title: Safety and exposure of once-daily ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected pregnant women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are limited antiretroviral options for use in the treatment of HIV infection during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety, efficacy and appropriate dosing regimen for ritonavir (RTV)-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this nonrandomized, open-label study, HIV-infected pregnant women were dosed with either 300/100 mg (n=20) or 400/100 mg (n=21) atazanavir/RTV once-daily (qd) in combination with zidovudine (300 mg) and lamivudine (150 mg) twice daily in the third trimester. Pharmacokinetic parameters [maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max) ), trough observed plasma concentration 24 hour post dose (C(min) ) and area under concentration-time curve in one dosing interval (AUC(τ) )] were determined and compared with historical values (300/100 mg atazanavir/RTV) for HIV-infected nonpregnant adults (n=23).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At or before delivery, all mothers achieved HIV RNA <50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL and all infants were HIV DNA negative at 6 months of age. The third trimester AUC(τ) for atazanavir/RTV 300/100 mg was 21% lower than historical data, but the C(min) values were comparable. The C(min) value for atazanavir/RTV 400/100 mg was 39% higher than the C(min) for atazanavir/RTV 300/100 mg in historical controls, but the AUC(τ) values were comparable. Twice as many patients in the 400/100 mg group (62%) had an increase in total bilirubin (>2.5 times the upper limit of normal) as in the 300/100 mg group (30%). Atazanavir (ATV) was well tolerated with no unanticipated adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, use of atazanavir/RTV 300/100 mg qd produced C(min) comparable to historical data in nonpregnant HIV-infected adults. When used in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine, it suppressed HIV RNA in all mothers and prevented mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection. During pregnancy, the pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy demonstrated that a dose adjustment is not required for ATV.
authors.affiliation: HIV Clinical Trial Unit, Helen Joseph Hospital, University of Witwaterand, Westdene, South Africa.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Conradie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zorrilla
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Josipovic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Botes
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Osiyemi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vandeloise
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Child
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bertz
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGrath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011725:Pyridines; D000069446:Atazanavir Sulfate; D019438:Ritonavir