title: Association between smoking status, other factors and tuberculosis treatment failure in Morocco.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between smoking and tuberculosis (TB) treatment failure has not yet been assessed in Morocco.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the impact of smoking on the failure rate of patients with TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 727 new TB cases was followed between 2004 and 2009. Socio-demographic measurements and smoking status were collected by questionnaire. Treatment failure was defined according to international guidelines. Univariate analyses were used to assess associations of treatment failure with smoking status and demographic characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients' mean age was 35.0 ± 13.2 years. The monthly household income was <€180 for 71.4% of the patients. The rate of treatment failure was 6.9%. Failure was significantly higher among smokers (9.1% vs. 4.5%; P < 0.01), alcohol drinkers (18.5% vs. 4.9%; P < 0.01), and those with a monthly income of <€180 (8.4% vs. 3.3%; P < 0.01). After adjusting for confounding variables, smoking and low income remained significantly associated with treatment failure (adjusted OR 2.25, 95%CI 1.06-4.76, and 3.23, 95%CI 1.12-9.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is associated with TB treatment failure in Morocco. Anti-smoking interventions should be incorporated into current TB case management.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco. tachfoutinabil@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tachfouti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nejjari
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Benjelloun
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berraho
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elfakir
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: El Rhazi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Slama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents