title: The child with facial abnormalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review is to outline the priorities in the anaesthetic management of the child with facial abnormalities. It presents a practical approach to this, based on the anatomical site of the deformity and degree of mouth opening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature reviewed primarily consists of case reports and series describing anaesthesia in children with relevant syndromes. Also scrutinized is the literature examining the role and effectiveness of recently developed airway management equipment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a challenging area of anaesthetic practice but the use of a structured approach, combined with supraglottic airway devices and fibre-optic and indirect laryngoscopic equipment, has allowed the safe administration of anaesthesia to almost all children with conditions resulting in facial abnormality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Beer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bingham
mesh_terms: D058109:Airway Management; D000758:Anesthesia; D002648:Child; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D005931:Glottis / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D020704:Laryngoscopes; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities; D008437:Maxilla / Q000002:abnormalities; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D015619:Respiratory System Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central