title: Clonidine as adjuvant for oxybuprocaine, bupivacaine or dextrorphan has a significant peripheral action in intensifying and prolonging analgesia in response to local dorsal cutaneous noxious pinprick in rats.
abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate co-administration of clonidine with oxybuprocaine (ester type), bupivacaine (amide type) or dextrorphan (non-ester or non-amide type) and to see whether it could have a peripheral action in enhancing local anesthesia on infiltrative cutaneous analgesia in rats. Cutaneous analgesia was evaluated by a block of the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex (CTMR) in response to local dorsal cutaneous noxious pinprick in rats. The analgesic effect of the addition of clonidine with oxybuprocaine, bupivacaine or dextrorphan by subcutaneous injection was evaluated. On an ED(50) basis, the rank of drug potency was oxybuprocaine>bupivacaine>dextrorphan (P<0.01). Mixtures of clonidine (0.12μmol) with oxybuprocaine, bupivacaine or dextrorphan (ED(50) or ED(95)) extended the duration of action and increased the potency on infiltrative cutaneous analgesia. Among these drugs, the addition of clonidine to bupivacaine (amide type) elicits the most effective cutaneous analgesia. Clonidine at the dose of 0.12 and 0.24μmol did not produce cutaneous analgesia. Oxybuprocaine showed more potent cutaneous analgesia than bupivacaine or dextrorphan in rats. Co-administration of oxybuprocaine, bupivacaine or dextrorphan with clonidine increased the potency and duration on infiltrative cutaneous analgesia. The addition of clonidine to bupivacaine (amide type) elicits more effective cutaneous analgesia than oxybuprocaine (ester type) or dextrorphan (non-ester or non-amide type).
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chin-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Yu-Chung
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ching-Hsia
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Meng-I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: Jhi-Joung
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000698:Analgesia; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003917:Dextrorphan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011343:Procaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D003917:Dextrorphan; D011343:Procaine; C005298:benoxinate; D003000:Clonidine; D002045:Bupivacaine