title: Effects of carbohydrates on satiety: differences between liquid and solid food.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the satiety effect of carbohydrates with a focus on the comparison of liquid and solid food and their implications for energy balance and weight management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of studies have examined the role of dietary fiber, whole grains, and glycemic index or glycemic load on satiety and subsequent energy intake, but results remain inconclusive. Intake of liquid carbohydrates, particularly sugar-sweetened beverages, has increased considerably across the globe in recent decades in both adolescents and adults. In general, liquid carbohydrates produce less satiety compared with solid carbohydrates. Some energy from liquids may be compensated for at subsequent meals but because the compensation is incomplete, it leads to an increase in total long-term energy intake. Recent studies also suggest some potential differential responses of satiety by characteristics of the patients (e.g., race, sex, and body weight status). These differences warrant further research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Satiety is a complex process influenced by a number of properties in food. The physical form (solid vs. liquid) of carbohydrates is an important component that may affect the satiety process and energy intake. Accumulating evidence suggests that liquid carbohydrates generally produce less satiety than solid forms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, and Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005502:Food; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000145:classification* / Q000523:psychology; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D013549:Sweetening Agents