title: Diode laser irradiation and fluoride uptake in human teeth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate chemically the effects of diode laser on fluoride uptake before and after laser irradiation of enamel surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crowns of 20 sound human teeth were halved and a 3 x 3 mm acid-resistant varnish uncovered window left for: A) no treatment; B) fluoride (Elmex gel); C) diode (fluoride + diode laser); D) diode (diode laser + fluoride). The dental surfaces were analysed using a fluoride ion-selective electrode, in order to evaluate the fluoride treatment in combination with a diode laser. Also, to investigate laser-induced compositional changes (contents in F(-)) in enamel before/after laser irradiation and topical fluoride application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ± SD of fluoride uptake of teeth of group A was 1.55 ± 0.89 mg/l. Mean fluoride uptake increased sevenfold after fluoride gel treatment: 10.51 ± 3.38 mg/l for group B, up to 15 times after gel and laser treatment: 23.62 ± 3.58 mg/l for group C and was 22.7 ± 4.60 mg/l for group D (diode laser before fluoride application). The Kruskal Wallis test indicated a statistically significant effect of fluoride uptake for all three treatments (p<0.001). The Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test indicated a statistically significant increase of fluoride uptake before and after all treatments, and also a statistically significant difference for laser treatment versus fluoride gel. However, there was no statistically significance difference between laser groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an enhanced capability of lasers to increase fluoride uptake of enamel and providing protection to enamel surface from acid attack.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. m.c.vitale@unipv.it
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaffe
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Botticell
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caprioglio
mesh_terms: D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003959:Diamines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D005459:Fluorides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003959:Diamines; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; C495399:Olaflur; D005459:Fluorides