title: Transcranial brain stimulation: clinical applications and future directions.
abstract: Noninvasive brain stimulation is a valuable investigative tool and has potential therapeutic applications in cognitive neuroscience, neurophysiology, psychiatry, and neurology. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is particularly useful to establish and map causal brain-behavior relations in motor and nonmotor cortical areas. Neuronavigated TMS is able to provide precise information related to the individual's functional anatomy that can be visualized and used during surgical interventions and critically aid in presurgical planning, reducing the need for riskier and more cumbersome intraoperative or invasive mapping procedures. This article reviews methodological aspects, clinical applications, and future directions of TMS-based mapping.
authors: Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors: Umer
authors: U
authors: Najib
authors: Shahid
authors: S
authors: Bashir
authors: Dylan
authors: D
authors: Edwards
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Rotenberg
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Pascual-Leone
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012449:Safety; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*