title: Methodologies for the characterization, identification and quantification of S-nitrosylated proteins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein S-nitrosylation plays a central role in signal transduction by nitric oxide (NO), and aberrant S-nitrosylation of specific proteins is increasingly implicated in disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, methodologies for the characterization, identification and quantification of SNO-proteins are reviewed, focusing on techniques suitable for the structural characterization and absolute quantification of isolated SNO-proteins, the identification and relative quantification of SNO-proteins from complex mixtures as well as the mass spectrometry-based identification and relative quantification of sites of S-nitrosylation (SNO-sites) in proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Structural characterization of SNO-proteins by X-ray crystallography is increasingly being utilized to understand both the relationships between protein structure and Cys thiol reactivity as well as the consequences of S-nitrosylation on protein structure and function. New methods for the proteomic identification and quantification of SNO-proteins and SNO-sites have greatly impacted the ability to study protein S-nitrosylation in complex biological systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to identify and quantify SNO-proteins has long been rate-determining for scientific advances in the field of protein S-nitrosylation. Therefore, it is critical that investigators in the field have a good understand the utility and limitations of modern analytical techniques for SNO-protein analysis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation.
authors: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. mwfoster@duke.edu
authors: Matthew W
authors: MW
authors: Foster
mesh_terms: D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D015538:Nitrosation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols; D009569:Nitric Oxide