title: Risk factors for chronic kidney disease among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: A European case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal dysfunction is a common complication in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and can be attributed to direct viral damage, comorbidities or drug toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess cross-sectional correlates of renal damage in a contemporary European cohort of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a case-control study from our cohort of 750 HIV-infected adults over a period of 5 months. We assessed renal damage by either proteinuria (≥+ on urine dipstick), reduced creatinine clearance (< 60 ml/min) or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of < 60 ml/ min/1.73 m2. The characteristics of cases and controls were compared in analysis and in multivariate logistic regression models with stepwise selection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 50% of the screened 106 patients had a qualifying abnormality. Altogether, we identified 55 cases with 110 age- and gender-matched controls. Mean eGFR was 90.7 (4.8) for cases vs. 106.1 (2.3) ml/min/1.73 m2 for controls (p = 0.001). Cases had a longer duration of HIV infection, more complex regimen, longer exposure to antiretroviral therapy and a more frequent diagnosis of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In the logistic multivariate model, renal damage remained significantly associated with longer known duration of HIV infection (OR 2.88, 95% CI: 1.28 - 6.46, p = 0.01), AIDS defining condition (OR 1.09 95% CI: 1.03 - 1.16, p = 0.002) female gender (OR 2.01, 95% CI: 0.96 - 4.18, p = 0.06), and HCV infection (OR 2.12, 95% CI: 0.99 - 4.52, p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Duration, antiretroviral regimen and coincidental HCV impacted the frequency of renal abnormalities in our patients.
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Genoa, San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy. antonio.dibiagio@hsanmartino.liguria.it
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Di Biagio
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Rosso
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Vitale
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Cardinale
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Sormani
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Secondo
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Di Stefano
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Viscoli