title: Vascular disease and stem cell therapies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral vascular disease is the leading cause of limb ischemia (LI). LI is manifested by claudication, ischemic rest pain, ulcers or gangrene. It is the result of peripheral arterial disease due to atherosclerosis. Over the last decade, several centers around the world have initiated clinical trials utilizing stem cells as a treatment for this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published medical literature, clinical trials announced in clinical trials.gov and TCA cellular therapy experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is general agreement that stem cells are useful for LI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These arise from the type of cells, dose, route of administration and methods to evaluate efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growing evidence suggests that bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells are as good as or superior to mononuclear cells, and a combination of both cell types may be even better.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on current trials and publications, several promising biological products could become part of the therapeutic arsenal for LI. This may include combinations of more than one type of adult/induced pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells, use of stem cells with growth factors or extracellular matrix molecules.
authors.affiliation: TCA Cellular Therapy, Covington, LA 70433, USA. drlasala@tcacellulartherapy.com
authors.forename: Gabriel P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lasala
authors.forename: Jose J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Minguell
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000637:transplantation; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000628:therapy*; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome