title: Altered postural sway in patients suffering from non-specific neck pain and whiplash associated disorder - A systematic review of the literature.
abstract: METHODS
  Systematic literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess differences in center of pressure (COP) measures in patients suffering from non-specific neck pain (NSNP) or whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) compared to healthy controls and any relationship between changes in postural sway and the presence of pain, its intensity, previous pain duration and the perceived level of disability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Over the past 20 years, the center of pressure (COP) has been commonly used as an index of postural stability in standing. While several studies investigated COP excursions in neck pain and WAD patients and compared these to healthy individuals, no comprehensive analysis of the reported differences in postural sway pattern exists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six online databases were systematically searched followed by a manual search of the retrieved papers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Papers comparing COP measures derived from bipedal static task conditions on a force plate of people with NSNP and WAD to those of healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for relevance. Screening for final inclusion, data extraction and quality assessment were carried out with a third reviewer to reconcile differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten papers met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity in study designs prevented pooling of the data and no direct comparison of data across the studies was possible. Instead, a qualitative data analysis was conducted. There was broad consensus that patients with either type of neck pain have increased COP excursions compared to healthy individuals, a difference that was more pronounced in people with WAD. An increased sway in antero-posterior direction was observed in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with neck pain (due to either NSNP or WAD) exhibit greater postural instability than healthy controls, signified by greater COP excursions irrespective of the COP parameter chosen. Further, the decreased postural stability in people with neck pain appears to be associated with the presence of pain and correlates with the extent of proprioceptive impairment, but appears unrelated to pain duration.
authors: Murdoch University, Praxis fuer Chiropraktik Wolfsburg, Porschestrasse 1, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany. alexander_ruhe@hotmail.com.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Ruhe
authors: René
authors: R
authors: Fejer
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Walker
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