title: Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms FokI and BsmI and risk of multiple primary melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sunlight exposure increases risk of melanoma. Sunlight also potentiates cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D, which can inhibit melanoma cell growth and promote apoptosis. Vitamin D effects are mediated through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). We hypothesized that genetic variation in VDR affects the relationship of sun exposure to risk of a further melanoma in people who have already had one.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the interaction between VDR polymorphisms and sun exposure in a population-based multinational study comparing 1138 patients with a multiple (second or subsequent) primary melanoma (cases) to 2151 patients with a first primary melanoma (controls); essentially a case-control study of melanoma in a population of melanoma survivors. Sun exposure was assessed using a questionnaire and interview, and was shown to be associated with multiple primary melanoma. VDR was genotyped at the FokI and BsmI loci and the main effects of variants at these loci and their interactions with sun exposure were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the BsmI variant was associated with multiple primary melanoma (OR=1.27, 95% CI 0.99-1.62 for the homozygous variant genotype). Joint effects analyses showed highest ORs in the high exposure, homozygous variant BsmI genotype category for each sun exposure variable. Stratified analyses showed somewhat higher ORs for the homozygous BsmI variant genotype in people with high sun exposure than with low sun exposure. P values for interaction, however, were high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that risk of multiple primary melanoma is increased in people who have the BsmI variant of VDR.
authors: Division of Dermatology, 1448 Laurence Avenue East, Suite 302, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. rmandelcorn@yahoo.com
authors: Rochelle
authors: R
authors: Mandelcorn-Monson
authors: Loraine
authors: L
authors: Marrett
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Kricker
authors: Bruce K
authors: BK
authors: Armstrong
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Orlow
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Goumas
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Paine
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Rosso
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Thomas
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Millikan
authors: Jason D
authors: JD
authors: Pole
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Cotignola
authors: Cheryl
authors: C
authors: Rosen
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Kanetsky
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Lee-Taylor
authors: Colin B
authors: CB
authors: Begg
authors: Marianne
authors: M
authors: Berwick
references: Eur J Cancer. 2005 Jan;41(1):45-60
references: 15617990
references: Cancer Causes Control. 2007 Apr;18(3):295-304
references: 17206532
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):6665-9
references: 1353882
references: Biotechniques. 2003 Jun;34(6):1288-92, 1294-5
references: 12813898
references: Br J Dermatol. 2002 Aug;147(2):197-213
references: 12174089
references: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 Aug;14(8):835-49
references: 3397443
references: J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Mar;13(3):325-49
references: 9525333
references: J Clin Epidemiol. 1995 Nov;48(11):1331-42
references: 7490596
references: J Photochem Photobiol B. 2001 Oct;63(1-3):8-18
references: 11684447
references: Cell Adhes Commun. 1998 Mar;5(2):109-20
references: 9638332
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Feb;127(2):276-80
references: 16990805
references: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10;27(32):5439-44
references: 19770375
references: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997 Feb;6(2):99-103
references: 9037560
references: Semin Oncol. 1996 Dec;23(6):650-66
references: 8970584
references: J Invest Dermatol. 1988 Jun;90(6):834-40
references: 2836516
references: Int J Cancer. 2008 May 1;122(9):2077-84
references: 18183598
references: Int J Cancer. 1997 Oct 9;73(2):198-203
references: 9335442
references: J Invest Dermatol. 1992 May;98(5):809-11
references: 1569330
references: J Nutr. 2005 Feb;135(2):317-22
references: 15671234
references: Br J Dermatol. 2007 Feb;156(2):277-82
references: 17223867
references: Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1992 Jun;9(3):109-12
references: 1300138
references: Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Feb;6(2):498-504
references: 10690530
references: Br J Cancer. 2004 Aug 16;91(4):765-70
references: 15238985
references: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Jun;13(6):1042-51
references: 15184262
references: J Lab Clin Med. 1999 Feb;133(2):120-8
references: 9989763
references: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1-2):164-8
references: 20399269
references: Endocrinology. 1981 Mar;108(3):1083-6
references: 6257495
references: J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Jul;129(7):1675-80
references: 19194478
references: Cancer Res. 1996 Sep 15;56(18):4108-10
references: 8797574
references: Arch Dis Child. 2006 Feb;91(2):131-8
references: 16326797
references: J Invest Dermatol. 1981 Jul;77(1):51-8
references: 6265564
references: Cell Death Differ. 1998 Nov;5(11):946-52
references: 9846181
references: Carcinogenesis. 2007 Feb;28(2):390-7
references: 16950800
references: Cancer Causes Control. 2004 Feb;15(1):97-8
references: 15049326
references: Cancer Res. 1987 Jan 1;47(1):21-5
references: 3024816
references: Br J Dermatol. 2002 Apr;146 Suppl 61:11-6
references: 11966726
references: J Surg Res. 1996 Feb 15;61(1):127-33
references: 8769954
references: Cancer Epidemiol. 2009 Aug;33(2):103-7
references: 19679055
references: Int J Epidemiol. 2006 Jun;35(3):756-64
references: 16556646
references: Int J Cancer. 1997 Jan 6;70(1):26-31
references: 8985086
references: Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):363, 365
references: 9705713
references: Eur J Cancer. 2009 Dec;45(18):3271-81
references: 19615888
references: PLoS One. 2011 Jan 24;6(1):e16024
references: 21283672
references: Br J Dermatol. 2001 Mar;144(3):471-5
references: 11260001