title: Genetic manipulation of francisella tularensis.
abstract: Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes the disease tularemia. F. tularensis subsp. tularensis causes the most severe disease in humans and has been classified as a Category A select agent and potential bioweapon. There is currently no vaccine approved for human use, making genetic manipulation of this organism critical to unraveling the genetic basis of pathogenesis and developing countermeasures against tularemia. The development of genetic techniques applicable to F. tularensis have lagged behind those routinely used for other bacteria, primarily due to lack of research and the restricted nature of the biocontainment required for studying this pathogen. However, in recent years, genetic techniques, such as transposon mutagenesis and targeted gene disruption, have been developed, that have had a dramatic impact on our understanding of the genetic basis of F. tularensis virulence. In this review, we describe some of the methods developed for genetic manipulation of F. tularensis.
authors: Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors: Xhavit
authors: X
authors: Zogaj
authors: Karl E
authors: KE
authors: Klose
references: Infect Immun. 2010 Oct;78(10):4276-85
references: 20696823
references: J Med Microbiol. 2010 Nov;59(Pt 11):1275-1284
references: 20651039
references: Microbiology (Reading). 2006 Nov;152(Pt 11):3425-3435
references: 17074911
references: BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 17;7:1
references: 17233889
references: Infect Immun. 2005 Dec;73(12):8345-52
references: 16299332
references: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2006;60:167-85
references: 16704343
references: Infect Immun. 2007 Jan;75(1):390-6
references: 17060465
references: BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 31;6:69
references: 16879747
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2003 Dec 12;229(2):195-202
references: 14680699
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Dec;70(12):7511-9
references: 15574954
references: J Bacteriol. 1969 Nov;100(2):1112-3
references: 5359612
references: J Microbiol Methods. 2010 Jan;80(1):106-8
references: 19879904
references: Biotechniques. 2010 Nov;49(5):831-3
references: 21091448
references: Infect Immun. 2007 Jan;75(1):371-8
references: 17074846
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 May;70(5):2816-22
references: 15128537
references: BMC Microbiol. 2008 Oct 08;8:172
references: 18842136
references: Infect Immun. 2007 Jun;75(6):3089-101
references: 17420240
references: Plasmid. 2007 Sep;58(2):159-66
references: 17459476
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 3;104(14):6037-42
references: 17389372
references: Plasmid. 2010 Nov;64(3):156-61
references: 20620161
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Mar;72(3):1878-85
references: 16517634
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2001 Dec;19(12):1162-7
references: 11731786
references: Mol Biotechnol. 2011 May;48(1):7-14
references: 20972648
references: Arch Microbiol. 2006 Sep;186(3):219-28
references: 16841206
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999 Jul 1;176(1):85-90
references: 10418134
references: J Bacteriol. 2008 Dec;190(23):7830-7
references: 18835994
references: Microbiology (Reading). 2008 Jul;154(Pt 7):2139-2150
references: 18599841
references: J Bacteriol. 2006 Sep;188(17):6443-8
references: 16923916
references: Arch Neurol. 2009 Apr;66(4):523-7
references: 19364939
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2009;577:11-24
references: 19718505
references: J Mol Biol. 2004 Feb 13;336(2):421-39
references: 14757055
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jan;69(1):600-6
references: 12514047
references: Infect Immun. 1997 May;65(5):1824-9
references: 9125567
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 May;74(9):2619-26
references: 18310413
references: J Bacteriol. 1970 Dec;104(3):1312-7
references: 16559109
references: Plasmid. 2001 Nov;46(3):210-22
references: 11735370
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jun;1105:67-97
references: 17395725
references: PLoS One. 2008 Aug 20;3(8):e2983
references: 18714347
references: J Immunol. 1961 Oct;87:415-25
references: 13889609
references: RNA. 2006 Jul;12(7):1271-81
references: 16741231
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Jun;52(6):2276-8
references: 18411318
references: Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2076-82
references: 15489329
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001 Nov 27;205(1):77-81
references: 11728719
references: Plasmid. 2009 Nov;62(3):147-57
references: 19615403
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 22;103(34):12897-902
references: 16908853
references: Infect Immun. 2003 Oct;71(10):5940-50
references: 14500514
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 16;104(3):1009-14
references: 17215359
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Nov;71(11):7542-7
references: 16269799
references: Infect Immun. 2007 Mar;75(3):1303-9
references: 17210667
references: Mol Microbiol. 2009 Dec;74(6):1459-70
references: 20054881
references: Infect Immun. 2006 Sep;74(9):5095-105
references: 16926401
references: Cell Microbiol. 2009 Jul;11(7):1128-50
references: 19388904
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Dec;44(12):3428-31
references: 11083651
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Feb;69(2):1121-8
references: 12571038
references: J Bacteriol. 2008 Aug;190(15):5353-61
references: 18539739
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jul;19(1):42-7
references: 7948556
references: PLoS Pathog. 2009 May;5(5):e1000459
references: 19478886
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 May;74(9):2637-45
references: 18344342
references: Infect Immun. 2006 Aug;74(8):4452-61
references: 16861631
references: J Gen Microbiol. 1991 Dec;137(12):2697-703
references: 1791425
references: Microbiology (Reading). 1994 Dec;140 ( Pt 12):3309-18
references: 7881549
references: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1996 Mar;13(3):257-60
references: 8861040
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1994 Dec 1;124(2):157-65
references: 7813885
references: Biotechniques. 2007 Oct;43(4):487-90, 492
references: 18019340
references: Microbiology (Reading). 2009 Apr;155(Pt 4):1152-1163
references: 19332817
references: Methods. 2009 Nov;49(3):270-4
references: 19398003
references: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Mar;59(6):1818-30
references: 16553886
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2003 May 28;222(2):273-80
references: 12770718
references: Genome Biol. 2007;8(6):R102
references: 17550600
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Nov;70(11):6901-4
references: 15528561
references: Mol Microbiol. 1998 Jul;29(1):247-59
references: 9701818
references: Infect Immun. 2007 Nov;75(11):5376-89
references: 17682043