title: Lifestyle changes and 14-year change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a cohort of male physicians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although cross-sectional studies have identified lifestyle factors associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), no studies have examined the association between changes in lifestyle factors and long-term changes in HDL-C.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between changes in lifestyle factors and changes in HDL-C over a 14-year period in a cohort of 4,168 US male physicians, followed up between 1982 and 1997 and with HDL-C measured at both time points. Using linear regression, we examined the association between HDL-C change and categorized changes in alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and smoking, adjusting for age, baseline HDL-C, and other covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stable BMI of <25 kg/m(2) or BMI reduction from ≥25 to <25 kg/m(2) were associated with increases in HDL-C of 3.1 to 4.7 mg/dL over 14 years. Alcohol consumption of ≥1 drink daily or increase in alcohol consumption from <1 to ≥1 drink daily was associated with increases in HDL-C of 2.4 to 3.3 mg/dL over 14 years. Adopting a sedentary lifestyle was associated with decreases in 14-year decreases in HDL-C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that reductions in BMI and increases in alcohol consumption are associated with 14-year increases in HDL-C, whereas decreases in physical activity are associated with 14-year decreases in HDL-C.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Information Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA 02130, USA. crahilly-tierney@partners.org
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rahilly-Tierney
authors.forename: Howard D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Sesso
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Djoussé
authors.forename: John Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaziano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D000069059:Atorvastatin