title: Simulation of human intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of 21 diverse compounds using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The importance of predicting human pharmacokinetics during compound selection has been recognized in the pharmaceutical industry. To this end there are many different approaches that are applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we compared the accuracy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) methodologies implemented in GastroPlus™ with the one-compartment approach routinely used at Pfizer for human pharmacokinetic plasma concentration-time profile prediction. Twenty-one Pfizer compounds were selected based on the availability of relevant preclinical and clinical data. Intravenous and oral human simulations were performed for each compound. To understand any mispredictions, simulations were also performed using the observed clearance (CL) value as input into the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulation results using PBPK were shown to be superior to those obtained via traditional one-compartment analyses. In many cases, this difference was statistically significant. Specifically, the results showed that the PBPK approach was able to accurately predict passive distribution and absorption processes. Some issues and limitations remain with respect to the prediction of CL and active transport processes and these need to be improved to further increase the utility of PBPK modelling. A particular advantage of the PBPK approach is its ability to accurately predict the multiphasic shape of the pharmacokinetic profiles for many of the compounds tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this evaluation demonstrate the utility of PBPK methodology for the prediction of human pharmacokinetics. This methodology can be applied at different stages to enhance the understanding of the compounds in a particular chemical series, guide experiments, aid candidate selection and inform clinical trial design.
authors: Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide RD, Sandwich, UK. hannah.jones@pfizer.com
authors: Hannah M
authors: HM
authors: Jones
authors: Iain B
authors: IB
authors: Gardner
authors: Wendy T
authors: WT
authors: Collard
authors: Phil J
authors: PJ
authors: Stanley
authors: Penny
authors: P
authors: Oxley
authors: Natilie A
authors: NA
authors: Hosea
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Plowchalk
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Gernhardt
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Lin
authors: Maurice
authors: M
authors: Dickins
authors: S Ravi
authors: SR
authors: Rahavendran
authors: Barry C
authors: BC
authors: Jones
authors: Kenny J
authors: KJ
authors: Watson
authors: Henry
authors: H
authors: Pertinez
authors: Vikas
authors: V
authors: Kumar
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Cole
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations