title: Will leaded young mallards take wing? Effects of a single lead shot ingestion on growth of juvenile game-farm Mallard ducks Anas platyrhynchos.
abstract: This study aims to monitor retention of a single ingested lead shot in young mallards, and to evaluate effect on growth in relation to lead shot size class during late wing growth and the first wing molt period (8 to 12 weeks old). Toxicological tests, radiography and biometric measurements were conducted on 51 juvenile Mallard ducks. Forty one of them were given per os a single lead shot in three different commercially available sizes: No. 2 (LS2), No. 4 (LS4) and No. 6 (LS6). Less than 20% of total lead shots were found on X-rays at Day 21 (D) and none remained at D28, with mean retention time in gizzard calculated 12.85±1.34 days for all treated groups. Young ducks developed high blood lead levels for each LS treatment at D15 in males and females, the maximal values being for LS2 (297.00±78.64 μg/100 mL and 483.14±83.70 μg/100 mL, respectively (p<0.001)). Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels increased at D15 with LS2 and LS4 in males and only with LS6 in females. Treated ducks developed no symptoms of plumbism except light diarrhea, and at D40, all mallards had survived. We found that LS2 pellets released more lead in gizzards and produced the highest levels of blood lead, suggesting that LS2 pellets are more likely to intoxicate mallards than smaller sizes. The biometric measurements performed showed no statistical difference in weight or bill and wing length between control and treated groups, a finding suggesting that absorption of a single lead shot by young Mallard ducks does not affect their development during the first wing molt period, and appears not to compromise the flight capacity of young (post-juvenile) mallards. However, younger mallards and/or effects on growth of exposure to more than a single-shot dose still need to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, USM505 Ecosystèmes et interactions toxiques, 12 rue Buffon, CP39, Paris Cedex 05, France. biozones@orange.fr
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plouzeau
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guillard
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pineau
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Billiald
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004372:Ducks / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D004435:Eating; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000097:blood; D054041:Weapons
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D007854:Lead