title: Pressure ulcer incidence in Dutch and German nursing homes: design of a prospective multicenter cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pressure ulcers are a common and serious health care problem in all health care settings. Results from annual national pressure ulcer prevalence surveys in the Netherlands and Germany reveal large differences in prevalence rates between both countries over the past ten years, especially in nursing homes. When examining differences in prevalence and incidence rates, it is important to take into account all factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers. Numerous studies have identified patient related factors, as well as nursing related interventions as risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers. Next to these more process oriented factors, also structural factors such as staffing levels and staff quality play a role in the development of pressure ulcers. This study has been designed to investigate the incidence of pressure ulcers in nursing homes in the Netherlands and Germany and to identify patient related factors, nursing related factors and structural factors associated with pressure ulcer development. The present article describes the protocol for this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective multicenter study is designed in which a cohort of newly admitted nursing home residents in 10 Dutch and 11 German nursing homes will be followed for a period of 12 weeks. Data will be collected by research assistants using questionnaires on four different levels: resident, staff, ward, and nursing home.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study will provide information on the incidence of pressure ulcers in Dutch and German nursing homes. Furthermore, information will be gathered on the influence of patient related factors, nursing related factors and structural factors on the incidence of pressure ulcers. The present article describes the study design and addresses the study's strengths and weaknesses.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Health Care and Nursing Science, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht, the Netherlands. e.meesterberends@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meesterberends
authors.forename: Ruud Jg
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Halfens
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heinze
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lohrmann
authors.forename: Jos Mga
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schols