title: Radiographic and ultrasonographic evaluation of the patellar ligament following tibial tuberosity advancement.
abstract: Effect of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) on the patellar ligament has not been described. Our purpose was to evaluate the patellar ligament radiographically and ultrasonographically before and after a TTA. Twenty-one stifles (20 dogs) were evaluated preoperatively (T0), and at six (n=18) (T1) and 16 weeks (n=17) (T2) postTTA. Radiographically, proximal and distal thickness of the patellar ligament was assessed and a ratio to the total length of the ligament was calculated to compensate for the magnification. Ultrasound evaluation included measurements of the transverse thickness and cross-sectional area at three different levels, as well as a subjective score of ligament changes. In comparison with T0, all radiographic and ultrasonographic measurements increased significantly, 6 weeks postoperatively (P≤0.04), and did not change 16 weeks postoperatively compared with T1. The subjective score worsened significantly from T0 to T1 and T0 to T2 (P<0.0001), and improved significantly from T1 to T2 (P=0.02). Larger cage size was associated with a more severe increase in radiographic proximal thickness to total length ratio and ultrasonographic middle transverse area at both follow-up examinations (P0.02). Dogs in which arthrotomy was not performed appeared to have ultrasonographically less changes. In conclusion, patellar desmopathy was a common postoperative sequel to TTA. Surgical trauma, arthrotomy, perfusion injury, complete vs. partial cranial cruciate ligament rupture, larger tibial advancement, postoperative activity or altered insertion angle of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity are suggested causes, that should be elucidated in a larger study cohort.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland. kkuehn@vetclinics.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Karolin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohlerth
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makara
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hässig
authors.forename: Tomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Guerrero
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D004285:Dogs; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D011859:Radiography; D013264:Stifle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014463:Ultrasonography