title: Demographic risk factors affecting emergency room visits caused by benzodiazepine poisoning in Kansas City, Missouri, from 2001 to 2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to identify demographic risk factors associated with emergency room visits caused by benzodiazepine poisoning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was conducted utilizing Missouri Hospital Discharge Data for Kansas City, Missouri, USA, for 2001-2007. The data included patients' demographics such as racial group, age, sex, health insurance status and annual income. Emergency room visits due to benzodiazepine poisoning were identified by ICD-9 code 969.4. The frequencies of patient visits were calculated according to categories of each demographic variable. Chi-square tests were used to assess the difference of emergency room visits among categories of each demographic variable. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, where the outcome variable was emergency room visits due to benzodiazepine poisoning (yes/no), and the independent variables were the demographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1317566 emergency room visits over the 7-year period, 562 were due to benzodiazepine poisoning. Seventy-seven per cent of these visits were made by patients who were white, of whom 53% were 30-49years old, 56% were female, 74% had health insurance and 44% lived in zip codes with median family incomes of $40000-59999. Chi-square tests were significant for racial group, age and annual income (P<0.01). In the logistic regression white patients were 73% more likely than black patients to have emergency room visits caused by benzodiazepine poisoning (P<0.01), with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 5.63 (4.33-7.30). Compared with those aged 0-19 years, the odds ratio for patients aged 30-39 to have such visits was 2.73 (2.09-3.57), and the odds ratio for patients aged 40-49 was 2.84 (2.17-3.71).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  White patients and patients aged 30-49years were at higher risk for emergency room visits due to benzodiazepine poisoning. Health interventions such as medication review by pharmacists may reduce the risk of benzodiazepine poisoning for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, The University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA. liuyif@umkc.edu
authors.forename: Yifei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jinwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Gerald L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Felix A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Okah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000506:poisoning*; D002648:Child; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines