title: Oxidative stress is associated with migraine and migraine-related metabolic risk in females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress is discussed to be implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. However, data are in part controversial and the possible underlying mechanisms remain elusive to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative stress status of female patients with migraine and its implications on migraine-related metabolic alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), carbonylated proteins, parameters of associated nitric oxide stress, inflammation, lipid- and glucose-metabolism were determined in the interictal phase in female patients with migraine and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significantly increased HNE levels in female migraineurs compared with controls. Logistic regression analyses of HNE revealed an odds ratio for migraine of 4.55. HNE showed significant correlations with the nitric oxide pathway, the insulin- and the lipid-metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show here that increased oxidative stress is associated with migraine and contributes to migraine-related metabolic risk like nitrosative stress, an atherogenic lipid profile and hyperinsulinemia. Our data suggest that oxidative stress may represent a key event in the pathophysiology of migraine and a suitable therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. claudia.bernecker@klinikum-graz.at
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernecker
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ragginer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fauler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horejsi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zelzer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lechner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallner-Blazek
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bahadori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Truschnig-Wilders
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gruber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics