title: The alternative splice variant of protein tyrosine kinase 6 negatively regulates growth and enhances PTK6-mediated inhibition of β-catenin.
abstract: Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6), also called breast tumor kinase (BRK), is expressed in epithelial cells of various tissues including the prostate. Previously it was shown that PTK6 is localized to epithelial cell nuclei in normal prostate, but becomes cytoplasmic in human prostate tumors. PTK6 is also primarily cytoplasmic in the PC3 prostate adenocarcinoma cell line. Sequencing revealed expression of wild type full-length PTK6 transcripts in addition to an alternative transcript lacking exon 2 in PC3 cells. The alternative transcript encodes a 134 amino acid protein, referred to here as ALT-PTK6, which shares the first 77 amino acid residues including the SH3 domain with full length PTK6. RT-PCR was used to show that ALT-PTK6 is coexpressed with full length PTK6 in established human prostate and colon cell lines, as well as in primary cell lines derived from human prostate tissue and tumors. Although interaction between full-length PTK6 and ALT-PTK6 was not detected, ALT-PTK6 associates with the known PTK6 substrates Sam68 and β-catenin in GST pull-down assays. Coexpression of PTK6 and ALT-PTK6 led to suppression of PTK6 activity and reduced association of PTK6 with tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. While ALT-PTK6 alone did not influence β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity in a luciferase reporter assay, it enhanced PTK6-mediated inhibition of β-catenin/TCF transcription by promoting PTK6 nuclear functions. Ectopic expression of ALT-PTK6 led to reduced expression of the β-catenin/TCF targets Cyclin D1 and c-Myc in PC3 cells. Expression of tetracycline-inducible ALT-PTK6 blocked the proliferation and colony formation of PC3 cells. Our findings suggest that ALT-PTK6 is able to negatively regulate growth and modulate PTK6 activity, protein-protein associations and/or subcellular localization. Fully understanding functions of ALT-PTK6 and its impact on PTK6 signaling will be critical for development of therapeutic strategies that target PTK6 in cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Brauer
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dominguez-Brauer
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Peehl
authors.forename: Angela L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tyner
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D051176:beta Catenin; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C088375:PTK6 protein, human