title: The effect of hydrogen-rich saline on the brain of rats with transient ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, hydrogen gas (H(2)) has protective effects on a variety of organs from damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In this study, we tested the protective effect of hydrogen-rich saline on the brain in a global cerebral I/R model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a four-vessel occlusion model of global cerebral ischemia (15 min) and reperfusion with rats. The rats were divided into four groups (n = 96): sham, I/R plus physiologic saline injected intraperitoneally, I/R plus hydrogen-rich saline injected intraperitoneally at the beginning of reperfusion, and I/R plus hydrogen-rich saline injected intraperitoneally 6 h after reperfusion began. One group of rats was sacrificed after 24 h of reperfusion. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured to quantify the oxidative stress. Caspase-3 was measured to indicate the status of apoptosis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were measured to monitor the inflammation. Another group of rats was sacrificed after 72 h of reperfusion to measure the histologic damages in hippocampus by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with rats with I/R only, hydrogen-rich saline treatment significantly improved the amount of surviving cells. NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, and caspase-3 were all increased significantly by I/R injury. Hydrogen-rich saline reduced all these markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of hydrogen-rich saline has strong protective effect on the transient global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
authors: Qing
authors: Q
authors: Ji
authors: Kangli
authors: K
authors: Hui
authors: Lidong
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Xuejun
authors: X
authors: Sun
authors: Weiyan
authors: W
authors: Li
authors: Manlin
authors: M
authors: Duan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006859:Hydrogen; D053148:Caspase 3