title: Over-expression of the Gerbera hybrida At-SOC1-like1 gene Gh-SOC1 leads to floral organ identity deterioration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The family of MADS box genes is involved in a number of processes besides controlling floral development. In addition to supplying homeotic functions defined by the ABC model, they influence flowering time and transformation of vegetative meristem into inflorescence meristem, and have functions in roots and leaves. Three Gerbera hybrida At-SOC1-like genes (Gh-SOC1-Gh-SOC3) were identified among gerbera expressed sequence tags.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evolutionary relationships between SOC1-like genes from gerbera and other plants were studied by phylogenetic analysis. The function of the gerbera gene Gh-SOC1 in gerbera floral development was studied using expression analysis, protein-protein interaction assays and reverse genetics. Transgenic gerbera lines over-expressing or downregulated for Gh-SOC1 were obtained using Agrobacterium transformation and investigated for their floral phenotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the closest paralogues of At-SOC1 are Gh-SOC2 and Gh-SOC3. Gh-SOC1 is a more distantly related paralogue, grouping together with a number of other At-SOC1 paralogues from arabidopsis and other plant species. Gh-SOC1 is inflorescence abundant and no expression was seen in vegetative parts of the plant. Ectopic expression of Gh-SOC1 did not promote flowering, but disturbed the development of floral organs. The epidermal cells of ray flower petals appeared shorter and their shape was altered. The colour of ray flower petals differed from that of the wild-type petals by being darker red on the adaxial side and greenish on the abaxial surface. Several protein-protein interactions with other gerbera MADS domain proteins were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The At-SOC1 paralogue in gerbera shows a floral abundant expression pattern. A late petal expression might indicate a role in the final stages of flower development. Over-expression of Gh-SOC1 led to partial loss of floral identity, but did not affect flowering time. Lines where Gh-SOC1 was downregulated did not show a phenotype. Several gerbera MADS domain proteins interacted with Gh-SOC1.
authors.affiliation: Gerbera Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruokolainen
authors.forename: Yan Peng
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elomaa
authors.forename: Teemu H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Teeri
mesh_terms: D019659:Asteraceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors