title: Sex differences in the cross-sectional areas of psoas major and thigh muscles in high school track and field athletes and nonathletes.
abstract: The present study aimed to examine the sex differences in the cross-sectional areas of the psoas major, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and adductors in high school track and field athletes and nonathletes. The cross-sectional areas of the psoas major at L4-L5 and three thigh muscles at the mid-thigh were determined in the right side of the body using magnetic resonance imaging in 61 sprinters (29 boys and 32 girls), 50 jumpers (28 boys and 22 girls), 33 throwers (18 boys and 15 girls), and 40 nonathletes (20 boys and 20 girls), aged from 16 to 18 yrs. On the whole, the cross-sectional area for every muscle group was greater in the athletes than in the nonathletes and in the boys than in the girls. The average value of the cross-sectional area for the girls as a percentage of that for the boys in every subject group was lower in the psoas major (57.6-64.7%) than in the thigh muscles (67.8-82.9%). Among the thigh muscles, the muscle group which showed significant sex differences in the ratio of cross-sectional area to the two-third power of lean body mass was limited to the quadriceps femoris in the sprinters and nonathletes and hamstrings in the throwers. However, the ratio for the psoas major was significantly higher in the boys than in the girls in all subject groups. The current results indicate that, although regular participation in sports training during adolescence promotes hypertrophy in the psoas major and thigh muscles in not only boys but also girls, a greater sex difference exists in the muscularity of the psoas major than of the thigh muscles, in athletes and nonathletes.
authors.affiliation: Sports Photonics Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoshikawa
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Nozomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ii
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanehisa
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016658:Psoas Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students; D013848:Thigh / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014142:Track and Field