title: In vivo skin measurements with a novel probe head for simultaneous skin impedance and near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and skin impedance (IMP) measurements are useful techniques for objective diagnostics of various skin diseases. Here, we present a combined probe head for simultaneous, time-saving NIR spectroscopy and skin impedance measurements. The probe also ensures that both measurements are performed under equal conditions and at the same skin location.
  
  
  METHODS
  Finite element method simulations were performed for evaluation of the impedance. In vivo skin measurements were performed and combined NIR and impedance spectra were analysed by means of multivariate methods with respect to body location, age and gender. The classification rate was determined by a planar discriminant analysis. Reproducibility was investigated by calculation of scatter values and statistical significance between overlapping groups was assessed by the calculation of intra-model distances, q.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The novel probe yielded rapid reproducible results and was easy to manage. Significant differences between skin locations and to a lesser extent age groups and gender were demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the novel probe, statistically significant differences between overlapping classes in score plots can be confirmed by calculating intra-model distances. The influence of molecular differences in the skin at different body locations is larger than the influence of gender or age and therefore relevant reference measurements are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bodén
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Forssell
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naredi
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindholm-Sethson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011145:Polyvinyls; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000502:physiology; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers
chemical_list: D011145:Polyvinyls; C024865:polyvinylidene fluoride; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers