title: DNA-dependent protein kinase interacts functionally with the RNA polymerase II complex recruited at the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat and plays an important role in HIV gene expression.
abstract: DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a nuclear protein kinase that specifically requires association with DNA for its kinase activity, plays important roles in the regulation of different DNA transactions, including transcription, replication and DNA repair, as well as in the maintenance of telomeres. Due to its large size, DNA-PK is also known to facilitate the activities of other factors by providing the docking platform at their site of action. In this study, by running several chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrate the parallel distribution of DNA-PK with RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) along the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) provirus before and after activation with tumour necrosis factor alpha. The association between DNA-PK and RNAP II is also long-lasting, at least for up to 4 h (the duration analysed in this study). Knockdown of endogenous DNA-PK using specific small hairpin RNAs expressed from lentiviral vectors resulted in significant reduction in HIV gene expression and replication, demonstrating the importance of DNA-PK for HIV gene expression. Sequence analysis of the HIV-1 Tat protein revealed three potential target sites for phosphorylation by DNA-PK and, by using kinase assays, we confirmed that Tat is an effective substrate of DNA-PK. Through peptide mapping, we found that two of these three potential phosphorylation sites are recognized and phosphorylated by DNA-PK. Mutational studies on the DNA-PK target sites of Tat further demonstrated the functional significance of the Tat-DNA-PK interaction. Thus, overall our results clearly demonstrate the functional interaction between DNA-PK and RNAP II during HIV transcription.
authors: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Wernher and Beit Building (South), Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.|National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Biomedical Research Laboratory, 10650 Pyramid Place, MS 1J5, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
authors: Shilpi
authors: S
authors: Tyagi
authors: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Wernher and Beit Building (South), Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Ochem
authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.|National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Biomedical Research Laboratory, 10650 Pyramid Place, MS 1J5, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
authors: Mudit
authors: M
authors: Tyagi
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011485:Protein Binding; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D051747:DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; D012319:RNA Polymerase II