title: Hematopoietic cytokines for cardiac repair: mobilization of bone marrow cells and beyond.
abstract: Hematopoietic cytokines, traditionally known to influence cellular proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and lineage commitment in the bone marrow, include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, stem cell factor, Flt-3 ligand, and erythropoietin among others. Emerging evidence suggests that these cytokines also exert multifarious biological effects on diverse nonhematopoietic organs and tissues. Although the precise mechanisms remain unclear, numerous studies in animal models of myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure indicate that hematopoietic cytokines confer potent cardiovascular benefits, possibly through mobilization and subsequent homing of bone marrow-derived cells into the infarcted heart with consequent induction of myocardial repair involving multifarious mechanisms. In addition, these cytokines are also known to exert direct cytoprotective effects. However, results from small-scale clinical trials of G-CSF therapy as a single agent after acute MI have been discordant and largely disappointing. It is likely that cardiac repair following cytokine therapy depends on a number of known and unknown variables, and further experimental and clinical studies are certainly warranted to accurately determine the true therapeutic potential of such therapy. In this review, we discuss the biological features of several key hematopoietic cytokines and present the basic and clinical evidence pertaining to cardiac repair with hematopoietic cytokine therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Rm. 1001 Eaton, MS 3006, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Santosh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sanganalmath
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdel-Latif
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bolli
authors.forename: Yu-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: Buddhadeb
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dawn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023421:Models, Animal; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C084881:flt3 ligand protein; D004921:Erythropoietin; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor