title: Video: temporary gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis: endoscopic placement of electrodes (ENDOstim).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown high-frequency, low-energy gastric electrical stimulation (GES) to be an effective management strategy for patients with medication refractory gastroparesis. However, placement of a permanent GES device requires surgery and has considerable cost considerations. More importantly, however, this mode of therapy may not be successful for all patients. Patients likely to benefit from such an invasive and expensive procedure could be selected on the basis of their response to temporary GES. Electrodes for the purpose of temporary GES usually are placed percutaneously or through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube (PEGStim). This study demonstrated an easier and less cumbersome placement of these electrodes endoscopically [1-3].
  
  
  METHODS
  The current case involved a 32-year-old man with diabetic gastroparesis. The endoscopic methods and protocol were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi. Informed consent was obtained before the procedure. Standard upper endoscopy was performed initially. A temporary cardiac pacing lead (Model 6414-200; Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used as the electrode. The video demonstrates an innovative technique of endoscopic placement of electrodes for temporary GES. The external stimulation device used was the standard GES device (Enterra; Medtronic).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temporary GES produced a rapid and marked improvement in the patient's intractable symptoms, improvement in his health-related quality-of-life score, electrogastrography parameters, and gastric emptying. Although the temporary electrodes could have been removed easily by gentle traction in a counterclockwise direction, the patient desired that the electrodes be left in place until permanent electrode placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients such as the man in the current case, who do not have a preexisting PEG tube, the authors demonstrated that endoscopic placement of electrodes is technically feasible. The reported patient likely will benefit from surgical placement of a permanent GES device. Thus, the authors propose ENDOStim as the preferred method for placement of electrodes for temporary GES.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
authors.forename: Sumanth R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Daram
authors.forename: Shou-Jiang
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Abell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male