title: Development and validation of decision rules to guide frequency of monitoring CD4 cell count in HIV-1 infection before starting antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although CD4 cell count monitoring is used to decide when to start antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-1 infection, there are no evidence-based recommendations regarding its optimal frequency. It is common practice to monitor every 3 to 6 months, often coupled with viral load monitoring. We developed rules to guide frequency of CD4 cell count monitoring in HIV infection before starting antiretroviral therapy, which we validated retrospectively in patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We built up two prediction rules ("Snap-shot rule" for a single sample and "Track-shot rule" for multiple determinations) based on a systematic review of published longitudinal analyses of CD4 cell count trajectories. We applied the rules in 2608 untreated patients to classify their 18 061 CD4 counts as either justifiable or superfluous, according to their prior ≥5% or <5% chance of meeting predetermined thresholds for starting treatment. The percentage of measurements that both rules falsely deemed superfluous never exceeded 5%. Superfluous CD4 determinations represented 4%, 11%, and 39% of all actual determinations for treatment thresholds of 500, 350, and 200×10(6)/L, respectively. The Track-shot rule was only marginally superior to the Snap-shot rule. Both rules lose usefulness for CD4 counts coming near to treatment threshold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent CD4 count monitoring of patients with CD4 counts well above the threshold for initiating therapy is unlikely to identify patients who require therapy. It appears sufficient to measure CD4 cell count 1 year after a count >650 for a threshold of 200, >900 for 350, or >1150 for 500×10(6)/L, respectively. When CD4 counts fall below these limits, increased monitoring frequency becomes advisable. These rules offer guidance for efficient CD4 monitoring, particularly in resource-limited settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. thierry.buclin@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buclin
authors.forename: Amalio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Telenti
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Csajka
authors.forename: Hansjakob
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furrer
authors.forename: Jeffrey K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Aronson
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Glasziou
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006801:Humans; D049451:Nomograms; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity