title: 18F-ML-10, a PET tracer for apoptosis: first human study.
abstract: Clinical PET of apoptosis may have substantial value in advancing patient care. We report here the first-in-humans study with (18)F-labeled 2-(5-fluoropentyl)-2-methyl malonic acid ((18)F-ML-10), a small-molecule PET tracer for apoptosis. Presented are the dosimetry, biodistribution, stability, and safety profiles of this PET tracer in healthy human volunteers. Also reported is tracer binding to targeted apoptotic cells in testicular tissue, where a relative abundance of apoptotic cells is normally observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  (18)F-ML-10 (233 ± 90 MBq) was intravenously administered to 8 healthy subjects, followed by whole-body PET/CT for 220 min. Serial blood and urine samples were collected for radioactivity measurement, and plasma tracer stability was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Dosimetry calculations were performed using OLINDA/EXM software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (18)F-ML-10 manifested high stability in vivo and rapid distribution followed by fast clearance, with an elimination half-life of 1.3 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.2 h from the blood and from all other organs, respectively, and excretion through the urine. Dosimetry showed an average effective whole-body dose of 15.4 ± 3.7 μSv/MBq, with the urinary bladder being the dose-limiting organ. Selective accumulation and retention of the tracer in the testes was observed in all male subjects, a finding also demonstrated in mice using both small-animal PET and histopathology, confirming binding to apoptotic cells. Administration of (18)F-ML-10 was safe, without adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (18)F-ML-10 administered to healthy humans demonstrated a favorable dosimetry, biodistribution, stability, and safety profile. Binding to apoptotic sites was also demonstrated. These data support further development of this small-molecule probe for clinical PET of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Uppsala Imanet AB, GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Höglund
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirvan
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antoni
authors.forename: Sven-Åke
authors.initials: SÅ
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Långström
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ringheim
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sörensen
authors.forename: Miri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ben-Ami
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ziv
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001692:Biological Transport; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D011874:Radiometry; D012449:Safety; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C532430:5-fluoropentyl-2-methylmalonic acid; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D008764:Methylmalonic Acid