title: HC-Pro silencing suppressor significantly alters the gene expression profile in tobacco leaves and flowers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  RNA silencing is used in plants as a major defence mechanism against invasive nucleic acids, such as viruses. Accordingly, plant viruses have evolved to produce counter defensive RNA-silencing suppressors (RSSs). These factors interfere in various ways with the RNA silencing machinery in cells, and thereby disturb the microRNA (miRNA) mediated endogene regulation and induce developmental and morphological changes in plants. In this study we have explored these effects using previously characterized transgenic tobacco plants which constitutively express (under CaMV 35S promoter) the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) derived from a potyviral genome. The transcript levels of leaves and flowers of these plants were analysed using microarray techniques (Tobacco 4 × 44 k, Agilent).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over expression of HC-Pro RSS induced clear phenotypic changes both in growth rate and in leaf and flower morphology of the tobacco plants. The expression of 748 and 332 genes was significantly changed in the leaves and flowers, respectively, in the HC-Pro expressing transgenic plants. Interestingly, these transcriptome alterations in the HC-Pro expressing tobacco plants were similar as those previously detected in plants infected with ssRNA-viruses. Particularly, many defense-related and hormone-responsive genes (e.g. ethylene responsive transcription factor 1, ERF1) were differentially regulated in these plants. Also the expression of several stress-related genes, and genes related to cell wall modifications, protein processing, transcriptional regulation and photosynthesis were strongly altered. Moreover, genes regulating circadian cycle and flowering time were significantly altered, which may have induced a late flowering phenotype in HC-Pro expressing plants. The results also suggest that photosynthetic oxygen evolution, sugar metabolism and energy levels were significantly changed in these transgenic plants. Transcript levels of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) were also decreased in these plants, apparently leading to decreased transmethylation capacity. The proteome analysis using 2D-PAGE indicated significantly altered proteome profile, which may have been both due to altered transcript levels, decreased translation, and increased proteosomal/protease activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of the HC-Pro RSS mimics transcriptional changes previously shown to occur in plants infected with intact viruses (e.g. Tobacco etch virus, TEV). The results indicate that the HC-Pro RSS contributes a significant part of virus-plant interactions by changing the levels of multiple cellular RNAs and proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, Turku 20014, Finland. artsoi@utu.fi
authors.forename: Arto J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Soitamo
authors.forename: Balaji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jada
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lehto
mesh_terms: D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D040901:Proteomics; D034622:RNA Interference; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019076:Transgenes; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D018749:RNA, Plant; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014764:Viral Proteins; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; C072775:HC-Pro protein, potyvirus; D010100:Oxygen