title: [Time processing in the velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11) and its link with the caudate nucleus].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) is a neurogenetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11. Among other cognitive impairments and learning difficulties, affected individuals show difficulties in estimating time intervals (Debbané et al., 2005). Interestingly, neuroimaging studies have found an increased volume of the basal ganglia of people with VCFS (Eliez et al., 2002; Kates et al., 2004; Campbell et al., 2006). Given that the caudate nucleus represents a central component of the cerebral network underlying temporal perception skills, the present report proposes to examine potential relationships between cerebral alteration to the caudate nucleus and time estimation in individuals with VCFS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 30 patients with VCFS and 38 age-matched healthy individuals participated in time perception and time reproduction tasks. In the time perception task, individuals listened to two sequential stimuli and had to choose the longer of both stimuli by pressing a button. In the time reproduction task, subjects listened to a succession of sounds and once this succession had stopped they had to reproduce the same rhythm with their dominant index. Cerebral MRI images were also obtained for each participant. A manual tracing procedure was performed to measure the basal ganglia volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with VCFS demonstrated significantly poorer performances during the time perception and time reproduction tasks in comparison to the control participants. Further, increased volume of the caudate nucleus was found in individuals with VCFS. Correlational analyses revealed a significant relationship between the caudate nucleus's volume and the performances obtained in the time perception task for control participants. This correlation was not found for individuals with VCFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that cerebral alterations to the caudate nucleus in VCFS may alter the temporal perception function it sustains.
authors: Unité de recherche, service médicopédagogique, département de psychiatrie, faculté de médecine, université de Genève, Suisse. Daniela.GabrielMounir@unige.ch
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Gabriel Mounir
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Debbané
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Schaer
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Glaser
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Eliez