title: Plasma sodium levels and dietary sodium intake in manual workers in the Middle East.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the hypothesis that workers who consume a predominantly rice-based, low-sodium diet and perform long periods of manual work in the heat are at risk of chronic hyponatraemia due to inadequate replacement of sweat sodium losses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma sodium levels were assessed at the end of both the summer and winter periods in 44 male dockyard workers in the Middle East. The dietary intake of these workers was recorded and analysed by an Accredited Practicing Dietitian to determine average daily sodium intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  55% of workers were found to be clinically hyponatraemic during the summer period compared with only 8% during the winter period. Assessment of the daily diet of workers in the labour camp revealed it to be predominantly starch based with low total sodium content. The majority of the fluids provided to workers are also low in sodium content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manual labourers working in the heat and eating a low-sodium starch-based diet are at risk of chronic hyponatraemia. Increasing the sodium content of fluid and food provided to workers is warranted and may reduce the incidence of work-related illness and accidents in this population. The results of this study identify a need for sodium replacement guidelines specific for prolonged work in the heat to be developed.
authors: Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Perth, Western Australia. nicola.holmes@postgrad.curtin.edu.au
authors: Nicola A
authors: NA
authors: Holmes
authors: Veronica S
authors: VS
authors: Miller
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Schneider
authors: Omer
authors: O
authors: Hasan
authors: Graham P
authors: GP
authors: Bates
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012621:Seasons; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium