title: [Surgical manipulators in ear surgery: a future vision?].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Middle ear surgery bears a high risk for injury of difficult to differentiate risk structures. Thus, a precise preparation in this area must be the surgical task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  However, there are human (tremor) and systematic limitations (OR setup, narrow access). Assistance systems in terms of manipulators are so far not part of the clinical routine. Although, they could compensate for the above mentioned limitations. MANIPULATORS: This work reviews existing surgical manipulator systems. The expected value is an elevated patient safety through improving surgical accuracy and the reduction of ergonomic deficits. CLINICAL APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT: In clinical application there are simply modified industrial robots, highly complex master slave systems and small miniature master slave systems which are directly located at the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A disadvantage of most systems is the limited number of applicable instruments. Often, only especially designed instruments can be used. The goal in development should be to create a compact, short distance operated master slave system. The usability of standard (already available) instruments with an easy integration into the surgical and sterilisation procedure would lower the threshold for acceptance of such systems.The surgeon will remain the key player. He can only work efficiently in an ergonomic environment and will always have the responsibility for the intervention. From the authors perspective, highly automated systems should not be the research goal.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde/Plastische Operationen Universitätsklinikum Leipzig. Mathias.Hofer@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strauss
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014433:Tympanoplasty / Q000295:instrumentation*