title: Temperature dependency of Clostridium botulinum C and D toxin production from anaerobically enriched bovine gastrointestinal samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) production in anaerobic culture was affected by temperature and could influence the sandwich ELISA (sELISA) detection of group III toxins in pre-enriched gastrointestinal (GI) contents from clinically suspect cattle botulism cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bovine post-mortem GI samples taken from 124 and 96 animals with suspect and nonsuspect botulism, respectively, were pre-enriched anaerobically at 30 and 37°C prior to testing by sELISA. After enrichment at 37°C, BoNT was demonstrated in all clinically suspect bovine botulism cases that had been identified by the mouse bioassay, and enrichment by both temperatures enabled BoNT detection in a number of mouse bioassay-negative suspect cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culture temperature does influence the production of group III BoNT, and incubation at both 30 and 37°C is required for optimum detection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro assay defined in this study has the potential of improving the confirmation rate of clinically suspect cattle botulism cases whilst reducing the use of the costly and ethically sensitive mouse bioassay, the current diagnostic gold standard for BoNT testing.
authors.affiliation: Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Veterinary Sciences Division (VSD), Stormont, Belfast, UK. cathy.brooks@afbini.gov.uk
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ardis
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D001831:Body Temperature; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001906:Botulism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D047968:Clostridium botulinum type C / Q000378:metabolism*; D047969:Clostridium botulinum type D / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: C096325:botulinum toxin type D; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; C096324:botulinum toxin type C