title: Bladder neck reconstruction is often necessary after complete primary repair of exstrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A major goal of bladder exstrophy management is urinary continence, often using bladder neck reconstruction. We report our experience with bladder neck reconstruction after complete primary repair of exstrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient history, ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram, examination using anesthesia and urodynamics were performed during a prospective evaluation. Continence was assessed using the International Children's Continence Society classification and the dry interval. Bladder capacity was measured by examination using anesthesia, voiding cystourethrogram and/or urodynamics. Urodynamics were also done to assess bladder compliance and detrusor muscle function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1994 to 2010 we treated 31 male and 15 female patients with bladder exstrophy after complete primary repair of exstrophy. Of patients 5 years old or older bladder neck reconstruction was performed after complete primary repair in 9 of 21 males (43%) and in 3 of 11 females (27%) at a mean age of 6.3 and 8.1 years, respectively. By the International Children's Continence Society classification 6 of 12 patients (50%) were continent less than 1.5 years after bladder neck reconstruction and 2 of 9 (23%) were evaluable 1.5 years or greater after reconstruction. Median bladder capacity was 100 ml before, 50 ml less than 1.5 years after and 123 ml 1.5 years or greater after bladder neck reconstruction. Three males and 2 females emptied via an appendicovesicostomy. Two boys underwent augmentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience most patients with bladder exstrophy require bladder neck reconstruction after complete primary repair of exstrophy. The need for reconstruction is more common in males. Our rates of bladder neck reconstruction after complete primary repair of exstrophy and of continence after bladder neck reconstruction are similar to those in other reports.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gargollo
authors.forename: W Hardy
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hendren
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pennison
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Ilina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosoklija
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Borer
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods