title: EMDR and mindfulness. Eye movements and attentional breathing tax working memory and reduce vividness and emotionality of aversive ideation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) are effective in reducing the subjective impact of negative ideation. In both treatments, patients are encouraged to engage in a dual-task (eye movements (EM) in the case of EMDR and attentional breathing (AB) in the case of MBCT) while they experience negative thoughts or images. Working memory theory explains the effects of EM by suggesting that it taxes limited working memory resources, thus rendering the image less vivid and emotional. It was hypothesized that both AB and EM tax working memory and that both reduce vividness and emotionality of negative memories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Working memory taxation by EM and AB was assessed in healthy volunteers by slowing down of reaction times. In a later session, participants retrieved negative memories during recall only, recall + EM and recall + AB (study 1). Under improved conditions the study was replicated (study 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both studies and to the same degree, attentional breathing and eye movements taxed working memory. Both interventions reduced emotionality of memory in study 1 but not in study 2 and reduced vividness in study 2 but not in study 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMDR is more than EM and MBCT is more than AB. Memory effects were assessed by self reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMDR and MBCT may (partly) derive their beneficial effects from taxing working memory during recall of negative ideation.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.vandenhout@uu.nl
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Hout
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Engelhard
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beetsma
authors.forename: Christien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Slofstra
authors.forename: Hellen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hornsveld
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houtveen
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leer
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003463:Cues; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D057169:Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing / Q000379:methods*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D055815:Young Adult