title: Association between parenting styles and own fruit and vegetable consumption among Portuguese mothers of school children.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between parenting styles and own fruit and vegetable consumption among Portuguese mothers of school children. A cross-sectional study was performed in Portugal as part of the Pro Children cross-sectional European survey. Portuguese mothers (n 1601) of 11-13-year-old school children were included in the present study. A self-administered questionnaire was developed to assess fruit and vegetable consumption as well as the parenting styles. Fruit and vegetable consumption was assessed by a validated FFQ. Parenting styles based on two dimensions - strictness and involvement - were classified into authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful. The higher mean intakes of fruit, vegetables and total fruit and vegetables were observed for mothers classified as indulgent, whereas the lower mean intakes were observed for mothers classified as neglectful. Differences in intake among parenting styles were significant for fruit, vegetables and total fruit and vegetables. When partial correlations were calculated between the two dimensions, strictness and involvement (controlled one for the other), and intakes, only involvement was positively associated with fruit, vegetables and total fruit and vegetable intake. Findings from the present study show that fruit and vegetable consumption of Portuguese mothers of school children seems to be related to their own parenting styles, especially with the dimension involvement. Future interventions to promote fruit and vegetable intake should take into account these variables.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. belafranchini@fcna.up.pt
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franchini
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poínhos
authors.forename: Knut-Inge
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Klepp
authors.forename: Maria Daniel Vaz
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: de Almeida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001519:Behavior; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D011174:Portugal; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables