title: Radiolabeling and in vivo imaging of transplanted renal lineages differentiated from human embryonic stem cells in fetal rhesus monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this study were to optimize radiolabeling of renal lineages differentiated from human embryonic stem (hES) cells and use noninvasive imaging (positron emission tomography (PET) and bioluminescence imaging (BLI)) to detect the cells in fetal monkeys post-transplant.
  
  
  METHODS
  hES cells expressing firefly luciferase (5 × 10(6)) were radiolabeled with the optimized concentration of 10 μCi/ml (64)Cu-PTSM then transplanted under ultrasound guidance into early second trimester fetal monkey kidneys. Fetuses were imaged in utero with PET and tissues collected for analysis 3 days post-transplant. Fetal kidneys were imaged ex vivo (PET and BLI) post-tissue harvest, and serial kidney sections were assessed by PCR for human-specific DNA sequences, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for human-specific centromere probes, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess engrafted cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transplanted cells were readily imaged in vivo and identified at the site of injection; tissue analyses confirmed the imaging findings. Using a semi-quantitative method, one in approximately 650 cells in the kidney was shown to be of human origin by PCR and FISH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies suggest that hES cells differentiated toward renal lineages can be effectively radiolabeled, transplanted into fetal monkey kidneys under ultrasound guidance, monitored with PET post-transplant, and identified by PET, BLI, PCR, FISH, and IHC post-tissue harvest.
authors.affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Pedrick and Hutchison Roads, Davis, CA 95616-8542, USA. aftarantal@primate.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Alice F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Tarantal
authors.forename: C Chang I
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Batchelder
authors.forename: Jared E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prater
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cherry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D019070:Cell Lineage; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology*; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly / Q000378:metabolism; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000196:embryology*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010641:Phenotype; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D013882:Thiosemicarbazones; C052629:copper pyruvaldehyde bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) complex; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly