title: In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis, BioPure MTAD, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine on Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antimicrobial effect by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration MBC of propolis, BioPure MTAD, 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and 2% chlorhexidine CHX on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was performed in the Faculty of Dentistry and Pharmacy at Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey from February to April 2010. Ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) was prepared from propolis collected from Kayseri, Turkey, and proper media for microorganisms were prepared using sterile broth medium to give final concentrations between 0.002-2.4 mg/ml for propolis, 0.000125-0.512 mg/ml for CHX, and 1:2-1:4096 dilutions for NaOCl and BioPure MTAD. Using the macrobroth dilution method, MIC, and MBC values of irrigants on the growth of E. faecalis and C. albicans were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Propolis and other irrigants were found to be effective on C. albicans and E. faecalis. Propolis and NaOCl were more effective in lower concentrations on C. albicans than on E. faecalis. In contrast, CHX and MTAD were more effective in lower concentrations on E. faecalis than on C. albicans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propolis showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis and C. albicans. It appears that propolis is an effective intracanal irrigant in eradicating E. faecalis and C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Erciyes, Talas, Kayseri 38039, Turkey. soley@erciyes.edu.tr
authors.forename: Soley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozbilge
authors.forename: Esma G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Er
mesh_terms: D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011429:Propolis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C475043:MTAD (intracanal irrigant); D011136:Polysorbates; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D019343:Citric Acid; D011429:Propolis; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D004318:Doxycycline; D002710:Chlorhexidine