title: Pathogenesis of involutional ectropion and entropion: the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in elastic fiber degradation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the elastic fiber content and ultrastructure as well as the expression of elastin-degrading enzymes in biopsy specimens from patients with involutional ectropion and entropion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive patients with involutional ectropion (group 1) and twenty consecutive patients with entropion (group 2) were matched with twenty control patients (basal cell carcinoma) regarding age and gender. Full-thickness eyelid resections performed in study and control patients were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy, computer-assisted measurements, and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP- 7, and MMP-9. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the Pearson chi-square test were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathologic analysis of the surgical specimens from patients with involutional ectropion and entropion showed a significant loss of elastic fibers in the eyelid skin, the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle, the perimeibomian tarsal stroma, and the intermeibomian tarsal stroma (P < 0.001). Residual elastic fibers revealed an abnormal ultrastructure. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significant overexpression of MMP- 2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 in the eyelid skin, the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle, the perimeibomian tarsal stroma, the intermeibomian tarsal stroma, and the conjunctiva in groups 1 and 2 compared to controls (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings indicate that upregulation of elastolytic enzymes contributes to elastic fibre degradation in patients with involutional ectropion and entropion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. renato.damasceno@unifesp.br
authors.forename: Renato W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Damasceno
authors.forename: Ludwig M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Heindl
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hofmann-Rummelt
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Belfort
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schlötzer-Schrehardt
authors.forename: Friedrich E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Leonard M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Holbach
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004483:Ectropion / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004547:Elastic Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D004774:Entropion / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005142:Eyelid Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases