title: Female Urethral Reconstruction.
abstract: Female urethral strictures are rare; thus, the literature describing stricture management in women is sparse. Although urethral dilation continues to be performed at a high frequency in women despite lack of proven efficacy, this procedure is used for a variety of voiding complaints other than stricture. Hence, the long-term utility of dilation and urethrotomy for urethral stricture in women is unknown. This review describes the various urethroplasty techniques used in the management of female urethral stricture. Although grafts using a dorsal approach have been shown to be feasible in women, ventral flap techniques offer good long-term outcomes with minimal morbidity. Acute and delayed management of pelvic fracture-associated urethral distraction defects in women is also described. Unlike in men, immediate urethroplasty in women should be performed once the patient is hemodynamically stable.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Department of Urology, 1260 15th Street, Suite 1200, Santa Monica, CA 90404 USA.
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blaivas
authors.forename: Jennifer T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Anger