title: Stabilization of human urine doping control samples: a current opinion.
abstract: Transportation of doping control urine samples from the collection sites to the World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) Accredited Laboratories is conducted under ambient temperatures. When sample delivery is not immediate, microbial contamination of urine, especially in summer, is a common phenomenon that may affect sample integrity and may result in misinterpretation of analytical data. Furthermore, the possibility of intentional contamination of sports samples during collection with proteolytic enzymes, masking the abuse of prohibited proteins such as erythropoietin (EPO) and peptide hormones, is a practice that has already been reported. Consequently, stabilization of urine samples with a suitable method in a way that protects samples' integrity is important. Currently, no stabilization method is applied in the sample collection equipment system in order to prevent degradation of urine compounds. The present work is an overview of a study, funded by WADA, on degradation and stabilization aspects of sports urine samples against the above threats of degradation. Extensive method development resulted in the creation of a mixture of chemical agents for the stabilization of urine. Evaluation of results demonstrated that the stabilization mixture could stabilize endogenous steroids, recombinant EPO, and human chorionic gonadotropin in almost the entire range of the experimental conditions tested.
authors.affiliation: Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, OAKA, Maroussi, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsivou
authors.forename: Dimitrios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Georgakopoulos
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Dimopoulou
authors.forename: Michael Alpha
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Koupparis
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atta-Politou
authors.forename: Costas G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Georgakopoulos
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000379:methods*; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000652:urine*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D012015:Reference Standards; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013256:Steroids / Q000652:urine*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D013256:Steroids; D004921:Erythropoietin