title: Role of endothelial dysfunction in modulating the plasma redox homeostasis in visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence in the literature suggests that down-regulation of nitric oxide (NO) is associated with the pathophysiological conditions during visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Here we have investigated the mechanism that leads to the down regulation of systemic NO in the infected condition. Moreover, we have determined whether down regulation of NO is associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during this disease. Therapeutic strategy targeting signaling molecules of these events was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma protein-nitrotyrosine was examined by ELISA kit. Generation of superoxides and peroxynitrites was investigated by flow cytometry. NO bioavailability in endothelial cells was evaluated using DAF-2DA fluorescence. Ceramide contents were evaluated using FACS analysis, HPTLC and HPLC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  L. donovani infected reticulo-endothelial cells regulated the activity of eNOS and NAD(P)H oxidase in the endothelial cells through the generation of intercellular messenger, ceramide. Activation of SMases played an important role in the generation of ceramide in animals during chronic infection. These events led to generation of ROS within endothelial cells. Modulation of redox status of plasma and accumulation of ROS in endothelial cells were critically involved in the regulation of NO bioavailability in plasma of the infected animal. Endothelial dysfunction and decline of NO were resulted from an increased production of superoxide where upregulation of eNOS expression appeared as an ineffective compensatory event. Inhibition of ceramide generation increased NO bioavailability, prevented endothelial dysfunction and concomitant oxidative stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased NO bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction were the downstream of ceramide signaling cascade. ROS accumulation promoted peroxynitrite generation and reduced NO bioavailability. Inhibition of ceramide generation may be a potential therapeutic option in preventing the co-morbidity associated with VL.
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CSIR, Kolkata-700032, India.
authors.forename: Kaustav Dutta
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Gargi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Avik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Tuli
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Biswas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002518:Ceramides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000097:blood; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000502:physiology; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000097:blood / Q000469:parasitology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C108138:dihydroceramide desaturase; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide