title: Morbidity, including fatal morbidity, throughout life in men entering adult life as obese.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between obesity in adults and excess morbidity and mortality is well established, but the health impact throughout adult life of being obese in early adulthood needs elucidation. We investigated somatic morbidity, including fatal morbidity, throughout adulthood in men starting adult life as obese.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 362,200 Danish young men, examined for military service between 1943 and 1977, all obese (defined as BMI≥31.0 kg/m(2)), and, as controls, a random 1% sample of the others was identified. In the age range of 18-25 years, there were 1,862 obese, which encompass the men above the 99.5 percentile, and 3,476 controls. Information on morbidity was obtained via national registers. Cox regression models were used to estimate the relative morbidity assessed as first incidence of disease, occurrence of disease in the year preceding death and prevalent disease at time of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From age 18 through 80 years the obese had an increased risk of becoming diseased by or die from a broad range of diseases. Generally, the incidence of first event, occurrence in the year prior to death, and prevalence at time of death showed the same pattern. As an example, the relative hazard of type 2 diabetes was constant throughout life at 4.9 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 4.1-5.9), 5.2 (95% CI: 3.6-7.5), and 6.8 (95% CI: 4.6-10.1), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings strongly support the continued need to avoid beginning adult life as obese, as obese young men experience an increased morbidity, including fatal morbidity, from many diseases throughout life.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. ez@ipm.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D055815:Young Adult