title: Risk factors for hearing impairment among U.S. adults with diabetes: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the risk factors of low/mid-frequency and high-frequency hearing impairment among a nationally representative sample of diabetic adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from 536 participants, aged 20-69 years, with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes who completed audiometric testing during 1999-2004 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We defined hearing impairment as the pure-tone average>25 dB hearing level of pure-tone thresholds at low/mid-frequencies (500; 1,000; and 2,000 Hz) and high frequencies (3,000; 4,000; 6,000; and 8,000 Hz) and identified independent risk factors using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and marital status, odds ratios for associations with low/mid-frequency hearing impairment were 2.20 (95% CI 1.28-3.79) for HDL<40 mg/dL and 3.55 (1.57-8.03) for poor health. Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, sex, and income-to-poverty ratio, odds ratios for associations with high-frequency hearing impairment were 4.39 (1.26-15.26) for history of coronary heart disease and 4.42 (1.26-15.45) for peripheral neuropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low HDL, coronary heart disease, peripheral neuropathy, and having poor health are potentially preventable correlates of hearing impairment for people with diabetes. Glycemic control, years since diagnosis, and type of glycemic medication were not associated with hearing impairment.
authors: Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. bainbridgek@mail.nih.gov
authors: Kathleen E
authors: KE
authors: Bainbridge
authors: Howard J
authors: HJ
authors: Hoffman
authors: Catherine C
authors: CC
authors: Cowie
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