title: Development of emergency medicine as academic and distinct clinical discipline in Bosnia & Herzegovina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergency medicine is a new academic discipline, as well as a recent independent clinical specialization with the specific principles of practice, education and research. It is also a very important segment of the overall health care and health system. Emergency medicine as a distinct specialty was introduced in the U.S. in 1970. Ten years later and relatively quickly emergency medicine was introduced in the health system in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a specialty with a special education program for specialist and a final exam.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Compare the development of emergency medicine in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the trends of development of this discipline in the world as a specialization and an academic discipline. Identify specific problems and possible solutions and learn lessons from other countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reviewed are the literature data on the development of emergency medicine in the world, programs of undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, the organizational scheme of emergency centers and residency. This is then compared with data of the current status of emergency medicine as an academic discipline and a recognized specialization, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are substantial differences in the development of emergency medicine in the United States, European Union and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although Bosnia and Herzegovina relatively early recognized specialty of emergency medicine in academia, it failed to mach the academic progress with the practical implementation. A&E departments in the Community Health Centers failed to meet the desired objectives even though they were led by specialists in emergency medicine. The main reason being the lack of space and equipment as well as staff needed to meet set standards of good clinical practice, education and research. Furthermore the Curriculum of undergraduate education and specialization does not match modern concept of educational programs that meet the principles set out in emergency medicine and learning through practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Development of emergency medicine as a separate specialization and independent academic discipline has had different way and pace of development, and there is no ideal model that can be applied in all countries. However experiences from countries with well developed emergency medicine, suggest that the model of the simultaneous development of emergency medicine as a distinct academic discipline on independent recognized residencies with a strong national association is the best way for the formation of an efficient health system. The establishment of Emergency centers--departments for emergency medicine at university and cantonal hospitals, introduction of emergency medicine as an academic discipline, implementation of specific post-graduate teaching and continuing medical education through appropriate courses, as well as academic development program for the teaching staff is the most important element of future development of this discipline. It would also contribute to it achieving the appropriate status in both the academic institutions and in practice within the health system of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.affiliation: Medical faculty of University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Nizama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salihefendic
authors.forename: Muharem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zildzic
authors.forename: Izet
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Masic
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hadziahmetovic
authors.forename: Dusko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vasic
mesh_terms: D017522:Bosnia and Herzegovina; D003479:Curriculum; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000193:education; D005060:Europe; D007396:Internship and Residency; D014481:United States