title: The potential role for lixivaptan in heart failure and in hyponatremia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypervolemia and hyponatremia are common features in heart failure and have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Stimulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) plays an important role in the development of both hypervolemia and hyponatremia. Lixivaptan is a selective vasopressin type 2 (V(2)) receptor antagonist that has been demonstrated to have the ability to induce aquaresis, the electrolyte sparing excretion of water, resulting in fluid removal as well as correction of hyponatremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article describes the prevalence, pathophysiology and current treatment limitations of hyponatremia, highlights the importance of arginine vasopressin and the potential role of arginine vasopressin antagonists and reviews all available literature on lixivaptan, a selective V(2) receptor antagonist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available experience of lixivaptan in heart failure, although limited, is encouraging. Its aquaretic effect provides the basis for its use to correct hypervolemia and hyponatremia in patients with heart failure, and the absence of neurhormonal stimulation provides positive signal for the exploration of its potential in improving outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Detroit Medical Center/Wayne State University, Harper University Hospital, 3990 John R, Suite 9370, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Hammam D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Zmily
authors.forename: Nazia S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Suleiman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daifallah
authors.forename: Jalal K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ghali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000378:metabolism; D001549:Benzamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010953:Plasma Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001569:Benzodiazepines
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D001549:Benzamides; D011758:Pyrroles; C409452:lixivaptan; D001569:Benzodiazepines