title: Chemometrics of differentially expressed proteins from colorectal cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the usefulness of differentially expressed proteins from colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues for differentiating cancer and normal tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Proteomic approach was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins between CRC and normal tissues. The proteins were extracted using Tris buffer and thiourea lysis buffer (TLB) for extraction of aqueous soluble and membrane-associated proteins, respectively. Chemometrics, namely principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were used to assess the usefulness of these proteins for identifying the cancerous state of tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differentially expressed proteins identified were 37 aqueous soluble proteins in Tris extracts and 24 membrane-associated proteins in TLB extracts. Based on the protein spots intensity on 2D-gel images, PCA by applying an eigenvalue > 1 was successfully used to reduce the number of principal components (PCs) into 12 and seven PCs for Tris and TLB extracts, respectively, and subsequently six PCs, respectively from both the extracts were used for LDA. The LDA classification for Tris extract showed 82.7% of original samples were correctly classified, whereas 82.7% were correctly classified for the cross-validated samples. The LDA for TLB extract showed that 78.8% of original samples and 71.2% of the cross-validated samples were correctly classified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The classification of CRC tissues by PCA and LDA provided a promising distinction between normal and cancer types. These methods can possibly be used for identification of potential biomarkers among the differentially expressed proteins identified.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Lay-Chin
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.forename: Saravanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dharmaraj
authors.forename: Boon-Hui
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Gooi
authors.forename: Manjit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Lay-Harn
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Gam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins