title: Observations of cardiac beating behaviors of wild-type and mutant Drosophilae with optical coherence tomography.
abstract: Time-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning images of wild-type and mutant fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), illustrating the heartbeat patterns for evaluating their cardiac functions, are demonstrated. Based on the heartbeat patterns, the beat rate and the relative phase between the first two heart segments can be evaluated. The OCT scanning results of mutant flies with impaired proteasome function in cardiac muscles show irregular heartbeat patterns and systematically decreased average beat rates, when compared with the regular patterns of ~4.97 beats/s in average beat rate of the wild-type. In both wild-type and proteasome mutant flies, the beatings at different locations in the same heart segment are essentially synchronized. However, between different heart segments, although the beating in the second segment shows a lag in phase behind that of the first segment in a wild-type, in a proteasome mutant, the beating in the second segment becomes significantly leading that of the first segment. Besides the comparison between the wild-type and proteasomal mutant flies, the influences of using different methods for immobilizing flies during OCT scanning on the heart functions are demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 33302 Taiwan. mttsai@mail.cgu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Meng-Tsan
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Feng-Yu
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Cheng-Kuang
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ting-Ta
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Kai-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lian-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: June-Tai
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009154:Mutation; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex