title: Disparities in enrollment and use of an electronic patient portal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With emphasis on the meaningful use of electronic health records, patient portals are likely to become increasingly important. Little is known about patient enrollment in, and use of, patient portals after explicit invitation from providers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine enrollment in, and use of, an electronic patient portal by race/ethnicity, gender and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, cross sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with attending physicians seen at one urban, academic primary care practice between May 2008 and October 2009 who received electronic orders inviting their participation in an electronic patient portal.
  
  
  METHODS
  (a) Enrollment in the patient portal, (b) Solicitation of provider advice among enrollees, (c) Requests for medication refills among enrollees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 69% of 7,088 patients enrolled in the patient portal. All minority patients were significantly less likely to enroll than whites: 55% blacks, 64% Latinos and 66% Asians compared with 74% whites (chi-square p < 0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). These disparities persisted in adjusted analyses, although differences for Asians were no longer significant. In addition, the oldest patients were less likely to enroll than the youngest (adjusted OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.97). Although there were no racial/ethnic disparities in use of the patient portal among enrollees, we found differences by age and gender. The youngest patients were significantly less likely to solicit provider advice or request medication refills than any other age group in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Similarly, male patients were less likely to solicit provider advice than women in all analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large racial/ethnic disparities were seen in enrollment in our patient portal. Among enrollees, use of the portal was similar by race/ethnicity, but not by age or gender. Future efforts to expand use of the patient portal need to address potential mechanisms for these disparities to ensure this technology is accessible to diverse patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. mgoel@nmff.org
authors.forename: Mita Sanghavi
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Tiffany L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Romana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hasnain-Wynia
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult