title: Concurrent quantification of multiple nanoparticle bound states.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The binding of nanoparticles to in vivo targets impacts their use for medical imaging, therapy, and the study of diseases and disease biomarkers. Though an array of techniques can detect binding in vitro, the search for a robust in vivo method continues. The spectral response of magnetic nanoparticles can be influenced by a variety of changes in their physical environment including viscosity and binding. Here, the authors show that nanoparticles in these different environmental states produce spectral responses, which are sufficiently unique to allow for simultaneous quantification of the proportion of nanoparticles within each state.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors measured the response to restricted Brownian motion using an array of magnetic nanoparticle designs. With a chosen optimal particle type, the authors prepared particle samples in three distinct environmental states. Various combinations of particles within these three states were measured concurrently and the authors attempted to solve for the quantity of particles within each physical state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors found the spectral response of the nanoparticles to be sufficiently unique to allow for accurate quantification of up to three bound states with errors on the order of 1.5%. Furthermore, the authors discuss numerous paths for translating these measurements to in vivo applications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple nanoparticle environmental states can be concurrently quantified using the spectral response of the particles. Such an ability, if translated to the in vivo realm, could provide valuable information about the fate of nanoparticles in vivo or improve the efficacy of nanoparticle based treatments.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA. adam.rauwerdink@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rauwerdink
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*