title: Rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles for inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nanoparticles possess several advantages as a carrier system for intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents. Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive agent which also exhibits marked antiproliferative properties. We investigated whether rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles(NPs) can reduce neointima formation in a rat model of vein graft disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs containing rapamycin was prepared using an oil/water solvent evaporation technique. Nanoparticle size and morphology were determined by dynamic light scattering methodology and electron microscopy. In vitro cytotoxicity of blank, rapamycin-loaded PLGA (RPLGA) NPs was studied using MTT Assay. Excised rat jugular vein was treated ex vivo with blank-NPs, or rapamycin-loaded NPs, then interposed back into the carotid artery position using a cuff technique. Grafts were harvested at 21 days and underwent morphometric analysis as well as immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapamycin was efficiently loaded in PLGA nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency was 87.6%. The average diameter of NPs was 180.3 nm. The NPs-containing rapamycin at 1 ng/ml significantly inhibited vascular smooth muscular cells proliferation. Measurement of rapamycin levels in vein grafts shown that the concentration of rapamycin in vein grafts at 3 weeks after grafting were 0.9 ± 0.1 μg/g. In grafted veins without treatment intima-media thickness was 300.4 ± 181.5 μm after grafting 21 days. Whereas, Veins treated with rapamycin-loaded NPs showed a reduction of intimal-media thickness of 150.2 ± 62.5 μm (p = 0.001). CD-31 staining was used to measure luminal endothelial coverage in grafts and indicated a high level of endothelialization in 21 days vein grafts with no significant effect of blank or rapamycin-loaded NPs group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that sustained-release rapamycin from rapymycin loaded NPs inhibits vein graft thickening without affecting the reendothelialization in rat carotid vein-to-artery interposition grafts and this may be a promising therapy for the treatment of vein graft disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjng, Jiangsu province, China.
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Xiwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Shui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D006965:Hyperplasia; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000637:transplantation* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053758:Nanoparticles; D058426:Neointima / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020123:Sirolimus