title: Single- and cross-commodity discounting among cocaine addicts: the commodity and its temporal location determine discounting rate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intertemporal choice has provided important insights into understanding addiction, predicted drug-dependence status, and outcomes of treatment interventions. However, such analyses have largely been based on the choice of a single commodity available either immediately or later (e.g., money now vs. money later). In real life, important choices for those with addiction depend on making decisions across commodities, such as between drug and non-drug reinforcers. To date, no published study has systematically evaluated intertemporal choice using all combinations of a drug and a non-drug commodity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we examine the interaction between intertemporal choice and commodity type in the decision-making process of cocaine-dependent individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study of 47 treatment-seeking cocaine addicts analyzes intertemporal choices of two commodities (equated amounts of cocaine and money), specifically between cocaine now vs. cocaine later (C-C), money now vs. money later (M-M), cocaine now vs. money later (C-M), and money now vs. cocaine later (M-C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cocaine addicts discounted significantly more in the C-C condition than in M-M (P = 0.032), consistent with previous reports. Importantly, the two cross-commodity discounting conditions produced different results. Discounting in C-M was intermediate to the C-C and M-M rates, while the greatest degree of discounting occurred in M-C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that the menu of commodities offered alter discounting rates in intertemporal choice and that the greatest rate is obtained when the drug is the later available commodity. Implications for understanding intertemporal choices and addiction are addressed.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute and Department of Psychology Virginia Tech, 2 Riverside Drive, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA. wkbickel@vt.edu
authors.forename: Warren K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Bickel
authors.forename: Reid D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Landes
authors.forename: Darren R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Bryan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Zeb
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kurth-Nelson
authors.forename: A David
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Redish
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D032821:Commodification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012201:Reward; D013998:Time Perception