title: The effect of soy food intake on mineral status in premenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soy foods have been substituted for meat in recent years because of proposed health benefits. Research indicates, however, that soy protein and phytate in soy products inhibit the absorption of divalent cations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study was primarily designed to determine the effect of consuming two to three servings per day of soy foods, providing ∼19 g protein and ∼36 mg isoflavones, on iron and zinc status in premenopausal women during a 10-weeks period. As secondary outcomes, we also tested the effect of soy foods on biochemical markers of bone and thyroid hormones. Nonsmoking women (18-28 years) without chronic disease, anemia, pregnancy, or irregular menstrual cycles were randomly assigned to either the soy food (SF, n=31) or animal food (AF, n=32) group. Blood and urine samples and 3-day dietary records were collected at baseline and postintervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, iron and zinc status, bone markers, and thyroid hormones were not different between groups. After intervention, no significant changes were observed in hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, serum iron, ferritin, or transferrin receptor (TFR) concentrations. Plasma zinc, but not serum alkaline phosphatase, significantly decreased in both groups (-0.8 μmol/L). The change in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase was significant between SF (1.5 U/L) and AF (-0.7 U/L) groups. No significant changes were observed in bone resorption, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or free thyroxine after soy food intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporating ∼19 g soy protein from soy foods for 10 weeks had no significant effect on iron or zinc status, bone resorption or formation, or thyroid hormone status in premenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: D Lee
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Alekel
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Manju B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D009752:Nutritional Status; D017697:Premenopause; D045730:Soy Foods; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007529:Isoflavones; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D007501:Iron; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D015032:Zinc