title: Prediction of human intestinal absorption of the prodrug temocapril by in situ single-pass perfusion using rat intestine with modified hydrolase activity.
abstract: Intestinal absorption of temocapril, a prodrug of temocaprilat, was evaluated in an in situ rat jejunal perfusion model under various conditions of luminal pH and in the presence and absence of carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis. Temocapril was more easily taken up by mucosal cells at a luminal pH of 5.4 than at pH 6.4 or 7.4 and was extensively hydrolyzed to temocaprilat in mucosal cells. The hydrolysis was limited by the intrinsic clearance and the influx rate at luminal perfusate pHs of 5.4 and 7.4, respectively. Temocaprilat, derived from temocapril, was transported into both mesenteric vein and jejunal lumen according to pH partition theory. The net absorption of both temocapril and temocaprilat was highest at a luminal perfusate pH of 5.4. When both the luminal and venous fluid were at pH 7.4, temocaprilat was transported approximately 3-fold faster into the lumen than into the vein, due presumably to the greater surface area of the brush border membrane because of the presence of microvilli. Under carboxylesterase-inhibited conditions, the hydrolysis of temocapril was inhibited by only 50%. It is postulated that serine esterases located on the membranes of the epithelial cells were responsible for the residual hydrolysis. We have confirmed that temocapril is most easily absorbed in the proximal intestine after meals, due to prolongation of the gastric emptying time, the lower intraluminal pH caused by secretion of bile acid, and the interaction between serine esterases and the digesta.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nozawa
authors.forename: Teruko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013841:Thiazepines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D011355:Prodrugs; D013841:Thiazepines; C055603:temocapril hydrochloride