title: [Permanent disability and death among German workers with depression].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was the aim of this study to estimate effects of depression on permanent disability and death in a statutory health insurance population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 128,001 clients were used with a mean follow up of 6.4 years. Excess risks were calculated with Cox regression models adjusted for age, gender, education and job classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outpatient treatment for depression was associated with an elevated relative risk for permanent disability, but inpatient treatment even more so. Life table analysis suggests higher risks of early retirement for males who get ill early in life. Depression treated solely in an outpatient setting may be associated with lower mortality early in life, but this was only significant for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outpatient treatment should include an emphasis on occupational functioning, but also a gender-specific approach is needed.
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für seelische Gesundheit, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Sozialpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany. wedegaertner.felix@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wedegärtner
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arnhold-Kerri
authors.forename: Nicola-Alexander
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sittaro
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lohse
authors.forename: Detlef E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bleich
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational; D012179:Retirement; D012737:Sex Factors; D012943:Social Security