title: Neurochemical phenotypes of myenteric neurons in the rhesus monkey.
abstract: Understanding the neurochemical composition of the enteric nervous system (ENS) is critical for elucidating neurological function in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in health and disease. Despite their status as the closest models of human neurological systems, relatively little is known about enteric neurochemistry in nonhuman primates. We describe neurochemical coding of the enteric nervous system, specifically the myenteric plexus, of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) by immunohistochemistry and directly compare it to human tissues. There are considerable differences in the myenteric plexus along different segments of the monkey GI tract. While acetylcholine neurons make up the majority of myenteric neurons in the stomach (70%), they are a minority in the rectum (47%). Conversely, only 22% of gastric myenteric neurons express nitric oxide synthase (NOS) compared to 52% in the rectum. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is more prominent in the stomach (37%) versus the rest of the GI tract (≈10%), and catecholamine neurons are rare (≈1%). There is significant coexpression of NOS and VIP in myenteric neurons that is more prominent in the proximal GI tract. Taken as a whole, these data provide insight into the neurochemical anatomy underlying GI motility. While overall similarity to other mammalian species is clear, there are some notable differences between the ENS of rhesus monkeys, humans, and other species that will be important to take into account when evaluating models of human diseases in animals.
authors: Department of Neurology and the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors: Ali Reza
authors: AR
authors: Noorian
authors: Georgia M
authors: GM
authors: Taylor
authors: Dana M
authors: DM
authors: Annerino
authors: James G
authors: JG
authors: Greene
references: Nat Med. 2008 Apr;14(4):421-8
references: 18376406
references: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009 Jul;21(7):746-e46
references: 19220755
references: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Aug;12 Suppl 1:3-19
references: 18924440
references: J Neurosci. 2004 Feb 11;24(6):1330-9
references: 14960604
references: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009 Feb;21(2):215-22
references: 19077145
references: Cell Tissue Res. 2009 Oct;338(1):37-51
references: 19711100
references: Neurosci Lett. 1992 Dec 14;148(1-2):121-5
references: 1284439
references: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010 Mar;298(3):G375-83
references: 20007850
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2009 May 8;5(5):476-86
references: 19454351
references: Neuroscience. 1987 Aug;22(2):737-52
references: 2444903
references: Histochem Cell Biol. 2006 May;125(5):557-65
references: 16328433
references: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004 Apr;16 Suppl 1:34-8
references: 15066002
references: Anat Embryol (Berl). 1999 Feb;199(2):99-112
references: 9930618
references: Anat Rec. 1946 Feb;94:239-47
references: 21015608
references: Cell Tissue Res. 2000 Oct;302(1):59-72
references: 11079716
references: J Physiol. 2008 Apr 1;586(7):1963-75
references: 18258664
references: Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug;277(2):G275-9
references: 10444440
references: Cell Tissue Res. 2008 Nov;334(2):147-61
references: 18855018
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2009 Sep;30(5):735-41
references: 19712093
references: Neuroscience. 1994 Nov;63(1):233-48
references: 7534882
references: J Comp Neurol. 1995 Mar 6;353(2):161-78
references: 7538152
references: Histol Histopathol. 2006 Jan;21(1):41-51
references: 16267786
references: Neurology. 2009 Feb 17;72(7 Suppl):S2-11
references: 19221309
references: Gastroenterology. 1997 Dec;113(6):1916-23
references: 9394731
references: Gastroenterology. 2008 Oct;135(4):1258-66
references: 18640116
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 3;101(5):1217-22
references: 14745023
references: J Comp Neurol. 2003 Apr 21;459(1):90-111
references: 12629668
references: Eur J Neurol. 2008 Aug;15(8):869-71
references: 18484985
references: Gastroenterology. 1996 Aug;111(2):401-8
references: 8690205
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2010 Jun;31(6):889-900
references: 18760507
references: Cell Tissue Res. 2009 May;336(2):191-201
references: 19322590
references: Neuroscience. 1988 Nov;27(2):655-74
references: 2464148
references: Exp Neurol. 2009 Jul;218(1):154-61
references: 19409896
references: Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Apr;53(4):912-8
references: 17934842
references: Exp Neurol. 2007 Sep;207(1):4-12
references: 17586496
references: Dig Dis Sci. 1999 Aug;44(8):1579-87
references: 10492135
references: Neuroscience. 1996 Dec;75(3):949-67
references: 8951887
references: PLoS Pathog. 2008 Feb 8;4(2):e20
references: 18248093
references: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007 Feb;19(2):126-34
references: 17244167
references: Neuropharmacology. 1994 Nov;33(11):1323-31
references: 7532815
references: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008 Dec;20(12):1298-305
references: 18662329
references: Gut. 2003 Jan;52(1):84-90
references: 12477766
references: Cell Tissue Res. 1996 Apr;284(1):39-53
references: 8601295
references: J Auton Nerv Syst. 2000 Jul 3;81(1-3):87-96
references: 10869706
references: Gastroenterology. 2000 Sep;119(3):766-73
references: 10982771
references: Gastroenterology. 1997 Aug;113(2):497-506
references: 9247469
references: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Sep;41 Suppl 1:S4-6
references: 16131964
references: Cell Tissue Res. 2009 May;336(2):179-89
references: 19326148
references: J Comp Neurol. 2008 Aug 1;509(4):356-71
references: 18512230
references: Br J Pharmacol. 1970 Jun;39(2):346-56
references: 5425278
references: Histochem Cell Biol. 1995 Jun;103(6):415-23
references: 7584548
references: Gut. 2002 Jul;51(1):70-5
references: 12077095
references: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008 Jul;295(1):G187-G196
references: 18467505
references: Neuroscience. 1993 Mar;53(2):553-60
references: 7684113
references: Gut. 2008 Dec;57(12):1741-3
references: 19022934
references: J Exp Med. 2008 Aug 4;205(8):1869-77
references: 18625748
references: J Comp Neurol. 2002 May 20;447(1):1-7
references: 11967890
references: J Neurosci Methods. 2004 Feb 15;133(1-2):99-107
references: 14757350
references: Ann Anat. 1999 Jul;181(4):327-37
references: 10427369
references: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2003 Dec;15(6):655-62
references: 14651601
references: J Virol. 2007 Jun;81(12):6265-75
references: 17392357