title: Country-specific birth weight and length in type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotypes in combination with prenatal characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between high-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes for type 1 diabetes and birth size in combination with prenatal ch aracteristics in different countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four high-risk HLA genotypes were enrolled in the Environmental determinants of Diabetes in the Young study newborn babies from the general population in Finland, Germany, Sweden and the United States. Stepwise regression analyses were used to adjust for country, parental physical characteristics and environmental factors during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses did not reveal differences in birth size between the four type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotypes. Compared with DQ 4/8 in each country, (1) DQ 2/2 children were heavier in the United States (P=0.028) mostly explained however, by parental weight; (2) DQ 2/8 (P=0.023) and DQ 8/8 (P=0.046) children were longer in Sweden independent of parents height and as well as (3) in the United States for DQ 2/8 (P=0.023), but again dependent on parental height.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children born with type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotypes have comparable birth size. Longitudinal follow-up of these children should reveal whether birth size differences between countries contribute to the risk for islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, University Hospital MAS, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sterner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Törn
authors.forename: H-S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schatz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hagopian
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.forename: J-X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: She
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Krischer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akolkar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lernmark
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005858:Germany; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens