title: Engineering of a plasmid-free Escherichia coli strain for improved in vivo biosynthesis of astaxanthin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The xanthophyll astaxanthin is a high-value compound with applications in the nutraceutical, cosmetic, food, and animal feed industries. Besides chemical synthesis and extraction from naturally producing organisms like Haematococcus pluvialis, heterologous biosynthesis in non-carotenogenic microorganisms like Escherichia coli, is a promising alternative for sustainable production of natural astaxanthin. Recent achievements in the metabolic engineering of E. coli strains have led to a significant increase in the productivity of carotenoids like lycopene or β-carotene by increasing the metabolic flux towards the isoprenoid precursors. For the heterologous biosynthesis of astaxanthin in E. coli, however, the conversion of β-carotene to astaxanthin is obviously the most critical step towards an efficient biosynthesis of astaxanthin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we report the construction of the first plasmid-free E. coli strain that produces astaxanthin as the sole carotenoid compound with a yield of 1.4 mg/g cdw (E. coli BW-ASTA). This engineered E. coli strain harbors xanthophyll biosynthetic genes from Pantoea ananatis and Nostoc punctiforme as individual expression cassettes on the chromosome and is based on a β-carotene-producing strain (E. coli BW-CARO) recently developed in our lab. E. coli BW-CARO has an enhanced biosynthesis of the isoprenoid precursor isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and produces β-carotene in a concentration of 6.2 mg/g cdw. The expression of crtEBIY along with the β-carotene-ketolase gene crtW148 (NpF4798) and the β-carotene-hydroxylase gene (crtZ) under controlled expression conditions in E. coli BW-ASTA directed the pathway exclusively towards the desired product astaxanthin (1.4 mg/g cdw).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By using the λ-Red recombineering technique, genes encoding for the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway were stably integrated into the chromosome of E. coli. The expression levels of chromosomal integrated recombinant biosynthetic genes were varied and adjusted to improve the ratios of carotenoids produced by this E. coli strain. The strategy presented, which combines chromosomal integration of biosynthetic genes with the possibility of adjusting expression by using different promoters, might be useful as a general approach for the construction of stable heterologous production strains synthesizing natural products. This is the case especially for heterologous pathways where excessive protein overexpression is a hindrance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lemuth
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steuer
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albermann
mesh_terms: D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046937:Nostoc / Q000235:genetics; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020636:Pantoea / Q000235:genetics; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; C005948:astaxanthine; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D010105:Oxygenases; C093259:beta-carotene ketolase; C079232:beta-carotene hydroxylase