title: Monitoring temporal development and healing of diabetic foot ulceration using hyperspectral imaging.
abstract: This study combines non-invasive hyperspectral imaging with an experimentally validated skin optical model and inverse algorithm to monitor diabetic feet of two representative patients. It aims to observe temporal changes in local epidermal thickness and oxyhemoglobin concentration and to gain insight into the progression of foot ulcer formation and healing. Foot ulceration is a debilitating comorbidity of diabetes that may result in loss of mobility and amputation. Inflammation and necrosis preempt ulceration and can result in changes in the skin prior to ulceration and during ulcer healing that affect oxygen delivery and consumption. Previous studies estimated oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations around pre-ulcerative and ulcer sites on the diabetic foot using commercially available hyperspectral imaging systems. These measurements were successfully used to detect tissue at risk of ulceration and predict the healing potential of ulcers. The present study shows epidermal thickening and decrease in oxyhemoglobin concentration can also be detected prior to ulceration at pre-ulcerative sites. The algorithm was also able to observe reduction in the epidermal thickness combined with an increase in oxyhemoglobin concentration around the ulcer as it healed and closed. This methodology can be used for early prediction of diabetic foot ulceration in a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Henri Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, Biomedical Inter-Department Program, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1597, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yudovsky
authors.forename: Aksone
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nouvong
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schomacker
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilon
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen