title: Midkine expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and leukoplakia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Midkine (MK), a 13-kDa heparin-binding growth factor, is overexpressed in various human cancers. However, its role in the development and progression of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is still unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of MK in samples of OCSCC, leukoplakia, and healthy oral mucosa (control).
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgically excised specimens from patients with primary OCSCC (n = 28) were immunostained for MK, Ki-67, PCNA, p53, bcl-2, Bax, and CD31. Besides this, MK expression was also investigated in leukoplakia and normal oral mucosa. The relationship of MK(+) cells with clinical parameters (tumor location, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and survival) and microscopic parameters (WHO histological grading, intensity of inflammation, proliferation index, apoptosis, and angiogenesis) was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that MK expression was increased in OCSCC in relation to leukoplakia and normal mucosa. Furthermore, MK expression was increased in late-stage tumors (T3/T4) compared with early-stage lesions (T1/T2). MK-positive lesions also showed increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OCSCC, particularly late-stage tumors, exhibits increased MK expression, which may be involved in tumor progression via upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes, as shown by the augmented bcl-2 positivity in MK-positive tumors.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
authors: Bruno Correia
authors: BC
authors: Jham
authors: Nadia Lago
authors: NL
authors: Costa
authors: Janine Mayra
authors: JM
authors: Silva
authors: Alessandra Castro
authors: AC
authors: de Miranda
authors: Jose Carlos
authors: JC
authors: Oliveira
authors: Tarcília Aparecida
authors: TA
authors: Silva
authors: Aline Carvalho
authors: AC
authors: Batista