title: Association of antenatal steroid use with cord blood immune biomarkers in preterm births.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of maternal administration of antenatal steroids (ANS) on cord blood cytokine levels at birth in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cord blood cytokine concentrations were measured for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8); anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β); and neurotrophic cytokines (BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4) in two hundred preterm infants. Data were analyzed using multivariable linear regression to model the independent and joint effects of ANS and inflammation on mean log cord blood cytokine concentrations adjusted for gestational age and Apgar scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to ANS had no significant effect on the cord blood concentrations of cytokines measured in this study. All three pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and levels of IL-10 were significantly increased and cord blood levels of TGF-β and NT-3 were significantly decreased in infants with placental inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although exposure to ANS did not have any significant effect on cord blood levels of cytokines, there was a trend toward the attenuation of inflammatory response and higher levels of neurotrophic cytokines in infants born to mothers with placental inflammation and exposure to ANS compared to infants born to mothers with placental inflammation and no ANS exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. p-kumar@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Venners
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Katherin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Xiaobin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D013256:Steroids; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10