title: Immunological properties of embryonic and adult stem cells.
abstract: The possibility of treating degenerative diseases by stem cell-based approaches is a promising therapeutical option. Among major concerns for the clinical application of stem cells, some derive from the possibility that stem cells may be rejected by the immune system as a consequence of histoincompatibility and that stem cells themselves may interfere with the normal functions of host immune response. Therefore, the immunogenicity and the immunomodulatory properties of stem cells must be carefully addressed. Although these properties are common features of different stem cell types, some peculiarities can be recognized and characterized for their proper clinical use.
authors: Francesco Bifari, Luciano Pacelli, Mauro Krampera, Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Pz.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Bifari
authors: Luciano
authors: L
authors: Pacelli
authors: Mauro
authors: M
authors: Krampera
references: Stem Cells. 2004;22(4):448-56
references: 15277692
references: Transplantation. 2007 Jul 27;84(2):231-7
references: 17667815
references: Biorheology. 2004;41(3-4):469-76
references: 15299278
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 28;361(3):745-50
references: 17678624
references: Exp Hematol. 2005 Aug;33(8):928-34
references: 16038786
references: Cell Biol Int. 2008 Apr;32(4):384-93
references: 18262807
references: Neurosci Lett. 2009 Apr 17;454(1):43-8
references: 19429051
references: Blood. 2009 Jun 25;113(26):6576-83
references: 19398717
references: Neurosurgery. 1998 Feb;42(2):291-8; discussion 298-9
references: 9482179
references: Stem Cells. 2008 Jan;26(1):279-89
references: 17962701
references: Exp Neurol. 2009 Feb;215(2):317-27
references: 19063882
references: Stem Cells. 2006 Nov;24(11):2466-77
references: 17071860
references: Cytotherapy. 2003;5(6):485-9
references: 14660044
references: J Neurosci Res. 2000 Aug 15;61(4):364-70
references: 10931522
references: Cytotherapy. 2009;11(2):245-55
references: 19152153
references: Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):586-9
references: 9110976
references: Nature. 2006 Jun 29;441(7097):1094-6
references: 16810245
references: Reprod Biomed Online. 2006 Nov;13(5):712-24
references: 17169186
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2004 Jun;13(3):263-71
references: 15186722
references: Immunology. 2009 Dec;128(4):564-72
references: 19930046
references: J Immunol. 2007 Sep 1;179(5):2824-31
references: 17709496
references: Adv Immunol. 1977;25:1-54
references: 345773
references: Blood. 2007 Jan 15;109(2):693-702
references: 16985173
references: Blood. 2005 Jul 15;106(2):756-63
references: 15817682
references: Bone. 2007 Feb;40(2):382-90
references: 17049329
references: Scand J Immunol. 2004 Sep;60(3):307-15
references: 15320889
references: Ann Thorac Surg. 2002 Jul;74(1):19-24; discussion 24
references: 12118756
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2007 Oct;16(5):797-810
references: 17999601
references: Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1145-7
references: 9804556
references: Nature. 2006 Nov 30;444(7119):574-9
references: 17108972
references: FASEB J. 2007 Oct;21(12):3197-207
references: 17496162
references: Blood. 2003 May 1;101(9):3722-9
references: 12506037
references: J Cell Mol Med. 2006 Jul-Sep;10(3):577-87
references: 16989722
references: Exp Cell Res. 1999 Dec 15;253(2):733-6
references: 10585297
references: Int Immunol. 2007 Sep;19(9):1063-74
references: 17660500
references: Blood. 2005 Sep 1;106(5):1755-61
references: 15905186
references: J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Oct;82(4):887-93
references: 17609339
references: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 Feb;125(2):361-9
references: 12579106
references: J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Apr;161(1-2):1-11
references: 15748938
references: Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):1005-14
references: 16476845
references: Am J Pathol. 2004 May;164(5):1615-25
references: 15111308
references: Blood. 2006 Sep 15;108(6):2114-20
references: 16690970
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Aug;1109:47-57
references: 17785290
references: Nature. 2003 Apr 17;422(6933):688-94
references: 12700753
references: Mol Vis. 2008 Mar 04;14:431-42
references: 18334960
references: Haematologica. 2005 Apr;90(4):516-25
references: 15820948
references: Blood. 2002 May 15;99(10):3838-43
references: 11986244
references: Exp Neurol. 2006 Apr;198(2):275-84
references: 16472805
references: J Neurol Sci. 2008 Feb 15;265(1-2):73-7
references: 17610905
references: Exp Hematol. 1974;2(2):83-92
references: 4455512
references: Leukemia. 2007 Feb;21(2):304-10
references: 17170725
references: Exp Cell Res. 2005 Apr 15;305(1):33-41
references: 15777785
references: Stem Cells. 2006 Feb;24(2):221-9
references: 16109762
references: J Neuroimmunol. 2001 Jan 1;112(1-2):35-46
references: 11108931
references: Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Jul 3;3(1):16-24
references: 18593555
references: Blood. 2008 Feb 1;111(3):1327-33
references: 17951526
references: Nephron Exp Nephrol. 2010;114(3):e107-16
references: 19955830
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 26;104(52):20920-5
references: 18093946
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 23;99(15):9864-9
references: 12114532
references: Blood. 2006 Feb 15;107(4):1484-90
references: 16239427
references: Neurosci Lett. 2003 Feb 6;337(2):85-8
references: 12527394
references: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2003 Dec;24(4):1074-82
references: 14697670
references: Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jan;69(1):241-8
references: 19124525
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jun;8(6):481-8
references: 17514200
references: Lancet. 2004 May 1;363(9419):1439-41
references: 15121408
references: Mol Ther. 2004 May;9(5):747-56
references: 15120336
references: Science. 2000 Dec 15;290(5499):2155-9
references: 11118151
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2000 Apr;18(4):399-404
references: 10748519
references: Stem Cells. 2008 Feb;26(2):562-9
references: 18024418
references: Transplantation. 2003 Oct 27;76(8):1208-13
references: 14578755
references: Lancet. 2005 Sep 17-23;366(9490):1005-12
references: 16168783
references: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Apr;23(4):1196-202
references: 18029377
references: Stem Cells. 2006 Jan;24(1):74-85
references: 16099998
references: Lancet. 2008 May 10;371(9624):1579-86
references: 18468541
references: Blood. 2005 May 15;105(10):4120-6
references: 15692068
references: Transplantation. 2006 Jun 15;81(11):1589-95
references: 16770249
references: Br J Haematol. 2005 Apr;129(1):118-29
references: 15801964
references: Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Sep 11;3(3):301-13
references: 18786417
references: Eur J Immunol. 2005 May;35(5):1482-90
references: 15827960
references: Haematologica. 2008 Sep;93(9):1301-9
references: 18641017
references: J Immunol. 2007 Aug 1;179(3):1595-604
references: 17641026
references: Exp Hematol. 2002 Jan;30(1):42-8
references: 11823036
references: Blood. 2006 Jan 1;107(1):367-72
references: 16141348
references: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004 May;127(5):1293-300
references: 15115985
references: Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143-7
references: 10102814
references: Cell Res. 2007 Mar;17(3):240-8
references: 17325691
references: Stem Cells. 2008 Jul;26(7):1673-82
references: 18450824
references: Stem Cells. 2007 Aug;25(8):2025-32
references: 17510220
references: Blood. 2005 Jul 1;106(1):59-66
references: 15755902
references: Blood Rev. 2006 May;20(3):161-71
references: 16364518
references: Cytotherapy. 2009;11(8):1020-31
references: 19929466
references: Circulation. 2005 Aug 30;112(9 Suppl):I166-72
references: 16159810
references: Transplantation. 2007 Jan 15;83(1):71-6
references: 17220794
references: Glia. 2009 Jan 1;57(1):13-23
references: 18661552
