title: Rewarding, stimulant, and sedative alcohol responses and relationship to future binge drinking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive consumption of alcohol is a major problem in the United States and abroad. Despite many years of study, it is unclear why some individuals drink alcohol excessively while others do not. It has been postulated that either lower or greater acute responses to alcohol, or both, depending on the limb of the breath alcohol concentration curve, contribute to propensity for alcohol misuse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively assess the relationship of acute alcohol responses to future binge drinking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multidose laboratory alcohol challenge study with intensive follow-up. Each participant completed 3 randomized sessions examining responses to a high (0.8 g/kg) and low (0.4 g/kg) alcohol dose and placebo, followed by quarterly assessments for 2 years examining drinking behaviors and alcohol diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants recruited from the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-risk heavy social drinkers aged 21 to 35 years who habitually engage in weekly binge drinking (n = 104) and light drinker controls (n = 86).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted 570 laboratory sessions with a subsequent 99.1% follow-up (1506 of 1520).
  
  
  METHODS
  Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale, Drug Effects Questionnaire, cortisol response, Timeline Follow-Back, Drinker Inventory of Consequences-Recent, and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol produced greater stimulant and rewarding (liking and wanting) responses and lower sedative and cortisol responses in heavy vs light drinkers. Among the heavy drinkers, greater positive effects and lower sedative effects after alcohol consumption predicted increased binge drinking frequency during follow-up. In turn, greater frequency of binge drinking during follow-up was associated with greater likelihood of meeting diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The widely held low level response theory and differentiator model should be revised: in high-risk drinkers, stimulant and rewarding alcohol responses even at peak breath alcohol concentrations are important predictors of future alcohol problems.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00961792.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. aking@bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Dingcai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D000431:Ethanol; D006854:Hydrocortisone