title: Optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr effect (OHD-RIKE) microscopy.
abstract: Label-free microscopy based on Raman scattering has been increasingly used in biomedical research to image samples that cannot be labeled or stained. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows signal amplification of the weak Raman signal for fast imaging speeds without introducing the nonresonant background and coherent image artifacts that are present in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Here we present the Raman-induced Kerr effect (RIKE) as a contrast for label-free microscopy. RIKE allows us to measure different elements of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor, both the real and imaginary parts, by optical heterodyne detection (OHD-RIKE). OHD-RIKE microscopy provides information similar to polarization CARS (P-CARS) and interferometric CARS (I-CARS) microscopy, with a simple modification of the two-beam SRS microscopy setup. We show that, while OHD-RIKE microspectroscopy can be in principle more sensitive than SRS, it does not supersede SRS microscopy of heterogeneous biological samples, such as mouse skin tissue, because it is complicated by variations of linear birefringence across the sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
authors.forename: Christian W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Freudiger
authors.forename: Maarten B J
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Roeffaers
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Saar
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: X Sunney
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004817:Epidermis / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D051379:Mice; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman