title: Antioxidant effects of a grapeseed procyanidin extract and oleoyl-estrone in obese Zucker rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To substantiate the relation between obesity and oxidative stress and to assess the potential beneficial properties of a grapeseed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), the amelioration of obesity with oleoyl-estrone (OE), and the possible combined effect of GSPE and OE on the hepatic and renal antioxidant enzyme system in obesity-induced oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male obese Zucker rats were divided into four groups: GSPE, OE, GSPE + OE, and OC (control). For 30 d they were gavaged with GSPE, OE, GSPE + OE, or sunflower oil as the control vehicle (OC). Lean Zucker rats gavaged with the vehicle comprised the lean control group. Hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes and oxidative biomarkers were determined at the end of the experimental period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hepatic antioxidant activities were higher in obese rats than in lean ones. All these activities decreased when obese rats were treated with GSPE, whereas only some of these activities decreased with OE and GSPE + OE treatments. In the kidney, few antioxidant enzymes had higher activities in obese than in lean rats, and OE and GSPE + OE were the treatments that inhibited most enzymes studied. Glutathione S-transferase activity was always lower with the exception of the kidney of obese rats and all treatments used increased the low glutathione levels found in obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSPE and OE improve oxidative stress in obese Zucker rats. The effect of GSPE + OE is comparable to GSPE for the liver and to OE for the kidney. Thus the effects of GSPE and OE are not additive and are organ dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Vanessa M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Castrillejo
authors.forename: María-Mar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esteve
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ardévol
authors.forename: Mayte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blay
authors.forename: Cinta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bladé
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arola
authors.forename: M Josepa
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salvadó
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004970:Estrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010938:Plant Oils; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D044946:Biflavonoids; D015415:Biomarkers; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D009829:Oleic Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D004970:Estrone; C017674:procyanidin; C108709:oleoyl-estrone; D002392:Catechin; D005982:Glutathione Transferase