title: How much is the life of a cancer patient worth? A pharmaco-economic perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Countries struggle to accommodate the introduction of new effective cancer medicines, while containing costs. Our objective is to comment on several pharmaco-economic challenges involved in determining the value of cancer medicines by reviewing cost-effectiveness thresholds for cancer medicines in several countries and by discussing the cost-effectiveness of anti-cancer biotechnology and orphan medicines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A literature search was carried out of PubMed, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and EconLit up to August 2009. Health technology assessment agencies in England and Scotland are willing to incur a higher cost per quality-adjusted life year for cancer medicines than for other medicines. Risk-sharing arrangements have been implemented to optimize the value of cancer medicines. The cost-effectiveness of biotechnology medicines in cancer care is challenged by their high price, and depends on the ability to identify the most responsive target population, through use of suitable biomarkers. The evaluation of orphan medicines in cancer care needs to balance the absence of an alternative therapy for a life-threatening disease against the high cost-effectiveness ratio, and usually weak clinical data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current strategies used to inform decisions on the funding of expensive anti-cancer medicines are commented on to highlight important issues and problems. Pharmaco-economic evaluation is an important tool for assessing the value of cancer medicines and to inform evidence-based decision making in cancer care. Value-judgments such as preferential consideration of anti-cancer medicines can then be made explicitly.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Care and Pharmaco-Economics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. steven.simoens@pharm.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simoens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dooms
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000639:trends; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical / Q000639:trends; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009965:Orphan Drug Production / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D020414:Risk Sharing, Financial; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000191:economics; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers