title: Reengineering gender relations in modern militaries: an evolutionary perspective.
abstract: This article presents an evolutionary framework for understanding the sexual assault of women in the military. We specify the evolutionary underpinnings of tensions among heterosexual males, among heterosexual females, and between males and females and discuss how these tensions have played out in the strongly gendered context of warrior culture. In the absence of cultural interventions that take into account deep-seated conceptions of women in the military as unwelcome intruders, sexual resources for military men, or both, military women operate in an environment in which sexual assault may be deployed to enact and defend traditional military structures. We discuss how unit norms are likely to affect the choice of strategies by men and by women and how the resulting behaviors-including celibacy, consensual sex, and sexual assault-should affect horizontal and vertical unit cohesion. The framework is intended to guide future data collection in theoretically coherent ways and to inform the framing and enforcement of policies regarding both consensual and non-consensual sex among military personnel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Political Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA. rhannaga@niu.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hannagan
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arrow
mesh_terms: D003068:Coercion; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003468:Cultural Evolution; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology*; D012746:Sexual Abstinence; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012930:Social Dominance; D012931:Social Environment; D012933:Social Identification; D012945:Social Values; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology; D014857:Warfare