title: Benefits and harms of providing biological causal models in the treatment of psychosis--an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although many studies have investigated the impact of causal models on public attitudes toward people with psychosis, the effect of causal models on patients with psychosis is unclear. Clinicians must therefore decide about providing causal information without knowing how it will impact on patient and treatment. This study investigates the effect of causal models on different aspects of treatment motivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experimental online study healthy individuals (n = 461) were instructed to imagine experiencing psychotic symptoms and seeking professional help. The imagination was supported by an audio play cover story. Subsequently, participants were randomized to four conditions differing in the content of the causal model given for the occurring symptoms (biological, psychological, combined and no causal explanation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different causal models impacted on different aspects of treatment motivation: Participants who had received a biological causal model showed high willingness to take medication, whereas participants who had received a psychological model reported high perceived personal control over symptoms. Participants who had received a causal model that combined biological and psychological aspects reported high acceptance of medication and high motivation to undergo treatment by this clinician.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results underline the impact the content of a causal model may have on patients' treatment motivation and - as a consequence - on treatment success. Overall, the integration of psychological and biological aspects within a causal model seems most promising in terms of adherence to various types of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Section for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany. eva.luellmann@staff.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lüllmann
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berendes
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rief
authors.forename: Tania M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lincoln
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001290:Attitude; D015984:Causality; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents