title: Development and psychometric properties of the Inner Strength Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Four dimensions of inner strength were previously identified in a meta-theoretical analysis: firmness, creativity, connectedness, and flexibility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop an Inner Strength Scale (ISS) based on those four dimensions and to evaluate its psychometric properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  An initial version of ISS was distributed for validation purpose with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the resilience scale, and the sense of Coherence Scale. A convenience sample of 391 adults, aged 19-90 years participated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used in the process of exploring, evaluating, and reducing the 63-item ISS to the 20-item ISS. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest were used to measure reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFA showed satisfactory goodness-of-fit for the 20-item ISS. The analysis supported a fourfactor solution explaining 51% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha on the 20-item ISS was 0.86, and the test-retest showed stability over time (r=0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ISS was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for capturing a multifaceted understanding of inner strength. Further tests of psychometric properties of the ISS will be performed in forthcoming studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Sweden. berit.lundman@nurs.umu.se
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lundman
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Viglund
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aléx
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jonsén
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norberg
authors.forename: Regina Santamäki
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nygren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D013548:Sweden