title: Shotgun sequencing of Yersinia enterocolitica strain W22703 (biotype 2, serotype O:9): genomic evidence for oscillation between invertebrates and mammals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Yersinia enterocolitica strains responsible for mild gastroenteritis in humans are very diverse with respect to their metabolic and virulence properties. Strain W22703 (biotype 2, serotype O:9) was recently identified to possess nematocidal and insecticidal activity. To better understand the relationship between pathogenicity towards insects and humans, we compared the W22703 genome with that of the highly pathogenic strain 8081 (biotype1B; serotype O:8), the only Y. enterocolitica strain sequenced so far.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used whole-genome shotgun data to assemble, annotate and analyse the sequence of strain W22703. Numerous factors assumed to contribute to enteric survival and pathogenesis, among them osmoregulated periplasmic glucan, hydrogenases, cobalamin-dependent pathways, iron uptake systems and the Yersinia genome island 1 (YGI-1) involved in tight adherence were identified to be common to the 8081 and W22703 genomes. However, sets of ~550 genes revealed to be specific for each of them in comparison to the other strain. The plasticity zone (PZ) of 142 kb in the W22703 genome carries an ancient flagellar cluster Flg-2 of ~40 kb, but it lacks the pathogenicity island YAPI(Ye), the secretion system ysa and yts1, and other virulence determinants of the 8081 PZ. Its composition underlines the prominent variability of this genome region and demonstrates its contribution to the higher pathogenicity of biotype 1B strains with respect to W22703. A novel type three secretion system of mosaic structure was found in the genome of W22703 that is absent in the sequenced strains of the human pathogenic Yersinia species, but conserved in the genomes of the apathogenic species. We identified several regions of differences in W22703 that mainly code for transporters, regulators, metabolic pathways, and defence factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The W22703 sequence analysis revealed a genome composition distinct from other pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains, thus contributing novel data to the Y. enterocolitica pan-genome. This study also sheds further light on the strategies of this pathogen to cope with its environments.
authors: Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Department Biowissenschaften, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany. thilo.fuchs@wzw.tum.de
authors: Thilo M
authors: TM
authors: Fuchs
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Brandt
authors: Mandy
authors: M
authors: Starke
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Rattei
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D015698:Genomic Library; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta / Q000382:microbiology; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D005810:Multigene Family; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012984:Software; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C000717249:FLG protein, human; C000717250:FLG2 protein, human; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins