title: Nonoperative management of pancreatic injuries in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonoperative management of minor pancreatic injury is the generally accepted approach. However, the management of major pancreatic injury remains controversial in pediatric patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the safety and efficacy of nonoperative management of pancreatic injury in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2003 and 2009, 31 patients, 28 male and 3 female, with pancreatic injury due to blunt abdominal trauma were treated in our clinic. All patients were evaluated by ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and evaluation of serum amylase levels. Patients with ongoing hemodynamic instability after resuscitation or signs of bowel perforation underwent immediate laparotomy, and the remaining patients were conservatively treated. Conservative treatment consisted of nasogastric tube replacement, total parenteral nutrition, monitoring of amylase levels, and serial clinical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common mechanism of injury was a fall (35.4%). Ten patients (32.2%) had associated extra-abdominal injuries, and 18 patients (58.1%) had associated abdominal injuries. The spleen was the most common site of intra-abdominal injury that was associated with pancreatic trauma. Initial amylase levels were normal in 5 patients, whose CT scans revealed pancreatic injury. Twenty-five patients (80.6%) were conservatively treated. Six patients (19.4%) required surgical intervention because of a hollow viscus or diaphragmatic injury and hemodynamic instability. A pseudocyst developed in 11 of the 25 patients who were nonoperatively treated; 6 patients required intervention for the pseudocyst (percutaneous drainage and cystogastrostomy). No patient succumbed to injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of the pancreatic injuries in pediatric patients can be successfully treated conservatively, unless there is hemodynamic instability and a hollow viscus injury. The most common complication is a pseudocyst.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dicle University Medical School, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat Kemal
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Cigdem
authors.forename: Senem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senturk
authors.forename: Abdurrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onen
authors.forename: Mesut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siga
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akay
authors.forename: Selcuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otcu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000681:Amylases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000681:Amylases