title: The Discriminative validity of "nociceptive," "peripheral neuropathic," and "central sensitization" as mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Empirical evidence of discriminative validity is required to justify the use of mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the discriminative validity of mechanisms-based classifications of pain by identifying discriminatory clusters of clinical criteria predictive of "nociceptive," "peripheral neuropathic," and "central sensitization" pain in patients with low back (± leg) pain disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a cross-sectional, between-patients design using the extreme-groups method. Four hundred sixty-four patients with low back (± leg) pain were assessed using a standardized assessment protocol. After each assessment, patients' pain was assigned a mechanisms-based classification. Clinicians then completed a clinical criteria checklist indicating the presence/absence of various clinical criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analyses using binary logistic regression with Bayesian model averaging identified a discriminative cluster of 7, 3, and 4 symptoms and signs predictive of a dominance of "nociceptive," "peripheral neuropathic," and "central sensitization" pain, respectively. Each cluster was found to have high levels of classification accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive values, positive/negative likelihood ratios).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By identifying a discriminatory cluster of symptoms and signs predictive of "nociceptive," "peripheral neuropathic," and "central" pain, this study provides some preliminary discriminative validity evidence for mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain. Classification system validation requires the accumulation of validity evidence before their use in clinical practice can be recommended. Further studies are required to evaluate the construct and criterion validity of mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain.
authors.affiliation: St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland. k.smart@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staines
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doody
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059333:Central Nervous System Sensitization / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult