title: National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2009 with trends since 1995: a systematic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stillbirths do not count in routine worldwide data-collating systems or for the Millennium Development Goals. Two sets of national stillbirth estimates for 2000 produced similar worldwide totals of 3·2 million and 3·3 million, but rates differed substantially for some countries. We aimed to develop more reliable estimates and a time series from 1995 for 193 countries, by increasing input data, using recent data, and applying improved modelling approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  For international comparison, stillbirth is defined as fetal death in the third trimester (≥1000 g birthweight or ≥28 completed weeks of gestation). Several sources of stillbirth data were identified and assessed against prespecified inclusion criteria: vital registration data; nationally representative surveys; and published studies identified through systematic literature searches, unpublished studies, and national data identified through a WHO country consultation process. For 2009, reported rates were used for 33 countries and model-based estimates for 160 countries. A regression model of log stillbirth rate was developed and used to predict national stillbirth rates from 1995 to 2009. Uncertainty ranges were obtained with a bootstrap approach. The final model included log(neonatal mortality rate) (cubic spline), log(low birthweight rate) (cubic spline), log(gross national income purchasing power parity) (cubic spline), region, type of data source, and definition of stillbirth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vital registration data from 79 countries, 69 nationally representative surveys from 39 countries, and 113 studies from 42 countries met inclusion criteria. The estimated number of global stillbirths was 2·64 million (uncertainty range 2·14 million to 3·82 million) in 2009 compared with 3·03 million (uncertainty range 2·37 million to 4·19 million) in 1995. Worldwide stillbirth rate has declined by 14·5%, from 22·1 stillbirths per 1000 births in 1995 to 18·9 stillbirths per 1000 births in 2009. In 2009, 76·2% of stillbirths occurred in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study draws attention to the dearth of reliable data in regions where most stillbirths occur. The estimated trend in stillbirth rate reduction is slower than that for maternal mortality and lags behind the increasing progress in reducing deaths in children younger than 5 years. Improved data and improved use of data are crucial to ensure that stillbirths count in global and national policy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through the Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth, Saving Newborn Lives/Save the Children, and the International Stillbirth Alliance. The Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO, through the UN Development Programme, UN Population Fund, WHO, and World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. simon.cousens@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cousens
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blencowe
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Saifuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steinhardt
authors.forename: Andreea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Creanga
authors.forename: Ozge
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tunçalp
authors.forename: Zohra Patel
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Balsara
authors.forename: Shivam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Lale
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Say
authors.forename: Joy E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lawn
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011247:Pregnancy; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology*