title: Genetic influences of cortical gray matter in language-related regions in healthy controls and schizophrenia.
abstract: Individuals with schizophrenia show a broad range of language impairments, including reading difficulties. A recent structural MRI (sMRI) study linked these difficulties to structural abnormalities in language-related regions (Leonard et al., 2008). Similar regions have been implicated in primary reading disability (RD). Major hypotheses of RD implicate abnormal embryonic neuronal migration in the cortex, and genetic linkage and association studies have identified a number of candidate RD genes that are associated with neuronal migration (Paracchini et al., 2007). Interestingly, evidence suggests at least some individuals with schizophrenia also show impaired neuronal migration in the cortex (Akbarian et al., 1996). Thus the aim of this study was to examine the link between RD-related genes and gray matter volumes in healthy controls and schizophrenia. We used parallel independent component analysis (parallel-ICA) to examine the relationship between gray matter volumes extracted using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning FOXP2 and four RD-related genes, DCDC2, DYX1C1, KIAA0319 and TTRAP. Parallel-ICA identified five sMRI-SNP relationships. Superior and inferior cerebellar networks were related to DYX1C1 and DCDC2/KIAA0319 respectively in both groups. The superior prefrontal, temporal and occipital networks were positively related to DCDC2 in the schizophrenia, but not the control group. The identified networks closely correspond to the known distribution of language processes in the cortex. Thus, reading and language difficulties in schizophrenia may be related to distributed cortical structural abnormalities associated with RD-related genes.
authors.affiliation: Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT 06106, USA. sjamadar@harthosp.org
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jamadar
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Meda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelernter
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gruen
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pearlson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C510451:DCDC2 protein, human; C478878:DNAAF4 protein, human; C500377:KIAA0319 protein, human; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins