title: Iontophoretic transport of zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid as a tool to improve drug topical delivery.
abstract: Phthalocyanines have been used as systemic photosensitizers because of their high affinity towards tumour tissue, and the high rates of reactive oxygen species produced when they are irradiated during photodynamic therapy. However, the topical administration of these compounds is limited by their large size, poor hydrosolubility and ionic character. This study aimed to investigate the iontophoretic delivery of charged zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (ZnPcS4) from a hydrophilic gel to different skin layers by means of in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Six hours of passive administration was insufficient for ZnPcS4 to cross the stratum corneum (SC) and to reach the epidermis and dermis. No positive effect was reached when anodal iontophoresis was performed, showing that the drug-electrode attraction effect was higher than the electro-osmosis contribution at a pH of 5.5. Cathodal iontophoresis, however, was able to transport significant amounts of the drug to the viable epidermis. In addition, the absence of NaCl in the formulation significantly increased (by five-fold) the amount of ZnPcS4 that crossed the SC and accumulated in the epidermis and dermis. It was possible to visualize the drug accumulation in the follicle openings and in the epidermis, even after SC removal. In-vivo experiments in rat skin showed that these results were maintained in an in-vivo model, even with only 15 min of iontophoresis. In addition, confocal analysis of the treated skin showed a homogeneous distribution of ZnPcS4 in the viable epidermis after this short period of cathodal iontophoresis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joel G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Guilherme M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gelfuso
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Simão
authors.forename: Antônio C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Renata F V
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Lopez
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004566:Electrodes; D005782:Gels; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008297:Male; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012995:Solubility; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C052735:zinc tetrasulfophthalocyanine