title: Safety and efficacy of PCNL for management of staghorn calculi in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are few reports on the use of PCNL for staghorn calculi in children. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of this technique, using adult equipment, in children below 16 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for pediatric patients undergoing PCNL for staghorn renal calculi was prospectively recorded. A staghorn calculus was defined as a branched stone occupying more than one part of the collecting system. A standard fluoroscopy guided PCNL was performed in the prone position using adult nephroscopes. Stone clearance was assessed on fluoroscopy and X-ray in all patients and an ultrasound or CT scan in selected cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Beginning October 2007, 33 pediatric patients underwent 34 PCNLs at our center. 12 of these children had staghorn calculi. All patients had normal renal function and no metabolic abnormality. One child had a solitary kidney. In 5 children, the primary tract was placed into the superior calyx and 4 of these were above the 12th rib. A 21Fr nephroscope was used through a 24Fr tract in 9 children while a 26Fr nephroscope was used through a 30Fr tract in 3 cases. 10 children were managed through a single tract. One patient each required SWL and ureteroscopy for residual fragments. 11 patients had complete clearance while 1 had insignificant residue. One child required intravenous antibiotics for post-operative fever while another developed an abdominal collection that was managed conservatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCNL is safe and effective in the management of pediatric staghorn calculi.
authors.affiliation: Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India. rajeev02@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Vaibhav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Amlesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.forename: Prem Nath
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Dogra
authors.forename: Narmada P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome