title: Racial disparities in cardiovascular risk factors among diagnosed hypertensive subjects.
abstract: Racial disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) have become a matter of national concern. We investigated racial disparities and trends in glycosylated hemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), C-reactive protein, plasma homocysteine, albuminuria, and other risk factors among 4758 diagnosed hypertensive subjects age 18 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic blacks were more likely to have uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) (Hispanics odds ratio [OR]: 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-2.07; blacks OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 0.21-1.67), elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (Hispanics OR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.89-3.87; blacks OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.70-2.77), albuminuria (Hispanics OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.71-3.27; blacks OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.47-2.20), and less likely to have central obesity (Hispanics OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51-0.91; blacks OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.58-0.84). Blacks had lower risks of elevated serum cholesterol (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67-0.98) and low HDL (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.61-0.94) than whites. The risk of high serum homocysteine was lower in Hispanics and higher in blacks compared with whites (Hispanics OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.46-0.90; blacks OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.14-1.63). These results highlight the need for targeted interventions to aggressively treat uncontrolled BP, elevated glycosylated hemoglobin in Hispanic and black hypertensive subjects, and high serum homocysteine in blacks, to reduce disparities in CVD risk factors and CVD-associated morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA. lix01@etsu.edu
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsilimingras
authors.forename: Ernesto L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Schiffrin
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006710:Homocysteine