title: Lunasin induces apoptosis and modifies the expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix and cell adhesion in human metastatic colon cancer cells.
abstract: METHODS
  Lunasin is an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) cancer preventive peptide. The objective was to evaluate the potential of lunasin to induce apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and their oxaliplatin-resistant (OxR) variants, and its effect on the expression of human extracellular matrix and adhesion genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various human colon cancer cell lines which underwent metastasis were evaluated in vitro using cell flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Lunasin cytotoxicity to different colon cancer cells correlated with the expression of α(5) b(1) integrin, being most potent to KM12L4 cells (IC(50) = 13 μM). Lunasin arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase with concomitant increase in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Lunasin (5-25 μM) activated the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway as evidenced by changes in the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, nuclear clusterin, cytochrome c and caspase-3 in KM12L4 and KM12L4-OxR. Lunasin increased the activity of initiator caspase-9 leading to the activation of caspase-3 and also modified the expression of human extracellular matrix and adhesion genes, downregulating integrin α(5), SELE, MMP10, integrin β(2) and COL6A1 by 5.01-, 6.53-, 7.71-, 8.19- and 10.10-fold, respectively, while upregulating COL12A1 by 11.61-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lunasin can be used in cases where resistance to chemotherapy developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Vermont P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Dia
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gonzalez de Mejia
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D039081:Integrin alpha5beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; C120514:GM2S-1 protein, soybean; D039081:Integrin alpha5beta1; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D020169:Caspases