title: Gone with the currents: lack of genetic differentiation at the circum-continental scale in the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Southern Ocean fauna represent a significant amount of global biodiversity, whose origin may be linked to glacial cycles determining local extinction/eradication with ice advance, survival of refugee populations and post-glacial re-colonization. This pattern implies high potential for differentiation in benthic shelf species with limited dispersal, yet consequences for pelagic organisms are less clear. The present study investigates levels of genetic variation and population structure of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba using mitochondrial DNA and EST-linked microsatellite markers for an unprecedentedly comprehensive sampling of its populations over a circum-Antarctic range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MtDNA (ND1) sequences and EST-linked microsatellite markers indicated no clear sign of genetic structure among populations over large geographic scales, despite considerable power to detect differences inferred from forward-time simulations. Based on ND1, few instances of genetic heterogeneity, not significant after correction for multiple tests, were detected between geographic or temporal samples. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution based on mtDNA sequences revealed strong evidence of past population expansion. Significant positive values of the parameter g (a measure of population growth) were obtained from microsatellite markers using a coalescent-based genealogical method and suggested a recent start (60,000 - 40,000 years ago) for the expansion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide evidence of lack of genetic heterogeneity of Antarctic krill at large geographic scales and unequivocal support for recent population expansion. Lack of genetic structuring likely reflects the tight link between krill and circum-Antarctic ocean currents and is consistent with the hypothesis that differentiation processes in Antarctic species are largely influenced by dispersal potential, whereas small-scale spatial and temporal differentiation might be due to local conditions leading to genetic patchiness. The signal of recent population growth suggests differential impact of glacial cycles on pelagic Antarctic species, which experienced population expansion during glaciations with increased available habitat, versus sedentary benthic shelf species. EST-linked microsatellites provide new perspectives to complement the results based on mtDNA and suggest that data-mining of EST libraries will be a useful approach to facilitate use of microsatellites for additional species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U, Bassi 58B -35121 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bortolotto
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bucklin
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mezzavilla
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zane
authors.forename: Tomaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Patarnello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000235:genetics*; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D058974:Phylogeography; D011157:Population Dynamics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial