title: Chromium-picolinate therapy in diabetes care: molecular and subcellular profiling revealed a necessity for individual outcome prediction, personalised treatment algorithms and new guidelines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Global figures clearly demonstrate inadequacy of current diabetes care: every 10 seconds one patient dies of diabetes-related pathologies. Nephropathy is the leading secondary complication of the disease. Nutritional supplement by chromium-picolinate is assumed to have beneficial therapeutic effects. However, potential toxic effects reported increase concerns about safety of chromium-picolinate. The experimental design aimed at determining, whether the treatment with clinically relevant doses of chromium-picolinate can harm through DNA damage and extensive alterations in central detoxification / cell-cycle regulating pathways in treatment of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Well-acknowledged animal model of db/db-mice and clinically relevant doses of chromium-picolinate were used. As an index of DNA-damage, measurement of DNA-breaks was performed using "Comet Assay"-analysis. Individual and group-specific expression patterns of SOD-1 and P53 were evaluated to give a clue about central detoxification and cell-cycle regulating pathways under treatment conditions. The study was performed in a double-blind manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental data revealed highly individual reaction under treatment conditions. However, group-specific patterns were monitored: highest amount of damaged DNA--under the longest treatment with high doses, in contrast to groups with low doses of chromium-picolinate. Comet patterns were intermediate between untreated diabetised and control animals. Expression patterns demonstrated a correlation with subcellular imaging and dosage-dependent suppression under chromium-picolinate treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article highlights possible risks for individual long-term effects, when chromium-picolinate is used freely as a therapeutic nutritional modality agent without application of advanced diagnostic tools to predict risks and individual outcomes. Targeted measures require a creation of new guidelines for advanced Diabetes care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yeghiazaryan
authors.forename: Viktoriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peeva
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Golubnitschaja
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051379:Mice; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010848:Picolinic Acids; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D002857:Chromium; C000606291:Sod1 protein, mouse; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1