title: [18F]fluoroethylcholine-PET/CT imaging for radiation treatment planning of recurrent and primary prostate cancer with dose escalation to PET/CT-positive lymph nodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At present there is no consensus on irradiation treatment volumes for intermediate to high-risk primary cancers or recurrent disease. Conventional imaging modalities, such as CT, MRI and transrectal ultrasound, are considered suboptimal for treatment decisions. Choline-PET/CT might be considered as the imaging modality in radiooncology to select and delineate clinical target volumes extending the prostate gland or prostate fossa. In conjunction with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and imaged guided radiotherapy (IGRT), it might offer the opportunity of dose escalation to selected sites while avoiding unnecessary irradiation of healthy tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with primary (n = 7) or recurrent (n = 19) prostate cancer received Choline-PET/CT planned 3D conformal or intensity modulated radiotherapy. The median age of the patients was 65 yrs (range 45 to 78 yrs). PET/CT-scans with F18-fluoroethylcholine (FEC) were performed on a combined PET/CT-scanner equipped for radiation therapy planning. The majority of patients had intermediate to high risk prostate cancer. All patients received 3D conformal or intensity modulated and imaged guided radiotherapy with megavoltage cone beam CT. The median dose to primary tumours was 75.6 Gy and to FEC-positive recurrent lymph nodal sites 66,6 Gy. The median follow-up time was 28.8 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean SUV(max) in primary cancer was 5,97 in the prostate gland and 3,2 in pelvic lymph nodes. Patients with recurrent cancer had a mean SUV(max) of 4,38. Two patients had negative PET/CT scans. At 28 months the overall survival rate is 94%. Biochemical relapse free survival is 83% for primary cancer and 49% for recurrent tumours. Distant disease free survival is 100% and 75% for primary and recurrent cancer, respectively. Acute normal tissue toxicity was mild in 85% and moderate (grade 2) in 15%. No or mild late side effects were observed in the majority of patients (84%). One patient had a severe bladder shrinkage (grade 4) after a previous treatment with TUR of the prostate and seed implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FEC-PET/CT planning could be helpful in dose escalation to lymph nodal sites of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Radiologische Allianz Hamburg, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. florian.wuerschmidt@radiologische-allianz.de
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Würschmidt
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dahle
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002794:Choline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D012008:Recurrence; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: C448902:fluoroethylcholine; D002794:Choline