title: 21st century nursing practice in Ghana: challenges and opportunities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article is intended to stimulate critical thinking and generate fruitful discussion on nursing practice in Ghana as experienced by the authors. Its rationale is to promote exchange of ideas and creative partnerships to ensure that right decisions are made in preparing competent, adaptable and resourceful nurses who can contribute to health for all in the 21st century.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The challenges of nursing education, practice and migration in Ghana seem grim. There is inadequate capacity of training institutions, low staff morale, poor distribution and serious workforce shortages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Government reports and policy documents on nursing were sourced from official websites and reviewed and discussed in the context of the international scholarly published literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors note that despite the severe crises, a number of opportunities such as improved home-based training, international nursing education partnerships and welfare and human resource development could foster effective nurse retention and managed migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To address the issues with nursing health service delivery and nursing shortages in Ghana requires all stakeholders to move beyond the traditional stereotypes and be flexible and forward-looking. Needed policy options include expansion of local nursing education and training capacity, collaborative training opportunities, improving the welfare and retention rates of current staff and international exchange of nurse resources that is mutually beneficial to both source and sink countries.
authors.affiliation: Canadian University College, Alberta, Canada. ndonkor@cauc.ca
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Donkor
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D004506:Education, Nursing; D005869:Ghana; D005102:Health Expenditures; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D009726:Nurses / Q000600:supply & distribution; D009729:Nursing; D011639:Public Opinion; D012424:Rural Population; D012941:Social Responsibility; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors