title: Aberrant promoter methylation in overexpression of CITED1 in papillary thyroid cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 80% of all thyroid cancers, the most common endocrine malignancy, are papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). It is well established that CITED1 (Cbp/p300 Interacting Transactivators with glutamic acid [E] and aspartic acid [D]-rich C-terminal domain) mRNA is characteristically overexpressed in PTC. Our previous study suggested a positive association of BRAF mutation with CITED1 overexpression. However, the mechanism of CITED1 expression in PTC remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed whether aberrant methylation of CITED1 gene promotes CITED1 overexpression in PTC.
  
  
  METHODS
  CITED1 mRNA expression levels were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in three PTC-derived cell lines, TPC1, K1, and KTC-1, and in surgically dissected PTC and surrounding normal tissues from 19 patients. The BRAF mutation status of the cells and clinical specimens was determined by direct sequencing. The methylation status of the deoxycitidine-phosphate-deoxyguanosine dinucleotides (CpGs) in the CITED1 promoter was analyzed by the bisulfite-sequencing method using genomic DNA. Finally, the expression of CITED1 mRNA in TPC1 cells, when subjected to pharmacological inhibition of methylation, was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CITED1 mRNA was expressed at lower levels in TPC1 than in K1 and KTC-1 cells. A BRAF mutation was present in K1 and KTC-1 cells, but not in TPC1 cells. CITED1 promoter was hypomethylated in K-1 and KTC-1 cells, but not in TPC1 cells. In surgically dissected specimens, the mean expression level of CITED1 mRNA was 30-fold higher in PTC tissues than in normal tissues. CpGs in the CITED1 promoter were more heavily methylated in normal tissues than in PTC tissues. In PTC specimens without a BRAF mutation, two CpGs were more heavily methylated than in PTC specimens with the BRAF V600E mutation. Pharmacological inhibition of methylation in TPC1 cells by 5'-aza-2'-deoxycitidine resulted in increased expression of CITED1 mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypomethylation of the CpGs in the promoter region of CITED1 is associated with higher expression of CITED1 mRNA in PTC tissues, consistent with the hypothesis that epigenetic regulation is involved in the overexpression of CITED1. This hypothesis is supported by pharmacologic inhibition studies in TPC1 cells.
authors: Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Miho
authors: M
authors: Sassa
authors: Yoshitaka
authors: Y
authors: Hayashi
authors: Reiko
authors: R
authors: Watanabe
authors: Toyone
authors: T
authors: Kikumori
authors: Tsuneo
authors: T
authors: Imai
authors: Junichi
authors: J
authors: Kurebayashi
authors: Tetsuya
authors: T
authors: Kiuchi
authors: Yoshiharu
authors: Y
authors: Murata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002277:Carcinoma; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D000077273:Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C512688:CITED1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine