title: Water use practices limit the effectiveness of a temephos-based Aedes aegypti larval control program in Northern Argentina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A five-year citywide control program based on regular application of temephos significantly reduced Aedes aegypti larval indices but failed to maintain them below target levels in Clorinda, northern Argentina. Incomplete surveillance coverage and reduced residuality of temephos were held as the main putative causes limiting effectiveness of control actions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The duration of temephos residual effects in household-owned water-holding tanks (the most productive container type and main target for control) was estimated prospectively in two trials. Temephos was applied using spoons or inside perforated small zip-lock bags. Water samples from the study tanks (including positive and negative controls) were collected weekly and subjected to larval mortality bioassays. Water turnover was estimated quantitatively by adding sodium chloride to the study tanks and measuring its dilution 48 hs later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median duration of residual effects of temephos applied using spoons (2.4 weeks) was significantly lower than with zip-lock bags (3.4 weeks), and widely heterogeneous between tanks. Generalized estimating equations models showed that bioassay larval mortality was strongly affected by water type and type of temephos application depending on water type. Water type and water turnover were highly significantly associated. Tanks filled with piped water had high turnover rates and short-lasting residual effects, whereas tanks filled with rain water showed the opposite pattern. On average, larval infestations reappeared nine weeks post-treatment and seven weeks after estimated loss of residuality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temephos residuality in the field was much shorter and more variable than expected. The main factor limiting temephos residuality was fast water turnover, caused by householders' practice of refilling tanks overnight to counteract the intermittence of the local water supply. Limited field residuality of temephos accounts in part for the inability of the larval control program to further reduce infestation levels with a treatment cycle period of 3 or 4 months.
authors: Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors: Fernando M
authors: FM
authors: Garelli
authors: Manuel O
authors: MO
authors: Espinosa
authors: Diego
authors: D
authors: Weinberg
authors: María A
authors: MA
authors: Trinelli
authors: Ricardo E
authors: RE
authors: Gürtler
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D000002:Temefos / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000469:parasitology*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014867:Water; D000002:Temefos