title: Kinetics of capture and infection of infective larvae of trichostrongylides and free-living nematodes Panagrellus sp. by Duddingtonia flagrans.
abstract: Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus, has been investigated as an agent for biological control against infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of production animals. The initial process of nematode-trapping fungi infection is based on an interaction between the trap structure of the fungus and the surface of the nematode cuticle. This report investigates by light and scanning electron microscopy the kinetics of capture and infection during the interaction of D. flagrans with the infective larvae (L(3)) of trichostrongylides and the free-living nematode Panagrellus sp. D. flagrans was cultivated for 7 days in a Petri dish containing agar-water. L(3) and Panagrellus sp. were inoculated in the Petri dishes and the samples consisting of agar-L(3)-fungi and agar-Panagrellus sp.-fungi were collected after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 min and 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 h of interaction. All samples were observed by light microscopy. The samples with 1, 5, 15, and 25 h of interaction were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The interaction was monitored up to 25 h. An initial differentiation of predation structures was observed after 30 min of interaction. The presence of traps and of captured L(3) or Panagrellus sp. occurred after 70 min. The live captured nematodes were observed up to 3 h of interaction. However, after 4 h, all Panagrellus sp. were dead. It took 15 h of interaction for the fungus to invade the L(3), and the presence of hyphae inside the nematode near the region of penetration was evident. At this time, the hyphae had filled the whole body of Panagrellus sp. The complete occupation of the body of L(3) occurred at 20 h of interaction and with 25 h the nematode was completely damaged except for the cuticle. Although the double cuticle of L(3) slows the penetration of D. flagrans, it was possible to verify that the process of trap formation and capture occurs quickly when both nematodes were tested, suggesting that the organisms would eventually be killed once in contact with the fungi encouraging the use of the fungus as a biological control agent.
authors: Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, CEP 28013-602.
authors: Daniela Guedes
authors: DG
authors: da Cruz
authors: Flávia Biasoli
authors: FB
authors: Araújo
authors: Marcelo Beltrão
authors: MB
authors: Molento
authors: Renato Augusto
authors: RA
authors: Damatta
authors: Clóvis
authors: C
authors: de Paula Santos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059586:Duddingtonia / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007814:Larva / Q000469:parasitology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D025282:Mycelium / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009348:Nematoda / Q000469:parasitology*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors