title: Autophagic and apoptotic response to sonodynamic therapy induced cell damage in leukemia l1210 cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was initiated to study the autophagic and apoptotic response to sonodynamic therapy (SDT) in murine leukemia L1210 cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  L1210 cells were examined after 6 hours of incubation following SDT induction with ultrasound at a frequency of 1.1 MHz and an intensity of 3 W/cm(2) in the presence of 1 μg/mL protoporphyrin IX. Apoptosis rate and cell survival rate were assessed through double fluorescent staining with Annexin V-PE and 7-amino-actinomycin D as determined by flow cytometry. Transmission electron microscope and fluorescence microscope were used to identify the formation of acidic vesicular organelles (autophagic vacuoles) during autophagy. Western blots were used to examine the processing of light chain 3 (LC3)-I to LC3-II and Atg5 expression levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study showed that SDT treatment reduced the numbers of viable cells to 30.17% and enhanced the apoptotic cells to 19.37% (p < 0.05 compare with control). Additionally, autophagic vacuoles formation clearly occurred after SDT and simultaneously accompanied by obvious LC3 processing and increased Atg5 expression levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In L1210 cells, both apoptosis and autophagy were involved in cell damage induced by SDT treatment at the experimental conditions.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, China .
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Quanhong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaobing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Mengying
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007939:Leukemia L1210 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D052119:Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C495773:Atg5 protein, mouse; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D052119:Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2; C480860:Map1lc3b protein, mouse; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011524:Protoporphyrins; C028025:protoporphyrin IX