title: Toenail, blood, and urine as biomarkers of manganese exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the correlation between manganese exposure and manganese concentrations in different biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Air measurement data and work histories were used to determine manganese exposure over a work shift and cumulative exposure. Toenail samples (n = 49), as well as blood and urine before (n = 27) and after (urine, n = 26; blood, n = 24) a work shift were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Toenail manganese, adjusted for age and dietary manganese, was significantly correlated with cumulative exposure in 7 to 9, 10 to 12, and 7 to 12 months before toenail clipping date, but not 1 to 6 months. Manganese exposure over a work shift was not correlated with changes in blood nor urine manganese.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toenails appeared to be a valid measure of cumulative manganese exposure 7 to 12 months earlier. Neither change in blood nor urine manganese appeared to be suitable indicators of exposure over a typical work shift.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA. wisanti@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Wisanti
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Laohaudomchok
authors.forename: Xihong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Herrick
authors.forename: Shona C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Christiani
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Weisskopf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry*; D016273:Occupational Exposure
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008345:Manganese