title: Transverse divergent dislocation of elbow in a child: a case report and review of current literature.
abstract: We present a case report on transverse divergent dislocation of the elbow, highlighting the spatial relation among the proximal radius, ulna, and distal humerus in this rare pediatric elbow injury and reasons leading to misinterpretation of radiographs. Elbow dislocation is a rare injury in children. It comprises only 6% of pediatric elbow injuries. Most pure dislocations are posterior, but they can occur in any direction. Divergent dislocation of the elbow is a subgroup of posterior dislocation, which is extremely rare. It is important that the pediatric emergency physician is aware, able to identify, and manage this injury. It is defined as a specific elbow dislocation in which the distal humerus is forced between the proximal radius and ulna, resulting in the divergence of the proximal forearm bones. Joint laxity is said to be a predisposing cause in pediatric age group. Atraumatic divergent dislocation of the elbow has been reported in the adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Imaging is challenging because there is no defined specific radiological views, therefore making the diagnosis difficult. This often leads to misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment. A thorough understanding of mechanism of injury and basis for atypical radiological findings will help in identifying the injury early, and the simple Thompson technique to relocate the elbow will give an excellent functional outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital (Alder Hey Hospital), Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Harvey L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Puthanveetil Nithin
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.forename: Alfie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waseem
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brownson
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002648:Child; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D000092464:Elbow Injuries