title: The initial pharmaceutical development of an artesunate/amodiaquine oral formulation for the treatment of malaria: a public-private partnership.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Artemisinin-based combination therapy is currently recommended worldwide for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Fixed-dose combinations are preferred as they favour compliance. This paper reports on the initial phases of the pharmaceutical development of an artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) bilayer co-formulation tablet, undertaken following pre-formulation studies by a network of scientists and industrials from institutions of both industrialized and low income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmaceutical development was performed by a research laboratory at the University Bordeaux Segalen, School of Pharmacy, for feasibility and early stability studies of various drug formulations, further transferred to a company specialized in pharmaceutical development, and then provided to another company for clinical batch manufacturing. The work was conducted by a regional public-private not-for-profit network (TropiVal) within a larger Public Private partnership (the FACT project), set up by WHO/TDR, Médecins Sans Frontières and the Drugs for Neglected Disease initiative (DNDi).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main pharmaceutical goal was to combine in a solid oral form two incompatible active principles while preventing artesunate degradation under tropical conditions. Several options were attempted and failed to provide satisfactory stability results: incorporating artesunate in the external phase of the tablets, adding a pH regulator, alcoholic wet granulation, dry granulation, addition of an hydrophobic agent, tablet manufacturing in controlled conditions. However, long-term stability could be achieved, in experimental batches under GMP conditions, by physical separation of artesunate and amodiaquine in a bilayer co-formulation tablet in alu-alu blisters. Conduction of the workplan was monitored by DNDi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collaborations between research and industrial groups greatly accelerated the process of development of the bi-layered ASAQ tablet. Lack of public funding was the main obstacle hampering the development process, and no intellectual property right was claimed. This approach resulted in a rapid technology transfer to the drug company Sanofi-Aventis, finalizing the process of development, registration and WHO pre-qualification of the fixed-dose co-formulation together with DNDi. The bi-layered tablet is made available under the names of Coarsucam® and Artesunate amodiaquine Winthrop®, Sanofi-Aventis. The issue related to the difficulty of public institutions to valorise their participation in such initiative by lack of priority and funding of applied research is discussed.
authors: Ellipse Pharmaceuticals, Pessac, France.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Lacaze
authors: Tina
authors: T
authors: Kauss
authors: Jean-René
authors: JR
authors: Kiechel
authors: Antonella
authors: A
authors: Caminiti
authors: Fawaz
authors: F
authors: Fawaz
authors: Laurent
authors: L
authors: Terrassin
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Cuart
authors: Luc
authors: L
authors: Grislain
authors: Visweswaran
authors: V
authors: Navaratnam
authors: Bellabes
authors: B
authors: Ghezzoul
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Gaudin
authors: Nick J
authors: NJ
authors: White
authors: Piero L
authors: PL
authors: Olliaro
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Millet
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