title: Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: present and future.
abstract: Tobacco dependence is a chronic disease that often requires repeated interventions and multiple attempts to quit. To date, three medications are FDA-approved for smoking cessation: nicotine replacement therapy, sustained-release bupropion, and varenicline. These treatments are effective across a broad range of populations, and are recommended for all smokers, including those with psychiatric or addictive comorbidity. Less is known however concerning the benefit-risk profile of these medications in pregnant women and adolescents. With these limitations in mind, clinicians should encourage and offer counseling and a prescription of pharmacotherapy to every patient willing to make a quit attempt. Despite the relative efficacy of first-line medications, many smokers relapse after one given quit attempt, and alternative pharmacotherapies are needed. Clonidine and nortriptyline have been proposed as second-line medications. In addition, this review indentifies a series of promising drugs that hopefully will be available to complete our current armory.
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Treatment Center, Hopital Paul Brousse, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, AP-HP, INSERM U 669 UniversityParis-Sud, 12 Avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier 94800 Villejuif, France. henri-jean.aubin@pbr.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Henri-Jean
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Aubin
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karila
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reynaud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016642:Bupropion / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000068580:Varenicline
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011810:Quinoxalines; D016642:Bupropion; D009538:Nicotine; D000068580:Varenicline