title: Combination therapy with vemurafenib (PLX4032/RG7204) and metformin in melanoma cell lines with distinct driver mutations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A molecular linkage between the MAPK and the LKB1-AMPK energy sensor pathways suggests that combined MAPK oncogene inhibition and metabolic modulation of AMPK would be more effective than either manipulation alone in melanoma cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  The combination of the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib (formerly PLX4032) and metformin were tested against a panel of human melanoma cell lines with defined BRAF and NRAS mutations for effects on viability, cell cycle and apoptosis. Signaling molecules in the MAPK, PI3K-AKT and LKB1-AMPK pathways were studied by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single agent metformin inhibited proliferation in 12 out of 19 cell lines irrespective of the BRAF mutation status, but in one NRASQ61K mutant cell line it powerfully stimulated cell growth. Synergistic anti-proliferative effects of the combination of metformin with vemurafenib were observed in 6 out of 11 BRAFV600E mutants, including highly synergistic effects in two BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cell lines. Antagonistic effects were noted in some cell lines, in particular in BRAFV600E mutant cell lines resistant to single agent vemurafenib. Seven out of 8 BRAF wild type cell lines showed marginally synergistic anti-proliferative effects with the combination, and one cell line had highly antagonistic effects with the combination. The differential effects were not dependent on the sensitivity to each drug alone, effects on cell cycle or signaling pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of vemurafenib and metformin tended to have stronger anti-proliferative effects on BRAFV600E mutant cell lines. However, determinants of vemurafenib and metformin synergism or antagonism need to be understood with greater detail before any potential clinical utility of this combination.
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA.
authors: Franziska
authors: F
authors: Niehr
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: von Euw
authors: Narsis
authors: N
authors: Attar
authors: Deliang
authors: D
authors: Guo
authors: Doug
authors: D
authors: Matsunaga
authors: Hooman
authors: H
authors: Sazegar
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Ng
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Glaspy
authors: Juan A
authors: JA
authors: Recio
authors: Roger S
authors: RS
authors: Lo
authors: Paul S
authors: PS
authors: Mischel
authors: Begonya
authors: B
authors: Comin-Anduix
authors: Antoni
authors: A
authors: Ribas
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