title: Chronic cocaine exposure induces putamen glutamate and glutamine metabolite abnormalities in squirrel monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic cocaine exposure has been associated with progressive brain structural and functional changes. Clarifying mechanisms underlying cocaine's progressive brain effects may help in the development of effective cocaine abuse treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We used a controlled squirrel monkey model of chronic cocaine exposure (45 mg/kg/week for 9 months) combined with ultra-high magnetic field (9.4 T) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to prospectively measure putamen metabolite changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proton metabolites were measured with a STEAM sequence, quantified with LCModel using a simulated basis set, and expressed as metabolite/total creatine (tCr) ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found cocaine-induced time-dependent changes in putamen glutamate/tCr and glutamine/tCr metabolite ratios suggestive of altered glutamate compartmentalization, neurotransmission, and metabolism. By contrast, saline-treated monkeys exhibited no metabolite changes over time. The time course of cocaine-induced metabolite abnormalities we detected is consistent with the apparent time course of glutamate abnormalities identified in a cross-sectional study in human cocaine users, as well as with microdialysis findings in rodent models of repeated cocaine exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these findings suggests that this squirrel monkey model may be useful for characterizing glutamatergic changes associated with cocaine exposure and for determining efficacies of treatments designed to mitigate cocaine-induced glutamatergic system dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill, St. Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoxu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Gillis
authors.forename: Chun S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Prescot
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brimson
authors.forename: Kenroy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cayetano
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D011699:Putamen / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012453:Saimiri; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid; D003042:Cocaine