title: Bacterial adherence in otitis media: determination of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues in the submucosal glands and surface epithelium of the normal and diseased Eustachian tube.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common childhood infection caused by bacteria. The pathogenesis of AOM implicates initial adherence of a pathogen to the nasopharyngeal epithelium, which is followed by bacterial colonization of the middle ear cavity through the Eustachian tube. N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is an important constituent of mucins and GalNAc containing sugar residues seem to be essential for initial adherence of respiratory bacteria to the surface of epithelial cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the localization of GalNAc residues, we incubated Eustachian tube sections from Streptococcus pneumoniae infected and normal control rats with seven biotinylated, GalNAc recognizing lectins: Bauhinia purpurea lectin (BPA), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus lectin (PTA), Helix aspersa lectin (HAA), Helix pomatia lectin (HPA), Phaseolus lunatus lectin (PLA), Sophora japonica lectin (SJA) and Vicia Villosa isolectin B4 (VVA-B4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mucin producing epithelium and submucosal glands of the normal Eustachian tube contained GalNAc residues, as evidenced by binding of several of the lectins. Lectin binding specificity and intensity changed following acute middle ear infection. BPA was the only lectin that exclusively stained the surface epithelium and the serous acini of the submucosal glands in the infected animals, whereas no binding was detected in the normal controls. HPA, HAA, PTA and VVA-B4 binding to surface epithelial cells increased after infection, indicating an active secretion of GalNAc containing glycans. Quantitative analysis of submucosal gland staining intensity showed significantly more GalNAc residues in the normal Eustachian tube, compared to infected animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the mucous producing elements of the normal rat Eustachian tube contain GalNAc residues essential for respiratory pathogen adherence. In addition, the GalNAc residue specificity and reacting intensity change in relation to acute infection, which may be important in relation to subsequent development of secretory otitis media or formation of a bacterial biofilm in the middle ear. The results show that GalNAc residues increased in both the submucosal serous glands and in the surface epithelium of the Eustachian tube after middle ear infection with S. pneumoniae.
authors: Department of Oral Medicine, Dental School, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. skir@sund.ku.dk
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kirkeby
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Friis
authors: H B
authors: HB
authors: Mikkelsen
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Cayé-Thomasen
mesh_terms: D000116:Acetylgalactosamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005064:Eustachian Tube / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D037102:Lectins / Q000378:metabolism; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D037102:Lectins; D000116:Acetylgalactosamine