title: Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes in retinoblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important aetiological agent in cancer but its involvement in retinoblastomas (RBs) is controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  64 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and 19 fresh-frozen specimens were subjected to multiplex PCR using PGMY09/11 primers, HPV genotyping, non-isotopic in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry for pRb and p16(INK4a).
  
  
  RESULTS
  24% of RBs contained HPV DNA. 90% of HPV genotypes were of high-risk (HR) type and 10% were of intermediate-risk (IR) type. HR HPVs 45, 59, 68 and 52 were detected for the first time, as were IR HPVs 82 and 73. There was only one HPV 18-positive case. Interestingly, no low-risk genotypes were identified. Nine formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded HPV-positive cases showed nuclear HPV positivity by non-isotopic in situ hybridisation. Immunohistochemistry did not show pRb expression in 67% of cases. 34% expressed nuclear p16(INK4a), of which 20 cases were also positive for HPV by multiplex PCR. A statistically significant association between HPV and pRb expression status was observed (p=0.0001).The association of HPV with p16(INK4a) expression was also statistically significant (p=0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the presence of HPV in a subset of RB was demonstrated, its role in carcinogenesis needs further elucidation.
authors: Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Dr. M.H. Marigowda Road, Bangalore 560 029, Karnataka, India.
authors: Bhuvaneswari
authors: B
authors: Anand
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Ramesh
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Appaji
authors: B S Aruna
authors: BS
authors: Kumari
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Shenoy
authors: Nanjundappa
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Jayshree
authors: Rekha V
authors: RV
authors: Kumar
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000821:virology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D019942:Genes, p16; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral