title: A study of kinematic cues and anticipatory performance in tennis using computational manipulation and computer graphics.
abstract: Computer graphics of digital human models can be used to display human motions as visual stimuli. This study presents our technique for manipulating human motion with a forward kinematics calculation without violating anatomical constraints. A motion modulation of the upper extremity was conducted by proportionally modulating the anatomical joint angular velocity calculated by motion analysis. The effect of this manipulation was examined in a tennis situation--that is, the receiver's performance of predicting ball direction when viewing a digital model of the server's motion derived by modulating the angular velocities of the forearm or that of the elbow during the forward swing. The results showed that the faster the server's forearm pronated, the more the receiver's anticipation of the ball direction tended to the left side of the serve box. In contrast, the faster the server's elbow extended, the more the receiver's anticipation of the ball direction tended to the right. This suggests that tennis players are sensitive to the motion modulation of their opponent's racket-arm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human System Science, Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan. hiroida@me.com
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ida
authors.forename: Kazunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kusubori
authors.forename: Motonobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003463:Cues; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology; D013715:Tennis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult