title: Geographical mapping of fluoride levels in drinking water sources in Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of fluoride levels in drinking water is of importance in dental public health, yet this information is lacking, at national level, in Nigeria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To map out fluoride levels in drinking water sources in Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluoride levels in drinking water sources from 109 randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the 6 Nigerian geopolitical zones were determined. From the results, maps showing LGAs with fluoride concentrations exceeding 0.3 ppm, were drawn. ANOVA and t-test were used to determine the significance of the differences between the fluoride levels in the drinking water sources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluoride levels were low in most parts of the country, being 0.3 ppm or less in 62% of the LGAs. Fluoride concentrations were generally higher in North Central geopolitical zone, than the other zones in the country (p<0.05). In a few drinking water sources, fluoride concentrations exceeded 1.5 ppm, but was as high as 6.7 ppm in one well. Only 9% of the water sources were from waterworks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the water sources in Nigeria contained low fluoride levels; but few had excessive concentrations and need to be partially defluoridated, or else alternative sources of drinking water provided for the community.
authors.affiliation: Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait. akpata@hsc.edu.kw
authors.forename: Enosakhare S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Akpata
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Danfillo
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Otoh
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Mafeni
mesh_terms: D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D005457:Fluoridation; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis*; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005459:Fluorides