title: Sediment contact test with Potamopyrgus antipodarum in effect-directed analyses-challenges and opportunities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Effect-directed analysis is increasingly used for the identification of key toxicants in environmental samples and there is a growing need for in vivo biotests as diagnostic tools. Within this study, we performed an in vivo sediment contact test, applicable on both native field samples and their extracts or fractions, in order to be able to compare the results from both field and laboratory studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sediment contact test with the prosobranch snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, was carried out on extracts and fractions of field sediments from three European river basins. The results were compared with previous results of the native field samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to the native sediments, the extracts of the samples led to an overall decrease in reproduction. Even the chosen reference sites had an adverse effect on the snails' reproduction. It appeared that a higher bioavailability in the organic extracts, together with a changing composition of compounds could have lead to this change in effects. The fractionation of the extracts partly led to a more differentiated picture, but the resolution was not high enough to see any distinct effects on the snails' reproduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results highlight the importance of the use of in vivo biotests and point out the relevance of bioavailability in native sediments. For further fractionation studies, a more realistic extraction procedure, together with a higher resolution fractionation, would be appropriate in order to separate individual bioavailable compounds more efficient.
authors.affiliation: Ecosystem Management Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. claudia.schmitt@ua.ac.be
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machala
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Deckere
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants