title: An innovative multiphased strategy to recruit underserved adults into a randomized trial of a community-based diabetes risk reduction program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct and evaluate a two-phased community-based approach to recruit lower socioeconomic status, minority, or Spanish-speaking adults at risk of developing diabetes to a randomized trial of a lifestyle intervention program delivered by a public health department.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within geographic areas comprising our target population, 4 community organizations provided local space for conducting the study and program. Phase I-outreach in venues surrounding these organizations-included diabetes education, a short diabetes risk appraisal (DRA), and diabetes risk screening based on a fasting fingerstick glucose test. Phase II-trial recruitment-began concurrently for those found to be at risk of developing diabetes in Phase I by explaining the study, lifestyle program, and research process. Those interested and eligible enrolled in the 1-year study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 2 years, approximately 5,110 individuals received diabetes education, 1,917 completed a DRA, and 1,164 were screened of which 641 (55%) had an elevated fingerstick result of ≥ 106 mg/dl. Of the study sampling frame-persons over age 25 at risk of developing diabetes (N = 544)-238 (43%) enrolled in the trial; of those who were study eligible (n = 427), 56% enrolled. In the final sample, mean age was 56 years (SD = 17), 78% were ethnic minorities, 32% were Spanish-speaking, and 15% had a high school education or less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providing diabetes health education and screening prior to study recruitment may help overcome barriers to research participation in underserved communities, thus helping address difficulties recruiting minority and older populations into research, particularly research pertaining to chronic disease risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health & Aging, University of California-San Francisco, 3333 California Street Suite 340, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. jasmine.santoyo-olsson@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santoyo-Olsson
authors.forename: Julissa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freyre
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Deepika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: Adriana T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Delgadillo
authors.forename: Alka M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kanaya
authors.forename: Anita L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002140:California; D003376:Counseling; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior