title: Climate change, precipitation and impacts on an estuarine refuge from disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oysters play important roles in estuarine ecosystems but have suffered recently due to overfishing, pollution, and habitat loss. A tradeoff between growth rate and disease prevalence as a function of salinity makes the estuarine salinity transition of special concern for oyster survival and restoration. Estuarine salinity varies with discharge, so increases or decreases in precipitation with climate change may shift regions of low salinity and disease refuge away from optimal oyster bottom habitat, negatively impacting reproduction and survival. Temperature is an additional factor for oyster survival, and recent temperature increases have increased vulnerability to disease in higher salinity regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined growth, reproduction, and survival of oysters in the New York Harbor-Hudson River region, focusing on a low-salinity refuge in the estuary. Observations were during two years when rainfall was above average and comparable to projected future increases in precipitation in the region and a past period of about 15 years with high precipitation. We found a clear tradeoff between oyster growth and vulnerability to disease. Oysters survived well when exposed to intermediate salinities during two summers (2008, 2010) with moderate discharge conditions. However, increased precipitation and discharge in 2009 reduced salinities in the region with suitable benthic habitat, greatly increasing oyster mortality. To evaluate the estuarine conditions over longer periods, we applied a numerical model of the Hudson to simulate salinities over the past century. Model results suggest that much of the region with suitable benthic habitat that historically had been a low salinity refuge region may be vulnerable to higher mortality under projected increases in precipitation and discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Predicted increases in precipitation in the northeastern United States due to climate change may lower salinities past important thresholds for oyster survival in estuarine regions with appropriate substrate, potentially disrupting metapopulation dynamics and impeding oyster restoration efforts, especially in the Hudson estuary where a large basin constitutes an excellent refuge from disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America. Levinton@life.bio.sunysb.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levinton
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doall
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ralston
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.forename: Bassem
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allam
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases; D000818:Animals; D057231:Climate Change; D017753:Ecosystem; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D011891:Rain; D012098:Reproduction; D045483:Rivers; D054712:Salinity; D016019:Survival Analysis