title: Lipopolysaccharide animal models for Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria, acts as a potent stimulator of microglia and has been used to study the inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and anti-inflammatory therapy for PD treatment. Here, we review the growing body of literature on both in vitro and in vivo LPS PD models. Primary cell cultures from mesencephalic tissue were exposed to LPS in vitro; LPS was stereotaxically injected into the substantia nigra, striatum, or globus pallidus of brain or injected into the peritoneal cavity of the animal in vivo. In conclusion, the LPS PD models are summarized as (1) local and direct LPS treatment and (2) systemic LPS treatment. Mechanisms underlying the PD models are investigated and indicated that LPS induces microglial activation to release a variety of neurotoxic factors, and damaged neurons may trigger reactive microgliosis, which lead to progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
authors: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors: Mei
authors: M
authors: Liu
authors: Guoying
authors: G
authors: Bing
references: Brain Pathol. 1998 Oct;8(4):625-40
references: 9804372
references: J Neurochem. 1998 Apr;70(4):1584-92
references: 9580157
references: Neurology. 1988 Aug;38(8):1285-91
references: 3399080
references: Mov Disord. 1998 Mar;13(2):221-7
references: 9539333
references: J Neurochem. 2008 Apr;105(2):445-59
references: 18047562
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):125-32
references: 10991969
references: J Neurosci Res. 2009 Jun;87(8):1913-21
references: 19224579
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2007 Jun;28(6):894-906
references: 21887889
references: Neurobiol Dis. 2004 Jun;16(1):190-201
references: 15207276
references: J Neurosci Res. 2005 Oct 1;82(1):71-82
references: 16118791
references: Environ Health. 2006 Mar 24;5:7
references: 16563160
references: Neuroscience. 2005;135(3):829-38
references: 16165292
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2010 Sep;31(9):1649-53
references: 18986737
references: PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5482
references: 19424495
references: Ann Neurol. 1988 Oct;24(4):574-6
references: 3239957
references: Ann Neurol. 2005 Feb;57(2):168-75
references: 15668962
references: Neurosci Lett. 2008 Feb 27;432(3):198-201
references: 18207323
references: Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:335-76
references: 12524386
references: N Engl J Med. 1993 May 20;328(20):1457-60
references: 8479465
references: Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(8):973-84
references: 15777248
references: Glia. 2007 Apr 1;55(5):453-62
references: 17203472
references: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jan 9;279(2):1415-21
references: 14578353
references: Occup Environ Med. 2003 May;60(5):378
references: 12709528
references: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2010 Sep;299(3):C539-48
references: 20592239
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jul 8;100(14):8514-9
references: 12824464
references: Shock. 2002 Aug;18(2):138-41
references: 12166776
references: Exp Neurol. 2002 Apr;174(2):193-200
references: 11922661
references: Glia. 2002 Nov;40(2):133-9
references: 12379901
references: Ann Neurol. 1999 Oct;46(4):598-605
references: 10514096
references: Neuroscience. 1990;39(1):151-70
references: 2089275
references: Neuroscience. 2000;97(2):285-91
references: 10799760
references: Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:197-216
references: 11861602
references: Comp Med. 2007 Oct;57(5):487-92
references: 17974132
references: Prog Neurobiol. 1999 Apr;57(6):563-81
references: 10221782
references: Brain Res. 1995 Dec 15;704(1):112-6
references: 8750970
references: J Neurochem. 2007 Mar;100(5):1375-86
references: 17254027
references: J Neuroimmunol. 2007 Dec;192(1-2):89-98
references: 17976742
references: Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Jun;76(2):77-98
references: 16081203
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Jan;8(1):57-69
references: 17180163
references: Arch Microbiol. 1995 Dec;164(6):383-9
references: 8588739
references: Neurology. 2006 Mar 14;66(5):664-71
references: 16481597
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 May;293(2):607-17
references: 10773035
references: J Immunol. 1993 Apr 1;150(7):2659-67
references: 8454848
references: Brain. 2005 Nov;128(Pt 11):2665-74
references: 16219675
references: Clin Neuropharmacol. 2008 May-Jun;31(3):141-50
references: 18520981
references: Ann Neurol. 2003 Nov;54(5):599-604
references: 14595649
references: Neurobiol Dis. 2000 Aug;7(4):429-47
references: 10964613
references: J Alzheimers Dis. 2008 May;13(4):381-91
references: 18487847
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 29;101(26):9843-8
references: 15210960
references: Acta Neuropathol. 2003 Dec;106(6):518-26
references: 14513261
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Oct;319(1):44-52
references: 16807359
references: Neuroreport. 2002 Mar 4;13(3):277-80
references: 11930122
references: J Neuroinflammation. 2008 Jan 18;5:4
references: 18205920
references: Acta Neuropathol. 2008 Jul;116(1):47-55
references: 18343932
references: Acta Neuropathol. 2001 Mar;101(3):249-55
references: 11307625
references: Exp Mol Med. 2006 Aug 31;38(4):333-47
references: 16953112
references: J Neurosci. 2008 Jul 23;28(30):7687-98
references: 18650345
references: Nat Neurosci. 2005 Jun;8(6):752-8
references: 15895084
references: J Neurochem. 2004 Nov;91(3):568-78
references: 15485488
references: FASEB J. 2005 Apr;19(6):533-42
references: 15791003
references: Behav Brain Res. 2009 Mar 17;198(2):434-9
references: 19070633
references: J Immunol. 1999 Apr 1;162(7):3749-52
references: 10201887
references: Biol Res. 2005;38(4):381-7
references: 16579521
references: Science. 2005 May 27;308(5726):1314-8
references: 15831717
references: J Immunol. 1992 Oct 15;149(8):2736-41
references: 1383325
references: Curr Opin Immunol. 1999 Feb;11(1):19-22
references: 10047547
references: J Neuroimmunol. 1998 May 15;85(2):131-6
references: 9630161
references: Glia. 2006 Jan 1;53(1):92-102
references: 16206155