title: Radiosensitization of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in ready-to-eat baby spinach leaves.
abstract: The FDA recently approved irradiation treatment of leafy greens such as spinach up to 1 kGy; however, it is important to reduce the dose required to decontaminate the produce while maintaining its quality. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the radiation sensitivities of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. inoculated in ready-to-eat baby spinach leaves under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and irradiated using a 1.35-MeV Van de Graff accelerator (the leaves were irradiated both at room temperature and at -5 °C); and (2) to understand and optimize the synergistic effect of MAP and irradiation by studying the radiolysis of ozone formation under different temperatures, the effect of dose rate on its formation, and its decomposition. Results showed that increased concentrations of oxygen in the packaging significantly increased the radiation sensitivity of the test organisms, ranging from 7% up to 25% reduction in D(10)-values. In particular, radiosensitization could be effected (P < 0.05) by production of ozone, which increases with increasing dose-rate and oxygen concentration, and reducing temperatures. Radiosensitization was demonstrated for both microorganisms with irradiation of either fresh or frozen (-5 °C) baby spinach. These results suggest that low-dose (below 1 kGy) e-beam radiation under modified atmosphere packaging (100% O(2) and N(2):O(2)[1:1]) may be a viable tool for reducing microbial populations or eliminating Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. from baby spinach. A suggested treatment to achieve a 5-log reduction of the test organisms would be irradiation at room temperature under 100% O(2) atmosphere at a dose level of 0.7 kGy. Practical Application: Decontamination of minimally processed fruits and vegetables from food-borne pathogens presents technical and economical challenges to the produce industry. Internalized microorganisms cannot be eliminated by the current procedure (water-washed or treated with 200-ppm chlorine). The only technology available commercially is ionizing radiation; however, the actual radiation dose required to inactivate pathogens is too high to be tolerated by the product without unwanted changes. This study shows a new approach in using MAP with 100% O(2), which is converted to ozone to radiosensitize pathogens while improving the shelf life of minimally processed fruits and vegetables. The process results in a high level of microorganism inactivation using lower doses than the conventional irradiation treatments.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA. carmen@tamu.edu
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Rosana G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castell-Perez
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004583:Electrons; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005514:Food Irradiation / Q000379:methods; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000379:methods; D005628:Frozen Foods / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008087:Listeria / Q000528:radiation effects*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000528:radiation effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000528:radiation effects; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000528:radiation effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011786:Quality Control; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000528:radiation effects; D012475:Salmonella / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D010126:Ozone; D010100:Oxygen