title: Modelling the geographical distribution of co-infection risk from single-disease surveys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The need to deliver interventions targeting multiple diseases in a cost-effective manner calls for integrated disease control efforts. Consequently, maps are required that show where the risk of co-infection is particularly high. Co-infection risk is preferably estimated via Bayesian geostatistical multinomial modelling, using data from surveys screening for multiple infections simultaneously. However, only few surveys have collected this type of data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bayesian geostatistical shared component models (allowing for covariates, disease-specific and shared spatial and non-spatial random effects) are proposed to model the geographical distribution and burden of co-infection risk from single-disease surveys. The ability of the models to capture co-infection risk is assessed on simulated data sets based on multinomial distributions assuming light- and heavy-dependent diseases, and a real data set of Schistosoma mansoni-hookworm co-infection in the region of Man, Côte d'Ivoire. The data were restructured as if obtained from single-disease surveys. The estimated results of co-infection risk, together with independent and multinomial model results, were compared via different validation techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that shared component models result in more accurate estimates of co-infection risk than models assuming independence in settings of heavy-dependent diseases. The shared spatial random effects are similar to the spatial co-infection random effects of the multinomial model for heavy-dependent data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of true co-infection data geostatistical shared component models are able to estimate the spatial patterns and burden of co-infection risk from single-disease survey data, especially in settings of heavy-dependent diseases.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schur
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gosoniu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raso
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utzinger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vounatsou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003198:Computer Simulation; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006306:Health Surveys; D006725:Hookworm Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012306:Risk; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000453:epidemiology; D016008:Statistical Distributions; D019371:Topography, Medical