title: [Relationship between the ankle-arm index determined by Doppler ultrasonography and cardiovascular outcomes and amputations, in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An ankle/arm index < 0.90 and ≥ 1.41 is considered as abnormal. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease through the identification of the ankle/arm index using Doppler ultrasound, and the possible association between pathological ankle/arm index and the micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes and amputation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ankle/arm index was determined in outpatient type 2 diabetic subjects. There were the following variables: age and cardiovascular outcomes. To find if the ankle/arm index is related to the cardiovascular outcomes or with the presence of micro- or macrovascular complications we determined the index of correlation of Pearson and also used logistic regression methods to analyze the association between ankle/arm index with the categorical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We calculated the ankle/arm index in 242 patients. The prevalence of ischemic ankle/arm index (< 0.90) was 13.6%. The Pearson correlation coefficient for ankle/arm index pathological and cardiovascular outcomes was 0.180 (p = 0.005), amputation 0.130 (p < 0.05), retinopathy 0.132 (p < 0.05), and nephropathy 0.158 (p = 0.01). In logistic regression analysis, the factors associated with pathological ankle/arm index were age > 51 years, cardiovascular outcomes, and amputation. With the Mann Whitney U test we found that a relationship exists between pathological and amputation iliotibial band (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic patients have a high prevalence of pathological ankle/arm index.
authors.affiliation: Hospital General de Zona No 32 Villa Coapa, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), México, D.F. lulsmiguelmiranda@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Luis Miguel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Miranda Garduño
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bermúdez Rocha
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gómez Pérez
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Aguilar Salinas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods