title: The association between insomnia severity and healthcare and productivity costs in a health plan sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insomnia is a chronic condition with significant burden on health care and productivity costs. Despite this recognized burden, very few studies have examined associations between insomnia severity and healthcare and productivity costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study linking health claims data with a telephone survey of members of a health plan in the Midwestern region of the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  The total healthcare costs study sample consisted of 2086 health plan members who completed the survey and who had complete health claims data. The productivity costs sample consisted of 1329 health plan members who worked for pay-a subset of the total healthcare costs sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects' age, gender, demographic variables, comorbidities, and total health care costs were ascertained using health claims. Insomnia severity and lost productivity related variables were assessed using telephone interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the no insomnia group, mean total healthcare costs were 75% larger in the group with moderate and severe insomnia ($1323 vs. $757, P<0.05). Compared with the no insomnia group, mean lost productivity costs were 72% larger in the moderate and severe insomnia group ($1739 vs. $1013, P<0.001). Chronic medical comorbidities and psychiatric comorbidities were positively associated with health care cost. In contrast, psychiatric comorbidities were associated with lost productivity; while, medical comorbidities were not associated with lost productivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health care and lost productivity costs were consistently found to be greater in moderate and severe insomniacs compared with non-insomniacs. Factors associated with lost productivity and health care costs may be fundamentally different and may require different kinds of interventions. Future studies should focus on better understanding mechanisms linking insomnia to healthcare and productivity costs and to understanding whether developing targeted interventions will reduce these costs.
authors: Global Health Outcomes, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, DC 1833, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. Sarsour_khaled@lilly.com
authors: Khaled
authors: K
authors: Sarsour
authors: Anupama
authors: A
authors: Kalsekar
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Swindle
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Foley
authors: James K
authors: JK
authors: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires