title: Retinoic acid prevents ventricular remodelling induced by tobacco smoke exposure in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to test the hypothesis that retinoic acid supplementation could attenuate ventricular remodelling induced by tobacco smoke exposure in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wistar rats were allocated into three groups: control (C, n = 8); exposed to tobacco smoke (ETS, n = 9); exposed to tobacco smoke and all-trans-retinoic acid (ETS-RA, n = 9). After two months, cardiac function and geometry were assessed by echocardiography, and geometry changes were confirmed by morphometric analysis. Data are expressed as mean +/- SD or medians (including the lower quartile and upper quartile). ETS showed higher normalized left ventricular diastolic diameters than groups C and ETS-RA (C = 18.4 +/- 3.57 mm/kg, ETS = 23.0 +/- 1.8, ETS-RA = 19.5 +/- 0.99; P <0.05) and systolic diameters (C = 8.25 +/- 2.16 mm/kg, ETS = 11.5 +/- 1.31, ETS-RA = 8.25 +/- 0.71 mm/kg; P < 0.05). ETS showed reduced ejection fraction (C= 91 +/- 2.0, ETS = 87 +/- 3.0, ETS-RA = 92 +/- 3.0; P < 0.05) and fractional shortening (C = 55.8 +/- 4.41%, ETS = 49.7 +/- 4.43%, ETS-RA = 57.6 +/- 5.15 %; P= 0.01) compared to C and ETS-RA. ETS had increased myocyte cross-sectional area (C = 294 +/- 21 mm2, ETS = 352 +/-44, ETS-RA = 310 +/- 35; P < 0.05) compared to C and ETS-RA. Considering all variables, there were no differences between groups C and ETS-RA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinoic acid prevented ventricular remodelling induced by tobacco smoke exposure.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil.
authors: Lucienne C
authors: LC
authors: Oliveira
authors: Paula S
authors: PS
authors: Azevedo
authors: Marcos E
authors: ME
authors: Minicucci
authors: Bruna P M
authors: BP
authors: Rafacho
authors: Daniella R
authors: DR
authors: Duarte
authors: Luiz S
authors: LS
authors: Matsubara
authors: Beatriz B
authors: BB
authors: Matsubara
authors: Sergio A R
authors: SA
authors: Paiva
authors: Leonardo A M
authors: LA
authors: Zornoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014212:Tretinoin