title: The acute inflammatory response in trauma / hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury: current state and emerging prospects.
abstract: Traumatic injury/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) elicits an acute inflammatory response that may result in death. Inflammation describes a coordinated series of molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and systemic responses that drive the pathology of various diseases including T/HS and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Inflammation is a finely tuned, dynamic, highly-regulated process that is not inherently detrimental, but rather required for immune surveillance, optimal post-injury tissue repair, and regeneration. The inflammatory response is driven by cytokines and chemokines and is partially propagated by damaged tissue-derived products (Damage-associated Molecular Patterns; DAMP's). DAMPs perpetuate inflammation through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but may also inhibit anti-inflammatory cytokines. Various animal models of T/HS in mice, rats, pigs, dogs, and non-human primates have been utilized in an attempt to move from bench to bedside. Novel approaches, including those from the field of systems biology, may yield therapeutic breakthroughs in T/HS and TBI in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Namas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghuma
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hermus
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vodovotz