title: Unforeseen decreases in dissolved oxygen levels affect tube formation kinetics in collagen gels.
abstract: The availability of oxygen (O(2)) is a critical parameter affecting vascular tube formation. In this study, we hypothesize that dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in collagen gels change during the three-dimensional (3D) culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in atmospheric conditions and that such changes affect the kinetics of tube formation through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We demonstrate a decrease in O(2) tension during 3D cultures of HUVECs. Noninvasive measurements of DO levels during culture under atmospheric conditions revealed a profound decrease that reached as low as 2% O(2) at the end of 24 h. After media replacement, DO levels rose rapidly and equilibrated at ∼15% O(2), creating a reoxygenated environment. To accurately estimate DO gradients in 3D collagen gels, we developed a 3D mathematical model and determined the Michaelis-Menten parameters, V(max) and K(m), of HUVECs in collagen gels. We detected an increase in ROS levels throughout the culture period. Using diphenyliodonium to inhibit ROS production resulted in the complete inhibition of tube formation. Interference RNA studies further showed that hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs)-1α and -2α are not involved in the formation of 3D tubes in collagen gels. We conclude that ROS affect the tubulogenesis process through HIFα-independent pathways, where the levels of ROS are influenced by the uncontrolled variations in DO levels. This study is the first demonstration of the critical and unexpected role of O(2) during 3D in vitro culture models of tubulogenesis in atmospheric conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
authors.forename: Hasan Erbil
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Abaci
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Truitt
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gerecht
mesh_terms: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D009861:Onium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D034622:RNA Interference; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D014162:Transfection; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003094:Collagen; D003470:Culture Media; D005782:Gels; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009861:Onium Compounds; D010100:Oxygen; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C031291:diphenyliodonium