title: Colorimetric analysis of water and sand samples performed on a mobile phone.
abstract: Analysis of water and sand samples was done by reflectance measurements using a mobile phone. The phone's screen served as light source and front view camera as detector. Reflected intensities for white, red, green and blue colors were used to do principal component analysis for classification of several compounds and their concentrations in water. Analyses of colored solutions and colorimetric reactions based on widely available chemicals were performed. Classification of iron(III), chromium(VI) and sodium salt of humic acid was observed using reflected intensities from blue and green light for concentrations 2-10mg/l. Addition of complex forming sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacidic acid enabled the discrimination of Cu(II) ions in the 2-10mg/l concentration range based on reflection of red light. An alternate method using test strips for copper solutions with the phone as reader also demonstrated a detection limit of 2mg/l. Analysis of As(III) from 25 to 400 μg/l based on reflection of red light was performed utilizing the bleaching reaction of tincture of iodine containing starch. Enhanced sensitivity to low concentrations of arsenic was obtained by including reflected intensities from white light in the analysis. Model colored sand samples representing discoloration caused by the presence of arsenic in groundwater were analyzed as a complementary method for arsenic detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Zafar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Bjorklund
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D003116:Color; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002857:Chromium; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D012964:Sodium; D007501:Iron