title: Quantifying surgeon's contribution to team effectiveness on a mixed team with a junior surgeon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A surgical team often consists of an experienced surgeon and surgeons in training. This project quantified the contribution of the experienced surgeon to the teamwork in a team comprised of 1 experienced and 1 novice surgeon (Mixed Team).
  
  
  METHODS
  An experienced and a novice surgeon in a Mixed Team were required to complete a peg transportation task and an intracorporeal suture task collaboratively. Tasks were evaluated by a summative score (up to 100 points) that was calculated on task speed and accuracy. Performances of 24 Mixed Teams were compared to 24 Novice Teams (each composed of 2 novices) and 8 Expert Teams (each composed of 2 experienced surgeons).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Mixed Teams performed better (67.6 points) than the Novice Teams (51.3; P < .001) but worse than the Expert Teams (88.3; P < .001). When examining individual performance in the Mixed Teams, we observed that experienced surgeons maintained their superior performance like they did in the Expert Teams (P = .153). Novices in the Mixed Teams, however, showed markedly better performances than they did in the Novice Teams (P = .024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Instant guidance and instruction from experienced surgeons inspire novices' performance, providing a foundation for surgical teamwork effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E3, Canada. bin.zheng@cesei.org
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Lee L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Swanström
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meneghetti
authors.forename: Ormond Neely M
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Panton
authors.forename: A Karim
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Qayumi
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D059032:Learning Curve; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface