title: Entomological and epidemiological attributes for malaria transmission and implementation of vector control in southern Iran.
abstract: Bashagard is an important malaria endemic area in south of Iran. An epidemiological and entomological survey was performed during 2002-2010. The aim of study was to determine malaria situation, species composition of anopheline mosquitoes and susceptibility status of main vectors to insecticides/larvicides. A total of 13,490 malaria cases were recorded, Plasmodium vivax (99.64%), P. falciparum (0.35%) and mix cases (0.01%). The highest and lowest Annual Parasite Incidence (API) were observed in 2007 (145.72/1000) and 2009 (6.29/1000), respectively. Anopheles culicifacies, An. dthali, An. stephensi, An. superpictus, An. fluviatilis, An. moghulensis, An. turkhudi and An. apoci were collected from the area. Two peak activities occur in April and October. The first five species were confirmed as malaria vectors in Iran. No indication of sporozoite in mosquitoes using molecular method was performed. Susceptibility tests using diagnostic dose of insecticides and larvicides showed only resistance of An. stephensi to DDT. Tolerance in An. stephensi to deltamethrin and bendiocarb is reported. The same phenomenon was observed in An. culicifacies to DDT, propoxur and deltamethrin, and in An. dthali to malathion and deltamethrin. Larvae of vectors were susceptible to all larvicides, except for An. stephensi that exhibited tolerance to fenthion. In conclusion it should be emphasized that malaria transmission is a complex process in Bashagard. This event is attributed to five proven vectors with different behaviors which are active in the area. Regarding tolerance of vectors to deltamethrin, resistance management is suggested by using new insecticide with novel mode of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hanafi-Bojd
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vatandoost
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oshaghi
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Haghdoost
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahi
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sedaghat
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abedi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeryan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pakari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides