title: Action of 5 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on sensory, motor and autonomic function in human spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of physiological outcome measures in detecting functional change in the degree of impairment of spinal cord injury (SCI) following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the sensorimotor cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with complete or incomplete cervical (or T1) SCI received real and sham rTMS in a randomised placebo-controlled single-blinded cross-over trial. rTMS at sub-threshold intensity for upper-limb muscles was applied (5 Hz, 900 stimuli) on 5 consecutive days. Assessments made before and for 2 weeks after treatment comprised the ASIA (American Spinal Injuries Association) impairment scale (AIS), the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), a peg-board test, electrical perceptual test (EPT), motor evoked potentials, cortical silent period, cardiovascular and sympathetic skin responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in AIS outcomes between real and sham rTMS. The ARAT was increased at 1h after real rTMS compared to baseline. Active motor threshold for the most caudally innervated hand muscle was increased at 72 and 120 h compared to baseline. Persistent reductions in EPT to rTMS occurred in two individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in cortical motor threshold measures may accompany functional gains to rTMS in SCI subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrophysiological measures may provide a useful adjunct to ASIA impairment scales.
authors: Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kuppuswamy
authors: A V
authors: AV
authors: Balasubramaniam
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Maksimovic
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Mathias
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Gall
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Craggs
authors: P H
authors: PH
authors: Ellaway