title: Developmental changes in P-glycoprotein function in the blood-brain barrier of nonhuman primates: PET study with R-11C-verapamil and 11C-oseltamivir.
abstract: P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a pivotal role in limiting the penetration of xenobiotic compounds into the brain at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), where its expression increases with maturation in rats. We investigated developmental changes in P-gp function in the BBB of nonhuman primates using PET with R-(11)C-verapamil, a PET radiotracer useful for evaluating P-gp function. In addition, developmental changes in the brain penetration of (11)C-oseltamivir, a substrate for P-gp, was investigated as practical examples.
  
  
  METHODS
  PET studies in infant (age, 9 mo), adolescent (age, 24-27 mo), and adult (age, 5.6-6.6 y) rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were performed with R-(11)C-verapamil and also with (11)C-oseltamivir. Arterial blood samples and PET images were obtained at frequent intervals up to 60 min after administration of the PET tracer. Dynamic imaging data were evaluated by integration plots using data collected within the first 2.5 min after tracer administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  R-(11)C-verapamil rapidly penetrated the brain, whereas the blood concentration of intact R-(11)C-verapamil decreased rapidly in all subjects. The maximum brain uptake in infant (0.033% ± 0.007% dose/g of brain) and adolescent (0.020% ± 0.002% dose/g) monkeys was 4.1- and 2.5-fold greater, respectively, than uptake in adults (0.0082% ± 0.0007% dose/g). The clearance of brain R-(11)C-verapamil uptake in adult monkeys was 0.056 ± 0.010 mL/min/g, significantly lower than that in infants (0.11 ± 0.04 mL/min/g) and adolescents (0.075 ± 0.023 mL/min/g). (11)C-oseltamivir showed little brain penetration in adult monkeys, with a clearance of R-(11)C-verapamil uptake of 0.0072 and 0.0079 mL/min/g, slightly lower than that in infant (0.0097 and 0.0104 mL/min/g) and adolescent (0.0097 and 0.0098 mL/min/g) monkeys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that P-gp function in the BBB changes with development in rhesus monkeys, and this change may be closely related to the observed difference in drug responses in the brains of children and adult humans.
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takashima
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizuma
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onoe
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Shusaku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tazawa
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Motomu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.forename: Masakatsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kusuhara
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onoe
authors.forename: Yasuyoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D053139:Oseltamivir; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014700:Verapamil
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D053139:Oseltamivir; D014700:Verapamil; D009439:Neuraminidase