title: Length asymmetry of the bovine digits.
abstract: The lengths of the digital bones of the fore- and hind-limbs obtained post mortem from 40 cattle of different ages were measured using digital radiographs. The lengths of the individual digital bones and the overall length of the digit were determined using computer software. The lateral metacarpal/metatarsal condyle, and lateral P1 and P2 were significantly longer than their medial counterparts, whereas P3 of the medial digit was longer than its lateral partner. Measured from the cannon bone epiphysis to the tip of the pedal bone, the mean increased length of the lateral digit was 0.8 mm in the fore- and 1.5 mm in the hind-limb. When the lengths of the digital bones were summed, the mean length of the lateral digit was 1.8 mm longer in the fore-limb and 2.1 mm longer in the hind-limb. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the lengths of the paired digits differ in cattle. The majority of cattle have longer lateral digits in the fore- and hind-limbs. This asymmetry might explain why the lateral hind-limb claws are predisposed to sole ulcers on hard surfaces. In the hind-limbs, the impact is transferred from the pelvis directly to the longer lateral digit. In the fore-limb claws, the tenomuscular attachment to the trunk may be involved in a more even weight distribution and in a shift of weight to the medial claw.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muggli
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sauter-Louis
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nuss
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005552:Forelimb; D006614:Hindlimb; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D050279:Metacarpal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*