title: Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice.
abstract: Asian rice, Oryza sativa, is one of world's oldest and most important crop species. Rice is believed to have been domesticated ∼9,000 y ago, although debate on its origin remains contentious. A single-origin model suggests that two main subspecies of Asian rice, indica and japonica, were domesticated from the wild rice O. rufipogon. In contrast, the multiple independent domestication model proposes that these two major rice types were domesticated separately and in different parts of the species range of wild rice. This latter view has gained much support from the observation of strong genetic differentiation between indica and japonica as well as several phylogenetic studies of rice domestication. We reexamine the evolutionary history of domesticated rice by resequencing 630 gene fragments on chromosomes 8, 10, and 12 from a diverse set of wild and domesticated rice accessions. Using patterns of SNPs, we identify 20 putative selective sweeps on these chromosomes in cultivated rice. Demographic modeling based on these SNP data and a diffusion-based approach provide the strongest support for a single domestication origin of rice. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses implementing the multispecies coalescent and using previously published phylogenetic sequence datasets also point to a single origin of Asian domesticated rice. Finally, we date the origin of domestication at ∼8,200-13,500 y ago, depending on the molecular clock estimate that is used, which is consistent with known archaeological data that suggests rice was first cultivated at around this time in the Yangtze Valley of China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanmaire
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sikora
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garud
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: Samara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Pu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schaal
authors.forename: Carlos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Purugganan
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D049690:History, Ancient; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA