title: Monte Carlo study of dosimetric parameters and dose distribution effect of inhomogeneities and source position of GammaMed Plus source.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The conventional treatment planning system (TPS) gives analytical calculations with approximately ± 15-20% dose uncertainty, which may lead to over exposure of critical organs or under dose of target as well as the presence of inhomogeneities, and the position of source affects the exact dose calculation like in breast and intraluminal brachytherapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To obtain dose distribution parameters of GammaMed Plus high dose rate (HDR) 192 Ir source using Monte Carlo (MC) EGSnrc and GEANT4 codes as well as to find the effect on dose distribution due to source position, and due to presence of air and cortical bone by using MC GEANT4 code, and to find the similarity of both studies with any past study of any HDR brachytherapy source for either as input to TPS or verification of TPS calculations.
  
  
  METHODS
  It is done using different software of the computer, e.g., excel, MS word, etc.
  
  
  METHODS
  The source, source position for different studies, water phantom, water characteristics, points of measurements, air and cortical bone inhomogeneities, and position of inhomogeneities were simulated.
  
  
  METHODS
  For uncertainties calculation, mean and probability are used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calculated dose rate constant, radial dose function, and 2D anisotropy function of the source show similarity with published data. Calculated dose distribution differences due to presence of air and cortical bone, and position of source in water phantom also show similarity with published data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results can either be implemented in TPS or can be used for verification of TPS calculations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Pt JNM Medical College and Dr BRAM Hospital, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. rakemohachan@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Rakesh M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Chandola
authors.forename: Samit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Nirmal K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Painuly
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.forename: Surendra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Azad
authors.forename: Manjula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011874:Radiometry; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D014867:Water