title: Bacteriological profile of septicemia and the risk factors in neonates and infants in sikkim.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial infections remain an important cause of pediatric mortality and morbidity. It might be possible to reduce these factors by early diagnosis and proper management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to analyze the bacteriological profiles with their antibiogram, and to register the risk factors for septicemia in neonates and infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital at Gangtok, Sikkim, India, and included clinically suspected cases of septicemia in neonates and infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood culture reports were studied in 363 cases of clinically suspected septicemia in neonates and infants, using the standard technique of Mackie and McCartney. The antibiotic sensitivity was performed by Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method. Risk factors for sepsis in the children were registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood culture was positive in 22% of cases. Gram-negative septicemia was encountered in 61% of the culture-positive cases. Pseudomonas and Enterobacter species were the predominant pathogens amongst gram-negative organisms. Most gram-negative organisms were sensitive to Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Co-trimoxazole. The most common gram-positive organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (97%). More than 70% of Staphylococci isolated were resistant to Penicillin, but were sensitive to Clindamycin (70%) and Vancomycin (40%). The most important risk factors of septicemia in our study population were preterm birth (31%), followed by respiratory distress (5%) and low birth weight (4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the cultures showed variable antibiogram with complicated patterns of resistance, culture and sensitivity test should be performed in all cases of septicemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences (SMIMS) and Central Referral Hospital(CRH), Gangtok, Sikkim, India.
authors.forename: Dechen C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Tsering
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chanchal
authors.forename: Ranabir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kar