title: Surface electromyographic activity of five residual limb muscles recorded during isometric contraction in transfemoral amputees with osseointegrated prostheses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Femoral osseointegrated implants represent a new development in amputee rehabilitation, eliminating socket pressure discomfort, improving hip range of movement and facilitating prosthetic limb attachment. A clinical aspect that has not previously been reported on is the function of muscles in the residuum with implications concerning energy expenditure, hip-hiking and viability of the electrogram as a myoprocessor. Typically, amputees fitted with osseointegrated fixation have shorter residuums and weaker attachment of cleaved muscles. Function of muscle can be assessed by surface electromyography through changes in amplitude and median frequency of the signal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five male transfemoral amputees with osseointegrated fixations participated together with a control group comprised of ten adult males. Electrodes recorded surface electromyographic activity of five residual limb muscles or left lower limb muscles of control subjects. Isometric contractions were performed against resistance. The increase in mean rectified amplitude from resting to maximally contracting was calculated and median frequencies estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amputees were unable to maintain a maximum voluntary contraction of constant amplitude. Amplitude increase was lowest for rectus femoris and adductor magnus. The median frequency of adductor magnus was significantly greater (P=0.02) for the amputees than intact subjects and there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between gluteus maximus and adductor magnus for amputee subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High electromyographic amplitude variability suggests that using residuum muscles singly as a myoprocessor might be challenging. Adductor magnus displayed a different sEMG profile compared to intact subjects indicating decreased function and neuromuscular changes. Further work into optimal muscle anchorage is required to ensure maximal mechanical performance.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta , GA 30332–0356, USA. annette.pantall@ap.gatech.edu
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pantall
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ewins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000672:Amputation Stumps / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000674:Amputees / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016348:Osseointegration