title: Changes in muscle T2 and tissue damage after downhill running in mdx mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study we compared the effects of downhill or horizontal treadmill running on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) transverse relaxation time constant (T(2)) in mdx mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice underwent either downhill (n = 11 mdx, n = 6 controls) or horizontal running (n = 9, mdx only) on a treadmill. MRI was conducted prior to exercise, immediately afterward (∽20 minutes), and then 24 and 48 hours after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher percentage of pixels with elevated T(2) in the lower hindlimb muscles was observed in the mdx mice compared with controls both pre-exercise (P < 0.001) and at each time-point after downhill running (P < 0.05), but not with horizontal running. The medial compartment muscles appeared to be the most susceptible to increased T(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Downhill running provides a stimulus for inducing acute changes in muscle T(2) in mdx mice. MRI is a non-invasive approach for examining acute muscle damage and recovery in multiple muscle groups simultaneously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Ravneet S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: Sean A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Germain
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vandenborne
authors.forename: Glenn A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009137:Muscular Dystrophy, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012420:Running / Q000293:injuries*