title: Posterior urethral valve treatments and outcomes in children receiving kidney transplants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the impact of surgical approaches to posterior urethral valves on renal transplant survival and compared transplant survival in children with vs without posterior urethral valves.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of all children who underwent renal transplantation from January 1984 to March 2008 and performed univariate subgroup analysis in those with posterior urethral valves. We evaluated the ureteroneocystotomy method, immunosuppression and valve treatment. In patients with posterior urethral valves we regarded nocturnal and/or daytime incontinence, severe urgency and the need for intermittent catheterization or double voiding for increased post-void residual urine as signs of bladder dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial renal transplant was received by 418 children at a mean age of 5.6 years. The 59 boys with posterior urethral valves received a total of 69 kidneys. By 8-year followup the kidney had failed in 24 of 59 boys with and 143 of 359 without posterior urethral valves (OR 0.9665, 95% CI 0.5462-1.692, p = 0.9105). Immunosuppression was consistent in the 2 groups. Outcomes were similar across all ureteroneocystotomy techniques. Initial management for posterior urethral valves was valve ablation alone in 12 boys, vesicostomy in 7 and supravesical diversion in 11. There was no difference in transplant survival or bladder dysfunction based on valve intervention. In 18 boys (55%) we noted overlapping signs of bladder dysfunction, of whom 11 performed intermittent catheterization or had increased post-void residual urine, 4 had severe urgency, 4 had daytime incontinence and 7 had nocturnal incontinence. Bladder dysfunction did not predict increased graft loss (OR 3.306, 95% CI 0.7615-16.27, p = 0.1134).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of children who undergo renal transplantation boys with posterior urethral valves do not have a higher graft failure rate. Treatment for posterior urethral valves did not significantly impact transplant survival or bladder dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. finex055@umn.edu
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Dhirendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.forename: Marie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Aseem R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shukla
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*