title: Probing for hemispheric specialization for motor skill learning: a transcranial direct current stimulation study.
abstract: Convergent findings point to a left-sided specialization for the representation of learned actions in right-handed humans, but it is unknown whether analogous hemispheric specialization exists for motor skill learning. In the present study, we explored this question by comparing the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over either left or right motor cortex (M1) on motor skill learning in either hand, using a tDCS montage to better isolate stimulation to one hemisphere. Results were compared with those previously found with a montage more commonly used in the field. Six groups trained for three sessions on a visually guided sequential pinch force modulation task with their right or left hand and received right M1, left M1, or sham tDCS. A linear mixed-model analysis for motor skill showed a significant main effect for stimulation group (left M1, right M1, sham) but not for hand (right, left) or their interaction. Left M1 tDCS induced significantly greater skill learning than sham when hand data were combined, a result consistent not only with the hypothesized left hemisphere specialization for motor skill learning but also with possible increased left M1 responsiveness to tDCS. The unihemispheric montage effect size was one-half that of the more common montage, and subsequent power analysis indicated that 75 subjects per group would be needed to detect differences seen with only 12 subjects with the customary bihemispheric montage.
authors: Human Cortical Physiology and Stroke Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 10, 7D54, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Heidi M
authors: HM
authors: Schambra
authors: Mitsunari
authors: M
authors: Abe
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Luckenbaugh
authors: Janine
authors: J
authors: Reis
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: Krakauer
authors: Leonardo G
authors: LG
authors: Cohen
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