title: Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume and fascicle length in children aged 2 to 5 years with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article was to compare medial gastrocnemius muscle volume, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), muscle length, fascicle length, and pennation angle in children aged 2 to 5 years with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and in typically developing children. method: Fifteen children with spastic CP (11 males, four females; mean age 45 mo [SD 15 mo]; five with hemiplega; 10 with diplega; 10 classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I, five at GMFCS level II) and 20 typically developing children (11 males, nine females; mean age 48 mo [SD 14 mo]) participated in the study. Individuals with spastic CP were included if they had a minimum range of motion of 0° ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended and were excluded if they had had previous botulinum toxin treatment to the calf muscles or previous calf surgery. Typically developing children were included if they were able to walk independently and were excluded if there was a history of previous lower leg injury or other developmental disorder affecting the lower limb. Freehand two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound was used to assess muscle properties of the relaxed medial gastrocnemius muscle at three ankle joint angles: maximum dorsiflexion, neutral and maximum plantarflexion. PCSA was calculated as a function of muscle volume and muscle fascicle length and pennation angle was recorded at the neutral ankle joint angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume was 22% lower in the group with spastic CP than in the typically developing group, which in the absence of significant group differences in neutral fascicle length gave rise to an equivalent reduction in PCSA for the group with spastic CP. Significant positive correlations were found between muscle volume and age (r=0.63-0.65) and between muscle length and age (r=0.72-0.81) in both groups. Maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle was also reduced in the group with spastic CP (8°) compared with the typically developing group (26°).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed reduction in muscle PCSA in the group with spastic CP would be expected to contribute to the clinically observed muscle weakness in spastic CP and suggests the need for early intervention in order to minimize loss of muscle PCSA in spastic CP.
authors.affiliation: Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia. l.barber@griffith.edu.au
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Tandy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hastings-Ison
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lichtwark
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000473:pathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014463:Ultrasonography