title: CCND1 1722 polymorphism and potential relevance to upper tract urothelial cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 (CCND1) is thought to play a major role in the transition of the cell cycle from G1 to S-phase. It is known that cancer cells have unbalanced cell cycle regulation. However, the genetic role of CCND1 in urothelial cancer (UC) is not known. This study was conducted to explore the association between the CCND1 C1722G polymorphism and the susceptibility and progression of UC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CCND1 genotypes of 170 patients and 249 control subjects were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and correlations with the clinical and histopathological data were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CCND1 GC or GC + CC genotypes were both more frequently observed in the UC patients than the control individuals (p=0.05 and 0.03, respectively), and people carrying the GC genotype had a 1.6-fold increased risk of UC, compared with those carrying the GG genotype (p=0.05). Also, the GC + CC genotypes had a 1.68-fold higher risk of UC compared with the GG genotype (p=0.03). In addition, the CCND1 genotype was significantly associated with ureter tumor (p=0.005) and advanced tumor status (p=0.019). No association between CCND1 C1722G genotypes and tumor grade, survival and tumor recurrence was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The C allele of the CCND1 C1722G polymorphism may be a potential predictive and prognostic biomarker for advanced UC, especially ureter tumors of the upper urothelial tract.
authors.affiliation: Da-Tian Bau, Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hui-Hui
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hung-Lung
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Kuang-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: Chia-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Wen-Jeng
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Da-Tian
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bau
authors.forename: Lin-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: C530104:CCND1 protein, human; D019938:Cyclin D1