title: Adaptive trial design: its growing role in clinical research and implications for pharmacists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current trends and recent developments in use of adaptive trial design methodology for pharmaceutical research, as well as barriers to wider acceptance and implications for pharmacists, are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditional clinical drug trials typically take many months or years to complete. In contrast, trials incorporating adaptive design elements allow researchers to make midstudy adjustments so that trial objectives are addressed more efficiently. Properly designed adaptive trials can enable researchers to conclude trials of unsuccessful treatments earlier or bring effective drugs to market sooner, improving patient safety and yielding substantial time and cost savings. Challenges and concerns with adaptive trial methodology include inadequate knowledge of adaptive design techniques among health care professionals and increased potential for bias or misinterpretation of trial results stemming from earlier access to data. Over the past decade, U.S. and European regulatory bodies have issued a number of documents to better define acceptable practices for designing, conducting, and reporting the results of adaptive trials, including updated Food and Drug Administration guidance released in 2010. Pharmacists need to stay current with developments in the field to properly assess and interpret trial results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adaptive trial design is an emerging study methodology that allows for design modifications during a study, with the objective of implementing trial data as early as possible for the benefit of patients and the drug development process.
authors.affiliation: Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA. joshua.cirulli@otsuka.com
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cirulli
authors.forename: Wesley D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: McMillian
authors.forename: Mojdeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stenehjem
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D015195:Drug Design; D005060:Europe; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024382:Professional Role; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration