title: Glucocorticoid receptor gene haplotype predicts increased risk of hospital admission for depressive disorders in the Helsinki birth cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are involved in mediating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis functioning, which is altered in acute depression, data on associations between GR gene (NR3C1) polymorphisms and depression are scarce. We examined if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their haplotypes spanning the entire NR3C1 are associated with depressive disorders and with self-reported depressive symptoms in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We successfully genotyped 10 SNPs spanning the NR3C1, and performed SNP and haplotype analyses in 1,075 women and 928 men participating in the Helsinki birth cohort study. Diagnoses of depressive disorders were extracted from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register covering a 35-year period from early to late adulthood. In addition, depressive symptoms were self-reported with standardized questionnaire in late adulthood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to the most common haplotype, one haplotype in the regulatory region of the NR3C1 was associated with increased risk of hospital admission (OR: 3.35; 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 7.3) for depressive disorders after adjusting for sex, birth year, and education. The association was statistically significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. There were no other significant associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Haplotypic variation in the regulatory region of the NR3C1 may increase vulnerability to depressive disorders requiring hospital admission, but is not associated with self-reported symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lahti
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: Anu-Katariina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rautanen
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wahlbeck
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kere
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kajantie
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005787:Gene Frequency; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics*; D057566:Self Report
chemical_list: C497713:NR3C1 protein, human; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid