title: Embryoid body formation from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells: Benefits of bioreactors.
abstract: Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the ability to differentiate into all germ layers, holding great promise not only for a model of early embryonic development but also for a robust cell source for cell-replacement therapies and for drug screening. Embryoid body (EB) formation from ES cells is a common method for producing different cell lineages for further applications. However, conventional techniques such as hanging drop or static suspension culture are either inherently incapable of large scale production or exhibit limited control over cell aggregation during EB formation and subsequent EB aggregation. For standardized mass EB production, a well defined scale-up platform is necessary. Recently, novel scenario methods of EB formation in hydrodynamic conditions created by bioreactor culture systems using stirred suspension systems (spinner flasks), rotating cell culture system and rotary orbital culture have allowed large-scale EB formation. Their use allows for continuous monitoring and control of the physical and chemical environment which is difficult to achieve by traditional methods. This review summarizes the current state of production of EBs derived from pluripotent cells in various culture systems. Furthermore, an overview of high quality EB formation strategies coupled with systems for in vitro differentiation into various cell types to be applied in cell replacement therapy is provided in this review. Recently, new insights in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology showed that differentiation and lineage commitment are not irreversible processes and this has opened new avenues in stem cell research. These cells are equivalent to ES cells in terms of both self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Hence, culture systems for expansion and differentiation of iPS cells can also apply methodologies developed with ES cells, although direct evidence of their use for iPS cells is still limited.
authors: Sasitorn Rungarunlert, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, H-2100 Gödöllö, Hungary.
authors: Sasitorn
authors: S
authors: Rungarunlert
authors: Mongkol
authors: M
authors: Techakumphu
authors: Melinda K
authors: MK
authors: Pirity
authors: Andras
authors: A
authors: Dinnyes
references: J Biosci Bioeng. 2003;96(4):409-11
references: 16233548
references: Mol Med. 2000 Feb;6(2):88-95
references: 10859025
references: J Biosci Bioeng. 2007 Oct;104(4):294-9
references: 18023802
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2005 Dec 30;92(7):920-33
references: 16189818
references: Biomaterials. 2009 Feb;30(4):499-507
references: 18977027
references: Nature. 2007 Jul 19;448(7151):313-7
references: 17554338
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2008 Dec;17(6):1227-41
references: 19006458
references: J Biosci Bioeng. 2008 Aug;106(2):141-7
references: 18804056
references: Biomaterials. 2009 May;30(13):2507-15
references: 19162317
references: Cell Physiol Biochem. 2008;22(5-6):665-72
references: 19088448
references: J Biosci Bioeng. 2007 May;103(5):389-98
references: 17609152
references: Nature. 2008 Jan 10;451(7175):141-6
references: 18157115
references: Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2007 Aug;11(4):394-8
references: 17656148
references: Cell. 2006 Aug 25;126(4):663-76
references: 16904174
references: Transpl Immunol. 2006 Jun;16(1):1-7
references: 16701169
references: Circulation. 2003 Apr 15;107(14):1912-6
references: 12668514
references: Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1145-7
references: 9804556
references: Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2001;21(2):67-110
references: 11451047
references: J Anat. 2002 Mar;200(Pt 3):233-42
references: 12033727
references: J Biotechnol. 2007 Oct 31;132(2):227-36
references: 17644203
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2005 May 20;90(4):452-61
references: 15778986
references: J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1985 Jun;87:27-45
references: 3897439
references: Nature. 2007 Jul 19;448(7151):318-24
references: 17554336
references: Nature. 1981 Jul 9;292(5819):154-6
references: 7242681
references: Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 Feb;16(2):405-21
references: 19739936
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Oct 29;99(22):14506-11
references: 12381788
references: Biomaterials. 2008 Feb;29(6):752-63
references: 18001830
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2006 Aug 5;94(5):938-48
references: 16547998
references: J Biosci Bioeng. 2005 Jul;100(1):88-93
references: 16233856
references: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Mar;71(3):728-34
references: 17341832
references: Biomaterials. 2006 Dec;27(36):6004-14
references: 16860386
references: Ann Biomed Eng. 2003 Oct;31(9):1017-30
references: 14582605
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2002 May 20;78(4):442-53
references: 11948451
references: Stem Cells. 2007 Sep;25(9):2224-34
references: 17585171
references: Biol Reprod. 1996 Aug;55(2):254-9
references: 8828827
references: Blood. 2005 Sep 1;106(5):1601-3
references: 15914555
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 3;104(27):11298-303
references: 17581871
references: J Biosci Bioeng. 2005 Jul;100(1):12-27
references: 16233846
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2005;290:353-64
references: 15361674
references: J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2008 Dec;2(8):499-506
references: 18956411
references: Tissue Eng. 2003 Aug;9(4):767-78
references: 13678453
references: Biomaterials. 2009 Sep;30(26):4384-9
references: 19487020
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2010 Jul;19(7):989-98
references: 19775198
references: J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2009 Jan;3(1):63-71
references: 19053163
references: J Biosci Bioeng. 2005 Sep;100(3):235-45
references: 16243271
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Oct 28;100(22):12741-6
references: 14561891
references: Biotechnol Prog. 2008 Nov-Dec;24(6):1342-52
references: 19194949
references: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2008 Dec;14(4):289-98
references: 18710335
references: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1995 Dec;7(6):862-9
references: 8608017
references: BMC Biotechnol. 2009 Sep 22;9:82
references: 19772662
references: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2010 Feb;16(1):115-21
references: 19382830
references: Tissue Eng. 2006 Nov;12(11):3233-45
references: 17518637
references: Stem Cells. 2005 Oct;23(9):1333-42
references: 16081660
references: Angiogenesis. 2007;10(3):217-26
references: 17577673
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;254:79-98
references: 15041757
references: Biomaterials. 2010 Mar;31(7):1885-93
references: 19945747
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7634-8
references: 6950406
references: Cloning Stem Cells. 2008 Sep;10(3):363-70
references: 18582169
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Nov;944:135-43
references: 11797664
references: PLoS One. 2008 Feb 13;3(2):e1565
references: 18270562
references: Tissue Eng Part A. 2009 Aug;15(8):2051-63
references: 19196140
references: Cytotechnology. 2005 Jan;47(1-3):3-10
references: 19003039
references: Cell. 2007 Nov 30;131(5):861-72
references: 18035408
references: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2010 Aug;16(4):573-82
references: 19737071
references: Stem Cells. 2007 Apr;25(4):929-38
references: 17185609
references: Mech Dev. 2000 Apr;92(2):193-205
references: 10727858
references: Stem Cells. 2004;22(3):275-82
references: 15153605
references: Cytotherapy. 2003;5(5):399-413
references: 14578102
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2004 Jun 5;86(5):493-502
references: 15129432
references: J Biotechnol. 2007 May 1;129(3):421-32
references: 17306403
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2007 Apr 15;96(6):1211-21
references: 17006889
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;238:131-46
references: 14970444
references: J R Soc Interface. 2009 Mar 6;6(32):209-32
references: 19033137
references: Stem Cells. 2005 Jun-Jul;23(6):817-27
references: 15917477
references: Biotechnol Prog. 2009 Jan-Feb;25(1):43-51
references: 19198003
references: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2006 Jan;27(1):80-90
references: 16364214
references: Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2005 Oct;27(6):381-387
references: 15928928
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009 Feb 1;102(2):493-507
references: 18767184