title: Determination of antiseptic efficacy of rubs on the forearm and consequences for surgical hand disinfection.
abstract: While hands are acknowledged to be the most important source of pathogens from the skin of the surgical team, the transmission of pathogens from the forearms may also be relevant. Preoperative hand disinfection is recommended, but evidence-based standards for the forearms are lacking. As neither the European standard EN 12791 nor the American guidelines ASTM 1115 are applicable to the forearms, a new test method based on the European standard EN 12791 and the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM) method for testing for the efficacy of skin antiseptics was developed to address the forearms. The antiseptic efficacy of a commercially available alcohol-based hand rub [76.7% (w/w) ethanol] was assessed on the upper arm after 15s, 2.5 min, and 30 min, and on the lower arm after 2.5 min, 30 min, and 3 h. On the upper arm, application of the product followed the DGHM standard procedure. On the forearm, the product was applied by the participants themselves with the right hand over the left forearm and vice versa as performed during preoperative hand disinfection. Sampling and culture were performed according to the DGHM method for skin antisepsis on the upper arm. Twenty-two volunteers were investigated. The efficacy of the antiseptic treatment on the forearm was not significantly lower than on the upper arm for any of the areas tested (P > 0.05). Reduction factors for all tested areas and times were quite similar, with confidence intervals ranging between 1.43 and 2.31 log₁₀. We suggest that an application time of 10s may be sufficient for the treatment of the forearm as part of preoperative hand disinfection, provided that an appropriate product is used.
authors: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany. nhuebner@uni-greifswald.de
authors: N-O
authors: NO
authors: Hübner
authors: N B
authors: NB
authors: Kellner
authors: L I
authors: LI
authors: Partecke
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Koburger
authors: C-D
authors: CD
authors: Heidecke
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kohlmann
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000382:microbiology*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local