title: Quantification of prognostic immune cell markers in colorectal cancer using whole slide imaging tumor maps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze intratumoral heterogeneity of immune cells and the resulting impact of heterogeneity on the level of individual patient prediction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using whole slide imaging by virtual microscopy, we present the first spatial quantitative study of immune cells in a set of colorectal cancer primary tumors. We generated "tumor maps" based on cell densities in fields of 1 mm2, visualizing intratumoral heterogeneity. In this example, cutoffs of marker-based cell stains identified by tissue microarray (TMA) led to ambiguous decisions in 11 of the 20 patients studied. Classic TMA analysis can be used in large patient cohorts to generate clinically significant predictors. The transfer of these predictors from large-scale TMA to individualized predictions thus far has not been investigated. In colorectal cancer, TMA-based quantitative immune cell counts using immune cell surface molecules (CD3, CD8, Granzyme B, and CD45RO) have been shown to be potentially better predictors for patient survival than the classical TNM system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results make clear that for individualized prognostic evaluations, whole slide imaging by virtual microscopy is irreplaceable during identification of prognostic markers as well as in their subsequent application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the future, spatial marker signatures could contribute to individual patient classifiers.
authors: Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg.
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Halama
authors: Inka
authors: I
authors: Zoernig
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Spille
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Michel
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Kloor
authors: Silke
authors: S
authors: Grauling-Halama
authors: Kathi
authors: K
authors: Westphal
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Schirmacher
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Jäger
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Grabe
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002452:Cell Count; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor