title: High prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in palatine tonsils from healthy children and adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in 80 tumor-free tonsils from healthy children and adults using a sensitive E6/E7 type-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ear, nose, and throat department, university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paraffin-embedded tissues from tumor-free tonsils (TFTs) were evaluated for HPV DNA using GP5+/6+ consensus PCR and subsequent genotyping using E6/E7 type-specific PCR for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68. The immunohistochemical expression of p16 and p53 was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 80 TFTs, the authors identified 10 (12.5%) that tested positive for the following high-risk HPV types: HPV 16 (8 cases), 18 (1 case), and 31 (1 case). Twelve patients (15%) tested positive for HPV infection using the GP5+/GP6+ consensus primers but were negative using quantitative PCR. These patients were considered infected with low-risk HPV types. Fifty-eight TFTs (72.5%) tested negative for both GP5+/GP6+ and type-specific HPV PCR analysis (HPV negative). Among patients infected with HPV, the authors observed a slight increase in frequency with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In TFTs, oncogenic and nononcogenic HPVs were present at a relatively high frequency in children and adults. The presence of high-risk HPV DNA in young children supports the horizontal transmission hypothesis and argues in favor of HPV vaccination at birth.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anaëlle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duray
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Descamps
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bettonville
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sirtaine
authors.forename: Perle
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ernoux-Neufcoeur
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guenin
authors.forename: Mustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mouallif
authors.forename: Christophe E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Depuydt
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delvenne
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saussez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000821:virology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral