title: Juvenile toxicity assessment of anidulafungin in rats: an example of navigating case-by-case study design through scientific and regulatory challenges.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anidulafungin, an echinocandin antifungal marketed for adult use, is being considered for use in pediatric populations, including neonates. The evolution of the nonclinical pediatric safety strategy for anidulafungin serves as an example of case-by-case negotiation through the European Medicines Agency pediatric investigation plan process, resulting in an acceptable juvenile rat toxicity study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study design challenges included animal selection, route, dose, age, and duration of dosing in relation to brain maturity, and appropriate study endpoints. The definitive study consisted of subcutaneous dosing at 0, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day from postnatal day 4 to 62 (preterm infant to adulthood) with a 5-week recovery period. Study endpoints evaluated the potential for increased juvenile sensitivity to liver toxicity (seen in adults) and for novel toxicities in the central nervous system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anidulafungin-related effects included slightly reduced body weight, increased liver weight, and a mild decrease in red blood cell mass with increased reticulocyte count. There was no liver pathology and in the posttreatment phase there were no effects on neurological function. Following recovery, effects on body weight, hematology, and liver weight were reversing or reversed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, the juvenile rat no-adverse-effect-level was 30 mg/kg/day. Exposures at this dose are similar to those achieved at the adult rat no-adverse-effect-level, suggesting that the juvenile rat is no more sensitive to anidulafungin than the adult rat. In conclusion, dialog and negotiation between the sponsor and the European Medicines Agency allowed for successful execution of a nonclinical safety strategy that enabled further clinical investigation of anidulafungin in pediatric populations.
authors: Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA. christopher.j.bowman@pfizer.com
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Bowman
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Chmielewski
authors: Elise
authors: E
authors: Lewis
authors: Sharon
authors: S
authors: Ripp
authors: Christopher M
authors: CM
authors: Sawaryn
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Cross