title: Prevalence and impact of urinary incontinence among female athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in a group of female athletes and to explore its impact on their lives.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 106 female athletics, basketball, and indoor football athletes were recruited. Data were collected through a questionnaire and a focus group and analyzed via Pearson's χ(2) test, 2-way analysis of variance, and thematic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary incontinence was experienced by 41.5% of the athletes. Its prevalence across the 3 types of sport was similar and was not affected by age. However, athletes who experienced UI had a lower body weight (P = 0.011) and a lower body mass index (P = 0.035). Most (95.5%) athletes had never discussed their condition with a health professional. In the focus group, all athletes described preventive urination to avoid urine leakage. It was mentioned that UI affected their performance and made them feel uncomfortable and frustrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary incontinence is a prevalent condition among athletes that is not openly discussed. However, it causes regular changes in their physical performance and daily life. More research is needed to increase awareness of UI and to design interventions.
authors.affiliation: Higher School of Health, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jácome
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Alda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sá-Couto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054874:Athletic Performance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult