title: Fly-By medical care: Conceptualizing the global and local social responsibilities of medical tourists and physician voluntourists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical tourism is a global health practice where patients travel abroad to receive health care. Voluntourism is a practice where physicians travel abroad to deliver health care. Both of these practices often entail travel from high income to low and middle income countries and both have been associated with possible negative impacts. In this paper, we explore the social responsibilities of medical tourists and voluntourists to identify commonalities and distinctions that can be used to develop a wider understanding of social responsibility in global health care practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social responsibility is a responsibility to promote the welfare of the communities to which one belongs or with which one interacts. Physicians stress their social responsibility to care for the welfare of their patients and their domestic communities. When physicians choose to travel to another county to provide medical care, this social responsibility is expanded to this new community. Patients too have a social responsibility to use their community's health resources efficiently and to promote the health of their community. When these patients choose to go abroad to receive medical care, this social responsibility applies to the new community as well. While voluntourists and medical tourists both see the scope of their social responsibilities expand by engaging in these global practices, the social responsibilities of physician voluntourists are much better defined than those of medical tourists. Guidelines for engaging in ethical voluntourism and training for voluntourists still need better development, but medical tourism as a practice should follow the lead of voluntourism by developing clearer norms for ethical medical tourism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Much can be learned by examining the social responsibilities of medical tourists and voluntourists when they engage in global health practices. While each group needs better guidance for engaging in responsible forms of these practices, patients are at a disadvantage in understanding the effects of medical tourism and organizing responses to these impacts. Members of the medical professions and the medical tourism industry must take responsibility for providing better guidance for medical tourists.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall 11300, 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC, Canada. jcs12@sfu.ca.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Shafik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dharamsi
authors.forename: Valorie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Crooks