title: Genetics of the ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate rheostat in blood pressure regulation and hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several attempts to decipher the genetics of hypertension of unknown causes have been made including large-scale genome-wide association analysis (GWA), but only a few genes have been identified. Unsolved heterogeneity of the regulation of blood pressure and the shortcomings of the prevailing monogenic approach to capture genetic effects in a polygenic condition are the main reasons for the modest results. The level of the blood pressure is the consequence of the genotypic state of the presumably vast network of genes involved in regulating the vascular tonus and hence the blood pressure. Recently it has been suggested that components of the sphingolipid metabolism pathways may be of importance in vascular physiology. The basic metabolic network of sphingolipids has been established, but the influence of genetic variations on the blood pressure is not known. In the approach presented here the impact of genetic variations in the sphingolipid metabolism is elucidated by a two-step procedure. First, the physiological heterogeneity of the blood pressure is resolved by a latent class/structural equation modelling to obtain homogenous subpopulations. Second, the genetic effects of the sphingolipid metabolism with focus on de novo synthesis of ceramide are analysed. The model does not assume a particular genetic model, but assumes that genes operate in networks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stratification of the study population revealed that (at least) 14 distinct subpopulations are present with different propensity to develop hypertension. Main effects of genes in the de novo synthesis of ceramides were rare (0.14% of all possible). However, epistasis was highly significant and prevalent amounting to approximately 70% of all possible two-gene interactions. The phenotypic variance explained by the ceramide synthesis network were substantial in 4 of the subpopulations amounting to more than 50% in the subpopulation in which all subjects were hypertensive. Construction of the network using the epistatic values revealed that only 17% of the interactions detected were in the direct metabolic pathway, the remaining jumping one or more intermediates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study established the components of the ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate rheostat as central to blood pressure regulation. The results in addition confirm that epistasis is of paramount importance and is most conspicuous in the regulation of the rheostat network. Finally, it is shown that applying a simple case-control approach with single gene association analysis is bound to fail, short of identifying a few potential genes with small effects.
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen University Hospital at Hvidovre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Kettegaard All 26, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark. mogens.fenger@hvh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Mogens
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fenger
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linneberg
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madsbad
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Søbye
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eugen-Olsen
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeppesen
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics*; D002518:Ceramides / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics*; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D008246:Lysophospholipids; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate; D013110:Sphingosine