title: Cardiometabolic risk factors as apolipoprotein B, triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio and C-reactive protein, in adolescents with and without obesity: cross-sectional study in middle class suburban children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of obesity (OB), overweight (OW), and metabolic syndrome (MS) has increased worldwide. That imposes a substantial risk for type 2 diabetes and premature cardiovascular disease. However, to date no unified criteria exist to asses risk or outcomes in children and adolescents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the presence of OB/OW and MS and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male (n = 514) and female (n = 429) adolescents from high school were studied (11-14 yr). Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure were determined in all subjects. Glucose, lipoprotein profile, apolipoprotein B (apoB), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured. Triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TG/HDL-cholesterol) ratio was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of OB/OW and MS were 22.2 and 3.7%, respectively. In comparison to healthy adolescents, TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio was increased in OB/OW (2.9 ± 2.5 vs. 1.6 ± 1.0) and MS groups (4.0 ± 2.5 vs. 1.6 ± 0.9), p < 0.001. OB/OW adolescents presented higher values of hs-CRP in comparison to non-obese, median (range): 1.9 (0.1-9.4) vs. 1.4 (0.1-9.9), mg/L, p < 0.001. ApoB (mean ± SD) was 71 ± 21 mg/dL in MS group and 59 ± 17 mg/dL in those without MS (p < 0.001). TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.18, p < 0.001), WC (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), and apoB (r = 0.24, p < 0.001); hs-CRP correlated with WC (r = 0.14, p < 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.17, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even when the frequency of OB, OW, and MS in adolescents was low, those subjects presented an atherogenic lipoprotein. These findings emphasize the importance to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents to assess strategies to prevent future disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Musso
authors.forename: Mabel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graffigna
authors.forename: Jimena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soutelo
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honfi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ledesma
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Miksztowicz
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pazos
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Migliano
authors.forename: Laura Ester
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Schreier
authors.forename: Gabriela Alicia
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood*; D001118:Argentina / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013383:Suburban Population; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein