title: [The Baltic countries as the birthplace of embryology. Contingencies of a transnational region of science].
abstract: Modern embryology is grounded on the research of Pander (theory of germ-layers), von Baer (human egg) and Rathke (branchial arches in mammals). All these scientists lived and worked in the Baltic region. They held professorships at the universities of Koenigsberg and Dorpat and at the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, thus moving between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Czardom. Since the Baltic countries are not commonly considered to be predestined as a birthplace of embryology, special attention is turned to the coincidences that, there of all places, made those people focus on that special field of research. Considering the peripheral position of the Baltic, the paper examines personal relations, national identities, cultural exchange, and local working conditions, including room for development as well as formidable obstacles.
authors.affiliation: Karl-Sudhoff-Institut für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, Leipzig. Ortrun.Riha@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Ortrun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Riha
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmuck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001454:Baltic States; D004626:Embryology / Q000266:history*; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation / Q000266:history*; D012106:Research / Q000266:history*; D012426:Russia; D012586:Science / Q000266:history*