title: Incidence of Late Onset Neonatal Sepsis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants in a Tertiary Hospital: An ongoing challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Late onset neonatal septicaemia (LONS) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. The main objective of this study was to investigate the rate of LONS in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia over a three year period and compare it to international standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the incidence of LONS, a retrospective study was undertaken and premature infants with a birth weight less than 1250 g were included, giving a total of 273 infants. Their bacterial profile and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were investigated, and the changes in trends over the study period studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  91.5% of included infants (217/237) had 1 or more blood cultures obtained beyond the second day of life. 41% (98/237) of included infants had at least one episode of proven sepsis. The majority (71.4%) of first episode sepsis was caused by Gram-positive organisms. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus accounted for around 80% of all Gram-positive infections. Gram-negative pathogens accounted for 24.5% of the late onset infections while fungal organisms were responsible for 4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of LONS was high and exceeded internationally reported rates in our tertiary care NICU. Gram-positive organisms continue to be major causative isolates. High priority should be placed on preventative steps to control nosocomial sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University & King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: kfaleh@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Khalid M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Alfaleh