title: Maternal representations of past and current attachment relationships, and emotional experience across the transition to motherhood: a longitudinal study.
abstract: Sad and anxious feelings are known to increase in the immediate postpartum period, whereas studies on new mothers' other emotional qualities such as anger are scarce. In laboratory studies, attachment security was found to be associated with effective emotion regulation in challenging situations. This study investigated attachment representations of experiences with parents and of current experiences with the partner as predictors of sad, anxious, and angry feelings across the transition to motherhood. Seventy-seven pregnant women in their third trimester were administered the Adult Attachment Interview and the Current Relationship Interview. The Differential Emotions Scale was given in pregnancy and at the infant's ages of 2 weeks, 2, 4, and 6 months, asking both mothers and fathers about maternal emotional experience. Sadness and anxiety increased 2 weeks postpartum and returned to below baseline over the following months, while anger did not change. Contrary to mothers with an insecure representation of their couple relationship, those with a secure representation reported and displayed increased sadness and anxiety 2 weeks after giving birth, from which they quickly recovered. For mothers secure in their representation of past attachment relationships with parents, an increase of low-level anger emerged 4 months postpartum, which did not occur in insecure participants and receded quickly. It can be concluded that secure representations of current and past attachment relationships help new mothers express and recover from negative emotions. These findings further elucidate the associations between attachment status and emotion regulation while adding a couple perspective.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Behringer
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Mainz.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology.
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spangler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult