title: Evaluation of specific metabolic rates of major organs and tissues: comparison between men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The specific resting metabolic rates (K(i) , in kcal/kg per day) of major organs and tissues in the Reference Man were suggested in 1992 by Elia: 200 for liver, 240 for brain, 440 for heart and kidneys, 13 for skeletal muscle, 4.5 for adipose tissue and 12 for the residual mass. However, it is unknown whether gender influences the K(i) values. The aim of the present study was to compare the K(i) values observed in nonelderly nonobese men to the corresponding values in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elia's K(i) values were evaluated based on a mechanistic model: REE = Σ(K(i) × T(i) ), where REE is whole-body resting energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry and T(i) is the mass of major organs and tissues measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Marginal 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the model-estimated K(i) values were calculated by stepwise univariate regression analysis. Subjects were nonelderly (age 20-49 years) nonobese (BMI 18.5-29.9 kg/m(2) ) men (n = 49) and women (n = 57).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured REE (REEm) and the mass of major organs and skeletal muscle were all greater in the men than in women. The predicted REE by Elia's K(i) values were correlated with REEm in men (r = 0.87) and women (r = 0.86, both P < 0.001). Elia's K(i) values were within the range of 95% CIs for both men and women groups, revealing that gender adjustment is not necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elia's proposed adult K(i) values are valid in both nonelderly nonobese men and women. Further studies are needed to explore the potential influences of age and obesity on K(i) values in humans.
authors.affiliation: Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10025, USA. zw28@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Zimian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhiliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosy-Westphal
authors.forename: Junyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Later
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Heymsfield
authors.forename: Manfred J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult