title: Palytoxin found in Palythoa sp. zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) sold in the home aquarium trade.
abstract: Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) are colonial anemones that contain one of the deadliest toxins ever discovered, palytoxin (LD(50) in mice 300 ng/kg), but it is generally believed that highly toxic species are not sold in the home aquarium trade. We previously showed that an unintentionally introduced zoanthid in a home aquarium contained high concentrations of palytoxin and was likely responsible for a severe respiratory reaction when an individual attempted to eliminate the contaminant colonies using boiling water. To assess the availability and potential exposure of palytoxin to marine aquarium hobbyists, we analyzed zoanthid samples collected from local aquarium stores for palytoxin using liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry and attempted to identify the specimens through genetic analysis of 16S and cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) markers. We found four specimens of the same apparent species of zoanthid, that we described previously to be responsible for a severe respiratory reaction in a home aquarium, to be available in three aquarium stores in the Washington D.C. area. We found all of these specimens (n = 4) to be highly toxic with palytoxin or palytoxin-like compounds (range 0.5-3.5 mg crude toxin/g zoanthid). One of the most potent non-protein compounds ever discovered is present in dangerous quantities in a select species of zoanthid commonly sold in the home aquarium trade.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America. jonathan.deeds@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Deeds
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Handy
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reimer
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D006799:Housing, Animal; D010802:Phylogeny; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; C010272:palytoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins