title: Quality and sensory characteristics of hard red wheat after residential storage for up to 32 y.
abstract: Samples of hard red wheat packaged for long-term storage, ranging in age from 0 to 32 y, were obtained from donors in residential households. All samples had been stored under nonabusive conditions (7% to 10% moisture, 13 to 27 °C). Selected quality parameters of the wheat (moisture, thiamin, free fatty acids, flour extraction rate, bread loaf volume, and bread firmness) and sensory properties of bread made from the stored wheat (aroma, appearance, texture, flavor, overall liking, acceptance for use as part of the regular diet, and acceptance for use in emergency situations) were evaluated. Free fatty acids increased significantly from 0.897 to 11.8 μmol/g, and flour extraction rate decreased significantly from 76.5% to 69.9% over time. None of the other quality parameters measured (moisture, thiamin, bread loaf volume, and bread firmness) were significantly correlated with wheat storage time. Panelists who frequently or occasionally consume whole wheat bread rated all breads made from the stored wheat with hedonic scores (9-point scale) of at least 6.4 (like slightly to moderately). Consumer ratings of bread texture, flavor, and overall acceptability were negatively correlated with storage time (P < 0.001); however, at least 70% of panelists indicated that they would consume the bread as part of their regular diet even after 32 y of wheat storage, while over 97% would do so in an emergency. These data indicate that wheat maintains nutritional quality and makes acceptable bread when stored up to 32 y at 13 to 27 °C and 7% to 10% moisture. Practical Application: Wheat stored for the purposes of disaster relief has the potential of being stored for extremely long periods of time, which may result in undesirable changes in milling and baking quality. Therefore, we tested wheat that had been stored under residential conditions for up to 32 y to determine its functional quality and consumer acceptability. Our results indicate that wheat of low moisture (7% to 10%) packaged in sealed cans and stored for up to 32 y at or below typical room temperature retains quality and can be made into bread that is well accepted by consumers. Thus, whole wheat has good long-term storage stability and can be recommended for emergency food supplies.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young Univ., S-221 ESC, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Devin J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Lynn V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Rachel G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Jamison
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Oscar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Pike
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004189:Disaster Planning; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling; D005518:Food Preferences; D005519:Food Preservation; D005522:Food Services; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008875:Middle Aged; D011786:Quality Control; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012677:Sensation; D013831:Thiamine / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D014481:United States; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D014867:Water; D013831:Thiamine