title: Prevalence and clinical profile of metabolic obesity and phenotypic obesity in Asian Indians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We estimated the prevalence of metabolically obese nonobese (MONO), metabolically obese obese (MOO), and metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals and correlated this with the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO) in urban South Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects (n = 2350) were recruited from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study. Generalized obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m(2), based on the World Health Organization Asia Pacific guidelines. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed based on the South Asian Modified-National Cholesterol Education Programme criteria. Coronary artery disease was defined by known myocardial infarction or Q waves on resting electrocardiogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolically obese nonobese was defined as nonobese subjects (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)) with MS, MOO as obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) with MS, MHO as obese subjects (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) with no MS, and MHNO as no obesity or MS. Metabolically obese nonobese was identified in 355 (15.1%), MOO in 348 (14.8%), MHO in 312 (13.3%), and MHNO in 1335 (56.8%) subjects. The prevalence of CAD among the MONO, MOO, MHO, and MHNO was 5.5%, 4.2%, 1.4%, and 2.6%. However, when age standardization was done, there was no statistically significant increase in the risk of CAD among MONO [odds ratio (OR) = 1.300, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.706-2.394, p = .339], MOO (OR = 1.651, 95% CI 0.852-3.199, p = .137), and MHO (OR = 0.524, 95% CI 0.250-2.130, p = .564) groups compared to MHNO, perhaps due to small numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic obesity may have different clinical implications than phenotypic obesity.
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Loganathan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geetha
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deepa
authors.forename: Ranjit Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anjana
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000097:blood; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL