title: Effects of the pyrethroid fenvalerate on the alarm response and on the vulnerability of the mosquito larva Culex pipiens molestus to the predator Notonecta glauca.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that mosquito larvae retreat from the surface of water as an alarm response to sudden changes in light intensity. We investigated the effects of the insecticide fenvalerate on this alarm response in larvae of the mosquito Culix pipiens molestus and on the related vulnerability of these larvae to the predator Notonecta glauca. For the alarm response, after 1h of exposure to fenvalerate, no immediate effects were observed. However, after a 5-h postexposure period following 1h of exposure, the proportion of larvae that showed the alarm response decreased with increasing fenvalerate concentration. The median effective concentration (EC50) was 0.1 μg/L. After 6h of continuous exposure, the EC50 decreased to 0.06 μg/L. In addition, vulnerability to the predator N. glauca increased after 6h of continuous exposure. The median time needed for N. glauca to prey 50% of the larvae (PT50) decreased from 5h 48 min in the control to 3h 8 min at 0.3 μg/L fenvalerate. No mortality occurred after 48 h when larvae were exposed for 6h in the absence of N. glauca. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was 0.3 μg/L after 48 h of continuous exposure. The decrease in the PT50 was related strongly to the increase in the proportion of larvae that did not exhibit an alarm response. These results show that the alarm response can be inhibited by low levels of fenvalerate, and this inhibition seems to increase larval mortality due to predation.
authors.affiliation: Department System Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. sreynaldi@unal.edu.co
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reynaldi
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meiser
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liess
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects; D020062:Heteroptera; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017690:fenvalerate