title: Evaluating the effect of 3 glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms on risk of relapse in 100 Iranian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucocorticoids are an important component of treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To induce antileukemic effects, glucocorticoids have to bind their intracellular receptors. Little is known about probable mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance in ALL.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between 3 prominent glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms-BclI, N363S, and ER22/23EK-and the risk of relapse in children with ALL.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study on 100 children with ALL, aged 0 to 15 years, including 50 nonrelapsed (control) and 50 relapsed (case) subjects. Required patient information such as demographic characteristics; relevant clinical and paraclinical findings at diagnosis; chemotherapy protocols used at diagnosis; and relapse properties, including time interval from date of initial diagnosis to relapse and number, type, and site of relapse, were gathered from patients' medical files. Genotyping of BclI, N363S, and ER22/23EK polymorphisms was carried out by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Statistical analysis was performed. The distribution of BclI, N363S, and ER22/23EK polymorphism genotypes in our population and in populations examined in similar studies was compared using the χ(2) test or Fischer exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred children with ALL, consisting of 65 males and 35 females, were recruited into this study. Their mean (SD) age was 5.39 (3.02) years. No relapsed or nonrelapsed individuals were homozygous for N363S and ER22/23EK polymorphisms. The allelic frequencies of mutant alleles of BclI, N363S, and ER22/23EK polymorphisms in all patients were 0.195, 0.02, and 0.005, respectively. No statistically significant association between BclI, N363S, and ER22/23EK polymorphisms and risk of relapse in children with ALL was observed (P = 0.104 [BclI], not calculated for the last 2 polymorphisms [N363S and ER22/23EK]). The incidence of BclI polymorphism in our population (35/100) differed significantly from that in a Canadian population with European descent (135/219) and a Dutch population (29/53) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that there did not appear to be any prognostic value of BclI, ER22/23EK, and N363S polymorphisms for predicting relapse in this population of 100 Iranian children with ALL.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Soha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Namazi
authors.forename: Soheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zareifar
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monabati
authors.forename: Shahla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karimzadeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics*; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D004247:DNA