title: Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid overdose-related deaths.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rate of prescription opioid-related overdose death increased substantially in the United States over the past decade. Patterns of opioid prescribing may be related to risk of overdose mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of maximum prescribed daily opioid dose and dosing schedule ("as needed," regularly scheduled, or both) with risk of opioid overdose death among patients with cancer, chronic pain, acute pain, and substance use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 2004 through 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  All unintentional prescription opioid overdose decedents (n = 750) and a random sample of patients (n = 154,684) among those individuals who used medical services in 2004 or 2005 and received opioid therapy for pain. Main Outcome Measure Associations of opioid regimens (dose and schedule) with death by unintentional prescription opioid overdose in subgroups defined by clinical diagnoses, adjusting for age group, sex, race, ethnicity, and comorbid conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of fatal overdose over the study period among individuals treated with opioids was estimated to be 0.04%.The risk of overdose death was directly related to the maximum prescribed daily dose of opioid medication. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) associated with a maximum prescribed dose of 100 mg/d or more, compared with the dose category 1 mg/d to less than 20 mg/d, were as follows: among those with substance use disorders, adjusted HR = 4.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.46-8.37; absolute risk difference approximation [ARDA] = 0.14%); among those with chronic pain, adjusted HR = 7.18 (95% CI, 4.85-10.65; ARDA = 0.25%); among those with acute pain, adjusted HR = 6.64 (95% CI, 3.31-13.31; ARDA = 0.23%); and among those with cancer, adjusted HR = 11.99 (95% CI, 4.42-32.56; ARDA = 0.45%). Receiving both as-needed and regularly scheduled doses was not associated with overdose risk after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients receiving opioid prescriptions for pain, higher opioid doses were associated with increased risk of opioid overdose death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Services Research & Development Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. amybohne@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Amy S B
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valenstein
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bair
authors.forename: Dara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ganoczy
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ilgen
authors.forename: Frederic C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blow
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000506:poisoning*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid