title: Cranial facet joint violations by percutaneously placed pedicle screws adjacent to a minimally invasive lumbar spinal fusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protecting cranial facet joint is a modifiable risk factor that may decrease the incidence of adjacent segment disease after lumbar spinal fusion. Percutaneously instrumented screws may more frequently violate cranial facet joints because of the potential limitation of screw entry site selection. To our knowledge, however, there is no study that has evaluated the cranial facet joint violations adjacent to minimally invasive lumbar fusion related to percutaneously placed pedicle screws.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the incidence and relating factors of cranial facet joint violations by percutaneous pedicle screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of prospectively collecting data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprises 184 pedicle screws percutaneously placed at the cranial fusion segments in 92 patients who underwent minimally invasive lumbar spinal fusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The facet joint violations adjacent to a cranial fusion segment were examined on the postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent observers retrospectively examined all the postoperative CT images. A facet joint was considered violated if any of the following situations were encountered: pedicle screw clearly within the facet joint; pedicle screw head clearly within the facet joint; and pedicle screw and/or screw head within 1 mm from or abutting the facet joint, without clear joint involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of the violations was 50% (46/92) of all patients and 31.5% (58/184) of all screws, which were significantly higher than the previously reported rates with the traditional open procedure (50% vs. 23.5% of all patients, p<.001; 31.5% vs. 15.2% of all screws, p<.001). The violations occurred approximately 3.3 times more frequently at the most cranial pedicle screws of L5 pedicle than at the other pedicles (70.8% vs. 42.6%, odds ratio [OR]=3.3, p=.021). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant trend toward reducing the incidence of the violations as increasing the year of surgery (OR=0.7, p=.008). The incidence showed no significant relationships with patients' age, gender, body mass index, preoperative diagnosis, the number of fused segments, or the side of screw placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data raise a concern about the higher incidence of cranial facet joint violations by percutaneously placed pedicle screws than that previously reported rates by traditionally instrumented screws. Furthermore, more care should be taken to avoid cranial facet joint violations when the surgeon is a novice to percutaneous pedicle screw placement and/or minimally invasive fusion surgery is considered at the L5-S1 segment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, National Health Insurance Medical Center, 1232, Baekseok St, Ilsan district, Goyang City, Gyeonggi province, 410-719, Republic of Korea. yungspine@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Joong Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Yun Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Na Young
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017587:Diskectomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*