title: In vitro motility of liver connexin vesicles along microtubules utilizes kinesin motors.
abstract: Trafficking of the proteins that form gap junctions (connexins) from the site of synthesis to the junctional domain appears to require cytoskeletal delivery mechanisms. Although many cell types exhibit specific delivery of connexins to polarized cell sites, such as connexin32 (Cx32) gap junctions specifically localized to basolateral membrane domains of hepatocytes, the precise roles of actin- and tubulin-based systems remain unclear. We have observed fluorescently tagged Cx32 trafficking linearly at speeds averaging 0.25 μm/s in a polarized hepatocyte cell line (WIF-B9), which is abolished by 50 μM of the microtubule-disrupting agent nocodazole. To explore the involvement of cytoskeletal components in the delivery of connexins, we have used a preparation of isolated Cx32-containing vesicles from rat hepatocytes and assayed their ATP-driven motility along stabilized rhodamine-labeled microtubules in vitro. These assays revealed the presence of Cx32 and kinesin motor proteins in the same vesicles. The addition of 50 μM ATP stimulated vesicle motility along linear microtubule tracks with velocities of 0.4-0.5 μm/s, which was inhibited with 1 mM of the kinesin inhibitor AMP-PNP (adenylyl-imidodiphosphate) and by anti-kinesin antibody but only minimally affected by 5 μM vanadate, a dynein inhibitor, or by anti-dynein antibody. These studies provide evidence that Cx32 can be transported intracellularly along microtubules and presumably to junctional domains in cells and highlight an important role of kinesin motor proteins in microtubule-dependent motility of Cx32.
authors.affiliation: Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Alfredo G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Fort
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dandachi
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dermietzel
authors.forename: Allan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wolkoff
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Spray
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000266:Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017630:Connexins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004398:Dyneins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016547:Kinesins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008870:Microtubules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014638:Vanadates / Q000737:chemistry; D000097002:Gap Junction beta-1 Protein
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000266:Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate; D017630:Connexins; D004398:Dyneins; D016547:Kinesins; D014638:Vanadates; D000097002:Gap Junction beta-1 Protein