title: Implementation of the critical-care pain observation tool on pain assessment/management nursing practices in an intensive care unit with nonverbal critically ill adults: a before and after study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) is one of the few behavioural pain scales which have been developed and validated for the purpose of detecting pain in nonverbal critically ill adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to complete a pre and post evaluation of the implementation of the CPOT on pain assessment/management nursing practices in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with nonverbal critically ill adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A before-and-after study design was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a university affiliated health care centre in Montérégie (Canada) was selected for the implementation of the CPOT. All ICU nurses were trained to use the CPOT. Medical files were selected if the patient was 18 years or older, had been mechanically ventilated for a period ≥ 24hours, was unable to communicate, and had intact motor function.
  
  
  METHODS
  This implementation study included three steps: 1) pre-implementation phase, 2) implementation phase, and 3) post-implementation phase. The pre-implementation phase included the review of 30 medical files to describe the current nursing practice in pain assessment and management prior to the introduction of the CPOT. During the implementation phase, 60 ICU nurses attended standardized training sessions on the use of the CPOT and practiced the scoring with the CPOT using patients' videotapes. In the post-implementation phase, the interrater reliability of ICU nurses when using the CPOT was tested using three patients' videotapes. Also, pain assessment and management nursing practices were evaluated by reviewing 30 medical files at 3 months, and 30 others at 12 months post-implementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses' percentage of agreement when scoring patients with the CPOT by viewing the videotapes was high post-implementation of the tool (>87%). Reports of pain assessments were more frequently charted in the medical files in the post-implementation phase (10.5 to 12 assessments in a 24-hour period) compared with the pre-implementation phase (3 assessments in a 24-hour period). Interestingly, fewer analgesic and sedative agents were administered during the post-implementation phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CPOT was successfully implemented and seemed to have positive effects on pain assessment and management nursing practices in the ICU. Further research is warranted to look at its impact on patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. celine.gelinas@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gélinas
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arbour
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desjardins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009729:Nursing; D010147:Pain Measurement