title: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a novel adipokine potentially linking obesity to the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comprehensive proteomic profiling of the human adipocyte secretome identified dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) as a novel adipokine. This study assessed the functional implications of the adipokine DPP4 and its association to the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human adipocytes and skeletal and smooth muscle cells were used to monitor DPP4 release and assess the effects of soluble DPP4 on insulin signaling. In lean and obese subjects, depot-specific expression of DPP4 and its release from adipose tissue explants were determined and correlated to parameters of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fully differentiated adipocytes exhibit a substantially higher release of DPP4 compared with preadipocytes or macrophages. Direct addition of DPP4 to fat and skeletal and smooth muscle cells impairs insulin signaling. A fivefold higher level of DPP4 protein expression was seen in visceral compared with subcutaneous fat of obese patients, with no regional difference in lean subjects. DPP4 serum concentrations significantly correlated with adipocyte size. By using adipose tissue explants from lean and obese subjects, we observed a twofold increase in DPP4 release that strongly correlated with adipocyte volume and parameters of the metabolic syndrome and was decreased to the lean level after weight reduction. DPP4 released from adipose tissue correlated positively with an increasing risk score for the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPP4 is a novel adipokine that may impair insulin sensitivity in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Furthermore, DPP4 release strongly correlates with adipocyte size, potentially representing an important source of DPP4 in obesity. Therefore, we suggest that DPP4 may be involved in linking adipose tissue and the metabolic syndrome.
authors: Paul-Langerhans-Group, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Lamers
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Famulla
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Wronkowitz
authors: Sonja
authors: S
authors: Hartwig
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Lehr
authors: D Margriet
authors: DM
authors: Ouwens
authors: Kristin
authors: K
authors: Eckardt
authors: Jean M
authors: JM
authors: Kaufman
authors: Mikael
authors: M
authors: Ryden
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Müller
authors: Franz-Georg
authors: FG
authors: Hanisch
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Ruige
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Arner
authors: Henrike
authors: H
authors: Sell
authors: Juergen
authors: J
authors: Eckel
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