title: Performance of Cpred/Cobs concentration ratios as a metric reflecting adherence to antidepressant drug therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonadherence is very common among subjects undergoing pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and depression. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the ratio of the nonlinear mixed effects pharmacokinetic model predicted concentration to observed drug concentration (ratio of population predicted to observed concentration (Cpred/Cobs) and ratio of individual predicted to observed concentration (Cipred/Cobs) as a measure of erratic drug exposure, driven primarily by variable execution of the dosage regimen and unknown true dosage history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Modeling and simulation approaches in conjunction with dosage history information from the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS, provided by the "Depression: The search for treatment relevant phenotypes" study), was applied to evaluate the consistency of exposure via simulation studies with scenarios representing a long half-life drug (escitalopram). Adherence rates were calculated based on the percentage of the prescribed doses actually taken correctly during the treatment window of interest. The association between Cpred/Cobs, Cipred/Cobs ratio, and adherence rate was evaluated under various assumptions of known dosing history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulations for those scenarios representing a known dosing history were generated from historical MEMS data. Simulations of a long half-life drug exhibited a trend for overprediction of concentrations in patients with a low percentage of doses taken and underprediction of concentrations in patients taking more than their prescribed number of doses. Overall, the ratios did not predict adherence well, except when the true adherence rates were extremely high (greater than 100% of prescribed doses) or extremely low (complete nonadherence). In general, the Cipred/Cobs ratio was a better predictor of adherence rate than the Cpred/Cobs ratio. Correct predictions of extreme (high, low) 7-day adherence rates using Cipred/Cobs were 73.8% and 64.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This simulation study demonstrated the limitations of the Cpred/obs and Cipred/obs ratios as metrics for actual dosage intake history, and identified that use of MEMS dosing history monitoring combined with sparse pharmacokinetic sampling is a more reliable approach.
authors.affiliation: Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA;
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gastonguay
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Gail H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kepple
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bies