title: Principal component analysis of dietary and lifestyle patterns in relation to risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To carry out pattern analyses of dietary and lifestyle factors in relation to risk of esophageal and gastric cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA), and other gastric cancers (OGA) using data from a population-based case-control study conducted in Connecticut, New Jersey, and western Washington state. Dietary/lifestyle patterns were created using principal component analysis (PCA). Impact of the resultant scores on cancer risk was estimated through logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCA identified six patterns: meat/nitrite, fruit/vegetable, smoking/alcohol, legume/meat alternate, GERD/BMI, and fish/vitamin C. Risk of each cancer under study increased with rising meat/nitrite score. Risk of EA increased with increasing GERD/BMI score, and risk of ESCC rose with increasing smoking/alcohol score and decreasing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)/body mass index (BMI) score. Fruit/vegetable scores were inversely associated with EA, ESCC, and GCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCA may provide a useful approach for summarizing extensive dietary/lifestyle data into fewer interpretable combinations that discriminate between cancer cases and controls. The analyses suggest that meat/nitrite intake is associated with elevated risk of each cancer under study, whereas fruit/vegetable intake reduces risk of EA, ESCC, and GCA. GERD/obesity were confirmed as risk factors for EA and smoking/alcohol as risk factors for ESCC.
authors: Montclair State University, Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA. silveras@mail.montclair.edu
authors: Stephanie A
authors: SA
authors: Navarro Silvera
authors: Susan T
authors: ST
authors: Mayne
authors: Harvey A
authors: HA
authors: Risch
authors: Marilie D
authors: MD
authors: Gammon
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Vaughan
authors: Wong-Ho
authors: WH
authors: Chow
authors: Joel A
authors: JA
authors: Dubin
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Dubrow
authors: Janet
authors: J
authors: Schoenberg
authors: Janet L
authors: JL
authors: Stanford
authors: A Brian
authors: AB
authors: West
authors: Heidrun
authors: H
authors: Rotterdam
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Blot
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology