title: Epidemiologic and clinical features of non-polio enteroviral infections in northern Taiwan in 2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-polio enteroviruses may cause different diseases, including herpangina, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), meningitis, and nonspecific febrile illness; and cause epidemic outbreak annually. This study delineates the diversity of clinical presentations based on different serotypes and different groups [human enterovirus (HEV)-A and HEV-B] of enteroviruses (EVs) during the 2008 epidemic in National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively identified patients younger than 18 years who had positive isolates of non-polio EV in throat swabs, rectal swabs, or cerebrospinal fluid, in NTUH from January 1 to December 31, 2008. For serotyping, immunofluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction followed by viral structure protein-1 sequencing were applied. We analyzed and compared their clinical features among different serotypes and different groups of EVs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 172 patients who were enrolled, 16 serotypes were identified. The major serotype in NTUH was EV71 (25.6%) followed by coxsackievirus A (CA)16 and coxsackievirus B (CB)4. EV71 manifested mostly as HFMD (89%) and was complicated with encephalomyelitis in three patients. Serotypes of HFMD included EV71 (70%), CA16 (27%), CA4, and CA6. Serotypes of herpangina were heterogeneous, and the major serotype was CA2 (35.7%) followed by CB4 (23.8%). Aseptic meningitis was entirely caused by HEV-B and mostly infected by echovirus 30 (50%). Among children with EV-related respiratory tract infection, CB4 (32%) was dominant in upper respiratory tract infection, whereas echovirus 4 (71%) was the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection. Cases of HEV-A were significantly younger than the cases of HEV-B (p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that the most significant factor associated with hospitalization is HEV-B (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.2; p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least 16 serotypes circulated in northern Taiwan in 2008. EV71 is the predominant strain in this outbreak. All patients with HFMD were infected by HEV-A, but HEV-B was associated with a higher rate of hospitalization and aseptic meningitis, which should be a cause of alert regarding public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chun-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Pei-Lan
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Ping-Ing
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chuan-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Ming-Yi
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Luan-Yin
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Li-Min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012703:Serotyping; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology