title: Anterior cingulate proton spectroscopy glutamate levels differ as a function of smoking cessation outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death. Unfortunately, the majority of smokers who attempt to quit smoking relapse within weeks. Abnormal dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) function may contribute to tobacco smoking relapse vulnerability. Growing evidence suggests that glutamate neurotransmission is involved in mediating nicotine dependence. We hypothesized that prior to a cessation attempt, dACC glutamate levels would be lower in relapse vulnerable smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proton magnetic resonance spectra (MRS) were obtained from dACC and a control region, the parieto-occipital cortex (POC), using two-dimensional J-resolved MRS at 4T and analyzed using LCModel. Nine nicotine-dependent women were scanned prior to making a quit attempt. Subjects then were divided into two groups; those able to maintain subsequent abstinence aided by nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and those who slipped while on NRT (smoked any part of a cigarette after attaining at least 24h of abstinence).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Slip subjects exhibited significantly reduced dACC MRS glutamate (Glu/Cr) levels (p<0.03) compared to abstinent subjects. This effect was not observed in the POC control region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary findings suggest that dACC Glu levels as measured with MRS may help identify and/or be a biomarker for relapse vulnerable smokers. Future research following up on these findings may help clarify the role of dACC Glu in smoking dependence that may lead to new treatment strategies.
authors: McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States. ymashhoon@mclean.harvard.edu
authors: Yasmin
authors: Y
authors: Mashhoon
authors: Amy C
authors: AC
authors: Janes
authors: J Eric
authors: JE
authors: Jensen
authors: Andrew P
authors: AP
authors: Prescot
authors: Gladys
authors: G
authors: Pachas
authors: Perry F
authors: PF
authors: Renshaw
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Fava
authors: A Eden
authors: AE
authors: Evins
authors: Marc J
authors: MJ
authors: Kaufman
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