title: Skeletonized coronary arteries: pathophysiological and clinical aspects of vascular calcification.
abstract: The role of calcification in coronary artery disease is gaining importance, both in research studies and in clinical application. Calcified plaque has long been considered to be the most important atherosclerotic plaque within the arterial tree and frequently presents a challenge for percutaneous intervention. Current investigations have shown that plaque calcification has a dynamic course that is closely related to the magnitude of vascular inflammation. Numerous inflammatory factors synthesized during the early stages of atherosclerosis induce the expression and activation of osteoblast-like cells localized in the arterial wall that produce calcium. There is no doubt that the role of these factors in calcification associated with coronary artery disease could be a crucial strategic point in prevention and treatment. A number of diagnostic imaging methods have been developed in recent years, but their performance needs to be improved. In this context, we undertook an update on coronary calcification, focusing on physiopathology, clinical implications, and imaging techniques.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute, Av Enéas de C Aguiar, 44 Building II, 2nd Floor, Room 12, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil. carlos.serrano@incor.usp.br
authors.forename: Carlos V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oranges
authors.forename: Vitor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brunaldi
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de M Soeiro
authors.forename: Tatiana Andreucci
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Nicolau
authors.forename: José Antonio F
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramires
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D010012:Osteogenesis; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis; D015398:Signal Transduction