title: Discontinuation of oral contraceptives and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate among women with and without HIV in Uganda, Zimbabwe and Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined hormonal contraceptive (HC) discontinuation and factors associated with discontinuation among HIV-uninfected women and the effect of HIV diagnosis on subsequent contraceptive use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 4461 HIV-uninfected women from a prospective study of HC and HIV acquisition in Uganda, Zimbabwe and Thailand. Participants were ages 18-35 years, not pregnant, and using oral contraceptives (OCs) or injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) for at least 3 months before enrollment (median duration of OC and DMPA use before enrollment was 11.7 and 8.9 months, respectively). We compared the probability of OC and DMPA discontinuation using survival analysis and factors related to discontinuation using Cox regression. We also analyzed contraceptive patterns among 194 women who became infected with HIV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median duration of use after study enrollment was 15.6 months for OCs and 18.5 months for DMPA. Continuation rates for both methods were highest in Thailand. Factors associated with OC discontinuation included, nausea, breast tenderness, condom use, and no sex. Factors associated with DMPA discontinuation included young age, breast tenderness, nausea, irregular bleeding, high-risk sexual behaviors, partner risk, condom use, and no sex. Following an HIV diagnosis, 135 (98.5%) of 137 hormonal users continued HC and 14 (25%) of 57 nonusers began using HC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contraceptive continuation for OCs and DMPA was relatively high over 2 years. Young women, those reporting side effects, and those using condoms are more likely to discontinue and need ongoing contraceptive counseling. Many women receiving HIV-positive diagnoses desire effective contraception.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral and Biomedical Research Division, Family Health International, NC 27514, USA. knanda@fhi.org
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Josaphat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Byamugisha
authors.forename: Lashawn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Somchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sriplienchan
authors.forename: Thulani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Magwali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017584:Reproductive History; D013785:Thailand; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate