title: Complications of endoscopic ultrasonography.
abstract: Since its development in the 1980s, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has undergone a great deal of technological modifications. EUS has become an important tool in the evaluation of patients with various clinical disorders and is increasingly being utilized in many centers. EUS has been evolving over the years; EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) for cytological and/or histological diagnosis has become standard practice and a wide array of interventional and therapeutic procedures are performed under EUS guidance for diseases which otherwise would have needed surgery, with its associated morbidities. EUS shares the risks and complications of other endoscopic procedures. This article addresses the specific adverse effects and risks associated with EUS, EUS-FNA and interventional EUS, namely perforation, bleeding, pancreatitis and infection. Measures to help minimizing these risks will also be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, AUSL Bologna, Bellaria-Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fabbri
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luigiano
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cennamo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pellicano
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Polifemo
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tarantino
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barresi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morace
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Consolo
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: D'Imperio
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000009:adverse effects; D019160:Endosonography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009366:Neoplasm Seeding; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000293:injuries; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods