title: Quantification of myocardial viability distribution with Gd(DTPA) bolus-enhanced, signal intensity-based percent infarct mapping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A substantial, common shortcoming of the currently used semiautomated techniques for the quantification of myocardial infarct with delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging is the assumption that the whole myocardial slab that corresponds to the hyperenhanced tomographic area is 100% nonviable. This assumption is, however, incorrect. To resolve this conflict, we have recently proposed the signal intensity percent-infarct mapping method and validated it in an ex vivo, canine experiment. The purpose of the current study has been the validation of the signal intensity percent-infarct mapping method in vivo, using a porcine model of reperfused myocardial infarct.
  
  
  METHODS
  In swines (n=6), reperfused myocardial infarct was generated occluding for 90 min by an angioplasty balloon either the left anterior descending or the left circumflex coronary artery. To obtain DE images, Gd(DTPA) enhanced inversion-recovery fast gradient-echo acquisitions were carried out on day 28 after myocardial infarction. Scanning started 15 min after intravenous injection of 0.2 mmol/kg Gd(DTPA). At the end of the MRI session, the animal was sacrificed and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to validate the existence and to determine the accurate size of the myocardial infarct. Tissue samples were taken and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome for histological assessment of the infarct and the periinfarct zone. The signal intensity percent-infarct mapping data were compared with corresponding data from the delayed enhancement images analyzed with SI(remote+2S.D.) thresholding, and with corresponding triphenyltetrazolium-chloride staining data using Friedman's repeated measure analysis of variance on ranks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infarct volume determined by the triphenyltetrazolium chloride, SI(remote+2S.D.) and signal intensity percent-infarct mapping methods was 3.04 ml [2.74, 3.45], 13.62 ml [9.06, 18.45] and 4.27 ml [3.45, 6.33], respectively. Median infarct volume determined by SI(remote+2S.D.) significantly differed from that determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (P<.05). The Bland-Altman overall bias was 12.49% of the volume of the left ventricle. Median infarct volume determined by signal intensity percent-infarct mapping, however, did not differ significantly (NS) from that obtained by triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Signal intensity percent-infarct mapping yielded only a 1.99% Bland-Altman overall bias of the left ventricular volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This in vivo study in the porcine reperfused myocardial infarct model demonstrates that signal intensity percent-infarct mapping is a highly accurate method for the determination of the extent of myocardial infarct. MRI images for signal intensity percent-infarct mapping are obtained with the pulse sequence of conventional delayed enhancement imaging and are acquired within clinically acceptable scanning time. This makes signal intensity percent-infarct mapping a practical method for clinical implementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirschner
authors.forename: Akos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varga-Szemes
authors.forename: Brigitta C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Brott
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Litovsky
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elgavish
authors.forename: Gabriel A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Elgavish
authors.forename: Tamas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simor
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D015424:Reperfusion; D013552:Swine; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C009591:triphenyltetrazolium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA