title: Reliable preimplantation genetic diagnosis in thawed human embryos vitrified at cleavage stages without biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) efficiency in thawed human embryos vitrified without biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective clinical study, 21 PGD cycles were carried out using fresh and vitrified-thawed embryos collected from 21 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and ninety-nine embryos from patients with aneuploidy, single gene defects, or chromosomal translocations were vitrified at the cleavage stages; 93.5% of the embryos survived the vitrification procedure. Conclusive FISH results were obtained in 98.4% of the fresh and 99% of the frozen-thawed embryos screened for aneuploidy or chromosomal translocations. Conclusive PCR test results were obtained in 100% of the fresh and 93.9% of the frozen-thawed embryos screened for single gene defects. The overall clinical pregnancy rate per cycle was 57.1%. To date, 13 healthy children have been born.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reliable genetic diagnosis can be performed in thawed human embryos vitrified without biopsy. However, further research is required to support this conclusion.
authors: MUHC Reproductive Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Yilmaz
authors: Ri-Cheng
authors: RC
authors: Chian
authors: Weon-Young
authors: WY
authors: Son
authors: Xiao Yun
authors: XY
authors: Zhang
authors: Dewen
authors: D
authors: Kong
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Dahan
authors: Hannanel
authors: H
authors: Holzer
authors: Seang Lin
authors: SL
authors: Tan
authors: Asangla
authors: A
authors: Ao
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000592:standards*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000592:standards*; D058989:Vitrification