title: Change in mean transit time, apparent diffusion coefficient, and cerebral blood volume during pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral edema is a devastating complication of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis. We examined measures describing potential causes of whole brain and regional brain edema (mean transit time, apparent diffusion coefficient, and relative cerebral blood volume) during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regional children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After Institutional Review Board approval, children admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis (pH <7.3, HCO3 <15 mEq/L, glucose >300 mg/dL, and ketosis) underwent two serial paired contrast-enhanced (gadolinium) and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scans. Change in whole brain and regional (frontal lobe, occipital lobe, and basal ganglia) mean transit time, apparent diffusion coefficient, and relative cerebral blood volume between the two time periods (12-24 hrs) and (36-72 hrs) after start of insulin treatment (time 0) were determined. Thirteen children (median age, 10.3 ± 1.1 yrs; 7 female) with diabetic ketoacidosis were examined. Overall, whole brain and regional mean transit time decreased from time 1 (first magnetic resonance imaging after time 0) to time 2 (second magnetic resonance imaging after time 0) by 51% ± 59% (p = .01), without differences between the brain regions examined. Whole brain apparent diffusion coefficient increased by 4.7% ± 3.4% (p = .001), without differences between the brain regions examined. There was no change in relative cerebral blood volume for the whole brain and for the three brain regions examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, whole brain mean transit time decreased and apparent diffusion coefficient increased, suggesting a vasogenic process between the two study periods during diabetic ketoacidosis treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Vavilala@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Monica S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vavilala
authors.forename: Ken I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Marro
authors.forename: Todd L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Joan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Parichat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pihoker
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D014861:Washington