title: Temporal analyses of the distribution and diversity of Salmonella in natural biofilms.
abstract: The diversity and distribution of salmonellae in freshwater biofilms were analyzed at a fine scale (i.e. in 20 locations from a 324 cm(2) area) for two sites in San Marcos, TX. A concrete storm water overflow channel (City Park) was sampled 4 times and a concrete surface in the spring-fed headwaters of the San Marcos River (Spring Lake) 5 times between April and September 2009, and each biofilm sample analyzed by a combination of traditional enrichment methods and molecular techniques. PCR detection of the invA gene, that encodes a protein of a type III secretion system present in salmonellae, after semi-selective enrichment of salmonellae was achieved in biofilms from all 20 locations at the City Park site, with locations generally being positive 2-3 times out of 4 sampling times for a total of 59% positive samples. InvA gene fragment detection in biofilms was less frequent for the 5 sampling times and 20 locations from the Spring Lake site (18% of all samples), with 1 sampling time being entirely negative and 8 locations remaining negative throughout the study. Rep-PCR fingerprinting of 491 Salmonella isolates obtained from both sites resulted in 30 distinct profiles, with 26 and 7 profiles retrieved from City Park and Spring Lake samples, respectively, and thus with 3 profiles present at both sites, and multiple strains frequently obtained from single locations at both sites. The composition of Salmonella strains in the area analyzed changed in time with large differences between early (April, June) and late sampling times (September) within and among sites, except for one strain (S12) that was present at almost all sampling times at both sites, though often at different locations within the area analyzed. These results demonstrate the presence of salmonellae in natural biofilms and a significant micro-heterogeneity with differences in diversity and persistence of salmonellae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gunathilake
authors.forename: Michael R J
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Forstner
authors.forename: Dittmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018441:Biofilms; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D013781:Texas; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C075518:invA protein, Bacteria