title: Mandibular and femoral growth alteration after sex hormone disruption in growing mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate how mandibular and femoral growth is affected when sex hormone- specific receptor antagonist is administered in growing mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty C57BL/6J mice were used in this experiment. At 5 days of age, the mice received daily injection of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), beta (ERβ), or androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, and their body weight was assessed every 4 days. One, four and eight weeks after the initial injection, radiographs of the mandible and femur were taken and measured. Analyses of variance and pairwise comparisons (Fisher) were performed to examine the differences in values measured among the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mandibular growth was affected by ERβ antagonist injection in male mice at 4 and 8 weeks. In female mice, the growth was affected during all the experimental period, when ERβ was administered. Moreover, at 8 weeks, mandibular growth was also affected in male and female mice injected with ERα antagonist and in male mice injected with AR antagonist. Femoral growth was affected during all the experimental period in male and female mice injected with ERβ antagonist. Moreover, at 8 weeks, the growth was affected in male and female mice injected with ERα antagonist and in male mice injected with AR antagonist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growth of the mandible and femur in mice, in part, is induced in response to the stimulation of ERβ in chondrocytes before and during early puberty. In late and after puberty, the growth is induced by the stimulation of ERα in male and female mice and that of AR in male mice.
authors: Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan. ranaa2@hotmail.com
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Márquez Hernández
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ohtani
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Fujita
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Sunagawa
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Ishikawa
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Tsubamoto
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kawata
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kaku
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Motokawa
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Tanne
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002508:Cephalometry; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D005485:Flutamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008852:Microradiography; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C524478:1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-(4-(2-piperidinylethoxy)phenol)-1H-pyrazole; C556295:4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol; D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D005485:Flutamide