title: Surface anatomy and surface landmarks for thoracic surgery: Part II.
abstract: Surface anatomy is an integral part of a thoracic surgeon's armamentarium to assist with the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of thoracic pathology. As reviewed in this article, the surface landmarks of the lungs, heart, great vessels, and mediastinum are critical for appropriate patient care and should be learned in conjunction with classic anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, 9N955, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
authors.forename: Shona E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Gail E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Darling
mesh_terms: D006326:Heart Auscultation; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008482:Mediastinum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010994:Pleura / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013897:Thoracic Duct / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures; D013909:Thorax / Q000294:innervation; D014132:Trachea / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology