title: Novel serum proteomic signatures in a non-human primate model of retinal injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify candidate protein biomarkers in sera indicative of acute retinal injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used laser photocoagulation as a model of acute retinal injury in Rhesus macaques. In a paired-control study design, we collected serum from each animal (n=6) at 4 h, 1 day, and 3 days following a mock procedure and then again following retinal laser treatment that produced mild lesions. Samples were fractionated by isoelectric focusing, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Spectral counting was used to determine relative protein abundances and identify proteins with statistically significant differences between control and treated sera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mild retinal injury was confirmed by fundus photography and histological examination. The average number of total proteins detected by LC-MS/MS was 908±82 among samples from all three time points. Following statistical analysis and employing stringent filtering criteria, a total of 19 proteins were identified as being significantly more abundant in sera following laser-induced retinal injury, relative to control sera. Many of the proteins detected were unique to one time point. However, four proteins (phosphoglycerate kinase 1, keratin 18, Lewis alpha-3-fucosyltransferase, and ephrin receptor A2) showed differences that were significant at both 4 h and 1 day after laser treatment, followed by a decrease to baseline levels by day 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A serum biomarker response to mild retinal laser injury was demonstrated in a primate model. Among the proteins detected with highest significant differences, most are upregulated within 24 h, and their appearance in the serum is transient. It is conceivable that a panel of these proteins could provide a means for detecting the acute-phase response to retinal injury. Further investigation of these candidate biomarkers and their correlation to retinal damage is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Summa Health System, Akron, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Dunmire
authors.forename: Rachida
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bouhenni
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Bassam T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Wakim
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chomyk
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Deepak P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Edward
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005647:Fucosyltransferases / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007525:Isoelectric Focusing; D053538:Keratin-18 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D008028:Light Coagulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D040901:Proteomics; D036081:Receptors, Eph Family / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053538:Keratin-18; D005647:Fucosyltransferases; C031692:galactoside 3-fucosyltransferase; D036081:Receptors, Eph Family; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase; D014357:Trypsin