title: Clarifying and measuring filial concepts across five cultural groups.
abstract: Literature on responsibility of adult children for aging parents reflects lack of conceptual clarity. We examined filial concepts across five cultural groups: African-, Asian-, Euro-, Latino-, and Native Americans. Data were randomly divided for scale development (n = 285) and cross-validation (n = 284). Exploratory factor analysis on 59 items identified three filial concepts: Responsibility, Respect, and Care. Confirmatory factor analysis on a 12-item final scale showed data fit the three-factor model better than a single factor solution despite substantial correlations between the factors (.82, .82 for Care with Responsibility and Respect, and .74 for Responsibility with Respect). The scale can be used in cross-cultural research to test hypotheses that predict associations among filial values, filial caregiving, and caregiver health outcomes.
authors: School of Nursing, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
authors: Patricia S
authors: PS
authors: Jones
authors: Jerry W
authors: JW
authors: Lee
authors: Xinwei E
authors: XE
authors: Zhang
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