title: Robot-assisted laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma: the National Cancer Institute technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Partial adrenalectomy has recently been advocated to preserve unaffected adrenal tissue during resection of pheochromocytoma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe a robot-assisted laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy (RALPA) technique and to report on early functional and oncologic outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2007 to 2010, 15 RALPA were performed on 12 consecutive patients with pheochromocytoma. Follow-up data of >1 yr are available on 11 procedures. Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 17.3 mo (range: 6-45).
  
  
  METHODS
  Positioning and port placement is designed for adequate reach and visualization of the upper retroperitoneum. The plane between the adrenal cortex and pheochromocytoma pseudocapsule is identified visually and with laparoscopic ultrasound. The tumor is dissected away from normal adrenal cortex, preserving normal adrenal tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preoperative, perioperative, pathologic, and functional outcomes data were analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fourteen of 15 cases were completed robotically. Among 15 procedures, 4 were performed on a solitary adrenal gland. Four cases required resection of multiple tumors (up to six) with two performed in a solitary gland. The mean age of the patients was 30 yr, and the mean body mass index was 27. The mean operative time was 163 min, the median estimated blood loss was 161 ml, and the median tumor size was 2.7 cm (range: 1.3-5.5). There was one conversion to an open procedure in a patient requiring reoperation on a solitary adrenal gland. One patient who underwent RALPA on a solitary adrenal gland required postoperative steroid supplementation at last follow-up. At a median follow-up of 17.3 mo (range: 6-45), there were no recurrences or metastatic events. Study limitations include small sample size and short follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RALPA for the treatment of pheochromocytoma is feasible and safe and provides encouraging functional and oncologic outcomes, even in patients with a solitary adrenal lesion or multiple ipsilateral lesions.
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1107, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.forename: Gopal N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Boris
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: W Marston
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Linehan
authors.forename: Gennady
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bratslavsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D055815:Young Adult