title: Cross-cultural adaptation of the Neck Disability Index and Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale for patients with neck pain due to degenerative and discopathic disorders. Psychometric properties of the Polish versions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even though there are several region-specific functional outcome questionnaires measuring neck disorders that have been developed in English-speaking countries, no Polish version has ever been validated. The purpose of our study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale (CDS) for Polish-speaking patients with neck pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The translation was carried out according to the International Quality of Life Association (IQOLA) Project. Sixty patients were treated due to degenerative and discopathic disorders in the cervical spine filled out the NDI-PL and the CDS-PL. The pain level was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale. The mean age of the assessed group was 47.1 years (SD 8.9). We used Cronbach's alpha to assess internal consistency. We assessed the test-retest reliability using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs). The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rS) was used to determine dependency between quantitative characteristics. The Mann-Whitney test was applied to determine dependency between quantitative and qualitative characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Cronbach's alpha values were excellent for the NDI-PL in the test and in the retest (0.84, 0.85, respectively), and for the CDS-PL (0.90 in the test and in the retest). Intraclass Correlation Coefficients were excellent for the CDS-PL and NDI-PL and equalled 0.93 (95% CI from 0.89 to 0.95) and 0.87 (95% CI from 0.80 to 0.92), respectively The concurrent validity was good in the test and in the retest (rs = 0.42 p < 0.001; rs = 0.40 p = 0.002, respectively) for NDI-PL and for CDS-PL (rs = 0.42 p < 0.001; rs = 0.40 p = 0.001, respectively). The adapted questionnaires showed a strong inter-correlation both in the test (0.87 p < 0.001) and in the retest (0.79 p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present versions of the NDI-PL and CDS-PL, the first to be published in Polish, have proven to be reliable and valid for patients with degenerative changes in the cervical spine. The NDI-PL and CDS-PL have excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and good concurrent validity. The adapted questionnaires showed a strong inter-correlation both in the test and in the retest. No ceiling or floor effects were detected in the NDI-PL and CDS-PL. The NDI-PL and CDS-PL are comparable with other versions and can be recommended and used in international comparative studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. 26 Czerwca 1956, Poznan, Poland. emisterska1@wp.pl
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Misterska
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glowacki
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology*; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011044:Poland; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires