title: Acute toxicity and bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pyrimorph is a novel fungicide being developed in China that shows high antifungal activity against diseases caused by Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, Peronophythora litchi and Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Until now, no information on the toxicity of pyrimorph to untargeted organisms has been reported. To assess the potential environmental impacts of pyrimorph in fish, the acute toxicity and bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish were studied in this paper.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When tested by the semi-static method, the 48, 72 and 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50 ) values of pyrimorph to zebrafish were 24.33, 22.61 and 19.79 mg L(-1) respectively. To study the bioconcentration of pyrimorph in zebrafish, the fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of pyrimorph (2.00 and 0.25 mg L(-1) ) for 192 h, a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method was applied to extract pyrimorph from samples and the residues of pyrimorph in the water and fish were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) of pyrimorph in the fish was 1.07 × 10(2) (144 h) and 23.1 (96 h) after exposure to 2.00 and 0.25 mg L(-1) of pyrimorph respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel fungicide pyrimorph has low toxicity to zebrafish; however, it showed medium BCF to zebrafish. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the residue of pyrimorph in fish, as well as to its long-term ecological effects.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chunqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Boqian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhaohai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D002681:China; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009025:Morpholines / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009025:Morpholines; C550850:pyrimorph