title: Accounting for the tongue-and-groove effect using a robust direct aperture optimization approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditionally, the tongue-and-groove effect due to the multileaf collimator architecture in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has typically been deferred to the leaf sequencing stage. The authors propose a new direct aperture optimization method for IMRT treatment planning that explicitly incorporates dose calculation inaccuracies due to the tongue-and-groove effect into the treatment plan optimization stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors avoid having to accurately estimate the dosimetric effects of the tongue-and-groove architecture by using lower and upper bounds on the dose distribution delivered to the patient. They then develop a model that yields a treatment plan that is robust with respect to the corresponding dose calculation inaccuracies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tests on a set of ten clinical head-and-neck cancer cases demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method in developing robust treatment plans with tight dose distributions in targets and critical structures. This is contrasted with the very loose bounds on the dose distribution that are obtained by solving a traditional treatment plan optimization model that ignores tongue-and-groove effects in the treatment planning stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A robust direct aperture optimization approach is proposed to account for the dosimetric inaccuracies caused by the tongue-and-groove effect. The experiments validate the ability of the proposed approach in designing robust treatment plans regardless of the exact consequences of the tongue-and-groove architecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6595, USA. esalari@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salari
authors.forename: Chunhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Men
authors.forename: H Edwin
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Romeijn
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*