title: Validation of the APLS age-based vital signs reference ranges in a Chinese population.
abstract: Reference ranges for vital signs may differ significantly among children of different ethnic origins.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To validate the Advanced Paediatric Life Support (APLS) age-based vital signs reference ranges in Chinese children in Hong Kong. (2) To derive age-based centile curves for systolic blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate for Chinese children. (3) To summarize the reference ranges in a table format appropriate for applying APLS to ethnic Chinese patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed on a population of healthy Chinese children recruited from 8 kindergartens and 6 primary schools in Hong Kong. Trained operators visit the sites to obtain measurements. Age-groups: small toddlers (12-23 months); pre-school (24-59 months); and school (60-143 months). Z-test was used to assess statistical significance for proportions of each parameter falling outside the APLS reference range. One-sample t-test was used for comparison with APLS means according to age-groups. LMS Chartmaker Pro v2.3 software was used to describe the data in centile curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1353 patients (55.1% boys) were included. For heart rate, systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate respectively, 34.1%, 55.9% and 55.7% of corresponding measurements were outside the APLS age-based reference ranges. In the 'pre-school' and 'school' age-groups, the mean value for blood pressure is significantly higher, and the mean values for heart rate and respiratory rate significantly lower, in comparison to APLS mean values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independently derived vital signs reference ranges are more appropriate for use when applying APLS to Chinese patients in Hong Kong.
authors.affiliation: Accident and Emergency Medicine Academic Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. stewart chan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S S W
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Cattermole
authors.forename: P Y M
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: P S K
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rainer
mesh_terms: D022561:Advanced Cardiac Life Support / Q000592:standards*; D000367:Age Factors; D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D055986:Vital Signs