title: FOXO4-dependent upregulation of superoxide dismutase-2 in response to oxidative stress is impaired in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3.
abstract: Ataxin-3 (ATXN3), the disease protein in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), binds to target gene promoters and modulates transcription by interaction with transcriptional regulators. Here, we show that ATXN3 interacts with the forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor FOXO4 and activates the FOXO4-dependent transcription of the manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) gene. Upon oxidative stress, ATXN3 and FOXO4 translocate to the nucleus, concomitantly bind to the SOD2 gene promoter and increase the expression of the antioxidant enzyme SOD2. Compared with normal ATXN3, mutant ATXN3 has a reduced capability to activate the FOXO4-mediated SOD2 expression and interferes with binding of FOXO4 to the SOD2 gene promoter. These findings are consistent with a downregulation of SOD2 in pontine brain tissue and lymphoblastoid cell (LC) lines of SCA3 patients. In response to oxidative stress, LCs from SCA3 patients show a specific impairment to upregulate SOD2 expression in correlation with a significantly increased formation of reactive oxygen species and cytotoxicity. The impairment to increase the expression of SOD2 under oxidative stress conditions is associated with a significantly reduced binding of FOXO4 to the SOD2 gene promoter in SCA3-LCs. Finally and consistent with a regulatory role of ATXN3 in SOD2 expression, knockdown of endogenous ATXN3 by RNA interference represses the expression of SOD2. These findings support that ATXN3 plays an important role in regulating the FOXO4-dependent antioxidant stress response via SOD2 and suggest that a decreased antioxidative capacity and increased susceptibility towards oxidative stress contributes to neuronal cell death in SCA3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Julieta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dieringer
authors.forename: Sybille
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dorn
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klockgether
authors.forename: Ullrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wuellner
authors.forename: Bernd O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Evert
mesh_terms: D000067699:Ataxin-3; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D017827:Machado-Joseph Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D034622:RNA Interference; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054875:Ubiquitination / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D000067699:Ataxin-3; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2; C108803:FOXO4 protein, human; C092341:ATXN3 protein, human