title: Factors influencing fluoride ingestion from dentifrice by children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the percentage of the amount of dentifrice loaded onto the toothbrush that is ingested by children, taking into account age, the amount of dentifrice used during toothbrushing, and the dentifrice flavor.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 155 children of both genders attending public kindergartens and schools in Bauru, Brazil, divided into 5 groups (n = 30-32) of children aged 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years old. The dentifrices used were Sorriso™ (1219 ppm F, peppermint-flavored) and Tandy™ (959 ppm F, tutti-frutti-flavored). The assessment of fluoride intake from dentifrices was carried out six times for each child, using 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g of each dentifrice, following a random, crossover distribution. Brushing was performed by the children or their parents/caregivers according to the home habits and under the observation of the examiner. Fluoride present in the expectorant and on toothbrush was analyzed with an ion-specific electrode after HMDS-facilitated diffusion. Fluoride ingestion was indirectly derived. Results were analyzed by 3-way repeated-measures anova and Tukey's tests (P < 0.05) using the percent dentifrice ingested as response variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and percent dentifrice ingested for both dentifrices, and the three amounts used were inversely related (P < 0.0001). Percent dentifrice ingested was significantly higher after the use of Tandy™ under all conditions of the study when compared with Sorriso™ (P < 0.0001). Significant differences were observed when brushing with 0.3 g when compared with 1.2 g, for both dentifrices tested (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that all variables tested must be considered in preventive measures aiming to reduce the amount of fluoride ingested by young children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Ayumi Nakai
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Melina Rodrigues
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Belini
authors.forename: Flávia de Moraes
authors.initials: Fde M
authors.lastname: Italiani
authors.forename: Adriana Regina Colombo
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pauleto
authors.forename: Juliana Julianelli de
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tessarolli
authors.forename: Larissa Tercilia
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Grizzo
authors.forename: Juliano Pelim
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pessan
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida de Andrade Moreira
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Marília Afonso Rabelo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buzalaf
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001938:Brazil; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D014099:Toothbrushing
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003802:Dentifrices; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D005459:Fluorides