title: Electrosonic spray ionization--an ideal interface for high-flow liquid chromatography applications.
abstract: Electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI) has been studied as an interface between high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS), using sample flow rates up to 3.0 ml min⁻¹. This ionization interface was compared with pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization (ESI) using mass spectrometry for detection. For experiments that did not involve direct comparison of different flow rates, the ESI experiments were performed using post column splitting to work at optimal conditions. ESSI allows the interfacing of conventional or high-resolution liquid chromatography (LC) methods to mass spectrometry without post column splitting. High sample flow rates could be handled without a significant loss of signal intensity using a nebulization gas flow rate of 5.5 L min⁻¹. Since ESI needs to be operated with lower sample flow rates, it is limited to micro/nano LC systems, or post column splitting must be used. In particular, nano LC systems have to be treated with great care and require constant maintenance. When using post-column splitting, the increased diffusion can become a problem especially when using systems with very small void volumes. In all experiments ESSI showed better signal intensities than a commercially available, pneumatically assisted ESI source. ESSI does not require heating of the nebulizer gas, which should help to preserve the original structure of thermally unstable molecules. Therefore, ESSI is presented as an alternative to the commercially available heated ESI sources of AB SCIEX, Thermo Fischer, Agilent and Waters. The observed LC-ESSI-MS ion chromatograms are shown to be very stable even when using flow rates higher than 1.0 ml min⁻¹, which could be very suitable for ultra high performance LC, where sample flow rates up to 2.0 mL min⁻¹ with backpressures up to 1200 bar are used. Also, a difference in the relative intensities of singly and doubly protonated peptide monomers and dimers was observed between the two ionization methods. The coefficients of determination for the calibration of instrument response for Val-Tyr-Val and Met-Enkephalin showed excellent linearity over a wide concentration range (0.1-100 μM), while ESI results were only linear over a much smaller range (0.1-20 μM). The observed behavior is thought to be caused by insufficient ionization efficiency of solutions above ∼20 μM by ESI, exemplifying the robustness of ESSI as an interface between LC and MS.
authors.affiliation: ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Matthias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jecklin
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zenobi
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides