title: Should child protection services respond differently to maltreatment, risk of maltreatment, and risk of harm?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine evidence available in large-scale North American datasets on child abuse and neglect that can assist in understanding the complexities of child protection case classifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of child abuse and neglect data from large North American epidemiological studies including the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS), the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), and the National Incidence Studies of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors of this paper argue that recent evidence from large North American epidemiological studies examining the incidence of child abuse and neglect demonstrate that children and families identified as being at risk of maltreatment present with as many household and caregiver concerns as investigations that are substantiated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order to continue to develop appropriate services and policies for vulnerable children the authors urge continue definitional clarity for research in child maltreatment that considers the exemplars or indicators of categories, in tandem with parental and child characteristics which can provide one source of evidence-basis to meaningful child protection case classifications. Continued monitoring, refined by the dilemmas faced in practice, are critical for a continued public health investment in children's well-being, predicated upon upholding children's rights.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Trocmé
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: MacLaurin
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002669:Child Welfare; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006801:Humans; D012308:Risk Management / Q000458:organization & administration*