title: Underwater working times in two groups of traditional apnea divers in Asia: the Ama and the Bajau.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional apnea diving for sea harvesting for a living continues in some communities in Asia, the outcome being dependent on the total underwater working time. We studied dive and surface interval durations and daily time spent submerged by Japanese Ama and the Phillipine Bajau.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diving and surface interval durations were timed, and daily in-water working time noted for 14 female Ama (mean age 60 years) during sea-mollusc collection, and five male Bajau divers (mean age 38 years) during spearfishing, using direct observations and depth-time recorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Ama, mean (SD) dive duration was 38 (8) s, with mean surface interval duration of 38 (8) s, at depths of 5-12 metres' sea water (msw), and diving constituted 50 (4)% of the total immersed working time, which was limited to 4 h per day by fishing regulations. In the Bajau, mean dive duration was 28 (9) s, with surface intervals of 19 (8) s, at depths of 5-7 msw, and diving was 60 (6)% of the total working time. Diving patterns in Hegura-Ama were similar to those previously reported, with up to 2 h per day spent under water. The Bajau total working time of 2-9 h per day suggests that some divers may spend more than 5 h per day submerged, which is the greatest daily apnea diving time reported in humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that natural human diving ability in these two groups of traditional apnea divers allows efficient sea harvesting at shallow depths and that the outcome does not seem to be limited by total daily apnea time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Sustainable Development and Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Ostersund, Sweden. Erika.Schagatay@miun.se
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schagatay
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lodin-Sundström
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abrahamsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001049:Apnea; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010679:Philippines; D012623:Seawater; D013997:Time Factors