title: Physical stressors during neonatal transport: helicopter compared with ground ambulance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to assess concurrent mechanical stresses from shock, vibration, and noise to which a critically ill neonate is exposed during emergency transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  For neonates transported by a French specialized emergency medical service, we measured and analyzed 27 physical parameters recorded during typical transport by ambulance and by helicopter. The noninvasive sensors were placed to allow better representation of the exposure of the newborn to the physical constraints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on 10 hours of transport by ambulance and 2 hours by helicopter, noise, whole body vibration, rate of turn, acceleration, and pitch were extracted as the five most representative dynamic harshness indicators. A helicopter produces a higher-level but more stable (lower relative dispersion) whole body dynamic exposure than an ambulance, with a mean noise level of 86 ± 1 dBA versus 67 ± 3 dBA, mean whole body vibration of 1 ± 0.1 meter per second squared (m/s(2)) versus 0.4 6 0.2 m/s(2), and acceleration of 1 6 0.05 m/s(2) versus 0.4 6 0.1 m/s(2). A ground ambulance has many more dynamic effects in terms of braking, shock, and impulsive noise than a helicopter (1 impulsive event per 2 minutes vs. 1 per 11 minutes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show significant exposure of the sick neonate to both stationary and impulsive dynamic physical stressors during transportation, particularly in a ground ambulance. The study suggests opportunities to reduce physical stressors during neonatal transport.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Bron, France. jean-christophe.bouchut@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bouchut
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Lancker
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chritin
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Gueugniaud
mesh_terms: D017732:Air Ambulances; D001336:Automobiles; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*