title: Granularity Index of the SYSMEX XE-5000 hematology analyzer as a replacement for manual microscopy of toxic granulation neutrophils in patients with inflammatory diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When certain inflammatory processes occur, toxic granulation neutrophils (TGNs) appear in the blood showing prominent cytoplasmic granules. Currently, the granularity of TGNs is analyzed by manual microscopy of blood smears. The SYSMEX XE-5000 is an automated hematology analyzer, which can measure toxic granulation of TGNs by calculating the Granularity (GI) Index. In this study we investigated if the GI-Index is suitable as a parameter for the TGN granularity in inflammatory diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  An evaluation of the toxic granulation neutrophil (TGN) granularity by manual microscopy, the GI-Index and the C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations of 158 patients were determined. Blood samples from 40 healthy individuals were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for in vitro kinetic measurements of the GI-Index. Furthermore, time course measurements of the GI-Index and CRP concentrations of 100 intensive care unit patients were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GI-Index correlated with the microscopic rating of TGNs (n=158; r(s)=0.839; p<0.0001). When incubating the blood samples with LPS, the neutrophils displayed hypogranulation 30 min after incubation and a hypergranulation after 90 min. In vivo, the GI-Index indicated changes of the bacterial infection status 1 day earlier than the CRP concentration. The correlation of CRP and GI-Index varied between the patient cohorts (n=158; r(s)=0.836) (n=100; r=0.177), depending on the cause and extent of inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GI-Index is suited to quantify the granularity of TGNs. The GI-Index is an automated, standardized parameter available on a 24 h basis. We suggest that it replace the time-consuming, subjective and semiquantitative microscopic procedure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cremer
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weimann
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weimann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein