title: Evaluate the impact of hospital types on the availability of antidotes for the management of acute toxic exposures and poisonings in Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The availability of antidotes may be considered essential and lifesaving in the management of certain poisonings. Surveys carried out in a number of countries have demonstrated inadequate availability of a variety of poisoning antidotes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the availability of antidote stocking at hospitals, based on published guidelines for antidote stocking, and to evaluate the impact of hospital types on the availability of antidotes for the management of acute toxic exposures and poisonings in Malaysia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire on the availability of antidotes was sent to all government accident and emergency departments in Malaysia. The list of commonly required antidotes and essential drugs was compiled from published guidelines. Collected data were analysed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and comparative analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 59.06%. None of the responding hospitals stocked all of the antidotes on the lists. In relation to hospital type, there was great variability in the availability of antidotes (there were significant differences between hospitals for 13 antidotes). The availabilities of most antidotes were far better in the General Hospitals and the District Hospitals with specialists compared to District Hospitals without specialists. Calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, atropine sulphate, naloxone, flumazenil, vitamin K, and pyridoxine were available at all general hospitals. Atropine sulphate and naloxone were available at all district hospitals with specialists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most Malaysian government hospitals stocked some important antidotes. Raising awareness of the importance of antidotes by education, regular review of antidote storage, distribution plans, and appropriate legislation might provide solutions. Coordination between Malaysian hospitals and the National Poison Centre at Universiti Sains Malaysia is also important.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Information, National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sulaiman I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Al-Sohaim
authors.forename: Rahmat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Awang
authors.forename: Sa'ed H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zyoud
authors.forename: Sazaroni M D
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Sirajuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashim
mesh_terms: D000931:Antidotes / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D011039:Poison Control Centers; D011041:Poisoning / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes