title: Seroprevalence and risk factors associated to Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual purpose cattle herds in Ecuador.
abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated to Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual purpose cattle herds from Ecuador. A total of 2367 serum samples from 346 herds were collected from June 2008 through February 2009. A questionnaire, which included variables related to cattle, health, management measures and environment was filled out in each herd. A commercial indirect ELISA test was used to determine the seropositivity against BHV-1. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model was used to determine risk factors at individual level, including herd as random effect. The individual seroprevalence to BHV-1 in Ecuador was 43.2% (1023/2367; CI(₉₅%): 41.2-45.2%). The herd prevalence was 82.1%; (284/346; CI(₉₅%): 78.1-86.1%) and the intra-herd prevalence ranged from 12.5 to 100% (mean=64.1%). The GEE model showed that animal age (>4 years) (OR: 1.44; CI(₉₅%): 1.18-1.75), BRSV infection (OR: 1.45; CI(₉₅%): 1.09-1.92), altitude over the sea level (≤ 1800 m) (OR: 2.97; CI(₉₅%): 2.1-4.22) and average slope (> 11%) (OR: 1.45; CI(₉₅%): 1.07-1.95) are risk factors associated with BHV-1 infection, while a good cleaning of the facilities (OR: 0.66; CI(₉₅%): 0.44-0.99) was shown to be a protective factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Cordoba (UCO), Spain. sa1camaa@uco.es
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carbonero
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Saa
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: García-Bocanegra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arenas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borge
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perea
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral