title: Increased carotid intima thickness and decreased media thickness in premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus: an investigation by non-invasive high-frequency ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether high-frequency ultrasound (US) yielding separate assessments of intima and media thickness gives additional information about the vascular morphology compared with the total common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a 22 MHz US instrument, we determined the near-wall CCA-IMT, the intima and media layers, and the intima/media (I/M) ratio in 47 premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 20 healthy women, and 17 postmenopausal women (mean ages 37, 40, and 69 years, respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In SLE, the carotid intima was thicker (0.19 ± 0.04 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02 mm), the media thinner (0.45 ± 0.12 vs. 0.68 ± 0.24 mm), the I/M ratio higher (0.45 ± 0.17 vs. 0.20 ± 0.07) (all p < 0.0001), and the CCA-IMT lower (0.64 ± 0.13 vs. 0.80 ± 0.25 mm, p < 0.01) compared to age-matched controls. The SLE patients had a thicker carotid intima compared to the postmenopausal women (0.19 ± 0.04 vs. 0.14 ± 0.03 mm, p < 0.0001) and a similar I/M ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Separate assessment of carotid artery wall layers demonstrated a thicker intima, thinner media, and a higher I/M ratio in women with SLE compared to healthy controls and indicated an artery wall status in SLE comparable to 30-years-older healthy women. Separate estimates of carotid intima and media layers may be preferable to CCA-IMT in SLE patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. dag.leonard@medsci.uu.se
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nordmark
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rönnblom
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naessen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods