title: Application of WWTP biosolids and resulting perfluorinated compound contamination of surface and well water in Decatur, Alabama, USA.
abstract: Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been produced and used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products for many decades. Their resistance to degradation has led to their widespread distribution in the environment, but little is known about how humans become exposed. Recent studies have demonstrated that the application of PFC contaminated biosolids can have important effects on local environments, ultimately leading to demonstrable human exposures. This manuscript describes a situation in Decatur, Alabama where PFC contaminated biosolids from a local municipal wastewater treatment facility that had received waste from local fluorochemical facilities were used as a soil amendment in local agricultural fields for as many as twelve years. Ten target PFCs were measured in surface and groundwater samples. Results show that surface and well water in the vicinity of these fields had elevated PFC concentrations, with 22% of the samples exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Provisional Health Advisory level for PFOA in drinking water of 400 ng/L. Water/soil concentration ratios as high as 0.34 for perfluorohexanoic acid, 0.17 for perfluoroheptanoic acid, and 0.04 for PFOA verify decreasing mobility from soils with increasing chain length while indicating that relatively high transport from soils to surface and well water is possible.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States. lindstrom.andrew@epa.gov
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Strynar
authors.forename: Amy D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Delinsky
authors.forename: Shoji F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McMillan
authors.forename: E Laurence
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Libelo
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neill
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000407:Alabama; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D011786:Quality Control; D013499:Surface Properties; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification; D060986:Water Wells / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical