title: Worm control practice against gastro-intestinal parasites in Norwegian sheep and goat flocks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anthelmintic treatment is the most common way of controlling nematode infections in ruminants. However, several countries have reported anthelmintic resistance (AR), representing a limitation for sustainable small ruminant production. The knowledge regarding worm control management represents a baseline to develop a guideline for preventing AR. The aim of the present study was therefore to improve our knowledge about the worm control practices in small ruminant flocks in Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire survey regarding worm control practices was performed in small ruminant flocks in Norway. Flocks were selected from the three main areas of small ruminant farming, i.e. the coastal, inland and northern areas. A total of 825 questionnaires, comprising 587 sheep flocks (return rate of 51.3%) and 238 goat flocks (52.6%) were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that visual appraisal of individual weight was the most common means of estimating the anthelmintic dose used in sheep (78.6%) and goat (85.1%) flocks. The mean yearly drenching rate in lambs and ewes were 2.5 ± 1.7 and 1.9 ± 1.1, respectively, whereas it was 1.0 (once a year) in goats. However, these figures were higher in sheep in the coastal area with a rate of 3.4 and 2.2 in lambs and ewes, respectively. Benzimidazoles were the predominant anthelmintic class used in sheep flocks (64.9% in 2007), whereas benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones were both equally used in dairy goat flocks. In the period of 2005-2007, 46.3% of the sheep flocks never changed the anthelmintic class. The dose and move strategy was practiced in 33.2% of the sheep flocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that inaccurate weight calculation gives a risk of under-dosing in over 90% of the sheep and goat flocks in Norway. Taken together with a high treatment frequency in lambs, a lack of anthelmintic class rotation and the common use of a dose-and-move strategy, a real danger for development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) seems to exist in Norwegian sheep and goat flocks. This risk seems particularly high in coastal areas where high treatment frequencies in lambs were recorded.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Sandnes, Norway. atle.domke@nvh.no
authors.forename: Atle V M
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Domke
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chartier
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gjerde
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leine
authors.forename: Synnøve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vatn
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Osterås
authors.forename: Snorre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stuen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001835:Body Weight; D004351:Drug Resistance; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006041:Goats; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D009664:Norway; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents