title: Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase attenuates vomiting in Suncus murinus and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol attenuates nausea in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2AG) in the regulation of nausea and vomiting using animal models of vomiting and of nausea-like behaviour (conditioned gaping).
  
  
  METHODS
  Vomiting was assessed in shrews (Suncus murinus), pretreated with JZL184, a selective monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor which elevates endogenous 2AG levels, 1 h before administering the emetogenic compound, LiCl. Regulation of nausea-like behaviour in rats by exogenous 2AG or its metabolite arachidonic acid (AA) was assessed, using the conditioned gaping model. The role of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors, CB(2) receptors and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition in suppression of vomiting or nausea-like behaviour was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  JZL184 dose-dependently suppressed vomiting in shrews, an effect prevented by pretreatment with the CB(1) receptor inverse agonist/antagonist, AM251. In shrew brain tissue, JZL184 inhibited MAGL activity in vivo. In rats, 2AG suppressed LiCl-induced conditioned gaping but this effect was not prevented by AM251 or the CB(2) receptor antagonist, AM630. Instead, the COX inhibitor, indomethacin, prevented suppression of conditioned gaping by 2AG or AA. However, when rats were pretreated with a high dose of JZL184 (40 mg·kg(-1) ), suppression of gaping by 2AG was partially reversed by AM251. Suppression of conditioned gaping was not due to interference with learning because the same dose of 2AG did not modify the strength of conditioned freezing to a shock-paired tone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that manipulations that elevate 2AG may have anti-emetic or anti-nausea potential.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sticht
authors.forename: Jonathan Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Limebeer
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mechoulam
authors.forename: Benjamin F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Cravatt
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D052117:Benzodioxoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005239:Fear; D005989:Glycerides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018021:Lithium Chloride; D008297:Male; D008994:Monoacylglycerol Lipases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009325:Nausea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D012788:Shrews; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D052117:Benzodioxoles; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005989:Glycerides; C534333:JZL 184; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; C103505:AM 251; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; D008994:Monoacylglycerol Lipases; D018021:Lithium Chloride