title: Quality of life and emotional burden of primary caregivers: a case-control study of multiple sclerosis patients in Greece.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to assess the perceived emotional burden and quality of life (QOL) in a sample of Greek primary caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two male and 13 female primary caregivers (mean age 47.3 ± 12.4 years), and an equal number of patients with MS, completed the Greek validated version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and the Greek validated version of EuroQOL (EQ-5D). Thirty-five age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls were used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caregivers experienced higher degree of anxiety than depression. The mean score of the HADS-A subscale was 9.5 ± 4 (range 3-15), and the mean score of the HADS-D subscale was 7.1 ± 3.1 (range 2-14). The mean scores of caregivers on both HADS-A and HADS-D were significantly higher than the controls' (P < 0.0001). Twenty-two caregivers were diagnosed with manifesting anxiety, whereas 12 of them also presented depression. Highly educated caregivers were more prone to manifest increased levels of anxiety and depression. The increased psychological distress was further supported by the responses in the anxiety/depression dimension on the EQ-5D: 27 reported a moderate level of anxiety/depression and three indicated an extreme degree. The caregivers reported a mean EQ-VAS value of 61.9 ± 13.8 (range 40-100), with 10 caregivers rating their health status a score of 50 or lower; the controls scored significantly higher (90.3 ± 7.1; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sample of caregivers we studied was psychologically burdened to a significant degree, a fact that obviously deteriorates their QOL. Appropriate psychopharmacological interventions are warranted to reduce caregivers' burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Saint Andrew's State General Hospital of Patras, 26335 Patras, Greece. andargyriou@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: Andreas A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Argyriou
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karanasios
authors.forename: Amalia A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ifanti
authors.forename: Gregoris
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iconomou
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Assimakopoulos
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makridou
authors.forename: Fotini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giannakopoulou
authors.forename: Nicolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makris
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology