title: Effects of cigarette smoking on endurance performance levels of 16- to 19-year-old males.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of cigarette smoking on the levels of endurance performance in teenagers. Longitudinal data of physical characteristics, smoking habits, exercise habits, and time records in both 1500-meter run and 10-kilometer run of 202 sixteen-to-nineteen-year-old male students were retrieved and analyzed retrospectively. The results showed that the performance levels of exercise-neversmokers in the 1500-meter run did improve as the subjects grew older, and that over the same period, the exercise-smokers did not improve but were able only to maintain their performance levels. The results of two way analysis of variance(ANOVA) indicated that smoking negatively and independently impacts how eighteen and nineteen-year-olds will perform in a 10-kilometer run. The reduced levels of endurance performance in the non-exercise smokers showed up in their results in the 10-kilometer run, and the diminished performance levels of the exercise-smokers were revealed in their 1500-meter run times. These results suggest that smokers obtain less benefits from training than non-smokers, and that we need to assess endurance performance levels among the young by paying careful attention to their smoking habits.
authors: Toyama University, 3190 Gofuku, 930-8555, Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture, Japan, hashizum@edu.toyama-u.ac.jp.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Hashizume
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Kusaka
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kawahara