title: Comparative investigations of anatomy and physiology in mammalian noses (Homo sapiens--Artiodactyla).
abstract: Knowledge of airflow in animal noses is sparse. Such knowledge could be important for selection of animal models used in environmental studies. From the phylogenetic and ontogenetic point of view, a comparison between the animal and human nose is interesting.
  
  
  
  Nose models of 5 even-toed ungulate species (he-goat, sheep, cow, roebuck, wild boar) and two humans (new born infant and adult) were examined. Anatomical and physiological features of the nasal cavities of all species were compared. All models were rinsed with water and the flow was visualized for observation. Geometric and rhinoresistometric measurements were then performed.
  
  
  
  Even-toed ungulates have two turbinates directly in the main part of the nasal airflow (respiratory turbinates) and a different number of turbinates in a so-called dead space of the nasal airflow above the nasopharyngeal duct (ethmoidal turbinates). The latter correspond with the upper and middle turbinate in analogy to the human nose. Respiratory turbinates of even-toed ungulates insert immediately behind the external nasal ostium. Thus, the whole nasal cavity acts as a functional area with the exception of a small area acting as dead space only detectable in ruminants, possibly indicating a small evolutionary progress from suinae to bovidae. The shape of the animal nasal cavity is stretched and flat. The airflow runs nearly completely turbulent through the nose. The nasal cavity in the adult human is relatively short and high. The area between the external nasal ostium and the head of the inferior turbinate is called inflow area. It distributes the airflow over the whole nasal cross section and generates a turbulent flow. So the airflow is prepared to contact the mucosa in the functional area (turbinate area). The morphology of the inflow area is approximately formed by the shape of the external nose. The nasal cavity of a newborn child is also stretched and flat and more similar to the nasal shape of the investigated animals. The inflow area in the newborn nose is not yet developed and corresponds with the growing external newborn nose. One can hypothesize that the inflow area in human noses is a morphological adaptation in the changed length-height-ratio of the nasal cavity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Neubrandenburg, Germany. stefan.gruetzenmacher@t-online.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grützenmacher
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sevecke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mlynski
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Beule
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001188:Artiodactyla; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D023842:Rhinometry, Acoustic; D014420:Turbinates / Q000033:anatomy & histology