title: Degradation of the synthetic dye amaranth by the fungus Bjerkandera adusta Dec 1: inference of the degradation pathway from an analysis of decolorized products.
abstract: We examined the degradation of amaranth, a representative azo dye, by Bjerkandera adusta Dec 1. The degradation products were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), visible absorbance, and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (ESI-TOF-MS). At the primary culture stage (3 days), the probable reaction intermediates were 1-aminonaphthalene-2,3,6-triol, 4-(hydroxyamino) naphthalene-1-ol, and 2-hydroxy-3-[2-(4-sulfophenyl) hydrazinyl] benzenesulfonic acid. After 10 days, the reaction products detected were 4-nitrophenol, phenol, 2-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, 4-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid, and 3,4'-disulfonyl azo benzene, suggesting that no aromatic amines were created. Manganese-dependent peroxidase activity increased sharply after 3 days culture. Based on these results, we herein propose, for the first time, a degradation pathway for amaranth. Our results suggest that Dec 1 degrades amaranth via the combined activities of peroxidase and hydrolase and reductase action.
authors.affiliation: R1-7 Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Nichina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gomi
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Kazutsugu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okudomi
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hisabori
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugano
mesh_terms: D015057:1-Naphthylamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000548:Amaranth Dye / Q000378:metabolism*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003116:Color; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D055453:Coriolaceae / Q000201:enzymology*; D003470:Culture Media; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019800:Phenol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009596:Nitrophenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019800:Phenol; D000548:Amaranth Dye; D015057:1-Naphthylamine; C448313:3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D010544:Peroxidases; C051129:manganese peroxidase; D006867:Hydrolases; C024836:4-nitrophenol