title: Violence and injuries in Brazil: the effect, progress made, and challenges ahead.
abstract: Although there are signs of decline, homicides and traffic-related injuries and deaths in Brazil account for almost two-thirds of all deaths from external causes. In 2007, the homicide rate was 26·8 per 100,000 people and traffic-related mortality was 23·5 per 100,000. Domestic violence might not lead to as many deaths, but its share of violence-related morbidity is large. These are important public health problems that lead to enormous individual and collective costs. Young, black, and poor men are the main victims and perpetrators of community violence, whereas poor black women and children are the main victims of domestic violence. Regional differentials are also substantial. Besides the sociocultural determinants, much of the violence in Brazil has been associated with the misuse of alcohol and illicit drugs, and the wide availability of firearms. The high traffic-related morbidity and mortality in Brazil have been linked to the chosen model for the transport system that has given priority to roads and private-car use without offering adequate infrastructure. The system is often poorly equipped to deal with violations of traffic rules. In response to the major problems of violence and injuries, Brazil has greatly advanced in terms of legislation and action plans. The main challenge is to assess these advances to identify, extend, integrate, and continue the successful ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. michael@ims.uerj.br
authors.forename: Michael Eduardo
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reichenheim
authors.forename: Edinilsa Ramos
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Claudia Leite
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: Maria Helena Prado
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: de Mello Jorge
authors.forename: Cosme Marcelo Furtado Passos
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Maria Cecília
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Souza Minayo
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003469:Culture; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult