title: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4 induce the malignant transformation of the bone marrow-derived human adult mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) on the bone-marrow-derived human adult mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The hMSCs were isolated and cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4 for a period of one month. A single colony of transformed cells was then isolated and their phenotype was characterized by morphology, surface marker expression, and in vivo tumorigenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After one month culture, the transformed mesenchymal cells exhibited the morphology and phenotype similar to those of tumor cells, and also caused multiple fast growing lung deposits when it was injected into immunodeficient mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokines-driven malignant transformation of hMSCs may be a useful model for studying signaling pathways initiating malignant transformation of hMSC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Gang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jin-Song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Tao-Lin
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Wen-da
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Zheng-Rong
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015847:Interleukin-4; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor