title: Chlorinated indium tin oxide electrodes with high work function for organic device compatibility.
abstract: In organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), a stack of multiple organic layers facilitates charge flow from the low work function [~4.7 electron volts (eV)] of the transparent electrode (tin-doped indium oxide, ITO) to the deep energy levels (~6 eV) of the active light-emitting organic materials. We demonstrate a chlorinated ITO transparent electrode with a work function of >6.1 eV that provides a direct match to the energy levels of the active light-emitting materials in state-of-the art OLEDs. A highly simplified green OLED with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 54% and power efficiency of 230 lumens per watt using outcoupling enhancement was demonstrated, as were EQE of 50% and power efficiency of 110 lumens per watt at 10,000 candelas per square meter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E4. michael.helander@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Helander
authors.forename: Z B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Puzzo
authors.forename: Z W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Lu