title: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in sera of patients with type 1 diabetes and diabetic complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), commonly known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases characterized by monocytic infiltration. However, limited data have been reported on MCP-1 in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the findings are inconclusive and inconsistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, MCP-1 was measured in the sera from 2,472 T1D patients and 2,654 healthy controls using a Luminex assay. The rs1024611 SNP in the promoter region of MCP-1 was genotyped for a subset of subjects (1764 T1D patients and 1323 controls) using the TaqMan-assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subject age, sex or genotypes of MCP-1 rs1024611SNP did not have a major impact on serum MCP-1 levels in either healthy controls or patients. While hemoglobin A1c levels did not have a major influence on serum MCP-1 levels, the mean serum MCP-1 levels are significantly higher in patients with multiple complications (mean = 242 ng/ml) compared to patients without any complications (mean = 201 ng/ml) (p = 3.5×10(-6)). Furthermore, mean serum MCP-1 is higher in controls (mean = 261 ng/ml) than T1D patients (mean = 208 ng/ml) (p<10(-23)). More importantly, the frequency of subjects with extremely high levels (>99(th) percentile of patients or 955 ng/ml) of serum MCP-1 is significantly lower in the T1D group compared to the control group (odds ratio = 0.11, p<10(-33)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCP-1 may have a dual role in T1D and its complications. While very high levels of serum MCP-1 may be protective against the development of T1D, complications are associated with higher serum MCP-1 levels within the T1D group.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Translational Medicine and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruili
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Sharad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Purohit
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: John Chip
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: R Dennis
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Steed
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steed
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Jin-Xiong
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: She
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2