title: Mesenchymal stromal cell 'licensing': a multistep process.
abstract: Many in vitro and in vivo data are available supporting the role of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) licensing in the induction of a measurable and effective immune regulation. The failure of some MSC-based protocols for immune modulation in animal models and in human clinical trials may be explained by either lack of a proper licensing by inflammatory microenvironment or wrong timing in MSC administration. Thus, optimization of MSC use for immune-regulating purposes is required to maximize their beneficial effects.
authors: Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. mauro.krampera@univr.it
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Krampera