title: Serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins in women with type 1 diabetes and preeclampsia: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased oxidative stress and immune dysfunction are implicated in preeclampsia (PE) and may contribute to the two- to fourfold increase in PE prevalence among women with type 1 diabetes. Prospective measures of fat-soluble vitamins in diabetic pregnancy are therefore of interest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal serum carotenoids (α- and β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein) and vitamins A, D, and E (α- and γ-tocopherols) were measured at first (12.2 ± 1.9 weeks [mean ± SD], visit 1), second (21.6 ± 1.5 weeks, visit 2), and third (31.5 ± 1.7 weeks, visit 3) trimesters of pregnancy in 23 women with type 1 diabetes who subsequently developed PE (DM PE+) and 24 women with type 1 diabetes, matched for age, diabetes duration, HbA(1c), and parity, who did not develop PE (DM PE-). Data were analyzed without and with adjustment for baseline differences in BMI, HDL cholesterol, and prandial status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In unadjusted analysis, in DM PE+ versus DM PE-, α-carotene and β-carotene were 45 and 53% lower, respectively, at visit 3 (P < 0.05), before PE onset. In adjusted analyses, the difference in β-carotene at visit 3 remained significant. Most participants were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL), and vitamin D levels were lower in DM PE+ versus DM PE- throughout the pregnancy, although this did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, low serum α- and β-carotene were associated with subsequent development of PE, and vitamin D deficiency may also be implicated.
authors.affiliation: Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: Madona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azar
authors.forename: Arpita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Alicia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nankervis
authors.forename: Kristian F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hanssen
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Satish K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Samar M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hammad
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scardo
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Aston
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lyons
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D000077276:Lycopene; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D014807:Vitamin D; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D000077276:Lycopene