title: Proteasome function is required for biological timing throughout the twenty-four hour cycle.
abstract: Circadian clocks were, until recently, seen as a consequence of rhythmic transcription of clock components, directed by transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFLs). Oscillations of protein modification were then discovered in cyanobacteria. Canonical posttranslational signaling processes have known importance for clocks across taxa. More recently, evidence from the unicellular eukaryote Ostreococcus tauri revealed a transcription-independent, rhythmic protein modification shared in anucleate human cells. In this study, the Ostreococcus system reveals a central role for targeted protein degradation in the mechanism of circadian timing. The Ostreococcus clockwork contains a TTFL involving the morning-expressed CCA1 and evening-expressed TOC1 proteins. Cellular CCA1 and TOC1 protein content and degradation rates are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using luciferase reporter fusion proteins. CCA1 protein degradation rates, measured in high time resolution, feature a sharp clock-regulated peak under constant conditions. TOC1 degradation peaks in response to darkness. Targeted protein degradation, unlike transcription and translation, is shown to be essential to sustain TTFL rhythmicity throughout the circadian cycle. Although proteasomal degradation is not necessary for sustained posttranslational oscillations in transcriptionally inactive cells, TTFL and posttranslational oscillators are normally coupled, and proteasome function is crucial to sustain both.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK. gerben.vanooijen@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gerben
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Ooijen
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Troein
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Millar
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000502:physiology*; D057906:Circadian Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D008156:Luciferases; D008954:Models, Biological; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008156:Luciferases; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex