title: Relationship between duration of diagnosis and neuromusculoskeletal complications of middle-aged type 2 diabetes patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) often present with complications involving the neuromusculoskeletal system which creep in as the condition advances in years. Hence there is a need to further understand how the duration of diagnosis of diabetes (DD) relates to the neuromusculoskeletal complications in order to design timely preventive programmes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between the duration of diabetes and neuromusculoskeletal complications in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional survey involving 139 consenting T2D patients and 139 age and sex-matched nondiabetic individuals. The participants were assessed for the DD and selected neuromusculoskeletal complications including muscle weakness, ranges of motion (ROM), pain and foot ulceration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean DD was 7.82 ± 2.41 years. There were significant differences (p < 0.01) between the clinical variables of both groups. In the diabetic participants, significant inverse relationships (P<0.05) were obtained between the DDD and each of muscle strength {{lbow flexors (r =-0.57), knee extensors (r=-0.63), handgrip (r=-0.82)}; ROM {wrist extension (r=-0.64) and ankle planterflexion (r=-0.63)}. Significant and direct relationships were obtained between the DDD and each of pain (r=0.62) and ulcerative grading (r= 0.81).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 Diabetes patients have poorer neuromusculoskeletal variables and longer duration of diabetes is associated with reduced muscle strength, diminished ROM, gradual ulceration of skin of the feet and higher level of foot pain. Immediate therapeutic exercises against these complications soon after diagnosis of diabetes may help to decelerate their progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. adeniyifatai@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Adeniyi
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Sanya
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fasanmade
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borodo
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Uloko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000150:complications*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors