title: Facial and dental alterations according to the breathing pattern.
abstract: There is controversy in the literature about possible interaction of the respiratory mode with the facial and dental structures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to perform a longitudinal assessment of the changes in facial and dental structures in Angle's Class II, division 1 malocclusion individuals, divided according to the respiratory pattern (predominantly nasal or mouth), at two distinct moments of craniofacial development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pogonium and nose measurements were made on the lateral cephalometric tracings (LS'-Pog', LS'-B', B'-Pog', Pog'-PogTeg', Line NB, Pog-NB, N'-Prn, Prn-NPog, N-Prn-Sn, Prn-Sn-LS). Dental measurements were made on the plaster models (distances between the tips of the canine cusps and the tips of mesial cusps of the first molars) of 40 individuals aged 10 to 14 years (moment 1) and 13 to 16 years (moment 2), 23 being nose breathers (NB) and 17 being predominantly mouth breathers (MB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Student's-t test and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were applied to indicate differences between the mean values of these variables according to the moments and/or respiratory mode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were alterations in the facial measurements, without interference of the breathing pattern. However, the breathing pattern influenced dental alterations.
authors.affiliation: Pontifcal Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Borges
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Retamoso
authors.forename: Luégya Amorin Henriques
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Knop
authors.forename: Odilon
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guariza Filho
authors.forename: Orlando Motohiro
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012119:Respiration; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric