title: The effects of acute, chronic, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on novel and spatial object recognition in male C57BL/6J mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spatial and novel object recognition learning is different from learning that uses aversive or appetitive stimuli to shape acquisition because no overt contingencies are needed. While this type of learning occurs on a daily basis, little is known about how nicotine administration affects it.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of acute, chronic, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on two related but distinct incidental learning tasks, novel and spatial object recognition.
  
  
  METHODS
  In C57BL/6J mice, the effects of acute (0.045-0.18 mg/kg), chronic (6.3 mg/kg/day), and withdrawal from chronic nicotine on novel and spatial object recognition were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a 48-h delay between training and testing, acute nicotine enhanced spatial (difference score, saline = 3.34 s, nicotine = 7.71 s, p = 0.029) but resulted in a deficit in novel object recognition (difference score, saline = 8.76 s, nicotine = 4.48 s, p = 0.033). Chronic nicotine resulted in a strong trend towards a deficit in spatial object recognition (difference score, saline = 4.01 s, nicotine = 1.81 s, p = 0.059) but had no effect on novel object recognition, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine disrupted spatial object recognition (difference score, saline = 3.00 s, nicotine = 0.17 s, p = 0.004) but had no effect on novel object recognition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of nicotine on spatial object recognition shift from enhancement to deficit as administration changes from acute to chronic and withdrawal. These effects were specific for spatial object recognition, which may be due to differing underlying neural substrates involved in these tasks. Understanding how nicotine alters learning has implications for understanding diseases associated with altered cholinergic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13th St, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
authors.forename: Justin W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Adoff
authors.forename: Derek S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gould
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000187:drug effects*; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine