title: Effects of a multilingual information website intervention on the levels of depression literacy and depression-related stigma in Greek-born and Italian-born immigrants living in Australia: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the efficacy of Internet-based information interventions in increasing depression literacy or reducing depression stigma and depressive symptoms in people from non-English-speaking backgrounds.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to investigate the effects of Multicultural Information on Depression Online (MIDonline), an Internet-based multilingual depression-specific information resource, on depression literacy, depression stigma, and depressive symptoms in Greek-born and Italian-born immigrants to Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 202 Greek- and Italian-born immigrants aged 48 to 88 years were randomly allocated to an online depression information intervention (n =110) or a depression interview control group (n = 92). Participants allocated to the information intervention only had access to the website during the 1- to 1.5-hour intervention session. The primary outcome measures were depression literacy (depression knowledge), personal stigma (personal stigma toward people with a mental illness), perceived stigma (participants' views about the probable attitude of the general community toward people with mental illness), and depressive symptoms. Depression literacy, personal and perceived stigma, and depressive symptoms were assessed at preassessment, postassessment, and at a 1-week follow-up assessment. The trial was undertaken at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Randomization and allocation to trial group were carried out using a computer-generated table.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For depression literacy, there was a significant difference between the MIDonline and the control group with those in the MIDonline intervention displaying higher depression literacy scores postassessment (F(1,178) = 144.99, P < .001) and at the follow-up assessment (F(1,178) = 129.13, P < .001) than those in the control group. In addition, those in the MIDonline intervention showed a significantly greater decrease in mean personal stigma scores postassessment (F(1,178) = 38.75, P < .001) and at the follow-up assessment (F(1,176) = 11.08, P = .001) than those in the control group. For perceived stigma, there was no significant difference between the MIDonline intervention and the control group at postassessment (F(1,178) = 0.60, P = .44) and at the follow-up assessment (F(1,176) = 1.06, P = .30). For level of depression, there was no significant difference between the MIDonline intervention and the control group at preassessment (F(1,201) = 0.56, P = .45), postassessment (F(1,178) = 0.03, P = .86), or at the follow-up assessment, (F(1,175) = 1.71, P = .19). Within group effect sizes for depression literacy were -1.78 (MIDonline) and -0.07 (control); for personal stigma, they were 0.83 (MIDonline) and 0.06 (control); for perceived stigma, they were 0.14 (MIDonline) and 0.16 (control); and for depressive symptoms, they were 0.10 (MIDonline) and 0.10 (control).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current results suggested that the Internet may be a feasible and effective means for increasing depression knowledge and decreasing personal stigma in non-English-speaking immigrant populations residing in English-speaking countries. The lack of change in perceived stigma in this trial is consistent with results in other trials examining online depression stigma interventions in English-speaking groups.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN76460837; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN76460837 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/5xjxva4Uq).
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Australia. litzak@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Litza A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kiropoulos
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blashki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000208:ethnology; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D007558:Italy / Q000208:ethnology; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D057545:Social Stigma