title: Osteogenic potential of mesenchymal cells embedded in the provisional matrix after a 6-week healing period in augmented and non-augmented extraction sockets: an immunohistochemical prospective pilot study in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present clinical study was the evaluation of the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal cells embedded in the provisional matrix of non-augmented and with Bio-Oss collagen-augmented human extraction sockets after 6 weeks of healing time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients with 47 extraction sites participated in the present study. After tooth removal, the extraction sockets were augmented with Bio-Oss collagen or not augmented. At implant placement, bone biopsies of the extraction sockets were obtained. The immunohistochemical analysis of the osteogenic potential of the mesenchymal cells in the provisional matrix was performed using three monoclonal antibodies: core-binding factor α1 (Cbfa1)/runt-related protein (Runx)2, osteonectin (OSN/secreted protein acidic and rich in cyst [SPARC]) and osteocalcin (OC). The statistical analysis was performed using two-factorial analysis for repeated measures, Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 47 extraction sockets examined, 17 sockets demonstrated an almost complete ossification. Hence, the provisional matrix of the 30 remaining extraction sockets (21 non-augmented, 9 augmented) was immunohistochemically investigated. No evidence of acute or chronic inflammation was noted in any of the specimens. In the provisional matrix of the non-grafted socket, the median amount of Cbfa1/Runx2-positive cells was 72.3%, of OSN (SPARC) 66.9% and of OC 23.4%, whereas in the grafted sockets the median rate of immunopositive cells staining with Cbfa1/Runx2 was 73.3%, of OSN (SPARC) 61.4% and of OC 20.1%. There was no significant difference in the proportion of positive cells expressed by Cbfa1/Runx2, OSN/SPARC and OC between the grafted and non-grafted socket. Furthermore, the cell density did not correlate to the quantity of stained cells independent of the used proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a 6-week healing period, the provisional matrix was demonstrated to have a high proportion of cells displaying a maturation of mature osteoprogenitor cells to osteoblasts. The grafting procedure did not influence the quantity of osteogenic cells in the extraction socket.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navigation and Robotics, Charité-Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany. Susanne.Heberer@charite.de
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Heberer
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Wustlich
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Lage
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Nelson
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013516:Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic / Q000379:methods*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C077540:Bio-Oss; D015921:Dental Implants; D008903:Minerals