title: Assessing the risk of second malignancies after modern radiotherapy.
abstract: Recent advances in radiotherapy have enabled the use of different types of particles, such as protons and heavy ions, as well as refinements to the treatment of tumours with standard sources (photons). However, the risk of second cancers arising in long-term survivors continues to be a problem. The long-term risks from treatments such as particle therapy have not yet been determined and are unlikely to become apparent for many years. Therefore, there is a need to develop risk assessments based on our current knowledge of radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
authors: MD Anderson Cancer Center Radiation Oncology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA. wnewhaus@mdanderson.org
authors: Wayne D
authors: WD
authors: Newhauser
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Durante
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