title: Sex-dependent changes in social behaviors in motor pre-symptomatic R6/1 mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The R6/1 mouse line is one of the most widely employed models of Huntington Disease (HD), a complex syndrome characterized by motor and non-motor deficits. Surprisingly, its behavioral phenotype during the early phases of the pathology when the motor impairments are not manifest yet has been poorly investigated. It is also not clear whether the expression of HD-like symptoms at the pre-motor stage in this mouse model differs between the two sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female 12 weeks-old R6/1 mice and their wild-type littermates were tested on a battery of tests modeling some of the major neuropsychiatric non-motor symptoms of HD: alterations in social interest, social interaction and communication, as well as disturbances in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI) and circadian patterns of activity. The lack of motor symptoms was confirmed during the entire experimental period by means of the tail test for clasping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  R6/1 mice displayed marked alterations in all social behaviors which were mainly observed in males. Male R6/1 animals were also the only ones showing reduced body weight. Both male and female transgenic mice displayed mild alterations in the circadian activity patterns, but no deficits in PPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the validity of the R6/1 mouse in mimicking selected neuropsychiatric symptoms of HD, the social deficits being the clearest markers of the pre-motor phase of the pathology. Furthermore, our data suggest that male R6/1 mice are more suitable for future studies on the early stages of HD.
authors: Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux and CNRS UMR 5287, Talence, France.
authors: Susanna
authors: S
authors: Pietropaolo
authors: Pauline
authors: P
authors: Delage
authors: Sebastien
authors: S
authors: Cayzac
authors: Wim E
authors: WE
authors: Crusio
authors: Yoon H
authors: YH
authors: Cho
references: J Reprod Fertil. 1971 Nov;27(2):233-41
references: 5166413
references: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002 Apr;24(2):133-45
references: 11992196
references: J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2007 Jan;46(1):28-34
references: 17203913
references: Neuroscience. 2003;122(4):1049-57
references: 14643771
references: J Neurol. 1991 Jul;238(4):203-8
references: 1832711
references: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 May;18(5):339-63
references: 17913473
references: Genes Brain Behav. 2008 Apr;7(3):288-99
references: 17696994
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 May;197(4):613-28
references: 18317735
references: J Neurosci. 2000 Jul 1;20(13):5115-23
references: 10864968
references: Neuropsychologia. 2010 Jan;48(2):549-57
references: 19878688
references: Rev Neurol. 2001 Jun 1-15;32(11):1067-71
references: 11562832
references: Dev Psychobiol. 1993 Dec;26(8):467-81
references: 8293893
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Dec 15;62(12):1341-6
references: 17481592
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Sep;71(3):310-4
references: 11511702
references: J Neurosci. 2004 Mar 3;24(9):2270-6
references: 14999077
references: Neurobiol Dis. 2008 Mar;29(3):490-504
references: 18165017
references: Med J Aust. 1981 Apr 18;1(8):407-9
references: 6454826
references: Behav Brain Res. 2007 Sep 4;182(2):223-30
references: 17336405
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Oct 20;106(42):17998-8003
references: 19822762
references: Behav Brain Res. 2008 Mar 5;187(2):371-8
references: 18005969
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Oct;29(10):1865-77
references: 15127085
references: Neuroscience. 2009 Sep 29;163(1):456-65
references: 19524019
references: Horm Behav. 1994 Dec;28(4):367-75
references: 7729805
references: Behav Neurosci. 2008 Jun;122(3):505-15
references: 18513121
references: J Med Genet. 1991 Aug;28(8):515-9
references: 1833547
references: Am J Hum Genet. 1984 May;36(3):506-26
references: 6233902
references: Behav Neural Biol. 1983 Sep;39(1):128-34
references: 6661142
references: PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec;3(12):e386
references: 16248680
references: Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):493-506
references: 8898202
references: Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2001 Oct-Dec;14(4):219-26
references: 11725215
references: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 08;(3):CD006455
references: 19588392
references: Psychiatr Dev. 1983 Summer;1(2):193-205
references: 6232607
references: Neurology. 2001 Aug 14;57(3):397-404
references: 11502903
references: Nature. 2000 Apr 13;404(6779):721-2
references: 10783874
references: Behav Brain Res. 2007 Mar 12;178(1):90-7
references: 17239451
references: Am J Med Genet. 1996 Feb 16;67(1):53-7
references: 8678115
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2009 Feb 15;18(4):753-66
references: 19008301
references: PLoS One. 2010 Mar 16;5(3):e9706
references: 20300527
references: J Comp Psychol. 1985 Dec;99(4):420-36
references: 4075780
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Apr 15;19(8):1528-38
references: 20097678
references: J Neurosci. 1994 Feb;14(2):459-71
references: 8301349
references: J Neurosci. 2005 Mar 23;25(12):3059-66
references: 15788762
references: Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1984 May 30;60(5):989-92
references: 6235824
references: NeuroRx. 2005 Jul;2(3):447-64
references: 16389308
references: Psychiatry Res. 2008 Jan 15;162(1):73-87
references: 18068955
references: Behav Neural Biol. 1983 May;38(1):32-46
references: 6626099
references: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Aug;73(2):206-11
references: 19548952
references: Neurobiol Learn Mem. 1996 Jan;65(1):9-16
references: 8673411
references: Behav Brain Res. 2005 Sep 8;163(2):265-76
references: 16039728
references: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 08;(3):CD006456
references: 19588393
references: Brain Pathol. 2007 Oct;17(4):448-59
references: 17919130
references: J Neurochem. 2006 Feb;96(3):743-57
references: 16405510
references: Anim Behav. 2000 Nov;60(5):689-694
references: 11082239
references: Brain Res. 2004 Apr 16;1005(1-2):29-35
references: 15044061
references: Am J Primatol. 2011 Apr;73(4):314-22
references: 21328590
references: Behav Neurosci. 2008 Aug;122(4):885-900
references: 18729642
references: Neuroscience. 2009 Feb 18;158(4):1234-50
references: 19121372
references: Lancet Neurol. 2009 Sep;8(9):791-801
references: 19646924
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2004;27:697-722
references: 15217348
references: Behav Genet. 2009 Nov;39(6):623-31
references: 19641985
references: Behav Brain Res. 2005 Jul 30;162(2):256-63
references: 15970219
references: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009 Apr;33(4):508-15
references: 18771687
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Feb;29(2):240-8
references: 14666120
references: Neuroscience. 2006 Aug 25;141(2):569-584
references: 16716524
references: Physiol Behav. 1983 Sep;31(3):269-72
references: 6634993
references: J Neurosci. 2002 Jan 15;22(2):RC202
references: 11784814
references: Brain. 1998 Jul;121 ( Pt 7):1329-41
references: 9679784
references: Cell. 1993 Mar 26;72(6):971-83
references: 8458085
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995 Feb;58(2):192-200
references: 7876851
references: Neuron. 2011 Feb 10;69(3):423-35
references: 21315254
references: Neuroscience. 2004;123(4):967-81
references: 14751289
references: Exp Neurol. 2010 Jul;224(1):23-36
references: 20353776
references: J Endocrinol. 1959 Jan;18(1):102-7
references: 13620841
references: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991;240(3):148-52
references: 1827599
references: Genes Brain Behav. 2008 Mar;7(2):152-63
references: 17559418
references: PLoS One. 2011 Feb 22;6(2):e17073
references: 21364941
references: Neurology. 1985 Nov;35(11):1672-4
references: 2932657
references: J Neurosci. 2010 Feb 10;30(6):2115-29
references: 20147539
references: Genes Brain Behav. 2011 Feb;10(1):4-16
references: 20497235