title: Somatic and germline expression of piwi during development and regeneration in the marine polychaete annelid Capitella teleta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stem cells have a critical role during adult growth and regeneration. Germline stem cells are specialized stem cells that produce gametes during sexual reproduction. Capitella teleta (formerly Capitella sp. I) is a polychaete annelid that reproduces sexually, exhibits adult growth and regeneration, and thus, is a good model to study the relationship between somatic and germline stem cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We characterize expression of the two C. teleta orthologs of piwi, genes with roles in germline development in diverse organisms. Ct-piwi1 and Ct-piwi2 are expressed throughout the life cycle in a dynamic pattern that includes both somatic and germline cells, and show nearly identical expression patterns at all stages examined. Both genes are broadly expressed during embryonic and larval development, gradually becoming restricted to putative primordial germ cells (PGCs) and the posterior growth zone. In juveniles, Ct-piwi1 is expressed in the presumptive gonads, and in reproductive adults, it is detected in gonads and the posterior growth zone. In addition, Ct-piwi1 is expressed in a population of putative PGCs that persist in sexually mature adults, likely in a stem cell niche. Ct-piwi1 is expressed in regenerating tissue, and once segments differentiate, it becomes most prominent in the posterior growth zone and immature oocytes in regenerating ovaries of regenerating segments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In C. teleta, piwi genes may have retained an ancestral role as genetic regulators of both somatic and germline stem cells. It is likely that piwi genes, and associated stem cell co-regulators, became restricted to the germline in some taxa during the course of evolution.
authors.affiliation: Kewalo Marine Laboratory, PBRC/University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui St,, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. seaver@hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Vincent C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Giani
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Elaine C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Seaver