title: Relationship between occupational social class and exposure to organochlorine pesticides during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little evidence is available on the influence of socioeconomic factors on exposure to persistent organic pollutants, especially during vulnerable periods such as pregnancy and early life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship of maternal social class with placental concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their combined estrogenic activity measured with a biomarker of exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposure to 16 OCPs (DDTs, endosulfans, and seven other compounds) and the total effective xenoestrogenic burden (TEXB) were analyzed in placentas from a mother-child cohort. OCP concentrations were quantified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and TEXB was assessed with the E-Screen bioassay. Social class was classified according to maternal occupation. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to examine variations in pesticide exposure and TEXB as a function of maternal social class in 257 subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Placental p,p'-DDT concentrations were higher in social classes III and IV than in classes I-II (the most affluent); concentrations of the sum of DDTs were higher in class IV; and exposure to the sum of endosulfans was greater in class III. HCB concentrations were higher among women in class IV than in classes I-II and among manual (classes III-V) than non-manual workers. However, the trend across social classes was only statistically significant for HCB. Social class significantly explained 10% of the variability in concentrations of the sum of endosulfans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need to explore whether more disadvantaged populations suffer higher levels of exposure to pesticides or other environmental chemicals and how different social processes contribute to this exposure.
authors: Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Madrid s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain. cfreire@ugr.es
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Freire
authors: Esperanza
authors: E
authors: Amaya
authors: Mariana F
authors: MF
authors: Fernández
authors: M Carmen
authors: MC
authors: González-Galarzo
authors: Rosa
authors: R
authors: Ramos
authors: Jose M
authors: JM
authors: Molina-Molina
authors: Juan P
authors: JP
authors: Arrebola
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Olea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000378:metabolism*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides