title: Hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effects of enzymatically modified carbohydrates from rice in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice.
abstract: METHODS
  Enzymatically modified rice starch (ERS) synthesized with 4-α-glucanotransferase has a longer structure than rice starch, which could delay digestion, similar to dietary fiber. We investigated the effects of ERS on glucose and lipid metabolism with mice fed a high-fat diet containing ERS (HFD-ERS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four weeks of ERS feeding showed hypoglycemic effects with a significant reduction in fasting glucose (46%), insulin (57%), and leptin (83%) levels; improved glucose tolerance (20% in AUC of oral glucose tolerance test); and increased adiponectin concentrations (+27%) compared to the HFD group. Notably, phosphorylation of AMP kinase (AMPK) was markedly induced in the HFD-ERS livers compared to HFD livers. Additionally, ERS significantly reduced total cholesterol concentrations with induction of fecal bile acid excretion (+21%, P<0.05) in the HFD-ERS group compared to the HFD group. The mRNA and protein expressions of hepatic LDL receptors were significantly induced. However, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression was downregulated possibly due to induction of intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR; +2.4-fold, p<0.05) and fibroblast growth factor-15 (FGF-15; +2.2-fold, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that ERS feeding may have hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects via a mechanism similar to that of dietary fiber.
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Muhammad J H
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bhuiyan
authors.forename: Ha Viet
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Saehun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mun
authors.forename: Hee-jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Ji Hae
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yong-Ro
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006004:Glycogen Debranching Enzyme System / Q000737:chemistry; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D000263:Adenylate Kinase; D052242:Adiponectin; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002784:Cholesterol; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D006004:Glycogen Debranching Enzyme System; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D013213:Starch; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated; C108526:fibroblast growth factor 15, mouse; C502772:Cyp7a1 protein, mouse; C020569:4 alpha-glucanotransferase