title: Effect of blanching in water and sugar solutions on texture and microstructure of sliced carrots.
abstract: Thermal processing of vegetables has pronounced effects on the cell structure, often negatively affecting the final textural properties of the product. In order to study the effect of thermal processing and the protective effect of sugars on the tissue, sliced carrots were subjected to blanching treatments under different time and temperature combinations both in water and in 4% sugar solutions made of trehalose or maltose. The influence of these process conditions on mass transfer, texture, and microstructure (Cryo-scanning electron microscopy) was thus investigated. The total mass loss of all the samples blanched in water was associated to their cook value (C(100)(18)) except for the overprocessed one (90 °C, 10 min) that showed a total mass change significantly lower due to water uptake. The use of trehalose and maltose in the blanching solution reduced the solute loss while increasing the water loss. Microstructural analysis of the differently blanched carrots showed detachments between adjacent cell walls as well as plasmolysis phenomena as the time and temperature of the thermal treatment were increased. A protective effect of both sugars on cell structures was observed mostly in the sample treated at 90 °C. At macroscopic level, textural changes upon blanching were observed by a penetration test. As blanching time was increased, samples processed at 75 °C showed a hardness increase, while those processed at 90 °C showed a hardness decrease. However, both trehalose and maltose did not exert significant effects on the textural properties of blanched carrots when compared with those blanched in water. Practical Application: The results of this study could offer interesting perspectives in the optimization of the heat treatments in order to preserve the quality of semi-finished processed vegetables. Furthermore, the microstructural analysis is nowadays an important investigation tool that could contribute to a deeper understanding of both the effects of processing and ingredients on the vegetable microstructure and its relationship with the changes occurring on the quality properties at macroscopic level.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science, Univ. of Teramo, Via C. Lerici 1, 64023 Mosciano S.Angelo (TE), Italy.
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: Isabel Hernando
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Hernando
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pérez-Munuera
authors.forename: Giampiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sacchetti
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pittia
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000032:analysis*; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008320:Maltose / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D052585:Phloem / Q000737:chemistry; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011786:Quality Control; D012995:Solubility; D014199:Trehalose / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D014867:Water; D008320:Maltose; D014199:Trehalose; D010544:Peroxidases; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C022323:pectinesterase