title: The effects of valproic acid and levetiracetam on chicken embryos.
abstract: For patients with epilepsy, anti-epileptic medication is generally the first line of treatment, but treating pregnant women with epilepsy can be a challenge. Standard anti-epileptic medications have caused developmental abnormalities, so much effort has been put into developing antiepileptic medications with minimal teratogenic effects. In this experimental study, the new-generation anti-epileptic medication levetiracetam and the standard anti-epileptic medication valproic acid were compared in terms of teratogenicity by studying embryonic development in 360 fertile White-Leghorn chicken eggs (conception day 0). We found that levetiracetam may cause severe developmental abnormalities, and is likely not safe for use in pregnant women. As expected, valproic acid caused more frequent developmental abnormalities than levetiracetam, and the risk increased still further when both drugs were administered in combination. Levetiracetam should be used cautiously in pregnant women with epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Neuroanesthesiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ercan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tureci
authors.forename: Ziya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Asan
authors.forename: Mediha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eser
authors.forename: Taner
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanriverdi
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alkan
authors.forename: Pamir
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Erdincler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000187:drug effects*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D014635:Valproic Acid; D010889:Piracetam