title: Diversity of somatic coliphages in coastal regions with different levels of anthropogenic activity in São Paulo State, Brazil.
abstract: Bacteriophages are the most abundant and genetically diverse viruses on Earth, with complex ecology in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Somatic coliphages (SC) have been reported to be good indicators of fecal pollution in seawater. This study focused on determining the concentration of SC and their diversity by electron microscopy of seawater, plankton, and bivalve samples collected at three coastal regions in São Paulo, Brazil. The SC counts varied from <1 to 3.4 × 10(3) PFU/100 ml in seawater (73 samples tested), from <1 to 4.7 × 10(2) PFU/g in plankton (46 samples tested), and from <1 to 2.2 × 10(1) PFU/g in bivalves (11 samples tested). In seawater samples, a relationship between the thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli and SC was observed at the three regions (P = 0.0001) according to the anthropogenic activities present at each region. However, SC were found in plankton samples from three regions: Baixada Santista (17/20), Canal de São Sebastião (6/14), and Ubatuba (3/12). In seawater samples collected from Baixada Santista, four morphotypes were observed: A1 (4.5%), B1 (50%), C1 (36.4%), and D1 (9.1%). One coliphage, Siphoviridae type T1, had the longest tail: between 939 and 995 nm. In plankton samples, Siphoviridae (65.8%), Podoviridae (15.8%), Microviridae (15.8%), and Myoviridae (2.6%) were found. In bivalves, only the morphotype B1 was observed. These SC were associated with enteric hosts: enterobacteria, E. coli, Proteus, Salmonella, and Yersinia. Baixada Santista is an area containing a high level of fecal pollution compared to those in the Canal de São Sebastião and Ubatuba. This is the first report of coliphage diversity in seawater, plankton, and bivalve samples collected from São Paulo coastal regions. A better characterization of SC diversity in coastal environments will help with the management and evaluation of the microbiological risks for recreation, seafood cultivation, and consumption.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana Molecular, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Burbano-Rosero
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueda-Ito
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kisielius
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nagasse-Sugahara
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Markman
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: I N G
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Rivera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000821:virology*; D001938:Brazil; D003090:Coliphages / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010933:Plankton / Q000821:virology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000821:virology*; D019562:Viral Load; D014771:Virion / Q000648:ultrastructure