title: Regression of moral reasoning during medical education: combined design study to evaluate the effect of clinical study years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moral reasoning is important for developing medical professionalism but current evidence for the relationship between education and moral reasoning does not clearly apply to medical students. We used a combined study design to test the effect of clinical teaching on moral reasoning.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Defining Issues Test-2 as a measure of moral judgment, with 3 general moral schemas: Personal Interest, Maintaining Norms, and Postconventional Schema. The test was applied to 3 consecutive cohorts of second year students in 2002 (n = 207), 2003 (n = 192), and 2004 (n = 139), and to 707 students of all 6 study years in 2004 cross-sectional study. We also tested 298 age-matched controls without university education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cross-sectional study, there was significant main effect of the study year for Postconventional (F(5,679) = 3.67, P = 0.003) and Personal Interest scores (F(5,679) = 3.38, P = 0.005). There was no effect of the study year for Maintaining Norms scores. 3(rd) year medical students scored higher on Postconventional schema score than all other study years (p<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences among 3 cohorts of 2(nd) year medical students, demonstrating the absence of cohort or point-of-measurement effects. Longitudinal study of 3 cohorts demonstrated that students regressed from Postconventional to Maintaining Norms schema-based reasoning after entering the clinical part of the curriculum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated direct causative relationship between the regression in moral reasoning development and clinical teaching during medical curriculum. The reasons may include hierarchical organization of clinical practice, specific nature of moral dilemmas faced by medical students, and hidden medical curriculum.
authors.affiliation: University of Split Faculty of Philosophy, Split, Croatia. dhren@ffst.hr
authors.forename: Darko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hren
authors.forename: Matko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marušić
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marušić
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000941:ethics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D012043:Regression, Psychology; D012107:Research Design; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult