title: Symptoms and signs of tear film dysfunction in glaucomatous patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to evaluate the presence of symptoms of tear film dysfunction by using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire in glaucomatous patients and to examine whether they have ocular surface signs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma were sequentially examined. All patients used preserved antiglaucomatous drops once, twice, 3 times, or 4 times a day. Each patient filled out an OSDI questionnaire. Fluorescein corneal staining, lissamine green conjunctival staining, break-up time, and Schirmer I test were performed in patients with positive OSDI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the OSDI, 26 of 50 patients (52%) showed at least mild symptoms of tear film dysfunction (score >12); of them, 17 (34%) had severe OSDI (Score >32). Decrease in tear production was seen in only 8 glaucomatous patients. The break-up time was <7 s in 18 patients. Lissamine green conjunctival staining was positive in at least one eye of all the 26 patients, whereas fluorescein corneal staining was positive in at least one eye of 22 patients. A statistically significant (P<0.05) difference was found for lissamine green conjunctival staining between 16 patients using ipotensive drops once or twice a day and 10 patients using drops 3 or 4 times a day. In the group of patients using only β-blocker agents, we found a positive correlation between symptoms and vital staining of the ocular surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fifty-two percent of patients in therapy with preserved antiglaucomatous drops showed symptoms of tear film dysfunction. Signs of ocular surface diseases seemed to be greater in patients under >2 medications. Symptoms correlated to signs only in patients in monotherapy with β-blockers drops.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Oculistica, Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. valente81@gmail.com
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iester
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corsi
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rolando
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013565:Sympatholytics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D013565:Sympatholytics