title: The use of environmental metabolomics to determine glyphosate level of exposure in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) seedlings.
abstract: Metabolic profiling in plants can be used to differentiate between treatments and to search for biomarkers for exposure. A methodology for processing Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode-Array-Detection data is devised. This methodology includes a scheme for selecting informative wavelengths, baseline removal, retention time alignment, selection of relevant retention times, and principal component analysis (PCA). Plant crude extracts from rapeseed seedling exposed to sublethal concentrations of glyphosate are used as a study case. Through this approach, plants exposed to concentrations down to 5 μM could be distinguished from the controls. The compounds responsible for this differentiation were partially identified and were different from those specific for high exposure samples, which suggests that two different responses to glyphosate are elicited in rapeseed depending on the level of exposure. The PCA loadings indicate that a combination of other metabolites could be more sensitive than the response of shikimate to detect glyphosate exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Iben Lykke
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomasi
authors.forename: Hilmer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Esther S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Boll
authors.forename: Hans Christian Bruun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D029741:Brassica rapa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D000097797:Glyphosate