title: Prevalence and clinical course of Clostridium difficile infection in a tertiary-care hospital: a retrospective analysis.
abstract: The spectrum of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) is changing. Apart from antibiotic use, other risk factors such as use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and immunosuppressive agents, intensive care unit (ICU) stay and inflammatory bowel disease are being recognized. We retrospectively analyzed data on patients whose stool samples were tested for C. difficile toxin (CDT) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay between June 2006 and May 2008. Demographic and clinical data, and risk factors (antibiotic use, underlying malignancy, chemotherapy, use of PPI, ICU stay) were noted. The details of treatment for CDAD, response, complication and follow up were recorded. Patients whose stool samples were CDT-positive were grouped as study subjects and those with negative stool samples were included in the control group. Of the 99 patients (mean age 46.7 years; 58 men) whose stool samples were tested during this period, 17 (17%) were positive for CDT. As compared with control subjects (n = 82), study subjects were more likely to have fever, prolonged ICU stay, underlying malignancy, and exposure to immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic agents. On multivariate analysis, exposure to immunosuppressive agents was the only risk factor associated with CDAD. Fifteen patients were treated with metronidazole and two with vancomycin. Two patients did not respond to metronidazole but responded to vancomycin. No patient developed any complication. The prevalence of C. difficile toxin in diarrheal stools sent for C. difficile toxin testing was 17%. Exposure to immunosuppressive agents was a risk factor for the infection. Metronidazole was effective in a majority of patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, P D Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Center, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mumbai, 400 016, India.
authors.forename: Meghraj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingle
authors.forename: Abhijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.forename: Devendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Ranjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mankeshwar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D008795:Metronidazole; D014640:Vancomycin