title: Detection of a cyclic perfluorinated acid, perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate, in the Great Lakes of North America.
abstract: Perfluoroethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS) is a cyclic perfluorinated acid (PFA) mainly used as an erosion inhibitor in aircraft hydraulic fluids. It is expected to be as recalcitrant to environmental degradation as aliphatic PFAs including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). For the first time, PFECHS is reported in top predator fish (<MDL to 3.7 ng g(-1) wet weight in whole body homogenate) from the Great Lakes and in surface waters (0.16-5.7 ng L(-1)). PFOS was the major aliphatic PFA in fish from the Great Lakes. Concentrations of most of the PFAs were not statistically different from previously reported 2004 trout data in Lake Ontario. Shorter chain perfluorocarboxylates were prevalent in surface waters of the Great Lakes, dominated by PFOA (0.65-5.5 ng/L). An impurity in the commercial PFECHS formulation, perfluoromethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFMeCHS), was also detected in the dissolved phase but not above detection limits in fish tissue. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were estimated by taking the ratio of fish to water concentrations. The mean log BAF values corresponded to 2.8 for PFECHS, 2.1 for PFOA, and 4.5 for PFOS. It is not certain whether the fish-water BAF for PFECHS is an overestimate due to the influence of precursor biotransformation. Further studies are recommended to understand the extent of PFECHS contamination.
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada , 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON Canada L7R 4A6. amila.desilva@ec.gc.ca
authors.forename: Amila O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: De Silva
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Brian F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Backus
authors.forename: Derek C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis; D003500:Cyclization; D003510:Cyclohexanes / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009656:North America; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D003510:Cyclohexanes; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C569427:perfluoroethylcyclohexanesulfonic acid; C080421:perfluoroethylcyclohexane; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C003073:perfluoromethylcyclohexane