title: Utility of serial urinalyses and urinary cytology in the evaluation of patients with microscopic haematuria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serial urinalyses have been advocated when haematuria is suspected.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the utility of serial urinalyses and urinary cytology in patients presenting for evaluation of microscopic haematuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five patients with the diagnosis of microscopic haematuria were evaluated at a tertiary-care hospital. All patients had a comprehensive urologic evaluation. Clinic and hospital records were reviewed for key factors (e.g., demographic, pathology, radiologic findings and operative findings).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred ninety total urinalyses were reviewed. Eighty-eight (46%) urinalyses were classified as normal, 87 (46%) as haematuria (> 3 RBC/hpf), and 15 (8%) as pyuria/ bacteriuria. The initial urinalysis detected haematuria in 95% of the patients. The addition of the second and third urinalyses detected haematuria in the remaining 5% of the patients with haematuria. Aetiologic factors for microscopic haematuria include urolithiasis 15 (18%), infection 9 (11%) and bladder lesion/tumor 6 (7%). In this setting of microscopic haematuria, urinary cytology was not able to detect any of the five documented bladder tumors. Fifty-seven percent of patients had a negative haematuria evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the evaluation of the patient with microscopic haematuria, serial urinalyses may have a low yield. Further prospective studies are needed to further evaluate serial urinalyses in this cohort.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, The University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA. charles.rosser@urology.ufl.edu
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rosser
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pendleton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anal
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasraelan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yeung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003584:Cytological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis