title: Pregnancy and the singing voice: reports from a case study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Significant changes in body tissues occur during pregnancy; however, literature concerning the effects of pregnancy on the voice is sparse, especially concerning the professional classically trained voice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Hormonal variations and associated bodily changes during pregnancy affect phonatory conditions, such as vocal fold motility and glottal adduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal case study with a semiprofessional classically trained singer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Audio, electrolaryngograph, oral pressure, and air flow signals were recorded once a week during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy, 48 hours after birth and during the following consecutive 11 weeks. Vocal tasks included diminuendo sequences of the syllable /pae/ sung at various pitches, and performing a Lied. Phonation threshold pressures (PTPs) and collision threshold pressures (CTPs), normalized amplitude quotient (NAQ), alpha ratio, and the dominance of the voice source fundamental were determined. Concentrations of sex female steroid hormones were measured on three occasions. A listening test of timbral brightness and vocal fatigue was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results demonstrated significantly elevated concentrations of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy, which were considerably reduced after birth. During pregnancy, CTPs and PTPs were high; and NAQ, alpha ratio, and dominance of the voice source fundamental suggested elevated glottal adduction. In addition, a perceptible decrease of vocal brightness was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elevated CTPs and PTPs during pregnancy suggest reduced vocal fold motility and increased glottal adduction. These changes are compatible with expected effects of elevated concentrations of estrogen and progesterone on tissue viscosity and water retention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication and Arts, INET-MD, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. filipa.la@ua.pt
authors.forename: Filipa Martins Baptista
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lã
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol