title: Analysis of ingredient functionality and formulation optimization of pasta supplemented with peanut flour.
abstract: The working peanut pasta formulation range determined from a previous study was used to determine the effects of varying ingredient quantities and processing conditions on the pasta's quality and consumer acceptance. The variables studied were percent peanut flour substituted for durum wheat flour (30%, 40%, and 50%), amount of carrageenan (2.4%, 2.65%, and 2.9%), and drying temperature (60, 74, and 88 °C) on the final cooked pasta quality. Properties measured include color, texture, moisture content, and cooking loss. A home-use sensory test was conducted to determine consumer preferences and the optimum range for variables studied. Color lightness values ranged from 43.53 to 65.02, decreasing (becoming darker) with increased peanut flour level and increased drying temperature. Maximum cutting force for cooked pasta ranged from 1.59 N to 3.22 N, with higher values only for pasta dried at 88 °C. Moisture content ranged from 57.35% to 69.38%, and values decreased as drying temperature increased. Cooking loss ranged from 5.14% to 7.99%, increasing with higher levels of peanut flour and decreasing with higher levels of carrageenan. When prepared with 30% peanut flour and dried at 60 °C, the pasta was lighter in color, higher in moisture, and softer in texture than the varieties dried at higher temperatures and made with higher levels of peanut flour. Response surface analysis of consumer test data revealed that the optimum peanut pasta should contain between 35% and 45% peanut flour and should be dried between 60 and 71 °C; however, the pasta with 30% peanut flour was also a popular sample in the "favorite" categories. Practical Application: Most non-gluten protein fortification studies in durum wheat pasta found decreased firmness of dry and cooked pasta, increased cooking loss, increased stickiness, and darker product color when compared to traditional pasta. Partially defatted peanut flour is a versatile food ingredient and has high protein content. Since the lysine content of peanuts is higher than wheat, peanuts can be used to supplement wheat flour in food preparation. This study found by partially replacing wheat flour with peanut flour and with incorporation of hydrocolloid emulsifier, such as carrageenan or xanthan gum, dough viscosity, and pasta firmness significantly improved. Peanut pasta with high protein content and balanced amino acid profile can help support consumers with a healthy lifestyle.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St., Griffin, GA 30223, USA.
authors.forename: Brandy M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Yen-Con
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McWatters
mesh_terms: D010367:Arachis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000737:chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D003116:Color; D005260:Female; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005518:Food Preferences; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D005845:Georgia; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D011786:Quality Control; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012677:Sensation; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins; D014867:Water; D002351:Carrageenan