title: The difference in kinematics of horses walking, trotting and cantering on a flat and banked 10 m circle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Locomotion adaptation mechanisms have been observed in horses, but little information is available in relation to banked and nonbanked curve locomotion, which might be important to optimise training environments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if adaptation mechanisms in horses existed when moving on a banked compared to a flat curve and whether adaptation was similar in different gaits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight infrared cameras were positioned on the outside of a 10 m lungeing circle and calibrated. Retroreflective markers were used to define left and right metacarpus (McIII) and proximal phalanges (P1), metatarsus (MtIII), head and sacrum. Data were recorded at 308 Hz from 6 horses lunged at walk, trot and canter on a flat and 10° banked circle in a crossover design. Measurements extracted were speed, stride length, McIII inclination, MtIII inclination, relative body inclination and duty factor. Data were smoothed with a fourth order Butterworth filter with 30 Hz cut-off. ANOVA was used to determine differences between conditions and limbs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adaptation mechanisms were influenced by gait. At canter inside forelimb duty factor was significantly longer (P<0.05) on a flat curve compared to a banked curve; at walk this was reversed. McIII inclination, MtIII inclination and relative body inclination were significantly greater (P<0.05) at trot and canter on a flat curve, so more inward tilt was found relative to the bearing surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adaptation to curved motion is gait specific. At faster gaits it appears that horses negotiate a banked curve with limb posture closer to body posture and probably with demands on the musculoskeletal system more similar to straight canter.
authors.affiliation: University of Central Lancashire, Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, Preston University of Edinburgh, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, UK. sjhobbs1@uclan.ac.uk
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Licka
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Polman
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*