title: Trends in adjuvant development for vaccines: DAMPs and PAMPs as potential new adjuvants.
abstract: Aluminum salts have been widely used in vaccine formulations and, after their introduction more than 80 years ago, only few vaccine formulations using new adjuvants were developed in the last two decades. Recent advances in the understanding of how innate mechanisms influence the adaptive immunity opened up the possibility for the development of new adjuvants in a more rational design. The purpose of this review is to discuss the recent advances in this field regarding the attempts to determine the molecular basis and the general mechanisms underlying the development of new adjuvants, with particular emphasis on the activation of receptors of innate immune recognition. One can anticipate that the use of these novel adjuvants will also provide a window of opportunities for the development of new vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Miyaji
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M L S
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Raw
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D010567:Pertussis Vaccine / Q000276:immunology; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D010567:Pertussis Vaccine; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014612:Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D037521:Virulence Factors