title: Effects of long-term parenteral nutrition on serum lipids, plant sterols, cholesterol metabolism, and liver histology in pediatric intestinal failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plant sterols (PS) in parenteral nutrition (PN) may contribute to intestinal failure-associated liver disease. We investigated interrelations between serum PS, liver function and histology, cholesterol metabolism, and characteristics of PN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with intestinal failure (mean age 6.3 years) receiving long-term PN were studied prospectively (mean 254 days) and underwent repeated measurements of serum lipids, noncholesterol sterols, including PS, and liver enzymes. PS contents of PN were analyzed. Liver biopsy was obtained in 8 patients. Twenty healthy children (mean age 5.7 years) served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median percentage of parenteral energy of total daily energy (PN%) was 48%, including 0.9 g · kg(-1) · day(-1) of lipids. Respective amounts of PN sitosterol, campesterol, avenasterol, and stigmasterol were 683, 71, 57, and 45 μg · kg(-1) · day(-1). Median serum concentrations of sitosterol (48 vs 7.5 μmol/L, P < 0.001), avenasterol (2.9 vs 1.9, P < 0.01), stigmasterol (1.9 vs 1.2, P < 0.005), but not that of campesterol (9.8 vs 12, P = 0.22), were increased among patients in relation to controls, and correlated with PN% (r = 0.81-0.88, P < 0.005), but not with PN fat. Serum cholesterol precursors were higher in patients than in controls. Serum liver enzymes remained close to normal range. Glutamyl transferase correlated with serum PS (r = 0.61-0.62, P < 0.05). Liver fibrosis in 5 patients reflected increased serum PS (r = 0.55-0.60, P = 0.16-0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum PS moderately increase during olive oil-based PN, and correlate positively with PN% and glutamyl transferase. Despite well-preserved liver function, histology often revealed significant liver damage.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. annika.kurvinen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurvinen
authors.forename: Markku J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nissinen
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gylling
authors.forename: Tatu A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lampela
authors.forename: Antti I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Koivusalo
authors.forename: Risto J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rintala
authors.forename: Mikko P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000473:pathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000097:blood*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010840:Phytosterols; D010938:Plant Oils; D012855:Sitosterols; C021273:campesterol; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D002784:Cholesterol