title: Is the recall of verbal-spatial information from working memory affected by symptoms of ADHD?
abstract: OJECTIVE: The Kulhavy model for text learning using organized spatial displays proposes that learning will be increased when participants view visual images prior to related text. In contrast to previous studies, this study also included students who exhibited symptoms of ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were presented with either a map-text or text-map condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The map-text condition led to a significantly higher performance than the text-map condition, overall. However, students who endorsed more symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity scored more poorly when asked to recall text facts, text features, and map features and were less able to correctly place map features on a reconstructed map than were students who endorsed fewer symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study support the Kulhavy model for typical students; however, the benefit of viewing a display prior to text was not seen for students with ADHD symptoms, thus supporting previous studies that have demonstrated that ADHD appears to negatively affect operations that occur in working memory.
authors.affiliation: Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Linda.Caterino@asu.edu
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Caterino
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Verdi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D011939:Mental Recall; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013028:Space Perception; D013334:Students