title: Nocodazole treatment decreases expression of pluripotency markers Nanog and Oct4 in human embryonic stem cells.
abstract: Nocodazole is a known destabiliser of microtubule dynamics and arrests cell-cycle at the G2/M phase. In the context of the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) it is important to understand how this arrest influences the pluripotency of cells. Here we report for the first time the changes in the expression of transcription markers Nanog and Oct4 as well as SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 in human embryonic cells after their treatment with nocodazole. Multivariate permeabilised-cell flow cytometry was applied for characterising the expression of Nanog and Oct4 during different cell cycle phases. Among untreated hESC we detected Nanog-expressing cells, which also expressed Oct4, SSEA-3 and SSEA-4. We also found another population expressing SSEA-4, but without Nanog, Oct4 and SSEA-3 expression. Nocodazole treatment resulted in a decrease of cell population positive for all four markers Nanog, Oct4, SSEA-3, SSEA-4. Nocodazole-mediated cell-cycle arrest was accompanied by higher rate of apoptosis and upregulation of p53. Twenty-four hours after the release from nocodazole block, the cell cycle of hESC normalised, but no increase in the expression of transcription markers Nanog and Oct4 was detected. In addition, the presence of ROCK-2 inhibitor Y-27632 in the medium had no effect on increasing the expression of pluripotency markers Nanog and Oct4 or decreasing apoptosis or the level of p53. The expression of SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 increased in Nanog-positive cells after wash-out of nocodazole in the presence and in the absence of Y-27632. Our data show that in hESC nocodazole reversible blocks cell cycle, which is accompanied by irreversible loss of expression of pluripotency markers Nanog and Oct4.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. ade@ebc.ee
authors.forename: Ade
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kallas
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pook
authors.forename: Martti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maimets
authors.forename: Külli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Toivo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maimets
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008938:Mitosis; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D055746:Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D015295:Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C486780:NANOG protein, human; D000071317:Nanog Homeobox Protein; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494173:POU5F1 protein, human; D055746:Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigens; C052924:stage-specific embryonic antigen-3; C066584:stage-specific embryonic antigen-4; D015739:Nocodazole