title: International challenges without borders: a descriptive study of family physicians' educational needs in the field of diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimal care of persons with diabetes by general practitioners and family physicians (GP/FP) is complex and requires multiple competencies. This is a fairly unrecognized key challenge in the healthcare systems. In some cases, local and national Continuous Professional Development (CPD) initiatives target these challenges; however there have been few international initiatives, possibly because challenges emerging from different studies have not been linked across national boundaries. In this context, the authors have compiled data about gaps and/or barriers inherent to GP/FP care of persons with type 2 diabetes from Austria, Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analyzes of pre-existing studies were conducted to identify challenges in the care of patients with type 2 diabetes as faced by GPs/FPs. Two sources of data were reviewed: unpublished research data from collaborating organizations and articles from a literature search (in English and German). Articles retrieved were scanned by the research team for relevance to the study objectives and to extract existing gaps and barriers. The identified challenges were then categorized along three major axes: (1) phase of the continuum of care {from screening to management}; (2) learning domain {knowledge, skills, attitudes, behavior, context}; and (3) by country/region. Compilation and categorization were performed by qualitative researchers and discrepancies were resolved through discussion until concordance was achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thirteen challenges faced by GPs/FPs in the care for patients with type 2 diabetes were common in at least 3 of the 4 targeted countries/regions. These issues were found across the entire continuum of care and included: pathophysiology of diabetes, diagnostic criteria, treatment targets assessment, drugs' modes of action, decision-making in therapies, treatment guidelines, insulin therapy, adherence, management of complications, lifestyle changes, team integration, bureaucracy and third-party payers. The issues reported were not restricted to the physicians' knowledge, but also related to their skills, attitudes, behaviours and context.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed challenges faced by GPs/FPs when caring for patients with diabetes, which were similar across international and health system borders. Common issues might be addressed more efficiently through international educational designs, adapted to each country's healthcare system, helping develop and maintain physicians' competencies.
authors.affiliation: XDEV Group Inc., 210-8, Place du Commerce, Brossard, Quebec, Canada. murrays@axdevgroup.com
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lazure
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schroter
authors.forename: Philipp J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Leuschner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Posel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001317:Austria; D002170:Canada; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000592:standards*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000592:standards*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D006113:United Kingdom