title: Impairments in learning, memory, and metamemory following childhood head injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess postinjury changes in learning, memory, and metamemory abilities following childhood traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, longitudinal with 5 assessments made from baseline to 24 months postinjury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 167 children (aged 5-15 years) with traumatic brain injury (TBI; 64 severe, 55 moderate, and 48 mild).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children completed a judgment of learning task with 4 recall trials and made 3 metamemory judgments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to those with mild TBI, children with moderate or severe TBI performed worse at earlier times postinjury and had a greater change in performance over time. Performance for moderate and severe groups peaked at 12 months and the performance gap between them and mild TBI group increased slightly from 12 to 24 months. Traumatic brain injury severity did not affect initial study-recall trial performance, but groups did diverge in performance with repeated study. Greater TBI severity was associated with poorer performance on prospective metamemory judgments, but not retrospective judgments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traumatic brain injury severity affected prospective judgments of memory performance and learning strategies, but did not appear to affect either word retention or the forgetting of words over a delay. Implications for rehabilitation are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.forename: Gerri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hanten
authors.forename: Xiaoqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Sandra B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Harvey S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000647:Amnesia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D007600:Judgment; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D012153:Retention, Psychology