title: Relationship between hyperglycemia and outcome in children with severe traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between hyperglycemia and outcome in infants and children after severe traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of a prospectively collected Pediatric Neurotrauma Registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children admitted after severe traumatic brain injury (postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8) were studied (1999-2004). A subset of children (n = 28) were concurrently enrolled in a randomized, controlled clinical trial of early hypothermia for neuroprotection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic data, serum glucose concentrations, and outcome assessments were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children (n = 57) were treated with a standard traumatic brain injury protocol. Exogenous glucose was withheld for 48 hrs after injury unless hypoglycemia was observed (blood glucose <70 mg/dL). Early (first 48 hrs) and Late (49-168 hrs) time periods were defined and mean blood glucose concentrations were calculated. Additionally, children were categorized based on peak blood glucose concentrations during each time period (normal, blood glucose <150 mg/dL; mild hyperglycemia, blood glucose ≤ 200 mg/dL; severe hyperglycemia, blood glucose >200 mg/dL). In the Late period, an association between elevated mean serum glucose concentration and outcome was observed (133.5 ± 5.6 mg/dL in the unfavorable group vs. 115.4 ± 4.1 mg/dL in favorable group, p = .02). This association continued to be significant after correcting for injury severity, age, and exposure to insulin (p = .03). Similarly, in the Late period, children within the severe hyperglycemia group had decreased incidence of good outcome compared to children within the other glycemic groups (% good outcome: normal, 61.9%; mild hyperglycemia, 73.7%; severe hyperglycemia, 33.3%; p = .05). However, when adjusted for exposure to insulin, this relationship was no longer statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with severe traumatic brain injury, hyperglycemia beyond the initial 48 hrs is associated with poor outcome. This relationship was observed in both our analysis of mean blood glucose concentrations as well as among the patients with episodic severe hyperglycemia. This observation suggests a relationship between hyperglycemia and outcome from traumatic brain injury. However, only a prospective study can answer the important question of whether manipulating serum glucose concentration can improve outcome after traumatic brain injury in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. smithr3@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: P David
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Adelson
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kochanek
authors.forename: Ericka L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.forename: Hülya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bayir
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Tyler-Kabara
authors.forename: Robert S B
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: S Danielle
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007902:Length of Stay; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose