title: Anxiety symptoms among adolescents in Japan and England: their relationship with self-construals and social support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most of our knowledge about anxiety in adolescents has come from studies conducted in Western countries. Little is known about the extent to which these results can be generalized to those who live in other cultures. The main aim of this study was to compare the frequency and correlates of anxiety symptoms among adolescents in Japan and England.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 689 adolescents (338 from England and 351 from Japan), aged 12-17 years, took part in this research. They completed a set of questionnaires which were used to measure DSM-IV anxiety disorder symptoms, general difficulties and positive attributes, self-construals, and social support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents in England reported significantly higher levels of anxiety symptoms than adolescents in Japan. In both countries, independent self-construal was negatively associated with anxiety symptoms, while interdependent self-construal was positively associated with anxiety. However, the magnitude of this relationship was stronger for independent self-construal than the interdependent self-construal. Path analysis showed that the effect of interdependent self-construal seemed to be weaker in Japan than in England.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future studies need to explore the effects of cultural context and environmental experiences such as the role of parenting styles that account for the higher levels of anxiety in English compared with Japanese adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Roehampton University, London, United Kingdom. c.essau@roehampton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Cecilia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Essau
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasagawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Isa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otsui
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Michie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support