title: PolyDADMAC and dimethylamine as precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine during ozonation: reaction kinetics and mechanisms.
abstract: Interactions of ozone with organic precursors during water treatment may generate carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) byproduct. This study investigates the reaction mechanisms responsible for NDMA formation from ozonation of the commonly used poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (polyDADMAC) coagulant. Upon ozonation, polyDADMAC yields the highest amount of NDMA among several water treatment polymers, including polyamines and cationic polyacrylamides. Ozonation transforms polyDADMAC to dimethylamine (DMA) and NDMA formation is correlated to polyDADMAC degradation and DMA release. Hydroxyl radicals generated from ozone play an important role in the degradation of polyDADMAC's quaternary ammonium ring groups and subsequent release of secondary amine. Although nitrite and formaldehyde are detected as ozonation products of DMA and polyDADMAC, contribution of formaldehyde-enhanced nitrosation pathway is determined to be insignificant in NDMA formation. In contrast, reaction of hydroxylamine, another ozonation product of DMA, with DMA in the presence of ozone is deemed critical in the formation of NDMA during ozonation. The study results show that that contact of polyDADMAC with ozone will lead to release of the more potent NDMA precursor DMA but may not generate a significant amount of NDMA under typical drinking water treatment conditions due to low yield. The mechanistic understanding from this study can help develop source control strategies for minimization of NDMA formation risk at water and wastewater utilities.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Lokesh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Padhye
authors.forename: Yulia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luzinova
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mizaikoff
authors.forename: Jae-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ching-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D004123:Dimethylamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D011095:Polyethylenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004123:Dimethylamines; D011095:Polyethylenes; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C041004:poly-N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D010126:Ozone; C034516:dimethylamine; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine