title: Color standardization and optimization in whole slide imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standardization and validation of the color displayed by digital slides is an important aspect of digital pathology implementation. While the most common reason for color variation is the variance in the protocols and practices in the histology lab, the color displayed can also be affected by variation in capture parameters (for example, illumination and filters), image processing and display factors in the digital systems themselves.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have been developing techniques for color validation and optimization along two paths. The first was based on two standard slides that are scanned and displayed by the imaging system in question. In this approach, one slide is embedded with nine filters with colors selected especially for H&E stained slides (looking like tiny Macbeth color chart); the specific color of the nine filters were determined in our previous study and modified for whole slide imaging (WSI). The other slide is an H&E stained mouse embryo. Both of these slides were scanned and the displayed images were compared to a standard. The second approach was based on our previous multispectral imaging research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a first step, the two slide method (above) was used to identify inaccurate display of color and its cause, and to understand the importance of accurate color in digital pathology. We have also improved the multispectral-based algorithm for more consistent results in stain standardization. In near future, the results of the two slide and multispectral techniques can be combined and will be widely available. We have been conducting a series of researches and developing projects to improve image quality to establish Image Quality Standardization. This paper discusses one of most important aspects of image quality - color.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School 101 Merrimac St, Suite 820, Boston, MA 02114, USA. yyagi@partners.org
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yagi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003116:Color / Q000592:standards; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D051379:Mice; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D019113:Telepathology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D014584:User-Computer Interface