title: Distribution of Y-chromosome Q lineages in Native Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This investigation was performed to identify and evaluate the distribution of all 15 Y-chromosome lineages belonging to the Q clade in a sample of natives from South America.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-eight individuals from 20 Native American populations, as well as 24 Asian samples including Eskimos, were tested with 18 biallelic loci that can identify all currently known lineages of the Y-Chromosome Q clade. Sequencing was performed in part of the sample (∼180,000 nucleotides, which detected, for instance, several downstream markers related to the Q1a3a lineage).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No new mutation was found and Q1a3a was consistently found in high frequencies in all populations, followed at a much lower frequency by Q1a3*, while Q1a3a derived-lineages are probably population/tribe/region-specific.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of basal Y chromosome lineages in North America is apparently higher than in South America due probably to a bottleneck during the South American colonization and/or more recent Circum-Arctic gene flow.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bisso-Machado
authors.forename: Marilza S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jota
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramallo
authors.forename: Vanessa R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Paixão-Côrtes
authors.forename: Daniela R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lacerda
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Salzano
authors.forename: Sandro L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bonatto
authors.forename: Fabrício R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Maria Cátira
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bortolini
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D013020:South America; D014481:United States