title: Guided imagery for musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of guided imagery (GI) as a treatment option for musculoskeletal pain (MSP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six databases were searched from their inception to May 2010. All controlled clinical trials were considered, if they investigated GI in patients with any MSP in any anatomic location and if they assessed pain as an outcome measure. Trials of motor imagery were excluded. The selection of studies, data extraction, and validation were performed independently by 2 reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine randomized clinical trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria. Their methodologic quality ranged between 1 and 3 on the Jadad scale. Eight RCTs suggested that GI leads to a significant reduction of MSP. One RCT indicated no change in MSP in comparison with usual care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that there are too few rigorous RCTs testing the effectiveness of GI in the management of MSP. Therefore, the evidence that GI alleviates MSP is encouraging but inconclusive.
authors: Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK. P.Posadzki@uea.ac.uk
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Posadzki
authors: Edzard
authors: E
authors: Ernst
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome