title: Identifying and treating the culture-bound syndrome of Hwa-Byung among older Korean immigrant women: recommendations for practitioners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce advanced practice nurses to the concept of Hwa-Byung, a culture bound syndrome that is now accepted as a psychiatric term.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and selected research and clinical articles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hwa-Byung is a culture-bound syndrome caused by long-standing suppressed anger prevalent among older immigrant women of Korean heritage. Although the concept of Hwa-Byung was reported more than a decade ago, it has not been studied cross-culturally nor described sufficiently in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of appropriate guidelines and an understanding of Hwa-Byung is essential for proper assessment, diagnosis (especially to distinguish it from clinical depression), and culturally sensitive management of this condition. Korean versions of screening tools are provided as online supporting information.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing & Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA. Mchoi7@asu.edu
authors.forename: Myunghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Hye-A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Yeom
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000786:Anger; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea / Q000208:ethnology; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health