title: Quantitative assessment of cardiac output and left ventricular function by noninvasive phase-contrast and cine MRI: validation study with invasive pressure-volume loop analysis in a swine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate noninvasive cardiac output measurements of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) and cine MRI using an invasive pressure-volume (PV) loop technique on a swine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared three methods for evaluating cardiac function at rest and under pharmaceutical low-dose inotropic infusion conditions: 1) phase-contrast MRI, 2) cine MRI, and 3) PV loop relationship. These measurements were made in 14 domestic pigs under rest conditions. Identical MRI acquisitions and PV loop analysis were performed on six pigs from the same group that received an infusion of dobutamine 2.5 μg/kg/min. Cardiac outputs from all measurements were analyzed and compared using linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Noninvasive PC-MRI and cine MRI did not show any significant differences compared to an invasive PV loop technique for measurement of cardiac output under both rest (PC-MRI, cine MRI, and PV loop, 3.17 ± 0.45, 3.18 ± 0.61, 3.45 ± 0.41 L/min, respectively) and pharmaceutical low-dose inotropic infusion conditions (PC-MRI, cine MRI, and PV loop, 4.78 ± 0.53, 4.7 ± 0.6, 4.96 ± 0.48 L/min, respectively). Statistical analysis showed good agreement of cardiac output measurements at rest (R(2) = 0.83) and under low-dose inotropic infusion conditions (R(2) = 0.74) using PC-MRI and PV loop techniques. Cardiac output measurement using cine MRI and PV loop techniques also showed good agreement at rest (R(2) = 0.85) and under low-dose inotropic infusion conditions (R(2) = 0.76). Furthermore, cardiac outputs determined with the three modalities showed good agreement over a wide range of heart rates (90-180 bpm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI can provide a reliable, noninvasive measurement of cardiac output that can be carried out without the complications that are inherent with current invasive procedures.
authors: Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council Canada, Winnipeg, MB Canada. Hung-Yu.Lin@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
authors: Hung-Yu
authors: HY
authors: Lin
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