title: Physicochemical and phytochemical properties of cold and hot water extraction from Hibiscus sabdariffa.
abstract: Hibiscus cold (25 °C) and hot (90 °C) water extracts were prepared in various time-temperature combinations to determine equivalent extraction conditions regarding their physicochemical and phytochemical properties. Equivalent anthocyanins concentration was obtained at 25 °C for 240 min and 90 °C for 16 min. Total phenolics were better extracted with hot water that also resulted in a higher antioxidant capacity in these extracts. Similar polyphenolic profiles were observed between fresh and dried hibiscus extracts. Hibiscus acid and 2 derivatives were found in all extracts. Hydroxybenzoic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins constituted the polyphenolic compounds identified in hibiscus extracts. Two major anthocyanins were found in both cold and hot extracts: delphynidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside. In general, both cold and hot extractions yielded similar phytochemical properties; however, under cold extraction, color degradation was significantly lower and extraction times were 15-fold longer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hibiscus beverages are prepared from fresh or dried calyces by a hot extraction and pasteurized, which can change organoleptic, nutritional, and color attributes. Nonthermal technologies such as dense phase carbon dioxide may maintain their fresh-like color, flavor, and nutrients. This research compares the physicochemical and phytochemical changes resulting from a cold and hot extraction of fresh and dried hibiscus calyces and adds to the knowledge of work done on color, quality attributes, and antioxidant capacity of unique tropical products. In addition, the research shows how these changes could lead to alternative nonthermal processes for hibiscus.
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110370, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Milena M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Rodrigues
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Plaza
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azeredo
authors.forename: Murat O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Balaban
authors.forename: Maurice R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002951:Citrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D031584:Hibiscus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010858:Pigmentation; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D059808:Polyphenols; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D002951:Citrates; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; C007999:hydroxycitric acid