title: Emotions, self-esteem, and paranoid episodes: an experience sampling study.
abstract: OBJECTIVES. The evidence to date for a causal role of emotions in the generation of paranoid symptoms is scarce, mainly because of a lack of studies investigating the longitudinal association between emotional processes and paranoia. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether momentary emotional experiences (anxiety, depression, anger/irritability) and self-esteem predicted the onset and duration of a paranoid episode. We also studied whether levels of emotional experiences and self-esteem were respectively higher and lower during a paranoid episode. DESIGN. A 1-week, prospective momentary assessment study. METHODS. Data were collected using the experience sampling method, a structured self-assessment diary technique. The sample consisted of 158 individuals who ranged across the paranoia continuum. Participants with a psychotic disorder were recruited from in-patient and out-patient mental health services. Participants without psychotic disorder were sampled from the general population. RESULTS. Specific aspects of emotional experience were implicated in the onset and persistence of paranoid episodes. Both an increase in anxiety and a decrease in self-esteem predicted the onset of paranoid episodes. Cross-sectionally, paranoid episodes were associated with high levels of all negative emotions and low level of self-esteem. Initial intensity of paranoia and depression was associated with longer, and anger/irritability with shorter duration of paranoid episodes. CONCLUSIONS. Paranoid delusionality is driven by negative emotions and reductions in self-esteem, rather than serving an immediate defensive function against these emotions and low self-esteem. Clinicians need to be aware of the central role of emotion-related processes and especially self-esteem in paranoid thinking.
authors.affiliation: Open University of The Netherlands, Heerlen. v.thewissen@sp.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thewissen
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bentall
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oorschot
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: A Campo
authors.forename: Thom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Lierop
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.forename: Inez
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Myin-Germeys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000786:Anger; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult