title: Early versus delayed reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: a decision analysis approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent randomized controlled trial compared early anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a program of initial rehabilitation, with delayed anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction if needed. The authors reported that the improvement in Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores was nearly identical in both groups and concluded that in young, active adults with acute ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) tears, a strategy of rehabilitation plus early ACL reconstruction was not superior to a strategy of rehabilitation plus optional delayed ACL reconstruction. Yet, in making that assessment, the authors did not account for the fact that there were more meniscal injuries in the group with delayed anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Establishing the true superiority of one strategy requires consideration of meniscal injury, as well as a further determination if the apparent protective effect regarding meniscal tears found in the cohort of patients with early anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is offset by the costs of additional reconstructive surgery. That analysis of offsetting utility, omitted in the randomized controlled trial noted above, is provided in the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analysis model considering the options and probabilities described in the randomized controlled trial was constructed: the functional outcome of all groups was assumed to be equal, the likelihood of a patient eventually needing surgery despite initially choosing a program of rehabilitation was 37%, and the likelihood of needing a meniscectomy was 23% for the early surgery group and 35% for the rehabilitation and deferred anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The early surgery option is the preferable therapeutic approach as long as the costs of a potential meniscal tear are at least 5.25 times the costs of reconstructive surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early surgery for anterior cruciate ligament tears may be the preferred approach for some patients, on the basis of the utility values they assign to the possible treatment outcomes. The reported randomized controlled trial did not establish a dominant strategy. Indeed, early surgery may be the more effective approach overall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. orthodoc@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D013997:Time Factors