title: Targeted nutlin-3a loaded nanoparticles inhibiting p53-MDM2 interaction: novel strategy for breast cancer therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study is to prepare and characterize nutlin-3a loaded polymeric poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (NPs) surface functionalized with transferrin ligand, to deliver the encapsulated drug in a targeted manner to its site of action and to evaluate the efficacy of the nanoformulation in terms of its cellular uptake, cell cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and activation of p53 pathway at molecular level in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutlin-3a loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) NPs were prepared following the single oil-in-water emulsion method. Physicochemical characterization of the formulation included size and surface charge measurement, transmission electron microscopy characterization, study of surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectral analysis and in vitro release kinetics studies. Furthermore, targeting ability of the conjugated system was assessed by cellular uptake and cell cytotoxicity studies in an in vitro cell model. Molecular basis of nutlin-3a-mediated p53 activation pathway was investigated by western blot analysis. Inhibition of cell cycle progression and apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physiochemical characterization of the formulations revealed that nutlin-3a was efficiently encapsulated in the nanoparticulate system, reaching an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 80% with size of approximately 220 nm and negative zeta potential of approximately -10.4 mV. Higher cellular uptake efficiency of the conjugated system proved the effectiveness of targeted therapy. IC(50) values, as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium assay, showed superior antiproliferative activity of transferrin-conjugated NPs over unconjugated NPs and native nutlin-3a, owing to enhanced cellular uptake by cancer cells. At the molecular level the conjugated system showed enhanced activation of p53 pathway in comparison to native drug as evident from western blot analysis. Augmented cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was exhibited by the conjugated system. Thus, our results suggest that transferrin-conjugated nutlin-3a loaded NPs could be a potential drug carrier system for targeted delivery of potent anticancer drug nutlin-3a for breast cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India.
authors.forename: Manasi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Fahima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dilnawaz
authors.forename: Sanjeeb K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sahoo
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D010879:Piperazines; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C482205:nutlin 3; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2