title: Infectious organisms on Papanicolaou smears should not influence the diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) remain the center of diagnostic controversy and patients' stress despite recent advances in cervical cancer screening and the introduction of human papilloma virus (HPV) testing. The role of infectious agents in the induction of such changes is not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aim at reviewing the effect of the different infectious organisms in Papanicolaou (PAP) smears on the ASCUS diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  133 ASCUS cases associated with variable infectious organisms (ASCUS-infection group) with secondary HPV testing and appropriate follow-up studies were reviewed. A control group of 310 ASCUS cases without any organisms (ASCUS-only group) was selected for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ASCUS-infection group had a significantly higher proportion of HPV-positive tests than the ASCUS-only group (p = 0.0027). There was no significant difference on follow-up PAPs and biopsies between the two groups (p = 0.4272). They showed an overall mean of 75% negative, 20% low-grade lesions, and 5% high-grade lesions/carcinoma in situ on follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates no significant effect of infections on the cytological changes diagnostic of ASCUS. The cytologist should make this diagnosis neglecting any background infections even when predominant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48141, USA. haitham.nasser@beaumont.edu
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayek
authors.forename: Mamtha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balasubramaniam
authors.forename: Tomi J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kuntzman
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections; D014626:Vaginal Smears