title: Cost effectiveness of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: a comparative assessment of decision-making tools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several decision support tools have been developed to aid policymaking regarding the adoption of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) into national pediatric immunization programs. The lack of critical appraisal of these tools makes it difficult for decision makers to understand and choose between them. With the aim to guide policymakers on their optimal use, we compared publicly available decision-making tools in relation to their methods, influential parameters and results.
  
  
  METHODS
  The World Health Organization (WHO) requested access to several publicly available cost-effectiveness (CE) tools for PCV from both public and private provenance. All tools were critically assessed according to the WHO's guide for economic evaluations of immunization programs. Key attributes and characteristics were compared and a series of sensitivity analyses was performed to determine the main drivers of the results. The results were compared based on a standardized set of input parameters and assumptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three cost-effectiveness modeling tools were provided, including two cohort-based (Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) ProVac Initiative TriVac, and PneumoADIP) and one population-based model (GlaxoSmithKline's SUPREMES). They all compared the introduction of PCV into national pediatric immunization program with no PCV use. The models were different in terms of model attributes, structure, and data requirement, but captured a similar range of diseases. Herd effects were estimated using different approaches in each model. The main driving parameters were vaccine efficacy against pneumococcal pneumonia, vaccine price, vaccine coverage, serotype coverage and disease burden. With a standardized set of input parameters developed for cohort modeling, TriVac and PneumoADIP produced similar incremental costs and health outcomes, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccine cost (dose price and number of doses), vaccine efficacy and epidemiology of critical endpoint (for example, incidence of pneumonia, distribution of serotypes causing pneumonia) were influential parameters in the models we compared. Understanding the differences and similarities of such CE tools through regular comparisons could render decision-making processes in different countries more efficient, as well as providing guiding information for further clinical and epidemiological research. A tool comparison exercise using standardized data sets can help model developers to be more transparent about their model structure and assumptions and provide analysts and decision makers with a more in-depth view behind the disease dynamics. Adherence to the WHO guide of economic evaluations of immunization programs may also facilitate this process. Please see related article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/9/55.
authors.affiliation: Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nathorn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaiyakunapruk
authors.forename: Ratchadaporn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Somkrua
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hutubessy
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Henao
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hombach
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melegaro
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Edmunds
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beutels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000191:economics* / Q000276:immunology*; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate