title: End-group functionalization of poly(3-hexylthiophene) as an efficient route to photosensitize nanocrystalline TiO2 films for photovoltaic applications.
abstract: Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have seen increased popularity over recent years and each technology has experienced tremendous improvements in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), reaching 8 and 12%, respectively. The two technologies have been on independent improvement pathways, and this work establishes a link between them by using the archetypical hole conductor (poly-3-hexylthiophene, P3HT) in BHJs as a sensitizer on TiO(2) for DSSC applications. Three polymers were synthesized and examined as potential TiO(2) sensitizers in DSSCs under AM1.5 solar radiation. Using Grignard metathesis, regioregular P3HT was synthesized then functionalized with either one or two cyanoacrylic acid linker moieties to bind to the TiO(2) surface. End-group modification resulted in minimal changes to the optical and electronic properties as compared to pristine P3HT. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments at anodic potentials of adsorbed sensitizer quantified the amount of alkylthiophene adsorbed on the TiO(2), whereas under reductive sweeps, cyanoacrylic acid end-group binding was determined. CVs of each polymer indicated that loading was drastically different as compared to pristine P3HT with the lowest loading on TiO(2) and monofunctionalized P3HT exhibited the highest loading. The DSSCs showed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 0.1%, 0.2 and 2.2% for the polymer-sensitized TiO(2) of the unfunctionalized, monofunctionalized and difunctionalized polymers, respectively. DSSCs were then subjected to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the dark and under monochromatic light radiation. The large variance in performance for the functionalized-P3HT sensitizers is attributed to differences in the adsorption modes of sensitizer on the TiO(2) surface, which in the difunctionalized case limits electrolyte recombination and favors forward charge transfer reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: Terry J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Todd C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013876:Thiophenes; C507295:poly(3-hexylthiophene); C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium