title: Defining decision making: a qualitative study of international experts' views on surgical trainee decision making.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decision making is a key competency of surgeons; however, how best to assess decisions and decision makers is not clearly established. The aim of the present study was to identify criteria that inform judgments about surgical trainees' decision-making skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative free text web-based survey was distributed to recognized international experts in Surgery, Medical Education, and Cognitive Research. Half the participants were asked to identify features of good decisions, characteristics of good decision makers, and essential factors for developing good decision-making skills. The other half were asked to consider these areas in relation to poor decision making. Template analysis of free text responses was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine (52%) experts responded to the survey, identifying 13 categories for judging a decision and 14 for judging a decision maker. Twelve features/characteristics overlapped (considered, informed, well timed, aware of limitations, communicated, knowledgeable, collaborative, patient-focused, flexible, able to act on the decision, evidence-based, and coherent). Fifteen categories were generated for essential factors leading to development of decision-making skills that fall into three major themes (personal qualities, training, and culture). The categories compiled from the perspectives of good/poor were predominantly the inverse of each other; however, the weighting given to some categories varied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides criteria described by experts when considering surgical decisions, decision makers, and development of decision-making skills. It proposes a working definition of a good decision maker. Understanding these criteria will enable clinical teachers to better recognize and encourage good decision-making skills and identify poor decision-making skills for remediation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. scrennie@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rennie
authors.forename: Andre M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Rij
authors.forename: Chrystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jaye
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003479:Curriculum; D003657:Decision Making; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D005104:Expert Testimony; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D036301:Qualitative Research; D015203:Reproducibility of Results