title: Is vitamin D status known among children living in Northern Italy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess vitamin D status in children aged 2-220 months in northeastern Italy (latitude 46°). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration was assessed in 93 children afferent to the Pediatric Department of the Hospital of Udine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitamin D status was defined as follows: sufficient with serum 25OHD between 50 and 250 nmol/l (level 4); insufficient between 37.5 and 50 nmol/l (level 3); deficient less than 37.5 nmol/l (level 2); severely deficient if less than 12.5 nmol/l (level 1). We investigated the potential risk factors of vitamin D deficit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that six children (6.4%) had level 1, 36 (38.7%) had level 2, 9 (9.7%) had level 3, and only 45.2% had sufficient level of 25OHD. Immigrate children had a higher risk for vitamin D deficiency if compared with Italians: 75% of non-Italian children had an insufficient 25OHD level compared with 47.0% of Italian children (p = 0.0036). There was a marked seasonal effect on 25OHD level: when plasma sample was withdrawn between November and May, only 29.4% of children showed sufficient vitamin D level, while 70.5% was insufficient (p < 0.0001). Among the obese children, 9.0% had sufficient level of 25OHD with 90% being deficient (p = 0.01). We did not find any significant difference in vitamin D status among children in different age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency is common in children living in northeastern Italy. The risk factors were winter season for blood withdrawal, non-Caucasian race, and obesity. These high-risk groups should be targeted for screening and educated about the need of sunlight exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Udine Hospital, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia 15, Udine, Italy. pinamarrone@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marrone
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valent
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romanello
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D