title: Phylogenetic analysis of kindlins suggests subfunctionalization of an ancestral unduplicated kindlin into three paralogs in vertebrates.
abstract: Kindlin proteins represent a newly discovered family of evolutionarily conserved FERM domain-containing proteins. This family includes three highly conserved proteins: Kindlin-1, Kindlin-2 and Kindlin-3. All three Kindlin proteins are associated with focal adhesions and are involved in integrin activation. The FERM domain of each Kindlin is bipartite and plays a key role in integrin activation. We herein explore for the first time the evolutionary history of these proteins. The phylogeny of the Kindlins suggests a single ancestral Kindlin protein present in even the earliest metazoan ie, hydra. This protein then underwent duplication events in insects and also experienced genome duplication in vertebrates, leading to the Kindlin family. A comparative study of the Kindlin paralogs showed that Kindlin-2 is the slowest evolving protein among the three family members. The analysis of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions in orthologous Kindlin sequences in different species showed that all three Kindlins have been evolving under the influence of purifying selection. The expression pattern of Kindlins along with phylogenetic studies supports the subfunctionalization model of gene duplication.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ammad Aslam
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janke
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimokawa
authors.forename: Hongquan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang