title: Probiotics affect the clinical inflammatory parameters of experimental gingivitis in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of a probiotic milk drink consumed over a period of 28 days, regarding the expression of clinical inflammatory parameters of the oral gingiva during various phases of plaque-induced gingivitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight adults with healthy gingiva took part in a prospective and clinical-controlled study. The test group was advised to consume a probiotic milk drink (Yacult) daily during a period of 4 weeks; the control group did not receive any probiotic food or drink. After 2 weeks of consumption of the probiotic drink, participants were advised not to brush their teeth for 14 days. Subsequently, at baseline as well as on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14, the following clinical parameters were assessed: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume and bleeding on probing (BOP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, the PI was significantly higher in the test group compared with controls (0.44±0.50 vs 0.09±0.24 PI; P=0.0001). The termination of oral hygiene increased clinical inflammatory parameters in both groups. At day 14, the parameters PI, GI, GCF volume and BOP were significantly higher compared with baseline values (P=0.0001). At day 14, BOP levels (18.75±12.32 vs 36.88±12.54%) and GCF volume (18.78±16.7 vs 35.72±16.1 Periotron units) were significantly lower in the test group compared with the control group (P=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study indicate that a daily consumption of a probiotic milk drink reduces the effects of plaque-induced gingival inflammation associated with a higher plaque score due to the high-carbohydrate content of the probiotic milk beverage.
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Slawik
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Staufenbiel
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Schilke
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Nicksch
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Weinspach
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Stiesch
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Eberhard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D043302:Cultured Milk Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004037:Diet, Cariogenic; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010512:Periodontal Index; D019936:Probiotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D055815:Young Adult