title: Screening of TYR, OCA2, GPR143, and MC1R in patients with congenital nystagmus, macular hypoplasia, and fundus hypopigmentation indicating albinism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A broad spectrum of pigmentation of the skin and hair is found among patients diagnosed with ocular albinism (OA) and oculocutaneous albinism (OCA). Even though complexion is variable, three ocular features, i.e., hypopigmentation of the fundus, hypoplasia of the macula, and nystagmus, are classical pathological findings in these patients. We screened 172 index patients with a clinical diagnosis of OA or OCA based on the classical findings, to evaluate the frequency of sequence variants in tyrosinase (TYR), P-gene, P-protein (OCA2), and the G-protein-coupled receptor 143 gene, OA1 (GPR143). In addition, we investigated the association of sequence variants in the melanocortin receptor 1 gene (MC1R) and OCA2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigmentation of the hair, skin, iris, and fundus were included in the evaluation of OCA and OA. Male OA patients showing X-linked inheritance were screened for GPR143. Females showing OA without family history were regarded as representing autosomal recessive OA (OA3). Direct sequencing was applied to PCR products showing aberrant single-strand conformation polymorphism-banding patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven male index patients were screened for OA. We identified 16 potentially pathogenic sequence variations in GPR143 (10 novel) in 22 males. In TYR, we identified 23 (7 novel), and in OCA2 28 (11 novel) possibly pathogenic variants. Variants on both alleles were identified in TYR or OCA2 in 29/79 OCA patients and 14/71 OA patients. Sequence changes in TYR were identified almost exclusively in OCA patients, while sequence changes in OCA2 occurred in OCA and OA patients. MC1R sequencing was performed in 47 patients carrying mutations in OCA2 and revealed MC1R mutations in 42 of them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TYR gene mutations have a more severe effect on pigmentation than mutations in OCA2 and the GPR143 gene. Nevertheless, mutations in these genes affect the development of visual function either directly or by interaction with other genes like MC1R, which can be deduced from a frequent association of MC1R variants with p.R305W or p.R419Q in OCA2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismology, and Ophthalmogenetics, University Medical Centre, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. markus.preising@uniklinikum-giessen.de
authors.forename: Markus N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Preising
authors.forename: Hedwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonser
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lorenz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016117:Albinism, Ocular / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016115:Albinism, Oculocutaneous / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D050172:Genes, X-Linked; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D017496:Hypopigmentation / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D020417:Nystagmus, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; C095276:GPR143 protein, human; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C489600:OCA2 protein, human; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase