title: Availability of nicotine replacement therapy in substance use disorder treatment: longitudinal patterns of adoption, sustainability, and discontinuation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing recognition regarding the clinical importance of integrating smoking cessation services, such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), within programs that treat substance use disorders (SUDs) since the majority of individuals receiving treatment also smoke. Previous research has not examined the organizational characteristics associated with NRT availability over time in SUD treatment programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using longitudinal data collected from administrators of 868 SUD treatment programs over a four-year period, the availability of NRT in the forms of the nicotine patch or nicotine gum was measured. Associations between organizational covariates and NRT adoption were estimated using multinomial logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of NRT availability significantly decreased over time from 38.0% of SUD programs at baseline to 33.8% at follow-up. The multinomial logistic regression model indicated programs that sustained adoption of NRT over time were more medically oriented, as measured by location in a hospital setting and access to physicians, and were less likely to offer outpatient services. Sustained and recent adopters of NRT were more likely to offer other smoking cessation interventions at follow- up than NRT discontinuers or NRT non-adopters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that patients' access to NRT varies across different types of treatment organizations. Future research should continue to measure the availability of NRT and other smoking cessation interventions in SUD treatment since these services may help patients to quit smoking and reduce the likelihood of SUD relapse.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science and Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, 109 Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA. hannah.knudsen@uky.edu
authors.forename: Hannah K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Studts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine