title: The biological response to three different nanostructures applied on smooth implant surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the biological effects of three calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings with nanostructures on relatively smooth implant surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stable CaP nanoparticle suspensions of different particle sizes and structures were coated onto implants by immersion and subsequent heat treatment. An uncoated implant was used as the control. After topographical and chemical characterizations, implants were randomly inserted into rabbit tibiae for removal torque (RTQ) testing. To confirm the biological reaction, implants were placed in the bilateral femurs of three rabbits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The topographical characterization showed that each surface had different nanostructural characteristics and X-ray photon spectroscopy showed various CaP compositions. The control and test groups had different nanotopographies; however, the differences among the test groups were only significant for Surfaces B and C and the rest were insignificant. The RTQ tests showed significantly higher values in two test groups (Surface A and Surface C). Histologically, no adverse effects were seen in any group. Histomorphometrical evaluation showed comparable or better osseointegration along the implant threads in the test groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three different CaP coatings with nanostructures on the implant surfaces had enhancing effects on osseointegration. Along with the surface nanotopography, the CaP chemistry might have influenced the biological outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenPromimic AB, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenPromimic AB, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sotres
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenPromimic AB, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenPromimic AB, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Breding
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenPromimic AB, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, SwedenPromimic AB, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants