title: Aggregation stability of a monoclonal antibody during downstream processing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of several operative parameters, particularly pH and salt concentration, on the stability and aggregation kinetics of IgG solutions under the conditions typically encountered in downstream processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The time evolution of the aggregates is analyzed by a combination of dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and field flow fractionation (FFF). Secondary structure changes are monitored by circular dichroism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the given antibody, it is found that at pH lower than 4.0 addition of salt induces a reversible aggregation to oligomers accompanied by an increase in the content of the β-sheet structure. The aggregation rate increases monotonically with the salt concentration. Both the SEC and FFF techniques are successfully applied to obtain the oligomer distributions, and their results are consistent. The modified Lumry-Eyring kinetic model can well describe the time evolutions of the oligomers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the given antibody, low pH and presence of salt induce conformational changes that are responsible for the reversible aggregation, but in the investigated conditions only small soluble oligomers are formed and oligomer sizes larger than trimer are negligible. For this reason, no accompanied macroscopic changes can be observed.
authors: Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Arosio
authors: Giuliano
authors: G
authors: Barolo
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Müller-Späth
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Wu
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Morbidelli
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry*; D002021:Buffers; D002850:Chromatography, Gel / Q000379:methods; D002942:Circular Dichroism / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D031521:Fractionation, Field Flow / Q000379:methods; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002021:Buffers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012996:Solutions; D012965:Sodium Chloride