title: Genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of phosphatidylcholine transfer protein attenuates diet-induced hepatic glucose production.
abstract: Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP, synonym StARD2) is a highly specific intracellular lipid binding protein that is enriched in liver. Coding region polymorphisms in both humans and mice appear to confer protection against measures of insulin resistance. The current study was designed to test the hypotheses that Pctp-/- mice are protected against diet-induced increases in hepatic glucose production and that small molecule inhibition of PC-TP recapitulates this phenotype. Pctp-/- and wildtype mice were subjected to high-fat feeding and rates of hepatic glucose production and glucose clearance were quantified by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies and pyruvate tolerance tests. These studies revealed that high-fat diet-induced increases in hepatic glucose production were markedly attenuated in Pctp-/- mice. Small molecule inhibitors of PC-TP were synthesized and their potencies, as well as mechanism of inhibition, were characterized in vitro. An optimized inhibitor was administered to high-fat-fed mice and used to explore effects on insulin signaling in cell culture systems. Small molecule inhibitors bound PC-TP, displaced phosphatidylcholines from the lipid binding site, and increased the thermal stability of the protein. Administration of the optimized inhibitor to wildtype mice attenuated hepatic glucose production associated with high-fat feeding, but had no activity in Pctp-/- mice. Indicative of a mechanism for reducing glucose intolerance that is distinct from commonly utilized insulin-sensitizing agents, the inhibitor promoted insulin-independent phosphorylation of key insulin signaling molecules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest PC-TP inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy in the management of hepatic insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Ekaterina Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Shishova
authors.forename: Janis M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: Baran A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ersoy
authors.forename: Sudeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Erez F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Scapa
authors.forename: Yingxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Michele W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Niepel
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jelicks
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Marcie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Glicksman
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Juarez
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Cuny
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D005947:Glucose / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; D005947:Glucose