title: International comparisons of behavioral and emotional problems in preschool children: parents' reports from 24 societies.
abstract: International comparisons were conducted of preschool children's behavioral and emotional problems as reported on the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1½-5 by parents in 24 societies (N = 19,850). Item ratings were aggregated into scores on syndromes; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-oriented scales; a Stress Problems scale; and Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems scales. Effect sizes for scale score differences among the 24 societies ranged from small to medium (3-12%). Although societies differed greatly in language, culture, and other characteristics, Total Problems scores for 18 of the 24 societies were within 7.1 points of the omnicultural mean of 33.3 (on a scale of 0-198). Gender and age differences, as well as gender and age interactions with society, were all very small (effect sizes < 1%). Across all pairs of societies, correlations between mean item ratings averaged .78, and correlations between internal consistency alphas for the scales averaged .92, indicating that the rank orders of mean item ratings and internal consistencies of scales were very similar across diverse societies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA. lrescorl@brynmawr.edu
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rescorla
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Achenbach
authors.forename: Masha Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.forename: Valerie S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bilenberg
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjarnadottir
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capron
authors.forename: Sarah S W
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: De Pauw
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Anca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrean
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Döpfner
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duyme
authors.forename: Valsamma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.forename: Nese
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.forename: Elaheh Mohammad
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Esmaeili
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ezpeleta
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frigerio
authors.forename: Daniel S S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Halldór
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guðmundsson
authors.forename: Suh-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.forename: Roma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jusiené
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ah Kim
authors.forename: Solvejg
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lecannelier
authors.forename: Patrick W L
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Bárbara César
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montirosso
authors.forename: Kyung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ja Oh
authors.forename: Yoon Phaik
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plück
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pomalima
authors.forename: Jetishi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pranvera
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmeck
authors.forename: Mimoza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahini
authors.forename: Jaime R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Simsek
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sourander
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Ende
authors.forename: Karla G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Yen-Tzu
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yurdusen
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zubrick
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D057189:Checklist; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors