title: Mapping the brain in younger and older asymptomatic HIV-1 men: frontal volume changes in the absence of other cortical or diffusion tensor abnormalities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past decade the developments made in treating people with human immune deficiency virus (HIV) have greatly improved quality of life and life expectancy. However, the nature of asymptomatic HIV-associated minor neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains unclear. In this study we explored the occurrence of neuropsychological and neuroimaging changes in medically and psychiatrically stable HIV-1 infected patients on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) from two separate age groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 20 HIV-1 infected younger (aged 20-40) and 20 HIV-1 older patients (aged 50-75). Comparisons were made with 20 age- and education-matched younger and 22 matched older healthy seronegative males. Participants were stable on treatment and asymptomatic at study onset with undetectable HIV-1 viral loads, and free of medical or psychiatric co-morbidity, alcohol or substance misuse. A detailed neuropsychological assessment was used and volumetric-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) performed to assess grey and white-matter integrity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant effects of ageing on memory, grey and white matter measures. Comparison of the HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups did not show significant differences on the neuropsychological tests after Bonferroni correction, and there were no significant age by HIV status interactions. However, we did find reduced grey matter volume on MRI in our HIV-positive participants within the medial and superior frontal gyri. We also found significant ageing effects in fronto-temporal grey and white matter, independent of the effect of HIV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study suggest that HIV-1 disease by itself does not significantly impair cognitive function when patients are otherwise asymptomatic. Nevertheless, the imaging techniques were sensitive enough to detect subtle grey matter changes not normally evident until much later in the disease. If confirmed in a longitudinal study this frontal grey matter change could represent an important biomarker for trials in HIV disease.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK. karren.towgood@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Karren J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Towgood
authors.forename: Mervi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitkanen
authors.forename: Ranjababu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kulasegaram
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fradera
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Suneetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: Naomi A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sibtain
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bradbeer
authors.forename: Gareth J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kopelman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D055815:Young Adult