title: Can phenyl-propanedione influence Knoop hardness, rate of polymerization and bond strength of resin composite restorations?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC), rate of polymerization (R(p)(max)), Knoop hardness (KHN) and bond strength between tooth/restoration of composite resins containing different photo-initiators photo-activated by different light-curing units (LCUs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixture of BisGMA, UDMA, BisEMA and TEGDMA was prepared along with the following photo-initiators: camphorquinone (CQ), phenyl-propanedione (PPD) or the association (CQ/PPD) and 65 wt% of silanated filler particles. The LCUs included a halogen lamp XL 2500 and two LEDs: UltraBlueIS and UltraLume5. The conversion profiles during photo-polymerization were investigated using middle-infrared spectroscopy (mid-IR). Bond strength was evaluated using push-out test in ninety teeth with prepared cavities. Before the push-out test, Knoop hardness (KH) was verified in the top and at the base of the restorations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPD obtained lower R(p)(max) values, regardless of the LCU used. It also provided a greater bond strength than CQ when the LEDs LCUs were used. The degree of conversion after 40s of irradiation was the same for all composite resins, except PPD photo-activated for XL 2500, which showed lower DC values than CQ and CQ/PPD. In the top and at the base of the restorations, PPD showed the lowest KH values when photo-activated with XL 2500. XL 2500 produced higher KH values than UltraBlueIS when used with CQ or CQ/PPD photo-initiators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because it increased the bond strength without compromising the properties of composite resins when photo-activated by an LED, PPD can be used as an alternative photo-initiator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Dentistry School, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, Rua Expedicionário Ernesto Pereira, 110, SP, Brazil. williamcbrandt@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: William Cunha
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Lucas de Oliveira
authors.initials: Lde O
authors.lastname: Tomaselli
authors.forename: Lourenço
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Correr-Sobrinho
authors.forename: Mário Alexandre Coelho
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sinhoreti
mesh_terms: D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D047188:Chalcones / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental / Q000145:classification; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D058567:Photoinitiators, Dental / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D058105:Polymerization; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry; D019163:Reducing Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D047188:Chalcones; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D058567:Photoinitiators, Dental; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D011140:Polyurethanes; D019163:Reducing Agents; D012821:Silanes; D013729:Terpenes; C029824:urethane dimethacrylate luting resin; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; C041979:2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C048339:camphoroquinone; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C049840:2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate; C100349:1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione