title: Adaptive noise cancellation to suppress electrocardiography artifacts during real-time interventional MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a system for artifact suppression in electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings obtained during interventional real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We characterized ECG artifacts due to radiofrequency pulses and gradient switching during MRI in terms of frequency content. A combination of analog filters and digital least mean squares adaptive filters were used to filter the ECG during in vivo experiments and the results were compared with those obtained with simple low-pass filtering. The system performance was evaluated in terms of artifact suppression and ability to identify arrhythmias during real-time MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analog filters were able to suppress artifacts from high-frequency radiofrequency pulses and gradient switching. The remaining pulse artifacts caused by intermittent preparation sequences or spoiler gradients required adaptive filtering because their bandwidth overlapped with that of the ECG. Using analog and adaptive filtering, a mean improvement of 38 dB (n = 11, peak QRS signal to pulse artifact noise) was achieved. This filtering system was successful in removing pulse artifacts that obscured arrhythmias such as premature ventricular complexes and complete atrioventricular block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed an online ECG monitoring system employing digital adaptive filters that enables the identification of cardiac arrhythmias during real-time MRI-guided interventions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1538, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Israel M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Barbash
authors.forename: Kanishka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ratnayaka
authors.forename: Christina E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Saikus
authors.forename: Merdim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sonmez
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kocaturk
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lederman
authors.forename: Anthony Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Faranesh
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010825:Physics / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors