title: Evaluation of pH, available chlorine content, and antibacterial activity of endodontic irrigants and their combinations against Enterococcus faecalis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to evaluate pH, available chlorine content, and antibacterial activity of endodontic irrigants and their combinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pH and chlorine content of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were analyzed pure and in combination with 10% citric acid (CA) and apple vinegar (AV). The antibacterial effect of the following solutions was measured by direct contact test against Enterococcus faecalis: 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl +10% CA (7:3), 2.5% NaOCl + AV (5:5), 10% CA, and AV. Sterile saline was used as control. The colony-forming units were determined by serial decimal dilutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination of 2.5% NaOCl with CA or AV lowered the pH and the chlorine content. NaOCl, alone or in combination was able to eliminate E. faecalis in 30 seconds, and CA, after 10 minutes. AV promoted reduction (32.2%) after 10 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NaOCl with acidic solutions lowered the pH and the chlorine content, but did not alter its antibacterial effect.
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. tanomaru@uol.com.br
authors: Juliane M
authors: JM
authors: Guerreiro-Tanomaru
authors: Renata D
authors: RD
authors: Morgental
authors: Danilo L
authors: DL
authors: Flumignan
authors: Fabricia
authors: F
authors: Gasparini
authors: José E
authors: JE
authors: Oliveira
authors: Mário
authors: M
authors: Tanomaru-Filho
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D019343:Citric Acid; D002713:Chlorine; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D019342:Acetic Acid