title: Influence of reconstruction settings on the performance of adaptive thresholding algorithms for FDG-PET image segmentation in radiotherapy planning.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the behavior of a contouring algorithm for PET images based on adaptive thresholding depending on lesions size and target-to-background (TB) ratio under different conditions of image reconstruction parameters. Based on this analysis, the image reconstruction scheme able to maximize the goodness of fit of the thresholding algorithm has been selected. A phantom study employing spherical targets was designed to determine slice-specific threshold (TS) levels which produce accurate cross-sectional areas. A wide range of TB ratio was investigated. Multiple regression methods were used to fit the data and to construct algorithms depending both on target cross-sectional area and TB ratio, using various reconstruction schemes employing a wide range of iteration number and amount of postfiltering Gaussian smoothing. Analysis of covariance was used to test the influence of iteration number and smoothing on threshold determination. The degree of convergence of ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithms does not influence TS determination. Among these approaches, the OSEM at two iterations and eight subsets with a 6-8 mm post-reconstruction Gaussian three-dimensional filter provided the best fit with a coefficient of determination R² = 0.90 for cross-sectional areas ≤ 133 mm² and R² = 0.95 for cross-sectional areas > 133 mm². The amount of post-reconstruction smoothing has been directly incorporated in the adaptive thresholding algorithms. The feasibility of the method was tested in two patients with lymph node FDG accumulation and in five patients using the bladder to mimic an anatomical structure of large size and uniform uptake, with satisfactory results. Slice-specific adaptive thresholding algorithms look promising as a reproducible method for delineating PET target volumes with good accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matheoud
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Della Monica
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Loi
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vigna
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krengli
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Inglese
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brambilla
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016011:Normal Distribution; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18