title: Psycho-social and clinical variables associated with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) doubles the odds of comorbid depression. Depression is a strong predictor of developing T2DM. The aim of the study was to compare depressed patients with T2DM to non-depressed ones with respect to demographic, psycho-social, clinical, anthropometric and metabolic characteristics; to examine the relationship between glycemic control and depression severity in depressed patients; to estimate the risk factors of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of depressed diabetic patients comprising those with a Major depressive episode, first or repeated (ICD-10; 1992) and endocrinologist-diagnosed T2DM, duration ≥5 years on oral, insulin therapy or both (N=46) and non-depressed ones (N=44) (90 in total) of both genders (<65 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Laboratory and non-laboratory measures were performed.. The patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and a structured interview (MINI) were used to establish diagnosis, while the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; cut off ≥16) was used to assess the severity ofdepression. Scaling of Life Events (SLE) for self-assessment of life events and Problem in Areas in Diabetes (PAID) for self-assessment of diabetes distress were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant higher rates of psychiatric heredity, neuropathy, higher level of diabetes related distress and a greater number of life events in depressed patients compared to non-depressed ones were found. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between BDI somatic subscore and the HbA1c level (r=0.343; p=0.020). The level of diabetes related distress (OR=1.084; p=0.000), total number of life events (OR=4.528; p=0.001) and neuropathy (OR=8.699; p=0.039) were statistically significant predictors of depression using logistic regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained showed that depression in diabetic patients was predicted by both psychological (diabetes related distress, life events) and disease-specific variables (neuropathy). The severity of self-reported somatic depressive symptoms significantly correlated with the HbA1c level in depressed diabetic patients.
authors: Clinic of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. stankovic.zana@gmail.com
authors: Zana
authors: Z
authors: Stanković
authors: Miroslava
authors: M
authors: Jašović-Gašić
authors: Miroslava
authors: M
authors: Zamaklar
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012803:Sick Role; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human