title: Micromorphometrical analyses of five different ultrasonic osteotomy devices at the rabbit skull.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The recently introduced ultrasonic osteotome procedure is an alternative to conventional methods of osteotomy. The aim of the present study was to establish the differences between five recently introduced ultrasonic osteotomes and to perform micromorphological and quantitative roughness analyses of osteotomized bone surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fresh, standard-sized bony samples were taken from a rabbit skull using the following ultrasonic osteotomes: the Piezosurgery 3 with insert tip OT7, Piezosurgery Medical with insert tip MT1-10, Piezon Master Surgery with insert tip SL1, VarioSurg with inert tip SG1, and Piezotome 2 with insert tip BS1 II. The required duration of time for each osteotomy was recorded. The prepared surfaces were examined via light microscopy, environmental surface electron microscopy (ESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the investigated piezoelectric osteotomes preserved the anatomical structure of bone. The mean roughness values of the osteotomized bone edge obtained using the investigated piezoelectric osteotomes were as follows: 2.47 μm (Piezosurgery 3), 9.79 μm (Piezosurgery Medical), 4.66 μm (Piezon Master Surgery), 6.38 μm (VarioSurg), and 6.06 μm (Piezotome 2). Significantly higher roughness values were observed when using the Piezosurgery Medical in comparison with those achieved by the Piezosurgery 3 (P<0.0001) and Piezon Master Surgery (P=0.002). Different osteotomy durations were achieved using the different piezoelectric osteotomes: 144 s (Piezosurgery 3), 126 s (Piezosurgery Medical), 142 s (Piezon Master Surgery), 149 s (VarioSurg), and 137 s (Piezotome 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, micromorphological differences following the use of various ultrasonic devices were clearly identified. According to this study, it can be concluded that the power and the composition of the teeth of the insert tip might impact procedure duration and cutting qualities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum Bremerhaven-Reinkenheide gGmbH, Postbrookstraße, Bremerhaven, GermanyInstitute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyCenter of Material Sciences, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyDepartment of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hollstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum Bremerhaven-Reinkenheide gGmbH, Postbrookstraße, Bremerhaven, GermanyInstitute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyCenter of Material Sciences, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyDepartment of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Eike
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum Bremerhaven-Reinkenheide gGmbH, Postbrookstraße, Bremerhaven, GermanyInstitute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyCenter of Material Sciences, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyDepartment of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum Bremerhaven-Reinkenheide gGmbH, Postbrookstraße, Bremerhaven, GermanyInstitute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyCenter of Material Sciences, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyDepartment of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heyroth
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum Bremerhaven-Reinkenheide gGmbH, Postbrookstraße, Bremerhaven, GermanyInstitute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyCenter of Material Sciences, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyDepartment of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prochnow
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum Bremerhaven-Reinkenheide gGmbH, Postbrookstraße, Bremerhaven, GermanyInstitute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyCenter of Material Sciences, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GermanyDepartment of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011817:Rabbits; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014465:Ultrasonics