title: Parallelism and historical contingency during rapid ecotype divergence in an isopod.
abstract: Recent studies on parallel evolution have focused on the relative role of selection and historical contingency during adaptive divergence. Here, we study geographically separate and genetically independent lake populations of a freshwater isopod (Asellus aquaticus) in southern Sweden. In two of these lakes, a novel habitat was rapidly colonized by isopods from a source habitat. Rapid phenotypic changes in pigmentation, size and sexual behaviour have occurred, presumably in response to different predatory regimes. We partitioned the phenotypic variation arising from habitat ('selection': 81–94%), lake ('history': 0.1–6%) and lake × habitat interaction ('unique diversification': 0.4–13%) for several traits. There was a limited role for historical contingency but a strong signature of selection. We also found higher phenotypic variation in the source populations. Phenotype sorting during colonization and strong divergent selection might have contributed to these rapid changes. Consequently, phenotypic divergence was only weakly influenced by historical contingency.
authors.affiliation: Section for Animal Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. fabrice.eroukhmanoff@zooekol.lu.se
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eroukhmanoff
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hargeby
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Arnberg
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hellgren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bensch
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D005618:Fresh Water; D006239:Haplotypes; D033321:Isopoda / Q000502:physiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial