title: Treatment of deep intramuscular and musculoskeletal abscess: experience with 99 CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to describe our experience draining deep muscular and musculoskeletal abscess collections with CT guidance, emphasizing clinicopathologic factors associated with drain failure, and to further analyze patient outcomes according to whether the process involves muscle alone or also involves adjacent bone or joint (skeletal involvement).
  
  
  METHODS
  The details of percutaneous catheter drainage were retrospectively recorded for all drainages performed over a 9-year period. The technical and clinical successes of percutaneous catheter drainage were determined. Multifactor logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of drain failure (malignancy, age, chemotherapy, surgery, infection, complexity, size, days in situ, and skeletal involvement). These parameters were assessed in all patients, those with muscle involvement alone and those with musculoskeletal collections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine of 94 patients underwent one percutaneous drainage procedure and 5 of 94 patients underwent two drainages for a total of 99 drainages in 94 patients (one drainage [n = 89] and two drainages [n = 5]). There were 62 men and 32 women with a mean age of 58.5 years (age range [±SD], 22.3-88.0 ± 16 years). The abscess diameters ranged from 1.8 to 13 cm (mean, 5.3 ± 2.5 cm), volume aspirated ranged from 0 to 200 mL (mean, 45 ± 44 mL), and mean duration of drainage was 16.2 days (range, 2-110 ± 18.7 days). The iliopsoas muscle was the most common site of drainage, accounting for 87.8% of the total. Catheter insertion was possible in all patients, with the muscular component successfully drained in 82% (81/99) overall: 85% (46/54) of those with muscle involvement alone and 77% (35/45) of those with musculoskeletal collections. Catheter drainage and antibiotic administration resulted in 65.6% (65/99) not requiring any surgical intervention and resolution of abnormal white cell count or fevers in 98.8% (79/80) of those with abnormal parameters before treatment. Skeletal infection was associated with increased risk of drainage failure (p = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous imaging-guided musculoskeletal drainage is clinically useful, safe, and effective for draining complex musculoskeletal collections. It is highly effective for draining collections involving muscle alone; however, skeletal infection is associated with a higher risk of drain failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Abdominal Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02214, USA. cgcronin@partners.org
authors.forename: Carmel G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gervais
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arellano
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Guimaraes
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002404:Catheterization; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult