title: The possible functions of duplicated ets (GGAA) motifs located near transcription start sites of various human genes.
abstract: Transcription is one of the most fundamental nuclear functions and is an enzyme complex-mediated reaction that converts DNA sequences into mRNA. Analyzing DNA sequences of 5'-flanking regions of several human genes that respond to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in HL-60 cells, we have identified that the ets (GGAA) motifs are duplicated, overlapped, or clustered within a 500-bp distance from the most 5'-upstream region of the cDNA. Multiple protein factors including Ets family proteins are known to recognize and bind to the GGAA containing sequences. In addition, it has been reported that the ets motifs play important roles in regulation of various promoters. Here, we propose a molecular mechanism, defined by the presence of duplication and multiplication of the GGAA motifs, that is responsible for the initiation of transcription of several genes and for the recruitment of binding proteins to the transcription start site (TSS) of TATA-less promoters.
authors: Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan. uchiumi@rs.noda.tus.ac.jp
authors: Fumiaki
authors: F
authors: Uchiumi
authors: Satoru
authors: S
authors: Miyazaki
authors: Sei-ichi
authors: S
authors: Tanuma
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site
chemical_list: D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate