title: Fusion in the hyoid bone: usefulness and implications.
abstract: Increasing age induces fusion in the hyoid bone. The present study was conducted to assess the usefulness of fusion in the hyoid bone in age estimation. A total of 130 excised hyoid bones from dead bodies belonging to the age group of 4-70 years were studied. The mean age of unilateral and bilateral fusion in males was 39.39 and 41.77 years, respectively. The mean age of unilateral and bilateral fusion in females was 37.5 and 45 years, respectively. Fusion was not seen in ages below 20 years. Non-fusion has been found even after the age of 60 years. Although there was significant association between fusion in the hyoid bone and advancing age, it cannot be considered a good indicator for estimating age. With a high degree of variation in the age of fusion, the hyoid bone needs to be studied along with other determinants for estimating age. Fusion in the hyoid bone is not related to the sex of the victim and there is no tendency towards early fusion on the left side compared with the right side. If the victim of pressure on the neck is aged over 38 years, the clinicians and forensic experts should expect fractured hyoids. If a fractured hyoid bone is not found even in the elderly, pressure on the neck cannot be ruled out.
authors.affiliation: Yenepoya Medical College - Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Mangalore, India. deepakdsouza@yenepoya.org
authors.forename: Deepak H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: D'Souza
authors.forename: Setty Sathyanarayana
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Harish
authors.forename: Jayaramaiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult