title: In vitro cultures and regeneration of Bienertia sinuspersici (Chenopodiaceae) under increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and carbon dioxide.
abstract: To study the developmental transition of chloroplasts from C(3) to C(4) photosynthesis in the terrestrial single-cell C(4) species Bienertia sinuspersici, a regeneration protocol was developed. Stem explant material developed callus either with or without red nodular structures (RNS) when cultured on Murashige-Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins, supplemented with 5 mM phosphate, plus 1 mg L(-1) dichloropenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D), and 87 mM sucrose (Stage 1 media). Only calli having RNS were able to regenerate plantlets. MS media plus phosphate was used throughout regeneration, with the Stage 2 media containing 2 mg L(-1) 6-benzylaminopurine, 43 mM sucrose and 1.5% soluble starch. Stage 3 media had no hormones or organic sources of carbon, and cultures were grown under ambient (~400 ppm) versus CO(2) enrichment (1.2% CO(2)). When calli without RNS were cultured under Stage 3 conditions with 1.2% CO(2), there was an increase in growth, protein content, and photosystem II yield, while structural and biochemical analyses indicated the cells in the calli had C(3) type photosynthesis. CO(2) enrichment during growth of RNS during Stage 3 had a large effect on regeneration success, increasing efficiency of shoot and root development, size of plantlets, leaf soluble protein, and chlorophyll concentration. Anatomical analysis of plantlets, which developed under 1.2% CO(2), showed leaves developed C(4) type chlorenchyma cells, including expression of key C(4) biochemical enzymes. Increasing salinity in the media, from 0 to 200 mM NaCl, increased tissue osmolality, average plantlet area and regeneration success, but did not affect protein or chlorophyll content.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosnow
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offermann
authors.forename: Joonho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Okita
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tarlyn
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhingra
authors.forename: Gerald E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019663:Chenopodiaceae / Q000254:growth & development*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development; D012038:Regeneration; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D010940:Plant Proteins; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride