title: Development of the foremost light-curable calcium-silicate MTA cement as root-end in oral surgery. Chemical-physical properties, bioactivity and biological behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An innovative light-curable calcium-silicate cement containing a HEMA-TEGDMA-based resin (lc-MTA) was designed to obtain a bioactive fast setting root-end filling and root repair material.
  
  
  METHODS
  lc-MTA was tested for setting time, solubility, water absorption, calcium release, alkalinizing activity (pH of soaking water), bioactivity (apatite-forming ability) and cell growth-proliferation. The apatite-forming ability was investigated by micro-Raman, ATR-FTIR and ESEM/EDX after immersion at 37°C for 1-28 days in DPBS or DMEM+FBS. The marginal adaptation of cement in root-end cavities of extracted teeth was assessed by ESEM/EDX, and the viability of Saos-2 cell on cements was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  lc-MTA demonstrated a rapid setting time (2min), low solubility, high calcium release (150-200ppm) and alkalinizing power (pH 10-12). lc-MTA proved the formation of bone-like apatite spherulites just after 1 day. Apatite precipitates completely filled the interface porosities and created a perfect marginal adaptation. lc-MTA allowed Saos-2 cell viability and growth and no compromising toxicity was exerted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HEMA-TEGDMA creates a polymeric network able to stabilize the outer surface of the cement and a hydrophilic matrix permeable enough to allow water absorption. SiO(-)/Si-OH groups from the mineral particles induce heterogeneous nucleation of apatite by sorption of calcium and phosphate ions. Oxygen-containing groups from poly-HEMA-TEGDMA provide additional apatite nucleating sites through the formation of calcium chelates. The strong novelty was that the combination of a hydraulic calcium-silicate powder and a poly-HEMA-TEGDMA hydrophilic resin creates the conditions (calcium release and functional groups able to chelate Ca ions) for a bioactive fast setting light-curable material for clinical applications in dental and maxillofacial surgery. The first and unique/exclusive light-curable calcium-silicate MTA cement for endodontics and root-end application was created, with a potential strong impact on surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, Department of Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Bologna, Via San Vitale 59, 40125 Bologna, Italy. mgiovanna.gandolfi@unibo.it
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gandolfi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siboni
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Modena
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciapetti
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prati
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D001031:Apatites / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003804:Dentin; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012184:Retrograde Obturation; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D012823:Silicate Cement / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D017640:Silicates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001031:Apatites; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008689:Methacrylates; D010087:Oxides; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D012823:Silicate Cement; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; C031293:calcium silicate; D002118:Calcium