title: The effect of incorporating guidelines into a computerized order entry system for diagnostic imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this collaborative evaluation of the Manitoba Demonstration Project in Demand-Side Control for Diagnostic Imaging were to determine the impacts of both the computerized order entry and decision support components of the intervention, identify barriers to implementation, and provide insight into quantitative findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed methodology was used. A stakeholder committee guided project implementation and evaluation and assisted in interpreting findings. Orders placed through the software (July 2006 to August 2007) were analyzed in conjunction with qualitative data from semistructured interviews, focus groups, consultations, and observational methods. Data were collected before implementation, after the introduction of the computerized ordering system, after the introduction of decision support prompts, and at project completion. Analysis was conducted simultaneously with data collection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the process change of computerized provider order entry was well accepted, there was low acceptance of the practice change of decision support. Of 8,757 orders placed after guidelines were activated, 1,678 (19.2%) had relevant guidelines and 957 (10.9%) were inappropriate according to the guidelines. In only 19 (2%) of these cases did the physician follow the advice given. Contributing factors included setting, implementation of only a subsection of the Canadian Association of Radiologists guidelines, implementation issues, physician perspectives on usefulness of decision support, the timing of advice, a lack of integration with existing patient information systems, and software limitations. Setting predicted satisfaction with ordering time. The potential for computerized provider order entry to decrease useful information accompanying orders was identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study highlight the importance of ensuring both appropriate timing of decision support and integration with patient information systems. Implementation evaluation, as well as impact evaluation, is needed to assess new system adoption; early engagement of users can support this process. Further research is needed to determine the actual extent of inappropriate ordering.
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. sbowen@ualberta.ca
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Bowen
authors: Keir
authors: K
authors: Johnson
authors: Martin H
authors: MH
authors: Reed
authors: Liping
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Lynn
authors: L
authors: Curry
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012984:Software; D018511:Systems Integration