title: Lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease mortality by cardiorespiratory fitness levels measured at ages 45, 55, and 65 years in men. The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the association between fitness and lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Higher levels of traditional risk factors are associated with marked differences in lifetime risks for CVD. However, data are sparse regarding the association between fitness and the lifetime risk for CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed up 11,049 men who underwent clinical examination at the Cooper Institute in Dallas, Texas, before 1990 until the occurrence of CVD death, non-CVD death, or attainment of age 90 years (281,469 person-years of follow-up, median follow-up 25.3 years, 1,106 CVD deaths). Fitness was measured by the Balke protocol and categorized according to treadmill time into low, moderate, and high fitness, with further stratification by CVD risk factor burden. Lifetime risk for CVD death determined by the National Death Index was estimated for fitness levels measured at ages 45, 55, and 65 years, with non-CVD death as the competing event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in fitness levels (low fitness vs. high fitness) were associated with marked differences in the lifetime risks for CVD death at each index age: age 45 years, 13.7% versus 3.4%; age 55 years, 34.2% versus 15.3%; and age 65 years, 35.6% versus 17.1%. These associations were strongest among persons with CVD risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single measurement of low fitness in mid-life was associated with higher lifetime risk for CVD death, particularly among persons with a high burden of CVD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9047, USA. jarett.berry@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Jarett D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Susan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lakoski
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khera
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rohatgi
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Lemos
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haskell
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Jones
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors