title: Anatomical, magnetic resonance imaging and histological findings in the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon of forelimbs in nonlame horses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detailed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological appearances of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL-DDFT) have not been documented previously in detail.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To: 1) describe anatomical connections between the AL-DDFT and adjacent structures; 2) describe high-field and low-field MRI and histological appearances of the AL-DDFT in the forelimb of horses with no carpal or proximal metacarpal pain; and 3) assess the relationship between age, breed, gender, height, weight and MRI findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten forelimbs were dissected to determine anatomical relationships among the AL-DDFT and adjacent structures. High- and low-field MR images of the AL-DDFT and related structures from 29 cadaver limbs of nonlame horses were analysed subjectively and objectively. The relationship between age, breed, gender, height, weight and MRI findings was assessed using a Chi-squared test. Twelve ALs-DDFT were examined histologically. Histological and MRI findings were compared subjectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fibrous bundles were seen between the AL-DDFT and the lateral aspect of the superficial digital flexor tendon (n = 9) and the DDFT (n = 2). The AL-DDFT had low to intermediate signal intensity in most limbs in most high-field and low-field MRI sequences. In 69% of limbs, oblique bands of higher signal intensity than the rest of the ligament were identified in high-field images of the AL-DDFT. The cross-sectional area of the AL-DDFT in the proximal 7 cm of the metacarpal region ranged from 68.1-299 mm(2) . There was no significant relationship between age, gender, weight or height and either the cross-sectional area of the AL-DDFT or the presence of oblique higher signal intensity bands. Histological examination revealed that the AL-DDFT had thick collagen bundles arranged in large crimps and sometimes crossing in oblique directions. The cellularity was greater than in the deep digital flexor tendon in all limbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large variability in the MRI appearance and size of the AL-DDFT in nonlame horses should be borne in mind when interpreting MR images of lame horses.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, UK. annamaria.nagy@aht.org.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dyson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000662:veterinary*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology*