title: Housewife or working mum--each to her own? The relevance of societal factors in the association between social roles and alcohol use among mothers in 16 industrialized countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether differences in gender-income equity at country level explain national differences in the links between alcohol use, and the combination of motherhood and paid labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data in 16 established market economies participating in the Gender, Alcohol and Culture: An International Study (GenACIS) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12,454 mothers (aged 25-49 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol use was assessed as the quantity per drinking day. Paid labour, having a partner, gender-income ratio at country level and the interaction between individual and country characteristics were regressed on alcohol consumed per drinking day using multi-level modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers with a partner who were in paid labour reported consuming more alcohol on drinking days than partnered housewives. In countries with high gender-income equity, mothers with a partner who were in paid labour drank less alcohol per occasion, while alcohol use was higher among working partnered mothers living in countries with lower income equity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In countries which facilitate working mothers, daily alcohol use decreases as female social roles increase; in contrast, in countries where there are fewer incentives for mothers to remain in work, the protective effect of being a working mother (with partner) on alcohol use is weaker. These data suggest that a country's investment in measures to improve the compatibility of motherhood and paid labour may reduce women's alcohol use.
authors: Addiction Info Switzerland, Research Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland. skuntsche@addiction-info.ch
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Kuntsche
authors: Ronald A
authors: RA
authors: Knibbe
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Kuntsche
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Gmel
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