title: Assessment of auditory brainstem function in lead-exposed children using stapedius muscle reflexes.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the neurological integrity and physiological status of the auditory brainstem tracts and nuclei in children with chronic lead (Pb) exposure using non-invasive acoustic stapedius reflex (ASR) measurements of afferent and efferent-neuromuscular auditory function. Following audiological examinations, uncrossed (ipsilateral) and crossed (contralateral) brainstem ASR responses were evoked by pure tone (500, 1000, and 2000 Hz), and broadband noise (bandwidth: 125-4000 Hz) stimulus activators. The ASR threshold (ASRT), amplitude growth, and decay/fatigue were measured by conventional clinical middle ear immittance methods in a group of Andean children (age range: 2-18 years) with a history of chronic environmental Pb exposure from occupational Pb glazing. Blood lead (PbB) levels of the study group (n=117) ranged from 4.0 to 83.7 μg/dL with a mean PbB level of 33.5 μg/dL (SD: 23.6; median: 33.0: CDC III Classification). The PbB distribution data indicated that 77.8% (n=91) of the children had PbB levels greater than the CDC action line of 10 μg/dL. Repeatable, normal ASRTs were elicited for ipsilateral (mean: ≤90 dB HL) and contralateral (mean: ≤97 dB HL) stimulation for each acoustic activator. Spearman Rho correlation analysis indicated no significant association between PbB level and ipsilateral or contralateral ASRT for any of the stimulus activators. The ASR amplitude growth results showed typical growth functions with no Pb-associated aberrations. No statistical association was found between ASR decay/adaptation (ASRD) and PbB level for any of the stimulus activators. The results of stapedius muscle reflex testing using several stimulus activators showed no significant relationship between PbB level and the physiological integrity of the auditory brainstem mediated ASR responses in children with chronic Pb exposure and elevated PbB levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School/The Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. allen_counter@harvard.edu
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Counter
authors.forename: Leo H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Velde
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borg
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004484:Ecuador; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D012022:Reflex, Acoustic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013198:Stapedius / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D007854:Lead