title: Avoidance behaviour of Eisenia fetida to carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, mancozeb and metamidophos in natural soils from the highlands of Colombia.
abstract: Earthworm avoidance behaviour test is an important screening tool in soil eco-toxicology. This test has been developed and validated under North American and European conditions. However, little research has been performed on the avoidance test in the tropics. This work demonstrates the potential suitability of the avoidance behaviour test as screening method in the highlands of Colombia using Eisenia fetida as the bio-indicator species on contaminated soils with carbofuran and chlorpyrifos. Though for the two active ingredients 100% avoidance was not reached, a curve with six meaningful concentrations is provided. No significant avoidance behaviour trend was found for mancozeb and methamidophos. Tests were conducted in the field yielded similar results to the tests carried out in the laboratory for chlorpyrifos and mancozeb. However, for the case of carbofuran and methamidophos, differences of more than double in avoidance were obtained. Divergence might be explained by soil and temperature conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. glenda.santos@geo.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Glenda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García-Santos
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keller-Forrer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D003105:Colombia; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008344:Maneb / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D015038:Zineb / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D008344:Maneb; C014655:methamidophos; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C013099:mancozeb; D002235:Carbofuran; D015038:Zineb