title: Using ecological momentary assessment to determine media use by individuals with and without major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use ecological momentary assessment techniques to measure the association of major depressive disorder (MDD) with media use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected using an ecological momentary assessment protocol with cellular telephone-based brief interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received as many as 60 telephone calls from a trained staff member during 5 extended weekends in an 8-week period.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred six adolescent participants who were part of a larger neurobehavioral study of depression in Pittsburgh from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  At each call, participants were asked whether they were using the following 5 types of media: television or movies, music, video games, Internet, and print media, such as magazines, newspapers, and books.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed multivariable models to determine the independent association of each type of media use with MDD, controlling for sociodemographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 106 participants, 46 were diagnosed as having MDD. In multivariable models controlling for age, sex, and race, each increasing quartile of audio use was associated with an 80% increase in the odds of having MDD (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.8; P = .01 for trend). Conversely, each increasing quartile of print media use was associated with a 50% decrease in the odds of having MDD (odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.9; P = .009 for trend).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major depressive disorder is positively associated with popular music exposure and negatively associated with reading print media such as books. Further research elucidating the directionality and strength of these relationships may help advance understanding of the relationships between media use and MDD.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. bprimack@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Primack
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Silk
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: DeLozier
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Shadel
authors.forename: Francesca R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Dillman Carpentier
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Galen E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Switzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003146:Communications Media / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors