title: Functionalization of chitosan/methylcellulose interpenetrating polymer network microspheres for gastroretentive application using central composite design.
abstract: This study focuses on evaluation of the chitosan methylcellulose interpenetrating polymer network (CS/MC IPN) microspheres intended for mucoadhesive gastroretentive application and the optimization of formulation of cinnarizine-loaded CS/MC IPNs using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) for two factors at three levels each was employed to systematically evaluate the effect of critical formulation variables, namely ratio of polymers (X1) and glutaraldehyde (X2) on geometric mean diameter (dg), swelling index (SI), percent encapsulation efficiency (EE), percent mucoadhesion at the end of 4 h (MA), and time taken for 50% of drug release (T(50)). Numerical optimization using the desirability approach was employed to develop an optimized formulation by setting constraints on the dependent and independent variables. The experimental values of dg, SI, EE, MA, and T(50) for the optimized formulation were found to be 61.32 ± 1.38 μm, 2.38 ± 0.06, 84.13 ± 1.32%, 73.85 ± 2.78%, and 432.21 ± 26.15 min, respectively, which were in close agreement with those predicted by the mathematical models. The drug release was extended up to 16 h and release rates were fitted to the Power law equation and Higuchi's model to compute the diffusional parameters. The high degree of prognosis (due to low values of error) obtained using RSM corroborates that a two-factor CCD is quite efficient in optimizing drug delivery systems that exhibit nonlinearity in response(s). The results thus indicate that CS/MC IPNs could be employed in the future as potential gastroretentive systems for weakly basic drugs.
  The present research explores the ability of a network of two biopolymers-chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC)-to prolong the stay of a dosage form in the stomach, in the form of mucoadhesive microspheres, and to sustain the release of cinnarizine from the same. The controlled release formulation was designed using an optimization technique in the form of response surface methodology (RSM) employing a central composite design (CCD). Further, the various batches of formulation were evaluated for their degree of mucoadhesiveness, which is related to the concentration of the polymers used and also on the amount of crosslinking agent required to form the interpenetrating network (IPN) between the two polymers. For the finally optimized formulation, the experimental value of percent mucoadhesion after 4 h was found to be 77.23 ± 2.78% and the time taken to release 50% of drug was 5.60 ± 0.32 h. The values were in close agreement with those predicted by the mathematical models. The low values of error obtained using RSM corroborates that a CCD is quite efficient in optimizing drug delivery systems. The results thus indicate that CS/MC IPNs could be employed in the future as potential gastroretentive systems for weakly basic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Meenakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhatia
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D048271:Chitosan; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D008747:Methylcellulose; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011108:Polymers; D008747:Methylcellulose; D048271:Chitosan