title: Evidence that self-affirmation reduces alcohol consumption: randomized exploratory trial with a new, brief means of self-affirming.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the ability of a new, brief means of affirming the self (the "self-affirming implementation intention") to decrease alcohol consumption against a standard means of self-affirmation (the self-affirming "kindness" questionnaire) and an active control condition; to test whether self-affirmation effects can be sustained beyond the experimental session; and to examine potential moderators of the effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy-eight participants were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: control questionnaire, self-affirming questionnaire, and self-affirming implementation intention. All participants were exposed to a threatening health message, designed to inform them about the health risks associated with consuming alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measure was subsequent alcohol intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant public health gains and statistically significant decreases (>1 unit/day) in alcohol consumption in the two experimental conditions but not in the control condition. At the end of the study, participants in the control condition were consuming 2.31 units of alcohol per day; people in the self-affirming questionnaire condition were consuming 1.52 units of alcohol per day; and people in the self-affirming implementation intention condition were consuming 1.53 units of alcohol per day. There were no significant differences between the self-affirming questionnaire and self-affirming implementation intention, and adherence did not moderate the effects. Self-affirmation also improved message processing, increased perceived threat, and led to lower message derogation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the efficacy of a new, brief self-affirmation manipulation to enhance the effectiveness of health risk information over time. Further research is needed to identify mediators of the effects of self-affirmation on health behavior change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, WesternBank, Sheffield S10 2TP, United Kingdom. c.j.armitage@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Madelynne A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult