title: Acute rhinosinusitis-related orbital infection in pediatric patients: a retrospective analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periorbital infection frequently originates from acute rhinosinusitis in children. We tried to find the characteristics of pediatric patients who are likely to develop subperiosteal orbital abscesses and to need emergency surgery for acute orbital swelling.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an observational retrospective cohort study, we reviewed 64 children less than 18 years of age who visited emergency rooms for periorbital swelling and were hospitalized with a diagnosis of periorbital cellulitis and subperiosteal orbital abscess between 1996 and 2007 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. The presence of periorbital abscess was diagnosed radiographically, and all of the patients had concomitant sinusitis that was proved by computed tomographic scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 6.95 years, and 42 (65.63%) were male (male-to-female ratio, 1.91). Thirty patients (46.88%) had surgical drainage, and 34 (53.13%) received antibiotic therapy only. The factors associated on bivariate analysis with abscess formation were age of 6 years or less (p = 0.023), proptosis (p = 0.012), fever (p < 0.001), and a white blood cell count of more than 11,100 cells per microliter (p = 0.004). On multivariate analysis, fever and proptosis were independent factors that predicted abscess formation. In patients who underwent surgical drainage, the most frequently cultured microbes were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, and coagulase-negative staphylococci, and 29% of our patients had polymicrobial pus cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most important factor in predicting the failure of antibiotic treatment of sinusitis-related periorbital infections is abscess formation. Patients with fever and proptosis are prone to develop subperiosteal orbital abscesses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shiang-Fu
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ta-Jen
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yun-Shien
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chien-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shy-Chi
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Ning-Chia
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000150:complications; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D054517:Orbital Cellulitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications*; D013492:Suppuration / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents