title: Biological abilities of rice bran-derived antioxidant phytochemicals for medical therapy.
abstract: Rice bran contains important bioactive phytochemicals. Among these phytochemicals, steryl ferulates including γ-oryzanol and its major components such as cycloartenyl ferulate (CAF), 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate (24-mCAF), β-sitosteryl ferulate (β-SF), and campesteryl ferulate have been intensively studied due to their crucial roles in pathological processes. On the basis of experimental studies published during the last decade in relation to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, hypolipidemic, anti-neoplastic, anti-diabetic, and anti-allergic phenomena, these bioactive phytochemicals are reviewed in this paper. Particularly, in vivo and in vitro studies have clarified that rice bran phytosteryl ferulates mediate anti-inflammatory effects by down-regulating the inflammatory transcription factor, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which in turn reduces expression of inflammatory enzymes such as COX-2 and iNOS, and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, rice bran phytosteryl ferulates up-regulate blood adiponectin levels via indirect activation of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) through NF-κB inhibition. In this review, we discuss potential pharmacological aspects of rice bran phytosteryl ferulates in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Md Shafiqul
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagasaka
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hosoya
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ushio
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hori
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D010840:Phytosterols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors; C540967:cycloartenyl ferulate; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; C013172:gamma-oryzanol