title: A recommended laparoscopic procedure for implantation of microcapsules in the peritoneal cavity of non-human primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The anatomical spatial distribution of microencapsulated islets transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of large animals remains a relatively unexplored area of study. In this study, we developed a new implantation approach using laparoscopy in order to avoid microcapsule amalgamation. This approach constitutes a clinically relevant method, which can be used to evaluate the distribution and in vivo biocompatibility of various types of transplanted microcapsules in the future.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two healthy baboons were implanted intraperitoneally with microencapsulated islets through mini-laparotomy and observed at 76 d after implantation. Nine baboons underwent laparoscopic implantation of approximately 80,000 empty microcapsules. Microcapsule distribution was observed by laparoscopic camera during and after implantation at 1, 2, and 4 wk. At each time point, microcapsules were retrieved and evaluated with brightfield microscopy and histologic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mini-laparotomic implantation resulted in microcapusle aggregation in both baboons. In contrast, laparoscopic implantation resulted in even distribution of microcapsules throughout the peritoneum without sedimentation to the Douglas space in all animals. In eight out of nine animals, retrieved microcapsules were evenly distributed in the peritoneal cavity and presented with no pericapsular overgrowth and easily washed out during laparoscopic procedure. The one exception was attributed to microcapsule contamination with blood from the abdominal wall following trocar insertion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic implantation of microcapsules in non-human primates can be successfully performed and prevents microcapsule aggregation. Given the current widespread clinical application of laparoscopy, we propose that this presented laparoscopy technique could be applied in future clinical trials of microencapsulated islet transplantation.
authors: Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors: Meirigeng
authors: M
authors: Qi
authors: Igor
authors: I
authors: Lacik
authors: Gabriela
authors: G
authors: Kolláriková
authors: Berit L
authors: BL
authors: Strand
authors: Kjetil
authors: K
authors: Formo
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Enza
authors: E
authors: Marchese
authors: Joshua E
authors: JE
authors: Mendoza-Elias
authors: Katie P
authors: KP
authors: Kinzer
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Gatti
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Paushter
authors: Sonny
authors: S
authors: Patel
authors: Jose
authors: J
authors: Oberholzer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002214:Capsules; D005260:Female; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D048530:Papio anubis; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules