title: New horizons in orthodontics & dentofacial orthopedics: fixed Twin Blocks & TransForce lingual appliances.
abstract: During the 20th century functional appliances evolved from night time wear to more flexible appliances for increased day time wear to full time wear with Twin Block appliances. The current trend is towards fixed functional appliances and this paper introduces the Fixed Twin Block, bonded to the teeth to eliminate problems of compliance in functional therapy. TransForce lingual appliances are pre-activated and may be used in first phase treatment for sagittal and transverse arch development. Alternatively they may be integrated with fixed appliances at any stage of treatment.
authors.forename: William John
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D009972:Orthodontics, Interceptive / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000295:instrumentation*