title: Optimal outcomes for patients with blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI): tailoring treatment to the lesion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) once went unrecognized until cerebral ischemia or death occurred. We previously demonstrated that screening of high-risk asymptomatic patients and early treatment improved outcomes. However, major dissections, pseudoaneurysms, and fistulas rarely heal with antithrombotic therapy alone. Endovascular therapy in these lesions has increased without reports of outcomes. We sought to determine ischemic stroke and death rates after BCVI with and without endovascular treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with BCVI during a 53-month period ending May 2009 were identified. Antithrombotic therapy with heparin (goal partial thromboplastin time 40-60 s) or antiplatelets (aspirin and/or clopidogrel) was instituted after diagnosis of BCVI. Endovascular treatment was performed in patients with pseudoaneurysms, major dissections, and fistulas, whereas minor dissections and occluded vessels were treated with medical therapy alone. Outcomes evaluated were ischemic stroke and mortality, both in hospital and long term.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 222 patients had 263 BCVI (115 carotid, 148 vertebral injuries); 22 patients had ischemic strokes before their angiographic diagnosis (17 present on arrival, 5 before angiography); 41% of patients underwent endovascular treatment for their BCVI, 50% were placed on heparin drips, and 76% and 52% were given aspirin and clopidogrel, respectively. Seven patients developed infarcts after BCVI diagnosis for a postdiagnosis rate of 4%. Follow-up was achieved in 85% of patients at a mean of 22 months. In-hospital mortality was 11%, and overall mortality rate was 16% at last follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular therapy of appropriate lesions in conjunction with medical therapy leads to the lowest ischemic stroke rates reported. Despite being used for more severe lesions with higher potential for ischemia, endovascular therapy had outcomes similar to medical therapy. Aggressive screening and treatment of BCVI leads to the lowest reported mortality and stroke rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: DiCocco
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Fabian
authors.forename: Katrina P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Emmett
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Magnotti
authors.forename: Ben L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Zarzaur
authors.forename: Berkeley G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bate
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Muhlbauer
authors.forename: Nickalus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Jayna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Croce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020214:Cerebrovascular Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult