title: Treatment of heart failure in African Americans--a call to action.
abstract: Advances in heart failure treatment have not necessarily translated into equity in improved outcomes for African Americans. Heart failure in African Americans is characterized by a higher prevalence, especially at younger ages; more-adverse course with more frequent hospitalizations; and higher mortality rates compared to the general population. Despite this distinct disease profile, African Americans are remarkably underrepresented in large heart failure trials. This paper reviews the unique course of heart failure in African Americans and discusses treatment in the context of clinical trial evidence. African Americans with heart failure may respond differently to some standard therapies compared to whites, but low levels of enrollment of AAs in large clinical trials preclude valid conclusions in certain cases. An important exception is the African American Heart Failure Trial (AHeFT), a well-designed, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, that added a combination of fixed-dose isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine (ISDN/ HYD) to standard therapy and showed a 43% improvement in survival and a 33% reduction in first hospitalizations. Despite compelling evidence from AHeFT, post hoc secondary analyses, and recommendations from current practice guidelines, ISDN/HYD remains underutilized in African Americans with heart failure. In this paper, we put forth a call to action for racial equity in clinical research and treatment in African Americans with heart failure.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Box 1199, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA. judith.mitchell@downstate.edu
authors: Judith E
authors: JE
authors: Mitchell
authors: Keith C
authors: KC
authors: Ferdinand
authors: Karol E
authors: KE
authors: Watson
authors: Nanette K
authors: NK
authors: Wenger
authors: Laurence O
authors: LO
authors: Watkins
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Flack
authors: James R
authors: JR
authors: Gavin
authors: James W
authors: JW
authors: Reed
authors: Elijah
authors: E
authors: Saunders
authors: Jackson T
authors: JT
authors: Wright
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology