title: Protamine-1 represents a sperm specific gene transcript: a study in Callithrix jacchus and Bos taurus.
abstract: Spermatozoa are transcriptionally inactive cells, but contain acetylated histones, normally a characteristic of transcriptionally active cells. Acetylgroups are thought to represent epigenetic marks that are transmitted to the oocyte and are involved in starting gene expression in the zygote and in regulating gene expression during early embryogenesis. We performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) and in bovine spermatozoa, oocytes, zygotes, two- and four-cell embryos to evaluate the presence of specific transcripts known to play a role during fertilisation and early embryo development, namely protamine-1 (PRM1), protamine-2 (PRM2), histone H1 (H1), histone H3 (H3), histone H4 (H4), cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM), DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1), TATA box-binding protein (TBP). All transcripts tested were present in spermatozoa of the common marmoset, while bull spermatozoa lack PRM2. Marmoset oocytes exhibited transcripts for H1, H3, H4 and TBP, whereas bovine oocytes revealed H1, H3, H4, CREM, DNMT and TBP mRNAs. In zygotes, we amplified H1, H4, TBP (marmoset) and PRM1, H1, H3, H4, CREM, DNMT1 and TBP (bovine). Two-cell embryos showed PCR products for H1, H3 and TBP in the marmoset. In the bovine, all transcripts could be observed except PRM2. In four-cell embryos, PCR signals were obtained for PRM1, H1, H3, H4 and TBP in the marmoset. In the bovine, all transcripts were detected except PRM2. Our data suggest that, in both C. jacchus and Bos taurus, PRM1 transcripts are delivered by the spermatozoon to the oocyte.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. klaus.steger@chiru.med.uni-giessen.de 
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hecht
authors.forename: M C O
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nayudu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reichenbach
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weidner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002144:Callithrix; D002417:Cattle; D051786:Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator / Q000235:genetics; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D057890:Epigenomics; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011479:Protamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D015053:Zygote / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D011479:Protamines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C068621:protamine 2; D051786:Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases