title: Functional neuromuscular stimulation to improve severe hand dysfunction after stroke: does inhibitory rTMS enhance therapeutic efficiency?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Novel strategies to improve hand function after stroke are needed. Electromyography-triggered functional neuromuscular stimulation (EMG-FNMS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are promising techniques to facilitate recovery of sensory-motor hand dysfunction after stroke.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if 1Hz rTMS over the contralesional primary motor cortex enhances the effectiveness of EMG-triggered FNMS of the hand and finger extensors to improve severe sensory-motor hand dysfunction after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 subjects with a first stroke received 10 daily sessions of 20 min EMG-triggered FNMS of the hand and finger extensors of the affected forearm preceded by 15 min of either 1Hz rTMS (rTMS group, n = 12) or sham rTMS (control group, n = 12) over the contralesional primary motor cortex. Prior to and after each intervention motor function and spasticity were rated at both hands, and cortical excitability of the contralesional primary motor cortex was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Motor function and spasticity of the affected hand were significantly improved by either intervention, whereas behavioural measures of the unaffected hand did not change. There were no significant differences between both intervention groups. Improvement of motor function of the affected hand was positively correlated with cortical excitability of the contralesional primary motor cortex after EMG-triggered FNMS preceded by 1Hz rTMS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1Hz rTMS does not enhance the general effectiveness of EMG-FNMS to the wrist and finger extensors of the affected forearm after stroke. Motor recovery of the severely affected hand after stroke appears to depend on excitability of the contralesional primary motor cortex.
authors.affiliation: Neurologische Fachklinik Kipfenberg, Kipfenberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Theilig
authors.forename: Jitka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Podubecka
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bösl
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wiederer
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nowak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*