title: Are patients' judgments of health status really different from the general population?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have found discrepancies in valuations for health states between the general population (healthy people) and people who actually experience illness (patients). Such differences may be explained by referring to various cognitive mechanisms. However, more likely most of these observed differences may be attributable to the methods used to measure these health states. We explored in an experimental setting whether such discrepancies in values for health states exist. It was hypothesized that the more the measurement strategy was incorporated in measurement theory, the more similar the responses of patients and healthy people would be.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of the general population and two patient groups (cancer, rheumatoid arthritis) were included. All three study groups judged the same 17 hypothetical EQ-5D health states, each state comprising the same five health domains. The patients did not know that apart from these 17 states their own health status was also included in the set of states they were assessing. Three different measurement strategies were applied: 1) ranking of the health states; 2) placing all the health states simultaneously on a visual analogue scale (VAS); 3) separately assessing the health states with the time trade-off (TTO) technique. Regression analyses were performed to determine whether differences in the VAS and TTO can be ascribed to specific health domains. In addition, effect of being member of one of the two patient groups and the effect of the assessment of the patients' own health status was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except for some moderate divergence, no differences were found between patients and healthy people for the ranking task or for the VAS. For the time trade-off technique, however, large differences were observed between patients and healthy people. The regression analyses for the effect of belonging to one of the patient groups and the effect of the value assigned to the patients' own health state showed that only for the TTO these patient-specific parameters did offer some additional information in explaining the 17 hypothetical EQ-5D states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients' assessment of health states is similar to that of the general population when the judgments are made under conditions that are defended by modern measurement theory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Unit Health Technology Assessment, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. p.f.m.krabbe@epi.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Paul Fm
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Krabbe
authors.forename: Noor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tromp
authors.forename: Theo Jm
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ruers
authors.forename: Piet Lcm
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: van Riel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D009426:Netherlands; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult