title: Noninvasive body sculpting technologies with an emphasis on high-intensity focused ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body-sculpting procedures are becoming increasingly popular in the United States. Although surgical lipoplasty remains the most common body sculpting procedure, a demand exists for noninvasive alternatives capable of reducing focal adiposity without the risks of adverse events (AEs) associated with invasive excisional body-sculpting procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This report describes the mechanism of action, efficacy, safety, and tolerability of cryolipolysis, radiofrequency ablation, low-level external laser therapy, injection lipolysis, low-intensity nonthermal ultrasound, and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), with an emphasis on thermal HIFU. The articles cited were identified via a PubMed search, with additional article citations identified by manual searching of the reference lists of articles identified through the literature search.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each of the noninvasive treatments reviewed can be administered on an outpatient basis. These treatments generally have fewer complications than lipoplasty and require little or no anesthesia or analgesia. However, HIFU is the only treatment that can produce significant results in a single treatment, and only radiofrequency, low-level laser therapy, and cryolipolysis have been approved for use in the United States. Early clinical data on HIFU support its efficacy and safety for body sculpting. In contrast, radiofrequency, laser therapy, and injection lipolysis have been associated with significant AEs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The published literature suggests that noninvasive body-sculpting techniques such as radiofrequency ablation, cryolipolysis, external low-level lasers, laser ablation, nonthermal ultrasound, and HIFU may be appropriate options for nonobese patients requiring modest reduction of adipose tissue.
authors: Jewell Plastic Surgery Center, Oregon Health Science University, 10 Coburg Road, Suite 300, Eugene, OR 97401, USA. mjewell@teleport.com
authors: Mark L
authors: ML
authors: Jewell
authors: Nowell J
authors: NJ
authors: Solish
authors: Charles S
authors: CS
authors: Desilets
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015187:Lipectomy / Q000379:methods; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D050507:Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal / Q000601:surgery; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome