title: Angiogenesis in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of endothelial markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the role of angiogenesis in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis is a pivotal phenomenon in carcinogenesis. Its time course in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has not yet been fully established.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the vascular bed in 29 solar keratoses, 30 superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas and 30 invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The Chalkley method was used to quantify the microvascular area by comparing panendothelial (CD34) with neoangiogenesis (CD105) immunohistochemical markers. The vascular bed from non-neoplastic adjacent skin was evaluated in 8 solar keratoses, 10 superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas and 10 invasive squamous cell carcinomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microvascular area in CD105-stained specimens significantly increased in parallel with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression. However, no differences between groups were found in CD34 sections. Solar keratosis, superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma and invasive squamous cell carcinoma samples showed significant increases in microvascular area for both CD34- and CD105-stained specimens compared with the respective adjacent skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The angiogenic switch occurs early in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and the rate of neovascularization is parallel to tumor progression. In contrast to panendothelial markers, CD105 use allows a dynamic evaluation of tumor angiogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the dependence of skin carcinogenesis on angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. etienneflorence@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Michelle Etienne Baptistella
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Florence
authors.forename: Juliana Yumi
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Massuda
authors.forename: Eva-Bettina
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Bröcker
authors.forename: Konradin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Metze
authors.forename: Maria Letícia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.forename: Elemir Macedo de
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Souza
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000032:analysis; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000098:blood supply*; D002452:Cell Count; D000071063:Endoglin; D006801:Humans; D055623:Keratosis, Actinic / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018952:Antigens, CD34; C064206:ENG protein, human; D000071063:Endoglin; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface