title: Proton resonance frequency shift-weighted imaging for monitoring MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound transmissions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To combine temperature-related information of phase images and magnitude images acquired from an MR spoiled gradient echo sequence using a postprocessing method referred to as PRF-shift-weighted imaging (PRFSWI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase images are capable of detecting shifts in proton resonance frequency (PRF) caused by local changes in temperature. Magnitude images provide anatomical information for treatment planning and positioning as well as temperature-related contrast. We used PRFSWI to produce a phase-mask and performed multiplication on the magnitude image to increase temperature-related contrast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Through MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRIgFUS) experiments (both ex vivo and in vivo), we determined that PRFSWI is capable of enhancing the contrast of a heated area even in the initial stages of transmitting high-intensity focused ultrasound energy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PRFSWI images are sensitive to changes in temperature and display the heated spot directly in the magnitude images. Although the images do not provide quantitative data related to temperature, this method could be used as a complement to the phase temperature mapping method in the real-time monitoring of MRIgFUS experiments.
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Jyun-Wen
authors: JW
authors: Chen
authors: Teng-Yi
authors: TY
authors: Huang
authors: Hsu-Hsia
authors: HH
authors: Peng
authors: Wen-Shiang
authors: WS
authors: Chen
authors: Wen-Yih Isaac
authors: WY
authors: Tseng