title: Tocotrienols-induced inhibition of platelet thrombus formation and platelet aggregation in stenosed canine coronary arteries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary supplementation with tocotrienols has been shown to decrease the risk of coronary artery disease. Tocotrienols are plant-derived forms of vitamin E, which have potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, and neuroprotective properties. Our objective in this study was to determine the extent to which tocotrienols inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce coronary thrombosis, a major risk factor for stroke in humans. The present study was carried out to determine the comparative effects of α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, or tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF; a mixture of α-+γ-+δ-tocotrienols) on in vivo platelet thrombosis and ex vivo platelet aggregation (PA) after intravenous injection in anesthetized dogs, by using a mechanically stenosed circumflex coronary artery model (Folts' cyclic flow model).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collagen-induced platelet aggregation (PA) in platelet rich plasma (PRP) was decreased markedly after treatment with α-tocotrienol (59%; P<0.001) and TRF (92%; P<0.001). α-Tocopherol treatment was less effective, producing only a 22% (P<0.05) decrease in PA. Adenosine diphosphate-induced (ADP) PA was also decreased after treatment with α-tocotrienol (34%; P<0.05) and TRF (42%; P<0.025). These results also indicate that intravenously administered tocotrienols were significantly better than tocopherols in inhibiting cyclic flow reductions (CFRs), a measure of the acute platelet-mediated thrombus formation. Tocotrienols (TRF) given intravenously (10 mg/kg), abolished CFRs after a mean of 68 min (range 22 -130 min), and this abolition of CFRs was sustained throughout the monitoring period (50-160 min).Next, pharmacokinetic studies were carried out and tocol levels in canine plasma and platelets were measured. As expected, α-Tocopherol treatment increased levels of total tocopherols in post- vs pre-treatment specimens (57 vs 18 μg/mL in plasma, and 42 vs 10 μg/mL in platelets). However, treatment with α-tocopherol resulted in slightly decreased levels of tocotrienols in post- vs pre-treatment samples (1.4 vs 2.9 μg/mL in plasma and 2.3 vs 2.8 μg/mL in platelets). α-Tocotrienol treatment increased levels of both tocopherols and tocotrienols in post- vs pre-treatment samples (tocopherols, 45 vs 10 μg/mL in plasma and 28 vs 5 μg/mL in platelets; tocotrienols, 2.8 vs 0.9 μg/mL in plasma and 1.28 vs 1.02 μg/mL in platelets). Treatment with tocotrienols (TRF) also increased levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols in post- vs pre-treatment samples (tocopherols, 68 vs 20 μg/mL in plasma and 31.4 vs 7.9 μg/mL in platelets; tocotrienols, 8.6 vs 1.7 μg/mL in plasma and 3.8 vs 3.9 μg/mL in platelets).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results indicate that intravenously administered tocotrienols inhibited acute platelet-mediated thrombus formation, and collagen and ADP-induced platelet aggregation. α-Tocotrienols treatment induced increases in α-tocopherol levels of 4-fold and 6-fold in plasma and platelets, respectively. Interestingly, tocotrienols (TRF) treatment induced a less pronounced increase in the levels of tocotrienols in plasma and platelets, suggesting that intravenously administered tocotrienols may be converted to tocopherols. Tocotrienols, given intravenously, could potentially prevent pathological platelet thrombus formation and thus provide a therapeutic benefit in conditions such as stroke and myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA. qureshia@umkc.edu
authors.forename: Asaf A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Karpen
authors.forename: Nilofer
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Papasian
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Folts
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D004285:Dogs; D006400:Hematocrit; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010976:Platelet Count; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024508:Tocotrienols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D024508:Tocotrienols; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D003094:Collagen; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol