title: Determination of the volume-specific surface area by using transmission electron tomography for characterization and definition of nanomaterials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) remains an important technique to investigate the size, shape and surface characteristics of particles at the nanometer scale. Resulting micrographs are two dimensional projections of objects and their interpretation can be difficult. Recently, electron tomography (ET) is increasingly used to reveal the morphology of nanomaterials (NM) in 3D. In this study, we examined the feasibility to visualize and measure silica and gold NM in suspension using conventional bright field electron tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The general morphology of gold and silica NM was visualized in 3D by conventional TEM in bright field mode. In orthoslices of the examined NM the surface features of a NM could be seen and measured without interference of higher or lower lying structures inherent to conventional TEM. Segmentation by isosurface rendering allowed visualizing the 3D information of an electron tomographic reconstruction in greater detail than digital slicing. From the 3D reconstructions, the surface area and the volume of the examined NM could be estimated directly and the volume-specific surface area (VSSA) was calculated. The mean VSSA of all examined NM was significantly larger than the threshold of 60 m(2)/cm(3). The high correlation between the measured values of area and volume gold nanoparticles with a known spherical morphology and the areas and volumes calculated from the equivalent circle diameter (ECD) of projected nanoparticles (NP) indicates that the values measured from electron tomographic reconstructions are valid for these gold particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The characterization and definition of the examined gold and silica NM can benefit from application of conventional bright field electron tomography: the NM can be visualized in 3D, while surface features and the VSSA can be measured.
authors.affiliation: EM-unit, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elke A F
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Van Doren
authors.forename: Pieter-Jan R H
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: De Temmerman
authors.forename: Michel Abi Daoud
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Francisco
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mast
mesh_terms: D055032:Electron Microscope Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013535:Suspensions / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D013535:Suspensions; D006046:Gold; D012822:Silicon Dioxide