title: Intra-arterial and oral digoxin therapy for retinoblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preclinical studies demonstrate that cardiac glycosides such as ouabain and digoxin have antitumor effects on retinoblastoma cells in vitro and in a xenograft murine model of retinoblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on these findings, we report a case of intra-arterial followed by systemic oral digoxin therapy in a patient with unilateral retinoblastoma that had failed prior intra-arterial chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral administration of digoxin produced no effect, while intra-arterial digoxin therapy produced a modest but measurable response that was likely limited by the inability to achieve sustained drug concentration in the eye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case highlights both the potential promise and limitations of cardiac glycoside therapy in retinoblastoma.
authors: Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.
authors: Mrinali
authors: M
authors: Patel
authors: Yannis M
authors: YM
authors: Paulus
authors: Y Pierre
authors: YP
authors: Gobin
authors: Hakim
authors: H
authors: Djaballah
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Marr
authors: Ira J
authors: IJ
authors: Dunkel
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Brodie
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Antczak
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Folberg
authors: David H
authors: DH
authors: Abramson
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004077:Digoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004077:Digoxin