title: Markers of inflammation in relation to long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators reflect vascular inflammation, and play a significant role in the genesis of atherosclerosis, plaque instability and rupture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma α-defensin and serum high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were examined in 463 patients with lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The relationships between inflammatory markers and lethal outcome were examined by Cox regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 126 patients died, hereof 59 of cardiovascular causes. The patients with chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) at baseline had significantly higher α-defensin and hs-CRP levels compared with patients with intermittent claudication (IC). For patients with IC, the relative risk for cardiovascular mortality was three times higher in patients within the upper tertile of α-defensin concentration (>162 μg/l), when compared with those in the two lower tertiles (HR 3.04 95% CI 1.26-7.32). The multivariable model revealed that IC-patients with high α-defensin and high hs-CRP concentration had more than 5 times higher risk for cardiovascular mortality than those with either high α-defensin or high hs-CRP alone, and low α-defensin or low hs-CRP concentrations (HR 5.16, 95% CI 1.78-14.8). Area under the ROC curve for combined use of high values of α-defensin and hs-CRP was 0.71 (95% CI 0.57-0.85). The addition of α-defensin or hs-CRP to conventional risk factors significantly improved the accuracy of risk prediction model for cardiovascular mortality. No associations were found among α-defensin, hs-CRP, and lethal outcome for patients with CLI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined analysis of α-defensin and hs-CRP, adds prognostic information with regard to the long-term cardiovascular prognosis among patients with IC.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Research Unit, Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Hospital, Denmark. Grazina.urbonaviciene@sun.au.dk
authors.forename: Grazina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Urbonaviciene
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frystyk
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flyvbjerg
authors.forename: Sigitas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urbonavicius
authors.forename: Eskild W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Henneberg
authors.forename: Jes S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lindholt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D023084:alpha-Defensins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D023084:alpha-Defensins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein