title: Non-infectious complications of peritoneal dialysis among Sudanese patients: five years experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The technique of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is known to be associated with various infectious and non-infectious complications. The latter term includes anatomical/mechanical complications as well as hemoperitoneum, inflow pain, electrolyte disturbances, metabolic derangements and delayed gastric emptying.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated all patients who were maintained on CAPD for a minimum of 90 days in Sudan, in the period between May 2005 and Apr 2010. We examined the incidence of various non-infectious complications and their possible associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis included 296 patients including 71 children (24%). Males constituted 62.2% of the study population and 13.9% were diabetic. The incidence per 100 patient-years of various non-infectious complications was as follows: hypokalemia (30.4), catheter dysfunction (10.8), dialysate leak (5.3), hernia (4.7), hemorrhagic effluent (4.7), inflow pain (2.3), upper gastrointestinal symptoms (2) and cuff extrusion (0.9). Catheter block and hernia were diagnosed with a median duration after catheter insertion of 6 and 7.5 months, respectively. Catheter block was significantly more prevalent among children (22.5% versus 9.3%; P = 0.006). A high body mass index (BMI) was the only identified independent predictor for leak (OR 1.4, P = 0.005). More than half of the 16 hernias were umbilical, and four of the five inguinal hernias were bilateral. Non-infectious complications were responsible for 32% of technique failures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-infectious complications were fairly common among our CAPD patients and led to catheter removal in a considerable number of patients.
authors.affiliation: Sudan Peritoneal Dialysis Program and Nephrology Department, Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Maysoon O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Mekki
authors.forename: Haleema M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Fedail
authors.forename: Eltigani M A
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Mohammed B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Abdelraheem
authors.forename: Hanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Sanousi
authors.forename: Sarra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elamin
authors.forename: Babikir J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kaballo
authors.forename: Layla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tammam
authors.forename: Hisham H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Abdelwahab
authors.forename: Safaa A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Medani
authors.forename: Ammar H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Khamis
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abu-Aisha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013397:Sudan / Q000453:epidemiology