title: Comprehensive consensus based guidelines on intrathecal drug delivery systems in the treatment of pain caused by cancer pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic persistent pain as a result of terminal illness, either as a consequence of the disease or the necessary treatment, is common in patients with cancer. For these patients with moderate-to-severe intractable pain, intrathecal (IT) drug delivery systems may represent an effective option for pain management. Thus, IT drug delivery is a viable treatment strategy for both neuropathy and nociceptive pain in the cancer population. However, there is a scarcity of comprehensive guidelines in implanting IT drug delivery systems in the treatment of pain caused by cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article outlines consensus guidelines for the implementation of intrathecal therapy in patients with cancer-related pain and other end of life states causing pain. We highlight the multidisciplinary criteria that warrant careful consideration to ensure meaningful analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidence was compiled, ranked, and strength considered by an invited panel of well-published and innovative clinician research leaders in pain medicine. Based on that analysis, an accumulation of evidence from observational and randomized prospective trials supports the use of intrathecal (IT) drug delivery to provide effective analgesia for patients with cancer-related pain, including individuals at the end of life. Although not all patients are candidates for this invasive treatment modality, clinicians can determine the appropriateness of proceeding with device implantation by carefully evaluating the individual's overall medical status, psychological stability, social support system, and prognosis of disease. Further, consumption of health care resources and cost-effective treatment is becoming more of a priority; not only is this therapy appropriate medically, but also economically. This multifaceted approach to patient selection assists in maximizing treatment effect and avoiding unintended consequences of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The limitations of these guidelines include that these are of expert panel guidelines. The literature describes appropriate preparation of guidelines based on evidence derived from randomized trials and systematic reviews. However, there is also value for consensus-based guidelines due to non-availability of evidence from either systematic reviews of randomized trials or randomized trials alone. In addition, the evidence is not available on many aspects of intrathecal infusion systems even with observational studies and case reports. Thus, the present approach with expert consensus guidelines is acceptable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These consensus guidelines are intended to assist clinicians in identifying the candidacy of patients with cancer-related pain and end of life diseases causing pain that may benefit from intrathecal drug delivery. With careful consideration of the patient's medical comorbidities and prior therapies, communication with the oncologist, proper psychological evaluation, and appropriate trialing technique, clinicians can effectively optimize the use of IT therapy for cancer pain. The panel advocates for a much wider application of IT therapy to provide meaningful analgesia for patients with cancer pain, including those at the end of life from a variety of causes.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Pain Relief, Inc., Charleston, WV, USA. Doctdeer@aol.com
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Deer
authors.forename: Howard S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Allen W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Doleys
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Staats
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Lynn R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rauck
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cousins
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics