title: Association of recent HIV infection and in-utero HIV-1 transmission.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously developed a multiassay algorithm (MAA) to identify recent HIV infection that includes the BED-capture enzyme immunoassay, an avidity assay based on the Genetic Systems HIV-1/HIV-2 + O enzyme immunoassay, CD4 cell count, and HIV viral load. We used this MAA to evaluate the association between recent maternal HIV infection and in-utero transmission of HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma samples were collected at delivery from 2561 HIV-infected women in the postexposure prophylaxis of infants-Malawi trial. The MAA described above was used to identify women with recent HIV infection. Logistic regression models assessed association between recent HIV infection and in-utero HIV transmission (defined as a positive infant HIV DNA test at birth).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three women were identified as recently infected using the MAA. Those women were younger and had lower parity than women who were identified as not recently infected using the MAA (P < 0.0001 for age and parity). The frequency of in-utero HIV transmission was 17.8% among women identified as recently infected, compared with 6.7% among women identified as not recently infected (13/73 vs. 166/2488, P = 0.001). In a multivariate model, three factors were independently associated with in-utero HIV transmission: recent infection [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30-4.78, P = 0.006], log(10) HIV viral load at delivery (AOR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.60-2.51, P < 0.0001), and younger age (per 10 year increase, AOR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.43-0.93, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results obtained using a MAA suggest that recent maternal HIV acquisition is strongly associated with in-utero HIV transmission, independent of HIV viral load at delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Taha E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Laeyendecker
authors.forename: Caroline E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mullis
authors.forename: Johnstone J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kumwenda
authors.forename: Jairam R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lingappa
authors.forename: Bertran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Auvert
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mofensen
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Mary G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Newton I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Kumenda
authors.forename: Susan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Eshleman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D056990:Post-Exposure Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012307:Risk Factors; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral