title: The association between symptoms and exposure is stronger in dropouts than in non-dropouts among employees in Norwegian smelters: a five-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have investigated the association between respiratory symptoms and dust exposure among employees in 18 Norwegian smelters using a longitudinal design.
  
  
  METHODS
  All employees (N = 3,084) were examined annually for 5 years (12,996 health examinations). At each examination, the subjects reported if they had respiratory symptoms, coded as 1 (yes) or 0 (no), on a respiratory questionnaire. Symptom score was constructed as the sum of symptoms (0-5). Full-time workers in the production line were classified as line operators; subjects never exposed in the production line were regarded as non-exposed. The remaining individuals were classified as non-line operators. A job-exposure matrix regarding dust exposure was also available. Analyses of repeated measurements were performed using generalised linear mixed model with log-link (Poisson regression). Adjustments were made for overdispersion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at inclusion was 39.0 years, and 89% were men. The median dust exposure in tertiles 1-3 was 0.19, 1.76 and 3.47 mg/m(3). The longitudinal analyses showed that the association between symptoms-score ratio (SSR) and job category was significantly stronger in dropouts compared with non-dropouts (p = 0.01). Among the dropouts, SSR was 1.61 (95% confidence interval: 1.27-2.05) and 1.39 (1.09-1.77) in line operators and non-line operators compared with non-exposed employees, respectively. The corresponding SSR for subjects who completed the study was 1.13 (1.01-1.27) and 1.12 (1.00-1.26), respectively. Similarly, among the dropouts, the SSR between the second and the first tertile was 1.28 (1.05-1.55) and 1.37 (1.13-1.66) between the third tertile and the first tertile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Line operators had more respiratory symptoms than non-exposed employees. This effect was significantly stronger in dropouts than in those who continued their jobs, indicating that there is a selection of subjects without respiratory symptoms in this industry.
authors: Department of Medicine, Faculty Division Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway. vidar.soyseth@medisin.uio.no
authors: Vidar
authors: V
authors: Søyseth
authors: Helle Laier
authors: HL
authors: Johnsen
authors: Merete Drevvatne
authors: MD
authors: Bugge
authors: Johny
authors: J
authors: Kongerud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000506:poisoning*; D004391:Dust; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D000075322:Heavy Metal Poisoning; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust