title: Biomarkers of immune dysfunction following combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection.
abstract: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, yet their life expectancy remains reduced compared with the general population. Most HIV-infected patients receiving cART have some persistent immune dysfunction characterized by chronic immune activation and premature aging of the immune system. Here we review biomarkers of T-cell activation (CD69, -25 and -38, HLA-DR, and soluble CD26 and -30); generalized immune activation (C-reactive protein, IL-6 and D-dimer); microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide, 16S rDNA, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14); and immune dysfunction of specific cellular subsets (T cells, natural killer cells and monocytes) in HIV-infected patients on cART and their relationship to adverse clinical outcomes including impaired CD4 T-cell recovery, as well as non-AIDS clinical events, such as cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Gregor F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Lichtfuss
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: Reena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajasuriar
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramski
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: Sharon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lewin
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015415:Biomarkers