title: Evaluation of the motion of surgical instruments during intraocular surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robot assistance in ocular microsurgery could improve precision, dexterity, save time or prevent complications by task automation, and provide access to ocular surgery in undeserved countries by teleoperation. However, to design robotic devices, the range of motion of surgical instruments needs to be precisely quantified.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electromagnetic tracking system was developed for intraocular surgery in order to quantify the movements of ophthalmic surgeons. Kinematics of surgical steps during phacoemulsification and pars plana vitrectomy procedures were determined by measuring the maximum translation and angular range of motion of intraocular surgical tools in the three planes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Important variations in amplitudes of rotation and translation were measured between both hands and between surgical tasks. These parameters may be used to develop a robotic intraocular surgical system or to improve training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Division, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7000, USA. Hubschman@jsei.ucla.edu
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hubschman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bourges
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009038:Motion; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013552:Swine; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*