title: Direct disease-inducing effects of menthol through the eyes of tobacco companies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Menthol is an important additive in most tobacco products and is an identifying characteristic of many brands. We assessed tobacco companies' research on direct disease-inducing effects of menthol and menthol cigarettes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search was conducted among documents included in the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. Relevant documents addressed subject areas such as pharmacology, short-term and long-term effects and biomarkers of smoking exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The documents contain little internal industry research on the disease-inducing effects of menthol. Most information in the tobacco industry documents are reviews of the published biomedical literature, from which the companies concluded that menthol did not have any direct disease-inducing effects. Evidence that contradicted this conclusion was downplayed. Except for one study, there was no evidence of the companies following up on positive findings in the literature with their own studies. In one case, results were presented at a public scientific meeting concluding that 'There were no effects from addition of menthol to test or reference cigarettes', when a company's internal pathology analysis contradicted this statement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available industry documents suggest that tobacco companies conducted little research on the potential disease-inducing effects of menthol and did not pursue studies that suggested adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA.
authors.forename: M Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.forename: Stanton A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Glantz
mesh_terms: D004194:Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D004282:Documentation; D032984:Ethics, Research; D006801:Humans; D008610:Menthol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000941:ethics
chemical_list: D008610:Menthol