title: Family-witnessed resuscitation: bereavement outcomes in an urban environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After 20 years of debate regarding the appropriateness of family-witnessed resuscitations (FWR), little substantive data exist to suggest a benefit or harm to the family member.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare bereavement-related depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) patients' family members who remain in the waiting room of an urban emergency department (ED) with those who are invited to witness CPR.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective comparison study was conducted at two large, urban, Midwestern teaching hospitals. Adult family members of nontraumatic CPR ≥18 years of age patients were eligible. In the intervention hospital, emergency physicians were trained and encouraged to invite family members to witness CPR (FWR). At the control hospital, family remained in the ED waiting room (Non-FWR). Family members from each hospital were interviewed 30 and 60 days post-event regarding bereavement-related depression and PTSD symptoms. Relevant demographic information was also collected. Comparisons between FWR and Non-FWR were conducted using independent samples t tests and χ(2) where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five family members (24 FWR and 41 Non-FWR) were included. There were no differences between groups in relationship to the patient (35% spouse/significant other), mean age (overall, 56 years), or race (75% African American). Patients in each group did not differ in need for assistance in any activities of daily living (overall, 44% needed assistance) prior to cardiac arrest. However, more FWR were female (83% versus 59%), and had higher levels of overall social support available. There were no differences between FWR and Non-FWR on overall PTSD scores (11.7 versus 11.4; mean difference = 0.3 [95 confidence interval (CI): -5.5; 6.1]) or depression scores (16.0 versus 20.6; mean difference = -4.5 [95CI: -12.0; 3.0]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bereavement related depression and PTSD symptoms are commonly seen in family members of cardiac arrest victims, however, the magnitude of the effect is not impacted by witnessing or not-witnessing CPR in the ED.
authors.affiliation: UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA. comptosc@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waselewsky
authors.forename: LynnMarie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mango
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zalenski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001601:Bereavement; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States; D019370:Observation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000628:therapy