title: Phytochemical and immunomodulatory properties of an Echinacea laevigata (Asteraceae) tincture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echinacea preparations are consumed for the prevention or treatment of upper respiratory infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to provide the first data regarding the in vitro immunomodulatory properties of the American federally endangered species Echinacea laevigata (Asteraceae).
  
  
  METHODS
  Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with root tinctures from E. laevigata, E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea. Cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin [IL]-2, IL-10) and mononuclear cell proliferation were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assay levels of known bioactive compounds from all extracts tested to statistically determine whether there were relationships between extract phytochemical content and observed immune effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  E. laevigata extract was most similar to E. pallida extract and able to augment IL-10 and mononuclear cell proliferation, but not TNF or IL-2. Echinacoside, a caffeic acid derivative, correlated most strongly with results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This species may deserve continued investigation in both experimental and therapeutic contexts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Drake University, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA. dssenchina@drake.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Senchina
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Strauch
authors.forename: Griffin B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Nisarg B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Brad K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Laflen
authors.forename: Breanna L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Dumke
authors.forename: Chinh T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Dao
authors.forename: Amila S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: M Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Perera
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020900:Echinacea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D006027:Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006027:Glycosides; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010936:Plant Extracts; C060297:echinacoside