title: Effect of organic and conventional crop rotation, fertilization, and crop protection practices on metal contents in wheat (Triticum aestivum).
abstract: The effects of organic versus conventional crop management practices (crop rotation, crop protection, and fertility management strategies) on wheat yields and grain metal (Al, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were investigated in a long-term field trial. The interactions between crop management practices and the season that the crop was grown were investigated using univariate and redundancy analysis approaches. Grain yields were highest where conventional fertility management and crop protection practices were used, but growing wheat after a previous crop of grass/clover was shown to partially compensate for yield reductions due to the use of organic fertility management. All metals except for Pb were significantly affected by crop management practices and the year that the wheat was grown. Grain Cd and Cu levels were higher on average when conventional fertility management practices were used. Al and Cu were higher on average when conventional crop protection practices were used. The results demonstrate that there is potential to manage metal concentrations in the diet by adopting specific crop management practices shown to affect crop uptake of metals.
authors.affiliation: Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AFRD), Newcastle University, Stocksfield, Northumberland, UK.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cakmak
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shotton
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Reza Sadrabadi
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Haghighi
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tetard-Jones
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Volakakis
authors.forename: Mick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eyre
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leifert
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D005306:Fertilization; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D008670:Metals; D012989:Soil Pollutants