title: Phenomenology and treatment of Catatonia: A descriptive study from north India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies on clinical features of catatonia in the Indian population are few in number.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the phenomenology, clinical profile and treatment response of subjects admitted to the psychiatry inpatient with catatonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed treatment records of all the inpatients were scanned for the period January 2004 to December 2008. Patients with catatonia (diagnosed as two symptoms as per the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating scale) were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 1056 subjects were admitted in the inpatient unit, of which 51 (4.8% of the total admissions) had catatonic features and had been rated on the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating scale. The mean age of the sample was 30.02 years (SD=14.6; range 13-69), with an almost equal gender ratio. Most of the patients presenting with catatonia were diagnosed as having psychotic disorders (40; 74.8%), of which the most common diagnosis was schizophrenia (27; 52.9%) of the catatonic subtype (20; 39.2%). Three subjects with primary diagnosis of a psychotic disorder had comorbid depression. Other diagnoses included mood disorders (7; 13.72%) and organic brain syndromes (04; 7.9%). According to the Bush Francis Rating scale, the common signs and symptoms exhibited by the subjects were mutism (94.1%), followed by immobility/stupor (78.5%), staring (78.4%), negativism (74.5%), rigidity (63%) and posturing/catalepsy (61.8%). All the patients were initially treated with lorazepam. Electroconvulsive therapy was required in most cases (42; 82.35%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The common symptoms of catatonia are mutism, immobility/stupor, staring, posturing, negativism and rigidity. The most common underlying psychiatric diagnosis was schizophrenia.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh - 160 012, India.
authors: Alakananda
authors: A
authors: Dutt
authors: Sandeep
authors: S
authors: Grover
authors: Subho
authors: S
authors: Chakrabarti
authors: Ajit
authors: A
authors: Avasthi
authors: Suresh
authors: S
authors: Kumar