title: Immunomodulatory and antioxidant potential of Lactobacillus exopolysaccharides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunomodulation by probiotic microorganisms has become a topic of increasing interest in food microbiology. Polysaccharides are broadly used in the food industry as gelling, thickening, stabilizing, or emulsifying agents. Some probiotics such as lactic acid bacteria also produce exopolysaccharides that stimulate macrophage production of cytokines. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of exopolysaccharides of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (101EP) and Lactobacillus plantarum NTU 102 (102EP) exopolysaccharides on antioxidant activity and immunomodulation in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sugar composition (including arabinose, galactose, glucose, fructose, mannose, and maltose) of 101EP and 102EP was quantified by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Cytokine production (including IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) was induced by 101EP and 102EP in Raw 264.7 in a dose-dependent manner (5-500 µg mL(-1) ). 101EP and 102EP also demonstrated potential antioxidant properties (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, chelation of ferrous ions, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, and reducing power) in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  101EP and 102EP stimulate cell proliferation and may be useful as a mild immune modulator of macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chin-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kuo-Chuan
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Shen-Shih
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Bao-Hong
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wei-Hsuan
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Tzu-Ming
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D048191:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008320:Maltose / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D009005:Monosaccharides; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D008320:Maltose