title: A driving-emulation task to study the integration of goals with obligatory and prohibitory traffic signs.
abstract: This research aims to analyse how drivers integrate the information provided by traffic signs with their general goals (i.e. where they want to go). Some previous studies have evaluated the comparative advantages of obligatory and prohibitory traffic signs using a judgement task. In this work, a new experimental task with greater similarity to driving situations is proposed. Participants imagine they are driving a vehicle and must make right or left turn manoeuvres according to a previously indicated objective and the information from obligatory and prohibitory traffic signs. Eighty-two participants took part in two different experiments. According to the results, an obligatory traffic sign is associated with faster and more accurate responses only when the participant's initial objective is allowed. When the initial objective was not allowed, an advantage in accuracy was observed with prohibitory traffic signs and there was no significant difference in reaction time between the two types of sign. These results suggest that having an obligatory traffic sign may facilitate a correct response when the driver's goal is effectively allowed, whereas a prohibitory traffic sign could be more effective in preventing error when the driver has a not-allowed goal in mind. However, processing a prohibitory sign requires an extra inference (i.e. deciding which is the allowed manoeuvre), and thus the potential advantage in reaction time of the prohibitory sign may disappear. A second experiment showed that the results could not be explained by a potential congruency effect between the location (left or right) of the road signs and the position of the key or the hand used to respond (such as the Simon effect or the spatial Stroop effect). Also, an increase in the difficulty of the task (using an incongruent hand to respond) affected performance more strongly in experimental conditions that required making inferences. This made the advantage of the obligatory sign over the prohibitory sign in this condition more noteworthy. The evidence gathered in the current study could be of particular interest in some applied research areas, such as the assessment of road traffic signalling strategies or the ergonomic design of GPS navigation systems.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología Experimental y Fisiología del Comportamiento, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja s/n, 18011 Granada, Spain. jroca@ugr.es
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: Cándida
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreno-Ríos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time; D012449:Safety; D055815:Young Adult