title: How to reduce the incidence of contrast induced acute kidney injury after cardiac invasive procedures, a review and practical recommendations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contrast induced acute kidney injury is an important complication after cardiac (invasive) procedures and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The aim of the current article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding contrast induced acute kidney injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Current literature was reviewed and relevant articles were selected. Articles were identified through MEDLINE and Pubmed selecting articles, limited between 1980 and 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pathophysiological process resulting in contrast induced acute kidney injury is not completely understood, nevertheless several mechanisms involved have been proposed. However, the risk factors for contrast induced acute kidney injury and its timing are well known, making it amenable for preventive strategies. In the past decade various preventive strategies have been investigated with different results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, only adequate hydration, with saline, is uniformly accepted as a beneficial prophylactic strategy. Furthermore promising results have also been reported for several other prophylactic strategies. These results, however, need to be confirmed in future trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mihály K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: de Bie
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Rees
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Ton J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Rabelink
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
authors.forename: J Wouter
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jukema
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000465:Algorithms; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017613:Iodine Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D017613:Iodine Compounds