title: Functional cerebral distance and the effect of emotional music on spatial rotation scores in undergraduate women and men.
abstract: The influence of listening to music on subsequent spatial rotation scores has a controversial history. The effect is unreliable, seeming to depend on several as yet unexplored factors. Using a large sample (167 women, 160 men; M age = 18.9 yr.), two related variables were investigated: participants' sex and the emotion conveyed by the music. Participants listened to 90 sec. of music that portrayed emotions of approach (happiness), or withdrawal (anger), or heard no music at all. They then performed a two-dimensional spatial rotation task. No significant difference was found in spatial rotation scores between groups exposed to music and those who were not. However, a significant interaction was found based on the sex of the participants and the emotion portrayed in the music they heard. Women's scores increased (relative to a no-music condition) only after hearing withdrawal-based music, while men's scores increased only after listening to the approach-based music. These changes were explained using the theory of functional cerebral distance.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown, PA 15904, USA. bertsch@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertsch
authors.forename: H Donald
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Knee
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001143:Arousal; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D009949:Orientation; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D011340:Problem Solving; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult