title: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns on biomaterials: a paradigm for engineering new vaccines.
abstract: Vaccine development has progressed significantly and has moved from whole microorganisms to subunit vaccines that contain only their antigenic proteins. Subunit vaccines are often less immunogenic than whole pathogens; therefore, adjuvants must amplify the immune response, ideally establishing both innate and adaptive immunity. Incorporation of antigens into biomaterials, such as liposomes and polymers, can achieve a desired vaccine response. The physical properties of these platforms can be easily manipulated, thus allowing for controlled delivery of immunostimulatory factors and presentation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are targeted to specific immune cells. Targeting antigen to immune cells via PAMP-modified biomaterials is a new strategy to control the subsequent development of immunity and, in turn, effective vaccination. Here, we review the recent advances in both immunology and biomaterial engineering that have brought particulate-based vaccines to reality.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, Malone Engineering Center, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
authors: Stacey L
authors: SL
authors: Demento
authors: Alyssa L
authors: AL
authors: Siefert
authors: Arunima
authors: A
authors: Bandyopadhyay
authors: Fiona A
authors: FA
authors: Sharp
authors: Tarek M
authors: TM
authors: Fahmy
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D014612:Vaccines