title: Reference data for interpreting widening between spinous processes in the lumbar spine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic injury to the lumbar spine is evaluated and treated based on the perceived stability of the spine. Recent classification schemes have established the importance of evaluating the posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) to fully comprehend stability. There are a variety of techniques to evaluate the PLC, including assessment of interspinous distance. However reference data to define normal widening are poorly developed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Define normal interspinous widening in the lumbar spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanical and observational. To establish reference data for asymptomatic population and use the reference data to suggest criteria for routine clinical practice to be validated in future studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interspinous distances were measured from lateral lumbar X-rays of 157 asymptomatic volunteers. Measurements from the asymptomatic population were used to define normal limits and create a simple screening tool for clinical use. Distances were calculated from the relative position of landmarks at each intervertebral level. The distances were normalized to the anterior-posterior width of the superior end plate of L3. The change in interspinous process distance from flexion to extension was calculated, and the change in interspinous widening between flexion and extension with respect to widening at the adjacent levels was also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven hundred seventy-two thoracolumbar levels were available for analysis. The observed interspinous motion was slightly more than the interlaminar motion. However, the tips of the spinous processes were more difficult to identify in some images, so the interlaminar line distances were considered more reliable. Significant difference in interlaminar distances was not found between levels. The upper limit (UL) of normal spacing measured between the interlaminar lines was approximately 85% of the L3 end plate width at all levels except L5-S1, which was 105%. The UL of normal for interlaminar displacements between flexion and extension was 30% of the L3 end plate width at L1-L2 to L4-L5 and 40% at L5-S1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides normative data and methods that can be used in developing guidelines to objectively assess interspinous process widening. Simple rules can be applied to quickly assess interspinous widening. Additional research is required to validate these guidelines. A simple measurement such as spinous process widening is unlikely to be proven as an isolated clinically effective screening test but combining that with other patient evaluation's screening modalities may prove to be a sensitive evaluation protocol for the screening of injuries to the PLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6620 Main St, 12th Floor, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lador
authors.forename: Peleg J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ben-Galim
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Reitman
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hipp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012016:Reference Values