title: Prevalence of medication-related problems among patients with renal compromise in an Indian hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients suffering from renal dysfunction often have multiple medical conditions either as a cause or as a consequence of their renal disease. These patients receive an average of 10-12 medications daily leading to complex dosing schedules and are more likely to develop medication-related problems (MRPs). The objectives of this study were to determine the nature and extent of MRPs in renally compromised patients and to explore the potential clinical significance of the MRPs. The potential for a clinical pharmacist to contribute towards resolving or preventing some of these MRPs was also explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted for a period of 9 months in the renal unit of Jagadguru Shri Shivaratheeshwara (JSS) Medical College Hospital, Mysore, India. Patients undergoing dialysis on outpatient basis and patients who were admitted under the care of or referred to the nephrologists for renal dysfunction from other specialties were reviewed. Patterns of the MRPs were identified using an adapted Hepler and Strand criteria. The potential clinical significance of the MRPs and the contribution of the clinical pharmacist in resolving or minimizing some of the MRPs were also explored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three hundred and twenty-seven MRPs were identified with 308 patients reviewed. The incidence of MRPs was found to be 1·06 ± 0·85 per patient reviewed. The most common MRP identified in our study was overdose (19·3%) followed by adverse drug reactions (19·0%). Cardiovascular agents (33·6%) followed by anti-infective agents (26·3%) were the most common therapeutic classes of medication implicated in causing MRPs. Twenty-six per cent of the MRPs identified were explored to be potentially moderate or major in clinical significance. The clinical pharmacists' recommendations were accepted in 97% of the cases, which resulted in a change in therapy in 83% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication-related problems are frequent in renally compromised patients in our patient population. The high level of acceptance of clinical pharmacist's recommendations by the nephrologists demonstrates that clinical pharmacists may help improve overall patient care in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, India.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Castelino
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Sathvik
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parthasarathi
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Gurudev
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Narahari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D062787:Drug Overdose; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006436:Hemodialysis Units, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015995:Prevalence; D024382:Professional Role; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations