title: Risk stratification and short-term prognosis in acute heart failure syndromes: a review of novel biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early risk stratification of patients with acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) can guide the decision to admit the patient to hospital and the choice of therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard review methodology using Medline and Google scholar from the years 2006-present. Papers before 2006 were reviewed when necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biomarkers used in AHFS are broadly classified based on their mechanism of action: inflammation, renal stress, extracellular matrix remodeling, oxidative stress, cardiac myocyte stress, and neurohormonal regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper provides a review for clinicians and medical scientists highlighting the most recent advances in biomarkers with application in AHFS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ariadne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avellino
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fermann
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011379:Prognosis; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers