title: Childhood physical punishment and the onset of drinking problems: evidence from metropolitan China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence in support of a suspected causal association linking childhood physical punishment (CPP) and later alcoholic beverage-related disturbances has been found in metropolitan China. Here, the focus shifts to the CPP association with the estimated risk of starting to drink, having the first drinking problem, and transitioning from first drink to the first drinking problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from the World Mental Health Surveys-metropolitan China study, with representative samples of adult household residents living in two metropolitan cities, Beijing and Shanghai. Recalled information was available for early life experiences (including CPP, other childhood adversities, and parental alcohol and drug problems), as well as the onset age of drinking and drinking problems. Survival analyses were used to estimate the Hazard Ratio. A structural equation modeling approach was used to control for other inter-correlated childhood adversities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cox proportional hazards modeling discloses statistically robust associations linking CPP with drinking and drinking problems, as well as more rapid transitions from first drink to first drinking problem, even after accounting for other childhood adversities and parental drinking problems. These associations cannot be attributed to a more general noxious family environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results lay a foundation for future experimental studies on the possible causal relationship linking CPP with the onset of drinking problems and the transition from drinking to drinking problems.
authors.affiliation: Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health (Peking University), No. 51 Huayuan Bei Rd., Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Hui G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Yueqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Zhaorui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011678:Punishment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult