title: Improvement of cardiac contractile function by peptide-based inhibition of NF-κB in the utrophin/dystrophin-deficient murine model of muscular dystrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited and progressive disease causing striated muscle deterioration. Patients in their twenties generally die from either respiratory or cardiac failure. In order to improve the lifespan and quality of life of DMD patients, it is important to prevent or reverse the progressive loss of contractile function of the heart. Recent studies by our labs have shown that the peptide NBD (Nemo Binding Domain), targeted at blunting Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, reduces inflammation, enhances myofiber regeneration, and improves contractile deficits in the diaphragm in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess whether cardiac function in addition to diaphragm function can be improved, we investigated physiological and histological parameters of cardiac muscle in mice deficient for both dystrophin and its homolog utrophin (double knockout = dko) mice treated with NBD peptide. These dko mice show classic pathophysiological hallmarks of heart failure, including myocyte degeneration, an impaired force-frequency response and a severely blunted β-adrenergic response. Cardiac contractile function at baseline and frequencies and pre-loads throughout the in vivo range as well as β-adrenergic reserve was measured in isolated cardiac muscle preparations. In addition, we studied histopathological and inflammatory markers in these mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline conditions, active force development in cardiac muscles from NBD treated dko mice was more than double that of vehicle-treated dko mice. NBD treatment also significantly improved frequency-dependent behavior of the muscles. The increase in force in NBD-treated dko muscles to β-adrenergic stimulation was robustly restored compared to vehicle-treated mice. However, histological features, including collagen content and inflammatory markers were not significantly different between NBD-treated and vehicle-treated dko mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that NBD can significantly improve cardiac contractile dysfunction in the dko mouse model of DMD and may thus provide a novel therapeutic treatment for heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Delfín
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Denis C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Guttridge
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rafael-Fortney
authors.forename: Paul Ml
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Janssen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009137:Muscular Dystrophy, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000378:metabolism; D049411:Utrophin / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016189:Dystrophin; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010455:Peptides; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D049411:Utrophin