title: A new model of interactive effects of alcohol and high-fat diet on hepatic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are the most frequent conditions leading to elevated liver enzymes and liver cirrhosis, respectively, in the Western world. However, despite strong epidemiological evidence for combined effects on the progression of liver injury, the mutual interaction of the pathophysiological mechanisms is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to establish and analyze an experimental murine model, where we combined chronic alcohol administration with a NASH-inducing high-fat (HF) diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Balb/c mice were randomly allocated into 4 experimental groups receiving (i) standard chow, (ii) an HF diet, (iii) alcohol in drinking water (increasing concentrations up to 5%), or (iv) an HF diet and alcohol ad libitum for 6 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An HF diet significantly induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation and expression of proinflammatory genes (p47(phox) and tumor necrosis factor), while the effects of alcohol alone were less pronounced. However, in combination with HF diet, alcohol significantly enhanced proinflammatory gene expression compared to the HF diet alone. Furthermore, alcohol as well as HF diet led to a marked increase in profibrogenic genes (collagen type I and transforming growth factor-β), activation of hepatic stellate cells, and extracellular matrix deposition in the liver tissue, and noteworthy, the combination of both alcohol and HF diet led to a further marked induction of hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, endotoxin levels in the portal circulation were significantly elevated in mice that received alcohol or HF diet and were further significantly increased in those receiving both. Furthermore and surprisingly, HF diet alone and in combination with alcohol led to a markedly increased hepatic expression of the endotoxin receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is known to play a crucial role in hepatic fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, this new model allows the investigation of isolated or joint effects of alcohol and HF diet on hepatic injury, where alcohol and HF diet appear to act synergistically on the development of hepatic fibrosis, potentially via enhanced TLR4 signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gäbele
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dostert
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dorn
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patsenker
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stickel
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hellerbrand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D000431:Ethanol