title: Ophthalmia neonatorum: what kind of prophylaxis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conjunctivitis during neonatal period occurs in 1-12% of all babies. Ophthalmia neonatorum is an acute muco-purulent conjunctivitis occurring in the first month of birth. It is essentially an infection acquired during vaginal delivery. The most frequent infectious agents involved in ophthalmia neonatorum are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Topical ocular prophylaxis must be instituted early after birth. Recommended prophylactic regimen are: 1% nitrate solution; 1% tetracycline solution; 1% erythromycin solution; 2.5% povidone-iodine solution; and fusidic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence suggests better outcomes using 1% tetracycline solutions even if there is the risk of selecting drug resistant bacteria. However, even the widespread used nitrate solution can cause a chemical conjunctivitis, arguing against its widespread use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fusidic acid is a relatively new promising therapy even if there are still few data about its use. None of the used regimens has the optimal risk-benefit profile to suggest a widespread use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Division of Neonatology, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio Alberto
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zuppa
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catenazzi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scorrano
authors.forename: Costantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005672:Fusidic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009878:Ophthalmia Neonatorum / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005672:Fusidic Acid