title: Ozone inactivation of norovirus surrogates on fresh produce.
abstract: Preharvest contamination of produce by foodborne viruses can occur through a variety of agents, including animal feces/manures, soil, irrigation water, animals, and human handling. Problems of contamination are magnified by potential countrywide distribution. Postharvest processing of produce can involve spraying, washing, or immersion into water with disinfectants; however, disinfectants, including chlorine, have varying effects on viruses and harmful by-products pose a concern. The use of ozone as a disinfectant in produce washes has shown great promise for bacterial pathogens, but limited research exists on its efficacy on viruses. This study compares ozone inactivation of human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus [FCV] and murine norovirus [MNV]) on produce (green onions and lettuce) and in sterile water. Green onions and lettuce inoculated with FCV or MNV were treated with ozone (6.25 ppm) for 0.5- to 10-min time intervals. Infectivity was determined by 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50)) and plaque assay for FCV and MNV, respectively. After 5 min of ozone treatment, >6 log TCID(50)/ml of FCV was inactivated in water and ∼2-log TCID(50)/ml on lettuce and green onions. MNV inoculated onto green onions and lettuce showed a >2-log reduction after 1 min of ozone treatment. The food matrix played the largest role in protection against ozone inactivation. These results indicate that ozone is an alternative method to reduce viral contamination on the surface of fresh produce.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hirneisen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Markland
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kniel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000187:drug effects; D002415:Cats; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D018545:Lactuca / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D019697:Onions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical; D010126:Ozone