title: Therapeutic management of hemorrhage from visceral artery pseudoaneurysms after pancreatic surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhage from pseudoaneurysms after pancreatic surgery is a rare but life-threatening and complicated complication. The study presents our experience to provide therapeutic management for this rare condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 1994 and January 2011, 35 patients experienced hemorrhage from pseudoaneurysms in our hospital. Medical data of this rare complication were analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of hemorrhage from pseudoaneurysms was 3.2% (35/1,102). Sixteen patients (45.7%) experienced sentinel bleeding. Pancreatic fistula (74.3%) and intra-abdominal abscess (57.1%) were two common complications prior to hemorrhage. Of 35 patients, 20 underwent endovascular intervention, 14 received surgical re-laparotomy, and bleeding stopped spontaneously in one. The overall mortality rate was 22.9%. Technical success rate of endovascular treatment was 87%. There were significant differences in the mortality rate (10.0% vs 42.9%), operation time (72.8 vs 123.9 min), estimated blood loss (1,835 vs 3,000 ml), and intensive care unit stay (3.6 vs 8.6 days) between endovascular and surgical treatment. Mean follow-up was 19.2 ± 17.0 (range, 5-63 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular intervention represents the first-line treatment for hemorrhage from pseudoaneurysms after pancreatic surgery. Endovascular embolization or stent-graft placement should be selected individually depending on the involved artery and its vascular anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
authors.forename: Xiangjiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Jiankang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Caixia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wencheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Zhanmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sanyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xusheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000150:complications*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000098:blood supply; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas / Q000601:surgery*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D010949:Plasma; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D011859:Radiography; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013157:Splenic Artery; D015607:Stents; D013270:Stomach / Q000098:blood supply; D013997:Time Factors