title: Alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis in the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heavy alcohol drinking has been related to pancreatic cancer, but the issue is still unsolved.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the role of alcohol consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer, we conducted a pooled analysis of 10 case-control studies (5585 cases and 11,827 controls) participating in the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium. We computed pooled odds ratios (ORs) by estimating study-specific ORs adjusted for selected covariates and pooling them using random effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with abstainers and occasional drinkers (< 1 drink per day), we observed no association for light-to-moderate alcohol consumption (≤ 4 drinks per day) and pancreatic cancer risk; however, associations were above unity for higher consumption levels (OR = 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2-2.2 for subjects drinking ≥ 9 drinks per day). Results did not change substantially when we evaluated associations by tobacco smoking status, or when we excluded participants who reported a history of pancreatitis, or participants whose data were based upon proxy responses. Further, no notable differences in pooled risk estimates emerged across strata of sex, age, race, study type, and study area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This collaborative-pooled analysis provides additional evidence for a positive association between heavy alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lucenteforte
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bracci
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosetti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallinger
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polesel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghadirian
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Baghurst
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zatonski
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fontham
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bamlet
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Holly
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotterchio
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maisonneuve
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Duell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects