title: Histological evidence of urethral involvement in male patients with genital lichen sclerosus: a preliminary report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using pathological examination we evaluated the involvement of lichen sclerosus in urethral strictures in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an observational, descriptive, retrospective study of patients treated for genital lichen sclerosus who had at least 1 biopsy positive for lichen sclerosus. Study exclusion criteria were malignant penile lesions, incomplete data on personal charts and biopsies negative for lichen sclerosus. Preoperative evaluation included clinical history, physical examination, urine culture, post-void residual urine measurement, uroflowmetry and urethrography. Biopsies were taken from the foreskin, penile skin, glans, urethral meatus, mucosa of the navicularis, and penile and bulbar urethra to confirm the lichen sclerosus diagnosis and spread of the disease through the urethra. Patients were classified into 5 groups by surgical procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included in the study were 99 patients with a median age of 46 years who were diagnosed with genital lichen sclerosus. Of 274 biopsies 234 (85.4%) were positive for lichen sclerosus. Group 1 included 39 patients who underwent circumcision, group 2 included 15 who underwent meatotomy, group 3 included 15 who underwent navicularis urethroplasty, group 4 included 17 who underwent penile urethroplasty and group 5 included 13 who underwent perineal urethrostomy. Lichen sclerosus was documented by histology in the meatus in 91.5% of cases, in the navicularis in 84.4% and in the penile urethra in 70.6%. All biopsies from the bulbar urethra were negative.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Involvement of lichen sclerosus through the navicularis and penile urethra was documented. No sign of lichen sclerosus was found in the bulbar urethra.
authors.affiliation: Center for Reconstructive Urethral Surgery, Arezzo, Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbagli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mirri
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallucci
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sansalone
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazzeri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D018459:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010409:Penile Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult