title: Structural basis for the role of inhibition in facilitating adult brain plasticity.
abstract: Although inhibition has been implicated in mediating plasticity in the adult brain, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we present a structural mechanism for the role of inhibition in experience-dependent plasticity. Using chronic in vivo two-photon microscopy in the mouse neocortex, we show that experience drives structural remodeling of superficial layer 2/3 interneurons in an input- and circuit-specific manner, with up to 16% of branch tips undergoing remodeling. Visual deprivation initially induces dendritic branch retractions, and this is accompanied by a loss of inhibitory inputs onto neighboring pyramidal cells. The resulting decrease in inhibitory tone, also achievable pharmacologically using the antidepressant fluoxetine, provides a permissive environment for further structural adaptation, including addition of new synapse-bearing branch tips. Our findings suggest that therapeutic approaches that reduce inhibition, when combined with an instructive stimulus, could facilitate restructuring of mature circuits impaired by damage or disease, improving function and perhaps enhancing cognitive abilities.
authors.affiliation: Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jae Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Elly
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nedivi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000494:pharmacology; D003712:Dendrites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000494:pharmacology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007395:Interneurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D019579:Neocortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D012683:Sensory Deprivation / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018800:Thy-1 Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D050598:Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C493465:Slc17a7 protein, mouse; D018800:Thy-1 Antigens; D050598:Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins; C492244:Viaat protein, mouse; D005473:Fluoxetine; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins