title: Neurodevelopmental disruption of cortico-striatal function caused by degeneration of habenula neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The habenula plays an important role on cognitive and affective functions by regulating monoamines transmission such as the dopamine and serotonin, such that its dysfunction is thought to underlie a number of psychiatric conditions. Given that the monoamine systems are highly vulnerable to neurodevelopmental insults, damages in the habenula during early neurodevelopment may cause devastating effects on the wide-spread brain areas targeted by monoamine innervations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a battery of behavioral, anatomical, and biochemical assays, we examined the impacts of neonatal damage in the habenula on neurodevelopmental sequelae of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and associated behavioral deficits in rodents. Neonatal lesion of the medial and lateral habenula by ibotenic acid produced an assortment of behavioral manifestations consisting of hyper-locomotion, impulsivity, and attention deficit, with hyper-locomotion and impulsivity being observed only in the juvenile period, whereas attention deficit was sustained up until adulthood. Moreover, these behavioral alterations were also improved by amphetamine. Our study further revealed that impulsivity and attention deficit were associated with disruption of PFC volume and dopamine (DA) receptor expression, respectively. In contrast, hyper-locomotion was associated with decreased DA transporter expression in the NAcc. We also found that neonatal administration of nicotine into the habenula of neonatal brains produced selective lesion of the medial habenula. Behavioral deficits with neonatal nicotine administration were similar to those caused by ibotenic acid lesion of both medial and lateral habenula during the juvenile period, whereas they were different in adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of similarity between behavioral and brain alterations caused by neonatal insults in the habenula and the symptoms and suggested neuropathology in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these results suggest that neurodevelopmental deficits in the habenula and the consequent cortico-striatal dysfunctions may be involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Young-A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yukiori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019262:Habenula / Q000502:physiology*; D007051:Ibotenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D007051:Ibotenic Acid; D012701:Serotonin; D004298:Dopamine