title: Analysis of the polymorphisms of genes coding biotransformation enzymes in recurrent miscarriage in the Japanese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between the genotype of enzymes for detoxification and recurrent miscarriage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency of each genotype of enzymes for detoxification, such as cytochrome P450-1A1 (CYP1A1), glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi), GST-mu and GST-theta, was analyzed in patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriage (number of miscarriages ≥3) by polymerase-chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of 103 patients were enrolled in the study, and 101 normal fertile women, who had never suffered a miscarriage, were also enrolled. The frequency of each genotype of the enzymes was compared between the patient population and the control group. The χ(2) -test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was observed concerning the distribution of polymorphic variants among CYP1A1, GST-pi, GST-mu and GST-theta. On the other hand, the frequency of individuals with the GST-mu deletion was significantly higher in cases of recurrent miscarriage compared with the control population among coffee drinkers (61% vs 41%, P = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a possibility that lower GST-mu enzyme activity may represent a risk factor for recurrent miscarriage, especially in the patient population of coffee consumers, as a result of impaired placental detoxification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takakuwa
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C569463:CYP1A1 protein, human; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase