title: Investigation into drug release from colon-specific azoreductase-activated steroid prodrugs using in-vitro models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate drug release from a double steroid prodrug, OPN501, which incorporates a phenylpropionate linker, and its phenylacetate analogue. The prodrugs, which were designed to deliver prednisolone to the colon for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, are based on a novel design that requires sequential azoreductase activity and cyclization of an amino ester to trigger drug release. We sought to explain the divergent effects of the two compounds in anti-inflammatory models and to justify the selection of OPN-501 for clinical development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The compounds were incubated in mouse colonic contents (10%) fermented in brain heart infusion under anaerobic conditions. The disappearance of the prodrugs and release of prednisolone was monitored by HPLC. We then developed a method for assessment of prodrug activation using suspensions of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobe from the human colon. The cyclization of the compounds was studied in various media, assessing the influence of pH and bulk solvent polarity on cyclization rate using HPLC and NMR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prodrugs were activated via multiple pathways releasing prednisolone in mouse colonic ferment. The compounds released prednisolone by reduction-cyclization in C perfringens suspension. The active OPN-501 generated a stoichiometric amount of prednisolone following azoreductase activation, whereas its analogue did not. The pH rate profile for the cyclization of the amino intermediates of the two compounds revealed significant differences in rate at pH values relevant to the inflamed colon, which explain in part the different amounts of drug produced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The steroid prodrug OPN-501 has optimal drug release characteristics for colon targeting because of a kinetic advantage of a six-membered ring formation in the aminolysis reactions of anilides. The results are relevant to the development of OPN-501 but also to cyclization strategies in prodrug design especially for colon targeting.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Juan F Marquez
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Kinga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kedziora
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Windle
authors.forename: Dermot P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gilmer
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009601:Nitroreductases; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D011355:Prodrugs; D011239:Prednisolone; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009601:Nitroreductases; C021106:azoreductase