title: Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer recurrence after prostatectomy.
abstract: Toward the establishment of evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of prostate cancer recurrence after treatment, we examined the association between smoking and prostate cancer recurrence in a retrospective cohort study of 1416 men who underwent radical prostatectomy. Surgeries were performed by a single surgeon at Johns Hopkins Hospital between January 1, 1993, and March 31, 2006. Smoking status at 5 years before and 1 year after surgery was assessed by survey. Prostate cancer recurrence was defined as confirmed re-elevation of prostate-specific antigen levels, local recurrence, metastasis, or prostate cancer death. The cumulative incidence of recurrence was 34.3% among current smokers, 14.8% among former smokers, and 12.1% among never smokers, with a mean follow-up time of 7.3 years. Men who were current smokers at 1 year after surgery were more likely than never smokers to have disease recurrence after adjusting for pathological characteristics, including stage and grade (hazard ratio for recurrence = 2.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.05 to 5.10). This result suggests an association between cigarette smoking and risk of prostate cancer recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Corinne E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Joshu
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mondul
authors.forename: Cari L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Meinhold
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: Misop
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Platz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen