title: Are the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Associated With reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors? Twenty-year findings from the CARDIA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prospective association between accordance with the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) and subsequent diabetes incidence and changes in cardiometabolic risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 4,381 black and white young adults examined repeatedly from 1985 to 2005. We used the 2005 Diet Quality Index (DQI) to rate participants' diets based on meeting key dietary recommendations conveyed by the 2005 DGA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, we found no association between DQI score and diabetes risk using Cox models adjusted for potential confounders. Higher DQI scores were associated with favorable changes in HDL cholesterol and blood pressure overall (P for trend < 0.05), but with increased insulin resistance among blacks (P for trend < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings highlight the need for evaluation of the DGA's effectiveness, particularly among ethnic minority populations. Clinicians should be aware that following the DGA might not lower diabetes risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gordon-Larsen
authors.forename: Ka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shikany
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American