title: Comparison of a morphine and midazolam combination with morphine alone for paediatric displaced fractures: a randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of sublingual midazolam with oral morphine versus that of oral morphine with placebo in a paediatric population attending an emergency department (ED) with acute long-bone fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of children aged 5-16 years with clinically deformed closed long-bone fractures was randomized to groups receiving either oral morphine (0.5 mg/kg)/sublingual placebo or oral morphine (0.5 mg/kg)/sublingual midazolam (0.2 mg/kg). The main exclusion criteria were narcotic or benzodiazepine use, significant head injury, multiple organ failure, femoral fracture and allergy. Pain scores were rated on a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight children were enrolled (mean age: 10.5 years, SD 2.7). Fractures concerned the radius or ulna in 43 cases (74.1%), the humerus (22.4%) and the tibia or fibula (3.5%). No significant difference in VAS scores was observed between the two treatment arms (p = 0.72). Drowsiness was significantly more frequent in the midazolam group (p = 0.007) during the first 2 h after administration. No serious adverse event was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analgesic performances of morphine and the combination of morphine with midazolam assessed by VAS were similar in children presenting at the ED with a long-bone fracture.
authors.affiliation: Service d'Urgences pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, France.
authors.forename: Chrystèle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wille-Ledon
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chappuy
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giraud
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tréluyer
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chéron
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010297:Paris; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009020:Morphine; D008874:Midazolam