title: Chromosome pairing affinities in interspecific hybrids reflect phylogenetic distances among lady's slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lady's slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum) are of high value in floriculture, and interspecific hybridization has long been used for breeding improved cultivars; however, information regarding the genome affinities of species and chromosome pairing behaviour of the hybrids remains almost unknown. The present work analyses the meiotic behaviour of interspecific hybrids by genomic in situ hybridization and cytologically evaluates the genomic relationships among parental species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight interspecific F(1) hybrids of Paphiopedilum species in various subgenera or sections were investigated in this study. The chromosome behaviour in meiosis of these interspecific hybrids was analysed and subjected to genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genomic in situ hybridization was demonstrated as an efficient method to differentiate between Paphiopedilum genomes and to visualize the chromosome pairing affinities in interspecific F(1) hybrids, clarifying the phylogenetic distances among these species. Comparatively regular chromosome pairing observed in the hybrids of P. delenatii × P. bellatulum, P. delenatii × P. rothschildianum and P. rothschildianum × P. bellatulum suggested high genomic affinities and close relationships between parents of each hybrid. In contrast, irregular chromosome associations, such as univalents, trivalents and quadrivalents occurred frequently in the hybrids derived from distant parents with divergent karyotypes, such as P. delenatii × P. callosum, P. delenatii × P. glaucophyllum, P. rothschildianum × P. micranthum and P. rothschildianum × P. moquetteanum. The existence of multivalents and autosyndesis demonstrated by genomic in situ hybridization in this study indicates that some micro-rearrangements and other structural alterations may also play a part in differentiating Paphiopedilum species at chromosomal level, demonstrated as different chromosome pairing affinities in interspecific hybrids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that genome homology and the interaction of genetic factors, but not chromosome number nor karyotype similarity, determine the chromosome pairing behaviour in Paphiopedilum hybrids.
authors.affiliation: Botany Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Fang-Chi
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Mei-Chu
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D001947:Breeding; D023902:Chromosome Pairing / Q000235:genetics*; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal / Q000235:genetics*; D056426:Genetic Loci; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization / Q000379:methods*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007621:Karyotyping; D008540:Meiosis / Q000235:genetics; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010802:Phylogeny; D011058:Pollen / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal