title: Tracking the scapula using the scapula locator with and without feedback from pressure-sensors: A comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The scapula locator method has associated intra-observer and inter-observer errors caused by the dependency on the observer to locate the scapular landmarks. The potential effect of the pressures applied by the observer on the measured scapular kinematics when this method is used has also been overlooked so far. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using feedback on the pressures applied on the scapula using the locator on the intra-observer and inter-observer reliabilities of the method as well as on the kinematics obtained using this method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three observers tracked the scapular motion of the dominant shoulder of each subject using the locator with no reference to pressure-feedback for three trials of bilateral elevation in the scapular plane and using the locator with pressure-feedback for three other trials. Variations between the measurements obtained were used to calculate the intra-observer errors and variations between the measurements obtained by the three observers for the same subject were used to calculate inter-observer errors. Repeated-measures ANOVA tests were used to look at differences between the two methods in terms of intra-observer and inter-observer errors and scapular kinematics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using pressure-feedback reduced the intra-observer errors but had no effect on the inter-observer errors. Different scapular kinematics was measured using the two methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pressure-feedback improves the reliability of the scapula locator method. Differences in the scapular kinematics suggest that unregulated pressures have an effect on the physiological scapular motion.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors: A F
authors: AF
authors: Shaheen
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Alexander
authors: A M J
authors: AM
authors: Bull
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D015588:Observer Variation; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology