title: The effect of irrigation solution at different temperatures on articular cartilage metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of saline solution at different temperatures on the metabolism of chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine osteochondral explants were precultured under laboratory conditions. The cartilage explants were placed in saline solution. Twenty-four explants were randomly divided into 4 groups. Explants were immersed at 4°C group I, at room temperature (24°C) in group II, at normal knee temperature (32°C) in group III, and at near-core body temperature (37°C) in group IV. All specimens were immersed for 2 hours. Lactate and proteoglycan production and RNA yield analysis were performed to evaluate the changes in cartilage metabolism at different temperatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Explants immersed in cold (4°C) saline solution showed the significantly lowest RNA yields, lactate production, and proteoglycan content. Explants immersed in cold solutions (4°C and 24°C) showed significantly lower RNA yields, lower lactate production, and lower proteoglycan content than explants in warmer solution groups (32°C and 37°C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggest that short-term exposures to cold including room temperature may have markedly detrimental effects on chondrocyte function. Our findings also indicate that exposures to cold saline solution suppress chondrocyte metabolism and RNA synthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using warmer irrigation solution that is closer to body temperature is more physiologic and causes less ultrastructural damage than colder solution.
authors: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. bariskocaoglu@gmail.com
authors: Baris
authors: B
authors: Kocaoglu
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Martin
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Wolf
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Karahan
authors: Annunziato
authors: A
authors: Amendola
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D024601:Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+) / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011897:Random Allocation; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D007773:Lactates; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D024601:Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)