title: Flattened circadian cortisol rhythm in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While altered cortisol concentrations have been observed in subjects with type 2 diabetes their circadian cortisol profile is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional design, we studied 63 ambulatory individuals with type 2 diabetes and 916 non-diabetic control subjects of the Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA)-F3 study. Circadian cortisol profiles were derived from saliva cortisol concentrations, determined on a regular weekday upon wake-up (F0), as well as ½ h (F½), 8 (F8) and 14 h (F14) after wake-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic subjects exhibited a flattened circadian cortisol profile (rm-ANOVA: F[3,654]=3.41, p=0.02), with lower morning and higher afternoon and evening cortisol concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a flattened circadian cortisol rhythm in subjects with type 2 diabetes, providing evidence for a specific HPA system dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany. florian.lederbogen@zimannheim.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lederbogen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fademrecht
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krumm
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kühner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deuschle
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ladwig
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.forename: H-E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Breivogel
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone