title: Aged red garlic extract reduces cigarette smoke extract-induced cell death in human bronchial smooth muscle cells by increasing intracellular glutathione levels.
abstract: Increasing antioxidant capacity has been proposed as a promising strategy to prevent cigarette smoke-induced lung diseases. This study tested whether garlic extracts prevented cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced cell death in human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HBSMCs). Garlic extracts were prepared from fresh raw garlic (FRG), aged black garlic (ABG) and aged red garlic (ARG). Treatment of HBSMCs with 10% CSE induced cell death accompanied by activation of caspase. Of the garlic extracts, treatment with ARG extract reduced CSE-induced cell death. The combination of ARG extract with CSE attenuated the CSE-induced reduction in glutathione (GSH) content, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression compared with CSE treatment without ARG extract. Furthermore, the combination of L-BSO, a GSH synthesis inhibitor, with ARG and CSE extracts failed to increase the intracellular GSH content and cell viability. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ARG extract reduces CSE-induced cell death by increasing GSH content and reducing ROS generation in HBSMCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yi-Yeong
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Hye-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Young-Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Eun-Jin
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gyu-Tae
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun-Ja
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Mun
authors.forename: Jong Deog
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Nak-Ju
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Dawon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jaehee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000490:Allium; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012906:Smoke; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D020169:Caspases; D005978:Glutathione