title: Fracture risk tool validation in an integrated healthcare delivery system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the utility of the Fracture Risk Calculator (FRC, Foundation for Osteoporosis Research and Education) for predicting 10-year hip fracture risk within a "real world" population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified female members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California aged ≥50 years with bone mineral density (BMD) measured during 1997-2003. Hospitalization for hip fracture was ascertained up to 10 years following the BMD date, and 10-year observed hip fracture probabilities were calculated. Baseline data for fracture risk calculation were extracted from health plan databases, including age, race/ethnicity, smoking, body mass index, prior fracture, rheumatoid arthritis, glucocorticoid use, disorders associated with bone loss, and femoral neck BMD. Predicted 10-year FRC hip fracture probabilities were compared with observed 10-year hip fracture probabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 94,489 women (mean age 62.8 +/- 8.6 years, average femoral neck Z-score +0.1),the median duration of follow-up was 6.6 years, during which 1579 (1.7%) hip fractures occurred. Using the FRC, 23% met or exceeded the National Osteoporosis Foundation's 3% hip fracture threshold. The FRC somewhat underestimated observed hip fracture probabilities; across 10-year risk categories <1%, 1% to 2.9%, and 3% to 4.9%, ratios of observed to median predicted probabilities ranged from 1.3 to 1.4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FRC tool can be applied to assess fracture risk in large populations using data from administrative databases. Despite some underestimation, this relatively simple tool may assist targeting of at-risk populations for more complete fracture risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. joan.c.lo@kp.org
authors.forename: Joan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Alice R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pressman
authors.forename: Malini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ettinger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*