title: A national and international analysis of changing forest density.
abstract: Like cities, forests grow by spreading out or by growing denser. Both inventories taken steadily by a single nation and other inventories gathered recently from many nations by the United Nations confirm the asynchronous effects of changing area and of density or volume per hectare. United States forests spread little after 1953, while growing density per hectare increased national volume and thus sequestered carbon. The 2010 United Nations appraisal of global forests during the briefer span of two decades after 1990 reveals a similar pattern: A slowing decline of area with growing volume means growing density in 68 nations encompassing 72% of reported global forest land and 68% of reported global carbon mass. To summarize, the nations were placed in 5 regions named for continents. During 1990-2010 national density grew unevenly, but nevertheless grew in all regions. Growing density was responsible for substantially increasing sequestered carbon in the European and North American regions, despite smaller changes in area. Density nudged upward in the African and South American regions as area loss outstripped the loss of carbon. For the Asian region, density grew in the first decade and fell slightly in the second as forest area expanded. The different courses of area and density disqualify area as a proxy for volume and carbon. Applying forestry methods traditionally used to measure timber volumes still offers a necessary route to measuring carbon stocks. With little expansion of forest area, managing for timber growth and density offered a way to increase carbon stocks.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Aapo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rautiainen
authors.forename: Iddo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wernick
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Waggoner
authors.forename: Jesse H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ausubel
authors.forename: Pekka E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Kauppi
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003625:Data Collection; D038622:Internationality; D011157:Population Dynamics; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon