title: Interventions for addressing low balance confidence in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  low balance confidence is a major health problem among older adults restricting their participation in daily life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to determine what interventions are most effective in increasing balance confidence in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including at least one continuous end point of balance confidence. Studies, including adults 60 years or older without a neurological condition, were included in our study.
  
  
  METHODS
  the standardised mean difference (SMD) of continuous end points of balance confidence was calculated to estimate the pooled effect size with random-effect models. Methodological quality of trials was assessed using the Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  thirty studies were included in this review and a meta-analysis was conducted for 24 studies. Interventions were pooled into exercise (n = 9 trials, 453 subjects), Tai Chi (n = 5 trials, 468 subjects), multifactorial intervention (n = 10 trials, 1,233 subjects). Low significant effects were found for exercise and multifactorial interventions (SMD 0.22-0.31) and medium (SMD 0.48) significant effects were found for Tai Chi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tai chi interventions are the most beneficial in increasing the balance confidence of older adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. drand@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yiu
authors.forename: Janice J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eng
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D026302:Tai Ji