title: Higher-tier assessment of the potential for groundwater issues due to the use of 1,3-D soil fumigant; evaluation of the active ingredient, metabolites and potentially related chlorinated compounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D, CAS No. 542-75-6) is a broad-spectrum soil fumigant used to control numerous species of soilborne plant-parasitic nematodes. 1,3-D consists of two isomers, (Z)- and (E)-1,3-D. There are a number of low-level chlorinated compounds that could potentially be produced as a part of the 1,3-D manufacturing process. 1,3-D and its metabolites, as well as potentially related chlorinated compounds, represent potential groundwater contaminants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study has investigated the hydrolytic stability, under biotic and abiotic conditions in the laboratory, of an extensive representative list of 1,3-D and potentially related chlorinated compounds in order to predict their environmental fate. All of these compounds showed intrinsic hydrolytic instability under both abiotic and biotic test conditions. Furthermore, a monitoring programme was carried out. Twenty-five wells were monitored in five Italian regions characterised by historical and existing use of 1,3-D. The parent compound, its two major metabolites and potentially related chlorinated compounds were not detected in the well water at > 0.1 µg L(-1) at any sampling location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The soil fumigant (E,Z)-1,3-D, its metabolites and potentially related chlorinated compounds constitute a low risk to groundwater.
authors.affiliation: UCSC, Istituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, Piacenza, Italy. lucrezia.lamastra@unicatt.it
authors.forename: Lucrezia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamastra
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fait
authors.forename: Luna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: Steve H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Capri
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trevisan
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007558:Italy; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene