title: Progesterone analogs influence germination of Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium difficile spores in vitro.
abstract: Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium difficile are closely related anaerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming human pathogens. C. sordellii and C. difficile form spores that are believed to be the infectious form of these bacteria. These spores return to toxin-producing vegetative cells upon binding to small molecule germinants. The endogenous compounds that regulate clostridial spore germination are not fully understood. While C. sordellii spores require three structurally distinct amino acids to germinate, the occurrence of postpregnancy C. sordellii infections suggests that steroidal sex hormones might regulate its capacity to germinate. On the other hand, C. difficile spores require taurocholate (a bile salt) and glycine (an amino acid) to germinate. Bile salts and steroid hormones are biosynthesized from cholesterol, suggesting that the common sterane structure can affect the germination of both C. sordellii and C. difficile spores. Therefore, we tested the effect of sterane compounds on C. sordellii and C. difficile spore germination. Our results show that both steroid hormones and bile salts are able to increase C. sordellii spore germination rates. In contrast, a subset of steroid hormones acted as competitive inhibitors of C. difficile spore germination. Thus, even though C. sordellii and C. difficile are phylogenetically related, the two species' spores respond differently to steroidal compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liggins
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Natiera
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magnuson
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abel-Santos
mesh_terms: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D047989:Paraclostridium sordellii / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D011374:Progesterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D011374:Progesterone