title: GSTM1, GSTT1 null variants, and GPX1 single nucleotide polymorphism are not associated with bladder cancer risk in Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder cancer is the most common male malignancy in Egypt, consists predominantly of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and disparities in incidence exist between men and women regardless of geographic region. Tobacco smoke exposure and Schistosoma haematobium (SH) infection and the presence of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GPX1 genotypes, as modulators of the carcinogenic effect of reactive oxidative species, were hypothesized to modify bladder cancer risk and possibly explain these gender differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the association between bladder cancer risk and functional polymorphisms in the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GPX1 genes in 625 cases and 626 matched population-based controls in Egypt and assessed for potential interactions between these candidate genes and environmental exposures, such as smoking and SH infection. We analyzed the risk for developing UCC and SCC separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of these functional polymorphisms were significantly associated with bladder cancer risk. There were no significant interactions between genotypes and smoking or SH infection in this population, nor was any difference detected in genotypic risk between men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that common genetic variations in GSTM1, GSTT1, and GPX1 are not associated with bladder cancer risk overall and that well-known environmental risk factors, such as smoking and SH infection, do not interact with these genes to modulate the risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that common genetic variations in GSTM1, GSTT1, and GPX1 were not associated with bladder cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goerlitz
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Daly
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel-Hamid
authors.forename: Doa'a A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El Kafrawy
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hifnawy
authors.forename: Sameera
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ezzat
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdel-Aziz
authors.forename: Mohamed Saad
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zaghloul
authors.forename: Saber Rafat
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Hussein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khaled
authors.forename: Sania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amr
authors.forename: Yun-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Nabiel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mikhail
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loffredo
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1
chemical_list: D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; C000722067:GPX1 protein, human