title: Use of whole genome sequencing to estimate the mutation rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during latent infection.
abstract: Tuberculosis poses a global health emergency, which has been compounded by the emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. We used whole-genome sequencing to compare the accumulation of mutations in Mtb isolated from cynomolgus macaques with active, latent or reactivated disease. We sequenced 33 Mtb isolates from nine macaques with an average genome coverage of 93% and an average read depth of 117×. Based on the distribution of SNPs observed, we calculated the mutation rates for these disease states. We found a similar mutation rate during latency as during active disease or in a logarithmically growing culture over the same period of time. The pattern of polymorphisms suggests that the mutational burden in vivo is because of oxidative DNA damage. We show that Mtb continues to acquire mutations during disease latency, which may explain why isoniazid monotherapy for latent tuberculosis is a risk factor for the emergence of isoniazid resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Philana Ling
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Rupal R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Iartchouk
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galagan
authors.forename: Nilofar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohaideen
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ioerger
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sacchettini
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipsitch
authors.forename: JoAnne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fortune
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001483:Base Sequence; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000494:pharmacology; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D013997:Time Factors; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007538:Isoniazid