title: Is embolization of the pancreas safe? Pancreatic histological changes after selective transcatheter arterial embolization with N-butyl cyanoacrylate in a swine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the safety of selective transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in a swine model in terms of histological changes in the pancreas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of two female swine (58-64 kg) per group underwent TAE of the dorsal pancreatic artery, under anesthesia, with 1:1, 1:4, and 1:9 mixtures of NBCA and iodized oil. Blood parameters were evaluated at days 1, 4, and 10 after TAE, after which the animals were sacrificed and pancreatic tissues were examined under light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the animals were asymptomatic and survived for 10 days. Cone beam computed tomographic angiography revealed occlusion of the dorsal pancreatic artery and no enhancement in the embolized area. The white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level were elevated slightly on day 1 after TAE (mean ± SD: 252.7 ± 27.8 × 10(2)/μl and 0.15 ± 0.07 mg/l, respectively), but they normalized or remained near the upper normal limit thereafter. The serum amylase and lipase levels also were elevated on day 1 (8831.7 ± 2169.2 U/l and 130 ± 53.4 U/l, respectively) but normalized thereafter. Histologically, necrosis and fibrosis were noted only in the embolized segment, and necrosis and acute inflammatory reactions were absent in the nonembolized segment. The border between both segments was well defined. Lymphocytic infiltration and foreign body reaction were noted around the embolized vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective TAE with NBCA in the pancreas caused localized ischemic necrosis without clinically significant pancreatitis; therefore, this procedure is tolerable in swine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan. okabone@gmail.com
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Izaki
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uotani
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Kazuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimura
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000097:blood; D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002445:Celiac Artery; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008049:Lipase / Q000097:blood; D009336:Necrosis; D010179:Pancreas / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003287:Contrast Media; D008049:Lipase; D000681:Amylases; D004659:Enbucrilate; D007479:Iopamidol