title: Participation frequency and perceived participation restrictions at older age: applying the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify variables from different components of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) associated with older people's participation frequency and perceived participation restrictions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 186) were community-living, 65-88 years old and 52% men. The dependent variables, participation frequency (linear regression) and perceived participation restrictions (logistic regression), were measured using The Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument. Independent variables were selected from various ICF components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher participation frequency was associated with living in urban rather than rural community (β = 2.8, p < 0.001), physically active lifestyle (β = 4.6, p < 0.001) and higher cognitive function (β = 0.3, p = 0.009). Lower participation frequency was associated with being older (β = -0.2, p = 0.002) and depressive symptoms (β = -0.2, p = 0.029). Older adults living in urban areas, having more advanced lower extremities capacity, or that were employed had higher odds of less perceived participation restrictions (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 5.5, p = 0.001; OR = 1.09, p < 0.001; OR = 3.7, p = 0.011; respectively). In contrast, the odds of less perceived participation restriction decreased as depressive symptoms increased (OR = 0.8, p = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results highlight the importance of capturing and understanding both frequency and restriction aspects of older persons' participation. ICF may be a helpful reference to map factors associated with participation and to study further potentially modifiable influencing factors such as depressive symptoms and advanced lower extremity capacity.
authors: Faculty of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Akureyri, Iceland. saa@unak.is
authors: Solveig A
authors: SA
authors: Arnadottir
authors: Elin D
authors: ED
authors: Gunnarsdottir
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Stenlund
authors: Lillemor
authors: L
authors: Lundin-Olsson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012424:Rural Population; D058992:Social Participation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population