title: Screening for insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in collegiate football linemen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between fitness, obesity, and the risk factors of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in obese-classified [by body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m] collegiate football linemen and male students of similar age and BMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional university based.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of volunteer students. Thirty collegiate football linemen and 10 sedentary age-matched and size-matched peers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Status as lineman or sedentary student.
  
  
  METHODS
  Height, weight, blood pressure, and body fat percent (BF%) were measured for each subject. Fasting blood draw was used to determine glucose, insulin, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The athlete group had lower mean (SD) BF% [21.8 (3.89) vs control 27.1 (7.07); P = 0.01], despite no significant difference in age, weight, height, or BMI. The athlete group had lower systolic blood pressure [135.6 (13.29) mm Hg vs 148.1 (13.77); P = 0.015] and at-risk LDL (10% vs 40%; P = 0.05). The groups did not differ significantly in other measures. Body fat percent (before and after adjusting for BMI) was significantly correlated with every risk factor except glucose, whereas BMI was only significantly correlated with blood pressure and insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collegiate football linemen with elevated BMI have select risk factors, particularly blood pressure and LDL cholesterol that improved over sedentary peers. However, concerning risk factor profiles of linemen warrant standard age-appropriate and size-appropriate screening for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Body fat percent more strongly correlated with risk factors than with BMI and may be the stronger tool for estimating risk in this population.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. scotthaskins@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haskins
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Koscik
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005538:Football / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012306:Risk; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol