title: Sensing of viral nucleic acids by RIG-I: from translocation to translation.
abstract: The innate immune system is a first layer of defense against infection by pathogens. It responds to pathogens by activating host defense mechanisms via interferon and inflammatory cytokine expression. Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are sensed by specific pattern recognition receptors. Among those, the ATP dependent helicase related RIG-I like receptors RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2 sense the presence of viral RNA in the cytoplasm of host cells. While the precise PAMPs and functions of MDA5 or LGP2 are still unclear, RIG-I senses predominantly viral RNA containing a 5'-triphosphate along with dsRNA regions. Here we review our current knowledge of how these PAMPs are sensed and integrated by RIG-I, and how RIG-I's innate immune function can be used in translational medical approaches.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rothenfusser
authors.forename: Karl-Peter
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Hopfner
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D000072640:Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1; D007372:Interferons / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D020365:RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology; D014780:Viruses / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097905:Roundabout Proteins
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D000072640:Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1; D007372:Interferons; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D020365:RNA Helicases; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D012367:RNA, Viral; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; C512612:MAVS protein, mouse; C118348:Robo3 protein, mouse; D000097905:Roundabout Proteins; C547666:Dhx58 protein, mouse; C510592:Ifih1 protein, mouse