title: Spirituality and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: content comparison of questionnaires measuring mindfulness based on the International Classification of Functioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and compare the concepts contained in questionnaires measuring mindfulness using the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) as external reference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires which are published in peer-reviewed journals and listed in Pubmed or PsycInfo were included. The questionnaires were analysed and, using a content-analytical approach, the respective items were categorised and linked to the ICF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten questionnaires were included. Ninety-four per cent (N = 341) of the concepts could be linked to 37 different ICF categories. One hundred and seventy-one (50.1%) concepts were linked to ICF categories of the component Body Function, 74 (21.7%) to categories of the component Activity and Participation and none to categories of the component Environmental Factors. In total, 28.2% of the linked concepts belonged to Personal factors, which are not yet classified in the ICF. The questionnaires exhibited considerable differences regarding content density (i.e. the average number of concepts per item) and content diversity (i.e. the number of ICF categories per concept).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICF provides an useful external reference to identify and compare the concepts contained in mindfulness questionnaires. Also, mindfulness questionnaire concepts suggest potentially useful factors for classification within the ICF.
authors.affiliation: Human Science Center, Generation Research Program, University of Munich, Prof.-Max-Lange-Platz 11, Bad Tölz, Germany. martin.offenbaecher@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Offenbächer
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hieblinger
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hufford
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walach
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kohls
mesh_terms: D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics; D029181:Spirituality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires