title: Cross-linguistic comparison of frequency-following responses to voice pitch in American and Chinese neonates and adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cross-language studies, as reflected by the scalp-recorded frequency-following response (FFR) to voice pitch, have shown the influence of dominant linguistic environments on the encoding of voice pitch at the brainstem level in normal-hearing adults. Research questions that remained unanswered included the characteristics of the FFR to voice pitch in neonates during their immediate postnatal period and the relative contributions of the biological capacities present at birth versus the influence of the listener's postnatal linguistic experience. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of FFR to voice pitch in neonates during their first few days of life and to examine the relative contributions of the "biological capacity" versus "linguistic experience" influences on pitch processing in the human brainstem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve American neonates (five males, 1-3 days old) and 12 Chinese neonates (seven males, 1-3 days old) were recruited to examine the characteristics of the FFRs during their immediate postnatal days of life. Twelve American adults (three males; age: mean ± SD = 24.6 ± 3.0 yr) and 12 Chinese adults (six males; age: mean ± SD = 25.3 ± 2.6 yr) were also recruited to determine the relative contributions of biological and linguistic influences. A Chinese monosyllable that mimics the English vowel /i/ with a rising pitch (117-166 Hz) was used to elicit the FFR to voice pitch in all participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way analysis of variance (i.e., the language [English versus Chinese] and age [neonate versus adult] factors) showed a significant difference in Pitch Strength for language (p = 0.035, F = 4.716). A post hoc Tukey-Kramer analysis further demonstrated that Chinese adults had significantly larger Pitch Strength values than Chinese neonates (p = 0.024). This finding, coupled with the fact that American neonates and American adults had comparable Pitch Strength values, supported the linguistic experience model. On the other hand, Pitch Strength obtained from the American neonates, American adults, and Chinese neonates were not significantly different from each other, supporting the biological capacity model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated an early maturation of voice-pitch processing in neonates starting from 1 to 3 days after birth and a significant effect of linguistic experience on the neural processing of voice pitch at the brainstem level. These findings provide a significant conceptual advancement and a basis for further examination of developmental maturation of subcortical representation of speech features, such as pitch, timing, and harmonics. These findings can also be used to help identify neonates at risk for delays in voice-pitch perception and provide new directions for preventive and therapeutic interventions for patients with central auditory processing deficits, hearing loss, and other types of communication disorders.
authors.affiliation: Communication Sciences and Disorders, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA. jeng@ohio.edu
authors.forename: Fuh-Cherng
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dickman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Montgomery-Reagan
authors.forename: Meiling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Guangqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chia-Der
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002663:Child Language; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007802:Language; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D010898:Pitch Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult