title: A multiple points method for 4D CT image sorting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Artifacts affect 4D CT images due to breathing irregularities or incorrect breathing phase identification. The purpose of this study is the reduction of artifacts in sorted 4D CT images. The assumption is that the use of multiple respiratory related signals may reduce uncertainties and increase robustness in breathing phase identification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple respiratory related signals were provided by infrared 3D localization of a configuration of markers placed on the thoracoabdominal surface. Multidimensional K-means clustering was used for retrospective 4D CT image sorting, which was based on multiple marker variables, in order to identify clusters representing different breathing phases. The proposed technique was tested on computational simulations, phantom experimental acquisitions, and clinical data coming from two patients. Computational simulations provided a controlled and noise-free condition for testing the clustering technique on regular and irregular breathing signals, including baseline drift, time variant amplitude, time variant frequency, and end-expiration plateau. Specific attention was given to cluster initialization. Phantom experiments involved two moving phantoms fitted with multiple markers. Phantoms underwent 4D CT acquisition while performing controlled rigid motion patterns and featuring end-expiration plateau. Breathing cycle period and plateau duration were controlled by means of weights leaned upon the phantom during repeated 4D CT scans. The implemented sorting technique was applied to clinical 4D CT scans acquired on two patients and results were compared to conventional sorting methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For computational simulations and phantom studies, the performance of the multidimensional clustering technique was evaluated by measuring the repeatability in identifying the breathing phase among adjacent couch positions and the uniformity in sampling the breathing cycle. When breathing irregularities were present, the clustering technique consistently improved breathing phase identification with respect to conventional sorting methods based on monodimensional signals. In patient studies, a qualitative comparison was performed between corresponding breathing phases of 4D CT images obtained by conventional sorting methods and by the described clustering technique. Artifact reduction was clearly observable on both data set especially in the lower lung region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implemented multiple point method demonstrated the ability to reduce artifacts in 4D CT imaging. Further optimization and development are needed to make the most of the availability of multiple respiratory related variables and to extend the method to 4D CT-PET hybrid scan.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, TBM Laboratory Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy. chiara.gianoli@mail.polimi.it
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Gianoli
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Riboldi
authors: Maria Francesca
authors: MF
authors: Spadea
authors: Laura Lavinia
authors: LL
authors: Travaini
authors: Mahila
authors: M
authors: Ferrari
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Mei
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Orecchia
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Baroni
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D002138:Calibration; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007700:Kinetics; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012119:Respiration; D013997:Time Factors