title: Interaction between family history of alcoholism and Locus of Control in the opioid regulation of impulsive responding under the influence of alcohol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Naltrexone (NTX) is an opioid antagonist indicated for the treatment of alcoholism, which is not universally effective. Thus, identifying individual predictors of NTX's behavioral effects is critical to optimizing its therapeutic use. Moreover, given the high rate of relapse during treatment for alcoholism, understanding NTX's behavioral effects when combined with moderate ethanol intake is important. Our previous study of abstinent alcoholics and control subjects showed that a more internal Locus of Control score predicted increased impulsive choice on NTX (Mitchell et al., 2007, Neuropsychopharmacology 32:439-449). Here, we tested whether this predictive relationship remains in the context of moderate alcohol intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we tested the effect of acute NTX (50 mg) on impulsive choice, motor inhibition, and attentional bias after ingestion of moderate ethanol (∼0.3 g/kg, n = 30 subjects). Subjects included those recruited from a pool of ∼1,200 UC Berkeley undergraduates on the basis of scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Impulsive choice was positively correlated with breath alcohol concentration in placebo sessions. Locus of Control was again the sole predictor of NTX's effect on decision making among subjects with a family history of alcoholism. We also found a weak interaction between BIS scores and NTX's effect on impulsive choice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reinforce the predictive relationship between Locus of Control and NTX's effect on decision making in those with a family history of alcoholism, suggesting a possible biological basis to this relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Lee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Altamirano
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Esposito
authors.forename: Charlotte A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boettiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D003657:Decision Making / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D010375:Pedigree
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000431:Ethanol; D009271:Naltrexone