title: Cephalometric measurements and determination of general skull type of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
abstract: The general skull morphology of the head of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) was examined and compared with cephalometric indices of brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic heads. Measurements were taken from computed tomography images. Defined landmarks for linear measurements of were identified using three-dimensional (3D) models. The calculated parameters of the CKCS were different from all parameters of mesaticephalic dogs but were the same as parameters from brachycephalic dogs. However, the CKCS had a wider braincase in relation to length than in other brachycephalic breeds. Studies of the etiology of the chiari-like malformation in the CKCS should therefore focus on brachycephalic control groups. As Chari-like malformation has only been reported in brachycephalic breeds, its etiology could be associated with a higher grade of brachycephaly, meaning a shorter longitudinal extension of the skull. This has been suggested for other breeds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic of the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Straße 108, 35392 Giessen, Germany. martin.j.schmidt@vetmed.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Amort
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Failing
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary