title: Clinical features and long-term follow-up of quasi-moyamoya disease in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inherited or acquired disorders and conditions may present in conjunction with moyamoya disease. This condition is known as quasi-moyamoya disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 69 moyamoya disease patients treated for the past 20 years identified 7 patients with quasi-moyamoya disease and 5 of them were pediatric patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at initial diagnosis was 6.4 years (range 5-9). Associated disorders were: craniosynostosis, dwarfism with coarctation of aorta, Proteus syndrome, and cranial irradiation for brain tumor. Their clinical type included cerebral ischemia in 3 patients, cerebral bleeding with ischemia in 1 and epilepsy in 1. The 3 patients with cerebral ischemia underwent bypass surgery and their ischemia was improved. One patient died of brain tumor recurrence and the activities of daily living in the remaining patients were affected by mental retardation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical course and radiological finding of quasi-moyamoya disease are diverse because of associated disorders, distinguishing definite moyamoya disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan. kenkuni@net.nagasaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suyama
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nagata
mesh_terms: D002548:Cerebral Revascularization / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors