title: Implications of incidental finding of testicular microlithiasis in paediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve understanding of the implications of testicular microlithiasis (TM) in paediatric patients diagnosed incidentally on scrotal ultrasonography (US).
  
  
  METHODS
  31 boys aged 4-14 years diagnosed with TM based on US between February 2000 and September 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, indications for US, associated inguino-scrotal pathologies and follow-up data were collated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 59 testes were evaluated. Fifty-four had TM at US. The most common indication for US was scrotal swelling (n = 17). Twenty patients (65%) had at least one associated inguino-scrotal pathology related to patent processus vaginalis, with cryptorchidism being the most frequently observed (39%). On follow up (mean 39.6 months), 6 patients documented decrease or resolution of TM, while 2 showed increase in TM density. No testicular malignancy was observed during follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TM is commonly diagnosed incidentally on US in paediatric patients. A literature review revealed few case reports on its association with testicular malignancy and a prevalence of 4.2% among asymptomatic boys. The spontaneous resolution of TM supports degeneration of seminiferous tubules as the possible cause and further questions its malignant implication. An appropriate surveillance scheme would require involvement of a well-informed patient and parent with good compliance on testicular self-examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Jalan Bukit Timah, Singapore 229899, Singapore. chiang.li.wei@singheath.com.sg
authors.forename: Li Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Te-Lu
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Musaed Mohammed
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Asiri
authors.forename: Caroline Choo
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Phaik Ong
authors.forename: Yee
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Anette Sundfor
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D033162:Incidental Findings; D020347:Lithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography