title: Women and the sciences.
abstract: The education level of women has increased significantly in recent decades. However, although there is a continued positive trend overall, women remain underrepresented (or misrepresented?) in the main fields of science. In Europe the proportion of women in scientific research is growing faster than that of men, but women are more likely than men to choose education, arts and humanities, health and welfare. Moreover, of the total number of women graduating in all faculties (55%), the percentage of women graduating in medicine is 65%-68%, in Europe as in the United States. As far as nephrology is concerned, unpublished data from the Italian Society of Nephrology indicate that female nephrologists make up almost 30% of the total number in the age group between 40 and 55, and this proportion is even higher in the age group younger than 40 years. In comparison with the past, there are some hints that things are going to change, but the path is still a difficult one, much effort is needed and there is a long way ahead.
authors.forename: Carmelita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marcantoni
authors.forename: Santina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castellino
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cicchetti
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rastelli
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mallamaci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008511:Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D012586:Science / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States; D014930:Women / Q000193:education*