title: Reliability of lower extremity alignment measurement using radiographs and PACS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lower extremity alignment is an important consideration prior to cartilage surgery and/or osteotomy about the knee. This is measured on full length standing hip to ankle radiographs, which has traditionally been done using hard copy radiographs. However, the advent of PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems) has allowed these measurements to be done on computer based digital radiographs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the intra- and inter-observer reliability of lower limb alignment measures manually obtained from hard copy radiographs versus using the Philips Easy Vision system, and to assess the subjective ease of use for the two methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two patients who underwent surgery and who had a standing hip to ankle radiograph on file were identified. Four raters, including two radiologists and two orthopaedic surgeons, measured each hard copy radiograph and computer image on two separate occasions. Three measurements were recorded for each hard copy radiograph and computer image-width of tibial plateau, the distance from the medial aspect of the tibial plateau to the weight-bearing line, and the mechanical axis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All correlations for this study were high. For tibial plateau data, the hard copy radiographs compared to PACS demonstrated intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from 0.93 to 0.99 for inter-rater reliability for the four raters. The ICC for intra-rater reliability for hard copies ranged from 0.90 to 0.99 and for PACS from 0.94 to 0.99. The inter-rater data comparing raters ranged from 0.87 to 0.98 for hard copy radiographs and from 0.98 to 0.99 for PACS. For mechanical axis data, the ICC for hard copy radiograph compared to PACS ranged from 0.93 to 0.97 for the intra-rater reliability for the four raters. The intra-rater reliability for mechanical axis data on hard copy radiograph ranged from an ICC of 0.86 to 0.96, and for PACS the ICC ranged from 0.93 to 0.99. The inter-observer data for hard copy radiographs using the mechanical axis ranged from 0.88 to 0.94 and for PACS ranged from 0.93 to 0.97. The physicians rated PACS as statistically significantly easier to use when compared to hard copy (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of lower extremity alignment using two techniques prior to knee surgery was found to have higher inter- and intra-observer reliability using PACS software. PACS is now used prior to cartilage surgery and/or osteotomy to measure both alignment and the location of the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau both before and after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic study, Level I.
authors: Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA. marxr@hss.edu
authors: R G
authors: RG
authors: Marx
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Grimm
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Lillemoe
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Robertson
authors: O R
authors: OR
authors: Ayeni
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Lyman
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Bogner
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Pavlov
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015588:Observer Variation; D011859:Radiography; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*