title: Ultrastructural and quantitative study of clitoral cavernous tissue from living subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has never been an investigation about the in vivo clitoral structure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the "in vivo" age-related structural changes of the clitoris in healthy women and in those affected by metabolic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three women subgrouping in (i) five teenagers, aged 14-18; (ii) eight young premenopausal women, aged 23-32; (iii) 10 premenopausal women, aged 38-47; (iv) nine diabetic premenopausal women, aged 27-43; and (v) 11 naturally postmenopausal women aged 51-55. Each woman underwent microbiopsy of the clitoral body by means of an 18G needle, length 100 mm, using a semiautomatic gun during total anesthesia for a benign gynecological pathology. The tissue removed was processed for electron microscopy. A morphometric procedure was used on electron micrographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Micro ultrastructure observation of clitoral tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cavernous tissue from the teenagers and young women showed large amounts of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The intercellular connective tissue showed scanty, small isometric collagen fibers and amorphous extracellular matrix. In the premenopausal diabetic women, ultrastructural abnormalities of SMCs were observed, consisting of increase of glycogen deposits, infolding cell borders, and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Moreover, the intercellular connective tissue was increased by densely packed collagen fibers. Finally, in the healthy, natural postmenopausal women, the SMCs were moderately reduced in number. We observed age-related structural changes of the vascular spaces and of the vascular lacunae. The SMC mean thickness was reduced with age; vascular abnormalities appeared to be correlated with the presence of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our "in vivo" study could help to understand some aspects of the physiology of the clitoris and its role in sexual response. Apart from data obtained by studying healthy women and women affected by diabetes, other investigations are needed to study subgroups of otherwise healthy sexually dysfunctional women.
authors.affiliation: Research Group for Sexology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. scaruso@unict.it
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cianci
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malandrino
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.forename: Orazio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gambadoro
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: Letterio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pispisa
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agnello
authors.forename: Mattea
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cavallari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D002987:Clitoris / Q000098:blood supply*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000473:pathology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008875:Middle Aged; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen