title: Exercising divers' thermal protection as a function of water temperature.
abstract: Physiological adjustments and passive thermal insulation are not sufficient to protect divers in the cold and warm waters experienced by sport, professional and military divers. In a previous study of resting subjects, divers were protected by actively heated/cooled water that perfused a six-zone (head, torso, arms, hands, legs and feet) tube suit. Subsequently a self-contained diver thermal protection system (DTPS) was developed and used in this study to test male divers (n = 8) wearing a 6-mm foam neoprene wetsuit in water temperatures (T(W)) of 10 degrees C-39 degrees C at 4 feet in depth. The DTPS is a scuba backpack containing five thermoelectric devices that heat/cool water to 30 degrees C, six pumps that circulate the water through a six-zone tube suit via two manifolds, and an electronic controller. Skin temperatures (T(S), n = 17) and core temperature (T(C), capsule) were measured. The DTPS and each zone of the tube suit were also instrumented. Divers were tested with the DTPS operational (protected) and turned off (unprotected) for 90 minutes. In the unprotected condition, T(S) decreased and approached T(W), while T(C) trended to decrease over the exposure time. Mean T(S) as a function of T(W) was T(S) = 0.44 T(W) + 21.23 degrees C while unprotected, but T(S) = 0.19 T(W) + 27.1 degrees C when the diver was protected. The average total heating/cooling power required to protect the diver was 166 +/- 78W, 86 +/- 95W, 9 +/- 75W, 72 +/- 45W, 135 +/- 73W, 279 +/- 87W and 336 +/- 95W at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 39 degrees C water temperatures, respectively. This power requirement was nominally split 4%, 22%, 22%, 14%, 25% and 13% for head, torso, arms, hands, legs and feet, respectively. While unprotected, divers T(S) and T(C) did not remain within acceptable limits in T(W) below 25 degrees C or above 30 degrees C. When using the DTPS, however, they did remain within acceptable limits, and the divers reported they were comfortable.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. dpenderg@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Pendergast
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mollendorf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002151:Calorimetry / Q000379:methods; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004867:Equipment Design; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water