title: Annual ambient black carbon associated with shorter telomeres in elderly men: Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Telomere length reflects biological age and is inversely associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Ambient air pollution is associated with CVD, but its effect on telomere length is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether ambient black carbon (BC), a marker for traffic-related particles, is associated with telomere length in the Normative Aging Study (NAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 165 never-smoking men from the NAS, leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was measured repeatedly approximately every 3 years from 1999 through 2006 using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). BC concentration at their residences during the year before each LTL measurement was estimated based on a spatiotemporal model calibrated with BC measurements from 82 locations within the study area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median [interquartile range (IQR)] annual moving-average BC concentration was 0.32 (0.20-0.45) microg/m3. LTL, expressed as population-standardized ratio of telomere repeat to single-copy gene copy numbers, had a geometric mean (geometric SD) of 1.25 (1.42). We used linear mixed-effects models including random subject intercepts and adjusted for several potential confounders. We used inverse probability of response weighting to adjust for potential selection bias due to loss to follow-up. An IQR increase in annual BC (0.25 microg/m3) was associated with a 7.6% decrease (95% confidence interval, -12.8 to -2.1) in LTL. We found evidence of effect modification, with a stronger association among subjects > or = 75 years of age compared with younger participants (p = 0.050) and statin medications appearing protective of the effects of BC on LTL (p = 0.050).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Telomere attrition, linked to biological aging, may be associated with long-term exposures to airborne particles, particularly those rich in BC, which are primarily related to automobile traffic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Building, 415 West, 401 Park Dr., Boston, MA 02215, USA. jmccrack@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baccarelli
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoxha
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dioni
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Melly
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coull
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Pantel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vokonas
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D053260:Soot / Q000032:analysis*; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics*; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D053260:Soot