title: Survival of anesthetized Sus scrofa after cycling (7-second on/3-second off) exposures to an electronic control device for 3 minutes.
abstract: Electronic control devices (ECDs) may eventually be deployed by the military in a manner resulting in longer exposures than those encountered during law-enforcement operations. In a previous study, 18 repeated cycling (5-second on/5-second off) exposures (within a 3-minute period) of anesthetized swine to an ECD (TASER International's Advanced TASER X26 device) resulted in leg muscle contraction, acidosis, and increases in blood electrolytes. In the current study, experiments were performed to examine effects of exposures to a different cycling rate (7-second on/3-second off), from a modified X26 ECD, on 10 swine (Sus scrofa), maintained on propofol anesthesia. In contrast with the previous study, a large number of animals (6/10) died immediately after the exposures. There were no major differences in pre-exposure blood factors from survivors versus nonsurvivors, with the exception of hematocrit and 2 isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase. It is doubtful that these factors would be useful in predicting survival after ECD exposure. Blood pH was significantly decreased after exposure, but (in animals that survived) subsequently returned to baseline levels. On the basis of the overall survival rate, further development of useful ECDs (for long-term incapacitation during military operations) may require consideration of longer pauses between repeated exposures over a 3-minute period.
authors.affiliation: Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, US Air Force Research Laboratory, San Antonio, TX 78235, USA. james.jauchem@brooks.af.mil
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jauchem
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Seaman
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fines
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D057667:Conducted Energy Weapon Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006400:Hematocrit; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000097:blood; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013997:Time Factors; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009211:Myoglobin; D019210:Troponin I; D020107:Troponin T; D012964:Sodium; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D011188:Potassium; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium; D015742:Propofol