title: A systematic review of the effectiveness of eccentric strength training in the prevention of hamstring muscle strains in otherwise healthy individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hamstring strains are the most common soft-tissue injury observed in recreational and athletic activities, yet no consensus exists regarding appropriate primary and secondary strategies to prevent these strains. Eccentric exercise has been reported to reduce the incidence of ham-string strains but its role has not been clearly defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of eccentric exercise in preventing hamstring strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online databases, including MED-LINE, PubMed, CINAHL, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles. Each database was searched from the earliest date to July 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selection criteria included diagnosis of hamstring strain, otherwise healthy individuals, and at least one group receiving an eccentric exercise intervention. Seven articles {three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and four cohort studies} met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted using a customized form. Methodological rigor of included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale and Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  STUDIES WERE GROUPED BY ECCENTRIC EXERCISE INTERVENTION PROTOCOL: hamstring lowers, isokinetic strengthening, and other strengthening. A best-evidence synthesis of pooled data was qualitatively summarized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that eccentric training is effective in primary and secondary prevention of hamstring strains. Study heterogeneity and poor methodological rigor limit the ability to provide clinical recommendations. Further RCTs are needed to support the use of eccentric training protocols in the prevention of hamstring strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Candidate.
authors.forename: Osita
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hibbert
authors.forename: Krystie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beers
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moizumi