title: Imaging drug delivery to skin with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy.
abstract: Efficient drug delivery to the skin is essential for the treatment of major dermatologic diseases, such as eczema, psoriasis and acne. However, many compounds penetrate the skin barrier poorly and require optimized formulations to ensure their bioavailability. Here, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, a recently developed, label-free chemical imaging tool, is used to acquire high resolution images of multiple chemical components of a topical formulation as it penetrates into mammalian skin. This technique uniquely provides label-free, nondestructive, three-dimensional images with high spatiotemporal resolution. It reveals novel features of (trans)dermal drug delivery in the tissue environment: different rates of drug penetration via hair follicles as compared to the intercellular pathway across the stratum corneum are directly observed, and the precipitation of drug crystals on the skin surface is visualized after the percutaneous penetration of the cosolvent excipient in the formulation. The high speed three-dimensional imaging capability of SRS thus reveals features that cannot be seen with other techniques, providing both kinetic information and mechanistic insight into the (trans)dermal drug delivery process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Saar
authors.forename: L Rodrigo
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Contreras-Rojas
authors.forename: X Sunney
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Guy
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*