title: Effects of 2G and 3G mobile phones on performance and electrophysiology in adolescents, young adults and older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined sensory and cognitive processing in adolescents, young adults and older adults, when exposed to 2nd (2G) and 3rd (3G) generation mobile phone signals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tests employed were the auditory 3-stimulus oddball and the N-back. Forty-one 13-15 year olds, forty-two 19-40 year olds and twenty 55-70 year olds were tested using a double-blind cross-over design, where each participant received Sham, 2G and 3G exposures, separated by at least 4 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3-Stimulus oddball task: Behavioural: accuracy and reaction time of responses to targets were not affected by exposure. Electrophysiological: augmented N1 was found in the 2G condition (independent of age group). N-back task: Behavioural: the combined groups performed less accurately during the 3G exposure (compared to Sham), with post hoc tests finding this effect separately in the adolescents only. Electrophysiological: delayed ERD/ERS responses of the alpha power were found in both 3G and 2G conditions (compared to Sham; independent of age group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employing tasks tailored to each individual's ability level, this study provides support for an effect of acute 2G and 3G exposure on human cognitive function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The subtlety of mobile phone effect on cognition in our study suggests that it is important to account for individual differences in future mobile phone research.
authors.affiliation: Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iskra
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Silber
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cropley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diaz-Trujillo
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamblin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000592:standards*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D055815:Young Adult