title: Small vessels, big trouble in the kidneys and beyond: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy.
abstract: Transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is a challenging diagnosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although endothelial injury represents the final common pathway of disease, the exact pathophysiology of TA-TMA remains unclear. Potential causes include infections, chemotherapy, radiation, and calcineurin inhibitors. Recent literature addresses the roles of cytokines, graft-versus-host disease, the coagulation cascade, and complement in the pathogenesis of TA-TMA. Current diagnostic criteria are unsatisfactory, because patients who have received a transplant can have multiple other reasons for the laboratory abnormalities currently used to diagnose TA-TMA. Moreover, our lack of understanding of the exact mechanism of disease limits the development and evaluation of potential treatments. Short- and long-term renal complications contribute to TA-TMA's overall poor prognosis. In light of these challenges, future research must validate novel markers of disease to aid in early diagnosis, guide current and future treatments, prevent long-term morbidity, and improve outcomes. We focus on TA-TMA as a distinct complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, emphasizing the central role of the kidney in this disease.
authors: Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. benjamin.laskin@cchmc.org
authors: Benjamin L
authors: BL
authors: Laskin
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Goebel
authors: Stella M
authors: SM
authors: Davies
authors: Sonata
authors: S
authors: Jodele