title: Development and validation of an instrument to assess women's toileting behavior related to urinary elimination: preliminary results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toileting behaviors have been implicated in women's bladder health; however, the lack of a standardized instrument to explore variations in women's toileting behaviors has contributed to an incomplete understanding about the effects of these behaviors on bladder health.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to develop and initially validate an instrument, the Web-based Toileting Behavior (TB-WEB) scale, to assess behaviors women use when emptying their bladders.
  
  
  METHODS
  An initial 41-item instrument was developed after a comprehensive literature review and a concept analysis of women's toileting behavior related to urinary elimination. Seven experts with clinical or research experience in women's bladder health were selected to evaluate the content validity of each item and of the entire instrument. The psychometric properties of the TB-WEB scale were assessed using a Web-based survey with community-dwelling middle-aged women from June to August 2009. Construct validity and internal consistency were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An 18-item scale was developed. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation revealed 5 underlying factors that explained 67% of the variance. Internal consistency reliabilities of the 5 subscales ranged from .70 to .88. The 5 subscales were premature voiding (5 items), straining voiding (4 items), place preference for voiding (4 items), delayed voiding (3 items), and position preference for voiding (2 items).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TB-WEB scale shows reliability and initial validity to assess women's toileting behavior related to urinary elimination in community-dwelling middle-aged women. However, further testing is needed in other community-dwelling populations, as well as with hospitalized women, to strengthen its generalizability and to address areas for improvement.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China. wangkf@sdu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Kefang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D016387:Women's Health