title: Effect of anionic and cationic n-butylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles on NO and cytokine production in Raw264.7 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on drug delivery carriers that use nanoparticles is currently attracting a great deal of attention. In order to evaluate the safety of these drug carriers for clinical applications, a full assessment of their toxicity and bioactivity is required. Although it is well-known that the surface charge of nanoparticles influences their bioactivity, most of the published studies on n-butylcyanoacrylate (NBCA) nanoparticles as a potential drug delivery carrier are restricted to analyzing the anionic form.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared biological responses of cyanoacrylate anionic nanoparticles with cationic nanoparticles in cultured murine macrophages for assessing cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytotoxicity was evaluated with the MTS and LDH leakage assays. Inflammatory responses were evaluated by measurement of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The interaction of the nanoparticle and the macrophage was assessed by fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anionic and cationic NP showed no detectable cytotoxicity at a concentration of 10 µg/mL or less. At concentrations greater than 10 µg/mL, cationic NP displayed lower cytotoxicity by comparison with anionic NP. NO, IL-6, and TNF-α production were not induced by anionic or cationic nanoparticles alone. In contrast, both types of nanoparticles decreased NO, IL-6, and TNF-α productions induced by LPS. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of anionic nanoparticles was significantly greater than that of cationic nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were presumed to be either internalized or attached to the cell membranes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NBCA nanoparticles are not only important as potential drug carriers but also as promising anti-inflammatory agents that may have therapeutic properties.
authors: Department of Pharmaco-Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
authors: Yusuke
authors: Y
authors: Tomita
authors: Akiko
authors: A
authors: Rikimaru-Kaneko
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Hashiguchi
authors: Shoichi
authors: S
authors: Shirotake
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002412:Cations / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002412:Cations; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004659:Enbucrilate