title: Neural correlates of food addiction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has implicated an addictive process in the development and maintenance of obesity. Although parallels in neural functioning between obesity and substance dependence have been found, to our knowledge, no studies have examined the neural correlates of addictive-like eating behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that elevated "food addiction" scores are associated with similar patterns of neural activation as substance dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between-subjects functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university neuroimaging center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight healthy young women ranging from lean to obese recruited for a healthy weight maintenance trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relation between elevated food addiction scores and blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food (chocolate milkshake).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Food addiction scores (N = 39) correlated with greater activation in the anterior cingulate cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala in response to anticipated receipt of food (P < .05, false discovery rate corrected for multiple comparisons in small volumes). Participants with higher (n = 15) vs lower (n = 11) food addiction scores showed greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the caudate in response to anticipated receipt of food but less activation in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex in response to receipt of food (false discovery rate-corrected P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar patterns of neural activation are implicated in addictive-like eating behavior and substance dependence: elevated activation in reward circuitry in response to food cues and reduced activation of inhibitory regions in response to food intake.
authors.affiliation: Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT 06511, USA. ashley.gearhardt@yale.edu
authors.forename: Ashley N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Gearhardt
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokum
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stice
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Corbin
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Brownell
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D055815:Young Adult