title: Petal-specific subfunctionalization of an APETALA3 paralog in the Ranunculales and its implications for petal evolution.
abstract: • The petals of the lower eudicot family Ranunculaceae are thought to have been derived many times independently from stamens. However, investigation of the genetic basis of their identity has suggested an alternative hypothesis: that they share a commonly inherited petal identity program. This theory is based on the fact that an ancient paralogous lineage of APETALA3 (AP3) in the Ranunculaceae appears to have a conserved, petal-specific expression pattern. • Here, we have used a combination of approaches, including RNAi, comparative gene expression and molecular evolutionary studies, to understand the function of this petal-specific AP3 lineage. • Functional analysis of the Aquilegia locus AqAP3-3 has demonstrated that the paralog is required for petal identity with little contribution to the identity of the other floral organs. Expanded expression studies and analyses of molecular evolutionary patterns provide further evidence that orthologs of AqAP3-3 are primarily expressed in petals and are under higher purifying selection across the family than the other AP3 paralogs. • Taken together, these findings suggest that the AqAP3-3 lineage underwent progressive subfunctionalization within the order Ranunculales, ultimately yielding a specific role in petal identity that has probably been conserved, in stark contrast with the multiple independent origins predicted by botanical theories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Bharti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China.
authors.forename: Chunce
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China.
authors.forename: Hongzhi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Elena M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D031884:Aquilegia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D029626:Ranunculaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins