title: Development of a versatile intra-articular pressure sensing array.
abstract: A new sensor array intended to accurately and directly measure spatial and time-dependent pressures within a highly curved biological intra-articular joint was developed and tested. To evaluate performance of the new sensor array for application within intra-articular joints generally, and specifically to fit within the relatively restrictive space of the lumbar spine facet joint, geometric constraints of length, width, thickness and sensor spatial resolution were evaluated. Additionally, the effects of sensor array curvature, frequency response, linearity, drift, hysteresis, repeatability, and total system cost were assessed. The new sensor array was approximately 0.6mm in thickness, scalable to below the nominal 12 mm wide by 15 high lumbar spine facet joint size, offered no inherent limitations on the number or spacing of the sensors with less than 1.7% cross talk with sensor immediately adjacent to one another. No difference was observed in sensor performance down to a radius of curvature of 7 mm and a 0.66±0.97% change in sensor sensitivity was observed at a radius of 5.5mm. The sensor array had less than 0.07 dB signal loss up to 5.5 Hz, linearity was 0.58±0.13% full scale (FS), drift was less than 0.2% FS at 250 s and less than 0.6% FS at 700 s, hysteresis was 0.78±0.18%. Repeatability was excellent with a coefficient of variation less than 2% at pressures between 0 and 1.000 MPa. Total system cost was relatively small as standard commercially available data acquisition systems could be utilized, with no specialized software, and individual sensors within an array can be replaced as needed. The new sensor array had small and scalable geometry and very acceptable intrinsic performance including minimal to no alteration in performance at physiologically relevant ranges of joint curvature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90815, USA. welcher@usc.edu
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Welcher
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Popovich
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Hedman
mesh_terms: D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011312:Pressure; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors; D035501:Uncertainty; D016474:Weight-Bearing