title: Acute toxicity and superficial damage to goldfish from the ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide.
abstract: In the present study, goldfish toxicity and superficial damage from 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C8 mim]Br) exposure were evaluated by an acute toxicity test. These results show that the 24-h 50% lethal concentration for [C8 mim]Br in goldfish is 244 mg L(-1) , and this indicates that [C8 mim]Br is a chemical with moderate or low toxicity to organisms. Scanning electronic microscope and histological observations revealed that acute exposure to [C8 mim]Br induced obvious superficial damage to the skin, gill filaments, and intestinal villi of the goldfish, and this suggests that the skin, gills, and intestines may be the first direct targets of the ionic liquid in this fish. Histological examination also indicated that [C8 mim]Br-exposure caused damage to the goldfish's hepatopancreas and kidney, consisting mainly of hepatic cords in a loose connection, hepatic cytoplasmic vacuolation, renal parenchyma vacuolization, and intumescence of the renal tubule. In addition, we found that [C8 mim]Br caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the hepatopancreases from these goldfish, and thus we suggest that the MDA level may be a biomarker of [C8 mim]Br-toxicity in goldfish.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China. lixiaoyu65@263.net
authors.forename: Xiao-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shi-Hu
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Wei-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jian-Ji
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006054:Goldfish; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: C534649:1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide; D015415:Biomarkers; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D008315:Malondialdehyde