title: Role of protease-activated receptor-2 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of the coagulation cascade has been demonstrated in pulmonary fibrosis. In addition to its procoagulant function, various coagulation proteases exhibit cellular effects that may also contribute to fibrotic processes in the lung.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the importance of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 and its activators, coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa)/tissue factor (TF), in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression and localization of PAR-2 and its activators were examined in IPF lung tissue. The ability of PAR-2 to mediate various cellular processes was studied in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of PAR-2 was strongly elevated in IPF lungs and was attributable to alveolar type II cells and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. Transforming growth factor-β(1), a key profibrotic cytokine, considerably enhanced PAR-2 expression in human lung fibroblasts. FVIIa stimulated proliferation of human lung fibroblasts and extracellular matrix production in a PAR-2-dependent manner, but did not initiate differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. PAR-2/FVIIa-driven mitogenic activities were mediated via the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and were independent of factor Xa and thrombin production. Proproliferative properties of FVIIa were markedly potentiated in the presence of TF and abrogated by TF antisense oligonucleotides. Hyperplastic alveolar type II cells overlying fibroblastic foci were found to be the source of FVII in IPF lungs. Moreover, TF colocalized with PAR-2 on fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in IPF lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PAR-2/TF/FVIIa axis may contribute to the development of pulmonary fibrosis; thus, interference with this pathway confers novel therapeutic potential for the treatment of IPF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany. malgorzata.wygrecka@innere.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wygrecka
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kwapiszewska
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jablonska
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Gerlach
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Henneke
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zakrzewicz
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.forename: Klaus T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Preissner
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Markart
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D015942:Factor VIIa / Q000502:physiology; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008938:Mitosis; D058628:Myofibroblasts / Q000473:pathology; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000473:pathology; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005353:Fibronectins; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053495:Osteopontin; D013925:Thromboplastin; D015942:Factor VIIa; D013917:Thrombin; D015951:Factor Xa