title: Epp: A C++ EGSnrc user code for x-ray imaging and scattering simulations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Easy particle propagation (Epp) is a user code for the EGSnrc code package based on the c+ + class library egspp. A main feature of egspp (and Epp) is the ability to use analytical objects to construct simulation geometries. The authors developed Epp to facilitate the simulation of x-ray imaging geometries, especially in the case of scatter studies. While direct use of egspp requires knowledge of c+ +, Epp requires no programming experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epp's features include calculation of dose deposited in a voxelized phantom and photon propagation to a user-defined imaging plane. Projection images of primary, single Rayleigh scattered, single Compton scattered, and multiple scattered photons may be generated. Epp input files can be nested, allowing for the construction of complex simulation geometries from more basic components. To demonstrate the imaging features of Epp, the authors simulate 38 keV x rays from a point source propagating through a water cylinder 12 cm in diameter, using both analytical and voxelized representations of the cylinder. The simulation generates projection images of primary and scattered photons at a user-defined imaging plane. The authors also simulate dose scoring in the voxelized version of the phantom in both Epp and DOSXYZnrc and examine the accuracy of Epp using the Kawrakow-Fippel test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the imaging simulations with Epp using voxelized and analytical descriptions of the water cylinder agree within 1%. The results of the Kawrakow-Fippel test suggest good agreement between Epp and DOSXYZnrc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epp provides the user with useful features, including the ability to build complex geometries from simpler ones and the ability to generate images of scattered and primary photons. There is no inherent computational time saving arising from Epp, except for those arising from egspp's ability to use analytical representations of simulation geometries. Epp agrees with DOSXYZnrc in dose calculation, since they are both based on the well-validated standard EGSnrc radiation transport physics model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lippuner
authors.forename: Idris A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Elbakri
authors.forename: Congwu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Harry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ingleby
mesh_terms: D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012984:Software