title: Effect of green propolis addition to physical mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements (GICs) combined with propolis as a natural antimicrobial substance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Typified green propolis, as an ethanolic extract (EEP) or in the lyophilized form (powder), was incorporated to specimens of Ketac Fil Plus, ChemFlex and Ketac Molar Easymix GICs. For each test, 8 specimens of each material were prepared. For water sorption and solubility tests, specimens were subjected to dehydration, hydration and redehydration cycles until a constant mass was obtained for each step. Measurements were recorded using a digital balance of 10-4 g precision. For the diametral tensile strength test, specimens were tested in a universal test machine at 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed after 24 h storage in deionized water. Data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of propolis to GIC clearly increased water sorption compared to pure material. Solubility was material-dependent and was not clearly evident. For the diametral tensile strength test, association with propolis altered negatively only Chemflex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be concluded that incorporation of propolis to GICs alters some properties in a material-dependent condition.
authors.affiliation: University of North Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valéria Barros Pereira Barbosa
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Troca
authors.forename: Karen Barros Parron
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Amélia Elena
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Terrile
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Marcucci
authors.forename: Flaviana Bombarda de
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D008298:Maleates / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D011429:Propolis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; C410563:ChemFlex; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C515713:Ketac Molar Easymix; D008298:Maleates; C040964:Ketac-Fil; D011429:Propolis