title: Alterations in multidirectional myocardial functions in patients with aortic stenosis and preserved ejection fraction: a two-dimensional speckle tracking analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify changes in multidirectional strain and strain rate (SR) in patients with aortic stenosis (AS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 420 patients (age 66.1 ± 14.5 years, 60.7% men) with aortic sclerosis, mild, moderate, and severe AS with preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction [(EF), ≥50%] were included. Multidirectional strain and SR imaging were performed by two-dimensional speckle tracking. Patients were more likely to be older (P < 0.001) and at a worse New York Heart Association functional class (P < 0.001) with increasing AS severity. There was a progressive stepwise impairment in longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain and SR with increasing AS severity (all P < 0.001). The myocardial dysfunction appeared to start in the subendocardium with mild AS, to mid-wall dysfunction with moderate AS, and eventually transmural dysfunction with severe AS. Aortic valve area, as a measure of AS severity, was an independent determinant of multidirectional strain and SR on multiple linear regressions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with AS have evidence of subclinical myocardial dysfunction early in the disease process despite normal LVEF. The myocardial dysfunction appeared to start in the subendocardium and progressed to transmural dysfunction with increasing AS severity. Symptomatic moderate and severe AS patients had more impaired multidirectional myocardial functions compared with asymptomatic patients.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Arnold C T
authors: AC
authors: Ng
authors: Victoria
authors: V
authors: Delgado
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Bertini
authors: Marie Louisa
authors: ML
authors: Antoni
authors: Rutger J
authors: RJ
authors: van Bommel
authors: Eva P M
authors: EP
authors: van Rijnsoever
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: van der Kley
authors: See Hooi
authors: SH
authors: Ewe
authors: Tomasz
authors: T
authors: Witkowski
authors: Dominique
authors: D
authors: Auger
authors: Gaetano
authors: G
authors: Nucifora
authors: Joanne D
authors: JD
authors: Schuijf
authors: Don
authors: D
authors: Poldermans
authors: Dominic Y
authors: DY
authors: Leung
authors: Martin J
authors: MJ
authors: Schalij
authors: Jeroen J
authors: JJ
authors: Bax
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000473:pathology*; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004452:Echocardiography; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012598:Sclerosis; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology