title: Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR.
abstract: Legionella were detected with the direct DNA extraction method, Legionella culture method, and free-living amoebae (FLA) culture method from weak alkaline carbonate spring water in Taiwan. Moreover, we also investigated the existence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria, ubiquitous FLA in aquatic environments, to identify the correlations between existing Legionella. This study reports detecting Legionella in 15 of the 51 weak alkaline carbonate spring water samples (29.4%). This work also found five of the 51 samples (9.8%) analyzed by the direct DNA extraction method, three of the 51 (5.9%) samples analyzed by the Legionella culture method, and 11 of the 51 samples (21.6%) evaluated using the FLA culture method to be positive for Legionella. The most frequently identified Legionella species was the Legionella-like amoebal pathogen (n=5), followed by unidentified Legionella spp. (n=4), and Legionella pneumophila (n=4), Legionella fairfieldensis (n=3), and then Legionella rubrilucens (n=2). Legionella waltersii was detected once. The occurrence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria were 5.9% (3/51), 52.9% (27/51), and 5.9% (3/51), respectively. All Hartmannella isolates were identified as Hartmannella vermiformis, and Naegleria isolates were all identified as Naegleria australiensis. The three Acanthamoeba isolates were identified as one Acanthamoeba polyphaga and two Acanthamoeba jacobsi. H. vermiformis (40.7%) were Legionella hosts, including all of the amoebae-resistant Legionella detected in the present study. Therefore, the important correlations between Legionella and H. vermiformis require further clarification. The combined results of this survey confirm that Legionella and FLA are ubiquitous in weak alkaline carbonate spring water in Taiwan.
authors.affiliation: Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shih-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Bing-Mu
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Nai-Hsiung
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chin-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Kuan-Hao
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jung-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Po-Min
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D000048:Acanthamoeba / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000382:microbiology; D006249:Hartmannella / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007875:Legionella / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D009253:Naegleria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D013624:Taiwan; D014871:Water Microbiology