title: A systematic review of resilience in the physically ill.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resilience is the capacity of individuals to maintain, or regain, their mental health in the face of significant adversity, including physical illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a systematic review of resilience and related concepts in the physically ill to determine factors associated with predicting or promoting resilience.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search of PsychInfo, Medline, and CINAHL databases between 1950 and May 2009 was performed using the terms resilience, and various types of physical illnesses. Inclusion criteria were broad and exclusion criteria were not published in English or not focused on resilience in physical illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 475 articles were retrieved and 52 articles met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Psychological factors associated with resilience were self-efficacy, self-esteem, internal locus of control, optimism, mastery, hardiness, hope, self-empowerment, acceptance of illness, and determination. Social support was highly predictive of, and associated with, resilience. Coping strategies such as positive cognitive appraisal, spirituality, active coping, and mastery were also associated with resilience. Resilience factors directly salient to physical illness such as self-care, adherence to treatment, health related quality of life, illness perception, pain perception, exercise adherence, and physical outcomes were also found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings need to be considered and when appropriate incorporated into the psychological and psychiatric care of physically ill individuals.
authors.affiliation: University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Dr.Donna.Stewart@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Donna E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yuen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D004194:Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior; D007389:Internal-External Control; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012648:Self Care; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D029181:Spirituality