title: Pediatric patients with poor neurological status and arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage: an outcome analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In general, patients who present with low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and/or fixed and dilated pupils are not expected to do well following arteriovenous malformation (AVM) hemorrhage. However, there is a sense among neurosurgeons that pediatric patients may make a better recovery than adults following such an event. There have been few studies focusing on the outcome of pediatric patients with poor neurological status following AVM hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to characterize functional outcome in pediatric patients with severe disability after AVM hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of clinical presentation and outcome in 15 patients seen at the authors' pediatric hospital presenting with low GCS scores (defined as GCS ≤ 8) following AVM hemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial GCS scores ranged from 3 to 6, and 11 of 14 patients had fixed pupils on clinical examination (data were not available in 1 patient). Eight of 15 patients suffered primarily a lobar hemorrhage, 3 suffered primarily infratentorial bleeding, 2 suffered primarily hemorrhages of the basal ganglia, and 2 suffered intraventricular hemorrhage. The overall mortality rate was 20% (3 of 15 patients). The clinical outcome of survivors was defined by the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) and Pediatric Overall Performance Category (POPC) scores at follow-up. One year after AVM hemorrhage, 7 (58%) of the 12 surviving patients showed normal or mild disability (PCPC Score 1 or 2), whereas 5 (42%) of 12 patients had moderate or severe disability (PCPC Score 3 or 4). No patients were in a coma or vegetative state, and 11 (92%) of the 12 patients were functioning independently (POPC Score 1, 2, or 3) 1 year after AVM hemorrhage. All patients were functionally independent by last follow-up, with 8 patients (67%) in the normal or mild disability PCPC category, and 4 in the moderate category (PCPC Score 3). All 12 survivors made a meaningful recovery and went on to live independent lives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric patients suffering AVM hemorrhage have a good outcome and are able to function independently, despite a poor neurological state initially.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ash.singhal@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: Ash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adirim
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steinbok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001955:British Columbia; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed