title: The efficiency of C(4) photosynthesis under low light conditions: assumptions and calculations with CO(2) isotope discrimination.
abstract: Leakiness (Φ), the proportion of carbon fixed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation that leaks out of the bundle-sheath cells, determines C(4) photosynthetic efficiency. Large increases in Φ have been described at low irradiance. The underlying mechanisms for this increase remain uncertain, but changes in photorespiration or the energy partitioning between the C(4) and C(3) cycles have been suggested. Additionally, values of Φ at low light could be magnified from assumptions made when comparing measured photosynthetic discrimination against (13)C (Δ) with the theoretical formulation for Δ. For example, several simplifications are often made when modelling Δ to predict Φ including: (i) negligible fractionation during photorespiration and dark respiration; (ii) infinite mesophyll conductance; and (iii) CO(2) inside bundle-sheath cells (C(s)) is much larger than values in mesophyll cells (C(m)). Theoretical models for C(4) photosynthesis and C(4) Δ were combined to evaluate how these simplifications affect calculations of Δ and Φ at different light intensities. It was demonstrated that the effects of photorespiratory fractionations and mesophyll conductance were negligible at low light. Respiratory fractionation was relevant only when the magnitude of the fractionation factor was artificially increased during measurements. The largest error in estimating Φ occurred when assuming C(s) was much larger than C(m) at low light levels, when bundle-sheath conductance was large (g(s)), or at low O(2) concentrations. Under these conditions, the simplified equation for Δ overestimated Φ, and compromised comparisons between species with different g(s), and comparisons across O(2) concentrations.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA. nerea.ubiernalopez@wsu.edu
authors.forename: Nerea
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ubierna
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Asaph B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cousins
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D019069:Cell Respiration / Q000528:radiation effects; D037142:Flaveria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008027:Light; D058503:Mesophyll Cells / Q000528:radiation effects; D010730:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018526:Plant Transpiration; D012273:Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D010940:Plant Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010730:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase; D012273:Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase