title: Interventional management for cancer pain.
abstract: Cancer pain is a distressing result of disease, both primary and metastatic, as well as complications caused by cancer treatment. Medication management often is insufficient to adequately treat the ensuing pain or the complications of medical management limit acceptable dosage for pain control. In these instances, interventional modalities are an additional tool in the pain physician's armamentarium. Most commonly employed are intrathecal opioids, local anesthetic and clonidine infusions, neurolytic-nerve and sympathetic-ganglion blockade, and radiofrequency techniques. These are discussed in this article concomitantly with current outcome data as reported in the medical literature.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC St. Margaret Pain Medicine Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15215, USA. copedk@upmc.edu
authors: Doris K
authors: DK
authors: Cope
authors: Zirong
authors: Z
authors: Zhao
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