title: Effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on rat intestinal barrier function during cardiopulmonary bypass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the ability of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) to attenuate intestinal injury in a rat cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (eight each): sham-operated control; sham-operated low-dose PHC control (0.6 mg/kg); sham-operated high-dose PHC control (2.0 mg/kg); CPB vehicle control; CPB low-dose PHC (0.6 mg/kg); and CPB high-dose PHC (2.0 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery 2 h after CPB for determination of plasma diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate and endotoxin levels. Spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes and lung were removed for biochemical analyses. Intestinal tissue ultrastructure was examined by electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the sham-operated groups, high- and low-dose-PHC had no significant impact on the levels of DAO, D-lactate and endotoxin, or the incidence of intestinal bacterial translocation (BT). Serum levels of DAO, D-lactate, endotoxin and the incidence of intestinal BT were significantly increased in the surgical groups, compared with the sham-operated groups (0.543 ± 0.061, 5.697 ± 0.272, 14.75 ± 2.46, and 0/40 vs 1.038 ± 0.252, 9.377 ± 0.769, 60.37 ± 5.63, and 30/40, respectively, all P < 0.05). PHC alleviated the biochemical and histopathological changes in a dose-dependent manner. Serum levels of DAO, D-lactate, and endotoxin and the incidence of intestinal BT in the high-dose PHC group were significantly lower than in the low-dose PHC group (0.637 ± 0.064, 6.972 ± 0.349, 29.64 ± 5.49, and 14/40 vs 0.998 ± 0.062, 7.835 ± 0.330, 38.56 ± 4.28, and 6/40, respectively, all P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PHC protects the structure and function of the intestinal mucosa from injury after CPB in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Commend, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China.
authors.forename: Ying-Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Hui-Juan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Yu-Gang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.forename: Tie-Zheng
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D011812:Quinuclidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D011812:Quinuclidines; C486140:penehyclidine