title: Incidence of and risk factors for seizures after myelography performed with iohexol in dogs: 503 cases (2002-2004).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the incidence of and risk factors for seizures following myelography performed with iohexol in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  503 dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were searched for dogs that underwent myelography between April 2002 and December 2004. Data extracted included body weight, breed, age, sex, volume and dose of iohexol, site of injections, location of lesion, duration of anesthesia, surgical procedures immediately after myelography, use of acepromazine, and presence or absence of seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  15 (3%) dogs had postmyelographic seizures. Risk factors significantly associated with seizures were size of dogs (large dogs were 35.35 times as likely to have seizures as were small dogs), location of contrast medium injection (dogs in which iohexol was injected into the cerebellomedullary cistern were 7.4 times as likely to have seizures as were dogs in which iohexol was injected into the lumbar cistern), location of lesion (dogs with lesions at the level of the cervical portion of the vertebral column were 4.65 times as likely to develop seizures as were dogs with lesions in other regions), and total volume of iohexol. Mean ± SD total volume of iohexol was 11.73 ± 5.52 mL (median, 10.5 mL [range, 3.0 to 21.0 mL]) for dogs that had seizures and 4.57 ± 4.13 mL (median, 3.5 mL [range, 0.75 to 45.0 mL]) for those that did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large-breed dogs with cervical lesions and large volumes of iohexol injected into the cerebellomedullary cistern had the highest risk of seizures. The use of contrast medium volumes > 8 mL in large dogs should be avoided, with preference given to injections into the lumbar cistern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. dacosta.6@osu.edu
authors.forename: Ronaldo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Joane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dobson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations; D007472:Iohexol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009192:Myelography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol