title: Influence of topography and hydrophilicity on initial oral biofilm formation on microstructured titanium surfaces in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the microtopography and hydrophilicity of titanium (Ti) substrates on initial oral biofilm formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine bacterial species belonging to the normal oral microbiota, including: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Actinomyces israelii, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Streptococcus sanguinis were tested on Ti surfaces: pretreatment (PT [R(a) <0.2 μm]), acid-etched (A [R(a) <0.8 μm]), A modified to be hydrophilic (modA), sand-blasted/acid-etched (SLA [R(a) =4 μm]), and hydrophilic SLA (modSLA). Disks were incubated for 24 h in anaerobic conditions using a normal culture medium (CM) or human saliva (HS). The total counts of bacteria and the proportion of each bacterial species were analysed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher counts of bacteria were observed on all surfaces incubated with CM compared with the samples incubated with HS. PT, SLA, and modSLA exhibited higher numbers of attached bacteria in CM, whereas SLA and modSLA had a significant increase in bacterial adhesion in HS. The proportion of the species in the initial biofilms was also influenced by the surface properties and the media used: SLA and modSLA increased the proportion of species like A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. sanguinis in both media, while the adhesion of A. israelii and P. gingivalis on the same surfaces was affected in the presence of saliva.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initial biofilm formation and composition were affected by the microtopography and hydrophilicity of the surface and by the media used.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF México.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almaguer-Flores
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olivares-Navarrete
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ximénez-Fyvie
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Boyan
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms; D003470:Culture Media; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012463:Saliva; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium