title: A kinetic study of the polymorphic transformation of nimodipine and indomethacin during high shear granulation.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism, kinetics, and factors affecting the polymorphic transformation of nimodipine (NMD) and indomethacin (IMC) during high shear granulation. Granules containing active pharmaceutical ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose, and low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose were prepared with ethanolic hydroxypropylcellulose solution, and the effects of independent process variables including impeller speed and granulating temperature were taken into consideration. Two polymorphs of the model drugs and granules were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction analysis and quantitatively determined by differential scanning calorimetry. A theoretical kinetic method of ten kinetic models was applied to analyze the polymorphic transformation of model drugs. The results obtained revealed that both the transformation of modification I to modification II of NMD and the transformation of the α form to the γ form of IMC followed a two-dimensional nuclei growth mechanism. The activation energy of transformation was calculated to be 7.933 and 56.09 kJ·mol(-1) from Arrhenius plot, respectively. Both the granulating temperature and the impeller speed affected the transformation rate of the drugs and, in particular, the high shear stress significantly accelerated the transformation process. By analyzing the growth mechanisms of granules in high-shear mixer, it was concluded that the polymorphic transformation of NMD and IMC took place in accordance with granule growth in a high-shear mixer.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Mingxin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Tianyi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Tongying
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Siling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000592:standards; D009553:Nimodipine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000592:standards; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000592:standards; D033081:Shear Strength; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D009553:Nimodipine; D002482:Cellulose; C008079:hydroxypropylcellulose; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose; D007213:Indomethacin