title: Shedding of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus from the genital tract of women in a periurban community in Andhra Pradesh, India.
abstract: We found a large number of false-positive readings by visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) in a study of cervical cancer screening strategies (VIA, human papillomavirus HPV DNA testing, and Pap cytology) in a periurban community in Andhra Pradesh, India. We evaluated whether these false-positive readings might be occurring as a result of infections with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV), prevalent latent herpesviruses known to be shed from the female genital tract. While we found that there was no association between VIA results and the presence of EBV or CMV in the cervix, we did find a high prevalence of both viruses: 20% for EBV and 26% for CMV. In multivariate analyses, CMV prevalence was associated with younger age, lack of running water in the home, and visually apparent cervical inflammation. EBV prevalence was associated with older age and a diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or greater. The biological and clinical implications of these viruses at the cervix remain to be determined. The strong association between the presence of EBV and cervical disease warrants future exploration to determine whether EBV plays a causal role in disease development or if it is merely a bystander in the process.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Proma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Pavani
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sowjanya
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.forename: Haripriya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vedantham
authors.forename: Basany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalpana
authors.forename: Keerti V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Patti E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gravitt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000821:virology*; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D017201:Virus Shedding