title: Association between parental history of diabetes and type 2 diabetes genetic risk scores in the PPP-Botnia and Framingham Offspring Studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parental history of diabetes and specific gene variants are risk factors for type 2 diabetes, but the extent to which these factors are associated is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between parental history of diabetes and a type 2 diabetes genetic risk score (GRS) in two cohort studies from Finland (population-based PPP-Botnia study) and the US (family-based Framingham Offspring Study).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (95% CI) GRS increased from 16.8 (16.8-16.9) to 16.9 (16.8-17.1) to 17.1 (16.8-17.4) among PPP-Botnia participants with 0, 1, and 2 parents with diabetes, respectively (p(trend)=0.03). The trend was similar among Framingham Offspring but was not statistically significant (p=0.07). The meta-analyzed p value for trend from the two studies was 0.005.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The very modest associations reported above suggest that the increased risk of diabetes in offspring of parents with diabetes is largely the result of shared environmental/lifestyle factors and/or hitherto unknown genetic factors.
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vassy
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shrader
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Valeriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lyssenko
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Research Center, Östanpåvägen 32, 68660 Jakobstad, Finland; Department of Social Services and Health Care, PB 111, 68601 Jakobstad, Finland.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isomaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: Paul.Franks@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Franks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology*; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult