title: Partial reversibility of hypothalamic dysfunction and changes in brain activity after body mass reduction in obese subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation and dysfunction of the hypothalamus are common features of experimental obesity. However, it is unknown whether obesity and massive loss of body mass can modify the immunologic status or the functional activity of the human brain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of body mass reduction on brain functionality.
  
  
  METHODS
  In humans, changes in hypothalamic activity after a meal or glucose intake can be detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Distinct fMRI analytic methods have been developed to explore changes in the brain's activity in several physiologic and pathologic conditions. We used two analytic methods of fMRI to explore the changes in the brain activity after body mass reduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese patients present distinct functional activity patterns in selected brain regions compared with lean subjects. On massive loss of body mass, after bariatric surgery, increases in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 are accompanied by changes in fMRI patterns, particularly in the hypothalamus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Massive reduction of body mass promotes a partial reversal of hypothalamic dysfunction and increases anti-inflammatory activity in the CSF.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van de Sande-Lee
authors.forename: Fabrício R S
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Dennys E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.forename: Paula T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Adilson R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Célia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Garlipp
authors.forename: Eliton A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Chaim
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pareja
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geloneze
authors.forename: Li Min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cendes
authors.forename: Licio A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Velloso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10