title: Nonselective and NR2B-selective N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonists produce antinociception and long-term relief of allodynia in acute and neuropathic pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At low dose, the nonselective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine produces potent analgesia. In humans, psychedelic side effects limit its use. To assess whether other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist have an improved therapeutic utility index, we compared antinociceptive, side effect, and locomotor activity of three N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ketamine, its active metabolite norketamine, and the NR2B-selective antagonist traxoprodil (CP-101,606) were tested in rat models of acute antinociception (paw-withdrawal response to heat) and chronic neuropathic pain (spared nerve injury). Side effects (stereotypical behavior, activity level) were scored and locomotor function of the nerve-injured paw was assessed using computerized gait analysis. In the chronic pain model, treatment was given 7 days after surgery, for 3 h on 5 consecutive days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists caused dose-dependent antinociception in the acute pain model and relief of mechanical and cold allodynia for 3-6 weeks after treatment in the chronic pain model (P < 0.05 vs. saline). In both tests, ketamine was most potent. Norketamine was as much as two times less potent and traxoprodil was up to 8 times less potent than ketamine (based on area under the curve measures). Nerve injury caused an inability to use the affected paw that either did not improve after treatment (ketamine, traxoprodil) or showed only a limited effect (norketamine). Traxoprodil, but not ketamine or norketamine, showed clear separation between effect and side effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observation that traxoprodil causes relief of chronic pain outlasting the treatment period with no side effects makes it an attractive alternative to ketamine in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Maarten
authors: M
authors: Swartjes
authors: Aurora
authors: A
authors: Morariu
authors: Marieke
authors: M
authors: Niesters
authors: Leon
authors: L
authors: Aarts
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Dahan