title: Targeting hearing health messages for users of personal listening devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the literature on patterns and risks of personal listening device (PLD) use, which is ubiquitous among teenagers and young adults. The review emphasizes risk awareness, health concerns of PLD users, inclination to take actions to prevent hearing loss from exposure to loud music, and specific instructional messages that are likely to motivate such preventive actions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic, critical review of the English-language scholarly literature on the topic of PLDs and their potential effects on human hearing. We used popular database search engines to locate relevant professional journals, books, recent conference papers, and other reference sources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents and young adults appear to have somewhat different perspectives on risks to hearing posed by PLD use. Messages designed to suggest actions they might take in avoiding or reducing these risks, therefore, need to be targeted to achieve optimal outcomes. We offer specific recommendations regarding the framing and content of educational messages that are most likely to be effective in reducing the potentially harmful effects of loud music on hearing in these populations, and we note future research needs.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. jpunch@msu.edu
authors.forename: Jerry L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Punch
authors.forename: Jill L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Elfenbein
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006266:Health Education; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D055539:MP3-Player; D009146:Music; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult