title: Vitamin E derivative ETS-GS reduces liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic liver injury is often the result of surgical procedures such as liver transplantation and hepatic resection. Liver damage occurs after reperfusion, leading to increased systemic inflammation. Recent studies have reported that vitamin E and glutathione can ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of a new vitamin E derivative, ETS-GS, to improve liver I/R injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar received a subcutaneous injection of ETS-GS (10 mg/kg) or saline before experimentally-induced liver I/R injury or sham treatment. The rats were sacrificed after the 60-min ischemia and 24-h reperfusion. Histology and serum levels of cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein] and liver enzymes were determined to evaluate the protective effects of ETS-GS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that ETS-GS treatment attenuated I/R-induced histologic alterations, reduced levels of liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In addition, ETS-GS treatment decreased serum cytokine levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our results demonstrate that ETS-GS attenuates I/R injury in a rat model and suggests that ETS-GS may exert anti-inflammatory effects. Accordingly, ETS-GS may have therapeutic potential to treat various clinical conditions involving I/R injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inomata
authors.forename: Jyunya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kusaka
authors.forename: Nobuhiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kashima
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Noguchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D009842:Oligopeptides; C568419:gamma-L-glutamyl-S-(2-(((3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12- trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)oxy)carbonyl)-3-oxo-3-((2-sulfoethyl)amino)propyl)-L-cysteinylglycine sodium salt