title: Lung cancer and its association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: update on nexus of epigenetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The current research is focused on identifying the common and disparate events involved in epigenetic modifications that concurrently occur during the pathogenesis of COPD and lung cancer. The purpose of this review is to describe the current knowledge and understanding of epigenetic modifications in pathogenesis of COPD and lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review provides an update on advances of how epigenetic modifications are linked to COPD and lung cancer, and their commonalities and disparities. The key epigenetic modification enzymes (e.g. DNA methyltransferases -- CpG methylation, histone acetylases/deacetylases and histone methyltransferases/demethylases) that are identified to play an important role in COPD and lung tumorigenesis and progression are described in this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distinct DNA methyltransferases and histone modification enzymes are differentially involved in pathogenesis of lung cancer and COPD, although some of the modifications are common. Understanding the epigenetic modifications involved in pathogenesis of lung cancer or COPD with respect to common and disparate mechanisms will lead to targeting of epigenetic therapies against these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Isaac K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Sundar
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mullapudi
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Simon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Spivack
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rahman
mesh_terms: D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases / Q000235:genetics; D057890:Epigenomics; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics; D056466:Histone Demethylases / Q000235:genetics; D000076983:Histone Methyltransferases; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D056466:Histone Demethylases; C081573:DNA modification methylase SssI; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases; D000076983:Histone Methyltransferases; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; D051548:Histone Acetyltransferases; D006655:Histone Deacetylases