title: Disruptive effects of persistent organohalogen contaminants on thyroid function in white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard.
abstract: We analysed levels of 56 organohalogen contaminants (OHCs) including brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides in the blubber of white (beluga) whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Svalbard, Norway (N=12; 6 adults [5 males and 1 female] and 6 subadults [4 males and 2 females]) collected in 1996-2001. We also measured circulating levels of thyroid hormones (THs) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the whales. The results confirm that OHC levels in these white whales are among the highest levels recorded in wildlife from Svalbard, and at the high end of the range when compared to white whales from the North American Arctic. A projection to latent structure (PLS) model (subadults and adult males grouped together) revealed that known or suspected thyroid disruptive contaminants (polybrominated diphenylether [PBDE]-28, -47, -99, -100, and -154, hexachlorobenzene [HCB], and PCB-105) were negatively correlated with circulating levels of total thyroxin (TT4), free T4 (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Most of these negative relationships were also confirmed using partial correlations controlling for length (and thus age) of the whales. The positive correlations of TT4, FT4 and FT3 with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), chlorinated bornanes CHB-40 and CHB-62 revealed by the PLS model were not confirmed by partial correlations. TH levels in the present study appeared to be somewhat lower than levels measured in beluga whales from the Canadian Arctic. However, we were not able to determine if this was caused by different levels of OHCs, or differences in biological factors (e.g. age, sex, moulting status, and season) and analytical methods between the studies. Although the sample sizes were low and statistical models cannot depict the biological cause-effect relationships, this study suggests negative influences of specific OHCs, particularly PBDEs, on thyroid hormone levels in white whales. The impact this might have on individual and population health is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. groand@gmail.com
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Villanger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lydersen
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.forename: J U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Skaare
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jenssen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050643:Beluga Whale / Q000378:metabolism*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D013538:Svalbard; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D005411:Flame Retardants; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D010575:Pesticides; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls