title: Psychological flexibility may reduce insomnia in persons with chronic pain: a preliminary retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep disturbance is a common complaint in people with chronic pain, and is associated with a range of adverse outcomes including reports of greater pain and disability. Research into insomnia with chronic pain sufferers has not yet examined the role of psychological flexibility, a process from acceptance and commitment therapy. We examined this role.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in this study were 159 adult patients attending an assessment at a specialist pain center. They were mostly women, 63%, and the mean age was 43.8 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In preliminary analyses 79% of participants met the criteria for significant insomnia based on their self-reported symptoms. As predicted, significant positive correlations were found between components of psychological flexibility, particularly acceptance of pain and values-based action, and all measures of sleep quality. In regression analyses, the components of psychological flexibility considered together accounted for between 11% and 19% of variance across a range of measures of sleep quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest the need to further develop treatment services for people with chronic pain and insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pain Services, Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases & Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK. lance.mccracken@rnhrd.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Lance M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Nicole K Y
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires