title: Speed maintenance under cognitive load - Implications for theories of driver behaviour.
abstract: No theory of driver behaviour has yet managed to achieve widespread acceptance and use in the field of Traffic Psychology, partly due to the difficulty in testing many of the theories. However, one class of theories, the motivational theories, can be usefully split into two groups and the differences between them can then be examined. One group posits the constant monitoring and targeting of a certain subjective variable, often risk, as the controlling factor in driving. The other group however states that subjective variables such as risk are only relevant once a certain threshold has been passed. In this study we aimed to examine this difference by manipulating both speed of travel and the amount of cognitive load participants were under. Participants were asked to initially drive at their preferred speed for 1min in a driving simulator. Participant's speed was then automatically increased or decreased by 10, 20 30km/h or left unchanged. Participants were then required to maintain the new speed for 1min. After this 1min the speed was again automatically changed and had to be maintained for one more minute, but this time participants also carried out a secondary mental arithmetic task. Finally participants were asked to again drive for another 1min at their preferred speed. This procedure was repeated seven times, once for each speed manipulation; -30, -20, -10, +0, +10, +20 and +30km/h. After each 1min interval verbal ratings of task difficulty, effort, feeling of risk and the typicality of the speed were collected. The results show a threshold effect in ratings of task difficulty, effort and feeling of risk, with no significant difference given between the ratings during the baseline period and the experimentally decreased speed periods until after participant's preferred speed of travel had been exceeded. Furthermore, even when under cognitive load the threshold relationship was still apparent, if diminished. Finally it appears that when under cognitive load drivers have difficulty maintaining a travelling speed which is lower than the speed at which they would prefer to drive. However, driving at a speed in excess of their preferred speed appears to be easier to maintain, at least in the short term.
authors.affiliation: Traffic and Environmental Psychology Group, Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lewis-Evans
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Waard
authors.forename: Karel A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Brookhuis
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003654:Deceleration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012306:Risk; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis