title: Civilizing the 'Barbarian': a critical analysis of behaviour modification programmes in forensic psychiatry settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drawing on the works of Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault, this article presents part of the results of a qualitative study conducted in a forensic psychiatry setting.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  For many years, behaviour modification programmes (BMPs) have been subjected to scrutiny and harsh criticism on the part of researchers, clinicians and professional organizations. Nevertheless, BMPs continue to be in vogue in some 'total' institutions, such as psychiatric hospitals and prisons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Discourse analysis of mute evidence available in situ was used to critically look at behaviour modification programmes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compelling examples of behaviour modification care plans are used to illustrate our critical analysis and to support our claim that BMPs violate both scientific and ethical norms in the name of doing 'what is best' for the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We argue that the continued use of BMPs is not only flawed from a scientific perspective, but constitutes an unethical approach to the management of nursing care for mentally ill offenders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurse managers need to be aware that BMPs violate ethical standards in nursing. As a consequence, they should overtly question the use of these approaches in psychiatric nursing.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. dholmes@uottawa.ca
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D053604:Forensic Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research / Q000379:methods*; D015399:Nursing Research; D005791:Patient Care / Q000941:ethics; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D036301:Qualitative Research