title: Avoidance of the Ames test liability for aryl-amines via computation.
abstract: Aryl-amines are commonly used synthons in modern drug discovery, however a minority of these chemical templates have the potential to cause toxicity through mutagenicity. The toxicity mostly arises through a series of metabolic steps leading to a reactive electrophilic nitrenium cation intermediate that reacts with DNA nucleotides causing mutation. Highly detailed in silico calculations of the energetics of chemical reactions involved in the metabolic formation of nitrenium cations have been performed. This allowed a critical assessment of the accuracy and reliability of using a theoretical formation energy of the DNA-reactive nitrenium intermediate to correlate with the Ames test response. This study contains the largest data set reported to date, and presents the in silico calculations versus the in vitro Ames response data in the form of beanplots commonly used in statistical analysis. A comparison of this quantum mechanical approach to QSAR and knowledge-based methods is also reported, as well as the calculated formation energies of nitrenium ions for thousands of commercially available aryl-amines generated as a watch-list for medicinal chemists in their synthetic optimization strategies.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCarren
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bebernitz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gedeck
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glowienke
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Grondine
authors.forename: Louise C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kirman
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klickstein
authors.forename: Herbert F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011789:Quantum Theory
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D009153:Mutagens