title: Assembly modes of dragonfly wings.
abstract: The assembly modes of dragonfly wings are observed through FEG-ESEM. Different from airplane wings, dragonfly wings are found to be assembled through smooth transition mode and global package mode. First, at the vein/membrane conjunctive site, the membrane is divided into upper and lower portions from the center layer and transited smoothly to the vein. Then the two portions pack the vein around and form the outer surface of the vein. Second, at the vein/spike conjunctive site, the vein and spike are connected smoothly into a triplet. Last, at the vein/membrane/spike conjunctive site, the membrane (i.e., the outer layer of the vein) transits smoothly to the spike, packs it around, and forms its outer layer. In short, the membrane looks like a closed coat packing the wing as a whole. The smooth transition mode and the global package mode are universal assembly modes in dragonfly wings. They provide us the references for better understanding of the functions of dragonfly wings and the bionic manufactures of the wings of flights with mini sizes.
authors.affiliation: School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong-Xiao
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ya-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007313:Insecta / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D014680:Veins / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000648:ultrastructure