title: Trichinella spiralis infection induces angiogenic factor thymosin β4 expression.
abstract: Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) has been reported to up-regulate the expression of the angiogenic molecule vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) during nurse cell formation. In order to analyze the induction of angiogenesis by T. spiralis, the expression patterns of angiogenesis-related proteins were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis. VEGF expression was induced in the infected muscles at an early stage of infection (10 days after infection) and diminished after 3 weeks. Thymosin β4, a major factor which induces VEGF, showed increased expression in muscle fibers 10 days after infection, and the expression remained high in the nurse cells for 6 weeks, when the formation of the nurse cell complex was completed. The hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α showed a diffuse expression pattern around the infected muscle fibers and was strongly expressed in inflammatory cells but was not related to the hypoxic condition caused by nurse cell formation. Localization of the hypoxic regions by the hypoxia marker, pimonidazole showed T. spiralis infection does not induce a hypoxic condition in nurse cells. These results suggest that the expression of VEGF and thymosin β4 induce angiogenesis and the expression of thymosin β4 remained elevated to potentially regulate nurse cell formation and maintenance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jin-Ok
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Min-Kyoung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Hak-Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Mee Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ock
authors.forename: Hee-Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000469:parasitology; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013947:Thymosin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017160:Trichinella spiralis; D014235:Trichinellosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000099201:Thymosin beta(4)
chemical_list: D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D013947:Thymosin; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099201:Thymosin beta(4); C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; C033815:pimonidazole