title: Number needed to treat and number needed to harm with paliperidone palmitate relative to long-acting haloperidol, bromperidol, and fluphenazine decanoate for treatment of patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We analyzed data retrieved through a PubMed search of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of first-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables (haloperidol decanoate, bromperidol decanoate, and fluphenazine decanoate), and a company database of paliperidone palmitate, to compare the benefit-risk ratio in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the eight studies that met our selection criteria, two efficacy and six safety parameters were selected for calculation of number needed to treat (NNT), number needed to harm (NNH), and the likelihood of being helped or harmed (LHH) using comparisons of active drug relative to placebo. NNTs for prevention of relapse ranged from 2 to 5 for paliperidone palmitate, haloperidol decanoate, and fluphenazine decanoate, indicating a moderate to large effect size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the selected maintenance studies, NNH varied considerably, but indicated a lower likelihood of encountering extrapyramidal side effects, such as akathisia, tremor, and tardive dyskinesia, with paliperidone palmitate versus placebo than with first-generation antipsychotic depot agents versus placebo. This was further supported by an overall higher NNH for paliperidone palmitate versus placebo with respect to anticholinergic use and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale positive score. LHH for preventing relapse versus use of anticholinergics was 15 for paliperidone palmitate and 3 for fluphenazine decanoate, favoring paliperidone palmitate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, paliperidone palmitate had a similar NNT and a more favorable NNH compared with the first-generation long-acting injectables assessed.
authors.affiliation: Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA;
authors.forename: Srihari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berwaerts
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nuamah
authors.forename: Kasem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akhras
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coppola
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hough
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palumbo