title: Residues of pharmaceutical products in recycled organic manure produced from sewage sludge and solid waste from livestock and relationship to their fermentation level.
abstract: In recent years, sludge generated in sewage treatment plants (STPs) and solid waste from livestock being utilized is useful for circulation of nourishment in farmlands as recycled organic manure (ROM). In this study, we determined the residue levels and patterns of 12 pharmaceutical products generated by human activity in the ROMs produced from human waste sludge (HWS), sewage sludge (SS), cattle manure (CM), poultry manure (PM), swine manure (SM) and horse manure (HM). The kind and number of pharmaceutical products detected in ROMs were different. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) were detected at high levels in HWS and SS samples. In addition, the detection frequency and concentration levels of sulfonamides (SAs) in PM and SM were high. Moreover, high concentrations of chlortetracycline (CTC) were found in only SM. These differences reflect specific adherence adsorption of the pharmaceutical products to different livestock and humans. Moreover, it was found that the concentrations of pharmaceutical products and fermentation levels of ROMs had significant positive correlation (r=0.41, p=0.024). When the fermentation test of ROM was conducted in a rotary fermentor in a lab scale test, the residue levels of pharmaceutical products decreased effectively except carbamazepine (CBZ). The rates of decrease were in the case of tetracyclines (TCs): 85-92%, FQs: 81-100%, erythromycine: 67%, SAs: 79-95%, trimethoprim: 86% and CBZ: 37% by 30 d. Pharmaceutical products that can be decomposed by fermentation process at the lowest impact of residual antibiotic activities may therefore be considered as environmentally friendly medicines.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100, Tsukide, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motoyama
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Rumi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanoue
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nomiyama
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shinohara
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002751:Chlortetracycline / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D008372:Manure; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002751:Chlortetracycline