title: Hebbian-type stimulation during robot-assisted training in patients with stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Training-related improvements in motor function are associated with changes in movement representation of the primary motor cortex (M1). In healthy individuals, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1 delivered in a strict temporal relationship (Hebbian-type stimulation) during execution of movements enhances these effects and is superior to random stimulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors tested whether training combined with Hebbian-type M1 stimulation enhances M1 reorganization in patients with stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with chronic stroke participated in the study. Patients executed robot-assisted wrist extension movements at 0.2 Hz frequency while subthreshold repetitive TMS was applied over M1 in a strict temporal relationship to the training movements. TMS was applied to either the affected hemisphere (contralateral M1) or the nonaffected hemisphere (ipsilateral M1) at 0.1 Hz. Intervention-related changes in motor maps and intracortical excitability were measured using TMS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Training alone or combined Hebbian-type stimulation of either M1 resulted in differential effects on motor maps and intracortical inhibition. Shifts in motor maps were associated with increases in intracortical excitability. In contrast to previous results for healthy participants, the inhibitory effect of ipsilateral M1 Hebbian-type stimulation was not present, and the facilitatory effect of contralateral M1 stimulation was more subtle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hebbian-type stimulation is feasible in patients poststroke and induces map reorganization and associated decreases in GABAergic inhibition. However, because TMS protocols have a different effect on motor reorganization in the injured brain and may depend on location of the lesion, protocols need to be tailored to the patient's pathology.
authors: Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany. cbuetefisch@gmail.com
authors: Cathrin
authors: C
authors: Buetefisch
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Heger
authors: Wilfried
authors: W
authors: Schicks
authors: Rudiger
authors: R
authors: Seitz
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Netz