title: The effect of adding psychodynamic therapy to antidepressants in patients with major depressive disorder. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder afflicts an estimated 17% of individuals during their lifetimes at tremendous suffering and costs. Psychodynamic therapy may be a treatment option for depression, but the effects have only been limitedly assessed in systematic reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Cochrane systematic review methodology, we compared the benefits and harms of psychodynamic therapy versus 'no intervention' or sham for major depressive disorder. We accepted any co-intervention, including antidepressants, as long as it was delivered similarly in both intervention groups. Trials were identified by searching the Cochrane Library's CENTRAL, MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Psychlit, Psyc Info, and Science Citation Index Expanded until February 2010. Two authors independently extracted data. We evaluated risk of bias to control for systematic errors. We conducted trial sequential analysis to control for random errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included five trials randomizing a total of 365 participants who all received antidepressants as co-intervention. All trials had high risk of bias. Four trials assessed 'interpersonal psychotherapy' and one trial 'short psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy'. Meta-analysis showed that psychodynamic therapy significantly reduced depressive symptoms on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (mean difference -3.01 (95% confidence interval -3.98 to -2.03; P<0.00001), no significant heterogeneity between trials) compared with 'no intervention'. Trial sequential analysis confirmed this result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are based on few trials with high risk of bias and a limited number of participants so our results may be questionable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding psychodynamic therapy to antidepressants might benefit depressed patients, but the possible treatment effect measured on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression is small.
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. janusjakobsen@mac.com
authors.forename: Janus Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Jane Lindschou
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gluud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011613:Psychotherapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents