title: How do family physicians communicate about cardiovascular risk? Frequencies and determinants of different communication formats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients understand information about risk better if it is communicated in numerical or visual formats (e.g. graphs) compared to verbal qualifiers only. How frequently different communication formats are used in clinical primary care settings is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected socioeconomic and patient understanding data using questionnaires and audio-recorded consultations about cardiovascular disease risk. The frequencies of the communication formats were calculated and multivariate regression analysis of associations between communication formats, patient and general practitioner characteristics, and patient subjective understanding was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 73% of 70 consultations, verbal qualifiers were used exclusively to communicate cardiovascular risk, compared to numerical (11%) and visual (16%) formats. Female GPs and female patient's gender were significantly associated with a higher use of verbal formats compared to visual formats (p=0.001 and p=0.039, respectively). Patient subjective understanding was significantly higher in visual counseling compared to verbal counseling (p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verbal qualifiers are the most often used communication format, though recommendations favor numerical and visual formats, with visual formats resulting in better understanding than others. Also, gender is associated with the choice of communication format. Barriers against numerical and visual communication formats among GPs and patients should be studied, including gender aspects. Adequate risk communication should be integrated into physicians' education.
authors.affiliation: Institute of General Medicine and Health Services Research, University of Zürich, Switzerland. sneuner@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neuner-Jehle
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Senn
authors.forename: Odette
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wegwarth
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosemann
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steurer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D005260:Female; D058015:Health Communication / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010821:Physicians, Family; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013637:Tape Recording