title: A novel exopolysaccharide from the biofilm of Thermus aquaticus YT-1 induces the immune response through Toll-like receptor 2.
abstract: Bacterial polysaccharides are known to induce the immune response in macrophages. Here we isolated a novel extracellular polysaccharide from the biofilm of Thermus aquaticus YT-1 and evaluated its structure and immunomodulatory effects. The size of this polysaccharide, TA-1, was deduced by size-exclusion chromatography as 500 kDa. GC-MS, high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, electrospray ionization-MS/MS, and NMR revealed the novel structure of TA-1. The polysaccharide is composed of tetrasaccharide-repeating units of galactofuranose, galactopyranose, and N-acetylgalactosamine (1:1:2) and lacked acidic sugars. TA-1 stimulated macrophage cells to produce the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Screening of Toll-like receptors and antibody-blocking experiments indicated that the natural receptor of TA-1 in its immunoactivity is TLR2. Recognition of TA-1 by TLR2 was confirmed by TA-1 induction of IL-6 production in peritoneal macrophages from wild-type mice but not from TLR2(-/-) mice. TA-1, as a TLR2 agonist, could possibly be used as an adjuvant and could enhance cytokine release, which increases the immune response. Furthermore, TA-1 induced cytokine release is dependent on MyD88/TIRAP.
authors: From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
authors: Miao-Hsia
authors: MH
authors: Lin
authors: Yu-Liang
authors: YL
authors: Yang
authors: Yen-Po
authors: YP
authors: Chen
authors: Kuo-Feng
authors: KF
authors: Hua
authors: Chun-Ping
authors: CP
authors: Lu
authors: Fuu
authors: F
authors: Sheu
authors: Guang-Huey
authors: GH
authors: Lin
authors: San-San
authors: SS
authors: Tsay
authors: Shu-Mei
authors: SM
authors: Liang
authors: Shih-Hsiung
authors: SH
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms; D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013824:Thermus / Q000502:physiology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha