title: Profiles of smokers and non-smokers with type 2 diabetes: initial visit at a diabetes education centers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explores differences in psychosocial, behavioral and clinical characteristics among smoking and non-smoking individuals with diabetes attending diabetes education centers (DEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was administered to 275 individuals with type 2 diabetes attending two DECs between October 2003 and 2005. The participants' characteristics were analyzed and multivariable linear and ordinal regressions were performed to adjust for variables correlated with smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings revealed that smokers, compared to non-smokers, had lower outcome expectations of the benefits of self-management, lower diastolic blood pressure, and followed their recommended diet and tested blood glucose levels less often than non-smokers. Smokers also had lower intentions to use resources outside and within the DEC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrate poorer self-care behaviors among smokers compared to non-smokers and further suggest cognitive and behavioral differences between smokers and non-smokers regarding participation and attitudes toward self-management practices. These findings identify issues that need to be addressed in diabetes self-management programs to allow for more effective interventions tailored to the healthcare needs of this specific population.
authors.affiliation: Ryerson University, School of Nutrition, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3. egucciar@ryerson.ca
authors.forename: Enza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gucciardi
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demelo
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bondy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001113:Area Health Education Centers; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012648:Self Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose