title: Metabolic syndrome and exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Running evidence supports a prognostic value of an exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise (EBPR). The impact of the metabolic syndrome (MS) on EBPR in hypertensive patients has not been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study in the setting of an outpatient hypertension clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 325 non-diabetic patients with newly diagnosed hypertension were divided into two groups based on the presence (n = 95) or absence (n = 230) of the MS as defined with NCEP-ATP III criteria. All subjects underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, echocardiography and exercise treadmill testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertensive patients with MS exhibited higher prevalence of EBPR (by 17%, p = 0.002) and peak exercise systolic BP (by 10.4 mmHg, p = 0.001) irrespectively of confounders. Metabolic equivalents were higher in hypertensives with MS (by 0.6 ml/kg/min, p = 0.048), but the difference lost significance after adjusting for confounders, including body mass index. Logistic regression analysis identified the MS as an independent predictor of an EBPR (p = 0.016). Hypertensive patients with MS had a 2.3-fold risk of exhibiting EBPR compared to those without MS. However, individual components of MS altogether as well as each one separately failed to predict EBPR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of MS in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients is associated with increased peak exercise BP and a higher frequency of EBPR over and above its separate elements.
authors.affiliation: First Cardiology Clinic, University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece. ktsioufis@hippocratio.gr
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsioufis
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasiakogias
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsiachris
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kordalis
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomopoulos
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giakoumis
authors.forename: Pavlos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bounas
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pittaras
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michaelides
authors.forename: Christodoulos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors