title: Concept mapping with South Asian immigrant women: barriers to mammography and solutions.
abstract: Despite benefits of screening mammography, many South Asian (SA) immigrant women in Canada remain under screened. We aimed to elicit their experiences and beliefs about barriers to mammography and possible solutions. SA immigrant women aged 50 years or over were eligible if they never had a mammogram or had one more than 3 years ago. We employed the participatory mixed-method approach of Concept Mapping. Sixty women participated with a mean age of 58 years. Participants brainstormed 150 items which were consolidated into 67 items. After sorting and rating, cluster analysis revealed eight clusters of barriers on knowledge, fear, language and transportation, access to mammogram center, access to doctor, beliefs and practices, self-care, and family dependence. Participants discussed possible solutions, and emphasized out-reach models to address knowledge gaps and issues of language and transportation. One example was a community-based shuttle bus to screening centres, hosted by trained co-ethnic workers. The results are discussed to enhance the socio-cultural sensitivity of breast screening programs.
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences Division, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Room 582, Toronto, M5T 3M7, Canada. farah.ahmad@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pietkiewicz
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Ophira
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
mesh_terms: D001211:Asia, Western; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Q000208:ethnology*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012648:Self Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors