title: Hypertonic saline and reduced peroxynitrite formation in experimental pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hypertonic saline exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating hepatic oxidative stress in pancreatitis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The incidence of hepatic injury is related to severe pancreatitis, and hypertonic saline reduces pancreatic injury and mortality in pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (not subjected to treatment), untreated pancreatitis (NT, pancreatitis induced by a retrograde transduodenal infusion of 2.5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct with no further treatment administered), pancreatitis with normal saline (NS, pancreatitis induced as described above and followed by resuscitation with 0.9% NaCl), and pancreatitis with hypertonic saline (HS, pancreatitis induced as described above and followed by resuscitation with 7.5% NaCl). At 4, 12, and 24 h after pancreatitis induction, liver levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), heat-shock protein 70, nitrotyrosine (formation of peroxynitrite), nitrite/nitrate production, lipid peroxidation, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve hours after pancreatitis induction, animals in the HS group presented significantly lower iNOS expression (P<0.01 vs. NS), nitrite/nitrate levels (P<0.01 vs. NS), lipid peroxidation (P<0.05 vs. NT), and ALT release (P<0.01 vs. NS). Twenty-four hours after pancreatitis induction, nitrotyrosine expression was significantly lower in the HS group than in the NS group (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective effect of hypertonic saline was related to the establishment of a superoxide-NO balance that was unfavorable to nitrotyrosine formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertonic saline decreases hepatic oxidative stress and thereby minimizes liver damage in pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ester Correia Sarmento
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Ana Soares
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.forename: Irineu Tadeu
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: Heraldo Possolo de
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abatepaulo
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soriano
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015870:Gene Expression; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D000410:Alanine Transaminase