title: Simplifying EPID dosimetry for IMRT treatment verification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) are increasingly used for IMRT dose verification, both pretreatment and in vivo. In this study, an earlier developed backprojection model has been modified to avoid the need for patient-specific transmission measurements and, consequently, leads to a faster procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Currently, the transmission, an essential ingredient of the backprojection model, is estimated from the ratio of EPID measurements with and without a phantom/patient in the beam. Thus, an additional irradiation to obtain "open images" under the same conditions as the actual phantom/patient irradiation is required. However, by calculating the transmission of the phantom/patient in the direction of the beam instead of using open images, this extra measurement can be avoided. This was achieved by using a model that includes the effect of beam hardening and off-axis dependence of the EPID response on photon beam spectral changes. The parameters in the model were empirically obtained by performing EPID measurements using polystyrene slab phantoms of different thickness in 6, 10, and 18 MV photon beams. A theoretical analysis to verify the sensitivity of the model with patient thickness changes was performed. The new model was finally applied for the analysis of EPID dose verification measurements of step-and-shoot IMRT treatments of head and neck, lung, breast, cervix, prostate, and rectum patients. All measurements were carried out using Elekta SL20i linear accelerators equipped with a hydrogenated amorphous silicon EPID, and the IMRT plans were made using PINNACLE software (Philips Medical Systems).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed generally good agreement with the dose determined using the old model applying the measured transmission. The average differences between EPID-based in vivo dose at the isocenter determined using either the new model for transmission and its measured value were 2.6 +/- 3.1%, 0.2 +/- 3.1%, and 2.2 +/- 3.9% for 47 patients treated with 6, 10, and 18 MV IMRT beams, respectively. For the same group of patients, the differences in mean gamma analysis (3% maximum dose, 3 mm) were 0.16 +/- 0.26%, 0.21 +/- 0.24%, and 0.02 +/- 0.12%, respectively. For a subgroup of 11 patients, pretreatment verification was also performed, showing similar dose differences at the isocenter: -1.9 +/- 0.9%, -1.4 +/- 1.2%, and -0.4 +/- 2.4%, with somewhat lower mean gamma difference values: 0.01 +/- 0.09%, 0.01 +/- 0.07%, and -0.09 +/- 0.10%, respectively. Clinical implementation of the new model would save 450 h/yr spent in measurement of open images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that calculating instead of measuring the transmission leads to differences in the isocenter dose generally smaller than 2% (2.6% for 6 MV photon beams for in vivo dose) and yielded only slightly higher gamma-evaluation parameter values in planes through the isocenter. Hence, the new model is suitable for clinical implementation and measurement of open images can be omitted.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.pecharroman@nki.nl
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Pecharromán-Gallego
authors: Anton
authors: A
authors: Mans
authors: Jan-Jakob
authors: JJ
authors: Sonke
authors: Joep C
authors: JC
authors: Stroom
authors: Igor
authors: I
authors: Olaciregui-Ruiz
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: van Herk
authors: Ben J
authors: BJ
authors: Mijnheer
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*