title: Aquivalence revisited--new model formulation and application to assess environmental fate of ionic pharmaceuticals in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario.
abstract: A model formulation based on "aquivalence", as defined in terms of activity is presented to estimate the multimedia fate of ionizing chemicals. The aquivalence approach is analogous to fugacity but aquivalence is applicable to neutral and ionizing compounds, and has been applied previously to speciating chemicals, notably metals. The new aquivalence-based mass-balance model treats ionizing organic compounds that exist as interconverting neutral and ionic species which are subject to fate processes at differing rates. The model is illustrated by application to four ionizing pharmaceuticals in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario. At the system pH of 7.9-8.5, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and naproxen are expected to be almost entirely ionic and triclosan split between ionic and neutral forms. Measured seasonal surface water concentrations, which were 2-10 times lower in the late summer and fall than during spring, were used to solve for unknown values of chemical half-life in the water column due to degradation (photo- and bio-) of the ionizing and neutral forms and secondarily, ionic sorption coefficients of the ionizing forms. Model estimates of half-lives in the habour's water ranged from 11 to 77, 11 to 147 and 10 to 37 for ionic ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, and naproxen, respectively; and 4-22 days and 2-9 days for ionic and neutral triclosan, respectively, with the shortest half-lives in spring and the longest in summer.
authors: Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors: Susan A
authors: SA
authors: Csiszar
authors: Nilima
authors: N
authors: Gandhi
authors: Radka
authors: R
authors: Alexy
authors: Donald T
authors: DT
authors: Benny
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Struger
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Marvin
authors: Miriam L
authors: ML
authors: Diamond
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006207:Half-Life; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009864:Ontario; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D012621:Seasons; D014872:Water Movements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical