title: Development of a probiotic delivery system from agrowastes, soy protein isolate, and microbial transglutaminase.
abstract: Probiotic delivery system was developed via the use of microbial transglutaminase (MTG) cross-linked soy protein isolate (SPI) incorporated with agrowastes such as banana peel (BE), banana pulp (BU), and pomelo rind (PR). Inoculums of Lactobacillus bulgaricus FTDC 1511 were added to the cross-linked protein matrix. The incorporation of agrowastes had significantly (P<0.05) reduced the strength, pH value, and the lightness of the SPI gel carriers, while sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles revealed that the occurring cross-links within the SPI gel carriers were attributed to the addition of MTG. Scanning electron microscope micrographs illustrated that SPI carriers containing agrowastes have exhibited a less-dense protein matrix. All the SPI carriers possessed maximum swelling ratio at 4 to 4.5 within 15 min in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), whereas the maximum swelling ratios of SPI/BE, SPI/BU, and SPI/PR were higher compared to that of control in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Additionally, SPI carriers in SGF medium did not show degradation of structure, whereas a major collapse of network was observed in SIF medium, indicating controlled-release in the intestines. The addition of agrowastes into SPI carriers led to a significantly (P<0.0001) lower release of L. bulgaricus FTDC 1511 in SGF medium and a higher release in SIF medium, compared to that of the control. SPI carriers containing agrowastes may be useful transports for living probiotic cells through the stomach prior to delivery in the lower intestines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Agrowastes could be utilized as a new probiotic carrier for enhanced gastrointestinal transit and during storage. This also reduces the amount of agrowastes accumulated.
authors.affiliation: School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sok-Eng
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Yew
authors.forename: Ting-Jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Lee-Ching
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lew
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Azhar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mat-Easa
authors.forename: Min-Tze
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Liong
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D005525:Food-Processing Industry / Q000191:economics; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005782:Gels; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D007419:Intestinal Secretions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000254:growth & development; D050296:Microbial Viability; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D028521:Musa / Q000737:chemistry; D010858:Pigmentation; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013696:Temperature; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005782:Gels; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D011503:Transglutaminases