title: Impact of hepatorenal syndrome and liver transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is an extremely detrimental complication of cirrhosis, with dismal survival in untreated patients. Continued advances in understanding the pathophysiology of HRS have improved HRS recognition and facilitated development of effective treatment strategies. In this article, we review current concepts in HRS pathophysiology, guidelines for HRS diagnosis, effective treatment options presently available, and controversies surrounding liver versus liver-kidney transplant in transplant candidates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Published diagnostic criteria for HRS have improved early recognition and intervention in HRS. Increasing data support vasoconstrictor therapy for HRS reversal. Several randomized controlled trials clearly demonstrate efficacy of terlipressin therapy in HRS reversal; although comparable studies are lacking with norepinephrine, preliminary findings suggest that this regime may be the preferred alternative when terlipressin is unavailable for use. In transplant candidates without response to vasoconstrictor therapies, mounting evidence supports simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation if prolonged pretransplant dialysis is required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prompt identification and therapy initiation in transplant candidates with HRS may improve transplantation rates and posttransplantation outcomes. Future studies identifying optimal vasoconstrictor regimens, alternative therapies, and factors predictive of response to therapy are needed. The appropriate use of simultaneous liver-kidney transplants in patients with HRS remains controversial and requires further analysis by the transplant community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006530:Hepatorenal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents