title: Spiramycin resistance in human periodontitis microbiota.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The occurrence of in vitro resistance to therapeutic concentrations of spiramycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole was determined for putative periodontal pathogens isolated in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subgingival plaque specimens from 37 consecutive adults with untreated severe periodontitis were anaerobically cultured, and isolated putative periodontal pathogens were identified to a species level. In vitro resistance to spiramycin at 4 μg/ml, amoxicillin at 8 μg/ml, and/or metronidazole at 16 μg/ml was noted when putative periodontal pathogen growth was noted on the respective antibiotic-supplemented primary culture plates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 (48.7%) subjects yielded antibiotic-resistant putative periodontal pathogens with spiramycin at 4 μg/ml in drug-supplemented primary isolation plates, as compared to 23 (62.2%) subjects with amoxicillin at 8 μg/ml, and 10 (27.0%) subjects with metronidazole at 16 μg/ml. Spiramycin in vitro resistance occurred among species of Fusobacterium nucleatum (44.4% of organism-positive subjects), Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens (11.1%), Parvimonas micra (10.8%), Streptococcus constellatus (10%), Streptococcus intermedius (10%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (6.7%), and Tannerella forsythia (5.3%). Amoxicillin in vitro resistance was found in P. intermedia/nigrescens (55.5%), T. forsythia (15.8%), S. constellatus (10%), F. nucleatum (5.6%), and P. micra (2.7%). Only S. constellatus (70%) and S. intermedius (40%) exhibited in vitro resistance to metronidazole. When subject-based resistance data for spiramycin and metronidazole were jointly considered, all isolated putative periodontal pathogens were inhibited in vitro by one or the other of the antibiotic concentrations, except for one strain each of S. constellatus and S. intermedius from one study subject. Similarly, either amoxicillin or metronidazole at the drug concentrations tested inhibited in vitro all recovered putative periodontal pathogens, except S. constellatus in one subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro spiramycin resistance among putative periodontal pathogens of United States origin occurred in approximately one-half of severe periodontitis patients evaluated, particularly among subgingival F. nucleatum species. In vitro resistance patterns also suggest that therapeutic concentrations of spiramycin plus metronidazole may have potential antimicrobial efficacy in non-Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis similar to amoxicillin plus metronidazole, which may be beneficial, where spiramycin is clinically available, for patients hypersensitive to amoxicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. trams@temple.edu
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rams
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dujardin
authors.forename: Jacqueline D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sautter
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Degener
authors.forename: Arie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Winkelhoff
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D015572:Spiramycin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015572:Spiramycin