title: Larvicidal, antimicrobial and brine shrimp activities of extracts from Cissampelos mucronata and Tephrosia villosa from coast region, Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The leaves and roots of Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich (Menispermaceae) are widely used in the tropics and subtropics to manage various ailments such as gastro-intestinal complaints, menstrual problems, venereal diseases and malaria. In the Coast region, Tanzania, roots are used to treat wounds due to extraction of jigger. Leaves of Tephrosia villosa (L) Pers (Leguminosae) are reported to be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in India. In this study, extracts from the roots and aerial parts of C. mucronata and extracts from leaves, fruits, twigs and roots of T. villosa were evaluated for larvicidal activity, brine shrimps toxicity and antimicrobial activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Powdered materials from C. mucronata were extracted sequentially by dichloromethane followed by ethanol while materials from T.villosa were extracted by ethanol only. The extracts obtained were evaluated for larvicidal activity using Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae, cytotoxicity using brine shrimp larvae and antimicrobial activity using bacteria and fungi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extracts from aerial parts of C. Mucronata exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus faecalis and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. They exhibited very low toxicity to brine shrimps and had no larvicidal activity. The root extracts exhibited good larvicidal activity but weak antimicrobial activity. The root dichloromethane extracts from C. mucronata was found to be more toxic with an LC50 value of 59.608 μg/mL while ethanolic extracts from root were not toxic with LC50>100 μg/mL). Ethanol extracts from fruits and roots of T. villosa were found to be very toxic with LC50 values of 9.690 μg/mL and 4.511 μg/mL, respectively, while, ethanol extracts from leaves and twigs of T. villosa were found to be non toxic (LC50>100 μg/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the use of C. mucronata in traditional medicine for treatment of wounds. Extracts of C. mucronata have potential to yield active antimicrobial and larvicidal compounds. The high brine shrimp toxicity of T. villosa corroborates with literature reports that the plant is toxic to both livestock and fish. The results further suggest that T. villosa extracts have potential to yield larvicidal and possibly cytotoxic compounds. Further studies to investigate the bioactive compounds responsible for the observed biological effects are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), P,O, Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. nondo75@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ramadhani S O
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Nondo
authors.forename: Zakaria H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Mbwambo
authors.forename: Abdul W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kidukuli
authors.forename: Ester M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Innocent
authors.forename: Matobola J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mihale
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Erasto
authors.forename: Mainen J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moshi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001156:Artemia; D031606:Cissampelos / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D013636:Tanzania; D031304:Tephrosia / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D000432:Methanol