title: Vesicoureteral reflux in children with urachal anomalies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the largest known series of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children with urachal anomalies (UA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two institutions' records were reviewed for children with UA (1951‒2007).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 30 girls and 36 boys with UA (34 urachal cysts, 14 patent urachus, 10 urachal diverticula, 7 urachal sinuses, and 1 unknown), 57 (86%) underwent surgical resection or drainage. A voiding cystourethrogram was obtained in 22 (33%). VUR was demonstrated in 14 of the 22 children (64%), and rates were similar among the various types of UA. The median age with versus without VUR was not different (1.3 vs 1.7 years, P=0.97). Of 24 refluxing renal units, classification was grade≤3 in 71%, 4‒5 in 12%, and unspecified in 17%. Four children (26%) underwent ureteroneocystostomy and 10 observed patients resolved spontaneously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first series of VUR associated with UA. The increased incidence of VUR (64%) in this small subset of patients warrants prospective studies to determine if there is a positive correlation with UA. We believe thorough genitourinary and family histories are important when evaluating children with UA to help detect clinically significant VUR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. fox.janelle@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Janelle A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Shawn M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Routh
authors.forename: Candace F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Granberg
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ashley
authors.forename: Joel C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hutcheson
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Vandersteen
authors.forename: Yuri E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Reinberg
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D014497:Urachus / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery