title: The flavonoid scaffold as a template for the design of modulators of the vascular Ca(v) 1.2 channels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have pointed to the plant flavonoids myricetin and quercetin as two structurally related stimulators of vascular Ca(v) 1.2 channel current (I(Ca1.2) ). Here we have tested the proposition that the flavonoid structure confers the ability to modulate Ca(v) 1.2 channels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four flavonoids were analysed for their effects on I(Ca1.2) in rat tail artery myocytes, using the whole-cell patch-clamp method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the flavonoids stimulated or inhibited I(Ca1.2) in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner with EC(50) values ranging between 4.4 µM (kaempferol) and 16.0 µM (myricetin) for the stimulators and IC(50) values between 13.4 µM (galangin) and 100 µM [(±)-naringenin] for the inhibitors. Key structural requirements for I(Ca1.2) stimulatory activity were the double bond between C2 and C3 and the hydroxylation pattern on the flavonoid scaffold, the latter also determining the molecular charge, as shown by molecular modelling techniques. Absence of OH groups in the B ring was key in I(Ca1.2) inhibition. The functional interaction between quercetin and either the stimulator myricetin or the antagonists resokaempferol, crysin, genistein, and 5,7,2'-trihydroxyflavone revealed that quercetin expressed the highest apparent affinity, in the low µM range, for Ca(v) 1.2 channels. Neither protein tyrosine kinase nor protein kinase Cα were involved in quercetin-induced stimulation of I(Ca1.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quercetin-like plant flavonoids were active on vascular Ca(v)1.2 channels. Thus, the flavonoid scaffold may be a template for the design of novel modulators of vascular smooth muscle Ca(v)1.2 channels, valuable for the treatment of hypertension and stroke.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saponara
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carosati
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mugnai
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgaragli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fusi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013623:Tail / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D005419:Flavonoids; C419385:L-type calcium channel alpha(1C)