title: Cholestasis in patients with Cockayne syndrome and suggested modified criteria for clinical diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cockayne syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease characterized by low-to-normal birth weight; growth failure; brain dysmyelination with calcium deposits, cutaneous photosensitivity; pigmentary retinopathy, cataract, and sensorineural hearing loss. To the best of our knowledge, cholestatic liver disease was not previously reported in these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the presence of cholestasis and liver dysfunction in this group of patients and to suggest modified criteria for clinical diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included nine patients with Cockayne from four different families (five males and four females) in which Cockayne was suspected clinically. In all patients chromosomal breakage studies revealed mild (45%) to moderate (60%) increase in frequency of chromatid and chromosome gaps and breaks versus 25% in normal controls. Diagnosis was confirmed by DNA repair assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During routine follow up of these patients, seven of them had evident liver affection ranging from mild elevation in liver enzymes to cholestatic liver disease and liver cell failure. The attacks were recurrent in two patients and were sometimes preceded by infection. The attack may lead to deterioration of neurological and/or liver condition. It may end in liver cell failure that either recovers completely or may lead to death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  liver disease could be considered common in Egyptian patients with Cockayne with the cholestatic form being the most evident. The syndrome should be included in the list of causes of cholestatic liver disease. Chromosomal breakage study and positive family history should be included as major criteria for clinical diagnosis of Cockayne especially in a population like ours where consanguineous marriage is very high and molecular testing and UV sensitivity tests are considered unaffordable.
authors.affiliation: Yassin Abdelghaffar Charity Center for Liver Disease and Research, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Tawhida Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Abdel Ghaffar
authors.forename: Ezzat S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Elsobky
authors.forename: Solaf M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Elsayed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002842:Chromatids / Q000235:genetics; D019457:Chromosome Breakage; D003057:Cockayne Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D004260:DNA Repair; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007621:Karyotyping; D008099:Liver / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins