title: Washout policies in long-term indwelling urinary catheterization in adults: a short version cochrane review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People requiring long-term bladder draining with an indwelling catheter can experience catheter blockage. Regimens involving different solutions can be used to wash out catheters with the aim of preventing blockage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if certain washout regimens (including no washout) are better than others in terms of effectiveness, acceptability, complications, quality of life, and economics for the management of long-term indwelling urinary catheters in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialized Trials Register (searched April 30, 2009), MEDLINE (January 1966 to April 2009), MEDLINE In-Process (April 30, 2009), EMBASE (January 1980 to April 2009), and CINAHL (December 1981 to April 2009). Additionally, we examined all reference lists of identified trials and contacted manufacturers and researchers in the field.
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomized and quasi-randomized trials comparing catheter washout policies (e.g., washout vs. no washout, different washout solutions, frequency, duration, volume, concentration, method of administration) in adults (16 years and above) in any setting (i.e., hospital, nursing/residential home, community) with an indwelling urethral or suprapubic catheter in place for more than 28 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted by three reviewers independently and compared. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Data were processed as described in the Cochrane Handbook. If the trial data were not fully reported, clarification was sought from the authors. For categorical outcomes, the numbers reporting an outcome were related to the numbers at risk in each group to derive a risk ratio (RR). For continuous outcomes, means, and standard deviations were used to derive weighted mean differences (WMD). No meta-analysis of study results was possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five trials met the inclusion criteria involving 242 patients (132 completed) in two cross-over and three parallel-group randomized controlled trials. Only three of the eight comparisons pre-stated in the review protocol were addressed in these trials. Some trials addressed more than one comparison (e.g., washout vs. no washout and one type of washout solution vs. another). The analyses reported for the two cross-over trials were inappropriate as they were based on differences between groups rather than differences within individuals receiving sequential interventions. Two parallel-group trials had limited value: one combined results for suprapubic and urethral catheters and one had data on only four participants. Only one trial was free of significant methodological limitations, but its sample size was small. Three trials compared no washout with one or more washout solution (saline or acidic solutions) and authors tended to conclude no difference in clinical outcomes between washout and no washout. In the one trial which had data of sufficient quality to allow interpretation, no difference was detected between washout and no washout groups in the rate of symptomatic urinary tract infection or time to first catheter change. Three trials compared different types of solution: saline versus acidic solutions (two trials); saline versus acidic solution versus antibiotic solution (one trial). Authors tended to report no difference between different washout solutions but the data were too few to support their conclusions. The one trial which warranted consideration concluded no difference between saline and an acidic solution in terms of symptomatic urinary tract infections or time to first catheter change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data from five trials comparing differing washout policies were sparse and trials were generally of poor quality or poorly reported. The evidence was too scant to conclude whether or not washouts were beneficial. Further rigorous, high quality trials with adequate power to detect any benefit from washout rather than no washout being performed are required in the first instance. After that, trials comparing different washout solutions, washout volumes, frequencies/timings, and routes of administration are needed.
authors.affiliation: Ailsa Hospital, NHS Ayrshire & Arran, Ayr, UK. lesley.sinclair2@aapct.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology