title: Changes in duration of developmental phases of durum wheat caused by breeding in Spain and Italy during the 20th century and its impact on yield.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the apical development of wheat has been widely described, studies analysing how genetic breeding over the 20th century influenced the developmental phases and its consequences on yield generation are lacking, especially for durum wheat under field conditions in Mediterranean environments. The aims of this study were to analyse the effects of breeding in Spain and Italy on crop development during the last century, to determine whether or not breeding significantly altered the developmental phases between sowing and maturity, and to evaluate the importance of each phase in determining the number of grains per spike of durum wheat (Triticum durum) cultivars representing the germplasm grown throughout the 20th century in Spain and Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight field experiments were carried out during 4 years in two contrasting latitudes (Lleida and Granada, Spain). Plant material consisted of 24 durum wheat cultivars (12 Italian and 12 Spanish) grown throughout the 20th century in Spain and Italy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Spanish materials, breeding reduced the duration of the period from sowing to anthesis, placing the grain-filling period in better conditions. In those cultivars, the sub-phase sowing-terminal spikelet formation was reduced while the duration of the period from booting to anthesis was increased. The number of grains per spike increased by 23 % from old to modern cultivars, by changes in the number of grains per spikelet in both Spanish and Italian cultivars. Floral abortion from booting to anthesis diminished by 24 % from old to modern cultivars, and grain setting increased by 13 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that breeding reduced not only plant height, but also the time to anthesis. By extending the duration of the phase from booting to anthesis, which was associated with an increase in spike dry weight and grains per spike, it suggests that future increases in spike fertility could be achieved by enlarging that phase.
authors: Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. jisidro@ugr.es
authors: Julio
authors: J
authors: Isidro
authors: Fanny
authors: F
authors: Alvaro
authors: Conxita
authors: C
authors: Royo
authors: Dolors
authors: D
authors: Villegas
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Miralles
authors: Luis F
authors: LF
authors: García del Moral
mesh_terms: D001947:Breeding; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D007558:Italy; D008027:Light; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D013030:Spain; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*