title: Analysis of factors associated with traffic injury severity on rural roads in Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iran is a country with one of the highest rates of traffic crash fatality and injury, and seventy percent of these fatalities happen on rural roads. The objective of this study is to identify the significant factors influencing injury severity among drivers involved in crashes on two kinds of major rural roads in Iran: two-lane, two-way roads and freeways.
  
  
  METHODS
  According to the dataset, 213569 drivers were involved in rural road crashes in Iran, over the 3 years from 2006 to 2008. The Classification And Regression Tree method (CART) was applied for 13 independent variables, and one target variable of injury severity with 3 classes of no-injury, injury and fatality. Some of the independent variables were cause of crash, collision type, weather conditions, road surface conditions, driver's age and gender and seat belt usage. The CART model was trained by 70% of these data, and tested with the rest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was indicated that seat belt use is the most important safety factor for two-lane, two-way rural roads, but on freeways, the importance of this variable is less. Cause of crash, also turned out to be the next most important variable. The results showed that for two-lane, two-way rural roads, "improper overtaking" and "speeding", and for rural freeways, "inattention to traffic ahead", "vehicle defect", and "movement of pedestrians, livestock and unauthorized vehicles on freeways" are the most serious causes of increasing injury severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis results revealed seat belt use, cause of crash and collision type as the most important variables influencing the injury severity of traffic crashes. To deal with these problems, intensifying police enforcement by means of mobile patrol vehicles, constructing overtaking lanes where necessary, and prohibiting the crossing of pedestrians and livestock and the driving of unauthorized vehicles on freeways are necessary. Moreover, creating a rumble strip on the two edges of roads, and paying attention to the design consistency of roads can be a helpful factor in order to prevent events such as "overturning" and improve the overall safety of freeways.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran. a_tavakoli@iust.ac.ir
authors.forename: Ali Tavakoli
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Kashani
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shariat-Mohaymany
authors.forename: Andishe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranjbari
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057225:Data Mining; D003663:Decision Trees; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population