title: Evaluation of potential variables contributing to the development and duration of plantar lesions in a population of aquarium-maintained African penguins (Spheniscus demersus).
abstract: Bumblefoot (pododermatitis), often described as the most significant environmental disease of captive penguins, is commonly due to excessive pressure or trauma on the plantar surface of the avian foot, resulting in inflammation or necrosis and causing severe swelling, abrasions, or cracks in the skin. Although not formally evaluated in penguins, contributing factors for bumblefoot are thought to be similar to those initiating the condition in raptors and poultry. These factors include substrate, body weight, and lack of exercise. The primary purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate variables potentially contributing to the development and duration of plantar lesions in aquarium-maintained African penguins (Spheniscus demersus), including sex, weight, age, season, exhibit activity, and territory substrate. Results indicate that males develop significantly more plantar lesions than females. Penguins weighing between 3.51 and 4.0 kg develop plantar lesions significantly more often than penguins weighing between 2.5 and 3.5 kg, and because male African penguins ordinarily weigh significantly more than females, weight is likely a contributing factor in the development of lesions in males compared with females. Significantly more plantar lesions were observed in penguins standing for greater than 50% of their time on exhibit than swimming. Penguins occupying smooth concrete territories developed more plantar lesions compared with penguins occupying grate territories. Recommendations for minimizing bumblefoot in African penguins include training penguins for monthly foot examinations for early detection of plantar lesions predisposing for the disease, encouraging swimming activity, and replacing smooth surfaces on exhibit with surfaces providing variable degrees of pressure and texture on the feet.
authors.affiliation: Mystic Aquarium, division of Sea Research Foundation, Inc., Mystic, Connecticut 06355, USA.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erlacher-Reid
authors.forename: J Lawrence
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Camp
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macha
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzaro
authors.forename: Allison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Tuttle
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D046429:Spheniscidae