title: Long-term functional and echocardiographic assessment after penetrating cardiac injury: 5-year follow-up results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is almost no data describing the long-term functional outcome of patients after penetrating cardiac injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study at a Level I trauma center from 2000 to 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three patients had penetrating cardiac injuries from 28 stabbings and 35 gunshots. Men comprised 89% (56) of the patients. Overall, there were 21 survivors (33%) and 42 died in the emergency room or perioperative period. The mean age did not significantly differ between survivors (36 years ± 12 years) compared with those who died (30 years ± 11 years; p=0.07). There was an increased chance of survival after being stabbed compared with being shot (17 patients vs. 4 patients; odds ratio=12; p=0.002). Thirteen (62%) had injuries to the right ventricle only. Three patients died during follow-up: one from lung cancer and two other patients died from myocardial infarctions, one 9 years later at the age of 45 years and the other 8 years later at the age of 55 years. The survivors had functional follow-up evaluations from 2 months to 114 months (median, 71; interquartile range, 34-92 months) and echocardiographic follow-up from 2 months to 107 months (median, 64; interquartile range, 31-84 months) after their injuries. Functionally, all patients were in NYHA class 1 status, except one patient in class II who was 54 years old and had a mild exertional limitation. The previously injured area could only be identified by echocardiogram in one patient who had a patch repair of a ventricular septal defect (VSD). The mean ejection fraction improved over time from a mean of 51% ± 8% in the immediate postoperative period to 60% ± 9% after a mean follow-up of 59 months (p=0.01). After surgery, 43% of patients had a mild to moderate pericardial effusion; however, the long-term follow-up studies showed that all these had resolved. Wall motion abnormalities occurred in 33% of patients in the immediate postoperative period and, again, all these resolved during long-term follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who survive penetrating cardiac injuries, without coronary arterial or valvular disruption, have an excellent long-term functional outcome with minimal subsequent cardiac morbidity related to the injury. Full physiologic recovery and normal cardiac function can be expected if the patient survives.
authors: Department of Trauma Surgery, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan 48503, USA. jcarr1@hurleymc.com
authors: John Alfred
authors: JA
authors: Carr
authors: Roxanne
authors: R
authors: Buterakos
authors: William M
authors: WM
authors: Bowling
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Janson
authors: Kurt A
authors: KA
authors: Kralovich
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Copeland
authors: Renee
authors: R
authors: Link
authors: Cecilia
authors: C
authors: Roiter
authors: Gregory
authors: G
authors: Casey
authors: James W
authors: JW
authors: Wagner