title: Is seeking bad mood cognitively demanding? Contra-hedonic orientation and working-memory capacity in everyday life.
abstract: Hedonism, or wanting to feel good, is central to human motivation. At times, however, people also seek to maintain or enhance negative affect or to dampen positive affect, and this can be instrumental for the later attainment of their goals. Here, we investigate the assumption that such contra-hedonic orientation is cognitively more demanding than prohedonic orientation, above and beyond the effects of momentary affective experience. We provided 378 participants with mobile phones that they carried with them for 3 weeks while pursuing their daily routines. The phones prompted participants at least 54 times to report their current affect-regulation orientation and to work on two trials of a cognitively demanding working memory task. As expected, contra-hedonic orientation was substantially less prevalent than prohedonic orientation. It was reported in 15% of the measurement occasions. Participants who reported on average more contra-hedonic orientation showed lower average working memory performance throughout the study interval. Further, controlling for the effects of accompanying affective experiences, momentary occurrences of contra-hedonic orientation were associated with temporary declines in working memory performance within individuals, and this could neither be explained by lacking task compliance nor by other characteristics of the individual or the situation. Prohedonic orientation showed a considerably smaller association with working memory performance. These findings are consistent with the view that contra-hedonic orientation is accompanied by momentarily more diminished cognitive resources than is prohedonic orientation.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Research Group Affect Across the Lifespan, MPI for Human Development.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riediger
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Research Group Affect Across the Lifespan, MPI for Human Development.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wrzus
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Education and Human Development, German Institute for International Educational Research Frankfurt am Main.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmiedek
authors.affiliation: Socio-Economic Panel Study, German Institute for Economic Research.
authors.forename: Gert G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Center for Lifespan Psychology, MPI for Human Development.
authors.forename: Ulman
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8428-6453
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindenberger
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult