title: Risk factors for sensorineural hearing loss in children.
abstract: In the last decade, tremendous progress has been made very rapidly in the development of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) systems as a major public health initiative. The percentage of infants screened annually in Spain has increased significantly since the EHDI systems have expanded to all autonomic regions. Historically, high risk indicators have been used for the identification of infants who should receive audiological evaluation but who live in geographic locations where universal hearing screening is not yet available, to help identify infants who pass neonatal screening but are at risk of developing delayed-onset hearing loss and to identify infants who may have passed neonatal screening but have mild forms of permanent hearing loss. In this review, the standard risk factors for hearing loss are analysed and the risk factors known to be associated with late onset or progressive hearing loss are identified. The recommendation for infants with a risk factor that may be considered as low risk is to perform at least one audiology assessment by 24-30 months. In contrast, for an infant with risk factors known to be associated with late onset or progressive hearing loss (such as cytomegalovirus infection or family history), early and more frequent assessment is appropriate. All infants should have an objective standardised screening of global development with a validated assessment tool at 9, 18 and 24-30 months of age or at any time if the health care professional or the family is concerned.
authors.affiliation: Comisión para la Detección Precoz de la Hipoacusia Infantil (CODEPEH), Madrid, España. fnunezb@telefonica.net
authors.forename: Faustino
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Núñez-Batalla
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trinidad-Ramos
authors.forename: José Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sequí-Canet
authors.forename: Valentín
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alzina De Aguilar
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jáudenes-Casaubón
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D001299:Audiometry; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000453:epidemiology; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000592:standards; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000453:epidemiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors