title: Does dietary intake by Tehranian adults align with the 2005 dietary guidelines for Americans? Observations from the Tehran lipid and glucose study.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare dietary intakes by Tehranian adults with recent dietary guidelines for the Americans. The study made a cross-sectional assessment of the dietary patterns of Tehranian adults using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. It included 2,510 subjects (1,121 men and 1,389 women) aged 19-70 years. They were the participants of the third follow-up survey of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2005-2008). The dietary patterns were assessed using the latest World Health Organization (WHO)'s nutritional goals and Dietary Guidelines for the Americans Adherence Index (DGAI) 2005. The mean [standard deviation (SD)] DGAI score for this population was 8.31 (1.9). Participants in the highest quartile category of DGAI were more likely to be female, older, non-smoking, and physically active than those in the lowest quartile category (p < 0.001). Percentage of participants meeting the DGA recommendations was low, especially for starchyvegetables (2.3%), orange vegetables (16.2%), lean meat (9.2%), grains (12.0%), and legumes (6.4%). Over-consumption of grains was observed in almost half of the participants while approximately 20% of the subjects over-consumed milk and meat groups. Intakes of most nutrients examined were significantly associated with the DGAI 2005 score (p < 0.001), except for vitamin E, vitamin B12, and vitamin D. The least adherence with the WHO goals was observed with n-3 PUFAs, sodium, fruit, and vegetable intakes. The results revealed that the dietary patterns of most Tehranian adults did not comply with the 2005 DGA and nutritional goals of WHO/Food and Agriculture Organization.
authors.affiliation: Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mirmiran@endocrine.ac.ir
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.forename: Firoozeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hosseini-Esfahanil
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jessri
authors.forename: L Kathleen
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Mahan
authors.forename: Niloofar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shiva
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004041:Dietary Fats; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats