title: Intermittent drug dosing intervals guided by the operational multiple dosing half lives for predictable plasma accumulation and fluctuation.
abstract: Intermittent drug dosing intervals are usually initially guided by the terminal pharmacokinetic half life and are dependent on drug formulation. For chronic multiple dosing and for extended release dosage forms, the terminal half life often does not predict the plasma drug accumulation or fluctuation observed. We define and advance applications for the operational multiple dosing half lives for drug accumulation and fluctuation after multiple oral dosing at steady-state. Using Monte Carlo simulation, our results predict a way to maximize the operational multiple dosing half lives relative to the terminal half life by using a first-order absorption rate constant close to the terminal elimination rate constant in the design of extended release dosage forms. In this way, drugs that may be eliminated early in the development pipeline due to a relatively short half life can be formulated to be dosed at intervals three times the terminal half life, maximizing compliance, while maintaining tight plasma concentration accumulation and fluctuation ranges. We also present situations in which the operational multiple dosing half lives will be especially relevant in the determination of dosing intervals, including for drugs that follow a direct PKPD model and have a narrow therapeutic index, as the rate of concentration decrease after chronic multiple dosing (that is not the terminal half life) can be determined via simulation. These principles are illustrated with case studies on valproic acid, diazepam, and anti-hypertensives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0912, USA.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.forename: Leslie Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Benet
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014635:Valproic Acid; D003975:Diazepam