title: Populations of predators and parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) after the application of eight biorational insecticides in vegetable crops.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an important pest of vegetables and many other crops worldwide. Eight biorational insecticides (based on oil, plant derivatives, insect growth regulator and fungus) were evaluated in the field for their influence on populations of six natural enemies of B. tabaci. Natural populations of two predators [Chrysoperla carnea Stephen (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)] and two genera of parasitoids [Encarsia spp. and Eretmocerus spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)] were evaluated in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Also, augmented field populations of three predators [C. carnea, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Macrolophus caliginosus (Wagner) (Hemiptera: Miridae)] were evaluated in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and squash (Cucurbita pepo L.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of natural enemy or crop, jojoba oil, Biovar and Neemix had the least effect on abundance of the natural enemies in comparison with the other insecticides during a 14 day evaluation period. Conversely, Admiral, KZ oil, Mesrona oil, Mesrona oil + sulfur and natural oil had a high detrimental effect on abundance of the natural enemies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the differential effects of biorational insecticides for whitefly control on predators and parasitoids in the field.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA. alvin.simmons@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Alvin M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Abd-Rabou
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shaaban
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D020387:Food Chain; D006430:Hemiptera; D006927:Hymenoptera; D007306:Insecticides; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D032323:Solanum melongena / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides