title: Exome sequencing identifies an MYH3 mutation in a family with distal arthrogryposis type 1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few genes responsible for distal arthrogryposis type 1 are known, although genes coding for the proteins in the sarcomere have been implicated in other types of distal arthrogryposis. Cost-effective sequencing methods are now available to examine all genes in the human genome for the purpose of establishing the genetic basis of musculoskeletal disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multigenerational family with distal arthrogryposis type 1 characterized by clubfoot and mild hand contractures was identified, and exome sequencing was performed on DNA from one of the affected family members. Linkage analysis was used to confirm whether a genetic variant segregated with distal arthrogryposis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exome sequencing identified 573 novel variants that were not present in control databases. A missense mutation in MYH3 (a gene coding for the heavy chain of myosin), causing an F437I amino acid substitution, was identified that segregated with distal arthrogryposis in this family. Linkage analysis confirmed that this MYH3 mutation was the only exome variant common to all six affected individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of an MYH3 mutation in this family with distal arthrogryposis type 1 broadens the phenotype associated with MYH3 mutations to include distal arthrogryposis types 1, 2A (Freeman-Sheldon syndrome), and 2B (Sheldon-Hall syndrome). Exome sequencing is a useful and cost-effective method to discover causative genetic mutations, although data from extended families may be needed to confirm the importance of the hundreds of identified variants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 1 Children's Place, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Alvarado
authors.forename: Jillian G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Buchan
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gurnett
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dobbs
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001176:Arthrogryposis / Q000235:genetics*; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000235:genetics*; D003286:Contracture / Q000235:genetics*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C510594:MYH3 polypeptide, human