title: The use of a multi-method approach to identify the pigments in the 12th century manuscript Liber Floridus.
abstract: A selection of illuminations of the 12th century manuscript Liber Floridus was analysed with Raman spectroscopy (in situ and laboratory measurements), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-fluorescence photography and infrared reflectography (IRR). The aim of this study is to determine the pigments used, in order to search for anachronisms. Using a combination of Raman spectroscopy (molecular information) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (elemental information) following pigments could be identified: ultramarine (Na(8-10)Al(6)Si(6)O(24)S(2-4)), azurite (2CuCO(3)·Cu(OH)(2)), caput mortuum (Fe(2)O(3)), vermilion (HgS), orpiment (As(2)S(3)) and lead white (2PbCO(3)·Pb(OH)(2)). Moreover, two synthetic red pigments, PR4 and PR176, and a degradation product, gypsum (CaSO(4)·2H(2)O), were present in the manuscript. To establish the origin of the modern materials UV-fluorescence photography was used. Infrared reflectography (IRR) was applied to visualise the underdrawing of the investigated folios.
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent, Belgium. Raman@UGent.be
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deneckere
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Reu
authors.forename: M P J
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Coene
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vekemans
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vincze
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Maeyer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vandenabeele
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moens
mesh_terms: D001154:Art / Q000266:history*; D003116:Color; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000266:history*; D049691:History, Medieval; D008373:Manuscripts as Topic / Q000266:history*; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents