title: Multi-finger coordination in healthy subjects and stroke patients: a mathematical modelling approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 60% of stroke survivors experience hand dysfunction limiting execution of daily activities. Several methods have been proposed to objectively quantify fingers' joints range of motion (ROM), while few studies exist about multi-finger coordination during hand movements. The present work analysed this aspect, by providing a complete characterization of spatial and temporal aspects of hand movement, through the mathematical modelling of multi-joint finger motion in healthy subjects and stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hand opening and closing movements were examined in 12 healthy volunteers and 14 hemiplegic stroke survivors by means of optoelectronic kinematic analysis. The flexion/extension angles of metacarpophalangeal (MCPJ) and proximal interphalangeal joints (IPJ) of all fingers were computed and mathematically characterized by a four-parameter hyperbolic tangent function. Accuracy of the selected model was analysed by means of coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). Test-retest reliability was quantified by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and test-retest errors. Comparison between performances of healthy controls and stroke subjects were performed by analysing possible differences in parameters describing angular and temporal aspects of hand kinematics and inter-joint, inter-digit coordination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The angular profiles of hand opening and closing were accurately characterized by the selected model, both in healthy controls and in stroke subjects (R2 > 0.973, RMSE < 2.0°). Test-retest reliability was found to be excellent, with ICC > 0.75 and remarking errors comparable to those obtained with other methods. Comparison with healthy controls revealed that hemiparetic hand movement was impaired not only in joints ROM but also in the temporal aspects of motion: peak velocities were significantly decreased, inter-digit coordination was reduced of more than 50% and inter-joint coordination patterns were highly disrupted. In particular, the stereotypical proximal-to-distal opening sequence (reversed during hand closing) found in healthy subjects, was altered in stroke subjects who showed abnormally high delay between IPJ and MCPJ movement or reversed moving sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method has proven to be a promising tool for a complete objective characterization of spatial and temporal aspects of hand movement in stroke, providing further information for a more targeted planning of the rehabilitation treatment to each specific patient and for a quantitative assessment of therapy's outcome.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology Department, Found, Don C, Gnocchi Onlus, IRCCS, Milan, Italy. icarpinella@dongnocchi.it
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carpinella
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jonsdottir
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrarin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology*; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation