title: A comparative assessment of forces and moments generated by lingual and conventional brackets.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bracket type on the labiopalatal forces and moments generated in the sagittal plane. Incognito™ lingual brackets (3M Unitek), STb™ lingual brackets (Light Lingual System; ORMCO), and conventional 0.018 inch slot brackets (Gemini; 3M Unitek) were bonded on three identical maxillary acrylic resin models, with a palatally displaced right lateral incisor. The transfer trays for the indirect bonding of the lingual brackets were constructed in certified laboratories. Each model was mounted on the orthodontic measurement and simulation system and ten 0.013 inch CuNiTi wires were used for each bracket type. The wire was ligated with elastomerics and each measurement was repeated once after re-ligation. The labiopalatal forces and the moments in the sagittal plane were recorded on the right lateral incisor. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffe pairwise comparisons were used to assess the effect on bracket type on the generated forces and moments. The magnitude of forces ranged from 1.62, 1.27, and 1.81 N for the STb, conventional, and Incognito brackets, respectively; the corresponding moments were 2.01, 1.45, and 2.19 N mm, respectively. Bracket type was a significant predictor of the generated forces (P < 0.001) and moments (P < 0.001). The produced forces were different among all three bracket types, whereas the generated moments differed between conventional and lingual brackets but not between lingual brackets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Iosif
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sifakakis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandis
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makou
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katsaros
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bourauel
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008046:Lip; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000145:classification; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D021362:Palate, Hard