title: An approach for preoperative planning and performance of MR-guided interventions demonstrated with a manual manipulator in a 1.5T MRI scanner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to develop and test a general methodology for the planning and performance of robot-assisted, MR-guided interventions. This methodology also includes the employment of software tools with appropriately tailored routines to effectively exploit the capabilities of MRI and address the relevant spatial limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The described methodology consists of: (1) patient-customized feasibility study that focuses on the geometric limitations imposed by the gantry, the robotic hardware, and interventional tools, as well as the patient; (2) stereotactic preoperative planning for initial positioning of the manipulator and alignment of its end-effector with a selected target; and (3) real-time, intraoperative tool tracking and monitoring of the actual intervention execution. Testing was performed inside a standard 1.5T MRI scanner in which the MR-compatible manipulator is deployed to provide the required access.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A volunteer imaging study demonstrates the application of the feasibility stage. A phantom study on needle targeting is also presented, demonstrating the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed preoperative and intraoperative stages of the methodology. For this purpose, a manually actuated, MR-compatible robotic manipulation system was used to accurately acquire a prescribed target through alternative approaching paths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methodology presented and experimentally examined allows the effective performance of MR-guided interventions. It is suitable for, but not restricted to, needle-targeting applications assisted by a robotic manipulation system, which can be deployed inside a cylindrical scanner to provide the required access to the patient facilitating real-time guidance and monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Medical Diagnostic Center Ayios Therissos, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Seimenis
authors.forename: Nikolaos V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Tsekos
authors.forename: Christoforos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keroglou
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eracleous
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitris
authors.forename: Eftychios G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Christoforou
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012371:Robotics; D012984:Software; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*