references: Dev Biol. 2000 Nov 15;227(2):271-8
references: 11071754
references: Brain Inj. 2007 Mar;21(3):275-8
references: 17453755
references: Blood. 2005 Feb 15;105(4):1815-22
references: 15494428
references: Blood. 2007 Sep 15;110(6):2197-200
references: 17522338
references: Exp Hematol. 2008 Mar;36(3):309-18
references: 18279718
references: PLoS One. 2008 Sep 05;3(9):e3145
references: 18773082
references: Stem Cells. 2009 Oct;27(10):2624-35
references: 19676124
references: PLoS One. 2009 Jun 19;4(6):e5959
references: 19543526
references: Blood. 2005 Apr 1;105(7):2821-7
references: 15591115
references: Transplantation. 2009 Sep 15;88(5):614-9
references: 19741455
references: Eur J Immunol. 2008 May;38(5):1181-5
references: 18425724
references: Ann Neurol. 2009 Sep;66(3):343-54
references: 19798728
references: Stem Cells. 2008 Jan;26(1):151-62
references: 17932421
references: J Immunol. 2006 Mar 1;176(5):2864-71
references: 16493043
references: J Cell Physiol. 2009 Jun;219(3):667-76
references: 19160415
references: Blood. 2005 Dec 15;106(13):4057-65
references: 16118325
references: J Immunol. 2003 Oct 1;171(7):3426-34
references: 14500637
references: Ann Neurol. 2007 Mar;61(3):209-18
references: 17187374
references: J Biomed Sci. 2005;12(1):47-57
references: 15864738
references: Stem Cells. 2006 Feb;24(2):386-98
references: 16123384
references: J Surg Res. 2011 Jun 1;168(1):127-34
references: 19932900
references: Nat Med. 2002 Feb;8(2):171-8
references: 11821902
references: Stem Cells. 2006 Sep;24(9):2078-84
references: 16690778
references: Development. 2001 Dec;128(24):5181-8
references: 11748153
references: Stem Cells. 2008 Jan;26(1):212-22
references: 17932417
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2010 May;19(5):635-44
references: 19761404
references: Haematologica. 2007 Sep;92(9):1208-15
references: 17666368
references: Curr Opin Neurol. 2007 Dec;20(6):688-92
references: 17992090
references: DNA Cell Biol. 2005 Jul;24(7):458-63
references: 16008514
references: Nature. 2005 Jul 14;436(7048):266-71
references: 16015332
references: Transplantation. 2003 Feb 15;75(3):389-97
references: 12589164
references: Exp Hematol. 2003 Oct;31(10):890-6
references: 14550804
references: Cell Stem Cell. 2009 Mar 6;4(3):206-16
references: 19265660
references: Brain Res. 2004 Nov 5;1026(1):11-22
references: 15476693
references: Haematologica. 2007 Jul;92(7):881-8
references: 17606437
references: J Neurol Sci. 2008 Feb 15;265(1-2):102-4
references: 17583749
references: Blood. 2007 Nov 15;110(10):3691-4
references: 17684157
references: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Jul;50(1):201-5
references: 12815696
references: PLoS One. 2008 Jul 09;3(7):e2622
references: 18612432
references: Brain. 2009 Aug;132(Pt 8):2239-51
references: 19617198
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8932-7
references: 12084934
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;25(9):1015-24
references: 17721512
references: Kidney Int. 2005 Oct;68(4):1613-7
references: 16164638
references: Stem Cells. 2008 Jan;26(1):89-98
references: 17962705
references: Scand J Immunol. 2007 Apr;65(4):336-43
references: 17386024
references: Liver Transpl. 2009 Oct;15(10):1192-8
references: 19790154
references: Stem Cells. 2008 Sep;26(9):2444-54
references: 18635871
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 2;105(35):12991-6
references: 18728188
references: Science. 2008 Aug 8;321(5890):756-7
references: 18687929
references: Stem Cells. 2007 Jul;25(7):1753-60
references: 17395776
references: J Immunol. 2006 Jan 15;176(2):1266-73
references: 16394018
references: Blood. 2005 Mar 1;105(5):2214-9
references: 15514012
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Nov 6;50(19):1884-93
references: 17980256
references: FASEB J. 2007 May;21(7):1345-57
references: 17284483
references: Blood. 2004 Jun 15;103(12):4619-21
references: 15001472
references: Arthritis Rheum. 2005 May;52(5):1595-603
references: 15880818
references: Scand J Immunol. 2003 Jan;57(1):11-20
references: 12542793