title: Telephone-based disease management: why it does not save money.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand why the current telephone-based model of disease management (DM) does not provide cost savings and how DM can be retooled based on the best available evidence to deliver better value.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  The published peer-reviewed evaluations of DM and transitional care models from 1990 to 2010 were reviewed. Also examined was the cost-effectiveness literature on the treatment of chronic conditions that are commonly included in DM programs, including heart failure, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and asthma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, transitional care models, which have historically been confused with commercial DM programs, can provide credible savings over a short period, rendering them low-hanging fruit for plan sponsors who desire real savings. Second, cost-effectiveness research has shown that the individual activities that constitute contemporary DM programs are not cost saving except for heart failure. Targeting of specific patients and activity combinations based on risk, actionability, treatment and program effectiveness, and costs will be necessary to deliver a cost-saving DM program, combined with an outreach model that brings vendors closer to the patient and physician. Barriers to this evidence-driven approach include resources required, marketability, and business model disruption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a decade of market experimentation with limited success, new thinking is called for in the design of DM programs. A program design that is based on a cost-effectiveness approach, combined with greater program efficacy, will allow for the development of DM programs that are cost saving.
authors.affiliation: CareScientific, Brentwood, TN 37027, USA. bmotheral@carescientific.com
authors.forename: Brenda R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Motheral
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019468:Disease Management; D017048:Health Care Costs; D015277:Hotlines; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D014481:United States