title: Betel quid chewing elevates human exposure to arsenic, cadmium and lead.
abstract: Several studies have reported increased skin lesions in betel quid (a mixture of Piper betel leaves, areca nut, tobacco/flavoured tobacco, lime) chewers compared to non-chewers, exposed to arsenic (As) contaminated drinking water in Bangladesh and India. The current study has determined As, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels of betel quids and its components using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The highest concentrations of As were found in slaked lime (4.56 mg kg(-1)) followed by Piper betel leaves (0.406 mg kg(-1)) and flavoured tobacco (zarda) (0.285 mg kg(-1)), with a mean concentrations of As in betel quids of 0.035 mg kg(-1) (SD 0.02 mg kg(-1)). Mean concentrations of Cd and Pb in ordinary quids were 0.028 (SD 0.07 mg kg(-1)) and 0.423 (SD 1.4 mg kg(-1)), respectively. We estimated that a daily intake of 6 betel quids could contribute 1.2, 1.9 and 8.5% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMDTI) for As, Cd and Pb, respectively. Since betel quid chewing is most prevalent among women, our finding raises concern that women chewers - especially pregnant chewers - may be harming their health and that of their unborn babies through increased exposure to a mixture of toxic elements (As, Cd and Pb).
authors: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
authors: Shaban W
authors: SW
authors: Al-Rmalli
authors: Richard O
authors: RO
authors: Jenkins
authors: Parvez I
authors: PI
authors: Haris
mesh_terms: D001114:Areca / Q000737:chemistry*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis; D001459:Bangladesh; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008409:Mastication; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D031721:Piper betle / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D001151:Arsenic