title: Motorcyclist rear brake simple perception-response times in rear-end collision situations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the baseline motorcycle riders' perception-response times (PRTs) in an expected object braking task and to determine the significant difference between PRTs of older and younger riders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine participants sat on their motorcycles in exactly the same way as they would when riding and then they awaited activation of the taillights of the passenger car (parked) in front of them. PRTs of the motorcyclists were transcribed from the camcorder when the riders hit the brakes as quickly as possible following the activation of the car's brake lights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of PRT were calculated by taking the average of both male and female older and younger riders. The study demonstrates that the mean and standard deviation of the motorcycle baseline PRTs are 0.44 and 0.11 s, respectively. Riders' age and gender were not found to be significant variables for PRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean of baseline perception-reaction time of motorcycle riders is smaller than that of passenger car drivers. If traffic facilities are designed based on passenger car drivers' simple perception-reaction times where drivers are generally more alert (for example, in traffic signal design), they can provide the required PRT for motorcyclists. This suggests that the utilization of more powerful brake lights on motorcycles could be highly effective for preventing rear-end motorcycle collisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. davoodi76ir@gmail.com
authors.forename: Seyed Rasoul
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Davoodi
authors.forename: Hussain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.forename: Sulistyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arintono
authors.forename: Ratnasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muniandy
authors.forename: Seyed Farzin
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Faezi
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009049:Motorcycles; D011930:Reaction Time; D014743:Videotape Recording; D055815:Young Adult