title: Swedish healthcare management practices and quality improvement work: development trends.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine developmental trends in healthcare organisation management practice and improvement work.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary healthcare centre (n = 1,031) and clinical hospital department (n = 1,542) managers were surveyed in spring 2007 (response rate 46 per cent). This article compares results from this survey with a study in 2003. A theoretical framework based on organisational inner context, organisational outer context, external environment and outcomes form the analytical base. Comparisons were made using independent two-sample t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A general aspect, identified empirically, is the tendency toward increased external pressure on leaders in their improvement work. Higher management decisions, patient pressure and decisions made by policymakers increasingly influence and shape the choices made by healthcare managers about where to focus improvement efforts. Three different trends are empirically identified and elaborated: take-control logic; practice-based improvement; and patient-centeredness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare leaders should carefully design new management control systems that support healthcare micro systems. Findings support the general assumption that staff increasingly tend to focus organisational changes on management control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study extends management research with a unique survey. Through two measurements made in 2003 and 2007, several important trends about how healthcare organisations are managed and developed are identified.
authors: Division of Quality Management and Technology, HELIX Research Centre, Linköping University, Linkõing, Sweden. mattias.elg@liu.se
authors: Mattias
authors: M
authors: Elg
authors: Jesper
authors: J
authors: Stenberg
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Kammerlind
authors: Sofia
authors: S
authors: Tullberg
authors: Jesper
authors: J
authors: Olsson
mesh_terms: D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006739:Hospital Administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D020399:Practice Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013548:Sweden