title: Algorithmic approach to patients presenting with heartburn and epigastric pain refractory to empiric proton pump inhibitor therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reflux-like dyspepsia (RLD), where predominant epigastric pain is associated with heartburn and/or regurgitation, is a common clinical syndrome in both primary and specialty care. Because symptom frequency and severity vary, overlap among gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), and RLD, is quite common. The chronic and recurrent nature of RLD and its variable response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy remain problematic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence of GERD, NERD, and RLD in a community setting using an algorithmic approach and to assess the potential, reproducibility, and validity of a multi-factorial scoring system in discriminating patients with RLD from those with GERD or NERD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a novel algorithmic approach, we evaluated an outpatient, community-based cohort referred to a gastroenterologist because of epigastric pain and heartburn that were only partially relieved by PPI. After an initial symptom evaluation (for epigastric pain, heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia), an endoscopy and distal esophageal biopsies were performed, followed by esophageal motility and 24-h ambulatory pH monitoring to assess esophageal function and pathological acid exposure. A scoring system based on presence of symptoms and severity of findings was devised. Data was collected in two stages: subjects in the first stage were designated as the derivation cohort; subjects in the second stage were labeled the validation cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total cohort comprised 159 patients (59 males, 100 females; mean age 52). On endoscopy, 30 patients (19%) had complicated esophagitis (CE) and 11 (7%) had Barrett's esophagus (BE) and were classified collectively as patients with GERD. One-hundred and eighteen (74%) patients had normal esophagus. Of these, 94 (59%) had one or more of the following: hiatal hernia, positive biopsy, abnormal pH, and/or abnormal motility studies and were classified as patients with NERD. The remaining 24 patients (15%) had normal functional studies and were classified as patients with RLD. Utilizing the scoring system a total score was calculated for each patient and effectively distinguished patients with GERD (mean score 9), NERD (mean score 6), and RLD (mean score 3). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed the optimization of the model, particularly in RLD (P = 0.0001, 95% CI: 0.91-0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a community cohort of patients presenting with heartburn and epigastric pain partly refractory to empiric PPI therapy, the prevalence of CE was 19%, BE 7%, NERD 59%, and RLD 15%. An algorithmic approach coupled with a novel scoring system, effectively distinguishes GERD from NERD and RLD and facilitates further management decisions. This novel and simple scoring system is both reproducible and validated as a diagnostic aid in evaluating patients presenting with both epigastric pain and heartburn.
authors.affiliation: Section of Digestive Diseases, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Roorda
authors.forename: Samuel N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Triadafilopoulos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001706:Biopsy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D004942:Esophagitis, Peptic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006356:Heartburn / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors