title: Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor is independently and negatively associated with trait anxiety and depressive mood in healthy Japanese university students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anxiety and depressive mood are sometimes accompanied by modulation of neuroendocrine and immune functions. The aim of this study was to identify circulating immune mediators reflecting anxiety and depressive mood in healthy young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anxiety and depressive mood in 209 healthy medical students (125 males and 84 females, aged 20.7±2.7years (mean±SD)) were assessed by the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and the Zung self-rating depression scale (Zung-SDS), respectively. Cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA) levels in saliva were measured using enzyme immunoassay kits, and 50 different mediators in sera were measured by a multiplex-suspension array system. The level of statistical significance was set at α=0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four mediators were measurable in sera, and each mediator showed substantial individual variations. After determining Pearson correlation coefficients, we selected candidate cytokines whose levels were associated with STAI-state (2 cytokines), STAI-trait (8 cytokines), or SDS scores (8 cytokines). The candidate cytokines plus interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor were then subjected to multiple regression analysis adjusted for gender, BMI, and salivary concentrations of cortisol and CgA. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was independently and negatively associated with both trait anxiety (p<0.05) and depressive mood (p<0.01). IL-1β showed independently positive association with depressive mood (p<0.05). Interactions between these two cytokines and gender or BMI were not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Besides IL-1β, circulating VEGF may be a potential biomarker for negative mood states in healthy young adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Sakurako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katsuura
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamezaki
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuwano
authors.forename: Kensei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Toshihito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanahashi
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Kokichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arisawa
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rokutan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D006854:Hydrocortisone