title: Interventions for preventing hamstring injuries: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess, by systematic review, the effects of interventions used for preventing hamstring injuries in physically active individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of interventions for preventing hamstring injuries were included, as were trials testing interventions for the prevention of lower limb injuries, provided that hamstring injuries were reported. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for dichotomous variables and are reported for individual and pooled data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven randomised controlled trials involving 1919 participants were included. Some trials were compromised by poor methodology, including lack of blinding and incomplete outcome data. Four trials, including 287 participants, examined interventions directly targeted at preventing hamstring injuries. Three of these trials, which tested hamstring strengthening protocols, had contradictory findings, with one small trial showing benefit, although the control rate of mainly minor hamstring injury was unusually high. The other two trials found no benefit, with a greater incidence of hamstring injury in the intervention group. One unpublished and underpowered trial provided some evidence that manual therapy may prevent lower limb muscle strain (RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.97), although the finding for hamstring injury did not reach statistical significance (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is insufficient evidence from randomised controlled trials to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of interventions used to prevent hamstring injuries in people participating in football or other high-risk activities. The findings for manual therapy need confirmation.
authors.affiliation: Synergy Healthcare, 1-4 Stokers Buildings, Front Street East, Bedlington, Northumberland NE22 5DS, UK. elliottfgoldman@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Elliott F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Diana E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D026761:Physical Therapy Specialty; D012307:Risk Factors