title: Effect of organ enhancement and habitus on estimation of unenhanced attenuation at contrast-enhanced dual-energy MDCT: concepts for individualized and organ-specific spectral iodine subtraction strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess whether habitus and organ enhancement influence iodine subtraction and should be incorporated into spectral subtraction algorithms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 171 patients. In the unenhanced phase, MDCT was performed with single-energy acquisition (120 kVp, 250 mAs) and in the parenchymal phase with dual-energy acquisitions (80 kVp, 499 mAs; 140 kVp, 126 mAs). Habitus was determined by measuring trunk diameters and calculating circumference. Iodine subtraction was performed with input parameters individualized to muscle, fat, and blood ratio. Attenuation of the liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and aorta was assessed in truly and virtually unenhanced image series. Pearson analysis was performed to correlate habitus with the input parameters. Analysis of truly unenhanced and virtually unenhanced images was performed with the Student t test; magnitude of variation was evaluated with Bland-Altman plots. Correction strategies were derived from organ-specific regression analysis of scatterplots of truly unenhanced and virtually unenhanced attenuation and implemented in a pixel-by-pixel approach. Analysis of individual organ correction and truly unenhanced attenuation was performed with the Student t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlations between habitus and blood ratio (r = 0.694) and attenuation variation of fat at 80 kVp (r = -0.468) and 140 kV (r = -0.454) were confirmed. Although overall mean attenuation differed by no more than 10 HU between truly and virtually unenhanced scans overall, these differences varied by organ and were large in individual patients. Paired comparisons of truly and virtually unenhanced measurements differed significantly for liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and aortic blood pool (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), but paired comparisons of truly unenhanced and individually organ-corrected measurements did not differ when organ- and habitus-based correction strategies were applied (p > 0.38 for all comparisons).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Habitus and organ enhancement influence virtually unenhanced imaging and should be incorporated into spectral subtraction algorithms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Chad M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Rajan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Erik K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: Mustafa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.forename: Elmar M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Boll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D049628:Body Size; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007479:Iopamidol; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015900:Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013154:Spleen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007479:Iopamidol