title: Charles Bonnet syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) involves nonthreatening hallucinations in patients who have no neurological and no psychological abnormalities but with significant visual impairment secondary to ocular disease, such as macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Because of the fear of a mental illness being diagnosed, patients are often reluctant to discuss these hallucinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cases are presented of patients who experienced CBS caused by decreased vision. Each patient had decreased vision and related visual hallucinations that were consistent with CBS. The first patient underwent magnetic resonance imaging and psychological evaluation, which confirmed our suspicion. The other 2 patents were not willing to undergo further testing, so our diagnosis is presumptive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management for these hallucinations includes treatment of the actual ocular disease as well as optimizing vision for the patient using appropriate low vision devices. As the population continues to age, more patients will be seen with reduced vision caused by a myriad of ocular diseases, increasing the likelihood that more patients may present with CBS in the future. It is therefore prudent to become familiar with the syndrome so primary care optometrists can properly identify CBS and help their patients deal with it.
authors.affiliation: Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, California, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D013577:Syndrome