title: Comparison of straight and Venaflo-type cuffed arteriovenous ePTFE grafts in an animal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The long-term prognosis of arteriovenous (AV) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hemodialysis grafts is dissatisfying. Responsible for the poor outcome is a stenosis of the venous anastomosis. This originates from both pseudointimal (PI) and neointimal hyperplasia (IH) development. Although cuffed grafts have a better short-term prognosis than straight grafts, the late results of both types are poor. This current study aimed to compare both arteriovenous straight and Venaflo-type (Bard, Tempe, Ariz) prostheses in an animal study with regard to patency, PI, and IH development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen iliac arteriovenous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) loops were inserted into 16 pigs. Animals were randomized into two groups. Group 1 animals received straight configured ePTFE grafts and group 2 animals received grafts with a Venaflo-type cuffed venous anastomosis. After insertion of the shunts and immediately before graft harvest, the shunt flows were measured. Six weeks after implantation, patency rates and development of pseudointima (PI) within the grafts were noted. The thickness of the venous intimal hyperplasia was measured using digital planimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patency rates after 6 weeks were 25% for straight and 62% for Venaflo-type grafts. In both groups a significant decrease of the graft blood flow compared with the preoperative levels was observed, which was attributed to the marked development of pseudointima. The reduction in flow at graft harvest was greater in the straight ePTFE group (658 ± 68 vs 260 ± 42 mL/min, P < .05) than for the Venaflo-type grafts (770 ± 107 vs 661 ± 284 mL/min, P = ns), but the differences between the groups were statistically not significant. A marked pseudointima developed in the Venaflo cuff. The PI development was significantly higher in the graft hood (2.9 ± 0.6 mm) than in the heel (2.5 ± 0.4 mm, P < .05). In both groups, an intimal hyperplasia formed on the vein wall just opposite to the graft inflow. The intimal hyperplasia development was more pronounced in the straight configured shunts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study confirm the inferior clinical results of ePTFE grafts used for hemodialysis access. Although the patency rates of cuffed grafts were superior, in both graft types a significant pseudointima leading to subtotal graft stenosis was observed in all grafts. Both straight and Venaflo-grafts. The Venaflo grafts have a slightly bettertype cuffed ePTFE grafts have major hemodynamic drawbacks that have to be addressed in future graft design efforts.
authors: Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany. michael.heise@med.uni-jena.de
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Heise
authors: Inga
authors: I
authors: Husmann
authors: Ann-Kathrin
authors: AK
authors: Grüneberg
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Knobel
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Kirschner
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Heidenhain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular; D005260:Female; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006965:Hyperplasia; D058426:Neointima / Q000473:pathology*; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D013552:Swine; D014654:Vascular Patency
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene