title: Event-related potentials: search for positive and negative child-related schemata in individuals at low and high risk for child physical abuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation used event-related potentials (ERPs, N400 and N300) to determine the extent to which individuals at low and high risk for child physical abuse (CPA) have pre-existing positive and negative child-related schemata that can be automatically activated by ambiguous child stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  ERP data were obtained from individuals at low (n=13) and high risk (n=12) for CPA and used in a procedure check, from which a sub-group of low-risk (n=7) and high-risk (n=7) individuals were selected for inclusion in the main study. ERP data were collected during the presentation of a priming paradigm consisting of non-child pictures (primes) and congruent and incongruent word descriptors (targets). ERP data also were collected during a second priming paradigm consisting of ambiguous child pictures (primes) and positive and negative word descriptors (targets). Data from this second paradigm were used to test the hypothesis that low-risk and high-risk individuals' putative pre-existing child-related schemata (i.e., positive schemata in low-risk individuals and negative schemata in high-risk individuals) provide a context that influences whether targets (positive or negative word descriptors) are congruent or incongruent with ambiguous child picture primes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses revealed the expected larger N400 waves in response to non-child picture, incongruent word pairs. There were no N400 differences between risk groups nor were there any risk group interactions, indicating that all participants responded in a similar manner to the non-child picture, congruent/incongruent word presentations. However, when ambiguous child picture primes were used with positive and negative word descriptors, low-risk individuals showed greater N400 and N300 responses to negative, relative to positive, word descriptors; whereas high-risk individuals showed no ERP differences with respect to positive and negative word descriptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ERP evidence supports the view that low-risk individuals have greater accessibility to pre-existing positive (relative to negative) child-related schemata, which may reduce the likelihood of negative child-related evaluations. In contrast, high-risk individuals have pre-existing positive and negative child-related schemata that are equally accessible. Hence, high-risk, relative to low-risk, individuals appear to have greater accessibility to negative child-related schemata that may increase the likelihood of negative child-related evaluations and attributions that have been linked to CPA risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for the Study of Family Violence and Sexual Assault, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2854, USA.
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Milner
authors.forename: Mandy M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rabenhorst
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: McCanne
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Crouch
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Skowronski
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hiraoka
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Risser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012660:Semantics; D055815:Young Adult