title: A tracer study in an Alaskan gravel beach and its implications on the persistence of the Exxon Valdez oil.
abstract: Despite great efforts including bioremediation, the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spills persist in many gravel beaches in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. To explore this mystery, a lithium tracer study was conducted along two transects on one of these beaches. The tracer injections and transports were successfully simulated using the 2-dimensional numerical model MARUN. The tracer stayed much longer in the oil-persisting, right transect (facing landwand) than in the clean, left transect. If the tracer is approximately regarded as oils, oils in the upper layer would have more opportunities to enter the lower layer in the right transect than in the left one. This may qualitatively explain the oil persistence within the right transect. When the tracer is regarded as nutrients, the long stay of nutrients within the right transect implies that the oil persistence along the right transect was not due to the lack of nutrients during the bioremediation.
authors.affiliation: School of Water Resources and Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences-Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China. hailongli@cugb.edu.cn
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Michel C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boufadel
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D001493:Bathing Beaches; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D055884:Chemical Hazard Release; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical