title: Needle electrode-based electromechanical reshaping of rabbit septal cartilage: a systematic evaluation.
abstract: Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) provides a means of producing shape change in cartilage by initiating oxidation-reduction reactions in mechanically deformed specimens. This study evaluates the effect of voltage and application time on specimen shape change using needle electrodes. Rabbit septal cartilage specimens (20 x 8 x 1 mm, n = 200) were bent 90 degrees in a precision-machined plastic jig. Optimal electrode placement and the range of applied voltages were estimated using numerical modeling of the initial electric field within the cartilage sample. A geometric configuration of three platinum needle electrodes 2 mm apart from each other and inserted 6 mm from the bend axis on opposite ends was selected. One row of electrodes served as the anode and the other as the cathode. Constant voltage was applied at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 V for 1, 2, and 4 minutes, followed by rehydration in phosphate buffered saline. Samples were then removed from the jig and bend angle was measured. In accordance with previous studies, bend angle increased with increasing voltage and application time. Below a voltage threshold of 4 V, 4 minutes, no clinically significant reshaping was observed. The maximum bend angle obtained was 35.7 ± 1.7 º at 8 V, 4 minutes.
authors: Edward C
authors: EC
authors: Wu
authors: Dmitriy E
authors: DE
authors: Protsenko
authors: Adam Z
authors: AZ
authors: Khan
authors: Sterling
authors: S
authors: Dubin
authors: Koohyar
authors: K
authors: Karimi
authors: Brian J F
authors: BJ
authors: Wong
references: Lasers Surg Med. 2006 Aug;38(7):659-62; discussion 658
references: 16799999
references: Lasers Surg Med. 2005 Sep;37(3):201-9
references: 16127702
references: Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2005 Nov-Dec;7(6):406-9
references: 16301462
references: Lasers Surg Med. 2003;32(5):377-83
references: 12766960
references: Laryngoscope. 2006 Oct;116(10):1730-4
references: 17003728
references: Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1999 Feb;32(1):113-41
references: 10196441
references: Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2002 Jul-Sep;4(3):180-5
references: 12167077
references: Ann Biomed Eng. 2011 Jan;39(1):66-74
references: 20842431
references: Am J Rhinol. 2001 Mar-Apr;15(2):109-16
references: 11345149
references: Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992 Sep;90(3):355-74; discussion 375-6
references: 1513882
references: Laryngoscope. 2003 Nov;113(11):1916-21
references: 14603047
references: Lasers Surg Med. 2005 Jul;37(1):89-96
references: 15900561
references: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996 Mar;105(3):176-81
references: 8615580
references: Ann Biomed Eng. 2010 Nov;38(11):3389-97
references: 20614240
references: Arch Facial Plast Surg. 1999 Oct-Dec;1(4):282-7
references: 10937116
references: Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2010 May-Jun;12(3):204-6
references: 20479439
references: Lasers Surg Med. 2007 Jun;39(5):451-7
references: 17565732
references: Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006 Mar-Apr;8(2):105-16
references: 16549737
references: J Exp Med. 1956 Aug 1;104(2):245-52
references: 13345969
references: Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999 Aug;104(2):319-34; discussion 335-8
references: 10654675
references: Lasers Surg Med. 2005 Feb;36(2):147-54
references: 15704163
references: Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2003 Jan-Feb;5(1):46-52
references: 12533139
references: Lasers Surg Med. 2009 Sep;41(7):487-91
references: 19639619
references: Ann Biomed Eng. 2006 Mar;34(3):455-64
references: 16450186
references: Am J Otolaryngol. 1993 Nov-Dec;14(6):410-2
references: 8285311