title: Incidence of stroke symptoms among adults with chronic kidney disease: results from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria are associated with an increased risk for stroke. Their association with stroke symptoms is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of stroke symptoms was determined in 20 386 participants ≥45 years of age in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study who were free of a history of stroke, transient ischemic attack and stroke symptoms at baseline. Six stroke symptoms were assessed via telephone interviews at baseline and every 6 months. Participants were followed over a median of 2.1 years (maximum follow-up of 6 years). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation and the albumin-to-creatinine ratio from spot urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of any stroke symptom (n = 2548 cases) was 10.8, 12.9, 18.2 and 20.7% among participants with an eGFR ≥90, 60-89, 45-59 and <45 mL/min/1.73m(2), respectively, and 10.8, 14.4, 17.0 and 18.8 for participants with albumin-to-creatinine ratios <10, 10-29, 30-299 and ≥300 mg/g, respectively (each P-trend < 0.001). The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for any stroke symptom was 1.02 (0.91-1.14), 1.22 (1.01-1.48) and 1.26 (0.98-1.62) for those with an eGFR of 60-89, 45-59 and <45 mL/min/1.73m(2), respectively, versus ≥90 mL/min/1.73m(2) (P-trend = 0.022) and 1.16 (1.03-1.31), 1.29 (1.12-1.50) and 1.11 (0.82-1.49) for those with albumin-to-creatinine ratios of 10-29, 30-299 and ≥300 versus <10 mg/g, respectively (P-trend = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced eGFR and higher albuminuria levels are associated with an increased risk for incident stroke symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. pmuntner@uab.edu
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muntner
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Meschia
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Warnock
authors.forename: Virginia J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000407:Alabama / Q000453:epidemiology; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*