title: Calcium ions promote formation of amyloid β-peptide (1-40) oligomers causally implicated in neuronal toxicity of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is directly linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In its monomeric form, Aβ aggregates to produce fibrils and a range of oligomers, the latter being the most neurotoxic. Dysregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis in aging brains and in neurodegenerative disorders plays a crucial role in numerous processes and contributes to cell dysfunction and death. Here we postulated that calcium may enable or accelerate the aggregation of Aβ. We compared the aggregation pattern of Aβ(1-40) and that of Aβ(1-40)E22G, an amyloid peptide carrying the Arctic mutation that causes early onset of the disease. We found that in the presence of Ca(2+), Aβ(1-40) preferentially formed oligomers similar to those formed by Aβ(1-40)E22G with or without added Ca(2+), whereas in the absence of added Ca(2+) the Aβ(1-40) aggregated to form fibrils. Morphological similarities of the oligomers were confirmed by contact mode atomic force microscopy imaging. The distribution of oligomeric and fibrillar species in different samples was detected by gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, the results of which were further supported by thioflavin T fluorescence experiments. In the samples without Ca(2+), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed conversion of oligomers from an anti-parallel β-sheet to the parallel β-sheet conformation characteristic of fibrils. Overall, these results led us to conclude that calcium ions stimulate the formation of oligomers of Aβ(1-40), that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Itkin
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dupres
authors.forename: Yves F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Dufrêne
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bechinger
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ruysschaert
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raussens
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D008954:Models, Biological; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D007477:Ions; D050505:Mutant Proteins; D013844:Thiazoles; C009462:thioflavin T; D002118:Calcium