title: Skull fracture and haemorrhage pattern among fatal and nonfatal head injury assault victims - a critical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The global incidence of fatal head injuries as the result of assault is greater than the number of non-fatal cases. The important factors that determine the outcome in terms of survival of such head injury cases include the type of weapon used, type and site of skull fracture, intra cranial haemorrhage and the brain injury. The present study aims to highlight the role of skull fractures as an indirect indicator of force of impact and the intra cranial haemorrhage by a comparative study of assault victims with fatal and nonfatal head injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  91 head injury cases resulting from assault were studied in the Department of Forensic Medicine, IMS, BHU Varanasi over a period of 2 years from which 18 patients survived and 73 cases had a lethal outcome. Details of the fatal cases were obtained from the police inquest and an autopsy while examination of the surviving patients was done after obtaining an informed consent. The data so obtained were analyzed and presented in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assault with firearms often led to fatality whereas with assault involving blunt weapons the survival rate was higher. Multiple cranial bones were involved in 69.3% cases while comminuted fracture of the skull was common among the fatal cases. Fracture of the base of the skull was noted only in the fatal cases and a combination of subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhage was found in the majority of the fatal cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows skull fractures to be an important indicator of severity of trauma in attacks to the head. Multiple bone fracture, comminuted fracture and base fractures may be considered as high risk factors in attempted homicide cases. ‎
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India. chattopadhyaydrs@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
authors.forename: Chandrabhal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tripathi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020201:Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000401:mortality*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000401:mortality; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019291:Skull Base / Q000293:injuries; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000401:mortality*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D055815:Young Adult