title: Effects of reservoir dispenser height on efficacy of mating disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of varying the height of reservoir dispensers for mating disruption of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was investigated. The goal was to improve the effectiveness of C. pomonella mating disruption through improved understanding of adult distribution within the tree canopy and the impact of pheromone dispenser placement on disruption. Two dispensers per tree were placed at 2 m and 4 m and/or one dispenser at each height on the tree at a label rate of 1000 units ha(-1) . Monitoring traps and tethered female moths were deployed in plots at 2 and 4 m heights to assess treatment effects by catches or matings respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fewest male moths were captured with all dispensers placed at 4 m. Female mating was lowest, and with least variation between females tethered at 2 and 4 m, when dispensers were placed simultaneously at 2 and 4 m (28% mated). Mating was 32% with both dispensers at 4 m, 38% with both dispensers at 2 m and 46% in the no disruption control. Mating was highest across treatments when females were tethered at 2 m and dispensers placed at 4 m (40%), and when females were tethered at 4 m with dispensers placed at 2 m (46%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traps at 4 m in trees captured more male moths than traps at 2 m, regardless of disruption dispenser positioning. Female mating was lowest when dispensers were placed simultaneously at 2 and 4 m, suggesting that current recommendations for placement of reservoir dispensers in tree crowns may be suboptimal.
authors: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. epstei10@msu.edu
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Epstein
authors: Lukasz L
authors: LL
authors: Stelinski
authors: James R
authors: JR
authors: Miller
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Grieshop
authors: Larry J
authors: LJ
authors: Gut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000469:parasitology*; D009036:Moths; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D012724:Sex Attractants