title: Androgen insensitivity and liability to drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a disorder of sex development characterized by variable defects in virilization of individuals with 46,XY karyotype. It is caused by mutations in the X chromosome androgen receptor gene, which, depending on their specific location, result in complete or partial peripheral androgen resistance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This case report highlights a possible increased liability of patients with AIS to drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 28-year-old patient with partial AIS was admitted to the hospital because of paranoid ideation. At puberty onset, she had undergone bilateral orchiectomy; estrogen replacement therapy was prescribed but stopped 2 months later against medical advice. During her hospitalization, severe EPS manifested following initiation of risperidone 2 mg/d. She was later switched to sertindole 12 mg/d with a satisfactory response and no motor side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with AIS may have an increased susceptibility to drug-induced EPS, which may be caused by striatal dysfunction that is possibly associated with resistance to androgens during critical periods of early brain differentiation or direct effects of androgen receptor gene mutations on nigrostriatal function and development. Clinicians should cautiously treat psychosis in patients with AIS, preferably with antipsychotic compounds that have a low risk of EPS.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Attikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece. pferentinos@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferentinos
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rizos
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Douzenis
authors.forename: Athanassia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christodoulou
authors.forename: Melpomeni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peppa
authors.forename: Lefteris
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lykouras
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D013734:Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D058490:Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; C066304:sertindole; D018967:Risperidone