title: Effect of magnesium chloride on psychomotor activity, emotional status, and acute behavioural responses to clonidine, d-amphetamine, arecoline, nicotine, apomorphine, and L-5-hydroxytryptophan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The beneficial effects of magnesium (Mg) salts on central manifestations of Mg deficiency are well known. Mg replacement therapy can be effective to prevent some of the serious depression-like and anxiety-related behaviour sequelae of Mg deficiency. However, few experimental studies have been undertaken on Mg-deficiency-induced behavioural changes. Even fewer studies have been carried out on acute behavioural responses to clonidine, D-amphetamine, arecoline, nicotine, apomorphine, and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (HTP), which might characterize possible neuromediator changes in Mg deficiency. The effects of correcting Mg deficiency by magnesium chloride (MgCl₂ · 6H₂O) and the combination of this salt with vitamin B₆, on the behavioural manifestations of Mg deficiency have never been described as well.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were: to estimate effect of MgCl₂ · 6H₂O alone and in combination with vitamin B6 on acute behavioural responses to agonists or blockers of the main neurotransmitter systems in CNS, psychomotor activity and emotional status of rats fed with Mg-deficient diet for 49 days. In our study open field test has shown that in Mg-deficient rats locomotor activity and vertical activity, number of visiting and residence time in central squares were decreased significantly. In the elevated plus maze test, the number of visiting open arms and residence time of rats were significantly less as compared with the control group. In the forced swimming test, time immobile was significantly increased by 44.29% and time of swimming was decreased by 52.79% compared to control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our study Mg-deficient rats were more sensitive to d-amphetamine-induced motor stereotypes. Mg deficiency antagonized 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head-twitch response and arecoline-induced tremor. Supplement of MgCl₂ · 6H₂O with vitamin B₆ administered to a Mg-deficient rat increased the Mg level in plasma and erythrocytes. Furthermore, this increase was in relation to vitamin B₆ given to the animal. Mg supplementation alone and in combination with pyridoxine normalized acute behavioural responses to d-amphetamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, and arecoline in Mg deficient rats with a return to pre-deficient levels observed in the Mg sufficient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of Mg salts and pyridoxine hydrochloride can be effective at treating some behavior form of primary Mg deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd, Russia. Igor_Iezhitsa@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Igor N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Iezhitsa
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Spasov
authors.forename: Maria V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Kharitonova
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kravchenko
mesh_terms: D006916:5-Hydroxytryptophan / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001115:Arecoline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D015636:Magnesium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D015636:Magnesium Chloride; D001115:Arecoline; D009538:Nicotine; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D006916:5-Hydroxytryptophan; D000661:Amphetamine; D008274:Magnesium; D003000:Clonidine; D001058:Apomorphine