title: Biomechanical comparison of four double-row speed-bridging rotator cuff repair techniques with or without medial or lateral row enhancement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomechanical comparison of four different Speed-Bridge configurations with or without medial or lateral row reinforcement. Reinforcement of the knotless Speed-Bridge double-row repair technique with additional medial mattress- or lateral single-stitches was hypothesized to improve biomechanical repair stability at time zero.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study: In 36 porcine fresh-frozen shoulders, the infraspinatus tendons were dissected and shoulders were randomized to four groups: (1) Speed-Bridge technique with single tendon perforation per anchor (STP); (2) Speed-Bridge technique with double tendon perforation per anchor (DTP); (3) Speed-Bridge technique with medial mattress-stitch reinforcement (MMS); (4) Speed-Bridge technique with lateral single-stitch reinforcement (LSS). All repairs were cyclically loaded from 10-60 N up to 10-200 N (20 N stepwise increase) using a material testing device. Forces at 3 and 5 mm gap formation, mode of failure and maximum load to failure were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MMS-technique with double tendon perforation showed significantly higher ultimate tensile strength (338.9 ± 90.0 N) than DTP (228.3 ± 99.9 N), LSS (188.9 ± 62.5 N) and STP-technique (122.2 ± 33.8 N). Furthermore, the MMS-technique provided increased maximal force resistance until 3 and 5 mm gap formation (3 mm: 77.8 ± 18.6 N; 5 mm: 113.3 ± 36.1 N) compared with LSS, DTP and STP (P < 0.05 for each 3 and 5 mm gap formation). Failure mode was medial row defect by tendon sawing first, then laterally. No anchor pullout occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double tendon perforation per anchor and additional medial mattress stitches significantly enhance biomechanical construct stability at time zero in this ex vivo model when compared with the all-knotless Speed-Bridge rotator cuff repair.
authors.affiliation: Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. stephan.pauly@charite.de
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fiebig
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kieser
authors.forename: Bjoern
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schill
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheibel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D011897:Random Allocation; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013552:Swine