title: Angular photogrammetric comparison of the soft-tissue facial profile of Kenyans and Chinese.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the average angular dimensions that define the normal soft-tissue facial profiles of black Kenyans and Chinese and compare them with each other and with values proposed for whites. Standardized facial profile photographs, taken in natural head position, of 177 black Kenyans and 156 Chinese with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces were analyzed for 12 angular parameters. Two-sample t-tests were used to determine sex and racial differences. Kenyan and Chinese averages were compared with proposed white values using 1-sample t-tests. Eight parameters in Kenyans and 7 in Chinese showed sex differences. All angles, except for facial convexity, nasal dorsum, and inferior facial height, were different between Kenyans and Chinese. Kenyan and Chinese averages for all parameters were different from proposed white average, except for facial convexity. Nasolabial and mentolabial angles showed large individual variability and racial differences. The study demonstrated many differences in average angular measurements of the facial profiles of black Kenyans, Chinese, and white standards. Orthodontists, maxillofacial and plastic surgeons, and other clinicians working in the craniofacial region should bear these in mind when setting aesthetic treatment goals for patients of different races. Mean values from this study can be used for comparison with similar records of subjects with same ethnicity.
authors.affiliation: Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wamalwa
authors.forename: Stella Kabarika
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Amisi
authors.forename: Yunji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D002681:China; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D010781:Photography; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors