title: Toll-like receptor 4 engagement contributes to expression of NKG2D ligands by renal tubular epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Engagement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 on intrinsic kidney cells is critical for the full development of renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Effects of TLR signalling in renal parenchymal cells include the production of cytokines, chemokines and other soluble mediators which contribute to local inflammation and leucocyte accumulation. Whether engagement of TLR4 on kidney cells results in additional pro-inflammatory modifications of the renal microenvironment remains to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal IRI was induced by clamping of the renal pedicles, and expression of NKG2D ligands in mice deficient in TLR4 or its adaptor molecule MyD88, or else pretreated with blocking antibodies against the endogenous TLR4 ligand HMGB1, was compared to that in wild-type mice. Cultures of isolated renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) from WT, TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice were stimulated with the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or mineral oil occlusion was used to simulate IRI in vitro, prior to determination of NKG2D ligand expression. Chimeric mice lacking TLR4 in either the bone marrow derived or the parenchymal compartment were also subjected to IRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we demonstrate a substantial increase in the expression of the NKG2D ligands retinoic acid early inducible-1 (RAE-1), murine ULBP-like transcript 1 (MULT-1) and histocompatibility-60 (H-60) in mouse kidneys during renal IRI. Expression of NKG2D ligands was attenuated in mice deficient in either TLR4 or the adaptor molecule MyD88. Antibody blockade of HMGB1 reduced NKG2D ligand expression by a comparable extent to TLR4 deficiency and did not result in further reduction of NKG2D ligand expression in TLR4(-/-) mice. Isolated TECs from normal mice but not those with defects in the TLR4-MyD88 signalling pathway expressed RAE-1 and MULT-1 upon exposure to LPS and after being subjected to in vitro conditions resembling ischaemia-reperfusion. TLR4 competence in the parenchymal but not the bone marrow-derived compartment was required for RAE-1 up-regulation in mouse kidneys after ischaemia, while TLR4 signalling in both compartments contributed to the intrarenal expression of MULT-1 during IRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of the NKG2D ligands RAE-1 and MULT-1 on kidney cells in response to TLR4 engagement by HMGB1 represents another mechanism by which TLR4 signalling may participate in the pathogenesis of renal IRI.
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Gang Eric
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Huiling
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chadban
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000166:cytology*; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D055655:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D034521:Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000502:physiology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C527086:Klrk1 protein, mouse; D008024:Ligands; D055655:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K; D034521:Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins; D029543:Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins; C490521:Rae1 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4