title: Microbiology and mortality of pediatric febrile neutropenia in El Salvador.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Febrile neutropenia (FN) and infection-related mortality are major problems for children with cancer in low-income countries. Identifying predictors for adverse outcome of FN in low-income countries permits targeted interventions. We describe the nature and predictors of microbiologically documented infection (MDI) and mortality of FN in children with cancer in El Salvador.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined Salvadoran pediatric oncology patients admitted with FN over a 1-year period. Data were collected prospectively. Demographic, treatment, and admission-related variables were examined as predictors of outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hundred six FN episodes among 85 patients were included. Twenty-three of 106 episodes (22%) were microbiologically documented; 13 of 106 episodes (12%) resulted in death. Gram-positive and gram-negative organisms were isolated in 14 of 23 and 11 of 23 specimens; polymicrobial infections were common (11 of 23 episodes of MDI). Older age decreased the MDI risk [odds ratio (OR) per year=0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.75-0.99; P=0.04] while increasing number of days since the last chemotherapy increased the risk (OR=1.03 per day, 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; P=0.002). Pneumonia diagnosed either clinically (OR=6.6, 95% CI, 1.8-30.0; P=0.005) or radiographically (OR=5.5, 95% CI, 1.7-18.1; P=0.005) was the only predictor of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In El Salvador, polymicrobial infections were common. Pneumonia at admission identified children with FN at high risk of death; these children may benefit from targeted interventions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Haematology/Oncology and Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonilla
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gamero
authors.forename: Soad L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: Miguela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caniza
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004544:El Salvador / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality*; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors