title: Individual and interactive effects of cultivar maturation time, nitrogen regime and temperature level on accumulation of wheat grain proteins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Background and reasons for differences in wheat grain protein accumulation and polymerization are not fully understood. This study investigated individual and interactive effects of genetic and environmental factors on wheat grain protein accumulation and amount and size distribution of polymeric proteins (ASPP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual factors, e.g. maturation time of a cultivar, nitrogen regime and temperature level, influenced grain protein accumulation and ASPP, although interaction of these factors had a greater influence. Early maturation time and long grain maturation period (GMP) in a cultivar resulted in high amounts of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-extractable proteins (TOTE) and low percentage of SDS-unextractable polymeric proteins in total polymeric proteins (%UPP). Cultivars with late maturation time and short GMP resulted in low TOTE and high %UPP. Late versus early nitrogen application regime resulted in low %UPP versus low TOTE and high %UPP, respectively. High versus low temperature resulted in high %UPP and low %UPP, respectively. Differences in ASPP at maturity started as changes in protein accumulation from 12 days after anthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Length of GMP, especially in relation to length until maturity, governs gluten strength (%UPP) and grain protein concentration (TOTE). Length of GMP is determined by cultivar, temperature during GMP and late nitrogen availability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture-Farming Systems, Technology and Product Quality, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden. Ali.Malik@slu.se
authors.forename: Ali Hafeez
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Prieto-Linde
authors.forename: Ramune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuktaite
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005308:Fertilizers; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis*; D005983:Glutens / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D008970:Molecular Weight; D058458:Nitrogen Cycle; D058105:Polymerization; D011786:Quality Control; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013045:Species Specificity; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D013548:Sweden; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005308:Fertilizers; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D005983:Glutens