title: Hybrid procedure with cardiopulmonary bypass for muscular ventricular septal defects in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the technique and clinical experience of the hybrid procedure with cardiopulmonary bypass in children with muscular ventricular septal defect (mVSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2006 to June 2010, 45 cases of mVSD underwent hybrid procedures with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) under the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography. mVSDs were closed with devices under direct vision in the 45 cases. Fourteen patients had another lesion that required surgical repair. Large membranous VSDs were closed with a pericardial patch after the initiation of CPB in 38 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 45 cases, 42 had only one occluder and three had two occluders. The size of the device for mVSD closure ranged from 3 to 8mm. All cases recovered smoothly after treatment without residual shunting, aortic or mitral valve regurgitation, or restriction of surrounding structures. All the children survived the operation with no late deaths during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hybrid procedure is safe and effective for the closure of congenital heart defects in children.
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China. zhifeimawy@gmail.com
authors: Xuming
authors: X
authors: Mo
authors: Weisong
authors: W
authors: Zuo
authors: Zhifei
authors: Z
authors: Ma
authors: Kaihong
authors: K
authors: Wu
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Sun
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Peng
authors: Jirong
authors: J
authors: Qi
authors: Jinyang
authors: J
authors: Ding
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods