title: Towards a better prediction of peak concentration, volume of distribution and half-life after oral drug administration in man, using allometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is imperative that new drugs demonstrate adequate pharmacokinetic properties, allowing an optimal safety margin and convenient dosing regimens in clinical practice, which then lead to better patient compliance. Such pharmacokinetic properties include suitable peak (maximum) plasma drug concentration (C(max)), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and a suitable half-life (t(½)). The C(max) and t(½) following oral drug administration are functions of the oral clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution during the terminal phase by the oral route (V(z)/F), each of which may be predicted and combined to estimate C(max) and t(½). Allometric scaling is a widely used methodology in the pharmaceutical industry to predict human pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance and volume of distribution. In our previous published work, we have evaluated the use of allometry for prediction of CL/F and AUC. In this paper we describe the evaluation of different allometric scaling approaches for the prediction of C(max), V(z)/F and t(½) after oral drug administration in man.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine compounds developed at Janssen Research and Development (a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV), covering a wide range of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, were selected. The C(max) following oral dosing of a compound was predicted using (i) simple allometry alone; (ii) simple allometry along with correction factors such as plasma protein binding (PPB), maximum life-span potential or brain weight (reverse rule of exponents, unbound C(max) approach); and (iii) an indirect approach using allometrically predicted CL/F and V(z)/F and absorption rate constant (k(a)). The k(a) was estimated from (i) in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments in preclinical species; and (ii) predicted effective permeability in man (P(eff)), using a Caco-2 permeability assay. The V(z)/F was predicted using allometric scaling with or without PPB correction. The t(½) was estimated from the allometrically predicted parameters CL/F and V(z)/F. Predictions were deemed adequate when errors were within a 2-fold range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C(max) and t(½) could be predicted within a 2-fold error range for 59% and 66% of the tested compounds, respectively, using allometrically predicted CL/F and V(z)/F. The best predictions for C(max) were obtained when k(a) values were calculated from the Caco-2 permeability assay. The V(z)/F was predicted within a 2-fold error range for 72% of compounds when PPB correction was applied as the correction factor for scaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that (i) C(max) and t(½) are best predicted by indirect scaling approaches (using allometrically predicted CL/F and V(z)/F and accounting for k(a) derived from permeability assay); and (ii) the PPB is an important correction factor for the prediction of V(z)/F by using allometric scaling. Furthermore, additional work is warranted to understand the mechanisms governing the processes underlying determination of C(max) so that the empirical approaches can be fine-tuned further.
authors: Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium. vsinha@its.jnj.com
authors: Vikash K
authors: VK
authors: Sinha
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Vaarties
authors: Stefan S
authors: SS
authors: De Buck
authors: Luca A
authors: LA
authors: Fenu
authors: Marjoleen
authors: M
authors: Nijsen
authors: Ron A H J
authors: RA
authors: Gilissen
authors: Wendy
authors: W
authors: Sanderson
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Van Uytsel
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Hoeben
authors: Achiel
authors: A
authors: Van Peer
authors: Claire E
authors: CE
authors: Mackie
authors: Johan W
authors: JW
authors: Smit
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004285:Dogs; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D010539:Permeability; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations