title: Assessment of the accuracy of infrared and electromagnetic navigation using an industrial robot: Which factors are influencing the accuracy of navigation?
abstract: Our objectives were to detect factors that influence the accuracy of surgical navigation (magnitude of deformity, plane of deformity, position of the navigation bases) and compare the accuracy of infrared with electromagnetic navigation. Human cadaveric femora were used. A robot connected with a computer moved one of the bony fragments in a desired direction. The bases of the infrared navigation (BrainLab) and the receivers of the electromagnetic device (Fastrak-Pohlemus) were attached to the proximal and distal parts of the bone. For the first part of the study, deformities were classified in eight groups (e.g., 0 to 5(°)). For the second part, the bases were initially placed near the osteotomy and then far away. The mean absolute differences between both navigation system measurements and the robotic angles were significantly affected by the magnitude of angulation with better accuracy for smaller angulations (p < 0.001). The accuracy of infrared navigation was significantly better in the frontal and sagittal plane. Changing the position of the navigation bases near and far away from the deformity apex had no significant effect on the accuracy of infrared navigation; however, it influenced the accuracy of electromagnetic navigation in the frontal plane (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the use of infrared navigation systems for corrections of small angulation-deformities in the frontal or sagittal plane provides the most accurate results, irrespectively from the positioning of the navigation bases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical School Hannover, 30627 Hannover, Germany. manoliodakis@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liodakis
authors.forename: Kongfai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krettek
authors.forename: Musa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Citak
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gosling
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kenawey
mesh_terms: D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D012371:Robotics