title: Laparoscopic demonstration of vena cava wall penetration by inferior vena cava filters in an ovine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify the penetration of struts and hooks of two inferior vena cava (IVC) filters (Günther tulip retrievable filter [GTF] and Celect filter) through the vena cava wall and to assess local or systemic complications resulting from this penetration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight IVC filters were placed in the IVC of four ewes for 30 days (1 GTF and 1 Celect filter in each ewe). Angiographic and laparoscopic examinations of the animals were performed to demonstrate the penetration through the vena cava wall, and the filters were removed under laparoscopic control. Specimens were extracted for anatomicopathological and histologic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-projection cavography showed a filter leg seemingly out of the vena cava in 19 of 32 legs (59.3%). Laparoscopy showed 7 real penetrating legs (5 Celect filters and 2 GTFs) out of the 14 legs that could be identified by laparoscopy owing to technique limitations. Neither laparoscopy nor necropsy showed any sign of wall hemorrhage or other injuries. Histologic examination showed intimal remodeling and slight thickening of adventitial tissue around filter legs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GTFs and Celect filters can produce a real penetration 1 month after implantation. This penetration did not lead to any complications in the IVC or surrounding tissues and did not compromise the subject's health in any of the studied cases.
authors.affiliation: GITMI Group of Research in Minimally Invasive Techniques, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. intervencionismo@gmail.com
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laborda
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lostalé
authors.forename: José B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Bielsa
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: De Gregorio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D010535:Laparoscopy; D023421:Models, Animal; D010690:Phlebography; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016306:Vena Cava Filters / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology