title: The active management of impending cephalopelvic disproportion in nulliparous women at term: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Active Management of Risk in Pregnancy at Term (AMOR-IPAT) protocol has been associated in several studies with significant reductions of group cesarean delivery rate. Present within each of these studies were nulliparous women with risk factors for cephalopelvic disproportion. Risk factors for cephalopelvic disproportion in nulliparous women are especially important because they represent the precursors for the most common indication for primary cesarean delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three examples of exposure of urban nulliparous women to the AMOR-IPAT protocol are presented. Each woman's risk factor profile for Cephalopelvic Disproportion (CPD) was used to estimate her Upper Limit of Optimal Time of Vaginal Delivery for CPD (UL-OTDcpd). Labor management and clinical outcomes for each case are presented. A simple table summarizing induction rates and birth outcome rates of exposed versus nonexposed nulliparous women is also presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the mode of delivery of the first birth substantially impacts birth options in later pregnancies, the impact of AMOR-IPAT on nulliparous patients is particularly important. Determining the UL-OTDcpd in nulliparous patients, and carefully inducing each patient who has not entered labor by her UL-OTDcpd, may be an effective way of lowering rates of cesarean delivery in nulliparous women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. james.nicholsonmd@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kellar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D052178:Cephalopelvic Disproportion / Q000628:therapy*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007751:Labor, Induced; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical