title: CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 in Papua New Guinea: High frequency of previously uncharacterized CYP2D6 alleles and heterozygote excess.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A high frequency of previously unknown CYP2D6 alleles have been reported in Oceania populations. Genetic and functional properties of these alleles remain unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed analyses of the genetic variability of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes using AmpliChip genotyping in cohorts from two distinct Papua New Guinea (PNG) populations (Kunjingini, n=88; Alexishafen, n=84) focussing on the genetic characterisation of PNG-specific alleles by re-sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previously unknown CYP2D6 alleles have population frequencies of 24% (Kunjingini) and 12% (Alexishafen). An allele similar to CYP2D6*1, but carrying the 1661G>C substitution, was the second most frequent CYP2D6 allele (20% Kunjingini and 10% Alexishafen population frequency). Sequencing suggests the CYP2D6* 1661G>C allele originated from a cross-over between CYP2D6*1 and *2 and thus is predicted to confer fully active CYP2D6 enzyme. Two additional predicted full activity alleles [1661G>C;4180G>C] and 31G>A were found in the Kunjingini cohort (frequencies 3 c/c and 1%, respectively) and a novel predicted reduced activity allele [100C>T;1039C>T] was found in the Alexishafen cohort (frequency 2%). A high frequency of ultra-rapid (15%) and notably low frequencies of intermediate and poor CYP2D6 metabolizers (<5%) and a high frequency of poor CYP2C19 metabolizers were observed in PNG. Both CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 showed heterozygote excess that may be explained by exogamy and recent introduction of alleles by migration that are yet to reach HWE in relatively isolated populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CYP2D6*1661 allele common in Oceania may be regarded as functionally equivalent to the full activity CYP2D6*1 allele.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: von Ahsen
authors.forename: Mladen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tzvetkov
authors.forename: Harin A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Karunajeewa
authors.forename: Servina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gomorrai
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ura
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brockmöller
authors.forename: Timothy M E
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Kenneth F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ilett
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oellerich