title: Nicotine dependence, abuse and craving: dimensionality in an Israeli sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence-based changes planned for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th edition (DSM-5) substance use disorders (SUDs) include combining dependence and three of the abuse criteria into one disorder and adding a criterion indicating craving. Because DSM-IV did not include a category for nicotine abuse, little empirical support is available for aligning the nicotine use disorder criteria with the DSM-5 criteria for other SUDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latent variable analyses, bootstrap tests and likelihood ratio tests were used to explore the unidimensionality, psychometric properties and information of the nicotine criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of household residents selected from the Israeli population register yielded 727 life-time cigarette smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria and proposed abuse and craving criteria, assessed with a structured interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three abuse criteria (hazardous use, social/interpersonal problems and neglect roles) were prevalent among smokers, formed a unidimensional latent trait with nicotine dependence criteria, were intermixed with dependence criteria across the severity spectrum and significantly increased the diagnostic information over the dependence-only model. A craving criterion was shown to fit well with the other criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to findings from research on other substances, nicotine dependence, abuse and craving criteria appear to derive from a common underlying dimension. The results support alignment of nicotine criteria with those for alcohol and drug use disorders in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th edition.
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Dvora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shmulewitz
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: Melanie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Efrat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aharonovich
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aivadyan
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greenstein
authors.forename: Baruch
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spivak
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weizman
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frisch
authors.forename: Bridget F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hasin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005006:Ethnicity; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007585:Jews; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011594:Psychometrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult