title: Low-dose cardio-respiratory phase-correlated cone-beam micro-CT of small animals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Micro-CT imaging of animal hearts typically requires a double gating procedure because scans during a breath-hold are not possible due to the long scan times and the high respiratory rates, Simultaneous respiratory and cardiac gating can either be done prospectively or retrospectively. True five-dimensional information can be either retrieved with retrospective gating or with prospective gating if several prospective gates are acquired. In any case, the amount of information available to reconstruct one volume for a given respiratory and cardiac phase is orders of magnitud lower than the total amount of information acquired. For example, the reconstruction of a volume from a 10% wide respiratory and a 20% wide cardiac window uses only 2% of the data acquired. Achieving a similar image quality as a nongated scan would therefore require to increase the amount of data and thereby the dose to the animal by up to a factor of 50.
  
  
  METHODS
  To achieve the goal of low-dose phase-correlated (LDPC) imaging, the authors propose to use a highly efficient combination of slightly modified existing algorithms. In particular, the authors developed a variant of the McKinnon-Bates image reconstruction algorithm and combined it with bilateral filtering in up to five dimensions to significantly reduce image noise without impairing spatial or temporal resolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preliminary results indicate that the proposed LDPC reconstruction method typically reduces image noise by a factor of up to 6 (e.g., from 170 to 30 HU), while the dose values lie in a range from 60 to 500 mGy. Compared to other publications that apply 250-1800 mGy for the same task [C. T. Badea et al., "4D micro-CT of the mouse heart," Mol. Imaging 4(2), 110-116 (2005); M. Drangova et al., "Fast retrospectively gated quantitative four-dimensional (4D) cardiac micro computed tomography imaging of free-breathing mice," Invest. Radiol. 42(2), 85-94 (2007); S. H. Bartling et al., "Retrospective motion gating in small animal CT of mice and rats," Invest. Radiol. 42(10), 704-714 (2007)], the authors' LDPC approach therefore achieves a more than tenfold dose usage improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LDPC reconstruction method improves phase-correlated imaging from highly undersampled data. Artifacts caused by sparse angular sampling are removed and the image noise is decreased, while spatial and temporal resolution are preserved. Thus, the administered dose per animal can be decreased allowing for long-term studies with reduced metabolic inference.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany. stefan.sawall@imp.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawall
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bergner
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lapp
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mronz
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karolczak
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kachelriess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D009068:Movement; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012119:Respiration; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*