title: Does comorbidity explain the ethnic inequalities in cervical cancer survival in New Zealand? A retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are large ethnic differences in cervical cancer survival in New Zealand that are only partly explained by stage at diagnosis. We investigated the association of comorbidity with cervical cancer survival, and whether comorbidity accounted for the previously observed ethnic differences in survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 1,594 cervical cancer cases registered during 1994-2005. Comorbidity was measured using hospital events data and was classified using the Elixhauser instrument; effects on survival of individual comorbid conditions from the Elixhauser instrument were also assessed. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted cervical cancer mortality hazard ratios (HRs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comorbidity during the year before diagnosis was associated with cervical cancer-specific survival: those with an Elixhauser count of ≥3 (compared with a count of zero) had a HR of 2.17 (1.32-3.56). The HR per unit of Elixhauser count was 1.25 (1.11-1.40). However, adjustment for the Elixhauser instrument made no difference to the mortality HRs for Māori and Asian women (compared to 'Other' women), and made only a trivial difference to that for Pacific women. In contrast, concurrent adjustment for 12 individual comorbid conditions from the Elixhauser instrument reduced the Māori HR from 1.56 (1.19-2.05) to 1.44 (1.09-1.89), i.e. a reduction in the excess risk of 21%; and reduced the Pacific HR from 1.95 (1.21-3.13) to 1.62 (0.98-2.68), i.e. a reduction in the excess risk of 35%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comorbidity is associated with cervical cancer-specific survival in New Zealand, but accounts for only a moderate proportion of the ethnic differences in survival.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand. n.brewer@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borman
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarfati
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeffreys
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Soo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pearce
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology