title: Rationale, design and methodology for Intraventricular Pressure Gradients Study: a novel approach for ventricular filling assessment in normal and falling hearts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraventricular pressure gradients have been described between the base and the apex of the left ventricle during early diastolic ventricular filling, as well as, their increase after systolic and diastolic function improvement. Although, systolic gradients have also been observed, data are lacking on their magnitude and modulation during cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, we know that segmental dysfunction interferes with the normal sequence of regional contraction and might be expected to alter the physiological intraventricular pressure gradients. The study hypothesis is that systolic and diastolic gradients, a marker of normal left ventricular function, may be related to physiological asynchrony between basal and apical myocardial segments and they can be attenuated, lost entirely, or even reversed when ventricular filling/emptying is impaired by regional acute ischemia or severe aortic stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal Studies: Six rabbits will be completely instrumented to measuring apex to outflow-tract pressure gradient and apical and basal myocardial segments lengthening changes at basal, afterloaded and ischemic conditions. Afterload increase will be performed by abruptly narrowing or occluding the ascending aorta during the diastole and myocardial ischemia will be induced by left coronary artery ligation, after the first diagonal branch.Patient Studies: Patients between 65-80 years old (n = 12), both genders, with severe aortic stenosis referred for aortic valve replacement will be selected as eligible subjects. A high-fidelity pressure-volume catheter will be positioned through the ascending aorta across the aortic valve to measure apical and outflow-tract pressure before and after aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis. Peak and average intraventricular pressure gradients will be recorded as apical minus outflow-tract pressure and calculated during all diastolic and systolic phases of cardiac cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We expect to validate the application of our method to obtain intraventricular pressure gradients in animals and patients and to promote a methodology to better understand the ventricular relaxation and filling and their correlation with systolic function.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine of University of Oporto, Department of Physiology, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Mário J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.forename: João C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vouga
authors.forename: Adelino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leite-Moreira
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D003971:Diastole; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011817:Rabbits; D013599:Systole; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*