title: Techniques of intraoperative monitoring for spinal cord function: their past, present, and future directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors discuss the use of intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord function as an essential part of operations in which the spinal cord is at risk. Although early documented cases of intraoperative monitoring were during operations to correct spinal deformities such as scoliosis, intraoperative monitoring has also increased safety during other operations, such as tumor resection and arteriovenous malformation ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors highlight details involved in monitoring spinal cord function intraoperatively and discuss historical, current, and future perspectives on the use of these monitoring techniques as an essential part of operations in which the spinal cord is at risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative monitoring techniques mitigate the risk of post-operative deficits to the spinal cord by detecting injuries before they become permanent and while they can be reversed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring is safe, cost-effective, and valuable in reducing post-operative sensory and motor deficit. This technique should continue to be refined and its use consistently applied in any procedure where injury to the spinal cord is possible.
authors.affiliation: School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: Aage R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: Shaheryar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Aaron A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cohen-Gadol
mesh_terms: D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000266:history*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000266:history*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000266:history*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000266:history*