title: Effects of fine particulate on heart rate variability in Beijing: a panel study of healthy elderly subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to investigate the effects of ambient fine particulate (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less, PM(2.5)) exposure within several minutes on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) of the healthy elderly subjects in the general environments (indoor and outdoor).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is conducted by measuring the real-time indoor and outdoor exposure variables (PM(2.5), Temperature, and relative humidity) and heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of cardiac autonomic function measured by 24-h ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring in a panel of 30 healthy elderly subjects in Beijing. Associations between personal 5-min PM(2.5) concentrations and concurrent 5-min HRV frequency indices are investigated using the mixed linear model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High Frequency (HF) and Low Frequency (LF) increase, respectively by 1.30% (95% CI, 0.16-2.45%) and 1.34% (95% CI, 0.38-2.30%) per 10 μg/m(3) increases of PM(2.5) in the polled data analysis after the potential confounders are adjusted. When the indoor and outdoor periods are separated, positive associations are found between PM(2.5) and HRV when the subjects are indoors; however, there is no association when the subjects are outdoors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that PM(2.5) exposure within several minutes leads to increases of HRV of the healthy older subjects, which may increase the cardiac risks. Prominent effect of PM(2.5) on HRV is found when they are indoors, while the effect is not obvious in outdoor environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shima
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Furong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Xinbiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000506:poisoning*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter