title: Medical students as observers in theatre: is an explicit consent necessary?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obtaining consent before engaging patients in teaching activities is essential. The presence of medical students as observers in the operating theatre is sometimes overlooked as a form of teaching activity, in which patients could have become unwitting or unwilling participants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate patients' attitudes towards student observers in theatre.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, voluntary, guided questionnaire survey on 225 general surgical patients at a teaching hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over two-thirds of patients would accept student observers, and regard a prior consent process as essential. Gender, level of education, subjective state of health and the perceived risk of surgery were not found to influence their decisions. Younger patients were more likely to refuse observers. Close to 10 percent of patients who were happy to participate in bedside teaching would not accept theatre observers, whereas 25 percent who were not happy to participate in bedside teaching would accept theatre observers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An explicit consent process is essential for theatre-based teaching, even when students are simply acting as observers. Patients who are willing to participate in ward-based teaching should not be presumed to accept theatre observers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Gilberto@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Gilberto K K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D013337:Students, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013663:Teaching / Q000941:ethics*; D055815:Young Adult