title: Effects of electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve on the jaw-opening reflex.
abstract: The present study aimed to examine whether the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) is modulated during swallowing, and if so, to compare the modulation between the low- and high-threshold afferent-evoked reflex responses. Experiments were carried out on 11 anesthetized rabbits. The inferior alveolar nerve was stimulated to evoke the JOR in the digastric muscle. The stimulus intensity was either 1.5 (low threshold) or 4.0 (high threshold) times the threshold for eliciting the JOR. As a conditioning stimulation, the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) was repetitively stimulated to evoke the swallowing reflex. The stimulus intensity ranged from 0.6 to 8.0 times the threshold to evoke the swallowing reflex during SLN stimulation over 20s. Electromyographic (EMG) activities of the digastric and mylohyoid muscles were recorded, and the peak-to-peak EMG amplitude of the digastric muscle was measured and compared with and without SLN stimulation, as well as with and without swallowing. Comparisons were also made between low- and high-threshold afferent-evoked JORs. The JOR was strongly suppressed during SLN stimulation. The degree of suppression increased and the latency for the JOR was delayed when the stimulus current applied to the SLN was increased. Such modulation was apparent when the low-threshold afferent-evoked JOR was recorded. Effects of motor outputs of swallowing events and those of single-pulse stimulation of SLN on the inhibition of the JOR were not noted. These results suggest that the JOR evoked by both the low- and high-threshold afferents was inhibited during laryngeal sensory input and following swallowing, probably to prevent opposing jaw movements evoked by oral sensory input during swallowing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsujimura
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kajii
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamura
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D007568:Jaw / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology*; D008410:Masticatory Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D011817:Rabbits; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*