title: The role of a combined regimen with intravesical chemotherapy and hyperthermia in the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the suboptimal clinical outcomes of current therapies for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), the search for better therapeutic options continues. One option is chemohyperthermia (C-HT): microwave-induced hyperthermia (HT) with intravesical chemotherapy, typically mitomycin C (MMC). During the last 15 yr, the combined regimen has been tested in different clinical settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of C-HT as a treatment for NMIBC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic search of the Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CancerLit, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was undertaken. Relevant conference abstracts and urology journals were also searched manually. Two reviewers independently reviewed candidate studies for eligibility and abstracted data from studies that met inclusion criteria. The primary end point was time to recurrence. Secondary end points included time to progression, bladder preservation rate, and adverse event (AE) rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 studies met inclusion criteria and underwent data extraction. When possible, data were combined using random effects meta-analytic techniques. Recurrence was seen 59% less after C-HT than after MMC alone. Due to short follow-up, no conclusions can be drawn about time to recurrence and progression. The overall bladder preservation rate after C-HT was 87.6%. This rate appeared higher than after MMC alone, but valid comparison studies were lacking. AEs were higher with C-HT than with MMC alone, but this difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Published data suggest a 59% relative reduction in NMIBC recurrence when C-HT is compared with MMC alone. C-HT also appears to improve bladder preservation rate. However, due to a limited number of randomized trials and to heterogeneity in study design, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. In the future, C-HT may become standard therapy for high-risk patients with recurrent tumors, for patients who are unsuitable for radical cystectomy, and in cases for which bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment is contraindicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rianne J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
authors.forename: Brant A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Inman
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leibovitch
authors.forename: Menachem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laufer
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nativ
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colombo
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D016685:Mitomycin