title: High-pressure treatment reduces the immunoreactivity of the major allergens in apple and celeriac.
abstract: METHODS
  The impact of thermal and high pressure (HP) processing on the immunoreactivity of the allergens Mal d 1, Mal d 3 and Api g 1 has been investigated in apple and celeriac tissue, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extracted proteins were assessed using SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The results showed that Mal d 1 was subject to loss of immunoreactivity as soon as the apple tissue was disrupted although it was remarkably resistant to both thermal and HP processing. This is in contrast to the Mal d 1 structural homolog from celeriac, Api g 1, that was susceptible to thermal processing. The other major allergen in apple, Mal d 3, was found to be resistant to chemical modification and thermal processing in apple, which is in contrast to behavior in solution. However, the combination of pressure and temperature significantly reduced its immunoreactivity. Pectin was found to protect Mal d 3 from thermal denaturation in solution and is a possible candidate for the protective effect of the fruit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conclusion to be drawn from these results is that the combination of HP and thermal processing is an effective method to reduce the allergenicity of both apple and celeriac.
authors.affiliation: Structuring Food for Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Husband
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aldick
authors.forename: Iesel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van der Plancken
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grauwet
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skypala
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mackie
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D052179:Antigens, Plant / Q000276:immunology; D000077102:Apium / Q000276:immunology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera; D027845:Malus / Q000276:immunology*; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D052179:Antigens, Plant; C096695:Api g 1 protein, Apium graveolens; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007106:Immune Sera; C095551:MALD1 protein, Malus domestica; C463180:Mal d 3 allergen; D010940:Plant Proteins; D010368:Pectins