title: Do sons reduce parental mortality?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although sons are thought to impose greater physiological costs on mothers than daughters, sons may be advantageous for parental survival in some social contexts. The authors examined the relationship between the sex composition of offspring and parental survival in contemporary China and Taiwan. Because of the importance of sons for the provision of support to elderly parents in these populations, the authors hypothesised that sons would have a beneficial effect on parental survival relative to daughters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) and the Taiwan Longitudinal Study of Aging (TLSA). The CLHLS sample consisted of 4132 individuals aged 65 years and over in 2002. The TLSA sample comprised two cohorts: 3409 persons aged 60 years and over in 1989 and 2193 persons aged 50-66 years in 1996. These cohorts were followed up for 3, 18 and 11 years, respectively. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the relationship between the sex composition of offspring and parental mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on seven measures of sex composition, no protective effect of sons was found in either China or Taiwan. For example, in the 1989 Taiwan sample, the hazard ratio (HR) for maternal mortality associated with having an eldest son was 0.979 (95% CI 0.863 to 1.111). In Taiwan, daughters may have been more beneficial than sons in reducing mortality in recent years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors offer several explanations for these findings, including possible benefits associated with emotional and interpersonal forms of support provided by daughters and negative impacts of conflicts arising between parents and resident daughters-in-law.
authors.affiliation: Office of Population Research, Princeton University, 259 Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. gpkanter@princeton.edu
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pham-Kanter
authors.forename: Noreen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D009679:Nuclear Family; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology