title: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro hydrolysis of a gemfibrozil-nicotinic acid codrug for improvement of lipid profile.
abstract: Combination therapy of fibrates and nicotinic acid has been reported to be synergistic. Herein, we describe a covalent codrug of gemfibrozil (GEM) and nicotinic acid (NA) that was synthesized and characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, FT-IR, MS analysis and elemental analysis. A validated HPLC method was developed that allows for the accurate quantitative determination of the codrug and its hydrolytic products that are formed during the in vitro chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. The physico-chemical properties of codrug were improved compared to its parent drugs in term of water solubility and partition coefficient. The kinetics of hydrolysis of the codrug was studied using accelerated hydrolysis experiments at high temperatures in aqueous phosphate buffer solution in pH 1.2, 6.8 and 7.4. Using the Arrhenius equation, the extrapolated half-life at 37°C were 289 days at pH 1.2 for the codrug and 130 and 20,315 days at pH 6.8 for the codrug and gemfibrozil 2-hydroxyethyl ester (GHEE), respectively. The shortest half-lives were at pH 7.4; 42 days for the codrug and 5837 days for GHEE, respectively. The hydrolysis of the latter was studied, alone, at 80°C and pH 1.2 and compared to its hydrolysis when it is produced from the codrug using similar conditions. The k(obs) was found in both cases to be 1.60×10(-3)h(-1). The half-lives in plasma were 35.24 min and 26.75 h for the codrug and GHEE, respectively. With regard to liver homogenate, the hydrolysis half-lives were 1.96 min and 48.13 min for the codrug and GHEE, respectively. It can be expected that in vivo, the codrug will liberate NA immediately in plasma then GEM will be liberated from its 2-hydroxyethyl ester in the liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan. drqandil@just.edu.jo
authors.forename: Amjad M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Qandil
authors.forename: Meriem M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rezigue
authors.forename: Bassam M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Tashtoush
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004952:Esters / Q000097:blood / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000473:pathology; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009525:Niacin / Q000097:blood / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010949:Plasma / Q000201:enzymology; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: C570398:2-(5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoyloxy)ethyl nicotinate; C570397:2-hydroxyethyl 5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoate; D004952:Esters; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D011355:Prodrugs; D009525:Niacin; D015248:Gemfibrozil