title: Frequency-dependent variation in the two-dimensional beam pattern of an echolocating dolphin.
abstract: Recent recordings of dolphin echolocation using a dense array of hydrophones suggest that the echolocation beam is dynamic and can at times consist of a single dominant peak, while at other times it consists of forward projected primary and secondary peaks with similar energy, partially overlapping in space and frequency bandwidth. The spatial separation of the peaks provides an area in front of the dolphin, where the spectral magnitude slopes drop off quickly for certain frequency bands. This region is potentially used to optimize prey localization by directing the maximum pressure slope of the echolocation beam at the target, rather than the maximum pressure peak. The dolphin was able to steer the beam horizontally to a greater extent than previously described. The complex and dynamic sound field generated by the echolocating dolphin may be due to the use of two sets of phonic lips as sound sources, or an unknown complexity in the sound propagation paths or acoustic properties of the forehead tissues of the dolphin.
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Josefin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Starkhammar
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Talmadge
authors.forename: Dorian S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Houser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D050681:Bottle-Nosed Dolphin / Q000502:physiology*; D004455:Echolocation; D008297:Male; D013017:Sound Localization; D014828:Vocalization, Animal