title: Pediatric invasive sinonasal Scopulariopsis brevicaulis--a case report and literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS) appears mainly in immunocompromized patients and may be caused by various pathogens. We describe a teenager with invasive sinonasal Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and review all the reports on this rare pathogen.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search on Scopulariopsis sinonasal invasive infections was performed and clinical data including age, gender, co-morbidities, treatment and prognosis was collected on all the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 17 years old boy with acute myelocytic leukemia and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis sinonasal infection was successfully treated at our department with a combination of extensive surgical debridement and antifungal antibiotics. We found six articled describing six patients with AIFS due to Scopulariopsis species. Four patients were adults and two were children, 3 males and 3 females. Two had an infection with Scopulariopsis acremoium, one with Scopulariopsis candida and for 3 patients no data was given on the specific Scopulariopsis species. All the patients except one were immunocompromized. One patient was treated with antifungal drugs, 2 with surgery and 4 patients received antifungals and were operated. One patient died due to the fungal infection and two patients died due to other causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scopulariopsis AIFS is a life threatening disease affecting mainly immunocompromized patients, both children and adults. No clear treatment regimen has been established yet. We describe the first case of a teenager with Scopulariopsis brevicaulis sinonasal infection treated successfully with a combination of wide local excision and antifungal therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gluck
authors.forename: Nili
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Fruchtman
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yariv
authors.forename: Itzhack
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Polacheck
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puterman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Benharroch
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Daniel
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001203:Ascomycota; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents