title: Paroxysmal choreodystonic disorders.
abstract: Paroxysmal choreodystonic disorders or paroxysmal dyskinesias are a heterogeneous group of movement disorders characterized by recurrent attacks of abnormal involuntary movements. They are classified into four categories according to the precipitant, duration of attacks, and etiology: (1) paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), in which attacks are brief and induced by sudden voluntary movements; (2) paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD), in which attacks occur spontaneously; (3) paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED), in which attacks are brought on by prolonged exercise; and (4) paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia (PHD), in which attacks occur during sleep. Among them, PHD is currently known to be a form of mesial frontal-lobe epilepsy, and has been given the term "autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy" (ANDFLE) in some familiar cases with an autosomal-dominant inheritance. The clinical, etiological and pathophysiological features of PKD, PNKD, and PED are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. yhsohn62@yuhs.ac
authors.forename: Young H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*