title: The Role of Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder in the Association between Verbal Ability and Conduct Disorder.
abstract: Although there is clear evidence that low verbal ability is a risk factor for conduct disorder (CD), some researchers have questioned whether this association is due to the common comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and CD. The present study examined the association among verbal ability, ADHD, and CD in a genetically informative sample in order to examine the role of genes and/or environmental influences shared in common with ADHD on the covariation between verbal ability and CD. Participants were 2744 adolescents from the Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD), and included 360 monozygotic (MZ) female twin pairs, 221 dizygotic (DZ) female twin pairs, 297 MZ male twin pairs, 220 DZ male twin pairs, and 274 opposite-sex DZ twin pairs. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV) was used to assess lifetime symptoms of ADHD and CD. Verbal ability was assessed via the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) for individuals over the age of 16 and the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III (WISC-III) for individuals under the age of 16. There was a small but significant negative covariance between verbal ability and CD and between verbal ability and ADHD. Results also suggest that the covariation between verbal ability and CD is due to influences shared in common with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Shannon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stasi
authors.forename: Soo Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Robin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Corley
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hewitt