title: Short-term complexity of cardiac autonomic control during sleep: REM as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular system in aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep is a complex phenomenon characterized by important modifications throughout life and by changes of autonomic cardiovascular control. Aging is associated with a reduction of the overall heart rate variability (HRV) and a decrease of complexity of autonomic cardiac regulation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the HRV complexity using two entropy-derived measures, Shannon Entropy (SE) and Corrected Conditional Entropy (CCE), during sleep in young and older subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A polysomnographic study was performed in 12 healthy young (21.1±0.8 years) and 12 healthy older subjects (64.9±1.9 years). After the sleep scoring, heart period time series were divided into wake (W), Stage 1-2 (S1-2), Stage 3-4 (S3-4) and REM. Two complexity indexes were assessed: SE(3) measuring the complexity of a distribution of 3-beat patterns (SE(3) is higher when all the patterns are identically distributed and it is lower when some patterns are more likely) and CCE(min) measuring the minimum amount of information that cannot be derived from the knowledge of previous values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across the different sleep stages, young subjects had similar RR interval, total variance, SE(3) and CCE(min). In the older group, SE(3) and CCE(min) were reduced during REM sleep compared to S1-2, S3-4 and W. Compared to young subjects, during W and sleep the older subjects showed a lower RR interval and reduced total variance as well as a significant reduction of SE(3) and CCE(min). This decrease of entropy measures was more evident during REM sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that aging is characterized by a reduction of entropy indices of cardiovascular variability during wake/sleep cycle, more evident during REM sleep. We conclude that during aging REM sleep is associated with a simplification of cardiac control mechanisms that could lead to an impaired ability of the cardiovascular system to react to cardiovascular adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Antoine U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tobaldini
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chellappa
authors.forename: Karina Rabello
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Casali
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Montano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult