title: Needle to nerve proximity: what do the animal studies tell us?
abstract: Recent animal studies have provided insight and understanding, as well as promising clinical tools, to help identify needle-to-nerve contact and potentially hazardous intraneural injection. This narrative review describes and summarizes the contemporary animal studies primarily relating to indicators of needle-to-nerve contact and intraneural injection. Resultant nerve injury, whenever sought, is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Alan James Robert
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Anuj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brull
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D009339:Needles; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local