title: Cinnamaldehyde enhances in vitro parameters of immunity and reduces in vivo infection against avian coccidiosis.
abstract: The effects of cinnamaldehyde (CINN) on in vitro parameters of immunity and in vivo protection against avian coccidiosis were evaluated. In vitro stimulation of chicken spleen lymphocytes with CINN (25-400 ng/ml) induced greater cell proliferation compared with the medium control (P < 0·001). CINN activated cultured macrophages to produce higher levels of NO at 1·2-5·0 μg/ml (P < 0·001), inhibited the growth of chicken tumour cells at 0·6-2·5 μg/ml (P < 0·001) and reduced the viability of Eimeria tenella parasites at 10 and 100 μg/ml (P < 0·05 and P < 0·001, respectively), compared with media controls. In chickens fed a diet supplemented with CINN at 14·4 mg/kg, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15 and interferon-γ transcripts in intestinal lymphocytes were 2- to 47-fold higher (P < 0·001) compared with chickens given a non-supplemented diet. To determine the effect of CINN diets on avian coccidiosis, chickens were fed diets supplemented with CINN at 14·4 mg/kg (E. maxima or E. tenella) or 125 mg/kg (E. acervulina) from hatch for 24 d, and orally infected with 2·0 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts at age 14 d. CINN-fed chickens showed 16·5 and 41·6 % increased body-weight gains between 0-9 d post-infection (DPI) with E. acervulina or E. maxima, reduced E. acervulina oocyst shedding between 5-9 DPI and increased E. tenella-stimulated parasite antibody responses at 9 DPI compared with controls.
authors.affiliation: Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors.forename: Sung Hyen
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyun S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lillehoj
authors.forename: Seung I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Kyung Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Myeong Seon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Erik P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Lillehoj
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002645:Chickens; D003048:Coccidiosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D033661:Oocysts / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D019409:Interleukin-15; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000171:Acrolein; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C012843:cinnamaldehyde