title: Fascin and CK4 as biomarkers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have suggested that fascin, cytokeratin 14 and cytokeratin 4 may have significant roles as biomarkers for the progression and survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study performed immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays, profiling premalignant lesions and invasive tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fascin increased across the following states as follows: normal-appearing epithelium (26%) to dysplasia (46%) to ESCC (68%), while CK4 was undetectable in ESCC (0%) compared to normal-appearing epithelium (45%) or dysplasia (41%). CK14 was elevated and invariant in expression. In regression analyses, compared to normal-appearing epithelium, higher fascin expression was associated with a 36% increased risk of dysplasia (odds ratio=1.36) and a 56% increased risk of invasive ESCC (odds ratio=1.56).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of fascin is up-regulated in the transformation from normal-appearing epithelium, through dysplasia, into invasive carcinoma. Expression of CK4, CK14 and fascin did not correlate with patient survival. Fascin has a potential role as an early detection biomarker and CK4 as a tumor marker in ESCC.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4605, USA.
authors.forename: Mikiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takikita
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jian-Zhong
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Shou
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giffen
authors.forename: Quan-Hong
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chaoyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053527:Keratin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016019:Survival Analysis; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053527:Keratin-4; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; C020324:fascin