title: Effect of the derivatives of andrographolide on the morphology of Bacillus subtilis.
abstract: Andrographis paniculata has been reported to have antiviral, antipyretic and anticancer activities. Andrographolide, an ent-labdane diterpene, is an active constituent in this plant. In this study, andrographolide (1) and its natural derivative 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (2) and 5 other semisynthetic derivatives were tested for their activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Only derivatives bearing a 14-acetyl group showed activity, and this activity was only against Gram-positive bacteria. 14-Acetylandrographolide showed the highest potency against Bacillus subtilis; the other 14-acetylandrographolides with additional substitution at the 3- and 19-hydroxyl groups showed lower activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The morphology of B. subtilis after being treated with 14-acetylandrographolide was investigated with TEM. This is the first report on 14-acetylandrographolide's quantified antibacterial activity, and the crucial functional group of this ent-labdane that plays an important role in perturbing the morphogenesis of B. subtilis leading to cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. chaaro@kku.ac.th
authors.forename: Chantana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aromdee
authors.forename: Nongluksna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sriubolmas
authors.forename: Suthep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiyakrutta
authors.forename: Supawadee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suebsasna
authors.forename: Watcharee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khunkitti
mesh_terms: D035685:Andrographis / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; C030419:andrographolide