title: Perioperative management of children undergoing craniofacial reconstruction surgery: a practice survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess current practices in the management of children undergoing craniofacial surgery and identify areas of significant practice variability with the intent to direct future research.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The perioperative management of infants and children undergoing craniofacial reconstruction surgery can be challenging because of the routine occurrence of significant blood loss with associated morbidity. A variety of techniques have been described to improve the care for these children. It is presently unknown to what extent these practices are currently employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A web-based survey was sent to representatives from 102 institutions. One individual per institution was surveyed to prevent larger institutions from being over-represented in the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Requests to complete the survey were sent to 102 institutions; 48 surveys were completed. The survey was composed of two parts: management of infants undergoing strip craniectomies, and management of children undergoing major craniofacial reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant variability exists in the management of children undergoing these procedures; further study is required to determine the optimal management strategies. Clinical trials assessing the utility of central venous pressure and other hemodynamic monitoring modalities would enable evidence-based decision-making for monitoring in these children. The development of institutional transfusion thresholds should be encouraged, as there exists a body of evidence supporting their efficacy and safety.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. strickerp@email.chop.edu
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Stricker
authors: Franklyn P
authors: FP
authors: Cladis
authors: John E
authors: JE
authors: Fiadjoe
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: McCloskey
authors: Lynne G
authors: LG
authors: Maxwell