title: Evaluation of the optimal strategy for ex situ bioremediation of diesel oil-contaminated soil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bioaugmentation and biostimulation have been widely applied in the remediation of oil contamination. However, ambiguous results have been reported. It is important to reveal the controlling factors on the field for optimal selection of remediation strategy. In this study, an integrated field landfarming technique was carried out to assess the relative effectiveness of five biological approaches on diesel degradation. The limiting factors during the degradation process were discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of five treatments were tested, including conventional landfarming, nutrient enhancement (NE), biosurfactant addition (BS), bioaugmentation (BA), and combination of bioaugmentation and biosurfactant addition (BAS). The consortium consisted of four diesel-degrading bacteria strains. Rhamnolipid was used as the biosurfactant. The diesel concentration, bacterial population, evolution of CO(2), and bacterial community in the soil were periodically measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best overall degradation efficiency was achieved by BAS treatment (90 ± 2%), followed by BA (86 ± 2%), NE (84 ± 3%), BS (78 ± 3%), and conventional landfarming (68 ± 3%). In the early stage, the total petroleum hydrocarbon was degraded 10 times faster than the degradation rates measured during the period from day 30 to 100. At the later stage, the degradation rates were similar among treatments. In the conventional landfarming, contaminated soil contained bacteria ready for diesel degradation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The availability of hydrocarbon was likely the limiting factor in the beginning of the degradation process. At the later stage, the degradation was likely limited by desorption and mass transfer of hydrocarbon in the soil matrix.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tourism and Leisure Management, Fortune Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung City 83160, Taiwan. robin58@center.fotech.edu.tw
authors.forename: Ta-Chen
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Po-Tsen
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Chiu-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Jo-Shu
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Tsung-Chung
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Sheng-Shung
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001681:Biological Assay; D018533:Biomass; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis*; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D016014:Linear Models; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D040081:Protein Array Analysis / Q000379:methods; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D006017:Glycolipids; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C418382:rhamnolipid