title: The appropriateness of red blood cell use and the extent of overtransfusion: right decision? Right amount?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shrinkage of the donor pool coupled with an increasing demand for blood presents a major challenge to maintaining an adequate blood supply. Consequently it has become even more important to reduce inappropriate blood use, including decisions about when and how much blood to prescribe. This study aimed to ascertain the levels of inappropriate practice and factors associated with it.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of a randomly selected sample of hospital patients in Northern Ireland who received a red blood cell transfusion during 2005 (n = 1474) were reviewed, and inappropriate transfusion and overtransfusion criteria were applied. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with inappropriate practice and overtransfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study 23% of transfusions were considered inappropriate, occurring most commonly where the lowest hemoglobin (Hb) threshold for transfusion applied. Younger patients, those undergoing surgery, and those with lower comorbidity and higher Hb values were most likely to have an inappropriate transfusion. Among patients appropriately transfused, 19% were overtransfused. Females and those of lower weight (<65 kg) were most likely to be overtransfused.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the choice of criteria used to judge decisions will influence the absolute level of inappropriate or overtransfusion reported, our findings suggest that a significant minority of clinicians are either unaware of or are reluctant to accept lower transfusion thresholds. To improve further improve transfusion practice we suggest that barriers to the implementation of recommended transfusion thresholds should be examined and guidance on an appropriate posttransfusion Hb level developed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Excellence in Public Health, Queens University Belfast, the Clinical Research Support Centre, Royal Hospitals, , Belfast, Northern Ireland. p.barr@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Karen E M
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bailie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology; D000075202:Contraindications; D003657:Decision Making; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012040:Regional Health Planning; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult