title: Aberrant response to commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in Crohn's disease: an ex vivo human organ culture study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human ex vivo evidence indicating that an inappropriate immune response(s) to nonpathogenic bacteria contributes to disease pathogenesis in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) is limited. The aim of the present study was to compare and contrast the early innate immune response of pediatric "healthy" versus CD mucosa to pathogenic, probiotic, and commensal bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  "Healthy control" and CD pediatric mucosal biopsies (terminal ileum and transverse colon) were cocultured for 8 hours with E. coli O42, Lactobacillus GG (LGG), Bacteroidesthetaiotaomicron (B. theta), or stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β (positive control). Matched nonstimulated biopsies served as experimental controls. IL-8 was the immune marker of choice. IL-8 mRNA and protein levels were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-8 secretion was observed when control, ileal biopsies were exposed to pathogenic O42 and probiotic LGG, with no response noted to commensal B. theta. In comparison, Crohn's ileal biopsies showed impaired ability to induce IL-8 in response to O42 and LGG. Control colonic tissue showed a limited response to O42 or B. theta and LGG significantly reduced IL-8 secretion. Unlike control tissue, however, Crohn's ileal and colonic tissue did respond to B. theta, with more enhanced expression in the colon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide the first ex vivo data to support the notion that aberrant mucosal recognition of commensal bacteria may contribute to pediatric CD. While IL-8 responses to O42 and LGG varied with disease status and anatomical location, B. theta consistently induced significant IL-8 both in ileal and colonic CD tissue, which was not seen in control, healthy tissue.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Lower Ground Floor, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK. l.edwards@ich.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torrente
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Heuschkel
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Murch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bajaj-Elliott
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D001439:Bacteroides / Q000276:immunology*; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D054892:Metagenome / Q000276:immunology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D019936:Probiotics
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8