title: Genes that escape from X inactivation.
abstract: To achieve a balanced gene expression dosage between males (XY) and females (XX), mammals have evolved a compensatory mechanism to randomly inactivate one of the female X chromosomes. Despite this chromosome-wide silencing, a number of genes escape X inactivation: in women about 15% of X-linked genes are bi-allelically expressed and in mice, about 3%. Expression from the inactive X allele varies from a few percent of that from the active allele to near equal expression. While most genes have a stable inactivation pattern, a subset of genes exhibit tissue-specific differences in escape from X inactivation. Escape genes appear to be protected from the repressive chromatin modifications associated with X inactivation. Differences in the identity and distribution of escape genes between species and tissues suggest a role for these genes in the evolution of sex differences in specific phenotypes. The higher expression of escape genes in females than in males implies that they may have female-specific roles and may be responsible for some of the phenotypes observed in X aneuploidy.
authors: Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors: Joel B
authors: JB
authors: Berletch
authors: Fan
authors: F
authors: Yang
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Xu
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Carrel
authors: Christine M
authors: CM
authors: Disteche
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