title: Fast ultrasound-assisted extraction of polar (phenols) and nonpolar (lipids) fractions in Heterotheca inuloides Cass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heterotheca inuloides Cass., also known as "arnica", is used in traditional medicine in Mexico.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Development of fast methods for the extraction of lipidic and phenolic fractions from arnica plants and their subsequent characterization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound was applied to accelerate extraction of the target compounds from this plant and reduce the use of organic solvents as compared with conventional methods. Gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with diode-array detection were used for the characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under optimal extraction conditions, 9 and 55 min were necessary to complete extraction of the lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively. The fatty acids present at the highest concentrations in H. inuloides were eicosatetraenoic n3 (24.6 μg/g), cis-9-hexadecenoic n7 (23.1 μg/g), exacosanoic (22.7 μg/g) and cis-9-octadecenoic acid (21.3 μg/g), while the rest were in the range 7.6-1.3 μg/g. The most concentrated phenols were guaiacol (41.5 μg/g), catechin (38.7 μg/g), ellagic acid (35.9 μg/g), carbolic acid (24.2 μg/g) and p-coumaric acid (19.5 μg/g), while the rest were in the range 5.1-0.4 μg/g.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound reduces the time necessary to complete the extraction 160 and 26 times, the extraction volume 2.5 and 4 times, and increases the extraction efficiency 5 and 3 times for lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively, in comparison with conventional extraction methods. In addition, the characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions constitutes a first approach to the H. inuloides metabolome.
authors: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
authors: O F Mijangos
authors: OF
authors: Ricárdez
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ruiz-Jiménez
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Lagunez-Rivera
authors: M D Luque
authors: MD
authors: de Castro
mesh_terms: D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002392:Catechin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006139:Guaiacol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011422:Propionates; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008055:Lipids; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D010636:Phenols; D011422:Propionates; D012997:Solvents; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D019301:Oleic Acid; C093821:hexadecenoic acid; D006139:Guaiacol; D002392:Catechin; C495469:p-coumaric acid