title: The effect of concurrent bandwidth feedback on learning the lane-keeping task in a driving simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether concurrent bandwidth feedback improves learning of the lane-keeping task in a driving simulator.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous research suggests that bandwidth feedback improves learning and that off-target feedback is superior to on-target feedback. This study aimed to extend these findings for the lane-keeping task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants without a driver's license drove five 8-min lane-keeping sessions in a driver training simulator: three practice sessions, an immediate retention session, and a delayed retention session I day later. There were four experimental groups (n=15 per group): (a) on-target, receiving seat vibrations when the center of the car was within 0.5 m of the lane center; (b) off-target, receiving seat vibrations when the center of the car was more than 0.5 m away from the lane center; (c) control, receiving no vibrations; and (d) realistic, receiving seat vibrations depending on engine speed. During retention, all groups were provided with the realistic vibrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During practice, on-target and off-target groups had better lane-keeping performance than the nonaugmented groups, but this difference diminished in the retention phase. Furthermore, during late practice and retention, the off-target group outperformed the on-target group.The off-target group had a higher rate of steering reversal and higher steering entropy than the nonaugmented groups, whereas no clear group differences were found regarding mean speed, mental workload, or self-reported measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Off-target feedback is superior to on-target feedback for learning the lane-keeping task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research provides knowledge to researchers and designers of training systems about the value of feedback in simulator-based training of vehicular control.
authors.affiliation: BioMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands. s.degroot@tudelft.nl
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Joost C F
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Winter
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: López García
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wieringa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000193:education*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult