title: Nicotine dependence among rural-urban migrants in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The complex mechanism of nicotine dependency makes it challenging to evaluate dependence or progress towards dependence. The aim of this study was to estimate nicotine dependence levels and identify determinants of dependence among Chinese rural-urban migrants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-stage systematic sampling was used to select 4,198 rural-urban migrants aged 18 years or older from three metropolises in China. A structured questionnaire was administered during face-to-face interviews. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed by means of the six-item Mandarin Chinese Version of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (CFTND). Determinants of dependence were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 4,198 participants, estimated current, daily, and occasional smoking rates were 28.3%, 21.2%, and 7.1%, respectively. The CTFND score for the 894 daily smokers was 3.39(SD: 2.32). MANOVA showed that work type, age at first migration, length of migration, and number of cities ever lived were associated with nicotine dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A migratory lifestyle is associated with nicotine dependence. Results could inform the design of tobacco control programs that target Chinese rural-urban migrant workers as a special at-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, WHO Collaborating Center on Human Research on Reproductive Health, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Junqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Tingzhong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ian R H
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Rockett
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Sejla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karalic
authors.forename: Yuyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D012424:Rural Population; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult