title: The 220-age equation does not predict maximum heart rate in children and adolescents.
abstract: Our primary purpose was to provide maximum heart rate (HR(max) ) values for ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP). The secondary purpose was to determine the effects of age, sex, ambulatory ability, height, and weight on HR(max) . In 362 ambulatory children and adolescents with CP (213 males and 149 females; age range 6-19y; 195 spastic unilateral, 162 spastic bilateral, and five ataxic CP), HR(max) was measured during a 10-m (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I and II) or 7.5 m (GMFCS level III) shuttle run test. The mean HR(max) was 194 (SD 9.9) beats per minute (bpm), with a 95% prediction interval between 174 and 214 bpm. No associations were found in HR(max) related to age, sex, ambulatory ability, height, and weight. Since the HR(max) did not vary with age, equations such as 220-age are not appropriate. When direct evaluation of HR(max) with exercise testing is not feasible, we suggest the mean value of 194 bpm be considered as an estimate of HR(max) at the individual level.
authors.affiliation:  Centre of Excellence, Rehabilitation Centre 'De Hoogstraat', Utrecht, the Netherlands. Partner of NetChild, Network for Childhood Disability Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. University Medical Center, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience Department of Rehabilitation, Nursing Science and Sports, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. School of Clinical Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Verschuren
authors.affiliation:  Centre of Excellence, Rehabilitation Centre 'De Hoogstraat', Utrecht, the Netherlands. Partner of NetChild, Network for Childhood Disability Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. University Medical Center, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience Department of Rehabilitation, Nursing Science and Sports, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. School of Clinical Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Désirée B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Maltais
authors.affiliation:  Centre of Excellence, Rehabilitation Centre 'De Hoogstraat', Utrecht, the Netherlands. Partner of NetChild, Network for Childhood Disability Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. University Medical Center, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience Department of Rehabilitation, Nursing Science and Sports, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. School of Clinical Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takken
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000552:Ambulances; D000886:Anthropometry; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult