title: Severity of hyperacusis predicts individual differences in speech perception in Williams Syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Williams Syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of genetic origin, characterised by relative proficiency in language in the face of serious impairment in several other domains. Individuals with WS display an unusual sensitivity to noise, known as hyperacusis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we examined the extent to which hyperacusis interferes with the perception of speech in children and adults with WS. Participants were required to discriminate words which differed in one consonant of a cluster when these contrasts were embedded in a background of noise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the introduction of noise interfered with performance on a consonant cluster discrimination task equally in the WS and control groups, the severity of hyperacusis significantly predicted individual variability in speech perception within the WS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that alterations in sensitivity to input mediate atypical pathways for language development in WS, where hyperacusis exerts an important influence together with other non-auditory factors.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK. m.elsabbagh@bbk.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elsabbagh
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karmiloff-Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012001:Hyperacusis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D010700:Phonetics; D012016:Reference Values; D013063:Speech Discrimination Tests; D013067:Speech Perception; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult