title: Noninvasive skin measurements to monitor chronic renal failure pathogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cutaneous manifestations are common in hemodialysis (HD) patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Associated with uremia, pruritus is a frequently observed symptom in CRF patients and increases with deteriorating renal function. Skin hydrophilic biomarkers (SHB) may be altered in CRF compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A noninvasive skin wash sampling technique to detect the expression of SHB, by measuring their secretion on skin surface, was used on HD patients and healthy controls. Hydrophilic antioxidants such as total antioxidant scavenging capacity (TSC) and uric acid (UA) content, and cytokine inflammatory biomarkers such as TNFα and IL-10 levels were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings demonstrate significant alterations of the SHB level between HD patients and healthy volunteers. Furthermore, such alterations of secreted SHB correlated markedly with detected changes in blood biochemistry and dermatology severity score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skin wash sampling of SHB is a noninvasive technique that distinguishes between HD patients and healthy controls. In HD patients, SHB is associated with biochemical markers in blood and dermatologic symptom severity. This technique is also suggested, as a monitoring tool for diagnosis and treatments of various diseases, in which skin dysfunction is involved.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12065, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Meital
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Portugal-Cohen
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oron
authors.forename: Ze'evi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma'or
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boaz
authors.forename: Larisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shtendik
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biro
authors.forename: Relu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cernes
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Barnea
authors.forename: Ze'ev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kazir
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011537:Pruritus / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D014511:Uremia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D014527:Uric Acid