title: Environmental tobacco smoke exposure among casino dealers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study quantified casino dealers' occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured casino dealers' exposure to ETS components by analyzing full-shift air and preshift and postshift urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Casino dealers were exposed to nicotine, 4-vinyl pyridine, benzene, toluene, naphthalene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, solanesol, and respirable suspended particulates. Levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in urine increased significantly during an 8-hour work shift both with and without adjustment for creatinine clearance. Creatinine-unadjusted cotinine significantly increased during the 8-hour shift, but creatinine-adjusted cotinine did not increase significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Casino dealers at the three casinos were exposed to airborne ETS components and absorbed an ETS-specific component into their bodies, as demonstrated by detectable levels of urinary NNAL. The casinos should ban smoking on their premises and offer employee smoking cessation programs.
authors: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. cachutan@unmc.edu
authors: Chandran
authors: C
authors: Achutan
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: West
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Mueller
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Bernert
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Bernard
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000652:urine; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000652:urine; D005715:Gambling; D006801:Humans; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000652:urine; D009505:Nevada; D009538:Nicotine / Q000652:urine; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000652:urine; D011725:Pyridines / Q000652:urine; D013729:Terpenes / Q000652:urine; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D009602:Nitrosamines; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011725:Pyridines; D013729:Terpenes; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D005557:Formaldehyde; D009538:Nicotine; D003404:Creatinine; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol; C017719:solanesol; D000079:Acetaldehyde; C029351:4-vinylpyridine; D003367:Cotinine