title: Hydration characteristics of zirconium oxide replaced Portland cement for use as a root-end filling material.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Zirconium oxide can be added to dental materials rendering them sufficiently radiopaque. It can thus be used to replace the bismuth oxide in mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Replacement of Portland cement with 30% zirconium oxide mixed at a water/cement ratio of 0.3 resulted in a material with adequate physical properties. This study aimed at investigating the microstructure, pH and leaching in physiological solution of Portland cement replaced zirconium oxide at either water-powder or water-cement ratios of 0.3 for use as a root-end filling material. The hydration characteristics of the materials which exhibited optimal behavior were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Portland cement replaced by zirconium oxide in varying amounts ranging from 0 to 50% in increments of 10 was prepared and divided into two sets. One set was prepared at a constant water/cement ratio while the other set at a constant water/powder ratio of 0.3. Portland cement and MTA were used as controls. The materials were analyzed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the hydration products were determined. X-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDX) was used to analyze the elemental composition of the hydration products. The pH and the amount of leachate in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) were evaluated. A material that had optimal properties that satisfied set criteria and could replace MTA was selected. The microstructure of the prototype material and Portland cement used as a control was assessed after 30 days using SEM and atomic ratio diagrams of Al/Ca versus Si/Ca and S/Ca versus Al/Ca were plotted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hydration products of Portland cement replaced with 30% zirconium oxide mixed at water/cement ratio of 0.3 were calcium silicate hydrate, calcium hydroxide and minimal amounts of ettringite and monosulphate. The calcium hydroxide leached in HBSS solution resulted in an increase in the pH value. The zirconium oxide acted as inert filler and exhibited no reaction with the hydration by-products of Portland cement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A prototype dental material composed of Portland cement replaced with 30% zirconium oxide as radiopacifier leached calcium ions on hydration which reacted with phosphates present in simulated tissue fluids. This resulted in bioactive cement that could prospectively be used as a root-end filling material. The zirconium oxide acted as inert filler and did not participate in the hydration reaction of the Portland cement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Building and Civil Engineering, Faculty for the Built Environment, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta. josette.camilleri@um.edu.mt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camilleri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cutajar
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mallia
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004058:Diffusion; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D011208:Powders; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D012823:Silicate Cement / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; C072670:Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010087:Oxides; D011208:Powders; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D014867:Water; D012823:Silicate Cement; D010758:Phosphorus; D013455:Sulfur; D012964:Sodium; C033301:bismuth oxide; D015040:Zirconium; D000535:Aluminum; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; C028541:zirconium oxide; C031293:calcium silicate; D002118:Calcium; D001729:Bismuth; D012825:Silicon