title: Cigarette smoke condensate exposure delays follicular development and function in a stage-dependent manner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on follicular development and function from the early preantral stage through ovulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female F1 hybrid (C57BL/6j×CBA/Ca) mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse early preantral follicles (100-130 μm) were exposed to increasing concentrations of CSC (0 μg/mL [control] to 130 μg/mL) during in vitro growth and ovulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Follicular development, follicle survival, gonadal steroid output, expansion of the cumulus-oocyte complex, oocyte growth, and maturation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cigarette smoke condensate exposure significantly inhibited follicular development in the preantral and antral stage and decreased follicle survival at 90 μg CSC/mL and higher. Estradiol output was significantly lower in CSC-exposed (90 and 130 μg/mL) follicles. Before ovulation, CSC significantly increased P output, which decreased thereafter. Cigarette smoke condensate exposure reduced cumulus-oocyte complex expansion and subsequently reduced the number of polar body oocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoke condensate exposure inhibits follicle development and leads to premature luteinization of the preovulatory follicle, with decreased oocyte maturation in a mouse isolated follicle culture system that mimics murine folliculogenesis in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean Clair
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sadeu
authors.forename: Warren G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D054885:Cumulus Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D034461:Luteinization / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010060:Ovulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol