title: Evaluation of microwave-assisted extraction for aristolochic acid from Aristolochiae Fructus by chromatographic analysis coupled with nephrotoxicity studies.
abstract: In this paper, a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was established for aristolochic acid-I from Aristolochiae Fructus, and the advantage of MAE was evaluated by chromatographic analysis coupled with nephrotoxicity studies. The experimental parameters of MAE for aristolochic acid-I in Aristolochiae Fructus were investigated and MAE was compared with Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction in terms of extraction yields and extraction conditions. Under the optimum conditions, MAE could provide higher extraction yields of aristolochic acid-I (1.10 mg/g) than ultrasound-assisted extraction (0.82 mg/g) and Soxhlet extraction (0.95 mg/g), in addition to using less solvent and having a shorter extraction time. Furthermore, the nephrotoxicities of the extracts of Aristolochiae Fructus from different extraction procedures were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results of nephrotoxicity studies of, for example, general conditions, biochemistry parameters and histopathology examination showed no significantly differences in the nephrotoxicity levels of the extracts from MAE and that from Soxhlet extraction. These results indicated that MAE technique is a simple, rapid and effective extraction method, and the microwave irradiation during MAE procedure did not have any influence on the nephrotoxicity of Aristolochiae Fructus compared with Soxhlet extraction.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xiao-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Jia-Yue
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jin-Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xian-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhi-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Gong-Ke
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D029065:Aristolochiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008872:Microwaves; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; C000228:aristolochic acid I