title: Adolescent, and their parents, attitudes towards graduated driver licensing and subsequent risky driving and crashes in young adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although Graduated Driver Licensing Systems (GDLS) have helped reduce young driver crash rates, they remain significantly over-represented in crash statistics. To be effective GDLS rely heavily on support for the legislation by those directly involved; parents to enforce the restrictions and adolescents to comply. There is some evidence that practices regarding GDLS restrictions influence adolescent driving outcomes in the early stage of licensure. However there has been no examination undertaken on the influence of parent and adolescent attitudes toward GDLS on adolescents' driving behavior and crash experiences as they move into their young adult years. The aim of this research was to examine these relationships.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation was based on a longitudinal study of a birth cohort, and uses data collected when the cohort members were aged 15, 18, and 21years. At age 15 both adolescent and their parent attitudes toward GDLS were measured. At age 18 adolescent GDLS attitudes were measured again. The association between these measures and self-reported risky driving behavior and crash involvement at age 21 were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Negative attitudes toward the learner supervisor restriction for males, and negative attitudes toward a GDLS for females were strongly associated with risky driving and crash involvement as young adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeting interventions to improve adolescents and parents understanding of the reasons for graduated licensing and the specific restrictions may improve attitudes and views and thereby contribute to a reduction in risky driving behaviors and crash risk among young adults.
authors.affiliation: Injury Prevention Research Unit, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. rebecca.brookland@ipru.otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brookland
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Begg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D001334:Automobile Driving; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure / Q000592:standards*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012309:Risk-Taking; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult