title: Towards better measures of research utilization: a collaborative study in Canada and Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of a study examining research utilization in nursing. The specific aims were to (1) clarify the construct of research utilization, and (2) identify observable indicators of research utilization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Robust measures of research utilization do not exist despite steadily increasing numbers of studies in the field. One reason for this is theoretical confusion surrounding the central concepts in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative (focus group) design was used to explore the construct of research utilization in two countries: Canada and Sweden. A systematic and sequential (three phases) approach to expert sampling framed the study. Phase 1 consisted of initial construct clarification by the research team (2005). In Phase 2, a face-to-face meeting with a panel of international research utilization nursing experts was held (2005). Phase 3 consisted of a series of focus groups with nursing care (direct and non-direct) providers (2005-2007). Data were analysed using content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nursing care providers did not commonly use the term 'research utilization'. Several examples of research utilization were provided; a majority of these examples related to instrumental research utilization and became increasingly concrete as one moved from non-direct to direct care participants. Participants identified several indicators of research utilization (instrumental and conceptual). From these indicators, a measurement schematic was derived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The construct of research utilization is multi-faceted. Several indicators of research utilization were identified, which can be used to augment existing or develop a new and improved measure that taps both instrumental and conceptual use.
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. carole.estabrooks@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Carole A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Estabrooks
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nilsson-Kajermo
authors.forename: Shannon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Profetto-McGrath
authors.forename: Dwight
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wallin
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D055318:Evidence-Based Nursing; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013548:Sweden; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014177:Translations