title: Phytosterol ester processing in the small intestine: impact on cholesterol availability for absorption and chylomicron cholesterol incorporation in healthy humans.
abstract: Phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols) can lower intestinal cholesterol absorption, but the complex dynamics of the lipid digestion process in the presence of phytosterol esters (PEs) are not fully understood. We performed a clinical experiment in intubated healthy subjects to study the time course of changes in the distribution of all lipid moieties present in duodenal phases during 4 h of digestion of meals with 3.2 g PE (PE meal) or without (control meal) PE. In vitro experiments under simulated gastrointestinal conditions were also performed. The addition of PE did not alter triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis in the duodenum or subsequent chylomicron TG occurrence in the circulation. In contrast, cholesterol accumulation in the duodenum aqueous phase was markedly reduced in the presence of PE (-32%, P < 0.10). In vitro experiments confirmed that PE reduces cholesterol transfer into the aqueous phase. The addition of PE resulted in a markedly reduced presence of meal-derived hepta-deuterated cholesterol in the circulation, i.e., in chylomicrons (-43%, PE meal vs. control; P < 0.0001) and plasma (-54%, PE meal vs. control; P < 0.0001). The present data show that addition of PE to a meal does not alter TG hydrolysis but displaces cholesterol from the intestinal aqueous phase and lowers chylomicron cholesterol occurrence in humans.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; Université Aix-Marseille 2, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, F-13385 France. Electronic address: marie-jo.amiot-carlin@univmed.fr.
authors.forename: Marie Josèphe
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Amiot
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Diny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; Université Aix-Marseille 2, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, F-13385 France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cardinault
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bott
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025.
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antona
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borel
authors.affiliation: CIC Hôpital de la Conception, 13005 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, F-13385 France; INSERM, ERL 1025.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lairon
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003903:Deuterium / Q000032:analysis; D004063:Digestion; D004386:Duodenum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002914:Chylomicrons; D004952:Esters; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D010840:Phytosterols; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D003903:Deuterium