title: Bisphenol-A exposure alters endometrial progesterone receptor expression in the nonhuman primate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of bisphenol-A (BPA), a xenoestrogen endocrine disruptor, on endometrial P receptor (PR) expression in nonhuman primates and human cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled trial in primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  University.
  
  
  METHODS
  African green monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  After oophorectomy, BPA (50 μg/kg/d), E(2), both, or vehicle control were administered. Estradiol and BPA were used in Ishikawa cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Progesterone receptor expression using immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progesterone receptor expression was increased in E(2)-treated primates compared with controls. Exposure to the combination of E(2) and BPA resulted in decreased PR expression compared with E(2) exposure alone. In Ishikawa cells treated with E(2), PR expression increased 5.1-fold; however, when Ishikawa cells were simultaneously treated with E(2) and BPA, PR expression was decreased to 0.6-fold that of cells treated with E(2) alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bisphenol-A alone functions as a weak estrogen. However, when administered with E(2), BPA diminishes E(2)-induced PR expression. The estrogen-like effect of BPA reported in exposed humans may be mediated by PR blockade and a resultant decrease in the estrogen inhibition normally imparted by P. Diminished PR expression may underlie previous reports linking BPA exposure to endometrial dysfunction in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Tamir S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Aldad
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rahmani
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leranth
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds