title: Adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux.
abstract: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) affects approximately 1% of children and may predispose a child with a bladder infection to develop pyelonephritis and renal scarring. To prevent these potential sequelae, one accepted treatment option for VUR includes low-dose continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) to maintain urine sterility until the condition resolves. Despite the widespread use of CAP, little data exists regarding adherence to long-term antibiotic therapy. Not only will poor adherence to CAP potentially preclude the intended benefit, but also nonadherence with antibiotic regimens may carry untoward effects including unnecessary treatment changes for presumed antibiotic failure, emergence of resistant organisms, and compromised clinical trial outcomes. We present an overview of medication adherence in children with VUR, discuss possible consequences of nonadherence to antibiotic prophylaxis, and suggest ways to improve adherence. We raise awareness of issues related to nonadherence relevant to healthcare providers, investigators, and the community.
authors: UCSF Department of Urology, University of California, 400 Parnassus Ave, A633 San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA.
authors: Esequiel
authors: E
authors: Rodriguez
authors: Dana A
authors: DA
authors: Weiss
authors: Hillary L
authors: HL
authors: Copp
references: Clin Ther. 1997 Nov-Dec;19(6):1446-57; discussion 1424-5
references: 9444452
references: J Urol. 1997 Apr;157(4):1410-3
references: 9120966
references: Pediatrics. 1984 Feb;73(2):126-31
references: 6694867
references: Cancer. 1993 May 15;71(10 Suppl):3441-9
references: 8490895
references: Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):e1489-94
references: 18490378
references: Child Care Health Dev. 1998 Jan;24(1):85-99
references: 9468782
references: J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001 Oct;26(5):331-42
references: 11679023
references: N Engl J Med. 2005 Aug 4;353(5):487-97
references: 16079372
references: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991 Oct;10(10):742-6
references: 1945576
references: J Paediatr Child Health. 1999 Oct;35(5):454-9
references: 10571758
references: J Appl Behav Anal. 1977 Winter;10(4):573-8
references: 599104
references: Cancer. 1986 Sep 1;58(5):1179-84
references: 3731045
references: J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008 Jul-Aug;84(4):316-22
references: 18688558
references: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987 Aug;55(4):529-533
references: 3624608
references: Pediatrics. 2006 Mar;117(3):626-32
references: 16510640
references: Arch Dis Child. 1993 Feb;68(2):235-6
references: 8481048
references: Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1064-71
references: 18977988
references: Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999 Nov;88(431):48-52
references: 10588271
references: Soc Sci Med. 1991;32(1):89-94
references: 2008627
references: Patient Educ Couns. 2004 Dec;55(3):339-44
references: 15582339
references: J Urol. 2002 Dec;168(6):2594-9
references: 12441993
references: Arch Dis Child. 2004 Aug;89(8):785-8
references: 15269085
references: Arch Dis Child. 2003 May;88(5):444-5
references: 12716722
references: Arthritis Care Res. 1989 Sep;2(3):S40-7
references: 2487703
references: Am J Med Sci. 1996 Jan;311(1):9-16
references: 8571988
references: Pediatr Nephrol. 2002 Apr;17(4):251-6
references: 11956876
references: Am J Public Health. 2003 Nov;93(11):1871-7
references: 14600055
references: Arch Dis Child. 2003 Mar;88(3):215-8
references: 12598381
references: Patient Couns Health Educ. 1980 3d Quart;2(3):135-41
references: 10249191
references: Clin Ther. 2004 Nov;26(11):1876-89
references: 15639699
references: J Clin Epidemiol. 1997 Jan;50(1):105-16
references: 9048695
references: J Asthma. 1986;23(2):49-59
references: 3745108
references: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997 Feb;16(2 Suppl):S27-9
references: 9041626
references: J Asthma. 2002 Apr;39(2):167-79
references: 11990232
references: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987 Dec;68(12):846-9
references: 3426383
references: Tuber Lung Dis. 1993 Feb;74(1):28-31
references: 8495017
references: Paediatr Drugs. 2007;9(5):283-8
references: 17927300
references: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD000011
references: 12076376
references: J Card Fail. 2003 Oct;9(5):404-11
references: 14583903
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;42(1):13-21
references: 12500072
references: Int J Nurs Pract. 2009 Feb;15(1):25-31
references: 19187166
references: Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999 Nov;88(431):22-30
references: 10588268
references: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Jun;23(6):445-55
references: 15156358
references: Arch Dis Child. 2010 Sep;95(9):717-23
references: 20522463
references: AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2004 Jun;18(6):355-63
references: 15294086
references: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jul;57(1):81-3
references: 17498841
references: Transplant Proc. 1994 Feb;26(1):102-3
references: 8108894
references: J Urol. 2010 May;183(5):1994-9
references: 20303526
references: Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006 Aug;15(8):565-74; discussion 575-7
references: 16514590
references: J Adolesc Health Care. 1984 Apr;5(2):124-36
references: 6368505
references: Pediatrics. 1991 Jan;87(1):54-61
references: 1984619
references: J Trop Pediatr. 2009 Feb;55(1):20-5
references: 18820317
references: J Urol. 2008 Feb;179(2):674-9; discussion 679
references: 18082208
references: Pediatr Transplant. 2002 Dec;6(6):475-9
references: 12453199
references: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Jun;45(6):605-7
references: 9663818
references: Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005 Oct;17(5):613-8
references: 16160536
references: J Adolesc Health Care. 1987 Jan;8(1):52-67
references: 3546226
references: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Jan;22(1):56-62
references: 12544410
references: J Pediatr Psychol. 2003 Jul-Aug;28(5):323-33
references: 12808009
references: Health Psychol. 2002 Nov;21(6):620-3
references: 12433016
references: Neurology. 1995 Feb;45(2 Suppl 1):S25-8
references: 7885587
references: Med J Aust. 1986 Feb 3;144(3):119-22
references: 3945199
references: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984 May;65(5):267-9
references: 6712455
references: Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Sep;23 Suppl 4:S7-13
references: 17931479
references: J Pediatr. 1992 May;120(5):807-11
references: 1533662
references: Pediatrics. 2006 Dec;118(6):e1745-57
references: 17101712
references: Pediatr Nephrol. 2006 Jul;21(7):981-8
references: 16773411
references: J Adolesc Health Care. 1986 Jan;7(1):12-7
references: 3943997
references: Med Care. 2004 Mar;42(3):200-9
references: 15076819
references: J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 1997 Jul-Aug;8(4):43-54
references: 9260150