title: Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
abstract: To asses the hypothesis that anthocyanins are rapidly taken up from the blood into tissues, where they accumulate up to their bioactivity threshold, an intravenous dose of cyanidin 3-glucoside (1) was administered to anaesthetized rats. Cyanidin 3-glucoside (1) and its metabolites were analyzed in the plasma, kidneys, liver, urine, and bile, using last-generation mass spectrometry. Compound 1 was found to rapidly disappear from plasma (t/2=0.36 min). As soon as 15 s after its administration, both 1 and its methylation product, peonidin 3-glucoside (2), were detected in the plasma, kidneys, and liver. At 1 min, both 1 and 2 had almost disappeared from the plasma, but attained their peak concentrations in the kidneys and in the liver. Compound 2 was rapidly excreted both in the bile and in the urine. Three additional methylated metabolites were detected in traces, namely, delphinidin 3-glucoside (3), petunidin 3-glucoside (4), and malvidin 3-glucoside (5). These data contribute to solving the paradox of the high bioactivity of anthocyanins in spite of their apparent low bioavailability.
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Andreja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanzo
authors.forename: Urska
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vrhovsek
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tramer
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mattivi
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Passamonti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005960:Glucosides / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005960:Glucosides; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C480521:peonidin 3-glucoside; C458419:malvidin-3-glucoside