title: [Awareness and knowledge about risks of drinking during pregnancy in pregnant Lebanese women].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the awareness and knowledge of pregnant Lebanese women about the risks of drinking during pregnancy and the factors that influence their drinking patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted on a sample of 107 women consulting the gynecology outpatient department of Hôtel-Dieu de France in Beirut, Lebanon, who completed the T-ACE screening test included in a 21 multiple choice questionnaire which examine knowledge and beliefs about alcohol use during pregnancy, drinking patterns and awareness of fetal alcohol exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 107 women of our sample were all married, between 20 and 41 years old and had mostly a high educational level (86%). Most of the women (47%) were at their first pregnancy. Of the 20 women who self-reported drinking during pregnancy, 60% obtained a positive score on the T-ACE questionnaire, which indicates that more than 11% of the women engaged with potentially high risk drinking for the baby. There is not a significant difference between the different age categories or educational levels. This proportion is lower than that found in international publications. However, the rate of excessive drinking (4 drinks or more on any one occasion in females) was higher and one woman in five reported excessive drinking in the previous year. There is a high level of knowledge that alcohol use during pregnancy is harmful to the child, and the more consumption the more harmful and likely the effects, but there is confusion about the safety of small amounts of alcohol. Women (37%) think that there is a safe level of drinking during pregnancy; 29% tolerate up to one drink a month, 9% tolerate up to one drink a week and one woman thinks having one drink a day is safe. Women who actually drink during pregnancy are more likely to think that alcohol consumption to a certain level is safe. Women (31%) think that beer and/or wine are safe alcohols to a certain level during pregnancy. When asked about the source of this belief, 22% mention a gynecologist but the majority (61%) says it is a personal belief. Women (65%) in our sample are aware that alcohol use during pregnancy can lead to life-long disabilities in a child, such as delayed development (36%), birth defects/deformities (35%) and mental retardation (32%). However, up to 33% of the respondents report having no information about the effects of alcohol on the fetus and two women believe alcohol is not harmful at all. Women with lower levels of education are somewhat less knowledgeable about the risks of alcohol use during pregnancy than those with higher levels of education. There is no association between the drinking patterns of the women with their age, their professional habits and the alcohol consumption of their husbands. The women in our sample seem to be more aware of the necessity to stop smoking rather than stop drinking during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lebanese women are not fully aware of the recommendations and risks related to drinking during pregnancy. This is the reason why action must be taken to ensure better diffusion of these recommendations and better assessment of alcohol intake during prenatal visits.
authors.affiliation: Département de psychiatrie, hôpital psychiatrique de la Croix, Jall-Eddib, faculté de médecine, USJ, BP 60096, Liban.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maalouf
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El Hachem
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kesrouani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hleis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rohayem
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chammai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001364:Awareness; D001515:Beer; D004522:Educational Status; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005602:France; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007861:Lebanon / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013695:Temperance / Q000523:psychology; D014920:Wine; D055815:Young Adult