title: Interactions between endogenous and dietary antioxidants against Pb-induced oxidative stress in wild ungulates from a Pb polluted mining area.
abstract: Certain physiologic disorders, attributed to lead (Pb) exposure are related to the generation of oxidative stress. Organisms rely on a complex antioxidant system, composed of endogenously produced compounds such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH peroxidase (GPX); and dietary antioxidants such as vitamins A and E. The aim of this work was to study the interactions between both groups of antioxidants and to evaluate their role in fighting Pb-induced oxidative stress in wild ungulates living in a Pb mining area. We studied red deer (n=54) and wild boar (n=60) from mining and control sites. Liver Pb, copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) levels were measured in liver and bone. Levels of GSH, oxidized GSH (GSSG), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), α-tocopherol, free retinol and retinyl esters, and the activities of SOD and GPX were measured in liver. Wild boar and red deer from the mining sites had higher bone (geometric means: 7.36 vs. 1.23μg/g dw for boar; and 0.46 vs. 0.11μg/g dw for deer) and liver Pb levels (0.81 vs. 0.24μg/g dw for boar; and 0.35 vs. 0.11μg/g dw for deer) than the controls. Pb exposure in deer was associated with lower GSH, α-tocopherol and retinyl esters, and higher free retinol and TBARS. A similar effect on vitamin A balance was observed in wild boar, but this was accompanied with an increase in GSH and α-tocopherol. GPX activity and Se levels were higher in wild boar (mean in controls: 670IU/mg protein and 1.3μg/g dw, respectively) than in red deer (150IU/mg protein and 0.3μg/g). These differences may indicate that red deer is more sensitive to Pb-induced oxidative stress than wild boar. Both endogenous and nutritional antioxidants may be negatively affected by Pb exposure, and their interactions are essential to fight against Pb-mediated oxidative damage.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, Spain. jaime.rodriguez@uclm.es
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Estival
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez-Haro
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monsalve-González
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mateo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D003670:Deer / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007854:Lead / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000378:metabolism*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D007854:Lead; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol