title: Safe access to safe water in low income countries: water fetching in current times.
abstract: A substantial portion of the world's population does not have ready access to safe water. Moreover, obtaining water may involve great expense of time and energy for those who have no water sources in or near home. From an historical perspective, with the invention of piped water, fetching water has only recently become largely irrelevant in many locales. In addition, in most instances, wells and clean surface water were so close by that fetching was not considered a problem. However, population growth, weather fluctuations and social upheavals have made the daily chore of carrying water highly problematic and a public health problem of great magnitude for many, especially women, in the poor regions and classes of the world. In this paper, we consider gender differences in water carrying and summarize data about water access and carrying from 44 countries that participated in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) program. Women and children are the most common water carriers, and they spend considerable time (many trips take more than an hour) supplying water to their households. Time is but one measure of the cost of fetching water; caloric expenditures, particularly during droughts, and other measures that affect health and quality of life must be considered. The full costs of fetching water must be considered when measuring progress toward two Millennium Development Goals--increasing access to safe drinking water and seeking an end to poverty.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Policy & Practice, University of Pennsylvania, 3815 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, United States. sorenson@sp2.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Sorenson
authors.forename: Christiaan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morssink
authors.forename: Paola Abril
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Campos
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012449:Safety; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D014881:Water Supply; D016387:Women's Health