title: Alloplastic augmentation of the facial skeleton: an occasional adjunct or alternative to orthognathic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alloplastic implants can be adjunctive to orthognathic surgery by correcting contour irregularities or disharmonies after skeletal movements. Implant augmentation can also simulate the visual effect of osteotomies in patients with skeletal deficiencies whose occlusion is normal or has been corrected. Although sometimes it is an adjunct or an alternative to facial skeletal rearrangements, facial skeleton augmentation is not a substitute for orthognathic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alloplastic implants designed specifically to augment the infraorbital rim can correct the residual upper midface deficiency remaining after Le Fort I maxillary advancement. When used with paranasal and malar implants, they can simulate the visual effect of the Le Fort III osteotomy with advancement. Paranasal implants can simulate the appearance after Le Fort I advancement. Mandible and extended chin implants can correct skeletal irregularities and deficiencies after sagittal and horizontal osteotomies. They can also simulate the visual effect of these osteotomies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The application of these concepts has been effective, with low morbidity, in 294 patients. No implants extruded or migrated. Eight patients (3 percent) had early postoperative infections. There were no late infections. Ten of 108 patients (9 percent) with midface implants had implant visibility with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alloplastic augmentation of the facial skeleton can be a useful adjunct or an alternative to orthognathic surgical procedures in situations when the occlusion is normal or has been corrected.
authors.affiliation: Boston, Mass. From Massachusetts General Hospital.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaremchuk
authors.forename: Gabe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doumit
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult