title: Peri-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction femur fracture: a biomechanical analysis of the femoral tunnel as a stress riser.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sixteen case reports of distal femur fractures as post-operative complications after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have been described in the literature. The femoral tunnel has been suggested as a potential stress riser for fracture formation. Additionally, double bundle ACL reconstructions may compound this risk. This is the first biomechanical study to examine the significance of a stress riser effect of the femoral tunnel(s) after ACL reconstruction. The hypotheses tested in this study are that the femoral tunnel acts as a stress riser for fracture and that this effect increases with the size of the tunnel (8 mm vs. 10 mm) and with the number of tunnels (1 vs. 2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Femoral tunnels simulating single bundle (SB) hamstring graft (8 mm), bone-patellar tendon-bone graft (10 mm), and double bundle (DB) ACL reconstruction (7, 6 mm) were drilled in fourth-generation saw bones. These three experimental groups and a control group consisting of native saw bones without tunnels were loaded to failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fractures occurred through the tunnels in the DB group, whereas fractures did not consistently occur through the tunnels in the SB groups. The mean fracture load was 6,145N ± 471N in the native group, 5,691N ± 198N in the 8 mm SB group, 5,702N ± 282N in the 10 mm SB group, and 4,744N ± 418N in the DB group. The mean fracture load for the DB group was significantly lower when compared to the native, 8 mm SB, and 10 mm SB groups independently (P value = 0.0016, 0.0060, and 0.0038, respectively). The mean fracture loads for neither SB groups were not significantly different from the native group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An anatomically placed femoral tunnel in single bundle ACL reconstruction in our experimental model was not a significant stress riser to fracture, whereas the two femoral tunnels in double bundle ACL reconstruction significantly decreased load to failure. The results support the sparsity of reported peri-ACL reconstruction femur fractures in single femoral tunnel techniques. However, the increased fracture risk in double bundle ACL reconstruction may be a cause for concern and impact patient selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. han.md@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Yung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Zeeshan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sardar
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGrail
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Martineau
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D050376:Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafting; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013314:Stress, Mechanical