title: Norming of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia across pain diagnoses and various countries.
abstract: The present study aimed to develop norms for the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), a frequently used measure of fear of movement/(re)injury. Norms were assessed for the TSK total score as well as for scores on the previously proposed TSK activity avoidance and TSK somatic focus scales. Data from Dutch, Canadian, and Swedish pain samples were used (N=3082). Norms were established using multiple regression to obtain more valid and reliable norms than can be obtained by subgroup analyses based on age or gender. In the Dutch samples (N=2236), pain diagnosis was predictive of all TSK scales. More specifically, chronic low back pain displayed the highest scores on the TSK scores followed by upper extremity disorder, fibromyalgia, and osteoarthritis. Gender was predictive of TSK somatic focus scores and age of TSK activity avoidance scores, with male patients having somewhat higher scores than female patients and older patients having higher scores compared with younger patients. In the Canadian (N=510) and Swedish (N=336) samples, gender was predictive of all TSK scales, with male patients having somewhat higher scores than female patients. These norm data may assist the clinician and researcher in the process of decision making and treatment evaluation.
authors: Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Psychology, University Centre for Research on Pain and Disability, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Department of Behavioral, Social and Legal Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Roelofs
authors: Gerard
authors: G
authors: van Breukelen
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Sluiter
authors: Monique H W
authors: MHW
authors: Frings-Dresen
authors: Mariëlle
authors: M
authors: Goossens
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Thibault
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Boersma
authors: Johan W S
authors: JWS
authors: Vlaeyen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009426:Netherlands; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013548:Sweden