title: Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae).
abstract: Although flightless alcids from the Miocene and Pliocene of the eastern Pacific Ocean have been known for over 100 years, there is no detailed evaluation of diversity and systematic placement of these taxa. This is the first combined analysis of morphological and molecular data to include all extant alcids, the recently extinct Great Auk Pinguinus impennis, the mancalline auks, and a large outgroup sampling of 29 additional non-alcid charadriiforms. Based on the systematic placement of Mancallinae outside of crown clade Alcidae, the clade name Pan-Alcidae is proposed to include all known alcids. An extensive review of the Mancallinae fossil record resulted in taxonomic revision of the clade, and identification of three new species. In addition to positing the first hypothesis of inter-relationships between Mancallinae species, phylogenetic results support placement of Mancallinae as the sister taxon to all other Alcidae, indicating that flightlessness evolved at least twice in the alcid lineage. Convergent osteological characteristics of Mancallinae, the flightless Great Auk, and Spheniscidae are summarized, and implications of Mancallinae diversity, radiation, and extinction in the context of paleoclimatic changes are discussed.
authors: Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036, USA.
authors: Neil Adam
authors: NA
authors: Smith
references: Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1187-90
references: 19251622
references: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2003 Nov;29(2):268-78
references: 13678682
references: J Anat Physiol. 1889 Jan;23(Pt 2):165-186.5
references: 17231779
references: Proc Biol Sci. 2004 May 7;271(1542):893-901
references: 15255043
references: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2004 Mar;30(3):516-26
references: 15012936
references: Mol Biol Evol. 1996 Feb;13(2):359-67
references: 8587501
references: J Anat Physiol. 1889 Apr;23(Pt 3):400-27
references: 17231804
references: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2005 May;35(2):459-69
references: 15804415
references: J Exp Biol. 1997 May;200(Pt 10):1527-36
references: 9192500
references: Mol Ecol Notes. 2007 Jul;7(4):535-543
references: 18784793
references: Biol Lett. 2007 Apr 22;3(2):205-9
references: 17284401
references: Science. 2004 May 7;304(5672):861-4
references: 15131303
references: Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1763-8
references: 18583609
references: Cladistics. 1998 Mar;14(1):1-43
references: 34902898
references: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2006 Jun;39(3):657-67
references: 16531074
references: Evolution. 2000 Aug;54(4):1404-13
references: 11005306
references: Proc Biol Sci. 1997 Feb 22;264(1379):181-90
references: 9061968
references: J Anat. 2008 Aug;213(2):131-47
references: 18564073
references: Science. 1979 Nov 9;206(4419):688-9
references: 17796934
references: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1999 Jul;12(2):115-23
references: 10381315
references: Mol Biol Evol. 2002 Sep;19(9):1434-9
references: 12200471
references: BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Mar 08;7:35
references: 17346347
references: Evolution. 1986 May;40(3):540-558
references: 28556327
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Aug 16;91(17):7912-6
references: 8058734
references: Syst Biol. 2008 Jun;57(3):507-14
references: 18570043
references: Zool J Linn Soc. 2007 Jan 1;149(1):1-95
references: 18784798
references: Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):269-72
references: 10634774
references: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2008 Feb;46(2):430-45
references: 18178108
references: Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):279-83
references: 18202643
references: Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):79-83
references: 16601186
references: PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct;2(10):e312
references: 15455034
references: Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2005 Nov;80(4):515-42
references: 16221327
references: Cladistics. 1997 Sep;13(3):275-283
references: 34911232
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Dec 15;25(24):4876-82
references: 9396791
references: PLoS One. 2010 Oct 14;5(10):e13354
references: 20976229
references: Syst Biol. 2009 Feb;58(1):87-99
references: 20525570
references: BMC Evol Biol. 2003 Jul 23;3:16
references: 12875664
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1965 Jul 15;147(2):138-41
references: 5892399