title: Influence of nicotine on the biological activity of rabbit osteoblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the influence of nicotine on the proliferation and gene expression of osteogenic and angiogenic mediators of osteoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbit primary osteoblasts were exposed to various concentrations of nicotine (0.001, 0.1 and 10 μmol/l). The cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. The gene expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β(1), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was evaluated using real-time reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The osteoblast proliferation was inhibited by nicotine at the concentration of 0.001-10 μM at 48 and 72 h of culture, but with no significant effect at 24 h. The expression of TGF-β(1), BMP-2, PDGF-AA and VEGF was inhibited by nicotine at the concentrations of 0.1 and 10 μM, but with no significant difference at the low concentration of 0.001 μM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine suppresses osteoblast proliferation and inhibits the expression of some key osteogenic and angiogenic mediators in the in vitro experimental model. These inhibitory effects of nicotine on the osteoblast activity may reflect, to a certain degree, the overall detrimental effects of tobacco use on the survival rate of dental implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China. lima@hku.hk
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Roger Arthur
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zwahlen
authors.forename: Li Wu
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Mai Har
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010641:Phenotype; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D004396:Coloring Agents; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C075278:platelet-derived growth factor A; D009538:Nicotine; C022616:thiazolyl blue