title: Preparation of simulation programs regarding excess-dose drug administration and acute-phase condition changes and its evaluation by students.
abstract: Vital-sign checks and physical assessment have been performed by physicians and nurses among medical staff in particular. However, pharmacists must also have basic skills of vital-sign checking and physical assessment to evaluate the patient condition/drug efficacy or prevent adverse reactions to drugs. To promote the acquisition of these skills, we prepared simulation programs with an emergency-care simulator, which facilitate the reproduction of excess-dose drug administration/condition changes. We used an emergency-care simulator equipped with a personal computer. General condition was established using the blinking velocity, cardiac/respiratory sounds and blood pH as parameters. As a results, concerning drug administration, the simulation programs facilitated the reproduction of symptoms related to the excess-dose insulin administration. With respect to changes in the condition, it facilitated the reproduction of asthma, hyperglycemia, and hemorrhage. This facilitated the palpation-, visual perception-, and auditory perception-mediated understanding of changes in the patient condition through fingertips and warnings/alarms on the monitor. Evaluation of the student for these program contents increased significantly (p<0.01). These programs can be downloaded via the Internet. Experience regarding excess-dose drug administration/condition changes with an emergency-care simulator is useful for checking patients' vital signs, evaluating the drug efficacy, and confirming adverse reactions to drugs. By the practice of these programs, we can teach pharmacy students how to check for vital signs (pulse palpation, auscultation, blood pressure measurement, and electrocardiography) in a school setting, not a hospital setting. Mastering these techniques may allow pharmacy students to determine the efficacy of a drug and adverse reactions.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan. j-tokunaga@phoenix.ac.jp
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Setoguchi
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004512:Education, Pharmacy; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013339:Students, Pharmacy; D055986:Vital Signs
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin