title: Lateral gene transfer of streptococcal ICE element RD2 (region of difference 2) encoding secreted proteins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genome of serotype M28 group A Streptococcus (GAS) strain MGAS6180 contains a novel genetic element named Region of Difference 2 (RD2) that encodes seven putative secreted extracellular proteins. RD2 is present in all serotype M28 strains and strains of several other GAS serotypes associated with female urogenital infections. We show here that the GAS RD2 element is present in strain MGAS6180 both as an integrative chromosomal form and a circular extrachromosomal element. RD2-like regions were identified in publicly available genome sequences of strains representing three of the five major group B streptococcal serotypes causing human disease. Ten RD2-encoded proteins have significant similarity to proteins involved in conjugative transfer of Streptococcus thermophilus integrative chromosomal elements (ICEs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We transferred RD2 from GAS strain MGAS6180 (serotype M28) to serotype M1 and M4 GAS strains by filter mating. The copy number of the RD2 element was rapidly and significantly increased following treatment of strain MGAS6180 with mitomycin C, a DNA damaging agent. Using a PCR-based method, we also identified RD2-like regions in multiple group C and G strains of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp.equisimilis cultured from invasive human infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the data indicate that the RD2 element has disseminated by lateral gene transfer to genetically diverse strains of human-pathogenic streptococci.
authors: Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. iza.sitkiewicz@gmail.com
authors: Izabela
authors: I
authors: Sitkiewicz
authors: Nicole M
authors: NM
authors: Green
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Guo
authors: Laurent
authors: L
authors: Mereghetti
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Musser
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D006801:Humans; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; D017385:Sequence Homology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D048249:Streptococcus thermophilus / Q000235:genetics; D026801:Synteny
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins