title: Small molecule pan-dengue and West Nile virus NS3 protease inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome are caused by infections with any of the four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV), and are an increasing global health risk. The related West Nile virus (WNV) causes significant morbidity and mortality as well, and continues to be a threat in endemic areas. Currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics are available to prevent or treat any of these infections. Like the other members of Flaviviridae, DENV and WNV encode a protease (NS3) which is essential for viral replication and therefore is a promising target for developing therapies to treat dengue and West Nile infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flaviviral protease inhibitors were identified and biologically characterized for mechanism of inhibition and DENV antiviral activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A guanidinylated 2,5-dideoxystreptamine class of compounds was identified that competitively inhibited the NS3 protease from DENV(1-4) and WNV with 50% inhibitory concentration values in the 1-70 μM range. Cytotoxicity was low; however, antiviral activity versus DENV-2 on VERO cells was not detectable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This class of compounds is the first to demonstrate competitive pan-dengue and WNV NS3 protease inhibition and, given the sequence conservation among flavivirus NS3 proteins, suggests that developing a pan-dengue or possibly pan-flavivirus therapeutic is feasible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Lead Discovery, PanThera Biopharma, LLC, Aiea, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cregar-Hernandez
authors.forename: Guan-Sheng
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Alan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Axel T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Lehrer
authors.forename: Teri Ann S
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Margosiak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020365:RNA Helicases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014709:Vero Cells; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D043583:Nucleoside-Triphosphatase; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D000085242:Viral Proteases
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D020365:RNA Helicases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; C060028:NS3 protein, flavivirus; D043583:Nucleoside-Triphosphatase; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D000085242:Viral Proteases; C504449:NS3 protease, dengue virus