title: Ear, nose, and throat manifestations during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this clinical review is to highlight the otolaryngological symptoms that occur in pregnancy. Where available, the authors discuss the current evidence of the etiology and management of the various presentations. While it is appreciated that many of these complaints are transient, their impact on the maternal quality of life can be significant, and therefore, medical practitioners should be aware of what to expect in order to provide reassurance to patients and also to safely manage such symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for publications related to otolaryngology and pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  All literature was searched for and reviewed by 2 authors independently. Search results were then cross-examined, and any differences were settled by consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnancy leads to circulatory changes and increased susceptibility to viral reactivation, and along with the exertion of parturition, it can lead to tinnitus, facial palsies, and deafness. Rising levels of sex hormones and heightened sensitivity to allergens may influence the nasal mucosa, precipitating epistaxis and rhinitis. Increased progesterone and the increased intra-abdominal pressure of the growing fetus can lead to symptoms and sequelae of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Evidence for the treatment of pregnancy-induced symptoms is principally restricted to case reports and retrospective studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition and understanding of pregnancy-related ear, nose, and throat complaints will allow otolaryngologists to reassure and manage these patients, improving their experience of the gestational period. High-quality evidence for their management is limited, with further research required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle, UK. drrohitkumar@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Hayhurst
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Robson
mesh_terms: D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000379:methods*; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications