title: Surgeons' intraoperative decision making and risk management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical research on decision making and risk management usually focuses on perioperative care, despite the magnitude and frequency of intraoperative risks. The aim of this study was to examine surgeons' intraoperative decisions and risk management strategies to explore differences in cognitive processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical decision method interviews were conducted with 24 consultant surgeons who recalled cases and selected important decisions during the operations. These decision were then discussed in detail in relation to decision-making style and risk management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The key decision in each case was made using either a rapid, intuitive mode (46%) or a more deliberate comparison of alternative courses of action (50%). Decision strategy was not related to surgical approach (endoscopic vs open), context (elective vs emergency), perceived time pressure, or situational threats. Risk management involved perceiving threats and assessing impact but also indicated the role of personal risk tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons described making key intraoperative decisions using either an intuitive or an analytic mode of thinking. Surgeons' risk assessment, risk tolerance, and decision strategies appear to be influenced by their personalities.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, UK. k.pauley@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Keryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pauley
authors.forename: Rhona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flin
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yule
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Youngson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012308:Risk Management; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000523:psychology*