title: Conversion of hexose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in imidazolium ionic liquids with and without a catalyst.
abstract: Conversion of fructose and glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was investigated in various imidazolium ionic liquids, including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HmimCl), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (OmimCl), 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BemimCl), 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride (BdmimCl), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium p-toluenesulfonate (BmimPS). The acidic C-2 hydrogen of imidazolium cations was shown to play a major role in the dehydration of fructose in the absence of a catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or CrCl(3). Both the alkyl groups of imidazolium cations and the type of anions affected the reactivity of the carbohydrates. Although, except BmimCl and BemimCl, other four ionic liquids could only achieve not more than 25% HMF yields without an additional catalyst, 60-80% HMF yields were achieved in HmimCl, BdmimCl, and BmimPS in the presence of sulfuric acid or CrCl(3) in sufficient quantities.
authors: Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, People's Republic of China.
authors: Quan
authors: Q
authors: Cao
authors: Xingcui
authors: X
authors: Guo
authors: Shengxi
authors: S
authors: Yao
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Guan
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Xindong
authors: X
authors: Mu
authors: Dongke
authors: D
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001881:Borates; D002384:Catalysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D017608:Chromium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005632:Fructose / Q000737:chemistry*; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C496308:1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium; C525965:1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium; C528767:1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium; C528768:1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium; D001881:Borates; D002712:Chlorides; D017608:Chromium Compounds; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; D005632:Fructose; C502841:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; C008046:5-hydroxymethylfurfural; C017133:chromous chloride; D005662:Furaldehyde; D005947:Glucose; C033158:sulfuric acid