title: SET nuclear oncogene associates with microcephalin/MCPH1 and regulates chromosome condensation.
abstract: Primary microcephaly is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by marked reduction in human brain size. Microcephalin (MCPH1), one of the genes mutated in primary microcephaly, plays an important role in DNA damage checkpoint control and mitotic entry. Additionally, MCPH1 ensures the proper temporal activation of chromosome condensation during mitosis, by acting as a negative regulator of the condensin II complex. We previously found that deletion of the of the MCPH1 N terminus leads to the premature chromosome condensation (PCC) phenotype. In the present study, we unexpectedly observed that a truncated form of MCPH1 appears to be expressed in MCPH1(S25X/S25X) patient cells. This likely results from utilization of an alternative translational start codon, which would produce a mutant MCPH1 protein with a small deletion of its N-terminal BRCT domain. Furthermore, missense mutations in the MCPH1 cluster at its N terminus, suggesting that intact function of this BRCT protein-interaction domain is required both for coordinating chromosome condensation and human brain development. Subsequently, we identified the SET nuclear oncogene as a direct binding partner of the MCPH1 N-terminal BRCT domain. Cells with SET knockdown exhibited abnormal condensed chromosomes similar to those observed in MCPH1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Condensin II knockdown rescued the abnormal chromosome condensation phenotype in SET-depleted cells. In addition, MCPH1 V50G/I51V missense mutations, impair binding to SET and fail to fully rescue the abnormal chromosome condensation phenotype in Mcph1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Collectively, our findings suggest that SET is an important regulator of chromosome condensation/decondensation and that disruption of the MCPH1-SET interaction might be important for the pathogenesis of primary microcephaly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Justin W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leitch
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shaw-Smith
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: Louise S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Bicknell
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018387:Codon, Initiator; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D056488:Histone Chaperones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018387:Codon, Initiator; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D056488:Histone Chaperones; C460645:MCPH1 protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C513473:SET protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors