title: Cytogenetic damage induced by mouthrinses formulations in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate DNA damage and cellular death in cells exposed to various commercially available mouthrinses: Listerine Cepacol, Plax alcohol free, Periogard, and Plax Whitening. A total of 75 volunteers were included in the search distributed into five groups containing 15 people each for in vivo study. Exfoliated buccal mucosa cells were collected immediately before mouthrinse exposure and after 2 weeks. Furthermore, blood samples were obtained from three healthy donors for in vitro study. The micronucleus test was used to evaluate mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in vivo. The single-cell gel (comet) assay was used to determine DNA damage in vitro. After 2 weeks exposure, Periogard showed 1.8% of micronucleated cells with significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) compared to before exposure (0.27%). Plax Whitening presented high tail moment value (4.5) when compared to negative control (0.6). The addition of all mouthrinses to cells incubated with methyl methanesulfonate did not alter the number of strand breaks in the genetic material. Listerine was able to reduce genetic damage induced by hydrogen peroxide because a decrease of tail moment was noticed. The results of the present study suggest that Periogard and Plax Whitening can induce genetic damage, whereas Listerine is an antioxidant agent. Since DNA damage is considered to be prime mechanism during chemical carcinogenesis, these data may be relevant in risk assessment for protecting human health and preventing carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carlin
authors.forename: Mariza A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Patricia P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Saraiva
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Artioli
authors.forename: Celina T F
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Daniel Araki
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016923:Cell Death; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000633:toxicity; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000633:toxicity*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000633:toxicity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009067:Mouthwashes; D010938:Plant Oils; D000431:Ethanol; D002594:Cetylpyridinium; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine