title: CT scanner x-ray spectrum estimation from transmission measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In diagnostic CT imaging, multiple important applications depend on the knowledge of the x-ray spectrum, including Monte Carlo dose calculations and dual-energy material decomposition analysis. Due to the high photon flux involved, it is difficult to directly measure spectra from the x-ray tube of a CT scanner. One potential method for indirect measurement involves estimating the spectrum from transmission measurements. The expectation maximization (EM) method is an accurate and robust method to solve this problem. In this article, this method was evaluated in a commercial CT scanner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two step-wedges (polycarbonate and aluminum) were used to produce different attenuation levels. Transmission measurements were performed on the scanner and the measured data from the scanner were exported to an external computer to calculate the spectra. The EM method was applied to solve the equations that represent the attenuation processes of polychromatic x-ray photons. Estimated spectra were compared to the spectra simulated using a software provided by the manufacturer of the scanner. To test the accuracy of the spectra, a verification experiment was performed using a phantom containing different depths of water. The measured transmission data were compared to the transmission values calculated using the estimated spectra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spectra of 80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp from a dual-source CT scanner were estimated. The estimated and simulated spectra were well matched. The differences of mean energies were less than 1 keV. In the verification experiment, the measured and calculated transmission values were in excellent agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spectrum estimation using transmission data and the EM method is a quantitatively accurate and robust technique to estimate the spectrum of a CT system. This method could benefit studies relying on accurate knowledge of the x-ray spectra from CT scanner.
authors: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors: Xinhui
authors: X
authors: Duan
authors: Jia
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Lifeng
authors: L
authors: Yu
authors: Shuai
authors: S
authors: Leng
authors: Cynthia H
authors: CH
authors: McCollough
mesh_terms: D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water