title: The influence of breakfast and dairy products on dietary calcium and vitamin D intake in postpubertal adolescents and young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the importance of both calcium and vitamin D for bone health and the high prevalence of vitamin D from around the world, the present study aimed to evaluate calcium and vitamin D intake in a group of healthy Brazilian adolescents and young adults and to examine the influence of breakfast and dairy products in the total intake of these nutrients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty adolescents and young adults, aged 16-20 years old, from a public school, participated in the present study. Three-day dietary records were used to assess calcium and vitamin D intakes. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured using a radioimmunoassay kit. The results were expressed as the mean (SD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 3.8% of the subjects met the daily adequate intake recommendation for calcium, and none for vitamin D [682.2 (132.2)mg day(-1) and 124.0 (28.0)IU day(-1) , respectively]. 25(OH)D serum levels were insufficient in 51.5% and deficient in 9.7% of the individuals [72.5 (22.3) nmol L(-1) ]. There was a significant positive correlation between dairy product intake with both calcium and vitamin D (r=0.597 and r =0.561, respectively; P=0.000). Adolescents who ate breakfast had a significant higher mean calcium, vitamin D and dairy product intake than adolescents who did not report this meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of adolescents and young adults did not consume recommended intakes of calcium and vitamin D and also presented 25(OH)D insufficiency. The results indicate that a regular breakfast and the consumption of dairy products represent important strategies in improving calcium and vitamin D intake in the diet.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. bsepeters@hotmail.com
authors.forename: B S E
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verly
authors.forename: D M L
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Marchioni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisberg
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D011627:Puberty; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D002118:Calcium