title: Phenotypic spectrum of musician's dystonia: a task-specific disorder?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Musician's dystonia (MD) is traditionally considered a sporadic and task-specific movement disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phenotypic spectrum of the disorder was studied in 116 patients suffering from MD including videotaping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the movement disorders observed, we categorized our patients into two different groups: (i) 65 patients with isolated MD, that is only present when playing the instrument and (ii) 51 patients with MD and one or more additional features of primary dystonia independent of MD (complex MD). Patients with a positive family history of movement disorders had an increased risk to develop complex MD [odds ratio = 4.80; 95% confidence interval: 1.94-11.92; P = 0.001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In previous studies, we recently identified 22 relatives with different types of movement disorders in the families of 28 MD patients. Taken together, our results further support a genetic contribution to MD with a broad individual and familial phenotypic spectrum consisting of MD, other dystonias and even other, non-dystonic movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, University of Lüebeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Hans-Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Jabusch
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altenmüller
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Enders
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saunders-Pullman
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bressman
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Münchau
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagenah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D010641:Phenotype; D055815:Young Adult