title: Treatment of open apex teeth using two types of white mineral trioxide aggregate after initial dressing with calcium hydroxide in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical and radiographic success of two types of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as apical barriers in non-vital immature permanent incisors in children was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following an initial dressing with calcium hydroxide, MTA apical barriers were placed in 22 non-vital traumatized, permanent incisors with open apices in 21 children (mean age 10years). Teeth were alternately assigned to either white MTA ProRoot(®) or white MTA Angelus groups and treated by two operators. Clinical and radiographic reviews took place at baseline, 3 months and every 6months thereafter. Two other calibrated, blinded examiners evaluated all radiographs. Examiner agreement was assessed using Kappa-Cohen tests. Results were analysed using Fisher's exact tests and repeated measures anova.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up time was 23.4months. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical or radiographic outcomes between the two groups. The overall clinical success and relative radiographic success rate was 95.5%. Statistically significant reduction in periapical pathosis was shown over time in both groups (P<0.05). A significant relationship was identified between non-divergent apical anatomy and ideal positioning of the MTA plug in all teeth (P=0.04). Interestingly, coronal discolouration was observed in 22.7% of teeth following white MTA placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apical barrier placement using both white MTA ProRoot(®) and white MTA Angelus after an initial calcium hydroxide dressing showed similar favourable clinical and radiographic outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Dublin Dental School & Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland. abigail.moore@dental.tcd.ie
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mary Freda
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Howley
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: O'Connell
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056624:Apexification / Q000379:methods*; D001729:Bismuth / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010087:Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D011859:Radiography; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012389:Root Canal Obturation; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods; D017640:Silicates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000473:pathology; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000209:etiology; D019553:Tooth, Nonvital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; C475480:MTA-Angelus; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D001729:Bismuth