title: Simulation-based sodium thiosulfate dosing strategies for the treatment of calciphylaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Calciphylaxis remains a poorly understood life-threatening disorder with limited therapeutic options. Sodium thiosulfate (STS) has reported efficacy, thought to be because solubilizing calcium deposits promote clearance by hemodialysis (HD). Lack of rigorous pharmacokinetic studies makes it problematic for determining proper STS dosing given the expanding range of dialysis prescriptions and intensities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The purpose of this study was to determine the dosing strategies for STS during different dialysis regimens. Given reported successes using an empiric 25 g, intravenous, 3 times per week after HD, simulations were performed to predict dosing guidelines for alternative, more or less intense dialysis to produce equivalent area under the curve drug exposure. The modeled prescriptions varied HD time from 12 to 40 h/wk over three to six sessions (Q(b) 200 to 400 ml/min, Q(d) 500 to 800 ml/min), and continuous venovenous hemodialysis at low flow rates (Q(b) 100 to 200 ml/min, Q(d) 35 to 50 ml/min), using high-flux polysulfone hemofilters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulations showed a marked variation in STS doses depending on HD frequency and duration. Blood and dialysate flows have a less prominent effect. Assuming no residual renal function, HD prescription permutations caused the dose to vary from 72 to 245 g/wk (70-kg adult), and the simulations provide specific guidelines for clinicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the success reported for one STS dosing regimen and assuming area under the curve exposure of STS is proportional to its effect, pharmacokinetic simulations can be used to calculate the dose for alternative, higher or lower intensity dialysis regimens. These strategies are imperative to assure adequate treatment for this mortal disease, as well as to avoid toxicity from excess dosing.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0224, USA.
authors: Rajendra Pratap
authors: RP
authors: Singh
authors: Hartmut
authors: H
authors: Derendorf
authors: Edward A
authors: EA
authors: Ross
mesh_terms: D002115:Calciphylaxis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008954:Models, Biological; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013885:Thiosulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D013885:Thiosulfates; C017717:sodium thiosulfate