title: Executive function and instrumental activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impairment in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) leads to early loss in productivity and adds significant burden to caregivers. Executive dysfunction is thought to be an important contributor to functional impairment. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between executive function and IADL in a large cohort of well-characterized normal older controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and patients with mild Alzheimer's disease, separately as well as across the entire sample, while accounting for demographic, cognitive, and behavioral factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with baseline clinical datasets (n=793) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study (228 normal older controls, 387 MCI, 178 Alzheimer's disease) were included in the analysis. A multiple regression model was used to assess the relationship between executive function and IADL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multiple regression model, including diagnosis, global cognitive impairment, memory performance, and other covariates demonstrated a significant relationship between executive dysfunction and IADL impairment across all subjects (R2=.60, P<.0001 for model; Digit Symbol, partial ß=-.044, P=.005; Trailmaking Test B-A, quadratic relation, P=.01). Similarly, an analysis using MCI subjects only yielded a significant relationship (R2=.16, P<.0001 for model; Digit Symbol, partial ß=-.08, P=.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that executive dysfunction is a key contributor to impairment in IADL. This relationship was evident even after accounting for degree of memory deficit across the continuum of cognitive impairment and dementia.
authors.affiliation: Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. gamarshall@partners.org
authors.forename: Gad A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Dorene M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rentz
authors.forename: Meghan T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Locascio
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Reisa A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sperling
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged