title: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] may be associated with cardiometabolic disorders; however, little is known about their relation to intermediate metabolic and lipid markers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relation of serum 25(OH)D concentrations to fasting insulin, glucose, dyslipidemia, adiposity, and prevalent metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted this cross-sectional analysis in 292 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 y in the Women's Health Initiative Calcium-Vitamin D (WHI-CaD) trial. Data were collected from 3 nested case-control studies that measured baseline serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Inverse probability weighting was used to approximate parameter estimates for the WHI-CaD population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In weighted linear regression models adjusted for age, race-ethnicity, month of blood draw, region, case-control status, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, and history of cardiometabolic risk factors, there was an inverse association of serum 25(OH)D with adiposity [body mass index (BMI): β = -1.12 ± 0.30, P = 0.0002; waist circumference: β = -3.57 ± 0.49, P < 0.0001; waist-hip ratio: β = -0.01 ± 0.002, P < 0.0001], triglycerides (β = -0.10 ± 0.02, P < 0.0001), and triglyceride:HDL-cholesterol ratio (β = -0.11 ± 0.03, P = 0.0003). The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for metabolic syndrome for the highest (≥52 nmol/L) compared with the lowest (<35 nmol/L) tertile of serum 25(OH)D concentrations was 0.28 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.56). Significant associations remained after adjustment for BMI. We observed no significant associations with LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, insulin, glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), or homeostatic model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations may be inversely associated with adiposity, triglycerides, triglyceride:HDL-cholesterol ratio, and metabolic syndrome but are not associated with LDL and HDL cholesterol, insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, or HOMA-β in postmenopausal women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00000611.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and the Program on Genomics and Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Sara A
authors: SA
authors: Chacko
authors: Yiqing
authors: Y
authors: Song
authors: JoAnn E
authors: JE
authors: Manson
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Van Horn
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Eaton
authors: Lisa W
authors: LW
authors: Martin
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: McTiernan
authors: J David
authors: JD
authors: Curb
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Wylie-Rosett
authors: Lawrence S
authors: LS
authors: Phillips
authors: Raymond A
authors: RA
authors: Plodkowski
authors: Simin
authors: S
authors: Liu
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