title: Improving antimicrobial stewardship: the evolution of programmatic strategies and barriers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in hospitals across the United States and to describe financial support provided for these programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic and paper 14-question survey of infectious diseases physician members of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network (IDSA EIN).
  
  
  METHODS
  All 1,044 IDSA EIN members who care for adult patients were invited to participate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred twenty-two (50%) members responded. Seventy-three percent of respondents reported that their institutions had or were planning an ASP, compared with 50% reporting the same thing in an EIN survey 10 years before. A shift was noted from formulary restriction alone to use of a set of tailored strategies designed to provide information and feedback to prescribers, particularly in community hospitals. Lack of funding and lack of personnel were reported as major barriers to implementing a program. Fifty-two percent of respondents with an ASP reported that infectious diseases physicians do not receive direct compensation for their participation in the ASP, compared with 18% 10 years ago.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The percentage of institutions reporting ASPs has increased over the last decade, although small community hospitals were least likely to have these programs. In addition, ASP strategies have shifted dramatically. Lack of funding remains a key barrier for ASPs, and administrators need additional cost savings data in order to support ASPs. Interestingly, while guidelines and editorials regard compensated participation by an infectious diseases physician in these programs as critical, we found that more than half of the respondents reported no direct compensation for ASP activities.
authors: Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors: Birgir
authors: B
authors: Johannsson
authors: Susan E
authors: SE
authors: Beekmann
authors: Arjun
authors: A
authors: Srinivasan
authors: Adam L
authors: AL
authors: Hersh
authors: Ramanan
authors: R
authors: Laxminarayan
authors: Philip M
authors: PM
authors: Polgreen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004469:Economics, Hospital; D005572:Formularies, Hospital as Topic; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000639:trends*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D010819:Physician's Role; D010820:Physicians / Q000191:economics; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents