title: [Do smokers and potential smokers have to be offended in order to be dissuaded from smoking? The effectiveness of anti-smoking pictograms].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As recommended by WHO in the fight against smoking, the French authorities have decided to implement the display of 14 "shock pictures" on cigarette packages in 2011. This study examines the effectiveness of this policy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study is based on a self-reported questionnaire administered to a sample of 418 first-year medical students from a private faculty in January 2010. We consider a set of 12 European visual warnings that address different smoking problems. Econometric modeling is used to study the determinants of answers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results were twofold. Firstly, the most effective symbols concern the smoker himself/herself, they are explicit and related to an advanced stage of disease. Secondly, the warnings seem to be more effective to confirm the non-smokers in their choice than to deter smokers to smoke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This tobacco control policy seems to be effective. Therefore, visual warnings have to be carefully chosen before implementation.
authors.affiliation: LEM, UMR 8179, CNRS, Université Catholique de Lille (FLSEG), 60 Boulevard Vauban, BP 109, 59016 Lille Cedex, France. christian.benlakhdar@icl-lille.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ben Lakhdar
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: F-C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Wolff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014944:World Health Organization