title: Relationship of porcine IGF2 imprinting status to DNA methylation at the H19 DMD and the IGF2 DMRs 1 and 2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Porcine IGF2 and the H19 genes are imprinted. The IGF2 is paternally expressed, while the H19 gene is maternally expressed. Extensive studies in mice established a boundary model indicating that the H19 differentially methylated domain (DMD) controls, upon binding with the CTCF protein, reciprocal imprinting of the IGF2 and the H19 genes. IGF2 transcription is tissue and development specific involving the use of 4 promoters. In the liver of adult Large White boars IGF2 is expressed from both parental alleles, whereas in skeletal muscle and kidney tissues we observed variable relaxation of IGF2 imprinting. We hypothesized that IGF2 expression from both paternal alleles and relaxation of IGF2 imprinting is reflected in differences in DNA methylation patterns at the H19 DMD and IGF2 differentially methylated regions 1 and 2 (DMR1 and DMR2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bisulfite sequencing analysis did not show any differences in DNA methylation at the three porcine CTCF binding sites in the H19 DMD between liver, muscle and kidney tissues of adult pigs. A DNA methylation analysis using methyl-sensitive restriction endonuclease SacII and 'hot-stop' PCR gave consistent results with those from the bisulfite sequencing analysis. We found that porcine H19 DMD is distinctly differentially methylated, at least for the region formally confirmed by two SNPs, in liver, skeletal muscle and kidney of foetal, newborn and adult pigs, independent of the combined imprinting status of all IGF2 expressed transcripts. DNA methylation at CpG sites in DMR1 of foetal liver was significantly lower than in the adult liver due to the presence of hypomethylated molecules. An allele specific analysis was performed for IGF2 DMR2 using a SNP in the IGF2 3'-UTR. The maternal IGF2 DMR2 of foetal and newborn liver revealed a higher DNA methylation content compared to the respective paternal allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the IGF2 imprinting status is transcript-specific. Biallelic IGF2 expression in adult porcine liver and relaxation of IGF2 imprinting in porcine muscle were a common feature. These results were consistent with the IGF2 promoter P1 usage in adult liver and IGF2 promoter P2, P3 and P4 usages in muscle. The results showed further that bialellic IGF2 expression in liver and relaxation of imprinting in muscle and kidney were not associated with DNA methylation variation at and around at least one CTCF binding site in H19 DMD. The imprinting status in adult liver, muscle and kidney tissues were also not reflected in the methylation patterns of IGF2 DMRs 1 and 2.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Berne, Switzerland. martin.braunschweig@vetsuisse.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Braunschweig
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owczarek-Lipska
authors.forename: Nasikhat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stahlberger-Saitbekova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; C000619698:Ctcf protein, mouse; C094335:H19 long non-coding RNA; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II