title: Presence/absence, differential expression and sequence polymorphisms between PiAVR2 and PiAVR2-like in Phytophthora infestans determine virulence on R2 plants.
abstract: • A detailed molecular understanding of how oomycete plant pathogens evade disease resistance is essential to inform the deployment of durable resistance (R) genes. • Map-based cloning, transient expression in planta, pathogen transformation and DNA sequence variation across diverse isolates were used to identify and characterize PiAVR2 from potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. • PiAVR2 is an RXLR-EER effector that is up-regulated during infection, accumulates at the site of haustoria formation, and is recognized inside host cells by potato protein R2. Expression of PiAVR2 in a virulent P. infestans isolate conveys a gain-of-avirulence phenotype, indicating that this is a dominant gene triggering R2-dependent disease resistance. PiAVR2 presence/absence polymorphisms and differential transcription explain virulence on R2 plants. Isolates infecting R2 plants express PiAVR2-like, which evades recognition by R2. PiAVR2 and PiAVR2-like differ in 13 amino acids, eight of which are in the C-terminal effector domain; one or more of these determines recognition by R2. Nevertheless, few polymorphisms were observed within each gene in pathogen isolates, suggesting limited selection pressure for change within PiAVR2 and PiAVR2-like. • Our results direct a search for R genes recognizing PiAVR2-like, which, deployed with R2, may exert strong selection pressure against the P. infestans population.
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Eleanor M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gilroy
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.|Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at JHI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Whisson
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.affiliation: Genetics Programmes, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaczmarek
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Dionne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turnbull
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Petra C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Boevink
authors.affiliation: Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anoma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lokossou
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Liliana M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.|Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Campus El Volador, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas, Medellin, Colombia.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Anna O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Avrova
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Leighton
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.|Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Govers
authors.affiliation: Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van West
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Sophien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamoun
authors.affiliation: Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vivianne G A A
authors.initials: VGAA
authors.lastname: Vleeshouwers
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: David E L
authors.initials: DEL
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.|Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at JHI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Paul R J
authors.initials: PRJ
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005799:Genes, Dominant / Q000235:genetics; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D055750:Phytophthora infestans / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000235:genetics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D032322:Solanum / Q000235:genetics; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors