title: Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings XV: an investigation of polysiloxane anti-fouling/fouling-release coatings containing tethered quaternary ammonium salt groups.
abstract: As part of ongoing efforts aimed at the development of extensive structure−property relationships for moisture-curable polysiloxane coatings containing tethered quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) moieties for potential application as environmental friendly coatings to combat marine biofouling, a combinatorial/high-throughput (C/HT) study was conducted that was focused on four different compositional variables. The coatings that were investigated were derived from solution blends of a silanol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HO-PDMS-OH), QAS-functional alkoxysilane, and methyltriacetoxysilane. The compositional variables investigated were alkoxysilane functionality of the QAS-functional silane, chain length of the monovalent alkyl group attached to the QAS nitrogen atom, concentration of the QAS-functional alkoxysilane, and molecular weight of the HO-PDMS-OH. Of these variables, the composition of the alkoxysilane functionality of the QAS-functional silane was a unique variable that had not been previously investigated. The antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) characteristics of the 24 unique coating compositions were characterized using HT assays based on three different marine microorganisms, namely, the two bacteria, Cellulophaga lytica and Halomonas pacifica, and the diatom, Navicula incerta. Coatings surfaces were characterized by surface energy, water contact angle hysteresis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A wide variety of responses were obtained over the compositional space investigated. ANOVA analysis showed that the compositional variables and their interactions significantly influenced AF/FR behaviors toward individual marine microorganisms. It was also found that utilization of the ethoxysilane-functional QASs provided enhanced AF character compared to coatings based on methoxysilane-functional analogues. This was attributed to enhanced surface segregation of QAS groups at the coating-air interface and confirmed by phase images using AFM.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States. partha.majumdar@ndsu.edu
authors.forename: Partha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Maung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Htet
authors.forename: Shane J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stafslien
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Lyndsi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: VanderWal
authors.forename: Bret J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Chisholm
mesh_terms: D020650:Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012833:Siloxanes