title: Ratio of means for analyzing continuous outcomes in meta-analysis performed as well as mean difference methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Meta-analyses of continuous outcomes typically use mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) (MD in pooled standard deviation units). Ratio of means (RoM) is an alternative effect measure that performs comparably in simulation. We compared treatment effects and heterogeneity for RoM, MD, and SMD using empiric data.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Cochrane Database (2008, issue 1), we included systematic reviews reporting continuous outcomes, selected the meta-analysis with the most (and ≥five) trials, and calculated MD (where possible), SMD, and RoM. For each pair of effect measures, we compared P-values separately for treatment effect and heterogeneity and assessed asymmetry of discordant pairs (statistically significant result for only one of two measures).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred thirty-two of 5,053 reviews were included. Measures demonstrated similar treatment effects, with ≤6% discordant pairs and no asymmetry. A 0.5 SMD increase corresponded to 22 (95% confidence interval: 19, 24)% increase using RoM. There was less heterogeneity in RoM vs. MD (n=143, P=0.007), SMD vs. RoM (n=232, P=0.005), and SMD vs. MD (n=143, P=0.004). Comparing discordant pairs, fewer meta-analyses showed significant heterogeneity with SMD vs. RoM (P=0.04), consistent with the known bias of SMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Empiric data from diverse meta-analyses demonstrate similar treatment effects and no large differences in heterogeneity of RoM compared with difference-based methods.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. j.friedrich@utoronto.ca
authors: Jan O
authors: JO
authors: Friedrich
authors: Neill K J
authors: NK
authors: Adhikari
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Beyene
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D012196:Review Literature as Topic