title: Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on quality characteristics of fresh pork bellies from pigs fed 3 levels of corn oil.
abstract: Crossbred pigs (n = 216) were used to test the effect of supplemental L-carnitine (CARN) on the fatty acid composition and quality characteristics of fresh pork bellies from pigs fed diets formulated with different inclusion levels of corn oil. Pigs were blocked by BW (43.6 ± 1.0 kg) and allotted randomly to pens of 6 pigs within blocks. Then, within blocks, pens were assigned randomly to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with either 0 or 100 mg/kg of supplemental CARN and 3 dietary inclusion levels (0, 2, or 4%) of corn oil (CO). When the lightest block weighed 125.0 kg, all pigs were slaughtered, and left-side bellies were captured during carcass fabrication for quality data collection. Fresh pork bellies were evaluated for length, width, thickness, and firmness (bar-suspension and Instron-compression methods) before a 2.5-cm-wide strip of belly was removed and subsequently dissected into subcutaneous fat, primary lean (latissimus dorsi), secondary lean (cutaneous trunci), and intermuscular fat for fatty acid composition determination. Although belly length, width, and thickness of fresh pork bellies were not affected by CARN (P ≥ 0.128) or CO (P ≥ 0.073), belly firmness decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary CO, but there was no (P ≥ 0.137) effect of CARN on any belly firmness measure. Dietary CARN increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of total SFA in the intermuscular fat layer, increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of total MUFA in the primary and secondary lean layers, and decreased (P < 0.05) the proportion of total PUFA in the intermuscular fat and secondary lean layers of pork bellies. Moreover, the SFA and MUFA compositions decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary CO, and the rate of the decrease in SFA composition was greater (P < 0.001) in the fat layers than the lean layers. Conversely, the PUFA content increased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary CO, and the rate of the increase in PUFA was greater (P < 0.001) in the fat than the lean layers, and greater (P = 0.022) in the primary than secondary lean layer. Results from this study would indicate that differences in the amount and rate of fatty acid deposition associated with feeding increased amounts of CO, along with moisture differences among the belly layers, combine to negatively affect fresh pork belly firmness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA. japple@uark.edu
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Apple
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: J W S
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yancey
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Woodworth
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Musser
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002331:Carnitine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003314:Corn Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D003314:Corn Oil; D002331:Carnitine