title: Antigenic repertoire of Plasmodium vivax transmission-blocking vaccine candidates from the Indian subcontinent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic polymorphism is an inevitable component of a multistage infectious organism, such as the malaria parasite. By means of genetic polymorphism, parasite opts particular polymorph and reveals survival advantage. Pvs25 and pvs28 are sexual stage antigen genes, expressed at the ookinete stage inside the mosquito gut, and considered as potential transmission-blocking vaccine candidates. This study presents sequence variations in two important transmission blocking antigen genes pvs25 and pvs28 in the field isolates of P. vivax from the Indian subcontinent.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred microscopically diagnosed P. vivax isolates were collected from five geographical regions of India. Pvs25 and pvs28 genes were PCR amplified and sequenced to assess sequence variation among field isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 26 amino acid substitutions were observed in Pvs25 (10) and Pvs28 (16) among field isolates of P. vivax. Tandem repeat polymorphism observed in pvs28 shows 3-6 tandem repeats in the field isolates. Seven and eight novel amino acid substitutions were observed in Pvs25 and Pvs28, respectively in Indian isolates. Comparison of amino acid substitutions suggests that majority of substitutions observed in global isolates were also present in Indian subcontinent. A single haplotype was observed to be major haplotype among isolates of Delhi, Nadiad, Chennai and Panna except in isolates of Kamrup. Further, population comparison analyses suggest that P. vivax isolates inhabiting in north-eastern region (Kamrup) were distantly related with the isolates from remaining parts of the country. Majority of the amino acid substitutions observed in Indian isolates were more identical to the substitutions reported from isolates of Thailand and Bangladesh.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study uncovered many new amino acid substitutions as well as a predominance of single haplotype in Indian subcontinent except in north-eastern region of the country. The amino acid substitutions data generated in this study from different geographical regions of the Indian subcontinent could be helpful in designing a more effective anti-malarial transmission-blocking vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India.
authors.forename: Surendra K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Prajapati
authors.forename: Hema
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Virendra K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Dua
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D017780:Malaria Vaccines; C121473:Pvs25 protein, P vivax; C121474:Pvs28 protein, P vivax