title: [Dementia and depression determine care dependency in Parkinson's disease: analysis of 1,449 outpatients receiving nursing care in Germany].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently accompanied by dementia or depression which can aggravate the clinical picture of the disease and increase the risk of care dependency (CD). Little is known about the associations between PD, these neuropsychiatric comorbidities and CD in outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide sample of outpatients (n=1,449) was examined by office-based neurologists (n=315) comprising the documentation of the general, neurological status and the degree of CD. The dementia status was clinically rated according to the established DSM-IV criteria. Depression was screened with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 18.3% of all patients were care dependent. Even after adjustment for PD severity, patients with depression (OR=2.8; 95% CI 1.8-4.3), dementia (OR=2.7; 95% CI 1.8-4.1) or both (OR=3.9; 95% CI 2.5-60,0) were at higher risk for CD than patients without dementia or depression. Patients aged ≥76 years were fourfold more likely to be care dependent than patients aged ≤65 years (OR=3.5; 95% CI 2.3-5.5). Across all age groups, patients with depression featured the highest increments (from 11.9 to 42.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for CD is substantially elevated in outpatients with PD when further neuropsychiatric symptoms are present. The data suggest that depression contributes equally to disability as does dementia.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Technische Universität, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187 Dresden, Deutschland. riedel@psychologie-tu-dresden.de
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dodel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deuschl
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Förstl
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Henn
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heuser
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oertel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichmann
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riederer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trenkwalder
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Wittchen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing*