title: Potential role of the alcohol and smoking in the squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: review of the current literature and new perspectives.
abstract: Alcohol and tobacco are responsible for a very large proportion of chronic disease and some tumors in particular may be the result of interactions between the two risk factors. The present systematic literature review was conducted to judge combined effects of alcohol drinking and tobacco, as well as and genetic polymorphisms on alcohol-related cancer risk. We can conclude that the interaction of smoking and alcohol significantly increases the risk for aero-digestive cancers. Unfortunately, little is known about mechanisms and details of interaction with regard to disease outcomes, which is why particular questions must be targeted in future research efforts.
authors.affiliation: 1st Radiology Department, Aretaieion Hospital, Kapodistrian University Hospital, Athens, Greece. annazygo1@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zygogianni
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kyrgias
authors.forename: Kyriaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mystakidou
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antypas
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kouvaris
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Armonis
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alkati
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kouloulias
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*