title: Do neural tube defects lead to structural alterations in the human bladder?
abstract: Anencephaly is the most severe neural tube defect in human fetuses. The objective of this paper is to analyze the structure of the bladder in anencephalic human fetuses.
  
  
  
  We studied 40 bladders of normal human fetuses (20 male and 20 female, aged 14 to 23 WPC) and 12 bladders of anencephalic fetuses (5 male and 7 female, aged 18 to 22 WPC). The bladders were removed and processed by routine histological techniques. Stereological analysis of collagen, elastic system fibers and smooth muscle was performed in sections. Data were expressed as volumetric density (Vv-%). The images were captured with Olympus BX51 microscopy and Olympus DP70 camera. The stereological analysis was done using the software Image Pro and Image J. For biochemical analysis, samples were fixed in acetone, and collagen concentrations were expressed as micrograms of hydroxyproline per mg of dry tissue. Means were statistically compared using the unpaired t-test (p<0.05).
  
  
  
  We observed a significant increase (p<0.0001) in the Vv of collagen in the bladders of anencephalic fetuses (69.71%) when compared to normal fetuses (52.74%), and a significant decrease (p<0.0001) in the Vv of smooth muscle cells in the bladders of anencephalic fetuses (23.96%) when compared to normal fetuses (38.35%). The biochemical analyses showed a higher concentration of total collagen in the bladders of anencephalic fetuses (37354 µg/mg) when compared to normal fetuses (48117 µg/mg, p<0.02).
  
  
  
  The structural alterations of the bladder found in this study may suggest the existence of functional alterations in the bladder of anencephalic human fetuses.
authors: Urogenital Research Unit, State University from Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Helena M F
authors: HM
authors: Pazos
authors: Márcio Luiz de P
authors: ML
authors: Lobo
authors: Waldemar S
authors: WS
authors: Costa
authors: Francisco J B
authors: FJ
authors: Sampaio
authors: Luis Eduardo M
authors: LE
authors: Cardoso
authors: Luciano Alves
authors: LA
authors: Favorito
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D000757:Anencephaly / Q000150:complications; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen