title: Deflections of an implant-supported cantilever beam subjected to vertically directed loads: in vitro measurements in three dimensions using an optoelectronic method. I. Experimental set-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this in vitro study was to develop and test an experimental set-up consisting of a video camera and computer-based optoelectronic motion analysis system, synchronized with a loading device, for studying load-dependent deflections in three dimensions of single implant-supported cantilever beams.
  
  
  METHODS
  One Brånemark System implant was tightly screwed into a steel plate so that the entire implant became submerged. An abutment was attached to the implant and a cast 22-mm-long cantilever gold alloy beam incorporating a prefabricated gold cylinder was attached to the abutment with a prosthetic gold screw. A force transducer was glued on the upper surface of the beam end with its centre 19.4 mm from the centre of the implant abutment gold cylinder unit to register the applied load. A specially designed loading device was used to apply increasing vertical loads of the beam end via the transducer. The motion analysis system was synchronized with the transducer to enable measurements of three-dimensional positional changes of the beam end related to known loads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vertical loads from 15.7 to 40.4 N were applied resulting in vertical positional changes of the beam end ranging from 40.8 to 225.2 μm (z-axis). The corresponding horizontal changes perpendicular to the long axis of the beam (y-axis) due to counterclockwise horizontal rotation of the beam around the abutment- and prosthetic cylinder threads varied from 7.4 to 77.4 μm. This rotation changed the position of the beam end from 11.9 to 49.3 μm along the x-axis of the coordinate system toward the supporting implant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was possible to arrange an experimental set-up for optoelectronic 3-D measurements within such a limited measurement volume that would permit satisfactory registrations of small load-dependent deflections of the prosthetic beam and implant components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden. bjorn.cassel@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cassel
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003199:Computer Systems; D000044:Dental Abutments; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009068:Movement; D012399:Rotation; D012984:Software; D013232:Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014159:Transducers; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D006047:Gold Alloys; D013232:Steel; D014025:Titanium