title: Subjective sleep disturbance during a smoking cessation program: associations with relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep disturbance may affect smoking cessation efforts. We describe sleep changes across three months among women in a smoking cessation program and tested whether sleep disturbances at baseline and 1 month post-quit attempt predicted smoking status at three months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=322) were women in a randomized, clinical trial for smoking cessation. Sleep disturbances, as well as, insomnia, drowsiness, and sleep quality were evaluated prior to and during three months of cessation treatment. Repeated measures mixed models evaluated change in sleep over time by smoking outcome status. Logistic regression analyses determined whether sleep disturbances at baseline and 1 month post-quit were associated with smoking status at 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep disturbances were reported by more than 25% of women. Drowsiness, insomnia, and sleep quality changed over time. However, contrary to our hypotheses, none of the sleep variables at either baseline or 1 month post-quit attempt was associated with relapse (p's>.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although mild to severe drowsiness was reported by more women who relapsed than those who remained abstinent, none of the sleep disturbance symptoms predicted smoking relapse. Given high rates of sleep disturbances among women smokers, better prospective evaluations of the relationship of sleep disturbances to smoking cessation treatment outcome are needed.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. okunml@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Michele L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Okun
authors.forename: Michele D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Houck
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Marsha D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012894:Sleep Stages; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult