title: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with malfunctioning CSF-shunt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A less favorable outcome is usually claimed for ETV in formerly shunted patients, and continuous bias exists on using endoscopy in cases with malfunctioning CSF shunts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 60 patients with obstructive triventricular hydrocephalus (mean age 22 years, range 1-68) underwent an ETV instead of shunt revision. Fourteen patients had a history of multiple shunt-related surgeries (more than three times). Median follow-up lasted 2 years (range 1 month-8 years). Data on patients' preoperative condition and their history, including particularities of the surgery, were studied to define the impact of any given variable on the outcome. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess differences among groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen patients did not improve and needed permanent shunts anyway. The remaining 44 patients improved and became free of shunt (72%). No reliable correlation has been found regarding final outcome and data, characterizing patients' profile, for example, etiology of hydrocephalus, the history of intraventricular bleeding and/or CNS infection, age at onset and age at the first shunting, number of shunt surgeries, the origin of shunt malfunction, and complicated ventricular anatomy. There were no deaths, and overall cases with morbidity comprised 20% (12 cases); among them, serious complications with neurologic deficit were noted in three (5%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with obstructive hydrocephalus could benefit from ETV in case of their shunt malfunction and if carefully selected have about 70% probability to become shunt free. In formerly shunted patients, endoscopy has somewhat greater risk of serious complications; thus a wider experience is essential when offering them an ETV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute of RAMS, Moscow, Russia. armegmelikian@gmail.com
authors.forename: Armen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melikian
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korshunov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult