title: Toll-like and adenosine receptor expression in injured skeletal muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many aspects of skeletal muscle regeneration are now considered to be controlled by the innate immune system, specifically macrophages, but the mechanisms for activation and modulation of the innate immune system during injury are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and adenosine receptors during traumatic skeletal muscle injury. mRNA expression and immunostaining of these receptors were evaluated in mouse skeletal muscle injured by freezing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of nearly all mammalian TLRs was induced at 1 and/or 3 days postinjury with a common trend for higher expression at day 3. Injury also elicited a dramatic increase in the expression of adenosine receptors A(2B) and A(3) but not A(1) and A(2A) .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both receptor types may be potential targets for stimulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration and functional restoration after injury.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4019, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA. gwarren@gsu.edu
authors.forename: Gordon L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hulderman
authors.forename: Angie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liston
authors.forename: Petia P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Simeonova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology*; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors