title: Effect of drinking water temperature on water intake and performance of dairy calves.
abstract: Very limited information is available on the effects of drinking water temperature on dairy calves. Therefore, the present experiment was designed to study the effects on performance, health, and water consumption of dairy calves offered drinking water either warm (16 to 18 °C) or cold (6 to 8 °C). The calves (60 calves/treatment) were housed in an insulated barn in pens (3.0 × 3.5m; 5 calves in each) providing 2.1m(2)/calf. During the experimental period (20 to 195 d of age), the calves had free access to water from an open water bowl (depth 80 mm, diameter 220 mm, 2-L capacity, 1 bowl/pen). During the preweaning period (20 to 75 d of age), all calves received milk replacer (7.5L/calf daily) and had free access to commercial starter, grass silage, and hay. During the postweaning period (75 to 195 d), the weaned calves had free access to grass silage and hay and were given 3 kg/d (air-dry basis) of a commercial concentrate mixture. During the preweaning period, the water intake of the calves offered warm water was 47% higher than that of the calves offered cold water. Water intake in both treatments increased rapidly during weaning and for a few days following weaning. At 180 to 195 d of age, the calves consumed approximately 18 to 20 L of water daily. Calves offered warm water drank 7 and 8% more water during the postweaning period and overall during the experimental period, respectively, compared with those offered cold water. No treatment differences were observed in dry matter or energy intakes, body weight gains, or feed conversion rates. Furthermore, total serum IgG concentrations of the calves did not differ during the preweaning or postweaning periods. Dairy calves consumed more warm than cold water, but the increase in water intake did not influence feed intake, body weight gain, or health parameters.
authors.affiliation: MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Animal Production Research, FI-92400 Ruukki, Finland. rto.Huuskonen@mtt.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huuskonen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tuomisto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kauppinen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D004326:Drinking; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology