title: European 1: a globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis.
abstract: We have identified a globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis by deletion analysis of over one thousand strains from over 30 countries. We initially show that over 99% of the strains of M. bovis, the cause of bovine tuberculosis, isolated from cattle in the Republic of Ireland and the UK are closely related and are members of a single clonal complex marked by the deletion of chromosomal region RDEu1 and we named this clonal complex European 1 (Eu1). Eu1 strains were present at less than 14% of French, Portuguese and Spanish isolates of M. bovis but are rare in other mainland European countries and Iran. However, strains of the Eu1 clonal complex were found at high frequency in former trading partners of the UK (USA, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Canada). The Americas, with the exception of Brazil, are dominated by the Eu1 clonal complex which was at high frequency in Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico as well as North America. Eu1 was rare or absent in the African countries surveyed except South Africa. A small sample of strains from Taiwan were non-Eu1 but, surprisingly, isolates from Korea and Kazakhstan were members of the Eu1 clonal complex. The simplest explanation for much of the current distribution of the Eu1 clonal complex is that it was spread in infected cattle, such as Herefords, from the UK to former trading partners, although there is evidence of secondary dispersion since. This is the first identification of a globally dispersed clonal complex M. bovis and indicates that much of the current global distribution of this important veterinary pathogen has resulted from relatively recent International trade in cattle.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK. Noel@Sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: Noel H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Stefan
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authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: James
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authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Sabrina
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authors.lastname: Rodriguez
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authors.forename: Filipa
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authors.forename: Solomon
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authors.lastname: Ghebremichael
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karoui
authors.forename: Chiara
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authors.lastname: Donati
authors.forename: Adelina da Conceicao
authors.initials: Ada C
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Custodia
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authors.lastname: Mucavele
authors.forename: Rudovick R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kazwala
authors.forename: Markus
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authors.lastname: Hilty
authors.forename: Simeon
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authors.lastname: Cadmus
authors.forename: Bongo Naré Richard
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authors.lastname: Ngandolo
authors.forename: Meseret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Habtamu
authors.forename: James
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authors.lastname: Oloya
authors.forename: Annélle
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authors.forename: Olga
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authors.lastname: Andrievskaia
authors.forename: Michaela
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authors.lastname: Projahn
authors.forename: Soledad
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authors.lastname: Barandiarán
authors.forename: Analía
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authors.lastname: Macías
authors.forename: Borna
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authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Marcos Santos
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zanini
authors.forename: Cassia Yumi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ikuta
authors.forename: Cesar Alejandro Rosales
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Sônia Regina
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: Alvaro
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authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: Sang-Nae
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Nader
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authors.lastname: Mosavari
authors.forename: Pei-Chun
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authors.forename: Ruwen
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authors.lastname: Zinsstag
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Soolingen
authors.forename: Eamonn
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authors.lastname: Costello
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authors.lastname: Aseffa
authors.forename: Freddy
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authors.lastname: Proaño-Perez
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Portaels
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rigouts
authors.forename: Angel Adrián
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cataldi
authors.forename: Desmond M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: María Laura
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boschiroli
authors.forename: R Glyn
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hewinson
authors.forename: José Soares
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ferreira Neto
authors.forename: Om
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authors.lastname: Surujballi
authors.forename: Keyvan
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authors.lastname: Tadyon
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Botelho
authors.forename: Ana María
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zárraga
authors.forename: Nicky
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authors.lastname: Buller
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skuce
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aranaz
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Bo-Young
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Källenius
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: M Beatrice
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Boniotti
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: van Helden
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Harris
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authors.lastname: Zumárraga
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authors.lastname: Kremer
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D044362:Australasia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002417:Cattle; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000235:genetics*; D058974:Phylogeography; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology*