title: Left truncation, susceptibility, and bias in occupational cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left truncation occurs when subjects who otherwise meet entry criteria do not remain observable for a later start of follow-up. We investigated left truncation in occupational studies due to inclusion of workers hired before the start of follow-up in a simulation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Monte Carlo methods, we simulated null and positive associations between exposure (work duration) and mortality for 500 datasets of 5000 subjects, assuming the absence and presence of heterogeneity in susceptibility to disease and to the effect of exposure. We examined incident hires (followed since hire) and left-truncated prevalent hires (those hired before baseline and remained employed at baseline). We estimated the association (&OV0404;1*) as the mean slope using Cox proportional hazards with a linear term for exposure, under scenarios with and without susceptibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With homogeneous susceptibility, there were no differences between incident and prevalent hires. Introducing only disease susceptibility did not change results. However, with heterogeneous susceptibility to the effect of exposure, downward bias was observed among prevalent hires under both the true null and positive exposure-response scenarios. The bias increased with time between hire and baseline (null: &OV0404;1* = 0.05 [SD = 0.08], &OV0404;1* = -0.08 [SD = 0.24], &OV0404;1* = -0.18 [SD = 0.98] if hired <15, 15 to <30, and ≥ 30 years before baseline, respectively), coincident with a decreasing percentage of susceptible subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalent hires induce downward bias in an occupational cohort. This occurs because subjects who are less susceptible to the exposure remain exposed the longest, thereby underestimating the association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA. kappleba@bu.edu
authors.forename: Katie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Applebaum
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models