title: The immune cellular effectors of terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare: meeting with their invaders, Wolbachia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most of crustacean immune responses are well described for the aquatic forms whereas almost nothing is known for the isopods that evolved a terrestrial lifestyle. The latter are also infected at a high prevalence with Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium which affects the host immune system, possibly to improve its transmission. In contrast with insect models, the isopod Armadillidium vulgare is known to harbor Wolbachia inside the haemocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In A. vulgare we characterized three haemocyte types (TEM, flow cytometry): the hyaline and semi-granular haemocytes were phagocytes, while semi-granular and granular haemocytes performed encapsulation. They were produced in the haematopoietic organs, from central stem cells, maturing as they moved toward the edge (TEM). In infected individuals, live Wolbachia (FISH) colonized 38% of the haemocytes but with low, variable densities (6.45±0.46 Wolbachia on average). So far they were not found in hyaline haemocytes (TEM). The haematopoietic organs contained 7.6±0.7×10(3)Wolbachia, both in stem cells and differentiating cells (FISH). While infected and uninfected one-year-old individuals had the same haemocyte density, in infected animals the proportion of granular haemocytes in particular decreased by one third (flow cytometry, Pearson's test = 12 822.98, df = 2, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The characteristics of the isopod immune system fell within the range of those known from aquatic crustaceans. The colonization of the haemocytes by Wolbachia seemed to stand from the haematopoietic organs, which may act as a reservoir to discharge Wolbachia in the haemolymph, a known route for horizontal transfer. Wolbachia infection did not affect the haemocyte density, but the quantity of granular haemocytes decreased by one third. This may account for the reduced prophenoloxidase activity observed previously in these animals.
authors.affiliation: Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose, UMR CNRS 6556, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: Juline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herbinière-Gaboreau
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bertaux
authors.forename: Maryline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raimond
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bouchon
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grève
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braquart-Varnier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D033321:Isopoda / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010587:Phagocytosis; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000276:immunology*