title: The activation of monocyte and T cell networks in patients with bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently described a monocyte pro-inflammatory state in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). We hypothesized that the CD4(+)T cell system is also activated and determined percentages of Th1, Th2, Th17 and CD4(+)CD25(high)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a detailed FACS analysis to determine the various T cell subsets and used frozen stored peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 38 BD patients (of whom we previously had tested monocytes for pro-inflammatory gene expression (Drexhage et al., 2010b; Padmos et al., 2008)) and of 22 age/gender matched healthy controls (HC). In addition the cytokines CCL2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PTX3, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-22 were measured in serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (a) Serum sCD25 levels and percentages of anti-inflammatory CD4(+)CD25(high)FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were higher, the latter in BD patients <40 years of age. Percentages of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells were normal. (b) Of the pro-inflammatory monocyte cytokines CCL2 and PTX3 were raised in serum. (c) The monocyte pro-inflammatory state and the raised percentages of CD4(+)CD25(high)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells occurred independently from each other. (d) In BD patients positive for thyroid autoimmune disease a significantly reduced percentage of CD4(+)CD25(high)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells was found as compared to BD patients without AITD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show an enhancement of pro-inflammatory monocyte and anti-inflammatory T cell forces in BD patients. A lack of anti-inflammatory T cell forces co-occurred with AITD in BD patients.
authors: Dept. of Immunology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.drexhage@erasmusmc.nl
authors: Roosmarijn C
authors: RC
authors: Drexhage
authors: Thomas H
authors: TH
authors: Hoogenboezem
authors: Marjan A
authors: MA
authors: Versnel
authors: Arie
authors: A
authors: Berghout
authors: Willem A
authors: WA
authors: Nolen
authors: Hemmo A
authors: HA
authors: Drexhage
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000032:analysis; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007249:Inflammation; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger