title: Emerging therapeutic approaches in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: Although treatment options for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have improved with the recent and anticipated approvals of novel immunotherapeutic, hormonal, chemotherapeutic and bone-targeted agents, clinical benefit with these systemic therapies is transient and survival times remain unacceptably short. Thus, we devote the second section of this two-part review to discussing emerging therapeutic paradigms and research strategies that are entering phase II and III clinical testing for men with metastatic CRPC. We will discuss a range of emerging hormonal, immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic, epigenetic and cell survival pathway inhibitors in current clinical trials, with an emphasis on how these therapies may complement our existing treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Prostate Cancer Research Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA. eantona1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Antonarakis
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase