title: MDL28170, a calpain inhibitor, affects Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis, ultrastructure and attachment to Rhodnius prolixus midgut.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. During the parasite life cycle, many molecules are involved in the differentiation process and infectivity. Peptidases are relevant for crucial steps of T. cruzi life cycle; as such, it is conceivable that they may participate in the metacyclogenesis and interaction with the invertebrate host.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper, we have investigated the effect of the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 on the attachment of T. cruzi epimastigotes to the luminal midgut surface of Rhodnius prolixus, as well as on the metacyclogenesis process and ultrastructure. MDL28170 treatment was capable of significantly reducing the number of bound epimastigotes to the luminal surface midgut of the insect. Once the cross-reactivity of the anti-Dm-calpain was assessed, it was possible to block calpain molecules by the antibody, leading to a significant reduction in the capacity of adhesion to the insect guts by T. cruzi. However, the antibodies were unable to interfere in metacyclogenesis, which was impaired by the calpain inhibitor presenting a significant reduction in the number of metacyclic trypomastigotes. The calpain inhibitor also promoted a direct effect against bloodstream trypomastigotes. Ultrastructural analysis of epimastigotes treated with the calpain inhibitor revealed disorganization in the reservosomes, Golgi and plasma membrane disruption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of calpain and calpain-like molecules in a wide range of organisms suggests that these proteins could be necessary for basic cellular functions. Herein, we demonstrated the effects of MDL28170 in crucial steps of the T. cruzi life cycle, such as attachment to the insect midgut and metacyclogenesis, as well as in parasite viability and morphology. Together with our previous findings, these results help to shed some light on the functions of T. cruzi calpains. Considering the potential roles of these molecules on the interaction with both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, it is interesting to improve knowledge on these molecules in T. cruzi.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vítor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ennes-Vidal
authors.forename: Rubem F S
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Menna-Barreto
authors.forename: André L S
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Marta H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Branquinha
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: d'Avila-Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D002154:Calpain / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012239:Rhodnius / Q000378:metabolism*; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D004151:Dipeptides; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D002154:Calpain; C058076:calpain inhibitor III