title: Lysosomal membrane stabilization and anti-inflammatory activity of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f., a traditional medicinal plant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f., is used to treat several inflammatory diseases and arthritis in Indian traditional system and folk medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the scientific basis of antiinflammatory activity of different organic solvent extracts of Clerodendrum phlomidis and to evaluate the active crude extract for its antiarthritic activity in FCA induced animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antiinflammatory activity of Clerodendrum phlomidis was studied using the carrageenan and cotton pellet induced inflammatory models. The crude ethanol extract was standardized with the known standard using HPLC. The antiarthritic activity was studied using Freund's complete adjuvant induced rat model. For antiarthritic activity, the active crude extract was administered at the concentrations of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight. The effect of the ethanol extract on serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, plasma lysosomal enzymes and protein bound carbohydrates of FCA arthritic animals were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ethanol extract at 100, 200, and 400mg/kg, showed maximum inhibition of inflammation induced by carrageenan (100 mg/kg-47.73%; 200 mg/kg-54.00% and 400 mg/kg-65.15%). In cotton pellet induced granuloma, the ethanol extract at different concentrations showed significant reduction in granuloma weight. In FCA induced arthritis, the ethanol extract showed a significant reduction in paw thickness (100 mg/kg-51.71%; 200 mg/kg-57.58% and 400 mg/kg-62.48%). The levels of lysosomal enzymes and protein bound carbohydrates were significantly decreased in the ethanol extract treated groups compared with the arthritic control. The pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner in all the Clerodendrum phlomidis treated groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clerodendrum phlomidis displays considerable potency in antiinflammatory action and has prominent antiarthritic effect on adjuvant induced arthritis. Future studies will provide new insights into the antiinflammatory activity of Clerodendrum phlomidis and isolation of compound from it may eventually lead to development of a new class of antiinflammatory agent.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai-600034, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: N Prakash
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pandikumar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ignacimuthu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002351:Carrageenan; D032409:Clerodendrum; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D003368:Gossypium; D006099:Granuloma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000187:drug effects; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D004798:Enzymes; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002351:Carrageenan