title: Safety of food crops on land contaminated with trace elements.
abstract: Contamination of agricultural soils with trace elements (TEs) through municipal and industrial wastes, atmospheric deposition and fertilisers is a matter of great global concern. Since TE accumulation in edible plant parts depends on soil characteristics, plant genotype and agricultural practices, those soil- and plant-specific options that restrict the entry of harmful TEs into the food chain to protect human and animal health are reviewed. Soil options such as in situ stabilisation of TEs in soils, changes in physicochemical parameters, fertiliser management, element interactions and agronomic practices reduce TE uptake by food crops. Furthermore, phytoremediation and solubilisation as alternative techniques to reduce TE concentrations in soils are also discussed. Among plant options, selection of species and cultivars, metabolic processes and microbial transformations in the rhizosphere can potentially affect TE uptake and distribution in plants. For this purpose, genetic variations are exploited to select cultivars with low uptake potential, especially low-cadmium accumulator wheat and rice cultivars. The microbial reduction of elements and transformations in the rhizosphere are other key players in the cycling of TEs that may offer the basis for a wide range of innovative biotechnological processes. It is thus concluded that appropriate combination of soil- and plant-specific options can minimise TE transfer to the food chain.
authors: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway. balram.singh@umb.no
authors: Bal Ram
authors: BR
authors: Singh
authors: Satish K
authors: SK
authors: Gupta
authors: Hassan
authors: H
authors: Azaizeh
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Shilev
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Sudre
authors: Won Yong
authors: WY
authors: Song
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Martinoia
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Mench
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D020387:Food Chain; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements