title: Versatile wettability gradients prepared by chemical modification of polymer brushes on polymer foils.
abstract: A method to create a wettability gradient by variation of the chemical functionality in a polymer brush is presented. A poly(N-methyl-vinylpyridinium) (QP4VP) brush was created on a poly(ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) foil by the grafting of 4-vinylpyridine and subsequent quaternization. The instability of QP4VP, a strong polyelectrolyte, in alkaline media was exploited to transform it to the neutral poly(vinyl(N-methyl-2-pyridone)) (PVMP), as confirmed with ATR-IR spectroscopy. The slow transformation resulted in a substantial, time-dependent decrease in wettability. A nearly linear gradient in water contact angle (CA) was created by immersion of a QP4VP brush modified sample into a sodium hydroxide solution, resulting in CAs ranging from 10° to 60°. The concurrent decrease in the number of charged functional groups along the gradient was characterized by loading an anionic dye into the polymer brush and measuring the UV transmittance of the sample. The versatility of the wettability gradient was demonstrated by exchanging the counterions of the N-methyl-vinylpyridinium groups, whereby a reversal of gradient direction was reproducibly achieved.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Celestino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Padeste
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Spencer