title: Hot and cold water infusion aroma profiles of Hibiscus sabdariffa: fresh compared with dried.
abstract: Calyxes from the Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) were used to prepare cold (22 °C for 4 h) and hot (98 °C for 16 min) infusions/teas from both fresh and dried forms. Aroma volatiles were extracted using static headspace SPME and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-O with 2 different columns (DB-5 and DB-Wax). Totals of 28, 25, 17, and 16 volatiles were identified using GC-MS in the dried hot extract (DHE), dried cold extract (DCE), fresh hot extract (FHE), and fresh cold extract (FCE) samples, respectively. In terms of total GC-MS peak areas DHE ≫ DCE > FHE ≫ FCE. Nonanal, decanal, octanal, and 1-octen-3-ol were among the major volatiles in all 4 beverage types. Thirteen volatiles were common to all 4 teas. Furfural and 5-methyl furfural were detected only in dried hibiscus beverages whereas linalool and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol were detected only in beverages from fresh hibiscus. In terms of aroma active volatiles, 17, 16, 13, and 10 aroma active volatiles were detected for DHE, DCE, FHE, and FCE samples, respectively. The most intense aroma volatiles were 1-octen-3-one and nonanal with a group of 4 aldehydes and 3 ketones common to all samples. Dried samples contained dramatically higher levels of lipid oxidation products such as hexanal, nonanal, and decanal. In fresh hibiscus extracts, linalool (floral, citrus) and octanal (lemon, citrus) were among the highest intensity aroma compounds but linalool was not detected in any of the dried hibiscus extracts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hibiscus teas/infusions are one of the highest volume specialty botanical products in international commerce. The beverage is consumed for both sensory pleasure and health attributes and is prepared a number of ways throughout the world. Although color and taste attributes have been examined, little information is known about its aroma volatiles and no other study has compared extractions from both fresh and dried as well as extraction temperature differences. This is also, apparently, the first study to identify the aroma active volatiles in hibiscus beverages using GC-olfactometry. Manufacturers and consumers will now have a better understanding of why hibiscus teas prepared in different ways from either fresh or dried forms have a different flavor quality and intensity.
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept, Univ of Florida, PO Box 110370, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Rodrigues
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Balaban
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rouseff
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D003080:Cold Temperature; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D031584:Hibiscus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D000442:Octanols / Q000032:analysis; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D013649:Taste; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000442:Octanols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C008664:nonanal; C021170:decanaldehyde; C038844:1-octen-3-ol; C031639:caprylic aldehyde