title: The hazards of drawing conclusions from before-and-after studies of system-level interventions: knowing may not be enough.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cabana
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wachter
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014481:United States