title: A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a self-help workbook intervention on distress, coping and quality of life after breast cancer diagnosis.
abstract: To evaluate the efficacy of an interactive self-help workbook in reducing distress, and improving quality of life (QOL) and coping for women recently diagnosed with breast cancer.
  
  
  
  Randomised controlled trial comparing the use of the workbook and that of an information booklet.
  
  
  
  49 women with Stage 0 to II breast cancer diagnosed in the previous month and recruited from 1 February 2007 to 1 February 2008, in two urban Australian public hospitals.
  
  
  
  The primary outcome measures were depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. Secondary outcomes included QOL, body image, and the coping styles helplessness/hopelessness, cognitive avoidance and anxious preoccupation.
  
  
  
  After controlling for baseline levels, interactions at 3-month follow-up showed that participants in the workbook group had significantly lower levels of posttraumatic stress (F[1,89] = 7.01; P = 0.01), helplessness/hopelessness (F [1,89] = 4.75; P = 0.03), and cognitive avoidance (F [1,89] = 4.95; P = 0.03) than those in the control (information booklet) group. However, women in the workbook group had significantly poorer body image than those in the control group (F [1,89] = 6.43; P = 0.01). At 6 months, only the body image interaction remained significant (F [1,93] = 7.44; P = 0.01).
  
  
  
  These results suggest that a self-help workbook can be an effective, short-term intervention for improving posttraumatic stress, cognitive avoidance, and certain depressive symptoms in women recently diagnosed with breast cancer. However, issues related to body image need to be dealt with differently.
  
  
  
  Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA. lisa.beatty@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beatty
authors.forename: Bogda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koczwara
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Tracey D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wade
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data