title: Willingness to pay and conjoint analysis to determine women's preferences for ovarian stimulating hormones in the treatment of infertility in Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite many advances in assisted reproductive techniques (ART), little is known about preferences for technological developments of women undergoing fertility treatments. The aims of this study were to investigate the preferences of infertile women undergoing ART for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) treatments; to determine the utility values ascribed to different attributes of COS treatments; and to estimate women's willingness to pay (WTP) for COS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of ambulatory patients ready to receive, or receiving, COS therapies for infertility were recruited from seven specialized private centres in six autonomous communities in Spain. Descriptive, inferential and conjoint analyses (CA) were used to elicit preferences and WTP. Attributes and levels of COS treatments were identified by literature review and two focus groups with experts and patients. WTP valuations were derived by a combination of double-bounded (closed-ended) and open questions and contingent ranking methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 160 patients [mean (standard deviation; SD) age: 35.8 (4.2) years] were interviewed. Over half of the participants (55.0%) had a high level of education (university degree), most (78.8%) were married and half (50.0%) had an estimated net income of >€1502 per month and had paid a mean (SD) €1194.17 (€778.29) for their most recent hormonal treatment. The most frequent causes of infertility were related to sperm abnormalities (50.3%). In 30.6% of cases, there were two causes of infertility. The maximum WTP for COS treatment was €800 (median) per cycle; 35.5% were willing to pay an additional €101-€300 for a 1-2% effectiveness gain in the treatment. Utility values (CA) showed that effectiveness was the most valued attribute (39.82), followed by costs (18.74), safety (17.75) and information sharing with physicians (14.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WTP for COS therapies exceeds current cost. Additional WTP exists for 1-2% effectiveness improvement. Effectiveness and costs were the most important determinants of preferences, followed by safety and information sharing with physicians.
authors.affiliation: FIVAP, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38204, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De La Fuente
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martínez-Salazar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marqueta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Espallardo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polanco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lizán
mesh_terms: D002755:Choice Behavior; D004522:Educational Status; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical; D005260:Female; D016304:Hospitals, Private; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology*; D057240:Patient Preference / Q000523:psychology*; D013030:Spain; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*