title: Diabetes and urothelial cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is important to understand the adverse health sequelae that may result from the rising incidence of diabetes. Diabetics may have an increased risk for urothelial cancer but the evidence from prospective studies and ethnically diverse populations is sparse.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined this association in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) that was conducted in Hawaii and Los Angeles with nearly 186,000 participants in five ethnic groups. Over a median 10.7 years of follow-up, 918 incident cases of urothelial cancer (89% bladder and 11% other urinary tract sites) were identified through tumor registry linkages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A self-reported diagnosis of diabetes was associated with an increased risk of urothelial cancer (relative risk=1.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.50). The association was not explained by body mass index, physical activity, or smoking. There was some suggestion that the risk was higher in women, Whites and African Americans, and past smokers. The risk associated with diabetes for in situ and localized cancer was similar to that for regional and distant cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the increased urothelial cancer risk with diabetes in this multiethnic population is very similar to that observed in mostly White or Asian populations. Whether or not the elevated risk is moderated by the degree of control of the hyperglycemia associated with diabetes will need to be determined in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: Christy G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Woolcott
authors.forename: Gertraud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maskarinec
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Haiman
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Laurence N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*