title: Image evaluation of HIV encephalopathy: a multimodal approach using quantitative MR techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A multimodal approach of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy using quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) techniques can demonstrate brain changes not detectable only with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of this study was to compare conventional MRI and MR quantitative techniques, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and relaxometry and to determine whether quantitative techniques are more sensitive than conventional imaging for brain changes caused by HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied prospectively nine HIV positive children (mean age 6 years, from 5 to 8 years old) and nine controls (mean age 7.3 years; from 3 to 10 years), using MRS and relaxometry. Examinations were carried on 1.5-T equipment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-positive patients presented with only minor findings and all control patients had normal conventional MR findings. MRS findings showed an increase in choline to creatine (CHO/CRE) ratios bilaterally in both frontal gray and white matter, in the left parietal white matter, and in total CHO/CRE ratio. In contrast, N-acetylaspartate to creatine (NAA/CRE) ratios did not present with any significant difference between both groups. Relaxometry showed significant bilateral abnormalities, with lengthening of the relaxation time in HIV positive in many regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional MRI is not sensitive for early brain changes caused by HIV infection. Quantitative techniques such as MRS and relaxometry appear as valuable tools in the diagnosis of these early changes. Therefore, a multimodal quantitative study can be useful in demonstrating and understanding the physiopathology of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Section, Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo T C
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Escorsi-Rosset
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cervi
authors.forename: Antonio Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline