title: Antithrombotic regimens in patients with indication for long-term anticoagulation undergoing coronary interventions-systematic analysis, review of literature, and implications on management.
abstract: There is lack of consensus regarding use of antithrombotic therapy (AT) in patients with indications for long-term anticoagulation who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention. We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of various antithrombotic regimens in this patient population. We conducted a Medline search for all English language, full-text articles from January 2000 to June 2009 that evaluated major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with indications for anticoagulation who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention. Data were analyzed from these studies to calculate annual incidence of major bleeding, stroke, and stent thrombosis with various antithrombotic regimens. Major bleeding events were calculated at 30 days and at 1 year. Ten retrospective studies, 1 post hoc analysis of a major registry, and 2 prospective studies qualified for our analysis. Atrial fibrillation was the most common indication for anticoagulation. Risk of major bleeding was 1.5% at 30 days and 5.2% at 1 year with triple AT (aspirin + warfarin + clopidogrel/ticlopidine). Dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin + clopidogrel/ticlopidine) was associated with 2.4% annual risk of major bleeding. The annual incidence of both ischemic stroke and stent thrombosis was 1% with triple antithrombotic regimen. Risk of major bleeding increases proportionately with incremental duration of triple AT. Triple AT is effective in the prevention of ischemic stroke and stent thrombosis. Dual antiplatelet regimen is effective in patients with low annual risk of ischemic stroke (<4%; CHADS-2 score <2) due to lower annual risk of bleeding associated with this regimen (2.4%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cardiac Center of Creighton University, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.forename: Dan E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hilleman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Core
authors.forename: Chandra K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000379:methods*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors