title: Reducing harm from injecting pharmaceutical tablet or capsule material by injecting drug users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has long been known that drug users may use a variety of pharmaceutical preparations by injection, many of which are not intended for intravenous administration (e.g. buprenorphine, methylphenidate, oxycodone). The introduction of tablet fillers such as talc or starch, in the blood circulation may cause, besides local injection site complications, pulmonary emboli. To reduce the harmful consequences of injecting such solutions, drug users have been encouraged to use filters. This research studied the effectiveness of an injection drug user syringe filter (IDUSF) in eliminating these particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Generic buprenorphine and methylphenidate (Ritaline®), both containing talc, are frequently diverted for use by injection in France. The aim of our laboratory-based study was to compare the effectiveness of an IDUSF (Sterifilt®, filter pore size = 10 µm) versus no filtration, at reducing the number of particles in solutions of dissolved generic buprenorphine and Ritaline®.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with a non-filtered solution drawn up through a 30G needle, filtering of the generic buprenorphine solution eliminated approximately 85% of all particles between 1 and 5 µm in diameter and 97% of particles between 5 and 18 µm. In the Ritaline® solution, these values were two-thirds and 95%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary results indicate that IDUSF are effective in significantly filtering out large particles, which are responsible for major harms like pulmonary emboli. One strategy for alleviating these consequences is to promote the implementation of IDUSF in harm reduction programs, accompanied by training of social workers, peers and drug users.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U912 (SE4S), Marseille, France. perrine.roux@inserm.fr
authors.forename: Perrine
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roux
authors.forename: M Patrizia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Carrieri
authors.forename: Lenneke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keijzer
authors.forename: Nabarun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
mesh_terms: D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D002214:Capsules; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D013607:Tablets; D008774:Methylphenidate; D002047:Buprenorphine