title: Basal rates and circadian profiles in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) differ for preschool children, prepubertal children, adolescents and young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Initiation of continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy (CSII) requires an appropriate basal rate profile. Different approaches exist; however, there is a lack of evidence-based recommendations, especially in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this large multicenter survey, 5941 CSII patients from the German/Austrian prospective documentation system (DPV) were analyzed. Patients were divided into four age groups: <6 yr (n = 837), 6 to <12 yr (n = 1739), 12 to <18 yr (n = 2985) and 18 to <25 yr (n = 380). Basal insulin requirement and diurnal distribution were evaluated based on the most recent documentation for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal insulin requirement differed significantly between the four age groups (<6: 0.25 ± 0.12; 6 to <12: 0.33 ± 0.12; 12 to <18: 0.43 ± 0.15; 18 to <25: 0.35 ± 0.13 U/kg; p < 0.001). Circadian insulin profiles were markedly different between the younger and older age groups. In addition to age, longer diabetes duration, female gender, higher HbA1c and lower body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) were related to higher basal insulin requirement per kilogram of body weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age of the patient is the primary factor that influences both total daily requirement and circadian distribution of basal insulin in CSII. Experience from a large database may therefore facilitate the initiation of pump therapy in pediatric patients.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Practice, D-46147 Oberhausen, Germany. bachran@t-online.de
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bachran
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klinkert
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heidtmann
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenbauer
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003625:Data Collection; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011627:Puberty / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult