title: Understanding subtypes of inner-city drug users with a latent class approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We empirically identified subtypes of inner-city users of heroin and cocaine based on type of drug used and route of administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was recruited from the communities in Baltimore, MD (SHIELD study) and consisted of 1061 participants who used heroin and or cocaine in the past 6 months on a weekly basis or more. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify subtypes of drug users based on type of drug and route of administration. Logistic regression was used to compare the subtypes on depressive symptoms, injection risk and drug network compositions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inner-city drug users were classified into five subtypes: three subtypes of injection drug users (IDUs) [heroin injecting (n=134; 13%), polydrug and polyroute (n=88, 8%), and heroin and cocaine injecting (n=404, 38%)], and two subtypes with low proportions of IDUs (LIDUs) [heroin snorting (n=275, 26%) and crack smoking (n=160; 14%)]. The polydrug and polyroute subtype had the highest depressive symptoms risk among all subtypes. Injection risk was lowest in the heroin injecting subtype and significantly differed from heroin and cocaine injecting subtype. The IDU subtypes also varied in the drug network compositions. The LIDU subtypes had similar depressive symptoms risk but vastly differed in the drug network compositions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subgroups of inner-city cocaine and heroin users based on type and route of administration differed in their depressive symptoms, injection risk and drug network compositions. Future studies should longitudinally examine factors associated with transitioning across these subtypes to better inform prevention and treatment efforts.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kuramoto
authors.forename: A S B
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Latkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D014505:Urban Population