title: Dipole source analyses of laser evoked potentials obtained from subdural grid recordings from primary somatic sensory cortex.
abstract: The cortical potentials evoked by cutaneous application of a laser stimulus (laser evoked potentials, LEP) often include potentials in the primary somatic sensory cortex (S1), which may be located within the subdivisions of S1 including Brodmann areas 3A, 3B, 1, and 2. The precise location of the LEP generator may clarify the pattern of activation of human S1 by painful stimuli. We now test the hypothesis that the generators of the LEP are located in human Brodmann area 1 or 3A within S1. Local field potential (LFP) source analysis of the LEP was obtained from subdural grids over sensorimotor cortex in two patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. The relationship of LEP dipoles was compared with dipoles for somatic sensory potentials evoked by median nerve stimulation (SEP) and recorded in area 3B (see Baumgärtner U, Vogel H, Ohara S, Treede RD, Lenz FA. J Neurophysiol 104: 3029-3041, 2010). Both patients had an early radial dipole in S1. The LEP dipole was located medial, anterior, and deep to the SEP dipole, which suggests a nociceptive dipole in area 3A. One patient had a later tangential dipole with positivity posterior, which is opposite to the orientation of the SEP dipole in area 3B. The reversal of orientations between modalities is consistent with the cortical surface negative orientation resulting from superficial termination of thalamocortical neurons that receive inputs from the spinothalamic tract. Therefore, the present results suggest that the LEP may result in a radial dipole consistent with a generator in area 3A and a putative later tangential generator in area 3B.
authors: Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors: Ulf
authors: U
authors: Baumgärtner
authors: Hagen
authors: H
authors: Vogel
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Ohara
authors: Rolf-Detlef
authors: RD
authors: Treede
authors: Fred
authors: F
authors: Lenz
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1996 Sep;100(5):384-91
references: 8893656
references: Prog Neurobiol. 2011 Jan;93(1):111-24
references: 21040755
references: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Sep 20;135(1-2):83-91
references: 12356438
references: J Neurophysiol. 2003 Jun;89(6):3051-60
references: 12783950
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994 Jul;57(7):850-2
references: 8021677
references: Eur J Pain. 2005 Aug;9(4):463-84
references: 15979027
references: Neuroimage. 1999 Oct;10(4):460-82
references: 10493903
references: Pain. 1996 Jul;66(1):39-49
references: 8857630
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1965 Feb;18:217-28
references: 14255050
references: Brain. 2003 Feb;126(Pt 2):438-50
references: 12538410
references: Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 Nov;111(11):1927-33
references: 11068224
references: J Neurophysiol. 2004 Jun;91(6):2734-46
references: 14602841
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1987;40:170-7
references: 3480119
references: J Neurophysiol. 2001 Sep;86(3):1499-503
references: 11535693
references: Hum Neurobiol. 1984;3(1):33-40
references: 6330009
references: Exp Brain Res. 1978 Nov 15;33(3-4):445-53
references: 729662
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998 Oct;109(5):454-61
references: 9851303
references: J Neurophysiol. 2010 Dec;104(6):3029-41
references: 20861430
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993 Oct;87(4):169-74
references: 7691547
references: J Physiol. 1964 Nov;174:348-69
references: 14232398
references: Brain Res. 2000 Jan 24;853(2):282-9
references: 10640625
references: J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jun;75(6):2662-70
references: 8793772
references: Pain. 2002 Sep;99(1-2):21-39
references: 12237181
references: J Neurophysiol. 2000 Mar;83(3):1770-6
references: 10712498
references: Brain. 1998 May;121 ( Pt 5):931-47
references: 9619195
references: J Neurophysiol. 1999 Jun;81(6):3100-4
references: 10368426
references: Neuroreport. 1997 Dec 1;8(17):3785-9
references: 9427371
references: Ann Neurol. 1993 Dec;34(6):781-7
references: 8250526
references: J Neurosci. 2011 Apr 20;31(16):6079-87
references: 21508233
references: Exp Brain Res. 1976 May 10;25(1):103-7
references: 1269555
references: J Clin Neurophysiol. 1993 Oct;10(4):513-9
references: 8308146
references: J Neurosci. 1991 Jan;11(1):226-37
references: 1702464
references: Neurosci Lett. 2000 Feb 4;279(3):153-6
references: 10688052
references: J Neurophysiol. 2001 Jul;86(1):402-11
references: 11431520
references: Neuroscience. 2010 Feb 17;165(4):1402-11
references: 19925853
references: J Neurophysiol. 1982 Aug;48(2):521-44
references: 7119861
references: Brain Topogr. 1992 Winter;5(2):103-11
references: 1489638
references: Neurosci Res. 1994 Aug;20(2):165-74
references: 7808699
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994 Jul;92(4):282-90
references: 7517850
references: Cereb Cortex. 1997 Jan-Feb;7(1):18-30
references: 9023429
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 17;99(19):12444-8
references: 12209003
references: Neurosci Lett. 1993 Oct 1;160(2):209-13
references: 7504225
references: Neuroreport. 1999 Apr 6;10(5):959-63
references: 10321467
references: J Neurophysiol. 1982 Aug;48(2):545-68
references: 7119862
references: J Neurophysiol. 2009 May;101(5):2210-7
references: 19244350
references: J Neurophysiol. 1998 Oct;80(4):2077-88
references: 9772262
references: J Neurophysiol. 1998 Dec;80(6):3272-83
references: 9862921
references: Pain. 1998 May;76(1-2):127-35
references: 9696465
references: J Clin Neurophysiol. 1998 May;15(3):227-34
references: 9681560
references: Neuroimage. 2003 Jul;19(3):913-23
references: 12880820
references: Neurophysiol Clin. 2003 Dec;33(6):293-301
references: 14678843
references: Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1769-72
references: 10846154
references: Eur J Pain. 2010 May;14(5):535.e1-11
references: 19939715
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):7705-9
references: 10393884
references: J Neurophysiol. 1983 Dec;50(6):1479-96
references: 6663338
references: J Neurophysiol. 1989 Sep;62(3):694-710
references: 2769354
references: Neuroimage. 2003 Sep;20(1):441-54
references: 14527605
references: J Neurophysiol. 2009 Jun;101(6):3258-69
references: 19339457
references: Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Jul;115(7):1641-52
references: 15203065
references: Proc Biol Sci. 1991 Apr 22;244(1309):39-44
references: 1677194
references: Exp Brain Res. 2004 Jun;156(4):513-7
references: 15127169
references: Pain. 2011 Mar;152(3):498-506
references: 21111534
references: Brain. 1991 Dec;114 ( Pt 6):2465-503
references: 1782527
references: Neurophysiol Clin. 2003 Dec;33(6):279-92
references: 14678842
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1996 May;100(3):240-9
references: 8681865
references: Clin Neurophysiol. 2005 Sep;116(9):2165-74
references: 16055373
references: Pain. 1999 May;81(1-2):211-4
references: 10353510
references: Exp Brain Res. 2007 Jul;180(3):481-9
references: 17390127
references: J Neurophysiol. 1993 Jul;70(1):200-12
references: 8360716
references: Pain. 2011 Mar;152(3):664-675
references: 21255929
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989 Jul-Aug;74(4):290-6
references: 2471630
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1975 Jan;38(1):93-6
references: 45909
references: J Neurosci. 1991 Jan;11(1):210-25
references: 1846010
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1990 Feb;75(2):13-21
references: 1688769
references: Cereb Cortex. 2009 Feb;19(2):349-66
references: 18534992