title: Biomechanical characterisation of equine laryngeal cartilage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper airway obstruction is a common problem in the performance horse as the soft tissues of the larynx collapse into the airway, yet there is a paucity of information on biomechanical properties for the structural cartilage components.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the geometry and compressive mechanical properties of the hyaline cartilage to improve understanding of laryngeal function and morphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 11 larynges were harvested from Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. During gross dissection, linear dimensions of the cricoid were obtained. From both the cricoid and arytenoid, specimens were cored to obtain 6 mm disc samples from 3 sites within the dorsal cricoid (caudal, middle and rostral) and 2 central sites in the arytenoids (inner, outer). The specimens were mechanically tested using radial confined compression to calculate the aggregate modulus and permeability of the tissue. The biomechanical data were analysed using a nested mixed effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Geometrically, the cricoid has relatively straight walls compared to the morphology of human, ovine and canine larynges. There were significant observations of higher modulus with increasing age (0.13 MPa per year; P = 0.007) and stiffer cricoid cartilage (2.29 MPa) than the arytenoid cartilage (0.42 MPa; P<0.001), but no difference was observed between the left and right sides. Linear contrasts showed that the rostral aspect (2.51 MPa) of the cricoid was 20% stiffer than the caudal aspect (2.09 MPa; P = 0.025), with no difference between the arytenoid sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The equine larynx is a well supported structure due to both the geometry and material properties of the cricoid cartilage. The hyaline structure is an order of magnitude higher in compressive modulus compared to the arytenoids and other hyaline-composed tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These characterisations are important to understand the biomechanics of laryngeal function and the mechanisms involved with surgical interventions.
authors.affiliation: URS Corporation, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Passman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheetham
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bonassar
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ducharme
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rawlinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007817:Laryngeal Cartilages / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male