title: The impact of early menopause on risk of coronary artery disease (PREmature Coronary Artery Disease In Women--PRECADIW case-control study).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite improved understanding of atherothrombosis pathophysiology, risk factors associated with premature coronary artery disease (CAD) in women are poorly recognized.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-centre, case-control study comprised 323 women (less than 55 years) with established CAD, enrolled between April 2005 and January 2008, and 347 age-matched healthy women selected from the Multi-Center All-Polish Health Survey. We aimed to assess the relationship of menopause and premature CAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis smoking, parental history of premature CVD, diabetes, menopause and hypertension were the strongest risk markers for premature CAD with ORs (95% CI): 3.83 (2.52-5.82); 3.08 (1.85-5.14); 2.89 (1.59-5.23); 2.82 (1.91-4.19); 2.39 (1.16-3.54). The most significant association was found for early postmenopause in a model including the early and late stage of postmenopause (≤ and >3 years of its onset), with OR 4.55 (95% CI 2.82-7.35), higher than other risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves area revealed a significant increase from 0.81 in that model that included traditional risk factors and parental premature CVD to 0.85 after addition of the early and late stage of postmenopause.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that smoking and early postmenopausal stage (≤3 years) are the most important determinants of premature CAD followed by parental CVD, diabetes and hypertension.
authors: Department of Coronary Heart Disease, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland. blubiszewska@ikard.pl
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Lubiszewska
authors: Mariusz
authors: M
authors: Kruk
authors: Grazyna
authors: G
authors: Broda
authors: Ewa
authors: E
authors: Ksiezycka
authors: Walerian
authors: W
authors: Piotrowski
authors: Pawel
authors: P
authors: Kurjata
authors: Tomasz
authors: T
authors: Zielinski
authors: Rafal
authors: R
authors: Ploski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008594:Menopause, Premature; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology