title: Chondrogenic priming adipose-mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage tissue regeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chondrocytes lose their ability to produce cartilaginous matrix during multiplication in culture through repeated passages, resulting in inferior tissue phenotype. To overcome the limited amount of primary chondrocytes, we aimed to determine the optimal culture condition for in vitro/in vivo cartilage regeneration using human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the effects exerted by the chondrocytic culture condition on AMSC, we utilized chondrocyte conditioned medium (CM) and/or co-culture methods to prime and differentiate AMSCs. We evaluated ultimate in vivo engineered cartilage with primed AMSCs with that of chondrocytes. To examine the link between conditioned factors and proliferation/differentiation, cell cycle progression of AMSCs were examined using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), and gene expression was monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that AMSCs can be stimulated to become chondrogenic cells when expanded with chondrocyte CM. Polymeric scaffolds co-seeded with CM- expanded AMSCs and primary chondrocytes resulted in in vivo cartilaginous tissues with similar biochemical content to constructs seeded with chondrocytes alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that chondrocyte CM consists of suitable morphogenetic factors that induce the chondrogenic priming of AMSCs for cartilage tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Sung Gap
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Patrick B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bichara
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012756:Sheep; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1