title: Are there progressive brain changes in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well established that schizophrenia is associated with structural brain abnormalities, but whether these are static or progress over time remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of longitudinal volumetric studies using region-of-interest structural magnetic resonance imaging in patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects. The percentage change in volume between scans for each brain region of interest was obtained, and data were combined using random effects meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven studies were included in the meta-analysis, with 928 patients and 867 control subjects, and 32 different brain regions of interest. Subjects with schizophrenia showed significantly greater decreases over time in whole brain volume, whole brain gray matter, frontal gray and white matter, parietal white matter, and temporal white matter volume, as well as larger increases in lateral ventricular volume, than healthy control subjects. The time between baseline and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans ranged from 1 to 10 years. The differences between patients and control subjects in annualized percentage volume change were -.07% for whole brain volume, -.59% for whole brain gray matter, -.32% for frontal white matter, -.32% for parietal white matter, -.39% for temporal white matter, and +.36% for bilateral lateral ventricles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that schizophrenia is associated with progressive structural brain abnormalities, affecting both gray and white matter. We found no evidence to suggest progressive medial temporal lobe involvement but did find evidence that this may be partly explained by heterogeneity between studies in patient age and illness duration. The causes and clinical correlates of these progressive brain changes should now be the focus of investigation.
authors: Division of Psychiatry, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
authors: Bayanne
authors: B
authors: Olabi
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Ellison-Wright
authors: Andrew M
authors: AM
authors: McIntosh
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Wood
authors: Ed
authors: E
authors: Bullmore
authors: Stephen M
authors: SM
authors: Lawrie
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology; D017594:Publication Bias; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*