title: Soil microbial degradation of neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiacloprid and imidaclothiz and its effect on the persistence of bioefficacy against horsebean aphid Aphis craccivora Koch after soil application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neonicotinoids imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, acetamiprid and thiacloprid consist of similar structural substituents but differ considerably with respect to soil use. Therefore, the effects of soil microbial activity on the degradation and bioefficacy persistence of the four neonicotinoids were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In unsterilised soils, 94.0% of acetamiprid and 98.8% of thiacloprid were degraded within 15 days, while only 22.5% of imidacloprid and 25.1% of imidaclothiz were degraded over a longer period of 25 days. In contrast, in sterilised soils, the degradation rates of acetamiprid and thiacloprid were respectively only 21.4% and 27.6%, whereas the degradation rates of imidaclothiz and imidacloprid were respectively 9.0% and almost 0% within 25 days. The degradation products of imidacloprid and imidaclothiz were identified as olefin, nitroso or guanidine metabolites, the degradation product of thiacloprid was identified as an amide metabolite and no degradation product of acetamiprid was detected. A bioefficacy assay revealed that the bioefficacy and persistence of imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, acetamiprid and thiacloprid against horsebean aphid A. craccivora were related to their degradation rate and the bioefficacy of their degradation products in soil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soil microbial activity played a key role in the bioefficacy persistence of neonicotinoid insecticides and therefore significantly affected their technical profile after soil application.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhonghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Guodong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yuyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Jueping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013843:Thiazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011725:Pyridines; D012987:Soil; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C082359:imidacloprid; C464485:acetamiprid; C417209:thiacloprid; C550087:imidaclothiz