title: Plasma pharmacokinetics, pulmonary distribution, and in vitro activity of gamithromycin in foals.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine the plasma and pulmonary disposition of gamithromycin in foals and to investigate the in vitro activity of the drug against Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) and Rhodococcus equi. A single dose of gamithromycin (6 mg/kg of body weight) was administered intramuscularly. Concentrations of gamithromycin in plasma, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, and blood neutrophils were determined using HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry detection. The minimum inhibitory concentration of gamithromycin required for growth inhibition of 90% of R. equi and S. zooepidemicus isolates (MIC(90)) was determined. Additionally, the activity of gamithromycin against intracellular R. equi was measured. Mean peak gamithromycin concentrations were significantly higher in blood neutrophils (8.35±1.77 μg/mL) and BAL cells (8.91±1.65 μg/mL) compared with PELF (2.15±2.78 μg/mL) and plasma (0.33±0.12 μg/mL). Mean terminal half-lives in neutrophils (78.6 h), BAL cells (70.3 h), and PELF (63.6 h) were significantly longer than those in plasma (39.1 h). The MIC(90) for S. zooepidemicus isolates was 0.125 μg/mL. The MIC of gamithromycin for macrolide-resistant R. equi isolates (MIC(90)=128 μg/mL) was significantly higher than that for macrolide-susceptible isolates (1.0 μg/mL). The activity of gamithromycin against intracellular R. equi was similar to that of azithromycin and erythromycin. Intramuscular administration of gamithromycin at a dosage of 6 mg/kg would maintain PELF concentrations above the MIC(90) for S. zooepidemicus and phagocytic cell concentrations above the MIC(90) for R. equi for approximately 7 days.
authors: Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Berghaus
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Giguère
authors: T L
authors: TL
authors: Sturgill
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Bade
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Malinski
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D018942:Macrolides / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016929:Rhodococcus equi / Q000187:drug effects; D018502:Streptococcus equi / Q000187:drug effects; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018942:Macrolides; C552399:gamithromycin