title: Voice analysis during bad news discussion in oncology: reduced pitch, decreased speaking rate, and nonverbal communication of empathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine if differences exist in the speaking rate and pitch of healthcare providers when discussing bad news versus neutral topics, and to assess listeners' ability to perceive voice differences in the absence of speech content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were oncology healthcare providers seeing patients with cancer of unknown primary. The encounters were audio recorded; the information communicated by the oncologist to the patient was identified as neutral or bad news. At least 30 seconds of both bad news and neutral utterances were analyzed; provider voice pitch and speaking rate were measured. The same utterances were subjected to low pass filtering that maintained pitch contours and speaking rate, but eliminated acoustic energy associated with consonants making the samples unintelligible, but with unchanged intonation. Twenty-seven listeners (graduate students in a voice disorders class) listened to the samples and rated them on three features: caring, sympathetic, and competent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All but one provider reduced speaking rate, the majority also reduced pitch in the bad news condition. Listeners perceived a significant difference between the nonverbal characteristics of the providers' voice when performing the two tasks and rated speech produced with the reduced rate and lower pitch as more caring and sympathetic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that simultaneous assessment of verbal content and multiparameter prosodic analysis of speech is necessary for a more thorough understanding of the expression and perception of empathy. This information has the potential to contribute to the enhancement of communication training design and of oncologists' communication effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-6018, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McHenry
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Walter F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Baile
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009382:Neoplasms, Unknown Primary / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D010898:Pitch Perception; D013067:Speech Perception; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014831:Voice; D055815:Young Adult