title: Children and youth perceive smoking messages in an unbranded advertisement from a NIKE marketing campaign: a cluster randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  How youth perceive marketing messages in sports is poorly understood. We evaluated whether youth perceive that the imagery of a specific sports marketing advertisement contained smoking-related messages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty grade 7 to 11 classes (397 students) from two high schools in Montréal, Canada were recruited to participate in a cluster randomised single-blind controlled trial. Classes were randomly allocated to either a NIKE advertisement containing the phrase 'LIGHT IT UP' (n = 205) or to a neutral advertisement with smoking imagery reduced and the phrase replaced by 'GO FOR IT' (n = 192). The NIKE logo was removed from both advertisements. Students responded in class to a questionnaire asking open-ended questions about their perception of the messages in the ad. Reports relating to the appearance and text of the ad, and the product being promoted were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to the neutral ad, more students reported that the phrase 'LIGHT IT UP' was smoking-related (37.6% vs. 0.5%) and that other parts of the ad resembled smoking-related products (50.7% vs. 10.4%). The relative risk of students reporting that the NIKE ad promoted cigarettes was 4.41 (95% confidence interval: 2.64-7.36; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The unbranded imagery of an advertisement in a specific campaign aimed at promoting NIKE hockey products appears to have contained smoking-related messages. This particular marketing campaign may have promoted smoking. This suggests that the regulation of marketing to youth may need to be more tightly controlled.
authors.affiliation: Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190, boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, Québec H2P 1E2, Canada. nathalie.auger@inspq.qc.ca
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Auger
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Bärbel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knäuper
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Raynault
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pless
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000329:Advertising; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing; D008402:Mass Media; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012938:Social Perception; D013177:Sports; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014796:Visual Perception