title: Temporal profiles of age-dependent changes in cytokine mRNA expression and glial cell activation after status epilepticus in postnatal rat hippocampus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Status epilepticus (SE) is proposed to lead to an age-dependent acute activation of a repertoire of inflammatory processes, which may contribute to neuronal damage in the hippocampus. The extent and temporal profiles of activation of these processes are well known in the adult brain, but less so in the developing brain. We have now further elucidated to what extent inflammation is activated by SE by investigating the acute expression of several cytokines and subacute glial reactivity in the postnatal rat hippocampus.
  
  
  METHODS
  SE was induced by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of kainic acid (KA) in 9- and 21-day-old (P9 and P21) rats. The mRNA expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were measured from 4 h up to 3 days after KA injection with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). IL-1β protein expression was studied with ELISA, GFAP expression with western blotting, and microglial and astrocyte morphology with immunohistochemistry 3 days after SE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SE increased mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 mRNA in hippocampus of both P9 and P21 rats, their induction being more rapid and pronounced in P21 than in P9 rats. MMP-9 expression was augmented similarly in both age groups and GDNF expression augmented only in P21 rats, whereas neither IFN-γ nor TGF-β1 expression was induced in either age group. Microglia and astrocytes exhibited activated morphology in the hippocampus of P21 rats, but not in P9 rats 3 d after SE. Microglial activation was most pronounced in the CA1 region and also detected in the basomedial amygdala.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that SE provokes an age-specific cytokine expression in the acute phase, and age-specific glial cell activation in the subacute phase as verified now in the postnatal rat hippocampus. In the juvenile hippocampus, transient increases in cytokine mRNA expression after SE, in contrast to prolonged glial reactivity and region-specific microglial activity after SE, suggest that the inflammatory response is changed from a fulminant and general initial phase to a more moderate and specific subacute response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development, and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Järvelä
authors.forename: Francisco R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Lopez-Picon
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plysjuk
authors.forename: Saku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruohonen
authors.forename: Irma E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Holopainen
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger