title: Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 3: Grower awareness, information sources, experiences and management practices regarding glyphosate-resistant weeds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A survey was conducted with nearly 1200 growers in US states (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, Nebraska and North Carolina) in 2005 with the objective in part of determining the awareness of the potential for development of glyphosate resistance, the experience with glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds and the sources of information that growers had utilized for information on glyphosate resistance. Growers were asked a series of questions to determine the level of glyphosate resistance awareness and to list the sources of information used to learn about glyphosate resistance issues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the growers (88%) were aware of a weed's potential to evolve resistance to herbicide, while 44% were aware of state-specific documented cases of GR weeds, and 15% reported having had personal experience with GR weeds. Among sources of information concerning glyphosate resistance issues, farm publications, dealers/retailers and university/extension were the most frequent responses (41, 17 and 14% respectively). Based on a 1-10 effectiveness scale, growers ranked tillage the least effective practice (5.5) and using the correct label rates of herbicides at the proper timing for the size and type of weeds present the most effective practice (8.6) with respect to how effectively the practices mitigated the evolution of GR weeds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this survey can be used by researchers, extension specialists and crop advisors further to bridge the information gap between growers and themselves and better to disseminate information concerning glyphosate resistance and glyphosate resistance management practices through more targeted information and information delivery methods.
authors.affiliation: Plant and Soil Sciences Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. wade.givens@pioneer.com.
authors.forename: Wade A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Givens
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: Bryan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Micheal D K
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D001364:Awareness; D019985:Benchmarking; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D053209:Herbicide Resistance; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007255:Information Services; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007858:Learning; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States; D058728:Weed Control; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D000097797:Glyphosate