title: Emerging pathways in asthma: innate and adaptive interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic asthma is a complex and chronic airway inflammatory disorder, and the prevalence of asthma has increased. Adaptive antigen-dependent immunity is a classical pathway of asthmatic pathology. Recent studies have focused on innate antigen-independent immunity in asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review discusses updated research associating innate immunity with allergic asthma. We focus on innate molecules (Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors) and review studies regarding innate and adaptive interactions in allergic responses (surfactant protein D, lipopolysaccharide, and early life immune responses). We also highlight new emerging concepts in the field applicable to innate immunity and asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Innate immunity plays a key role in asthma. Understanding innate and adaptive interactions provide significant information in asthmatic research. Innate molecules not only contribute to classical pulmonary defense, but also modulate inflammatory responses. Emerging concepts in the analysis of the microbiome, microRNA and autophagy may provide new insights in searching therapeutic targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finding specific mechanisms of innate and/or adaptive immunity in asthma are timely goals for further research. Integration of bioinformatics and systems biology tools, particularly in relation to microbiome analysis, may be helpful in providing an understanding to allergic immune responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Asthma.
authors: Division of Pulmonary and critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors: Ko-Wei
authors: KW
authors: Lin
authors: Jinghong
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Patricia W
authors: PW
authors: Finn