title: Noninvasive ventilation and alveolar recruitment maneuver improve respiratory function during and after intubation of morbidly obese patients: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morbid obesity predisposes patients to lung collapse and hypoxemia during induction of anesthesia. The aim of this prospective study was to determine whether noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) improves arterial oxygenation and end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) compared with conventional preoxygenation, and whether NPPV followed by early recruitment maneuver (RM) after endotracheal intubation (ETI) further improves oxygenation and respiratory function compared with NPPV alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six consecutive patients (body mass index, 46 ± 6 kg/m²) were randomized to receive 5 min of either conventional preoxygenation with spontaneous breathing of 100% O₂ (CON), NPPV (pressure support and positive end-expiratory pressure), or NPPV followed by RM (NPPV+RM). Gas exchange was measured in awake patients, at the end of preoxygenation, immediately after ETI, and 5 min after the onset of mechanical ventilation. EELV was measured immediately after ETI and 5 min after mechanical ventilation. The primary endpoint was arterial oxygenation 5 min after the onset of mechanical ventilation. Results are presented as mean ± SD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of preoxygenation, Pao₂ was higher in the NPPV and NPPV+RM groups (382 ± 87 mmHg and 375 ± 82 mmHg, respectively; both P < 0.001) compared with the CON group (306 ± 51 mmHg) and remained higher after ETI (225 ± 104 mmHg and 221 ± 110 mmHg, in the NPPV and NPPV+RM groups, respectively; both P < 0.01 compared with the CON group [150 ± 50 mmHg]). After the onset of mechanical ventilation, Pao₂ was 93 ± 25 mmHg in the CON group, 128 ± 54 mmHg in the NPPV group (P = 0.035 vs. CON group), and 234 ± 73 mmHg in the NPPV+RM group (P < 0.0001 vs. NPPV group). After ETI, EELV was higher in the NPPV group compared with the CON group (P < 0.001). Compared with NPPV alone, RM further improved gas exchange and EELV (all P < 0.05). A significant correlation was found between Pao2 obtained 5 min after mechanical ventilation and EELV (R = 0.41, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NPPV improves oxygenation and EELV in morbidly obese patients compared with conventional preoxygenation. NPPV combined with early RM is more effective than NPPV alone at improving respiratory function after ETI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Estaing Hospital, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France. efutier@chu-clermontferrand.fr
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Futier
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Constantin
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pelosi
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chanques
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massone
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petit
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowski
authors.forename: Jean-Etienne
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bazin
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000502:physiology*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology*