title: Relationship between herpesviruses and periodontopathogens in patients with HIV and periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the present study is to verify a possible association between herpesviruses and periodontal pathogens in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients with HIV and chronic periodontitis and 23 patients with HIV and gingivitis were included in the study. Probing depth, clinical attachment loss, gingival index, and plaque index were recorded. Blood, saliva, and subgingival plaque were processed for viral and bacterial identification. Bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction and viruses by the nested polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the chronic periodontitis group, Epstein-Barr (EBV)-1 (70.4%) and Tannerella forsythia (Tf) (51.8%) presented higher detection in subgingival plaque and saliva (81.5% and 40.7%, respectively) than in blood (22% and 0%, respectively) (P <0.005 and P <0.0001, respectively). Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) was more frequent in subgingival plaque (77.7%; P <0.0001). In the gingivitis group, Pg and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) presented higher frequency in subgingival plaque (95.6% and 91.3%, respectively; P <0.0001 and P = 0.004). Tf and EBV-1 were detected more frequently in subgingival plaque (47.8% and 78.3%, respectively) and saliva (52.2% and 52.2%, respectively; P = 0.004 and P <0.005) than in blood. EBV-1, EBV-1-HCMV, and presence of different viruses presented an association with periodontitis in saliva.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No association was detected for herpesviruses and periodontal pathogens in patients who are HIV-positive with periodontitis. EBV-1 and coinfection (EBV-1-HCMV) were associated with patients who are HIV-positive with periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sabrina R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Imbronito
authors.forename: Osmar S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Claudio M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pannuti
authors.forename: Fabio D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Luiz A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D060085:Coinfection; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004279:DNA, Viral