title: Experimental treatment of bilateral fetal chylothorax using in-utero pleurodesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the use and efficacy of in-utero pleurodesis for experimental treatment of bilateral fetal chylothorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a study of 78 fetuses with bilateral pleural effusion referred to three tertiary referral centers in Taiwan between 2005 and 2009. Fetuses were karyotyped following amniocentesis and the lymphocyte ratio in the pleural effusion was determined following thoracocentesis. Forty-nine (62.8%) fetuses had a normal karyotype and were recognized to have fetal chylothorax; of these, 45 underwent intrapleural injection of 0.1KE OK-432 per side per treatment. We evaluated clinical (hydrops vs. no hydrops) and genetic (mutations in the reported lymphedema-associated loci: VEGFR3, PTPN11, FOXC2, ITGA9) parameters, as well as treatment outcome. Long-term survival was defined as survival to 1 year of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall long-term survival rate (LSR) was 35.6% (16/45); the LSR for non-hydropic fetuses was 66.7% (12/18) and for hydropic fetuses it was 14.8% (4/27). If we included only fetuses with onset of the condition in the second trimester, excluding those with onset in the third trimester, the LSR decreased to 29.4% (10/34). Notably, 29.6% (8/27) of hydropic fetuses had mutations in three of the four loci examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OK-432 pleurodesis appeared to be an experimental alternative to the gold-standard technique of thoracoamniotic shunting in non-hydropic fetal chylothorax. In hydropic fetuses, pleurodesis appeared less effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y-S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: G-C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: C-P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: K-T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: S-J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: T-H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W-L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hwu
authors.forename: T-H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000649:Amniocentesis; D002916:Chylothorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015160:Hydrops Fetalis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D007621:Karyotyping; D010844:Picibanil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D018700:Pleurodesis / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
chemical_list: D010844:Picibanil