title: Metabolic syndrome and neurometabolic asymmetry of hippocampus in adult bonnet monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is associated with the insulin resistance metabolic syndrome, postulated to be mediated by stress-induced alterations within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In adult bonnet macaques we examined relationships between components of the metabolic syndrome, hippocampal neurometabolic asymmetry, an indicator of negative affect, and juvenile cerebrospinal fluid (csf) corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) levels obtained after stress exposure associated with maternal food insecurity and in controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven adult male monkeys (seven with early life stress) who had undergone csf-CRF analyses as juveniles had magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of bilateral hippocampus, morphometry (body mass index, BMI; sagittal abdominal diameter, SAD) and determination of fasting plasma glucose and insulin as adults. Neurometabolite ratios included N-acetyl-aspartate as numerator (NAA; a marker of neuronal integrity) and choline (Cho; cell turnover) and creatine (Cr; reference analyte) as denominators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated juvenile csf-CRF levels positively predicted adult BMI and SAD and were associated with right>left shift of NAA ratio within the hippocampus. Adult visceral obesity and insulin level correlated with right>left shift in hippocampal NAA concentrations, controlling for age and denominator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Juvenile csf-CRF levels, a neuropeptide associated with early life stress, predict adult visceral obesity and hippocampal asymmetry supporting the hypothesis that metabolic syndrome in adults may be related to early life stress. Furthermore, this study demonstrates asymmetrical hippocampal alterations related to obesity.
authors: SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Primate Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brooklyn, NY 11203-2098, USA. Copstat00@aol.com
authors: Jeremy D
authors: JD
authors: Coplan
authors: Chadi G
authors: CG
authors: Abdallah
authors: Sanjay J
authors: SJ
authors: Mathew
authors: Dikoma C
authors: DC
authors: Shungu
authors: Xiangling
authors: X
authors: Mao
authors: Eric L P
authors: EL
authors: Smith
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Kaufman
authors: Jack M
authors: JM
authors: Gorman
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Owens
authors: Charles B
authors: CB
authors: Nemeroff
authors: Mary Ann
authors: MA
authors: Banerji
authors: Leonard A
authors: LA
authors: Rosenblum
authors: John G
authors: JG
authors: Kral
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008255:Macaca radiata; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline