title: Treatment of spasticity related to multiple sclerosis with intrathecal baclofen: a long-term follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spasticity is a frequent disabling symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis, which contributes to functional deterioration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term effect of intrathecal baclofen therapy in multiple sclerosis-related spasticity and to evaluate the side-effects of long-term therapy, and the doses of baclofen required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with multiple sclerosis were followed up clinically for a mean of 62 months (range 19-137 months). Clinical evaluation was made using individual goals, modified Ashworth scale, and Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spasticity, measured with the modified Ashworth score, decreased in all patients by a mean of 1 point. The score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale improved in 2 cases. Prior to implantation, 10 patients (72%) reported severe pain. After implantation 3 improved and 7 became pain-free. The daily doses needed for treatment were highly individual. The effect of intrathecal baclofen on spasticity lasted observation time. One patient experienced progressive cognitive impairment as a side-effect of baclofen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrathecal baclofen is well-tolerated and the effect lasts for up to 12 years. A thorough continuous clinical assessment is required because the differentiation between symptoms of multiple sclerosis progression and side-effects of baclofen may be difficult. Intrathecal baclofen should be considered as an option for long-term treatment of patients with advanced spasticity. Pain control can also be achieved by optimized intrathecal baclofen treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5021 Bergen, Norway. tiina.rekand@helse-bergen.no
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rekand
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grønning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D001418:Baclofen