title: Breast cancer evaluation by fluorescent dot detection using combined mathematical morphology and multifractal techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is very accurate method for measuring HER2 gene copies, as a sign of potential breast cancer. This method requires small tissue samples, and has a high sensitivity to detect abnormalities from a histological section. By using multiple colors, this method allows the detection of multiple targets simultaneously. The target parts in the cells become visible as colored dots. The HER-2 probes are visible as orange stained spots under a fluorescent microscope while probes for centromere 17 (CEP-17), the chromosome on which the gene HER-2/neu is located, are visible as green spots.
  
  
  METHODS
  The conventional analysis involves the scoring of the ratio of HER-2/neu over CEP 17 dots within each cell nucleus and then averaging the scores for a number of 60 cells. A ratio of 2.0 of HER-2/neu to CEP 17 copy number denotes amplification. Several methods have been proposed for the detection and automated evaluation (dot counting) of FISH signals. In this paper the combined method based on the mathematical morphology (MM) and inverse multifractal (IMF) analysis is suggested. Similar method was applied recently in detection of microcalcifications in digital mammograms, and was very successful.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined MM using top-hat and bottom-hat filters, and the IMF method was applied to FISH images from Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Pathology, Wielkoposka Cancer Center, Poznan. Initial results indicate that this method can be applied to FISH images for the evaluation of HER2/neu status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mathematical morphology and multifractal approach are used for colored dot detection and counting in FISH images. Initial results derived on clinical cases are promising. Note that the overlapping of colored dots, particularly red/orange dots, needs additional improvements in post-processing.
authors.affiliation: Digital Image Processing, Telemedicine and Multimedia Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. reljinb@etf.rs
authors.forename: Branimir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reljin
authors.forename: Milorad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paskas
authors.forename: Irini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reljin
authors.forename: Korski
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konstanty
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D018734:Genes, erbB-2; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical