title: Effects of apple cider vinegars produced with different techniques on blood lipids in high-cholesterol-fed rats.
abstract: Red delicious apples were used to produce natural apple cider with and without inclusion of maceration. Traditional surface and industrial submersion methods were then applied to make vinegar from apple ciders. Apple cider vinegar samples produced with inclusion of maceration in the surface method had the highest total phenolic content, chlorogenic acid, ORAC, and TEAC levels. Cholesterol and apple vinegar samples were administered using oral gavage to all groups of rats except the control group. Apple cider vinegars, regardless of the production method, decreased triglyceride and VLDL levels in all groups when compared to animals on high-cholesterol diets without vinegar supplementation. Apple cider vinegars increased total cholesterol and HDL and LDL cholesterol levels and decreased liver function tests when compared to animals on a high-cholesterol diet without vinegar supplementation. A high-cholesterol diet resulted in hepatic steatosis. VSBM and VSB groups significantly decreased steatosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nilgun H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Budak
authors.forename: Duygu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumbul Doguc
authors.forename: Cagri M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Savas
authors.forename: Atif C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Seydim
authors.forename: Tugba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kok Tas
authors.forename: Metin I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ciris
authors.forename: Zeynep B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Guzel-Seydim
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D028321:Plant Preparations; D002784:Cholesterol; D019342:Acetic Acid