title: Evolution of paediatric off-label use after new significant medicines become available for adults: a study on triptans in Finnish children 1994-2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  • Off-label use in children is widespread. New medicines lack marketing authorization for paediatric use, even when they represent significant therapeutic advantages and are intended for treatment of conditions common in children. • Until now no information exists on how off-label use in children develops over time after a significant new medicine is approved for adults and what happens when it is later labelled for one paediatric age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Off-label use of a new significant medicine begins in adolescents and extends to younger children with delay. First marketing authorization to adolescents, providing a more child-friendly formulation, results in increase of off-label use in younger children, and has limited effect on total off-label use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the evolution of paediatric off-label use after a therapeutically new group of medicines for a common condition becomes available for adults but is labelled for children with a delay of several years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Triptans were used as a model, because migraine is common in children, and is the only indication for triptans. Data on all triptan prescriptions 1994-2007 were extracted from the nationwide Finnish Prescription Register. Prescriptions for children were compared over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paediatric patients with triptan prescriptions increased from 204 in 1994 to 2618 in 2007. Sumatriptan accounted for 64% of all paediatric triptan prescriptions. When sumatriptan in a nasal formulation was labelled for children ≥ 12 years in 2003, off-label prescribing to younger children (6-11 years) doubled in 2003-2004. Sumatriptan on-label prescriptions increased to 728 adolescents (45% of sumatriptan in the age group) in 2007, but its off-label use continued also to increase to 1119 (61% of paediatric sumatriptan prescriptions) in 2007. In that year 72% of paediatric triptan use was off-label, 28% on-label.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When a new significant medicine becomes available in adults, off-label use in children starts slowly but continues to extend to younger children reaching a market size which is little influenced by late appearance of a labelled product. Paediatric treatment remains dominated by off-label use despite labelling of a product in an age appropriate formulation to the most relevant age group.
authors.affiliation: Division of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. lindkvistjohanna@gmail.com
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindkvist
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Airaksinen
authors.forename: Ann Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kaukonen
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klaukka
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoppu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D017277:Drug Approval; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D056687:Off-Label Use / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058825:Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018170:Sumatriptan / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D014230:Triazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014363:Tryptamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D023303:Oxazolidinones; D058825:Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists; D014230:Triazoles; D014363:Tryptamines; C089750:zolmitriptan; C093622:rizatriptan; D018170:Sumatriptan