title: Blood responses to titanium surface with TiO2 nano-mesh structure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to enhance the blood responses to titanium (Ti) surfaces used for dental implant application through the formation of a TiO2 nano-mesh surface layer produced by a fast electrochemical anodization treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrochemical anodization treatments with different anodization currents and temperatures in an alkaline solution were used to create a nano-mesh oxide layer on polished Ti surface. Surface characterizations of the mesh structure were carried out using thin-film X-ray diffractometer, field-emission scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscope. The blood responses, including the blood-clotting ability and platelet adhesion morphology, to the test Ti surfaces were evaluated. The blood-clotting ability, in terms of optical density of blood, was statistically analyzed using a nonparametric method, Kruskal-Wallis test, for the factor of anodization treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multilayer TiO2 nano-mesh structure was rapidly formed on the polished Ti surface using a simple electrochemical anodization treatment in an alkaline solution. The TiO2 nano-mesh had an average mesh size between 34 and 93 nm, depending on the anodization current and temperature. The features on the TiO2 nano-mesh structure on the anodized Ti surface were of a similar size scale as blood proteins, giving the material better blood clot ability (P<0.05) and improved platelet activation and aggregation as compared with an untreated polished Ti surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The formation of TiO2 nano-mesh on the Ti surfaces was shown to enhance blood responses, which we expect to promote cell growth in the application of dental implants.
authors: Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. c.wilmowsky@web.de
authors: Her-Hsiung
authors: HH
authors: Huang
authors: Jing-Yi
authors: JY
authors: Chen
authors: Mau-Chin
authors: MC
authors: Lin
authors: Yu-Tsai
authors: YT
authors: Wang
authors: Tien-Lin
authors: TL
authors: Lee
authors: Li-Kai
authors: LK
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D001773:Blood Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D015921:Dental Implants; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D049329:Nanostructures; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium