title: Drug-disease interaction: Crohn's disease elevates verapamil plasma concentrations but reduces response to the drug proportional to disease activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases that includes reduced response to pharmacotherapy due to altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It is not known if these effects exist in general in all inflammatory conditions. It also remains unknown whether in a given population the effect is a function of disease severity. We investigated whether pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a typical calcium channel inhibitor are influenced by Crohn's disease (CD), a disease for which the disease severity can be readily ranked.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered 80 mg verapamil orally to (i) healthy control subjects (n= 9), (ii) patients with clinically quiescent CD (n= 22) and (iii) patients with clinically active CD (n= 14). Serial analysis of verapamil enantiomers (total and plasma unbound), blood pressure and electrocardiograms were recorded over 8 h post dose. The severity of CD was measured using the Harvey-Bradshaw Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD substantially and significantly increased plasma verapamil concentration and in a stereoselective fashion (S, 9-fold; R, 2-fold). The elevated verapamil concentration, however, failed to result in an increased verapamil pharmacodynamic effect so that the patients with elevated verapamil concentration demonstrated no significant increase in response measured as PR interval and blood pressure. Instead, the greater the disease severity, the lower was the drug potency to prolong PR interval (r= 0.86, P < 0.0006),
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD patients with severe disease may not respond to cardiovascular therapy with calcium channel blockers. Reducing the severity increases response despite reduced drug concentration. This observation may have therapeutic implication beyond the disease and the drug studies herein.
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. fjamali@pharmacy.ualberta.ca
authors: Forough
authors: F
authors: Sanaee
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Clements
authors: Alistair W G
authors: AW
authors: Waugh
authors: Richard N
authors: RN
authors: Fedorak
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Lewanczuk
authors: Fakhreddin
authors: F
authors: Jamali
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