title: Cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking, passive smoke exposure, and risk of pancreatic cancer: a population-based study in the San Francisco Bay Area.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the influence of cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking, cessation of cigarette smoking and passive smoke exposure on the risk of pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposure data were collected during in-person interviews in a population-based case-control study of pancreatic cancer (N = 532 cases, N = 1701 controls) in the San Francisco Bay Area. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of pancreatic cancer among current smokers was 1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-2.7). A significant, positive trend in risk with increasing pack-years of smoking was observed (P-trend <0.0001). Compared with participants who continued to smoke, former smokers had no statistically significant elevation in risk of pancreatic cancer 10 years after smoking cessation, with risk reduced to that of never smokers regardless of prior smoking intensity. Both men and women experienced similar increased risk of pancreatic cancer with increasing smoking duration. Cigar and pipe smoking and exposure to passive smoke were not associated with pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Smokers who had quit for ≥10 years no longer experienced an increased risk. Future work will help to determine the effect of declining smoking rates on pancreatic cancer incidence.
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 94107, USA. gtranah@psg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tranah
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Holly
authors.forename: Furong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Paige M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bracci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D044382:Population Groups; D012306:Risk; D012495:San Francisco; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution