title: Virtual reality for enhancement of robot-assisted gait training in children with central gait disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of various forms of training interventions, with and without virtual reality, on the initiation and maintenance of active participation during robot-assisted gait training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intervention study at the Rehabilitation Centre Affoltern a. A., University Children's Hospital, Zurich.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients (5 males, mean age 12.47 years, standard deviation 1.84 years) with different neurological gait disorders and 14 healthy children (7 males, mean age 11.76 years, standard deviation 2.75 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants walked in the driven gait orthosis Lokomat® in 4 different randomly-assigned conditions. Biofeedback values calculated during swing phases were the primary outcome measure and secondary outcomes were derived from a questionnaire assessing the participant's motivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings revealed a significant main effect for training condition in all participants (p < 0.001), for patients (p < 0.05) and for healthy controls (p < 0.01). Overall, both virtual reality-assisted therapy approaches were equally the most effective in initiating the desired active participation in all children, compared with conventional training conditions. Motivation was very high and differed between the groups only in the virtual navigation condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel virtual reality-based training conditions represent a valuable approach to enhance active participation during robot-assisted gait training in patients and healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology, Rehabilitation Centre Affoltern am Albis, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. karin.bruetsch@kispi.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brütsch
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zimmerli
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mérillat-Koeneke
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riener
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jäncke
authors.forename: Hubertus J A
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Hedel
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meyer-Heim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009042:Motivation; D010358:Patient Participation; D012371:Robotics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface