title: Early effects of smoking cessation and weight gain on plasma adiponectin levels and insulin resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic and cardiovascular disease. Studies have found evidence that smoking cessation is associated with weight gain, which is itself a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Aim The present study sought to determine how smoking cessation and associated weight gain affect adiponectin levels and insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two male habitual smokers were treated for 2 months with transdermal nicotine patches, and the 28 subjects who successfully quit smoking were analyzed. Subjects were divided into two sub-groups according to their weight change: weight maintainers and weight gainers. Serum adiponectin levels and the homeostasis model assessment ratio (HOMA-R) were evaluated at the beginning of the study, and at 1 week and 9 weeks after cessation of patch use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In weight gainers (n=18), serum adiponection levels tended to increase at 1 week after the end of treatment (mean difference 0.4 ± 1.0 µg/mL, p=0.08). Moreover, after 9 weeks, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in weight gainers (mean difference between 1 week and 9 weeks 0.8 ± 0.9 µg/mL, p=0.002). In weight maintainers, adiponectin levels increased slightly after smoking cessation, but changes were not significant. In weight gainers, HOMA-R index was significantly increased (mean difference between baseline and 9 weeks 0.4 ± 0.7, p=0.01), while in weight maintainers, HOMA-R index showed no differences throughout the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the adverse effects of weight gain attenuate some of the beneficial effects of smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Fuminao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadota
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoda
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tatsuta
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagaura
authors.forename: Sumako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Seiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamichi
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozono
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D057968:Transdermal Patch; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D009538:Nicotine