title: BOLD temporal dynamics of rat superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus following short duration visual stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The superior colliculus (SC) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are important subcortical structures for vision. Much of our understanding of vision was obtained using invasive and small field of view (FOV) techniques. In this study, we use non-invasive, large FOV blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI to measure the SC and LGN's response temporal dynamics following short duration (1 s) visual stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments are performed at 7 tesla on Sprague Dawley rats stimulated in one eye with flashing light. Gradient-echo and spin-echo sequences are used to provide complementary information. An anatomical image is acquired from one rat after injection of monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION), a blood vessel contrast agent. BOLD responses are concentrated in the contralateral SC and LGN. The SC BOLD signal measured with gradient-echo rises to 50% of maximum amplitude (PEAK) 0.2±0.2 s before the LGN signal (p<0.05). The LGN signal returns to 50% of PEAK 1.4±1.2 s before the SC signal (p<0.05). These results indicate the SC signal rises faster than the LGN signal but settles slower. Spin-echo results support these findings. The post-MION image shows the SC and LGN lie beneath large blood vessels. This subcortical vasculature is similar to that in the cortex, which also lies beneath large vessels. The LGN lies closer to the large vessels than much of the SC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences in response timing between SC and LGN are very similar to those between deep and shallow cortical layers following electrical stimulation, which are related to depth-dependent blood vessel dilation rates. This combined with the similarities in vasculature between subcortex and cortex suggest the SC and LGN timing differences are also related to depth-dependent dilation rates. This study shows for the first time that BOLD responses in the rat SC and LGN following short duration visual stimulation are temporally different.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China.
authors.forename: Condon
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Iris Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Ed X
authors.initials: EX
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013477:Superior Colliculi / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014785:Vision, Ocular; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide; D010100:Oxygen