title: Evaluation of [¹²³I]-CLINDE as a potent SPECT radiotracer to assess the degree of astroglia activation in cuprizone-induced neuroinflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and sensitivity of the high-affinity translocator protein (TSPO) ligand [(123)I]-CLINDE in imaging TSPO changes in vivo and characterise and compare astroglial and TSPO changes in the cuprizone model of demyelination and remyelination in C57BL/6 mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were fed with cuprizone for 4 weeks to induce demyelination followed by 2-4 weeks of standard diet (remyelination). Groups of mice were followed by in vivo single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging using [(123)I]-CLINDE and uptake correlated with biodistribution, autoradiography, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The uptake of [(123)I]-CLINDE in the brain as measured by SPECT imaging over the course of treatment reflects the extent of the physiological response, with significant increases observed during demyelination followed by a decrease in uptake during remyelination. This was confirmed by autoradiography and biodistribution studies. A positive correlation between TSPO expression and astrogliosis was found and both activated astrocytes and microglial cells expressed TSPO. [(123)I]-CLINDE uptake reflects astrogliosis in brain structures such as corpus callosum, caudate putamen, medium septum and olfactory tubercle as confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dynamics in the cuprizone-induced astroglial and TSPO changes, observed by SPECT imaging, were confirmed by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and autoradiography. The highly specific TSPO radioiodinated ligand CLINDE can be used as an in vivo marker for early detection and monitoring of a variety of neuropathological conditions using noninvasive brain imaging techniques.
authors.affiliation: ANSTO LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia. mattnerf@gmail.com
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mattner
authors.forename: David Linares
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bandin
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Staykova
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berghofer
authors.forename: Marie Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gregoire
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quinlivan
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fordham
authors.forename: Tien
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Willenborg
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katsifis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000473:pathology; D003471:Cuprizone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D018079:Receptors, GABA / Q000235:genetics; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C504993:6-chloro-2-(4'-iodophenyl)-3-(N,N-diethyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine-3-acetamide; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; C463819:Bzrp protein, mouse; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D018079:Receptors, GABA; D003471:Cuprizone