title: The crab hole mosquito blues.
abstract: Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) epizoodemics were reported at 6-10-year intervals in northern South America beginning in the 1920s. In 1937, epizootic VEE virus was isolated from infected horse brain and shown as distinct from the North American equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Subsequently, epizootic and sylvatic strains were isolated in distinct ecosystems; isolates were characterized serologically as epizootic subtype I, variants A/B and C; or sylvatic (enzootic) subtype I, variants D, E, and F, and subtypes II, III, and IV. In 1969, variant I-A/B virus was transported from a major outbreak in northern South America to the borders of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. This musical poem describes the history and ecology of VEE viruses and the epidemiology of an unprecedented 1969 movement of VEE viruses from South America to equids and humans in Central America from Costa Rica to Guatemala and Belize and in Mexico and the United States that continued until 1972.
authors.affiliation: Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Karl M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Antczak
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Walton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology; D004666:Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / Q000502:physiology*; D004685:Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D006736:Horses; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology