title: Physiological origin for the BOLD poststimulus undershoot in human brain: vascular compliance versus oxygen metabolism.
abstract: The poststimulus blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) undershoot has been attributed to two main plausible origins: delayed vascular compliance based on delayed cerebral blood volume (CBV) recovery and a sustained increased oxygen metabolism after stimulus cessation. To investigate these contributions, multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed to monitor responses of BOLD, cerebral blood flow (CBF), total CBV, and arterial CBV (CBV(a)) in human visual cortex after brief breath hold and visual stimulation. In visual experiments, after stimulus cessation, CBV(a) was restored to baseline in 7.9±3.4 seconds, and CBF and CBV in 14.8±5.0 seconds and 16.1±5.8 seconds, respectively, all significantly faster than BOLD signal recovery after undershoot (28.1±5.5 seconds). During the BOLD undershoot, postarterial CBV (CBV(pa), capillaries and venules) was slightly elevated (2.4±1.8%), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) was above baseline (10.6±7.4%). Following breath hold, however, CBF, CBV, CBV(a) and BOLD signals all returned to baseline in ∼20 seconds. No significant BOLD undershoot, and residual CBV(pa) dilation were observed, and CMRO(2) did not substantially differ from baseline. These data suggest that both delayed CBV(pa) recovery and enduring increased oxidative metabolism impact the BOLD undershoot. Using a biophysical model, their relative contributions were estimated to be 19.7±15.9% and 78.7±18.6%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. jhua@mri.jhu.edu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pekar
authors.forename: Peter C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: van Zijl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001810:Blood Volume; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen