title: Galvanic zinc-copper microparticles produce electrical stimulation that reduces the inflammatory and immune responses in skin.
abstract: The human body has its own innate electrical system that regulates the body's functions via communications among organs through the well-known neural system. While the effect of low-level electrical stimulation on wound repair has been reported, few studies have examined the effect of electric potential on non-wounded, intact skin. A galvanic couple comprised of elemental zinc and copper was used to determine the effects of low-level electrical stimulation on intact skin physiology using a Dermacorder device. Zn-Cu induced the electrical potential recorded on intact skin, enhanced H(2)O(2) production and activated p38 MAPK and Hsp27 in primary keratinocytes. Treatment with Zn-Cu was also found to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-2, NO and TNF-α in multiple cell types after stimulation with PHA or Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The Zn-Cu complex led to a dose-dependent inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB levels in keratinocytes as measured by a dual-luciferase promoter assay, and prevented p65 translocation to the nucleus observed via immunofluorescence. Suppression of NF-κB activity via crosstalk with p38 MAPK might be one of the potential pathways by which Zn-Cu exerted its inflammatory effects. Topical application of Zn-Cu successfully mitigated TPA-induced dermatitis and oxazolone-induced hypersensitivity in mice models of ear edema. Anti-inflammatory activity induced by the Zn-Cu galvanic couple appears to be mediated, at least in part, by production of low level of hydrogen peroxide since this activity is reversed by the addition of Catalase enzyme. Collectively, these results show that a galvanic couple containing Zn-Cu strongly reduces the inflammatory and immune responses in intact skin, providing evidence for the role of electric stimulation in non-wounded skin.
authors.affiliation: Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Worldwide Division of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., Skillman, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Simarna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lyte
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garay
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liebel
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jue-Chen
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Southall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D011725:Pyridines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C431843:tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; D003300:Copper; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015032:Zinc; D015232:Dinoprostone