title: Personality and posttraumatic stress disorder among directly exposed survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few disaster studies have specifically examined personality in association with exposure to disaster and development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A study of survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing examined PTSD and personality measured after the disaster.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a random sample of 255 survivors from a bombing survivor registry, 151 (59%) completed both full PTSD and personality assessments using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the Temperament and Character Inventory, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postbombing PTSD was associated with low self-directedness and low cooperativeness, and also with high self-transcendence and harm avoidance in most configurations. Disorganized (schizotypal) character and explosive (borderline) temperament configurations were associated with PTSD; creative and autocratic character configurations were negatively associated with PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be vigilant for PTSD among individuals with personality disorders and also be aware that personality disorders are likely to be overrepresented among people with PTSD. Treatment of PTSD may need to take into account comorbid personality disorders and personality features.
authors.affiliation: The North Texas VA Health Care System and the Departments of Psychiatry and Surgery/Division of Emergency Medicine at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA. carol.north@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Carol S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbacchi
authors.forename: C Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cloninger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054042:Bombs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009825:Oklahoma; D010551:Personality; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*