title: Genetic evidence for containment of viruses in the first outbreak of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Kobe, Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On 16 May 2009, a high school student in Kobe with no history of overseas travel was reported as the first case of influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in Japan. Subsequently, it was revealed that the infection had spread to some cities in the Kansai region and most patients were high school students. The number of patients decreased rapidly within a week; however, it began to increase in the middle of July.
  
  
  METHODS
  We phylogenetically analyzed viral characteristics using 27 viruses isolated from patients living in Kobe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that viruses isolated in the early phase of the outbreak were distinguishable from those after the reappearance of patients. These findings provide genetic evidence for the effectiveness of public health containment measures in the Kansai region in preventing the progression of the outbreak.
authors.affiliation: Kobe Institute of Health, Hyogo, Japan. ai_mori@office.city.kobe.lg.jp
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ninomiya-Mori
authors.forename: Souichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nukuzuma
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suga
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akiyoshi
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nukina
authors.forename: Toshitsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003264:Containment of Biohazards; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D014195:Travel; D055815:Young Adult