title: Generalized neuromuscular hypoplasia, reduced smooth muscle myosin and altered gut motility in the klotho model of premature aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly constipation, increase with aging, but their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood due to lack of experimental models. Previously we established the progeric klotho mouse as a model of aging-associated anorexia and gastric dysmotility. We also detected reduced fecal output in these animals; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate in vivo function and cellular make-up of the small intestinal and colonic neuromuscular apparatus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Klotho expression was studied by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Motility was assessed by dye transit and bead expulsion. Smooth muscle and neuron-specific gene expression was studied by Western immunoblotting. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and precursors were analyzed by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstruction. HuC/D(+) myenteric neurons were enumerated by fluorescent microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Klotho protein was detected in neurons, smooth muscle cells, and some ICC classes. Small intestinal transit was slower but whole-gut transit of klotho mice was accelerated due to faster colonic transit and shorter intestinal lengths, apparent only after weaning. Fecal water content remained normal despite reduced output. Smooth muscle myosin expression was reduced. ICC, ICC precursors, as well as nitrergic and cholinergic neurons maintained their normal proportions in the shorter intestines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progeric klotho mice express less contractile proteins and develop generalized intestinal neuromuscular hypoplasia mainly arising from stunted postweaning growth. As reduced fecal output in these mice occurs in the presence of accelerated colonic and whole-gut transit, it likely reflects reduced food intake rather than intestinal dysmotility.
authors: Enteric NeuroScience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, USA.
authors: D T
authors: DT
authors: Asuzu
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Hayashi
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Izbeki
authors: L N
authors: LN
authors: Popko
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Young
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Bardsley
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Lorincz
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kuro-O
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Linden
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Farrugia
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Ordog
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