title: Demonstration of combined zero-valent iron and electrical resistance heating for in situ trichloroethene remediation.
abstract: The effectiveness of in situ treatment using zero-valent iron (ZVI) for nonaqueous phase or significant sediment-associated contaminant mass can be limited by relatively low rates of mass transfer to bring contaminants in contact with the reactive media. For a field test in a trichloroethene (TCE) source area, combining moderate-temperature subsurface electrical resistance heating with in situ ZVI treatment was shown to accelerate TCE treatment by a factor of about 4 based on organic daughter products and a factor about 8 based on chloride concentrations. A mass-discharge-based analysis was used to evaluate reaction, dissolution, and volatilization processes at ambient groundwater temperature (~10 °C) and as temperature was increased up to about 50 °C. Increased reaction and contaminant dissolution were observed with increased temperature, but vapor- or aqueous-phase migration of TCE out of the treatment zone was minimal during the test because reactions maintained low aqueous-phase TCE concentrations.
authors: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland Washington 99352, USA. mj.truex@pnl.gov
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authors: MJ
authors: Truex
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authors: Vermeul
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authors: Fritz
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authors: Mendoza
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authors: Mackley
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authors: Wietsma
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authors: Sandberg
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authors: Powell
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authors: Powers
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authors: Pitre
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authors: Michalsen
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authors: Ballock-Dixon
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authors: Zhong
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authors: Oostrom