title: Age moderates non-genetic influences on the initiation of cannabis use: a twin-sibling study in Dutch adolescents and young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the heritability of cannabis initiation, the influence of a possible twin-specific environment and the influence of age on the effects of genes and environment in Dutch adolescents and young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetic structural equation modelling was used to partition the variance in the liability to cannabis initiation into genetic and environmental components.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants were registered with the Netherlands Twin Register.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6,208 twins (age 13-20) and 1,545 siblings (age 11-25) from 3,503 families participated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported cannabis use was assessed prospectively with the Dutch Health Behavior Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the median age of the sample (16.5), genetic factors explained 40% of the individual differences in liability to cannabis initiation. Twins resembled each other more than non-twin siblings, which could not be attributed to the age difference between non-twin siblings. Environmental influences increased with age. This increase applied to environmental factors shared by twins (47% of the variance), environmental factors shared by twins and siblings (24%) and environmental factors unique to an individual (13%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heritability of the liability for cannabis initiation is higher in adolescents than in young adults due to a larger contribution of environmental factors in young adults. This is due mainly to environmental factors only shared by twins and those shared by all offspring growing up in the same family, but the contribution of environmental factors specific to individuals is also larger in young adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. ma.distel@psy.vu.nl
authors.forename: Marijn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Distel
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vink
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Catharina E M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: van Beijsterveldt
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009426:Netherlands; D011446:Prospective Studies; D035781:Siblings; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult