title: [Alternative tests to PSA for prostate cancer diagnosis].
abstract: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is still the most useful tool to select the population requiring prostatebiopsy. The main downsides of PSA are an inadequate sensitivity to be used in screening and a low specificity for cancer detection. So far, a limited value for PSA derivates (velocity, density, free, proisoforms and doubling time) has been recognised. We present a short review of the literature describing a selection of the most promising alternatives to PSA being studied currently: PCA3, serum kallikreins, serum detectable prostate specific membrane antigen, the nuclear matrix protein EPCA, EPCA-2, prostatic acid phosphatase, urine detectable GSTP1, anti-AMACR antibodies, sarcosine, plasminogen activating urokinase, IGFBP, TGF beta 1,PSP94, IL6, plasmatic DNA, serum autoantibodies, neuroendocrine markers, proteomic analysis.
authors.affiliation: Struttura Complessa Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Urologia 1, Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy. elio.defilippi@libero.it
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Defilippi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zitella
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tizzani
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000097:blood; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000097:blood; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II / Q000097:blood; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D029584:Prostatic Secretory Proteins / Q000097:blood; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000097:blood; D040901:Proteomics; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000097:blood; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000097:blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D029584:Prostatic Secretory Proteins; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; C043076:beta-microseminoprotein; C504719:early prostate cancer antigen, human; C542166:early prostate cancer antigen-2, human; C479341:prostate cancer antigen 3, human; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; C428439:prostatic acid phosphatase; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; C473848:FOLH1 protein, human; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II; D007610:Kallikreins; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; C108352:alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase; D012521:Sarcosine