title: The portrayal of J. Marion Sims' controversial surgical legacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the mid 1800s Dr. J. Marion Sims reported the successful repair of vesicovaginal fistulas with a technique he developed by performing multiple operations on female slaves. A venerated physician in his time, the legacy of Dr. Sims is controversial and represents a significant chapter in the mistreatment of African-Americans by the medical establishment. This review compares the modern debate surrounding his legacy with the presentation of his operation in widely consulted urological texts and journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed of medical, sociological and periodical sources (1851 to the present) regarding J. Marion Sims and vesicovaginal fistula repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the last several decades, while the controversy around Dr. Sims' surgical development has produced a steady stream of articles in the historical and popular literature, relatively little mention is found in standard urology textbooks or journals. With increased public attention, some have debated the removal or modification of public tributes to Dr. Sims. This move has been countered by arguments against the validity of judging a 19th century physician by modern standards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While historians, ethicists and the popular press have debated Dr. Sims' legacy, medical sources have continued to portray him unquestionably as a great figure in medical history. This division keeps the medical profession uninformed and detached from the public debate on his legacy and, thus, the larger issues of ethical treatment of surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA. spettes@mail.amc.edu
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spettel
authors.forename: Mark Donald
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D012940:Social Problems; D014481:United States; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000266:history*; D014719:Vesicovaginal Fistula / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery