title: Genetics of common forms of heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genetic factors contribute to overall heart failure risk, but specific risk alleles are only beginning to be identified. Here, new results from candidate gene and genome-wide polymorphism studies that have delineated associations between polymorphic genes and heart failure are reviewed in the context of their likely clinical translation and implementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent data support and extend consequences of genetically variant β1-adrenergic receptors and G-protein receptor kinase 5 on heart failure. New genome-wide and subgenome-wide studies have identified unexpected genetic modifiers of heart failure risk and outcome, suggesting that determinants of heart failure onset and progression are distinct, and pointing to unexpected genetic interactions in cardiac disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in high-throughput genotyping and resequencing herald a rapid expansion of genomic information in heart failure. With identification of putative heart failure risk alleles, the next step will be prospective clinical trials evaluating the benefits of genotype-directed heart failure management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO 63110, USA. gdorn@dom.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dorn
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D020555:GTP-Binding Protein Regulators / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000235:genetics; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D020555:GTP-Binding Protein Regulators; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2