title: Low-energy photons in high-energy photon fields--Monte Carlo generated spectra and a new descriptive parameter.
abstract: The varying low-energy contribution to the photon spectra at points within and around radiotherapy photon fields is associated with variations in the responses of non-water equivalent dosimeters and in the water-to-material dose conversion factors for tissues such as the red bone marrow. In addition, the presence of low-energy photons in the photon spectrum enhances the RBE in general and in particular for the induction of second malignancies. The present study discusses the general rules valid for the low-energy spectral component of radiotherapeutic photon beams at points within and in the periphery of the treatment field, taking as an example the Siemens Primus linear accelerator at 6 MV and 15 MV. The photon spectra at these points and their typical variations due to the target system, attenuation, single and multiple Compton scattering, are described by the Monte Carlo method, using the code BEAMnrc/EGSnrc. A survey of the role of low energy photons in the spectra within and around radiotherapy fields is presented. In addition to the spectra, some data compression has proven useful to support the overview of the behaviour of the low-energy component. A characteristic indicator of the presence of low-energy photons is the dose fraction attributable to photons with energies not exceeding 200 keV, termed P(D)(200 keV). Its values are calculated for different depths and lateral positions within a water phantom. For a pencil beam of 6 or 15 MV primary photons in water, the radial distribution of P(D)(200 keV) is bellshaped, with a wide-ranging exponential tail of half value 6 to 7 cm. The P(D)(200 keV) value obtained on the central axis of a photon field shows an approximately proportional increase with field size. Out-of-field P(D)(200 keV) values are up to an order of magnitude higher than on the central axis for the same irradiation depth. The 2D pattern of P(D)(200 keV) for a radiotherapy field visualizes the regions, e.g. at the field margin, where changes of detector responses and dose conversion factors, as well as increases of the RBE have to be anticipated. Parameter P(D)(200 keV) can also be used as a guidance supporting the selection of a calibration geometry suitable for radiation dosimeters to be used in small radiation fields.
authors.affiliation: Working Group Medical Radiation Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany. cmark23@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Ndimofor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chofor
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Willborn
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rühmann
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poppe
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D017785:Photons; D011874:Radiometry; D011878:Radiotherapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results