title: Distribution of Asellus aquaticus and microinvertebrates in a non-chlorinated drinking water supply system--effects of pipe material and sedimentation.
abstract: Danish drinking water supplies based on ground water without chlorination were investigated for the presence of the water louse, Asellus aquaticus, microinvertebrates (<2 mm) and annelida. In total, 52 water samples were collected from fire hydrants at 31 locations, and two elevated tanks (6000 and 36,000 m(3)) as well as one clean water tank at a waterworks (700 m(3)) were inspected. Several types of invertebrates from the phyla: arthropoda, annelida (worms), plathyhelminthes (flatworms) and mollusca (snails) were found. Invertebrates were found at 94% of the sampling sites in the piped system with A. aquaticus present at 55% of the sampling sites. Populations of A. aquaticus were present in the two investigated elevated tanks but not in the clean water tank at a waterworks. Both adult and juvenile A. aquaticus (length of 2-10 mm) were found in tanks as well as in pipes. A. aquaticus was found only in samples collected from two of seven investigated distribution zones (zone 1 and 2), each supplied directly by one of the two investigated elevated tanks containing A. aquaticus. Microinvertebrates were distributed throughout all zones. The distribution pattern of A. aquaticus had not changed considerably over 20 years when compared to data from samples collected in 1988-89. Centrifugal pumps have separated the distribution zones during the whole period and may have functioned as physical barriers in the distribution systems, preventing large invertebrates such as A. aquaticus to pass alive. Another factor characterising zone 1 and 2 was the presence of cast iron pipes. The frequency of A. aquaticus was significantly higher in cast iron pipes than in plastic pipes. A. aquaticus caught from plastic pipes were mainly single living specimens or dead specimens, which may have been transported passively trough by the water flow, while cast iron pipes provided an environment suitable for relatively large populations of A. aquaticus. Sediment volume for each sample was measured and our study described for the first time a clear connection between sediment volume and living A. aquaticus since living A. aquaticus were nearly only found in samples with sediment contents higher than 100 ml/m(3) sample. Presence of A. aquaticus was not correlated to turbidity of the water. Measurements by ATP, heterotrophic plate counting and Colilert(®) showed that the microbial quality of the water was high at all locations with or without animals. Four other large Danish drinking water supplies were additionally sampled (nine pipe samples and one elevated tank), and invertebrates were found in all systems, three of four containing A. aquaticus, indicating a nationwide occurrence.
authors.affiliation: DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. scch@env.dtu.dk
authors.forename: Sarah C B
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Erling
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nissen
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arvin
authors.forename: Hans-Jørgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Albrechtsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D003718:Denmark; D005843:Geography; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000469:parasitology*; D054879:Halogenation; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000592:standards; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014867:Water