acaricidal activity of permethrin in the coat, an in vivo study under laboratory conditions was performed. Six dogs per test period were treated with the recommended dose and 1, 14 and 28 days after treatment dogs were infested with Dermacentor reticulatus ticks: a) on the back, near the application site, and b) on the hind leg, the greatest possible distance from the application site. Efficacies were determined 6 hours after tick infestation to examine the repellent effect and the speed of kill of the products which plays an important role in the context of tick transmitted diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After six hours of exposure, a significant acaricidal efficacy (p < 0.001) could be observed in all treated groups over the whole duration of the study, regardless of which product was used. While the arithmetic mean of attached ticks was < 3 on Day 1, numbers increased over the course of the study to a mean of > 9 on Day 28. However, most of these ticks were dead even 28 days after treatment, as the mean of live attached ticks was still < 2. Significant differences could neither be found between the different permethrin spot-on formulations, nor between the two parts of the body (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All products were able to kill ticks within six hours following infestation from Day 1 to Day 28 after treatment. Additionally, no significant difference between the tick numbers on the back and the hind leg could be found at any time, which implies a homogenous distribution of permethrin over the body. The efficacy of all four products was comparable during the whole study period, showing that the different solvents do not significantly affect the dynamics of distribution.
authors: Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Johanna
authors: J
authors: Lüssenhop
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Bäumer
authors: Manfred
authors: M
authors: Kietzmann
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Schnieder
authors: Sonja
authors: S
authors: Wolken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003870:Dermacentor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D026023:Permethrin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D026023:Permethrin