title: Adverse events occurring during invasive electroencephalogram recordings in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cryptogenic epilepsy or when multifocal seizure onset is suspected, intracranial monitoring of the EEG is required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report on the adverse events related to electroencephalogram (EEG) intracranial recording in one of the largest pediatric series published and to discuss the avoidance of adverse events in our experience and with respect to a review of the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of our department database and hospital charts of 95 children operated on between 1994 and 2009 was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Invasive recording was uneventful in 51.1% of cases. Observed frequency of infection was 14.9%, cerebrospinal fluid leak was 10.6%, brain swelling was 6.4%, and hemorrhage was 17%. Brain swelling was more frequent in older patients, whereas the length of recording, number of electrode contacts used, and presence of depth electrodes were not relevant. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage was completely prevented by the routine introduction of dural graft substitutes in 2003.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Invasive recordings carry a noticeable rate of adverse events but provide invaluable information in delineating the epileptogenic zone. The low incidence of such events among younger children suggests that invasive recordings can be successfully performed with low morbidity in this age group.
authors: University Paris V, René Descartes, Paris, France.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Blauwblomme
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Ternier
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Romero
authors: Kelly S T
authors: KS
authors: Pier
authors: Luigi
authors: L
authors: D'Argenzio
authors: Ronit
authors: R
authors: Pressler
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Cross
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Harkness
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies