title: Phthalate exposures and human health concerns: A review and implications for practice.
abstract: High levels of exposure to phthalates have been associated with an increased risk for adverse male fetal reproductive development. Although animal studies have consistently demonstrated reproductive health effects, additional human epidemiological studies are needed to fully understand the potential harm to humans. Recent findings reported for humans have demonstrated endocrine-disrupting action similar to that associated with phthalate exposures in animals. As a result, phthalate exposure is an emerging public health concern that warrants further review. This article explores the state of the science on phthalate exposure, reviews the literature, and provides recommendations occupational health nurses can use to optimize the health of susceptible populations.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. vicpak1@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McCauley
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto-Martin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002617:Chemical Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009785:Occupational Health Nursing; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid