title: Urinary trichlorophenol levels and increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among US school-aged children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trichlorophenols (TCPs) are organochlorine compounds which are ubiquitous in the environment and well known for their carcinogenic effects. However, little is known about their neurotoxicity in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to examine the association between body burden of TCPs (ie, 2,4,5-TCP and 2,4,6-TCP) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated ORs and 95% CIs from logistic regression analyses using data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to evaluate the association between urinary TCPs and parent-reported ADHD among 2546 children aged 6-15 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with low levels (<3.58 μg/g) and high levels (≥3.58 μg/g) of urinary 2,4,6-TCP had a higher risk of parent-reported ADHD compared to children with levels below the limit of detection (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.97 to 2.43 and OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.66, respectively; p for trend=0.006) after adjusting for covariates. No association was found between urinary 2,4,5-TCP and parent-reported ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to TCP may increase the risk of behavioural impairment in children. The potential neurotoxicity of these chemicals should be considered in public health efforts to reduce environmental exposures/contamination, especially in countries where organochlorine pesticides are still commonly used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. xhxu@phhp.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wendy N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Nembhard
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: Zhi-Jiang
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Evelyn O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Talbott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001822:Body Burden; D002648:Child; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002733:Chlorophenols; C009534:2,4,5-trichlorophenol; C024564:2,4,6-trichlorophenol