title: Markedly impaired bilateral coordination of gait in post-stroke patients: Is this deficit distinct from asymmetry? A cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple aspects of gait are typically impaired post-stroke. Asymmetric gait is common as a consequence of unilateral brain lesions. The relationship between the resulting asymmetric gait and impairments in the ability to properly coordinate the reciprocal stepping activation of the legs is not clear. The objective of this exploratory study is to quantify the effects of hemiparesis on two putatively independent aspects of the bilateral coordination of gait to gain insight into mechanisms and their relationship and to assess their potential as clinical markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve ambulatory stroke patients and age-matched healthy adults wore a tri-axial piezo-resistive accelerometer and walked back and forth along a straight path in a hall at a comfortable walking speed during 2 minutes. Gait speed, gait asymmetry (GA), and aspects of the bilateral coordination of gait (BCG) were determined. Bilateral coordination measures included the left-right stepping phase for each stride φi, consistency in the phase generation φ_CV, accuracy in the phase generation φ_ABS, and Phase Coordination Index (PCI), a combination of accuracy and consistency of the phase generation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group differences (p < 0.001) were observed for gait speed (1.1 ± 0.1 versus 1.7 ± 0.1 m/sec for patients and controls, respectively), GA (26.3 ± 5.6 versus 5.5 ± 1.2, correspondingly) and PCI (19.5 ± 2.3 versus 6.2 ± 1.0, correspondingly). A significant correlation between GA and PCI was seen in the stroke patients (r = 0.94; p < 0.001), but not in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In ambulatory post-stroke patients, two gait coordination properties, GA and PCI, are markedly impaired. Although these features are not related to each other in healthy controls, they are strongly related in stroke patients, which is a novel finding. A measurement approach based on body-fixed sensors apparently may provide sensitive markers that can be used for clinical assessment and for enhancing rehabilitation targeting in post-stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Department of Innovation, Research & Education, Room K009, PO Box 9044, 6800 GG Arnhem, Netherlands. r.meijer@grootklimmendaal.nl
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Meir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plotnik
authors.forename: Esther Groot
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Zwaaftink
authors.forename: Rob C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: van Lummel
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ainsworth
authors.forename: Juan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Martina
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hausdorff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012677:Sensation; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology