title: Characterization of a cryptic plasmid pSM429 and its application for heterologous expression in psychrophilic Pseudoalteromonas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pseudoalteromonas is an important genus widespread in marine environment, and a lot of psychrophilic Pseudoalteromonas strains thrive in deep sea and polar sea. By now, there are only a few genetic systems for Pseudoalteromonas reported and no commercial Pseudoalteromonas genetic system is available, which impedes the study of Pseudoalteromonas, especially for psychrophilic strains. The aim of this study is to develop a heterologous expression system for psychrophilic Pseudoalteromonas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cryptic plasmid pSM429 isolated from psychrophilic Pseudoalteromonas sp. BSi20429 from the Arctic sea ice, was sequenced and characterized. The plasmid pSM429 is 3874 bp in length, with a G+C content of 28%. Four putative open reading frames (ORFs) were identified on pSM429. Based on homology, the ORF4 was predicted to encode a replication initiation (Rep) protein. A shuttle vector (Escherichia coli, Pseudoalteromonas), pWD, was constructed by ligating pSM429 and pUC19 and inserting a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) cassette conferring chloramphenicol resistance. To determine the minimal replicon of pSM429 and to check the functionality of identified ORFs, various pWD derivatives were constructed. All derivatives except the two smallest ones were shown to allow replication in Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM20429, a plasmid-cured strain of Pseudoalteromonas sp. BSi20429, suggesting that the orf4 and its flanking intergenic regions are essential for plasmid replication. Although not essential, the sequence including some repeats between orf1 and orf2 plays important roles in segregational stability of the plasmid. With the aid of pWD-derived plasmid pWD2, the erythromycin resistance gene and the cd gene encoding the catalytic domain of a cold-adapted cellulase were successfully expressed in Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM20429.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasmid pSM429 was isolated and characterized, and the regions essential for plasmid replication and stability were determined, helping the development of pSM429-based shuttle vectors. The shuttle vectors pWD and its derivatives could be used as cloning vectors for Pseudoalteromonas, offering new perspectives in the genetic manipulation of Pseudoalteromonas strains. With the aid of pWD-derived vector and its host, the erythromycin resistance gene and the cd gene of a cold-adapted protein were successfully expressed, indicating that the potential use of this system for recombinant protein production, especially for cold-adapted proteins.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Dian-Li
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Zi-Chao
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ping-Yi
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhao-Yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiu-Lan
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bai-Cheng
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yu-Zhong
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002480:Cellulase / Q000235:genetics; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000378:metabolism; D018628:Gene Dosage; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D031161:Pseudoalteromonas / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004917:Erythromycin; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D002480:Cellulase