title: Ultrasound dilution: an accurate means of determining cardiac output in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac output is a useful measure of myocardial performance. Cardiac output monitoring is frequently performed in critically ill adults to guide physicians' treatment strategies. However, standard methods of determining cardiac output in children are not without risk and can be problematic secondary to their invasive nature and other technical problems. The COstatus system (Transonic Systems, NY), which is based on ultrasound dilution technology, works off in situ catheters and uses an innocuous indicator to allow for routine measurements of cardiac output and blood volumes in pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to validate cardiac output measured by the COstatus system with those obtained by the clinical standard technique of pulmonary artery thermodilution.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective evaluation performed at a single institution. Any child with a structurally normal heart undergoing hemodynamic evaluation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory was included. A prograde right heart catheterization was performed, and cardiac output was first determined by using the pulmonary artery thermodilution technique. Thermodilution results were then compared with cardiac output measurements obtained using the COstatus system. The results were analyzed by standard correlation, Bland-Altman, and Critchley and Critchley analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight patients were evaluated with a median age of 8 yrs and a median weight of 31 kg. The mean thermodilution cardiac index = 3.18 L/min (± 1.35 L/min), and the mean COstatus system cardiac index = 3.17 L/min (± 1.31 L/min). Standard Pearson correlation tests revealed an excellent correlation coefficient of 0.95 (p < .0001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed good clinical agreement with a mean difference of -0.004 L/min with a precision of 0.8 L/min at 2 SD. A percentage error of 25.4% was noticed in this study, which is less than the clinically acceptable limit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrasound dilution technique of determining cardiac output using the COstatus system provides a less invasive method than the traditional pulmonary artery thermodilution for accurately determining cardiac output in children. This is the first validation of the COstatus system in pediatric patients. Further studies are required to establish its accuracy in pediatric patients with cardiac shunts and other hemodynamically unstable conditions.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Cardiology-Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. ivory.crittendon@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ivory
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Crittendon
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.forename: Jamie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011651:Pulmonary Artery; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013815:Thermodilution / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*