title: The effect of instrument alignment on peripheral refraction measurements by automated optometer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interest in peripheral refraction measurement has grown in recent years in response to the insight it may provide into myopia development. In light of the likely increase in the clinical use of open-field autorefractors for peripheral refraction measurements, the question of instrument alignment and its impact on the accuracy of refraction measurements is raised. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and precision when an open-field device was moved away from alignment with the corneal reflex towards the pupil margins, and to determine the optimum alignment position for peripheral refraction measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Autorefractions were performed on the right eyes of 10 healthy participants using the Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 autorefractor. At least five measurements were taken with the subject fixating a distance target in the primary position of gaze, and then four peripheral fixation targets located along the horizontal meridian (10° and 20° eccentricities in the nasal and temporal retina). Measurements were taken at seven alignment positions across the pupil for each fixation angle. Refraction was recorded as the spherical and cylindrical power.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The central objective refraction achieved under cycloplegia based on the autorefraction result for the whole sample, ranged between -5.62 D and +1.85 D for the value of sphere, with a maximum astigmatism of -1.00 D. Acceptable alignment position range varied with fixation angle but was -1.0 to +1.0 mm in width across the pupil. Peripheral refraction measurements centred on the entrance pupil were as reliable as those centred on the corneal reflex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that for peripheral refraction measurements, there is a range of acceptable positions and operators can be confident of the validity of results obtained if aligned half way between the pupil centre and corneal reflex. The alignment becomes more critical at greater eccentricities.
authors.affiliation: Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK. a.ehsaei@bradford.ac.uk
authors.forename: Asieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ehsaei
authors.forename: Catharine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Edward A H
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mallen
authors.forename: Ian E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Pacey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009907:Optometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*