title: Effectiveness of biofeedback for dysfunctional elimination syndrome in pediatrics: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysfunctional elimination syndrome is associated with an inability to effectively empty the bladder and may present with UTI, incontinence, intestinal constipation or other voiding symptoms. Biofeedback has emerged as one potentially effective and non-invasive treatment. We sought to analyze if biofeedback is an effective method to treat children less than 18 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Database, AUA, CUA, AAP and ESPU abstracts. Copies of all relevant articles were retrieved for quality assessment and data abstraction by two independent reviewers. Primary outcomes were UTIs and daytime incontinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  27 studies were included (1 RCT and 26 case-series). The pooled estimate showed 83% (95% CI: 79%-86%) and 80% (95% CI: 76%-85%) improvement in UTI and daytime incontinence respectively. I(2) statistic showed "Low" (7%) and "High" (77%) heterogeneity across studies results for UTI and daytime incontinence. The only included RCT favored biofeedback over standard therapy (RR 1.4, 95% CI: 0.98-2.00) but this was not statistically significant. On analysis of all included studies there was also improvement in constipation (18%-100%), frequency (67%-100%), urgency (71%-88%) and VUR (21%-100%). PVR improvement ranged from 26 ml to 99 ml and Q(max) improvement was from 3.1 ml/s-4.7 ml/s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this review, biofeedback is an effective, non-invasive method of treating dysfunctional elimination syndrome, and approximately 80% of children benefited from this treatment. However, most reports were of low level of evidence and studies of more solid design such as RCT should be conducted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Darren J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Desantis
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Barrowman
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Guerra
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000628:therapy; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*