title: Anxiety and stuttering: continuing to explore a complex relationship.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between anxiety and stuttering has been widely studied. However, a review conducted more than 10 years ago (Menzies, Onslow, & Packman, 1999) identified 5 methodological issues thought to preclude consistent research findings regarding the nature of this relationship. The purpose of the present review was to determine whether methodological improvements have occurred since the Menzies et al. (1999) review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature published since the Menzies et al. review was evaluated with regard to the 5 methodological issues identified in that review: (a) the construct of anxiety, (b) trait anxiety measures, (c) participant numbers, (d) treatment status of participants, and (e) speaking tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite some remaining ambiguous findings, research published since the Menzies et al. review has provided far stronger evidence of a relationship between stuttering and anxiety, and has focused more on social anxiety, expectancies of social harm, and fear of negative evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aims of future research should be to improve research design, increase statistical power, employ multidimensional measures of anxiety, and further develop anxiolytic treatment options for people who stutter.
authors.affiliation: Australian Stuttering Research Centre, The University of Sydney. mark.onslow@sydney.edu.au
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iverach
authors.forename: Ross G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Menzies
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Brian
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Packman
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onslow
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013342:Stuttering / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*