title: Predictive factors of urinary tract infections among the oldest old in the general population. A population-based prospective follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common among the oldest old and may lead to a few days of illness, delirium or even to death. We studied the incidence and predictive factors of UTI among the oldest old in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Leiden 85-plus Study is a population-based prospective follow-up study of 86-year-old subjects in Leiden, The Netherlands. Information on the diagnosis of UTI was obtained annually during four years of follow-up from the medical records and interviews of treating physicians. A total of 157 men and 322 women aged 86 years participated in the study. Possible predictive factors were collected at baseline, including history of UTI between the age of 85 and 86 years, aspects of functioning (cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) < 19), presence of depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) > 4), disability in activities of daily living (ADL)), and co-morbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of UTI from age 86 through 90 years was 11.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.4, 13.1) per 100 person-years at risk. Multivariate analysis showed that history of UTI between the age of 85 and 86 years (hazard ratio (HR) 3.4 (95% CI 2.4, 5.0)), impaired cognitive function (HR 1.9 (95% CI 1.3, 2.9)), disability in daily living (HR 1.7 (95% CI 1.1, 2.5)) and urine incontinence (HR 1.5 (95% CI 1.0, 2.1)) were independent predictors of an increased incidence of UTI from age 86 onwards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the oldest old, a history of UTI between the age of 85 and 86 years, cognitive impairment, ADL disability and urine incontinence are independent predictors of developing UTI. These predictive factors could be used to target preventive measures to the oldest old at high risk of UTI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands. m.a.a.caljouw@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Monique A A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Caljouw
authors.forename: Wendy P J
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: den Elzen
authors.forename: Herman J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cools
authors.forename: Jacobijn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gussekloo
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology