title: Prenatal vitamins, one-carbon metabolism gene variants, and risk for autism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Causes of autism are unknown. Associations with maternal nutritional factors and their interactions with gene variants have not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Northern California families were enrolled from 2003 to 2009 in the CHARGE (CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) population-based case-control study. Children aged 24-60 months were evaluated and confirmed to have autism (n = 288), autism spectrum disorder (n = 141), or typical development (n = 278) at the University of California-Davis Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute using standardized clinical assessments. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for associations between autism and retrospectively collected data on maternal vitamin intake before and during pregnancy. We explored interaction effects with functional genetic variants involved in one-carbon metabolism (MTHFR, COMT, MTRR, BHMT, FOLR2, CBS, and TCN2) as carried by the mother or child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers of children with autism were less likely than those of typically developing children to report having taken prenatal vitamins during the 3 months before pregnancy or the first month of pregnancy (OR = 0.62 [95% confidence interval = 0.42-0.93]). Significant interaction effects were observed for maternal MTHFR 677 TT, CBS rs234715 GT + TT, and child COMT 472 AA genotypes, with greater risk for autism when mothers did not report taking prenatal vitamins periconceptionally (4.5 [1.4-14.6]; 2.6 [1.2-5.4]; and 7.2 [2.3-22.4], respectively). Greater risk was also observed for children whose mothers had other one-carbon metabolism pathway gene variants and reported no prenatal vitamin intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periconceptional use of prenatal vitamins may reduce the risk of having children with autism, especially for genetically susceptible mothers and children. Replication and mechanistic investigations are warranted.
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA. rjschmidt@ucdavis.edu
authors: Rebecca J
authors: RJ
authors: Schmidt
authors: Robin L
authors: RL
authors: Hansen
authors: Jaana
authors: J
authors: Hartiala
authors: Hooman
authors: H
authors: Allayee
authors: Linda C
authors: LC
authors: Schmidt
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Tancredi
authors: Flora
authors: F
authors: Tassone
authors: Irva
authors: I
authors: Hertz-Picciotto
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