title: Microvascular anatomy of the large intestine in adult Xenopus laevis: scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and correlative light microscopy.
abstract: The microvascular anatomy of the large intestine of the adult South African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts (VCCs) and correlative light microscopy. Observations showed the large intestine to be supplied by the haemorrhoidal artery and the posterior mesenteric artery and drain via the posterior haemorrhoidal vein into either the left or right posterior abdominal vein. Both arteries and veins showed a bipinnate supply/draining pattern with branches running circumferentially. Vessels embraced the gut wall while arteries and veins in most cases alternated along the gut length. Many short terminal arterioles arose from the circumferential arteries at almost acute angles and capillarized after a short distance. Capillary lengths were short and continued into numerous postcapillary venules which merged either in a leaf vein-like formation or in a rosette-like formation with up to four draining sites per supplying arteriole. The microvasculature was found to be well adapted 1) to sustain blood flow under different amounts of feces in the gut and 2) to provide optimal conditions for the resorption of water and salts from the gut lumen into the blood vascular system by the high number of venules and their conspiciouos rosette-like and leaf vein-like patterns.
authors.affiliation: Vascular and Muscle Research Unit, Division of Zoology and Functional Anatomy, Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Australia. Alois.Lametschwandtner@sbg.ac.at
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lametschwandtner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lametschwandtner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tholo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Minnich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D016319:Corrosion Casting; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D014699:Venules / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology