title: Benzodiazepines, opioids and driving: an overview of the experimental research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Road crashes contribute significantly to the total burden of injury in Australia, with the risk of injury being associated with the presence of drugs and/or alcohol in the driver's blood. Increasingly, some of the most commonly detected drugs include prescription medicines, the most notable of these being benzodiazepines and opioids. However, there is a paucity of experimental research into the effects of prescribed psychoactive drugs on driving behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper provides an overview of experimental studies investigating the effects of prescribed doses of benzodiazepines and opioids on driving ability, and points to future directions for research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is growing epidemiological evidence linking the therapeutic use of benzodiazepines and opioids to an increased crash risk. However, the current experimental literature remains unclear. Limitations to study methodologies have resulted in inconsistent findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited experimental evidence exists to inform policy and guidelines regarding fitness-to-drive for patients taking prescribed benzodiazepines and opioids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further experimental research is required to elucidate the effects of these medications on driving, under varying conditions and in different medical contexts. This will ensure that doctors prescribing benzodiazepines and opioids are well informed, and can appropriately advise patients of the risks associated with driving whilst taking these medications.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Addiction Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. stefanie.leung@sydney.edu.au
authors.forename: Stefanie Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000639:trends*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines