title: The predictive validity of subjective adherence measures in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: Despite frequent use of subjective adherence measures in patients with schizophrenia as well as other chronic conditions, there are several reports that question the validity of these instruments. Three well known, representative subjective measures are the Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ), the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI), and the Compliance Rating Scale (CRS). In this study we explored the predictive validity of these instruments in a European sample of 119 stabilized outpatients with schizophrenia. Clinical outcome variables were relapse and admission to a psychiatric hospital during a follow-up period of 12 months. Results indicate that the predictive validity of all three measures was poor. The MAQ was the least problematic predictor for relapse (Nagelkerke R(2)  = 0.09), and time to relapse (R(2)  = 0.07) and had the best sensitivity for relapse (63.6%) as well as admission (87.5%). The MAQ and CRS were both moderate predictive for admission (Nagelkerke R(2)  = 0.21, and R(2)  = 0.29). We conclude that the validity of the instruments studied here is questionable and have limited clinical relevance. Given the feasibility and ease of most subjective instruments, researchers may be tempted to use them but should be aware of the serious drawbacks of these instruments.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. martijn.kikkert@mentrum.nl
authors.forename: Martijn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kikkert
authors.forename: Maarten W J
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Koeter
authors.forename: Jack J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burti
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Puschner
authors.forename: Aart H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Schene
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity