title: Moment arms of the ankle throughout the range of motion in three planes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The moment, a force applied at a distance, is responsible for movement and balance. A key component of the moment is the moment arm. The moment arms of nine muscles surrounding the ankle complex during motion in three planes, were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five cadaveric feet were mounted in a testing device that created moments in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes. Axial and tendon loads were applied as the foot was passively moved in these planes. Tendon excursions and bone kinematics were monitored. The moment arm was calculated using the tendon excursion method and averaged across all specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest average moment arm during plantarflexion/dorsiflexion, was the Achilles (mean, 53.1; SD, 5.1 mm). During internal/external rotation the largest moment arm was the peroneus brevis (mean, 20.5; SD, 6.4 mm). During inversion/eversion, the largest moment arm was the peroneus longus (31 mm; SD, 2.3 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study quantified the functional moment arms of nine tendons of the ankle/foot. The involvement of multiple tendons in multiple planes of motion should be considered in computational models and when deciding treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The correlation between moment arms and muscle function has significant effects on treatment efficacy. Information on the balance of moments around the ankle will assist in achieving optimal biomechanical behavior following operative treatments.
authors.forename: Matthew B A
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Stacie I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ringleb
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Harold B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
authors.forename: Kenton R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology