title: The sterol biosynthesis inhibitor molecule fenhexamid impacts the vegetative compatibility of Glomus clarum.
abstract: The vegetative compatibility of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus clarum MUCL 46238 was evaluated after continuous exposure to fenhexamid, a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI). Three lineages of this AMF were cultured in vitro for five generations in association with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots in the presence of 0, 5 or 10 mg l(-1) of fenhexamid. Whatever the AMF generation, fenhexamid at 5 and 10 mg l(-1) had no significant impact on the number of spores produced. However, vegetative compatibility tests (VCT) conducted with spores from the three lineages, in the presence of 10 mg l(-1) of fenhexamid, impacted the anastomosis process. At this concentration, the morphology of the germ tubes was modified. In addition, nitrotetrazolium-trypan blue staining revealed that 10 mg l(-l) of fenhexamid significantly reduced the probability of fusion between the germ tubes regardless of the culture conditions (i.e. absence or presence of fenhexamid) preceding the VCT. Our results demonstrated that spore production was not affected by fenhexamid, while anastomosis between germ tubes was decreased. This suggested that high concentrations, accumulation or repeated application of this SBI fungicide may impact the community structure of AMF in soil.
authors.affiliation: Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Place croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.|Department of Plasticulture, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Enrique Reyna Hermosillo No. 140, 25250, Saltillo, Mexico.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardenas-Flores
authors.affiliation: Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL), Place croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cranenbrouck
authors.affiliation: Earth and Life Institute, Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, Place croix du Sud 2-11, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Draye
authors.affiliation: Institut de Statistiques, Université catholique de Louvain, voie du Roman Pays 20, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guillet
authors.affiliation: Institut de Statistiques, Université catholique de Louvain, voie du Roman Pays 20, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Govaerts
authors.affiliation: Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Place croix du Sud 3, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. stephan.declerck@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Declerck
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D055137:Glomeromycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013261:Sterols / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D013261:Sterols; C451426:N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide