title: Disparities at presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and survival in African American men, affected by prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. PCa exhibits the most striking racial disparity, as African American men are at 1.4 times higher risk of being diagnosed, and 2-3 times higher risk of dying of PCa, compared to Caucasian men. The etiology of the disparity has not been clearly elucidated. The objective of this article is to critically review the literature and summarize the most prominent PCa racial disparities accompanied by proposed explanations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present literature on disparities at presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and survival of African American men affected by PCa was systematically reviewed. Original research as well as relevant review articles were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African American men persistently present with more advanced disease than Caucasian men, are administered different treatment regimens than Caucasian men, and have shorter progression-free survival following treatment. In addition, African American men report more treatment-related side-effects that translates to the diminished quality of life (QOL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCa racial disparity exists at stages of presentation, diagnosis, treatment regimens, and subsequent survival, and the QOL. The disparities are complex involving biological, socio-economic, and socio-cultural determinants. These mounting results highlight an urgent need for future clinical, scientific, and socio-cultural research involving transdisciplinary teams to elucidate the causes for PCa racial disparities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Ganna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chornokur
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Meghan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Borysova
authors.forename: Nagi B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People