title: Psychosocial functioning in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Offspring of parents with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for a range of psychopathology, including bipolar disorder. It is not clear if they also have impairments in their psychosocial functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the psychosocial functioning of three groups of children enrolled in the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS): offspring of probands with bipolar disorder (n=388), offspring of probands with other types of psychopathology (n=132), and offspring of healthy probands (n=118). Psychosocial functioning was assessed at study intake using the schedule of the Adolescent Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation (A-LIFE), the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) and the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Offspring of probands with bipolar disorder exhibited impairments in various aspects of psychosocial functioning. On all measures, they had worse functioning in comparison with offspring of healthy probands. Offspring of probands with bipolar disorder generally exhibited more impairment than offspring of probands with nonbipolar psychopathology. After adjusting for proband parent functioning and the child's Axis I psychopathology, functioning of offspring of probands with bipolar disorder was similar to that of offspring of healthy probands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data are cross-sectional and therefore do not allow for causal conclusions about the association between parental psychopathology, child psychopathology and offspring psychosocial functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offspring of parents with bipolar disorder exhibit impairments in psychosocial functioning which appear largely attributable to proband parent functional impairment and the child's own psychopathology. As such, interventions to improve parental functioning, as well as early interventions to treat the child's psychopathology may help reduce the risk for long-term functional impairment in offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. bellatt2002@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tolulope
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bella
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Mihaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obreja
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brent
authors.forename: Rasim Somer
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Diler
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kupfer
authors.forename: Dara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sakolsky
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior