title: Designs for the combination of group- and individual-level data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of ecologic or aggregate data suffer from a broad range of biases when scientific interest lies with individual-level associations. To overcome these biases, epidemiologists can choose from a range of designs that combine these group-level data with individual-level data. The individual-level data provide information to identify, evaluate, and control bias, whereas the group-level data are often readily accessible and provide gains in efficiency and power. Within this context, the literature on developing models, particularly multilevel models, is well-established, but little work has been published to help researchers choose among competing designs and plan additional data collection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review recently proposed "combined" group- and individual-level designs and methods that collect and analyze data at 2 levels of aggregation. These include aggregate data designs, hierarchical related regression, two-phase designs, and hybrid designs for ecologic inference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The various methods differ in (i) the data elements available at the group and individual levels and (ii) the statistical techniques used to combine the 2 data sources. Implementing these techniques requires care, and it may often be simpler to ignore the group-level data once the individual-level data are collected. A simulation study, based on birth-weight data from North Carolina, is used to illustrate the benefit of incorporating group-level information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our focus is on settings where there are individual-level data to supplement readily accessible group-level data. In this context, no single design is ideal. Choosing which design to adopt depends primarily on the model of interest and the nature of the available group-level data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. shaneuse@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haneuse
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartell
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D001724:Birth Weight; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003625:Data Collection; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009657:North Carolina; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors