title: Nanovaccine for leishmaniasis: preparation of chitosan nanoparticles containing Leishmania superoxide dismutase and evaluation of its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease, affecting 12 million people in different regions of the world with a wide spectrum of diseases. Although several chemotherapeutic agents have been used for treating the disease, long-term therapy, limited efficacy and the development of drug-resistant parasites remain the major limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  To develop a new nanovaccine for leishmaniasis, recombinant Leishmania superoxide dismutase (SODB1) was loaded onto chitosan nanoparticles by the ionotropic gelation method. Size and loading efficiency of the nanoparticles were evaluated and optimized, and an immunization study was undertaken on BALB/c mice. The mice received phosphate buffer saline (PBS), superoxide dismutase B1 (SODB1) in PBS and nanoparticles via subcutaneous injection. Soluble Leishmania Antigens (SLA) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) were also injected subcutaneously three times every three weeks (some groups received only a single dose). Three weeks after the last injection, blood samples were collected and assessed with ELISA to detect IgG2a and IgG1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunological analysis showed that in single and triple doses of SODB1 nanoparticles, IgG2a and IgG2a/IgG1 were significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results revealed that formulations of SODB1 in biodegradable and stable chitosan nanoparticles can increase the immunogenicity toward cell-mediated immunity (T(H)1 cells producing IgG2a in mice) that is effective in Leishmania eradication and could be presented as a single dose nanovaccine for leishmaniasis.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Ali
authors: MA
authors: Danesh-Bahreini
authors: Javad
authors: J
authors: Shokri
authors: Afshin
authors: A
authors: Samiei
authors: Eskandar
authors: E
authors: Kamali-Sarvestani
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Barzegar-Jalali
authors: Soliman
authors: S
authors: Mohammadi-Samani
references: Vaccine. 2007 Mar 1;25(11):2085-94
references: 17258843
references: J Parasitol. 2009 Jun;95(3):652-5
references: 19642802
references: Langmuir. 2006 Sep 12;22(19):8178-85
references: 16952259
references: Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2007 Sep 1;59(1):24-34
references: 17555948
references: Adv Food Nutr Res. 2005;49:93-135
references: 15797344
references: J Immunol. 2008 Apr 1;180(7):4355-60
references: 18354154
references: Vaccine. 2008 Mar 25;26(14):1709-24
references: 18295939
references: Hum Vaccin. 2009 May;5(5):291-301
references: 19221514
references: Pharm Res. 1997 Oct;14(10):1431-6
references: 9358557
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Apr;14(2):229-43
references: 11292637
references: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2004 Jan;57(1):123-31
references: 14729088
references: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2007 Jun;66(3):318-26
references: 17280823
references: Vet Parasitol. 2007 Jun 20;147(1-2):2-8
references: 17467176
references: Vaccine. 1999 Mar 17;17(11-12):1298-300
references: 10195763
references: Iran J Immunol. 2009 Sep;6(3):130-40
references: 19801786
references: Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Jan 15;40(2):210-25
references: 16413404
references: Pharm Res. 1989 May;6(5):413-7
references: 2748533
references: Biochem J. 2003 Feb 1;369(Pt 3):447-52
references: 12459037
references: Front Biosci. 2004 Sep 01;9:2972-88
references: 15353330
references: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001 Mar 23;47(1):83-97
references: 11251247
references: Int J Pharm. 2005 Jul 25;298(2):378-83
references: 15893439
references: Isr Med Assoc J. 2009 Oct;11(10):623-8
references: 20077951
references: Lancet. 1998 May 23;351(9115):1540-3
references: 10326536
references: Lancet. 2005 Oct 29-Nov 4;366(9496):1561-77
references: 16257344