title: Maternal malnutrition, environmental exposure during pregnancy and the risk of non-syndromic orofacial clefts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the risk factors of non-syndromic orofacial clefts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted in China, 537 infants born with non-syndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate, 176 infants born with cleft palate (CP), and 221 normal controls were recruited to participate in a questionnaire based study to identify risk factors related to maternal nutrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single-factor Chi-square analysis identified 12 factors as significantly related to non-syndromic orofacial clefts (P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression showed five of these factors were associated with non-syndromic orofacial clefts, male gender and maternal passive smoking during early pregnancy were risk factors for non-syndromic orofacial clefts (OR = 1.86 and 11.42; 95% CI: 2.28-2.69 and 6.87-19.00, respectively), whereas maternal weight gain during pregnancy and folic acid supplementation during early pregnancy were protective (OR = 0.15 and 0.67; 95% CI: 0.034-0.63 and 0.44-1.00, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data may provide references for cleft lip and CP prevention programs, and counseling programs in China.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Z L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications*; D008423:Maternal Age; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D020011:Protective Agents; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D005492:Folic Acid