title: [An international comparison of physician control systems].
abstract: This study compares physicians' regulations set by the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Germany which have typical healthcare systems. Physicians' regulations are defined in this study as four aspects: physicians' training and qualifications, career pathways, payment methods and behavior regulations. Strict access rules, practicing with freedom, different training models between general and special practitioners, health services priced by negotiations and regulations by professional organizations are the common features of physicians' regulations in these four western countries. Three aspects--introducing contract mechanism, enhancing the roles of professional organizations and extending physicians' practice space should be taken into account in China's future reform of physicians' regulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100091, China.
authors.forename: Wei-yan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.forename: Xian-jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Jing-hu
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Li-li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004501:Education, Medical; D005251:Fees, Medical / Q000639:trends*; D005858:Germany; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D007357:Insurance, Physician Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States