title: Phasic motor activity of respiratory and non-respiratory muscles in REM sleep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we quantified the profiles of phasic activity in respiratory muscles (diaphragm, genioglossus and external intercostal) and non-respiratory muscles (neck and extensor digitorum) across REM sleep. We hypothesized that if there is a unique pontine structure that controls all REM sleep phasic events, the profiles of the phasic twitches of different muscle groups should be identical. Furthermore, we described how respiratory parameters (e.g., frequency, amplitude, and effort) vary across REM sleep to determine if phasic processes affect breathing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrodes were implanted in Wistar rats to record brain activity and muscle activity of neck, extensor digitorum, diaphragm, external intercostal, and genioglossal muscles. Ten rats were studied to obtain 313 REM periods over 73 recording days. Data were analyzed offline and REM sleep activity profiles were built for each muscle. In 6 animals, respiratory frequency, effort, amplitude, and inspiratory peak were also analyzed during 192 REM sleep periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory muscle phasic activity increased in the second part of the REM period. For example, genioglossal activity increased in the second part of the REM period by 63.8% compared to the average level during NREM sleep. This profile was consistent between animals and REM periods (η(2)=0.58). This increased activity seen in respiratory muscles appeared as irregular bursts and trains of activity that could affect rythmo-genesis. Indeed, the increased integrated activity seen in the second part of the REM period in the diaphragm was associated with an increase in the number (28.3%) and amplitude (30%) of breaths. Non-respiratory muscle phasic activity in REM sleep did not have a profile like the phasic activity of respiratory muscles. Time in REM sleep did not have an effect on nuchal activity (P=0.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the concept of a common pontine center controlling all REM phasic events is not supported by our data. There is a drive in REM sleep that affects specifically respiratory muscles. The characteristic increase in respiratory frequency during REM sleep is induced by this drive.
authors: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Lubbock TX, USA. fraigne@utoronto.ca
authors: Jimmy J
authors: JJ
authors: Fraigne
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Orem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012119:Respiration; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*