title: VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
abstract: Solid tumors require blood vessels for growth and dissemination, and lymphatic vessels as additional conduits for metastatic spread. The identification of growth factor receptor pathways regulating angiogenesis has led to the clinical approval of the first antiangiogenic molecules targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 pathway. However, in many cases resistance to anti-VEGF-VEGFR therapy occurs, and thus far the clinical benefit has been limited to only modest improvements in overall survival. Therefore, novel treatment modalities are required. Here, we discuss the members of the VEGF-VEGFR family as well as the angiopoietin growth factors and their Tie receptors as potential novel targets for antiangiogenic and antilymphangiogenic therapies.
authors.affiliation: Molecular/Cancer Biology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Pipsa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saharinen
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pulkki
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bono
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alitalo
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D042764:Receptors, TIE / Q000378:metabolism; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015398:Signal Transduction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D042682:Angiopoietins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042764:Receptors, TIE; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor