title: Can an electronic prescribing system detect doctors who are more likely to make a serious prescribing error?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to assess whether routine data produced by an electronic prescribing system might be useful in identifying doctors at higher risk of making a serious prescribing error.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of prescribing by junior doctors over 12 months using an electronic prescribing information and communication system. The system issues a graded series of prescribing alerts (low-level, intermediate, and high-level), and warnings and prompts to respond to abnormal test results. These may be overridden or heeded, except for high-level prescribing alerts, which are indicative of a potentially serious error and impose a 'hard stop'.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All junior doctors in the study setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates of prescribing alerts and laboratory warnings and doctors' responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether 848,678 completed prescriptions issued by 381 doctors (median 1538 prescriptions per doctor, interquartile range [IQR] 328-3275) were analysed. We identified 895,029 low-level alerts (median 1033 per 1000 prescriptions per doctor, IQR 903-1205) with a median of 34% (IQR 31-39%) heeded; 172,434 intermediate alerts (median 196 per 1000 prescriptions per doctor, IQR 159-266), with a median of 23% (IQR 16-30%) heeded; and 11,940 high-level 'hard stop' alerts. Doctors vary greatly in the extent to which they trigger and respond to alerts of different types. The rate of high-level alerts showed weak correlation with the rate of intermediate prescribing alerts (correlation coefficient, r = 0.40, P = <0.001); very weak correlation with low-level alerts (r = 0.12, P = 0.019); and showed weak (and sometimes negative) correlation with propensity to heed test-related warnings or alarms. The degree of correlation between generation of intermediate and high-level alerts is insufficient to identify doctors at high risk of making serious errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine data from an electronic prescribing system should not be used to identify doctors who are at risk of making serious errors. Careful evaluation of the kinds of quality assurance questions for which routine data are suitable will be increasingly valuable.
authors.affiliation: College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK. Jamie.coleman@uhb.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Jamie J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hemming
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Nightingale
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dixon-Woods
authors.forename: Robin E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ferner
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lilford
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards*; D055695:Electronic Prescribing / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006757:Hospital Units; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems / Q000592:standards; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000592:standards; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom