title: Emotions and trait emotional intelligence among ultra-endurance runners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between trait emotional intelligence and emotional state changes over the course of an ultra-endurance foot race covering a route of approximately 175 miles (282 km) and held in set stages over six days.
  
  
  METHODS
  A repeated measures field design that sought to maintain ecological validity was used. Trait emotional intelligence was defined as a relatively stable concept that should predict adaptive emotional states experienced over the duration of the race and therefore associate with pleasant emotions during a 6-stage endurance event.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four runners completed a self-report measure of trait emotional intelligence before the event started. Participants reported emotional states before and after each of the six races.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repeated measures ANOVA results showed significant variations in emotions over time and a main effect for trait emotional intelligence. Runners high in self-report trait emotional intelligence also reported higher pleasant and lower unpleasant emotions than runners low in trait emotional intelligence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings lend support to the notion that trait emotional intelligence associates with adaptive psychological states, suggesting that it may be a key individual difference that explains why some athletes respond to repeated bouts of hard exercise better than others. Future research should test the effectiveness of interventions designed to enhance trait emotional intelligence and examine the attendant impact on emotional responses to intense exercise during multi-stage events.
authors: School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure, University of Wolverhampton, UK. A.M.Lane2@wlv.ac.uk
authors: Andrew M
authors: AM
authors: Lane
authors: Mathew
authors: M
authors: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D056348:Emotional Intelligence; D004644:Emotions; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012420:Running / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult