title: Long-term patency of the stapled bovine pericardial conduit for replacement of the superior vena cava.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Artificial prosthesis of the superior vena cava (SVC) may occlude with time. For this reason, we proposed in 2003 the use of a biological material (bovine pericardium) and devised an original technique to construct the prosthetic conduit. We hereby report the long-term results in 15 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SVC prosthetic conduit is realized by wrapping a bovine pericardial leaflet around a 5 or 10 cm(3) syringe and stapling it on the side by a 60-80 linear stapler. This procedure is carried out intra-operatively after the size of the patient's SVC has been ascertained; the conduit is then cut to the appropriate length. We have employed this technique in 15 patients with lung (eight) or mediastinal (seven) tumors; after a minimum follow-up of 1 year, all patients underwent computed tomographic-volume rendering (CT-VR) studies of the SVC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technically, the stapled pericardial conduit has several advantages: (1) it is simple and expeditious; (2) it allows an even and regular suture line, which cannot be achieved by hand suturing; (3)'one size fits all': with one single pericardial leaflet, conduits of all sizes can be realized; this is important for an operation which is performed only few times per year; (4) patency is granted by the intrinsic rigidity of the pericardium and staple line, without the need for any reinforcement; (5) different calibers at the two extremities can be obtained by simply placing the stapler obliquely; and (6) the staple line is excellent for the orientation of the conduit while suturing. In our patients, SVC clamping time ranged between 18 and 50 min (mean 29 min); one patient needed cardiopulmonary bypass. Intra-operative anticoagulation (1.500-2.500 units of heparin) was continued postoperatively subcutaneously for 7 days and then shifted to oral anticoagulation for 6 months. One patient died postoperatively of heart failure (mortality 6%). One to 5 years after surgery, CT-VR showed full patency of the pericardial conduit, no clots or thrombus formation, and absence of collateral venous circulation in all 14 patients. One- and 5-year survival was 93% and 73%, respectively (Kaplan-Meier).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stapled bovine pericardial conduit is a simple, expeditious, and economic solution to SVC replacement, and offers reliable long-term patency without permanent anticoagulation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. amciccone@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ciccone
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Venuta
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Andrilli
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andreetti
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Giacomo
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Massullo
authors.forename: Erino Angelo
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rendina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008479:Mediastinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010496:Pericardium / Q000637:transplantation*; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods; D017792:Surgical Stapling / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000502:physiology*; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*