title: The level of protein in milk formula modifies ileal sensitivity to LPS later in life in a piglet model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Milk formulas have higher protein contents than human milk. This high protein level could modify the development of intestinal microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune functions and have long-term consequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the effect of a high protein formula on ileal microbiota and physiology during the neonatal period and later in life. Piglets were fed from 2 to 28 days of age either a normoprotein (NP, equivalent to sow milk) or a high protein formula (HP, +40% protein). Then, they received the same solid diet until 160 days. During the formula feeding period ileal microbiota implantation was accelerated in HP piglets with greater concentrations of ileal bacteria at d7 in HP than NP piglets. Epithelial barrier function was altered with a higher permeability to small and large probes in Ussing chambers in HP compared to NP piglets without difference in bacterial translocation. Infiltration of T cells was increased in HP piglets at d28. IL-1β and NF-κB sub-units mRNA levels were reduced in HP piglets at d7 and d28 respectively; plasma haptoglobin also tended to be reduced at d7. Later in life, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in response to high doses of LPS in explants culture was reduced in HP compared to NP piglets. Levels of mRNA coding the NF-κB pathway sub-units were increased by the challenge with LPS in NP piglets, but not HP ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high protein level in formula affects the postnatal development of ileal microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune function in piglets and alters ileal response to inflammatory mediators later in life.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1079 SENAH, Saint-Gilles, France.
authors.forename: Livie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chatelais
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jamin
authors.forename: Christèle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gras-Le Guen
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lallès
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Le Huërou-Luron
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boudry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054892:Metagenome / Q000187:drug effects; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D023421:Models, Animal; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D006242:Haptoglobins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008894:Milk Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors