title: Racial and ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening persisted despite expansion of Medicare's screening reimbursement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effect of Medicare's expansion of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening test reimbursement on racial/ethnic disparities in CRC screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  CRC screening was ascertained for Medicare beneficiaries (n = 30,893), aged 70 to 89, who had no history of any tumor and resided in 16 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results regions of the United States from 1996 to 2005. CRC screening tests were identified in the 5% sample of Medicare claims. Age-gender-adjusted percentages and -adjusted odds of receiving any guideline-specific CRC screening [i.e., annual fecal occult blood test (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy every 5 years or colonoscopy every 10 years] by race/ethnicity and Medicare coverage expansion period (i.e., prior to FOBT coverage, FOBT coverage only, and post-colonoscopy coverage) were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRC screening increased as Medicare coverage expanded for white and black Medicare beneficiaries. However, blacks were less likely than whites to receive screening prior to FOBT coverage (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.90), during FOBT coverage only (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.52-0.83) and after colonoscopy coverage (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68-0.95). Hispanics were less likely to receive screening after colonoscopy coverage (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54-0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the expansion of Medicare coverage for CRC screening tests, racial/ethnic differences in CRC screening persisted over time in this universally insured population, especially for blacks and Hispanics. Future studies should explore other factors beyond health insurance that may contribute to screening disparities in this and younger populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although CRC screening rates increased over time, they were still low according to recommendations. More effort is needed to increase CRC screening among all Medicare beneficiaries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA. awhite5@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Arica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Sally W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franzini
authors.forename: Xianglin L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D006278:Medicare; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American