title: Overtreatment of men with low-risk prostate cancer and significant comorbidity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Men with low-risk prostate cancer and significant comorbidity are susceptible to overtreatment. The authors sought to compare the impact of comorbidity and age on treatment choice in men with low-risk disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors sampled 509 men with low-risk prostate cancer diagnosed at the Greater Los Angeles and Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Centers between 1997 and 2004. Rates of aggressive treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, brachytherapy) were determined among men of different ages and with different Charlson comorbidity scores. Multivariate modeling was used to determine the influence of both variables in predicting nonaggressive treatment, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compare the risk of other-cause mortality among groups according to Charlson score and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with Charlson scores ≥ 3 were treated aggressively in 54% of cases (30 of 56 men), while men aged >75 years at diagnosis were treated aggressively in 16% of cases (7 of 44 men). In multivariate analysis, age >75 years was a much stronger predictor of nonaggressive treatment (relative risk, 12.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4-28.3) than a Charlson score ≥ 3 (relative risk, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9). In survival analysis, men with Charlson scores ≥ 3 had an 8-fold increased risk (hazard ratio, 8.4; 95% CI, 4.2-16.6) and 70% probability of other-cause mortality at 10 years, whereas age >75 years was associated with a 5-fold increased risk (hazard ratio, 4.9; 95%CI, 1.7-13.8) and a 24% probability of other-cause mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with significant comorbidity often were overtreated for low-risk prostate cancer. Like advanced age, significant comorbidity should be a strong relative contraindication to aggressive treatment in men with low-risk disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. tdaskivich@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Daskivich
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chamie
authors.forename: Lorna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Labo
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palvolgyi
authors.forename: Atreya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Litwin
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001918:Brachytherapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D006300:Health Services Misuse; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D057832:Watchful Waiting
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists