title: Lipid-soluble ginseng extract induces apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in NCI-H460 human lung cancer cells.
abstract: This study was performed to elucidate the anticancer mechanism of a lipid-soluble ginseng extract (LSGE) by analyzing induction of apoptosis and arrest of cell cycle progression using the NCI-H460 human lung cancer cell line. Proliferation of NCI-H460 cells was potently inhibited by LSGE in a dose-dependent manner. The cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in NCI-H460 cells was induced by LSGE. The percentage of G0/G1 phase cells significantly increased, while that of S phase cells decreased after treatment with LSGE. The expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase2 (CDK2), CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D3 and cyclin E related to G0/G1 cells progression were also altered by LSGE. In addition, LSGE-induced cell death occurred through apoptosis, which was accompanied by increasing the activity of caspases including caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3. Consistent with enhancement of caspase activity, LSGE increased protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). These apoptotic effects of LSGE were inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. These findings indicate that LSGE inhibits NCI-H460 human lung cancer cell growth by cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis.
authors: Bio-evaluation center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors: Moo Rim
authors: MR
authors: Kang
authors: Hwan Mook
authors: HM
authors: Kim
authors: Jong Soon
authors: JS
authors: Kang
authors: Kiho
authors: K
authors: Lee
authors: Sung Dong
authors: SD
authors: Lee
authors: Dong-Hoon
authors: DH
authors: Hyun
authors: Man-Jin
authors: MJ
authors: In
authors: Song-Kyu
authors: SK
authors: Park
authors: Dong Chung
authors: DC
authors: Kim
references: Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Oct;10(10):3129-34
references: 12150857
references: Mol Cancer Ther. 2007 Mar;6(3):1046-53
references: 17363497
references: Oral Oncol. 2005 Apr;41(4):383-9
references: 15792610
references: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:
references: 20953401
references: Cell. 1994 Aug 26;78(4):539-42
references: 8069905
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1383-9
references: 15585556
references: Int J Cancer. 2002 Nov 20;102(3):250-3
references: 12397644
references: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1990 Dec;38(12):3480-2
references: 2092947
references: Mutat Res. 2003 Feb-Mar;523-524:63-74
references: 12628504
references: Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010 Sep;65(3):200-9
references: 20652750
references: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2010 Feb;26(2):68-75
references: 20123594
references: Nature. 2000 Oct 12;407(6805):810-6
references: 11048733
references: Int J Oncol. 1999 May;14(5):869-75
references: 10200336
references: Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011 Jun;66(2):97-100
references: 21373806
references: Cancer Res. 2001 Mar 15;61(6):2782-7
references: 11289162
references: J Med Food. 2010 Feb;13(1):1-5
references: 20136429
references: J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jan 21;121(2):304-12
references: 19041934
references: Altern Med Rev. 2004 Sep;9(3):259-74
references: 15387718
references: N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 10;346(2):126-8
references: 11784881
references: Planta Med. 2002 Feb;68(2):119-22
references: 11859460
references: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008 Dec 15;876(2):170-4
references: 19027370
references: Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004 Feb;133(2):113-20
references: 14739579