title: A model of hemorrhagic shock and acute lung injury in Landrace-Large White Swine.
abstract: Traumatic injury is a leading cause of death worldwide for people between 5 and 44 y of age, and it accounts for 10% of all deaths. The incidence of acute lung injury, a life-threatening complication in severely injured trauma patients remains between 30% and 50%. This study describes an experimental protocol of volume-controlled hemorrhage in Landrace-Large White swine. The experimental approach simulated the clinical situation associated with hemorrhagic shock in the trauma patient while providing controlled conditions to maximize reproducibility. The duration of the protocol was 8 h and was divided into 5 distinct phases-stabilization, hemorrhage, maintenance, resuscitation, and observation-after which the swine were euthanized. Lung tissue samples were analyzed histologically. All swine survived the protocol. The hemodynamic responses accurately reflected those seen in humans, and the development of acute lung injury was consistent among all swine. This experimental protocol of hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation in Landrace-Large White swine may be useful for future study of hemorrhagic shock and acute lung injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece. theodorosxanthos@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Theodoros T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Xanthos
authors.forename: Xanthippi A
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Balkamou
authors.forename: Kostantinos I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Stroumpoulis
authors.forename: Ioannis N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Pantazopoulos
authors.forename: Georgios I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Rokas
authors.forename: Georgios D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Agrogiannis
authors.forename: Georgios T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Troupis
authors.forename: Theano D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Demestiha
authors.forename: Panagiotis N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Skandalakis
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006339:Heart Rate; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications*; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019344:Lactic Acid; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium