title: Remission prognosis for cognitive therapy for recurrent depression using the pupil: utility and neural correlates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although up to 60% of people with major depressive disorder respond to cognitive therapy (CT) in controlled trials, clinicians do not routinely use standardized assessments to inform which patients should receive this treatment. Inexpensive, noninvasive prognostic indicators could aid in matching patients with appropriate treatments. Pupillary response to emotional information is an excellent candidate, reflecting limbic reactivity and executive control. This study examined 1) whether pretreatment assessment of pupillary responses to negative information were associated with remission in CT and 2) their associated brain mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether pretreatment pupillary responses to emotional stimuli were prognostic for remission in an inception cohort of 32 unipolar depressed adults to 16 to 20 sessions of CT. Twenty patients were then assessed on the same task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Pupillary responses were assessed in 51 never-depressed controls for reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Remission was associated with either low initial severity or the combination of higher initial severity and low sustained pupillary responses to negative words (87% correct classification of remitters and nonremitters, 93% sensitivity, 80% specificity; 88% correct classification of high-severity participants, p < .01, 90% sensitivity, 92% specificity). Increased pupillary responses were associated with increased activity in dorsolateral prefrontal regions associated with executive control and emotion regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with higher severity, disruptions of executive control mechanisms responsible for initiating emotion regulation, which are indexed by low sustained pupil responses and targeted in therapy, may be key to remitting in this intervention. These mechanisms can be measured using inexpensive noninvasive psychophysiological assessments.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. gsiegle@pitt.edu
authors: Greg J
authors: GJ
authors: Siegle
authors: Stuart R
authors: SR
authors: Steinhauer
authors: Edward S
authors: ES
authors: Friedman
authors: Wesley S
authors: WS
authors: Thompson
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Thase
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011680:Pupil; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome