title: Staff nurse perceptions of nurse manager leadership styles and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the correlations of leadership styles of nurse managers (NMs) and outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the linkages among leadership styles [transformational (TFL), transactional (TRL)] of NMs and outcomes [a leader's extra effort (LEE), leadership satisfaction (LS) and effectiveness (LE)] using the full-range leadership theory. Methods  An exploratory correlational design was employed using data from a 2007 study in which staff nurses (n = 278) from four hospitals in the Northeastern US were asked to rate the leadership styles of NMs (n = 37) and outcomes using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Form 5x-Short. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TFL leadership has strong correlations to LEE, LS and LE, and was a predictor for leadership outcomes. Conversely, TRL leadership has week correlations to LEE, LS and LE and did not predict leadership outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMs who frequently display TFL leadership styles will probably achieve goals in a satisfying manner, warranting further research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TFL leadership training should be a basic competency requirement of NMs. Placing successful and effective TFL leaders in nursing units are the professional and moral obligations of nurse executives.
authors.affiliation: Adult Health College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. jcasida@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Casida
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009042:Motivation; D015969:National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division; D009718:Nurse Administrators; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D009745:Nursing, Supervisory / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012938:Social Perception; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology