title: Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, dietary fat intakes and gene-diet interactions on peak particle diameters of low-density lipoproteins.
abstract: The risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is modulated by gene-diet interactions. The objective of this study was to examine whether gene-diet interactions affect peak particle diameters (PPD) of low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 674 participants. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to obtain dietary information. LDL-PPD was determined by non-denaturing 2-16% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gene polymorphisms PPARα L162V (rs1800206), PPARγ P12A (rs1801282) and PPARδ -87T→C (rs2016520) were determined by PCR-RFLP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among carriers of thePPARα L162V polymorphism, gene-diet interaction effects on LDL-PPD were observed with saturated fat (p=0.0005) and total dietary fat (p=0.006). Among PPARα V162 carriers, subjects with higher saturated fat intakes had smaller LDL-PPD than those with lower intakes (254.23±2.74 vs. 256.21±2.61 Å, respectively, p=0.007). Among subjects homozygous for the PPARα L162 allele, those with higher saturated fat intakes had larger LDL-PPD than those with lower saturated fat intakes (255.86±2.66 vs. 255.05±2.65 Å, respectively, p=0.01). Gene-diet interactions were also found for PPARγ P12A polymorphism with saturated fat intake (p=0.04) and for PPARδ -87T→C with the polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio (p=0.0013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results stress that dietary factors should be included in studies determining the effect of different polymorphisms on CVD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouchard-Mercier
authors.forename: Gaston
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Godin
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lamarche
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pérusse
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vohl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors