title: Removing Endotoxin from Metallic Biomaterials with Compressed Carbon Dioxide-Based Mixtures.
abstract: Bacterial endotoxins have strong affinity for metallic biomaterials because of surface energy effects. Conventional depyrogenation methods may not eradicate endotoxins and may compromise biological properties and functionality of metallic instruments and implants. We evaluated the solubilization and removal of E. coli endotoxin from smooth and porous titanium (Ti) surfaces and stainless steel lumens using compressed CO(2)-based mixtures having water and/or surfactant Ls-54. The CO(2)/water/Ls-54 ternary mixture in the liquid CO(2) region (25 °C and 27.6 MPa) with strong mixing removed endotoxin below detection levels. This suggests that the ternary mixture penetrates and dissolves endotoxins from all the tested substrates. The successful removal of endotoxins from metallic biomaterials with compressed CO(2) is a promising cleaning technology for biomaterials and reusable medical devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Sciences and Materials, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez PR 00681 USA.
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tarafa
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panvelker
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Matthews