title: [Treatment of locally advanced prostatic cancer].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A locally advanced prostate cancer is defined as a malignant process spreading beyond the prostate capsule or in seminal vesicles but without distant metastasis or regional lymph nodes invasion.
  An exact staging of clinical T3 stadium is usually difficult because of the frequent over and under staging. The risk prognostic stratification is performed through nomograms and ANN (artificial neural networks). The options for treatment are: radical prostatectomy, external radiotherapy and interstitial implantation of radioisotopes, hormonal therapy by androgen blockade. Radical prostatectomy is considered in patients with T3 stage but extensive dissection of lymph nodes, dissection of neurovascular bundle (on tumor side), total removal of seminal vesicle and sometimes resection of bladder neck are obligatory. Postoperative radiotherapy is performed in patients with invasion of seminal vesicles and capsular penetration or with prostate specific antigen value over 0.1 ng/ml, one month after the surgical treatment. Definitive radiotherapy could be used as the best treatment option considering clinical stage, Gleason score, age, starting prostate specific antigen (PSA) value, concomitant diseases, life expectancy, quality of life, through multidisciplinary approach (combined with androgen deprivation). Hormonal therapy in intended for patients who are not eligible for surgical treatment or radiotherapy. Conclusion Management of locally advanced prostate cancer is still controversial and studies fbr better diagnosis and new treatment modalities are ongoing.
authors: Klinicki centar Vojvodine, Novi Sad. gmarusic@nscable.net
authors: Goran
authors: G
authors: Marusić
authors: Sasa
authors: S
authors: Vojinov
authors: Ivan
authors: I
authors: Levakov
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*