title: An alternate and reversible method for flight restraint of cranes.
abstract: Flight restraint is important for zoos, safaris, and breeding centers for large birds. Currently used techniques for flight restraint include both surgical and non-surgical approaches. Surgical approaches usually cause permanent change to or removal of tendon, patagial membrane, or wing bones, and can cause pain and inflammation. Non-surgical approaches such as clipping or trimming feathers often alter the bird's appearance, and can damage growing blood feathers in fledglings or cause joint stiffness. We observed microstructure of primary feathers of the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) and found that the width of barbs is a determinative factor influencing vane stiffness and geometric parameters. We hypothesized that partial longitudinal excision of barbs on the ventral surface of the primary feathers would reduce the stiffness of the vane and render the feathers unable to support the crane's body weight during flight. Furthermore, we hypothesized that this modification of barbs would also change the aerodynamic performance of feathers such that they could not generate sufficient lift and thrust during flapping to enable the bird to fly. We tested this hypothesis on a red-crowned crane that had normal flight capability by excising the ventral margin of barbs on all 10 primaries on the left wing. The bird was unable to take off until the modified feathers were replaced by new ones. Removal of barbs proved to be a simple, non-invasive, low-cost and reversible method for flight restraint. It is potentially applicable to other large birds with similar structural characteristics of primary feathers.
authors.affiliation: College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Sen Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shu Hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yan Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jian Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jian Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xian Guang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D005241:Feathers / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*