title: Effects of common anesthetics on eye movement and electroretinogram.
abstract: High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides non-invasive images of retinal anatomy, physiology, and function with depth-resolved laminar resolution. Eye movement and drift, however, could limit high spatial resolution imaging, and anesthetics that minimize eye movement could significantly attenuate retinal function. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal anesthetic preparations to minimize eye movement and maximize visual-evoked retinal response in rats. Eye movements were examined by imaging of the cornea with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera under isoflurane, urethane, ketamine/xylazine, and propofol anesthesia at typical dosages in rats. Combination of the paralytic pancuronium bromide with isoflurane or ketamine/xylazine anesthesia was also examined for the eye movement studies. Visual-evoked retinal responses were evaluated using full-field electroretinography (ERG) under isoflurane, ketamine/xylazine, urethane, and ketamine/xylazine + pancuronium anesthesia in rats. The degree of eye movement, measured as displacement per unit time, was the smallest under 1% isoflurane + pancuronium anesthesia. The ketamine/xylazine groups showed larger dark-adapted ERG a- and b-waves than other anesthetics tested. The isoflurane group showed the shortest b-wave implicit times. Photopic ERGs in the ketamine/xylazine groups showed the largest b-waves with the isoflurane group showing slightly shorter implicit times at the higher flash intensities. Oscillatory potentials revealed an early peak in the isoflurane group compared with ketamine/xylazine and urethane groups. Pancuronium did not affect the a- and b-wave, but did increase oscillatory potential amplitudes. Compared with the other anesthetics tested here, ketamine/xylazine + pancuronium was the best combination to minimize eye movement and maximize retinal function. These findings should set the stage for further development and application of high-resolution functional imaging techniques, such as MRI, to study retinal anatomy, physiology, and function in anesthetized rats.
authors.affiliation: Yerkes Imaging Center, Neuroscience Division, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Govind
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Moon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
authors.forename: Darin E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thulé
authors.forename: Machelle T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pardue
authors.forename: Timothy Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Duong
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D055253:Color Vision / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000187:drug effects*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000187:drug effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D055254:Night Vision / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010197:Pancuronium / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D004338:Drug Combinations; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D010197:Pancuronium