title: HIV-1 drug resistance emergence among breastfeeding infants born to HIV-infected mothers during a single-arm trial of triple-antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother-to-child transmission: a secondary analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nevirapine and lamivudine given to mothers are transmitted to infants via breastfeeding in quantities sufficient to have biologic effects on the virus; this may lead to an increased risk of a breastfed infant's development of resistance to maternal antiretrovirals. The Kisumu Breastfeeding Study (KiBS), a single-arm open-label prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) trial, assessed the safety and efficacy of zidovudine, lamivudine, and either nevirapine or nelfinavir given to HIV-infected women from 34 wk gestation through 6 mo of breastfeeding. Here, we present findings from a KiBS trial secondary analysis that evaluated the emergence of maternal ARV-associated resistance among 32 HIV-infected breastfed infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All infants in the cohort were tested for HIV infection using DNA PCR at multiple study visits during the 24 mo of the study, and plasma RNA viral load for all HIV-PCR-positive infants was evaluated retrospectively. Specimens from mothers and infants with viral load >1,000 copies/ml were tested for HIV drug resistance mutations. Overall, 32 infants were HIV infected by 24 mo of age, and of this group, 24 (75%) infants were HIV infected by 6 mo of age. Of the 24 infants infected by 6 mo, nine were born to mothers on a nelfinavir-based regimen, whereas the remaining 15 were born to mothers on a nevirapine-based regimen. All infants were also given single-dose nevirapine within 48 hours of birth. We detected genotypic resistance mutations in none of eight infants who were HIV-PCR positive by 2 wk of age (specimens from six infants were not amplifiable), for 30% (6/20) at 6 wk, 63% (14/22) positive at 14 wk, and 67% (16/24) at 6 mo post partum. Among the 16 infants with resistance mutations by 6 mo post partum, the common mutations were M184V and K103N, conferring resistance to lamivudine and nevirapine, respectively. Genotypic resistance was detected among 9/9 (100%) and 7/15 (47%) infected infants whose mothers were on nelfinavir and nevirapine, respectively. No mutations were detected among the eight infants infected after the breastfeeding period (age 6 mo).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emergence of HIV drug resistance mutations in HIV-infected infants occurred between 2 wk and 6 mo post partum, most likely because of exposure to maternal ARV drugs through breast milk. Our findings may impact the choice of regimen for ARV treatment of HIV-infected breastfeeding mothers and their infected infants.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya. czeh@ke.cdc.gov
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeh
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weidle
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nafisa
authors.forename: Humphrey M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lwamba
authors.forename: Jully
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okonji
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anyango
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bondo
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masaba
authors.forename: Mary Glenn
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nkengasong
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Thigpen
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D015331:Cohort Studies; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007630:Kenya; D009035:Mothers; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents