title: Road use pattern and risk factors for non-fatal road traffic injuries among children in urban India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the road use pattern and incidence and risk factors of non-fatal road traffic injuries (RTI) among children aged 5–14 years in Hyderabad, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional population-based survey, data were collected on 2809 participants aged 5–14 years (98.4% participation) selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants recalled non-fatal RTI during the previous 3 and 12 months. RTI was defined as an injury resulting from a road traffic crash irrespective of severity and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boys (11.5) had a higher mean number of road trips per day than girls (9.6), and the latter were more likely to walk and less likely to use a cycle (p < 0.001). With increasing household income quartile,the proportion of trips using cycles or motorised two-wheeled vehicles increased while trips as pedestrians decreased (p < 0.001). Based on the 3-month recall period, the age-sex-adjusted annual rate of RTI requiring recovery period of >7 days was 5.8% (95% CI 4.9–6.6). Boys and girls had similar RTI rates as pedestrians but boys had a three times higher rate as cyclists. Considering the most recent RTI in the last 12 months, children of the highest household income quartile were significantly less likely to sustain pedestrian RTI (0.26, 95% CI 0.08–0.86). The odds of overall RTI were significantly higher for those who rode a cycle (2.45, 95% CI 1.75–3.42) and who currently drove a motorised two-wheeled vehicle (2.83,95% CI 1.60–5.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings can assist in planning appropriate road safety initiatives to reduce cycle and pedestrian RTI among children to reduce RTI burden in India.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India. rakhi.dandona@phfi.org
authors.forename: Rakhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dandona
authors.forename: G Anil
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Shanthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ameratunga
authors.forename: Lalit
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dandona
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014504:Urban Health; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control