title: Premature delivery influences the immunological composition of colostrum and transitional and mature human milk.
abstract: Human breast milk is the ideal nutrition for the newborn, and in addition to its nutritional contribution, necessary for infant growth and development, it contains various immune bioactive factors that confer some of the numerous beneficial effects of breastfeeding. The current study analyzed the concentrations of IgA, growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), TGFβ1, and TGFβ2, cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, and TNFα, and TNF-receptor I (TNF-RI) in colostrum and transitional and mature milk from mothers with mature, premature, and very premature infants. Human milk samples were collected from mothers delivering at term (T), preterm (PT), and very preterm (VPT). Milk from all the mothers was collected at 3 different time points after delivery corresponding to colostrum and transitional and mature milk. After obtaining milk whey, IgA, EGF, TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 were determined by ELISA and IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, TNFα and TNF-RI by cytometric bead array immunoassay. The colostrum of the PT group was extremely rich in most of the factors studied, but higher concentrations than in the T group were only found for IL-6 (P = 0.051), TGFβ1, and TGFβ2 (P < 0.05). Conversely, the colostrum of the VPT group had lower concentrations of IgA, IL-8, IL-10, and TNFα than those in the T group (P < 0.05). Results suggest that maternal lactogenic compensatory mechanisms accelerating the development of immature breast-fed preterm infants may take effect only after wk 30 of gestation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castellote
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casillas
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Santana
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Cano
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castell
authors.forename: M Glòria
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Moretones
authors.forename: M Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: López-Sabater
authors.forename: Angels
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003126:Colostrum / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000378:metabolism; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007774:Lactation / Q000276:immunology; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006133:Growth Substances; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins