title: Effects of cigarette smoke condensate on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies have reported that tobacco use is a major etiological factor for oral cancer. Several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been shown to play important roles in the invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinomas, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9. This study examined the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on oral cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, SCC-25 (metastatic) and CAL-27 (non-metastatic), were exposed to different concentrations of CSC and examined for their collagen degrading ability and MMP production using collagen degradation assays, zymograms and Western blots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to CSC increased the collagen degrading ability of the metastasizing cell line (SCC-25) by a mechanism involving increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSC increased the collagen degrading ability of SCC-25 by increasing the MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels. Continued cigarette smoking in oral cancer patients may result in decreased survival rates due to enhanced metastatic potential of the cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
authors.forename: Eman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nouf
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Shibani
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Nawaf
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labban
authors.forename: Fengyu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: L Jack
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Windsor
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013997:Time Factors; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000032:analysis; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: C110656:2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium; D024042:Collagen Type I; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D012906:Smoke; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9