title: Pain-related beliefs among Chinese patients with chronic pain: the construct and concurrent predictive validity of the Chinese version of the Survey of Pain Attitudes-14 (ChSOPA-14).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain beliefs as indexed by the Survey of Pain Attitudes (SOPA) have been consistently shown to predict pain adjustment outcomes in Western populations. However, its utility in non-Western populations is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the construct and predictive validity of the Chinese version of the 14-item SOPA (ChSOPA-14) in a sample of Chinese patients with chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 208 Chinese patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain completed the ChSOPA-14, the Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, and measures of sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except Medical Cure, all ChSOPA-14 scales were significantly correlated with validity criterion measures (all P<0.05) in expected directions. The present Chinese sample scored the highest on the Medical Cure scale (mean=2.98, standard deviation [SD]=1.05) but the lowest on the Disability scale (mean=1.75, SD=1.67). Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the ChSOPA-14 scales predicted concurrent depression (F(7,177)=14.51, P<0.001) and pain disability (F(7,180)=8.77, P<0.001). Pain Control (stdβ [standardized beta coefficient]=-0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.41, -0.13; P<0.05) and Emotion (stdβ=29; 95% CI: 1.76, 5.02; P<0.001) emerged as significant independent predictors of concurrent depression whereas Disability (stdβ=0.19; 95% CI: 1.33, 7.88; P<0.01), Emotion (stdβ=16; 95% CI: 0.08, 7.59; P<0.05), and Solicitude (stdβ=-0.14; 95% CI: -7.05, -0.04; P<0.05) significantly associated with concurrent disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings offer preliminary evidence for the construct and concurrent predictive validity of the ChSOPA-14. This makes available a suitable instrument for chronic pain in the Chinese population and will facilitate future cross-cultural research on pain beliefs.
authors: Department of Psychological Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong. wingwong@ied.edu.hk
authors: Wing S
authors: WS
authors: Wong
authors: Mark P
authors: MP
authors: Jensen
authors: Kan H
authors: KH
authors: Mak
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Fielding
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results