title: Accurate Monte Carlo modeling and performance assessment of the X-PET subsystem of the FLEX triumph preclinical PET/CT scanner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  X-PET is a commercial small animal PET scanner incorporating several innovative designs to achieve improved performance. It is employed as a PET subsystem in the FLEX Triumph preclinical PET/CT scanner, the first commercial small animal PET/CT scanner worldwide. The authors report on a novel Monte Carlo (MC) model designed for the evaluation of performance parameters of the X-PET METHODS: The Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) MC code was used as a simulation tool. The authors implemented more accurate modeling of the geometry of detector blocks and associated electronic chains, including dead-time and time-independent parameters, compared to previously presented MC models of the X-PET scanner. Validation of the MC model involved comparison between simulated and measured performance parameters of the X-PET, including spatial resolution, sensitivity, and noise equivalent count rate (NECR). Thereafter, various simulations were performed to assess scanner performance parameters according to NEMA NU 4-2008 standards with the aim to present a reliable Monte Carlo platform for small animal PET scanner design optimization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average differences between simulated and measured results were 11.2%, 33.3%, and 9.1% for spatial resolution, sensitivity, and NECR, respectively. The average system absolute sensitivity was 2.7%. Furthermore, the peak true count rate, peak NECR, and scatter fraction were 2050 kcps, 1520 kcps, and 4.7%, respectively, for a mouse phantom and 1017 kcps, 469 kcps, and 18.2%, respectively, for a rat phantom. Spatial resolution was also measured in ten different positions at two axial locations. The radial, tangential, and axial FWHM ranged from 1.31 to 1.96 mm, 1.17 to 2.11 mm, and 1.77 to 2.44 mm, respectively, as the radial position varied from 0 to 25 mm at the centre of the axial field-of-view.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed MC simulation platform provides a reliable tool for performance evaluation of small animal PET scanners and has the potential to be used in other applications such as detector design optimization, correction of image degrading factors such as randoms, scatter, intercrystal scatter, parallax error, and partial volume effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113 Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zeraatkar
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ay
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kamali-Asl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zaidi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D051379:Mice; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*