title: Drifting towards the surface: a shift in newborn pipefish's vertical distribution when exposed to the synthetic steroid ethinylestradiol.
abstract: Endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) effects during early life have the potential to modulate population structure, either directly through increased mortality or by causing inappropriate aggregation events, thus affecting the number of young that will reach adulthood. An alteration in the dispersal and recruitment patterns can also impair the connectivity among geographically distant populations. However, the detection of EDC-induced effects occurring after egg hatch, when newborns increase their chances of contacting with environmentally dispersed contaminants, is not a simple process as effects might be masked by the large natural mortality rates that usually occur during fish early life. Since there is a lack of information regarding the impact of EDCs on fish early life dispersal patterns, particularly on vertical migrations patterns, the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of EE(2) on the vertical distribution of newborn fish was assessed through an ex situ exposure experiment. Syngnathus abaster newborns were exposed to EE(2) (nominal concentrations of 8, 12 and 36 ng L(-1)) and the dynamics of their vertical distribution was monitored for up to 40 d. No significant differences in overall mortality were observed between treatments or in the dynamics of the registered death curves. Nevertheless, an alteration in the distribution patterns was observed. The commonly benthic newborn tended to shift their vertical distribution towards the surface, in a dose-dependent manner. Curiously, a follow up of the exposed pipefish confirmed that EE(2) effects were also noticeable upon sexual maturity, namely by the alteration of several primary and secondary sexual characters. The observation that vertical distributional patterns, at least in pipefish, are clearly altered at environmentally relevant EE(2) concentrations indicates that EDC's impact in fish larvae behaviour should be considered when addressing the effects of contaminants, given the obvious implications on population connectivity, stability and persistence.
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sárria
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reis-Henriques
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Monteiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D012744:Sex Ratio; D023701:Smegmamorpha / Q000502:physiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol