title: Randomised clinical trial: a 'nudge' strategy to modify endoscopic sedation practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In behavioural economics, a 'nudge' describes configuration of a choice to encourage a certain action without taking away freedom of choice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of a 'nudge' strategy - prefilling either 3mL or 5mL syringes with midazolam - on endoscopic sedation practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients undergoing sedation for EGD or colonoscopy were enrolled. On alternate weeks, midazolam was prefilled in either 3mL or 5mL syringes. Preprocedure sedation was administered by the endoscopist to achieve moderate conscious sedation; dosages were at the discretion of the endoscopist. Meperidine was not prefilled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 120 patients received sedation for EGD [59 (5mL), 61 (3mL)] and 86 patients were sedated for colonoscopy [38 (5mL), 48 (3mL)]. For EGDs, average midazolam dose was significantly higher in the 5-mL group (5.2mg) vs. 3-mL group (3.3mg), (P<0.0001); for colonoscopies, average midazolam dose was also significantly higher in the 5-mL group (5.1mg) vs. 3-mL group (3.3mg), (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in mean meperidine dose (42.1mg vs. 42.8mg, P=0.9) administered to both colonoscopy groups. No adverse sedation-related events occurred; no patient required reversal of sedation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that 'nudge' strategies may hold promise in modifying endoscopic sedation practice. Further research is required to explore the utility of 'nudges' in impacting other aspects of endoscopic practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. harewood.gavin@gmail.com
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Harewood
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdulrahim
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lohan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D003113:Colonoscopy; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam