title: Reduction of α-galactoside content in red gram (Cajanus cajan L.) upon germination followed by heat treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Red gram (Cajanus cajan L.) is an important crop for human and animal nutrition. However, raffinose family oligosaccharides present in red gram seed hinder its consumption as it is not digested by normal human carbohydrases and is further fermented by intestinal microflora, which induces flatulence. In order to make the grain legume more amenable for human consumption, we have tried to shed some light on the effect of germination followed by heat treatment methods such as autoclaving, cooking and pressure cooking on the raffinose family of sugars. These techniques, however, are primary prerequisites before consumption of the gram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percent removal of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose after germinating red gram seeds for 8 h followed by autoclaving was 65.6%, 58.9% and 65.3% respectively; and after cooking was 61.6%, 69.2% and 72.5%. Germinating for 16 h followed by autoclaving led to a mean decrease of 53.3% for raffinose, 60.3% for stachyose and 62.3% for verbascose. Germination of red gram seeds for 16 h followed by cooking led to a mean decrease of 71.7% for raffinose, 76.2% for stachyose and 74.0% for verbascose, respectively. The results for the percent removal of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose after germination of red gram seeds for 16 h followed by pressure cooking was 68.3%, 73.3% and 68.2% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that local methods of processing reduce raffinose family oligosaccharides in red gram. The technique of germinating the seeds for 16 h followed by autoclaving, cooking and pressure cooking for the reduction of raffinose family oligosaccharides is a promising solution to overcome flatulence and increase the overall acceptance of red gram among general populace.
authors: Food Chemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India. dr_devindra@rediffmail.com
authors: Shekappa
authors: S
authors: Devindra
authors: Jarapala
authors: J
authors: Sreenivasa Rao
authors: Padmanabhan
authors: P
authors: Krishnaswamy
authors: Varanasi
authors: V
authors: Bhaskar
mesh_terms: D036561:Cajanus / Q000378:metabolism*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004063:Digestion; D005285:Fermentation; D005414:Flatulence; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005697:Galactosides / Q000378:metabolism*; D018525:Germination / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011887:Raffinose / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005697:Galactosides; D009844:Oligosaccharides; C005695:stachyose; D011887:Raffinose