title: Californium-252 brachytherapy combined with external-beam radiotherapy for cervical cancer: long-term treatment results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe, by retrospective analysis, the curative effects and complications due to californium-252 (252Cf) neutron intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) combined with external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in the treatment of cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 1999 to December 2007, 696 patients with cervical cancer (Stages IB to IIIB) were treated with 252Cf-ICBT in combination of EBRT. Of all, 31 patients were at Stage IB, 104 at IIA, 363 at IIB, 64 at IIIA, and 134 at IIIB. Californium-252 ICBT was delivered at 7-12 Gy per insertion per week, with a total dose of 29-45 Gy to reference point A in three to five insertions. The whole pelvic cavity was treated with 8-MV X-ray external irradiation at 2 Gy per fraction, four times per week. After 16-38 Gy of external irradiation, the center of the whole pelvic field was blocked with a 4-cm-wide lead shield, with a total external irradiation dose of 44-56 Gy. The total treatment course was 5 to 6 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall survival rate at 3 and 5 years for all patients was 76.0% and 64.9%, respectively. Disease-free 3- and 5-year survival rates of patients were 71.2% and 58.4%, respectively. Late complications included vaginal contracture and adhesion, radiation proctitis, radiation cystitis, and inflammatory bowel, which accounted for 5.8%, 7.1%, 6.2%, and 4.9%, respectively. Univariate analysis results showed significant correlation of stage, age, histopathologic grade, and lymph node status with overall survival. Cox multiple regression analysis showed that the independent variables were stage, histopathologic grade, tumor size, and lymphatic metastasis in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this series suggest that the combined use of 252Cf-ICBT with EBRT is an effective method for treatment of cervical cancer.
authors: Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Lei
authors: Cheng-Yuan
authors: CY
authors: Qian
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Qing
authors: Ke-Wei
authors: KW
authors: Zhao
authors: Zheng-Zhou
authors: ZZ
authors: Yang
authors: Nan
authors: N
authors: Dai
authors: Zhao-Yang
authors: ZY
authors: Zhong
authors: Cheng
authors: C
authors: Tang
authors: Zheng
authors: Z
authors: Li
authors: Xian-Qing
authors: XQ
authors: Gu
authors: Qian
authors: Q
authors: Zhou
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Feng
authors: Yan-Li
authors: YL
authors: Xiong
authors: Jin-Lu
authors: JL
authors: Shan
authors: Dong
authors: D
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D002142:Californium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003286:Contracture / Q000209:etiology; D003556:Cystitis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011349:Proctitis / Q000209:etiology; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014621:Vagina / Q000528:radiation effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002142:Californium