title: Assessment and comparison of periodontal status among young smokers and nonsmokers of Bangalore, India--a cross sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the periodontal status among young smokers and nonsmokers and to assess the influence of frequency and duration of smoking on the periodontal status.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted among 1,081 male employees (aged between 20-35 years) working in Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), a factory located in Bangalore, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two medical centers (FMC-North and FMC-South) situated within the factory premises.
  
  
  METHODS
  A specially designed form was used for collecting the information on socio-demographic factors, oral hygiene practices, smoking habits including the frequency and duration of smoking in addition to recording community periodontal index (CPI index) together with its loss of attachment (LA) component. Independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc test (Bonferroni), chi square test and logistic regression analysis were carried out.
  
  
  METHODS
  CPI scores and LA codes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean number of sextants per person with both periodontal pockets and loss of attachment measuring 4 mm or more was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in smokers when compared to nonsmokers. Increase in the extent and severity of periodontitis was evident with an increase in the frequency and duration of cigarette smoking. Smokers were eight times more at risk of periodontal pockets (C.I: 5.79-10.68) and five times more at risk for loss of attachment (C.I: 3.79 -6.52) when compared to nonsmokers (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is a risk factor strongly associated with periodontal disease among this young population of male employees working in BEL factory located in Bangalore. The extent and severity of the periodontitis was related to the amount of cigarettes smoked and the duration of the habit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere -577004, Karnataka, India. drbhagyabhat@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bhagyajyothi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pushpanjali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000379:methods; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult