title: Superoxide dismutases: role in redox signaling, vascular function, and diseases.
abstract: Excessive reactive oxygen species Revised abstract, especially superoxide anion (O₂•-), play important roles in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the major antioxidant defense systems against (O₂•-), which consist of three isoforms of SOD in mammals: the cytoplasmic Cu/ZnSOD (SOD1), the mitochondrial MnSOD (SOD2), and the extracellular Cu/ZnSOD (SOD3), all of which require catalytic metal (Cu or Mn) for their activation. Recent evidence suggests that in each subcellular location, SODs catalyze the conversion of (O₂•-), H2O2, which may participate in cell signaling. In addition, SODs play a critical role in inhibiting oxidative inactivation of nitric oxide, thereby preventing peroxynitrite formation and endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. The importance of each SOD isoform is further illustrated by studies from the use of genetically altered mice and viral-mediated gene transfer. Given the essential role of SODs in cardiovascular disease, the concept of antioxidant therapies, that is, reinforcement of endogenous antioxidant defenses to more effectively protect against oxidative stress, is of substantial interest. However, the clinical evidence remains controversial. In this review, we will update the role of each SOD in vascular biologies, physiologies, and pathophysiologies such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and angiogenesis. Because of the importance of metal cofactors in the activity of SODs, we will also discuss how each SOD obtains catalytic metal in the active sites. Finally, we will discuss the development of future SOD-dependent therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. tfukai@uic.edu
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukai
authors.forename: Masuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ushio-Fukai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000201:enzymology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006973:Hypertension / Q000201:enzymology; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase