title: Phylogeographic structure of jack pine (Pinus banksiana; Pinaceae) supports the existence of a coastal glacial refugium in northeastern North America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The genetic structure of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), a North American boreal conifer with large longitudinal distribution, was investigated to test for the possible existence of a genetically distinct lineage in the Maritimes region in northeastern North America, which could be indicative of a mid-latitude coastal refuge during the last glaciation. •
  
  
  METHODS
  One maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) minisatellite marker and four paternally inherited chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) microsatellite markers were used to assess the range-wide geographical structure of jack pine populations with particular focus on northeastern North America. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  The populations from the Maritimes region presented a unique mtDNA background characterized by very low diversity and the preponderance of a distinctive mitotype. The distribution of cpDNA diversity was not spatially structured, though three chlorotypes were restricted to the east. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MtDNA data suggest that populations from the Maritimes region derive from a genetically depauperated north-coastal refugium. Contrastingly, the much higher geographical uniformity observed for cpDNA variation indicates that gene flow by pollen had been much more effective than seed gene flow at homogenizing population structure.
authors: Canada Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics, Centre for Forest Research and Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6 Canada.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Godbout
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Beaulieu
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Bousquet