title: Nutrition in transition: dietary patterns of rural Amazonian women during a period of economic change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to understand the relationship between economic change (wage labor, retirement, and the Bolsa Família program) and dietary patterns in the rural Amazon and to determine the extent to which these changes followed the pattern of the nutrition transition.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was longitudinal. The weighed-inventory method and economic interviews were used to collect data on dietary intake and household economics in a sample of 30 and 52 women in 2002 and 2009, respectively. Twenty of the women participated in both years and make-up the longitudinal sub-sample. Comparative statistics were used to identify changes in dietary patterns over time and multiple linear regressions were used to explore the relationship between economics, subsistence strategies, and diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant decline in kcal (P < 0.01) and carbohydrate (P < 0.01) but no change in protein intake over time in both the larger and smaller, longitudinal subsample. The percent of energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat purchased increased in the larger and longitudinal samples (P ≤ 0.02) and there was an increase in refined carbohydrate and processed, fatty-meat consumption over time. The abandonment of manioc gardens was associated with increased dependence on purchased food (P = 0.03) while receipt of the Bolsa Família was associated with increased protein intake and adequacy (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dietary changes observed are only in partial agreement with predictions of the nutrition transition literature. The relationship between the economic and diet changes was shaped by the local context which should be considered when implementing CCT programs, like the Bolsa Família.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA. piperata.1@osu.edu
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Piperata
authors.forename: Sofia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Da-gloria
authors.forename: Gonçalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veiga
authors.forename: Analise
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polsky
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: Rui S S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Murrieta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001938:Brazil; D004032:Diet / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013020:South America; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D016387:Women's Health / Q000191:economics*; D055815:Young Adult