title: Thiothymidine combined with UVA as a potential novel therapy for bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thiothymidine (S(4)TdR) can be incorporated into DNA and sensitise cells to DNA damage and cell death following exposure to UVA light. Studies were performed to determine if the combination of S(4)TdR and UVA could be an effective treatment for bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uptake and incorporation of S(4)TdR was determined in rat and human bladder tumour cell lines. Measures of DNA crosslinking and apoptosis were also performed. In vivo activity of the combination of S(4)TdR and UVA was investigated in an orthotopic model of bladder cancer in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thiothymidine (200 μM) replaced up to 0.63% of thymidine in rat and tumour bladder cancer cells. The combination of S(4)TdR (10-200 μM) and UVA (1-5 kJ m(-2)) caused apoptosis and cell death at doses that were not toxic alone. Addition of raltitrexed (Astra Zeneca, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, UK) increased the incorporation of S(4)TdR into DNA (up to 20-fold at IC(5)) and further sensitised cells to UVA. Cytotoxic effect was associated with crosslinking of DNA, at least partially to protein. Intravenous administration of S(4)TdR, in combination with UVA delivered directly to the bladder, resulted in an antitumour effect in three of five animals treated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that the combination of S(4)TdR and UVA has potential as a treatment for bladder cancer, and give some insight into the mechanism of action. Further work is necessary to optimise the delivery of the two components.
authors: Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
authors: S W
authors: SW
authors: Pridgeon
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Heer
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: Taylor
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Newell
authors: K
authors: K
authors: O'Toole
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Robinson
authors: Y-Z
authors: YZ
authors: Xu
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Karran
authors: A V
authors: AV
authors: Boddy
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