title: Calibration of the Gamma Knife Perfexion using TG-21 and the solid water Leksell dosimetry phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To calibrate a Gamma Knife (GK) Perfexion using TG-21 with updated chamber-dependent values for modern microionization chambers in the new solid water Leksell dosimetry phantom. This work illustrates a calibration method using commercially available equipment, instruments, and an established dosimetry protocol that may be adopted at any GK center, thus reducing the interinstitutional variation in GK calibration. The calibration was verified by three third-party dosimetry checks. In addition, measurements of the relative output factors are presented and compared to available data and the new manufacturer-provided relative output factors yet to be released.
  
  
  METHODS
  An absolute dose calibration based on the TG-21 formalism, utilizing recently reported phantom material and chamber-dependent factors, was performed using a microionization chamber in a spherical solid water phantom. The result was compared to other calibration protocols based on TG-51. Independent verification of the machine output was conducted through M.D. Anderson Dosimetry Services (MDADS), using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in an anthropomorphic head phantom; the Radiological Physics Center (RPC), using TLDs in the standard Elekta ABS plastic calibration phantom (gray phantom), included with the GK; and through a collaborative international calibration survey by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) using alanine dosimeters, also in the gray phantom. The alanine dosimeters were read by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Finally, Gafchromic EBT film was used to measure relative output factors and these factors were compared to values reported in the literature as well as new values announced for release by Elekta. The films were exposed in the solid water phantom using an included film insert accessory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the TG-21 protocol in the solid water phantom, the modified and unmodified TG-51 calibrations resulted in dose rates which were 1.8% and 1.3% lower, respectively. Ratios of the doses measured by third parties to the dose reported showed excellent agreement. MDADS returned ratios of 1.00 and 0.98 for the two TLDs irradiated. The RPC returned a mean ratio of 0.98 of the dose reported and the UPMC alanine study returned a mean ratio of 1.008. Relative output factors were found to be 0.817 +/- 0.009 and 0.897 +/- 0.008 for the 4 and 8 mm collimators, respectively, which are in excellent agreement with revised Monte Carlo-derived relative output factors Elekta is expected to recommend with the next version of the GK treatment planning software (GAMMAPLAN version 10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TG-21 dosimetry protocol, performed in a solid water phantom in conjunction with modern dosimeters and phantom material and chamber-dependent factors, can yield an accurate dose measurement in the unique GK treatment geometry. The technique described here can be easily adopted by institutions worldwide since all equipment and instruments used are commercially available, thus reducing the existing interinstitutional variation in GK calibration techniques. Relative output factor measurements made in this same solid water phantom were used to verify the relative output factors provided by Elekta and agreed excellently with output factors expected to be released in conjunction with GAMMAPLAN version 10.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, 169 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yount
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashenafi
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vanek
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water