title: Aptamer-conjugated nanobubbles for targeted ultrasound molecular imaging.
abstract: Targeted ultrasound contrast agents can be prepared by some specific bioconjugation techniques. The biotin-avidin complex is an extremely useful noncovalent binding system, but the system might induce immunogenic side effects in human bodies. Previous proposed covalently conjugated systems suffered from low conjugation efficiency and complex procedures. In this study, we propose a covalently conjugated nanobubble coupling with nucleic acid ligands, aptamers, for providing a higher specific affinity for ultrasound targeting studies. The sgc8c aptamer was linked with nanobubbles through thiol-maleimide coupling chemistry for specific targeting to CCRF-CEM cells. Further improvements to reduce the required time and avoid the degradation of nanobubbles during conjugation procedures were also made. Several investigations were used to discuss the performance and consistency of the prepared nanobubbles, such as size distribution, conjugation efficiency analysis, and flow cytometry assay. Further, we applied our conjugated nanobubbles to ex vivo ultrasound targeted imaging and compared the resulting images with optical images. The results indicated the availability of aptamer-conjugated nanobubbles in targeted ultrasound imaging and the practicability of using a highly sensitive ultrasound system in noninvasive biological research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013.
authors.forename: Chung-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yu-Fen
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chih-Kuang
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008301:Maleimides / Q000737:chemistry; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; D008301:Maleimides; D053769:Nanocapsules; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D014867:Water; C043592:maleimide