title: Cosmetic surgery training in plastic surgery residency programs in the United States: how have we progressed in the last three years?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2006, a survey performed by Morrison et al analyzed the experience of aesthetic surgery training from the perspective of residents and their program directors in plastic surgery programs across the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors conducted a survey to follow-up on the Morrison results three years after publication, to assess the changes in plastic surgery residency programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In December 2009, a 17-question survey was sent to program directors, and a 19-question survey was sent to senior residents in all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-approved plastic surgery residency programs in the United States. The questions were posed in a five-point ranking format. The two additional questions included in the senior resident survey related to career aspirations and desirable areas of additional training. Ninety-two program directors and 397 senior residents received the survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four program director surveys (47.8%) and 117 (29.5%) senior resident surveys were returned. Two-thirds of programs offered a residents' clinic, which was considered the preferred method of cosmetic surgery education by residents. Residents reported increased exposure to nonsurgical procedures such as lasers and injectables. Abdominoplasty, breast augmentation, and breast reduction remained the procedures most frequently performed by residents with confidence, as in the 2006 survey. Facial aesthetic procedures, including rhinoplasty and facelift, remained challenging to residents. Many residents (55.7%) felt confident integrating cosmetic surgery into their practice. One-third of residents reported that they would apply for a cosmetic fellowship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey shows an improvement in cosmetic surgery training for plastic surgery residents in the United States, particularly in that noninvasive cosmetic treatments are being increasingly taught. Since 2006, steps have been taken to provide more comprehensive cosmetic surgery education to residents, encouraging the delivery of the safe, high-quality care expected of a board-certified plastic surgeon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390-9132, USA.
authors.forename: Georgette
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oni
authors.forename: Jamil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Zins
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kenkel
mesh_terms: D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000193:education*; D013337:Students, Medical; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000193:education*; D014481:United States