title: Inflammation and cellular stress: a mechanistic link between immune-mediated and metabolically driven pathologies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple cellular stress responses have been implicated in chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Even though phenotypically different, chronic diseases share cellular stress signaling pathways, in particular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The purpose of the ER UPR is to restore ER homeostasis after challenges of the ER function. Among the triggers of ER UPR are changes in the redox status, elevated protein synthesis, accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, energy deficiency and glucose deprivation, cholesterol depletion, and microbial signals. Numerous mouse models have been used to characterize the contribution of ER UPR to several pathologies, and ER UPR-associated signaling has also been demonstrated to be relevant in humans. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that the ER UPR is interrelated with metabolic and inflammatory pathways, autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial stress signaling. Furthermore, microbial as well as nutrient sensing is integrated into the ER-associated signaling network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data discussed in the present review highlight the interaction of ER UPR with inflammatory pathways, metabolic processes and mitochondrial function, and their interrelation in the context of chronic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, CDD-Center for Diet and Disease, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haller
mesh_terms: D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004722:Endoribonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6; D004722:Endoribonucleases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; C528229:ERN1 protein, human