title: Human surrogates for injury biomechanics research.
abstract: This article reviews the attributes of the human surrogates most commonly used in injury biomechanics research. In particular, the merits of human cadavers, human volunteers, animals, dummies, and computational models are assessed relative to their ability to characterize the living human response and injury in an impact environment. Although data obtained from these surrogates have enabled biomechanical engineers and designers to develop effective injury countermeasures for occupants and pedestrians involved in crashes, the magnitude of the traffic safety problem necessitates expanded efforts in research and development. This article makes the case that while there are limitations and challenges associated with any particular surrogate, each provides a critical and necessary component in the continued quest to reduce crash-related injuries and fatalities.
authors: Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. jrc2h@virginia.edu
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Crandall
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Bose
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Forman
authors: C D
authors: CD
authors: Untaroiu
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Arregui-Dalmases
authors: C G
authors: CG
authors: Shaw
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Kerrigan
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002102:Cadaver; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D023421:Models, Animal; D008954:Models, Biological; D014194:Traumatology / Q000379:methods; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*