title: Pectin-derived oligosaccharides increase color and anthocyanin content in Flame Seedless grapes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grapes grown in warm weather do not develop a desirable red color and require the use of products to enhance berry color. Pectin-derived oligosaccharides (PDOs) have been shown to have a role in various responses including plant defense, growth and development. In this work a mixture of PDOs with 3-20 degrees of polymerization was applied to Vitis vinifera cv. Flame Seedless grapes under field conditions and compared to the effects of ethephon (an ethylene-releasing compound). The effect of treatments on grape color, anthocyanin content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) mRNA levels was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDOs treatment increased berry color measured by the Color Index of Red Grapes (CIRG) and anthocyanin content, compared to ethephon and untreated berries (control); 1.5, 1 and 0.5 mg mL⁻¹ PDOs increased berry color by 30%, 27% and 26%, respectively, when compared to control berries. Levels of PAL mRNA accumulating in berries treated with PDOs were elevated within the first 24 h of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDOs enhanced the color and anthocyanin content of Flame Seedless grape berries possibly due by the induction of PAL mRNA expression. The results demonstrated that PDOs can be used to improve fruit quality aspects such as berry skin color.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Sonora, CP 83000, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marisol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochoa-Villarreal
authors.forename: Irasema
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vargas-Arispuro
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Islas-Osuna
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: González-Aguilar
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Martínez-Téllez
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003116:Color; D005638:Fruit / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry*; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D027843:Vitis / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D010368:Pectins; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase