title: Motor symptoms of schizophrenia: is tardive dyskinesia a symptom or side effect? A modern treatment.
abstract: Abnormal involuntary dyskinetic movements in schizophrenia patients have been documented for more than 140 years. Clinicians should distinguish between two kinds of disturbances-spontaneous dyskinetic movements and movements induced by psychotropic medications-which may look familiar clinically. As a modern term, tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a potentially permanent neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder that occurs after months or years of taking psychotropic drugs. Several distinct forms of TD exist, specifically tardive akathisia, tardive blepharospasm, tardive dystonia, tardive gait, tardive myoclonus, tardive tremor, and tardive tics, and they have different pathophysiologies and treatment. The pathogenesis of TD remains unclear, and the pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial. Moreover, there is solid evidence of a genetic predisposition to TD. This article summarizes recent relevant publications concerning TD and the most recent studies regarding treatment of this disorder with antioxidative agents.
authors.affiliation: Be'er-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 4600, Be'er-Sheva, 84170, Israel. lernervld@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Chanoch
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miodownik
mesh_terms: D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D006801:Humans; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008550:Melatonin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014810:Vitamin E; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D008550:Melatonin; D010889:Piracetam