title: Changes in cardiac heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression and streptozotocin-induced diastolic dysfunction in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in the proteoglycans glypican and syndecan-4 have been reported in several pathological conditions, but little is known about their expression in the heart during diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo heart function changes and alterations in mRNA expression and protein levels of glypican-1 and syndecan-4 in cardiac and skeletal muscles during streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by STZ administration. The rats were assigned to one of the following groups: control (sham injection), after 24 hours, 10 days, or 30 days of STZ administration. Echocardiography was performed in the control and STZ 10-day groups. Western and Northern blots were used to quantify protein and mRNA levels in all groups. Immunohistochemistry was performed in the control and 30-day groups to correlate the observed mRNA changes to the protein expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo cardiac functional analysis performed using echocardiography in the 10-day group showed diastolic dysfunction with alterations in the peak velocity of early (E) diastolic filling and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) indices. These functional alterations observed in the STZ 10-day group correlated with the concomitant increase in syndecan-4 and glypican-1 protein expression. Cardiac glypican-1 mRNA and skeletal syndecan-4 mRNA and protein levels increased in the STZ 30-day group. On the other hand, the amount of glypican in skeletal muscle was lower than that in the control group. The same results were obtained from immunohistochemistry analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that membrane proteoglycans participate in the sequence of events triggered by diabetes and inflicted on cardiac and skeletal muscles.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil. labcelia@incor.usp.br
authors.forename: Célia M C
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Strunz
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Vera M C
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Salemi
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Antonio P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mansur
authors.forename: Ismar N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Cestari
authors.forename: Monica V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Marquezini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003971:Diastole; D053673:Glypicans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D053671:Syndecan-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D053673:Glypicans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C508307:Sdc4 protein, rat; D053671:Syndecan-4