title: Anaerobic degradation of vinyl chloride in aquifer microcosms.
abstract: The anaerobic degradation potential at a chloroethene-contaminated site was investigated by operating two anoxic column aquifer microcosms enriched in iron(III). One column was fed with vinyl chloride (VC) only (column A) and one with VC and acetate (column B). In column A, after about 600 pore volume exchanges (PVEs), VC started to disappear and reached almost zero VC recovery in the effluent after 1000 PVEs. No formation of ethene was observed. In column B, effluent VC was almost always only a fraction of influent VC. Formation of ethene was observed after 800 PVEs and started to become an important degradation product after 1550 PVEs. However, ethene was never observed in stoichiometric amounts compared with disappeared VC. The average stable isotope enrichment factor for VC disappearance in column A was determined to be -4.3‰. In column B, the isotope enrichment factor shifted from -10.7 to -18.5‰ concurrent with an increase in ethene production. Batch microcosms inoculated with column material showed similar isotope enrichment factors as the column microcosms. These results indicated that two degradation processes occurred, one in column A and two in parallel in column B with increasing importance of reductive dechlorination with time. This study suggests that in addition to reductive dechlorination, other degradation processes such as anaerobic oxidation should be taken into account when evaluating natural attenuation of VC and that isotope analysis can help to differentiate between different pathways of VC removal.
authors.affiliation: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil Environment Engeneering, Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Theo H M
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Assal
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunkeler
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holliger
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014752:Vinyl Chloride / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D005030:Ethylenes; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C036216:ethylene; D014752:Vinyl Chloride