title: Eradicating chronic ear, nose, and throat infections: a systematically conducted literature review of advances in biofilm treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacteria can grow as individual, planktonic organisms or as complex biofilm communities that are more resistant to treatment. This review was designed to systematically search to identify recent laboratory studies on eradication of biofilms in otolaryngologic infections to highlight promising advances in biofilm treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic electronic literature search of Medline/PubMed, CINHAL, and Web of Science was conducted for articles describing the treatment of biofilm infections in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases through March 2010. English-language articles and articles with an English abstract that focused on biofilm treatment were considered for review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each included article was reviewed by one of the authors for study design, treatment intervention, and outcome. Data from in vitro and animal studies were considered separately from human studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 30 articles were identified for this review, including 5 studies that included a human treatment component. In general, antibiotics were relatively ineffective for eradicating biofilm infections. Markedly higher antibiotic dosages were required to reduce biofilm presence compared with doses that were effective in eradicating planktonic bacteria. Mupirocin irrigation, gentian violet, and thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteine effectively eradicated biofilms. Physical disruption, surfactants, and probiotics were also shown to be beneficial in both nonhuman and human studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eradicating ENT biofilms is difficult when treating single-organism or mixed flora biofilms. Antibiotic therapy is often ineffective against biofilms, and clinical treatment may need to focus on nonantibiotic therapies that reduce, disrupt, or eradicate ENT biofilms.
authors.affiliation: Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, USA. emailangelia@gmail.com
authors.forename: Angelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Farrel Joel
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Buchinsky
authors.forename: J Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents