title: On-orbit prospective echocardiography on International Space Station crew.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prospective trial of echocardiography was conducted on six crew members onboard the International Space Station. The main objective was to determine the efficacy of remotely guided tele-echocardiography, including just-in-time e-training methods and determine what is "space normal" echocardiographic data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each crew member operator (n = 6) had 2-hour preflight training. Baseline echocardiographic data were collected 55-167 days preflight. Similar equipment was used in each 60-minute in-flight session (mean microgravity exposure--114 days [34--190]). On-orbit ultrasound (US) operators used an e-learning system within 24 hours of these sessions. Expert assistance was provided using US video downlink and two-way voice. Testing was repeated 5-16 days after landing. Separate ANOVA was used on each echocardiographic variable (n = 33). Within each ANOVA, three tests were made: (a) effect of mission phase (preflight, in-flight, postflight); (b) effect of echo technician (two technicians independently analyzed the data); (c) interaction between mission phase and technician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven rejections of the null hypothesis (mission phase or technician or both had no effect) were found that could be considered for possible follow up. Of these, eight rejections were for significant technician effects, not space flight. Three rejections of the null hypothesis (aortic valve time velocity integral, mitral E-wave velocity, and heart rate) were attributable to space flight but determine to not be clinically significant. No rejections were due to the interaction between technician and space flight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, we found no consistent clinically significant effects of long-duration space flight on echocardiographic variables of the given group of subjects.
authors.affiliation: Wyle Laboratories, Houston, Texas, USA. douglas.r.hamilton@nasa.gov
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Ashot E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sargsyan
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Melton
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feiveson
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dulchavsky
mesh_terms: D018480:Astronauts; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018531:Spacecraft; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*