title: Regular consumption of cocoa powder with milk increases HDL cholesterol and reduces oxidized LDL levels in subjects at high-risk of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies suggest that regular consumption of cocoa-containing products may confer cardiovascular protection, reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, studies on the effects of cocoa on different cardiovascular risk factors are still scarce. The aim of this study was too evaluate the effects of chronic cocoa consumption on lipid profile, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) particles and plasma antioxidant vitamin concentrations in high-risk patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two high-risk volunteers (19 men and 23 women, mean age 69.7 ± 11.5 years) were included in a randomized, crossover feeding trial. All received 40g of cocoa powder with 500 mL of skimmed milk/day(C + M) or only 500 mL/day of skimmed milk (M) for 4 weeks in a random order. Before and after each intervention period, plasma lipids, oxLDL and antioxidant vitamin concentrations were measured, as well as urinary cocoa polyphenols metabolites derived from phase II and microbial metabolisms. Compared to M, C + M intervention increases HDLc [2.67 mg/dL (95% confidence intervals, CI, 0.58-4.73; P = 0.008)] and decreases oxLDL levels [-12.3 U/L (CI,-19.3 to -5.2;P = 0.001)]. No changes between intervention groups were observed in vitamins B1, B6, B12, C and E, or folic acid concentrations. In addition, subjects who showed higher increments in urinary cocoa polyphenol metabolites exhibited significant increases in HDLc and significant decreases in oxLDL levels (P < 0.05; all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of cocoa power with milk modulates the lipid profile in high-risk subjects for CHD. In addition, the relationship observed between the urinary excretion of cocoa polyphenol metabolites and plasma HDLc and oxLDL levels suggests a beneficial role for cocoa polyphenols in lipid metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA. INSA. Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monagas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andres-Lacueva
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urpí-Sardà
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lamuela-Raventós
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D059808:Polyphenols; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein