title: Application of complementary mass spectrometric techniques to the identification of ketoprofen phototransformation products.
abstract: Ketoprofen (KP) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which during UV irradiation rapidly transforms into benzophenone derivatives. Such transformation products may occur after topical application of KP, which is then exposed to sunlight resulting in a photo-allergic reaction. These reactions are mediated by the benzophenone moiety independently of the amount of allergen. The same reactions will also occur during wastewater or drinking water treatment albeit their effect in the aqueous environment is yet to be ascertained. In addition, only a few such transformation products have been recognised. To enable the detection and structural elucidation of the widest range of KP transformation products, this study applies complementary chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques including gas chromatography coupled to single quadrupole or ion trap mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography hyphenated with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Based on structural information gained in tandem and multiple MS experiments, and on highly accurate molecular mass measurements, chemical structures of 22 transformation products are proposed and used to construct an overall breakdown pathway. Among the identified transformation products all but two compounds retained the benzophenone moiety--a result, which raises important issues concerning the possible toxic synergistic effects of KP and its transformation products. These findings trigger further research into water treatment technologies that would limit their entrance into environmental or drinking waters.
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia. tina.kosjek@ijs.si
authors: Tina
authors: T
authors: Kosjek
authors: Silva
authors: S
authors: Perko
authors: Ester
authors: E
authors: Heath
authors: Bogdan
authors: B
authors: Kralj
authors: Dušan
authors: D
authors: Žigon
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007660:Ketoprofen