title: Transcranial doppler quantification of residual shunt after percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure: efficacy of the GORE(®) HELEX septal occluder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ideally, percutaneous, mechanical closure of defects of the atrial septum should completely resolve shunt. To achieve this goal, more information is needed about the factors associated with device failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with cryptogenic neurological events who had severe baseline Valsalva shunt (Spencer Grade 5-5+) and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) defined patent foramen ovale (PFO) who underwent percutaneous PFO closure with the GORE(®) HELEX Septal Occluder device were evaluated for residual 3-month shunt by transcranial Doppler (TCD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We closed 315 PFO patients with the HELEX devices: 15, 20, 25, 30 mm devices in 19, 138, 150, and 8 patients, respectively. Severe residual Valsalva shunt (TCD Grade 5-5+) at 3 months occurred in 23 of 315 (7%) of all patients and in 2 of 108 (2%), 5 of 86(6%), and 16 of 121 (13%) patients with none, Grade 4, and Grade 5-5+ baseline rest shunt, respectively (P = 0.002). At 3 months, rest shunting was essentially abolished by closure. The percent of patients with severe residual Valsalva shunt was also related to device size: 15 mm (0%), 20 mm (4%), 25 mm (10%), and 30 mm (25%) (P = 0.008) and to atrial septal aneurysm. All of these variables were independent predictors of failure by multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an ICE-defined PFO population characterized by severe baseline Valsalva shunt and a high incidence of persistent (rest) shunting, the GORE(®) HELEX Septal Occluder device effectively reduces both provoked and persistent shunt. The causes of device failure are multifactorial. Larger devices perform less reliably suggesting the need for size-specific modifications to improve closure of more severe defects. (J Interven Cardiol 2011;24:366-372).
authors.affiliation: Great Basin Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. gbcrfoundation@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sherman G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smout
authors.forename: Spotswood L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Spruance
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D055815:Young Adult