title: Exploring the species diversity of Trichoderma in Norwegian drinking water systems by DNA barcoding.
abstract: A total of 123 Trichoderma strains were isolated from Norwegian surface-sourced drinking water. The water samples included raw water, treated water, and water from private homes and hospital installations. Trichoderma species are difficult to differentiate morphologically, but recent molecular identification tools, including DNA barcoding, successfully distinguish between closely related species. The diversity of Trichoderma spp. was explored by DNA sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF-1α). Sequence identification was performed in the TrichOKEY version 2.0 barcode program and in the multilocus similarity search database TrichoBLAST, combined with traditional blast searches in the EMBL/GenBank. A total of 11 known Trichoderma/Hypocrea species were identified. In addition, one group of unidentified Trichoderma strains was found to represent a separate, strongly supported subclade within the Pachybasium'A'/Hamatum clade, based on their TEF-1α haplotypes. Trichoderma viride comprised 49% of the identified strains, and was represented by four and eight slightly different ITS and TEF-1α haplotypes, respectively. Approximately 22% of the surface-derived water samples were positive for T. viride, and the species was frequently isolated throughout the surface-sourced drinking water distribution system. The results indicate that a broad range of Trichoderma species are present in Norwegian surface-sourced drinking. Water treatment has minor effect in removing Trichoderma from raw water, and active growth in the water distribution system is likely to occur.
authors.affiliation: Section of Mycology, National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Centrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunhild
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hageskal
authors.forename: Trude
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vrålstad
authors.forename: Ann Kristin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Knutsen
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skaar