title: Biological and physicochemical properties of carbon-graphite fibre-reinforced polymers intended for implant suprastructures.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine water sorption, water solubility, dimensional change caused by water storage, residual monomers, and possible cytotoxic effects of heat-polymerized carbon-graphite fibre-reinforced composites with different fibre loadings based on methyl methacrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate) (MMA/PMMA) and the copolymer poly (vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate). Two different resin systems were used. Resin A contained ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate (1,4-BDMA); the cross-linker in Resin B was diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA). The resin mixtures were reinforced with 24, 36 and 47 wt% surface-treated carbon-graphite fibres. In addition, polymer B was reinforced with 58 wt% fibres. Water sorption was equal to or below 3.34±1.18 wt%, except for the 58 wt% fibre loading of polymer B (5.27±1.22 wt%). Water solubility was below 0.36±0.015 wt%, except for polymer B with 47 and 58 wt% fibres. For all composites, the volumetric increase was below 0.01±0.005 vol%. Residual MMA monomer was equal to or below 0.68±0.05 wt% for the fibre composites. The filter diffusion test and the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay demonstrated no cytotoxicity for the carbon-graphite fibre-reinforced composites, and residual cross-linking agents and vinyl chloride were not detectable by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
authors.affiliation: Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), Haslum, Norway. susanna.segerstrom@lul.se
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Segerström
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sandborgh-Englund
authors.forename: Eystein I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Ruyter
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D008689:Methacrylates; D011108:Polymers; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C009753:fiberglass; C024546:diethylene glycol dimethacrylate polymer; D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite; C004919:ethylene dimethacrylate; C102737:1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate