title: Genotoxicity of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and its steroidal analogue EA-4 in human lymphocytes and mouse cells in vitro.
abstract: The aim of our study is to: (a) investigate whether ATRA and its steroidal analogue EA-4 enhance micronucleation in human lymphocytes and mouse cells in vitro and clarify the micronucleation mechanism by FISH and CREST analysis respectively, and (b) analyze their effect on spindle organization by immunofluorescence of β- and γ-tubulin in mouse cells. We found that they: (a) induce micronucleation mainly via chromosome breakage and chromosome delay in a lesser extent, (b) disturb microtubule network, chromosome orientation and centrosome duplication/separation, (c) accumulate cell cycle at ana-telophases, which exert micronucleation, multiple γ-tubulin signals, nucleoplasmic bridges and multinucleation, and (d) generate multinucleated and multimicronucleated interphase cells.
authors: Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Greece.
authors: Raghda S
authors: RS
authors: Alakhras
authors: Georgia
authors: G
authors: Stephanou
authors: Nikos A
authors: NA
authors: Demopoulos
authors: Sotiris S
authors: SS
authors: Nikolaropoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D018385:Centrosome / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004249:DNA Damage; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008870:Microtubules / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008938:Mitosis; D009153:Mutagens; D008941:Spindle Apparatus; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C559105:EA-4 (ATRA steroidal analog); D009153:Mutagens; D013256:Steroids; D014212:Tretinoin