title: Epigenetic control of gene expression in the lung.
abstract: Epigenetics is traditionally defined as the study of heritable changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. There are three main classes of epigenetic marks--DNA methylation, modifications of histone tails, and noncoding RNAs--each of which may be influenced by the environment, diet, diseases, and ageing. Importantly, epigenetic marks have been shown to influence immune cell maturation and are associated with the risk of developing various forms of cancer, including lung cancer. Moreover, there is emerging evidence that these epigenetic marks affect gene expression in the lung and are associated with benign lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial lung disease. Technological advances have made it feasible to study epigenetic marks in the lung, and it is anticipated that this knowledge will enhance our understanding of the dynamic biology in the lung and lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for our patients with lung disease.
authors: Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health,Denver, CO 80206, USA. yangi@njhealth.org
authors: Ivana V
authors: IV
authors: Yang
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Schwartz
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2009 May;10(5):295-304
references: 19308066
references: Cell. 2009 Jan 9;136(1):26-36
references: 19135886
references: J Exp Med. 2006 Oct 30;203(11):2519-27
references: 17060477
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Aug;23(15):5293-300
references: 12861015
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Jul 15;182(2):220-9
references: 20395557
references: Nature. 2010 Jul 15;466(7304):388-92
references: 20512117
references: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 5;282(1):700-9
references: 17090525
references: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2008 Nov;39(5):610-8
references: 18556592
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Jan 1;179(1):4-10
references: 18787215
references: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010 Mar;29(1):95-107
references: 20099008
references: Int J Cancer. 2002 Oct 1;101(4):335-41
references: 12209957
references: J Immunol. 2002 Aug 15;169(4):1893-903
references: 12165514
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8921-6
references: 12070353
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2010 Mar;11(3):191-203
references: 20125086
references: Immunity. 2006 Apr;24(4):369-79
references: 16618596
references: J Exp Med. 2010 Aug 2;207(8):1589-97
references: 20643828
references: N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 23;355(21):2226-35
references: 17124020
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Dec 15;170(12):1486-93
references: 19880541
references: Nature. 2007 Aug 9;448(7154):714-7
references: 17687327
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Nov;9(11):831-42
references: 18852696
references: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2003 Feb;14(1):53-65
references: 12524008
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Feb 17;106(7):2319-24
references: 19168627
references: Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Feb;4(2):143-53
references: 14732866
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2010 Jan;11(1):31-46
references: 19997069
references: Immunity. 2010 May 28;32(5):616-27
references: 20471290
references: Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Feb;9(2):83-9
references: 19114986
references: Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2004 Dec;14(6):692-6
references: 15531166
references: Nature. 2007 May 24;447(7143):425-32
references: 17522676
references: Thorax. 2009 May;64(5):411-7
references: 19213776
references: Nat Methods. 2010 Apr;7(4):287-9
references: 20208531
references: Blood. 2010 Dec 2;116(23):e118-27
references: 20733160
references: Immunity. 2002 May;16(5):649-60
references: 12049717
references: Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):112-5
references: 18322535
references: Cell. 1993 Dec 3;75(5):843-54
references: 8252621
references: EMBO J. 2006 Jun 7;25(11):2443-52
references: 16724115
references: Nat Genet. 2009 Dec;41(12):1350-3
references: 19881528
references: Curr Protoc Hum Genet. 2010 Apr;Chapter 20:Unit 20.1.1-19
references: 20373514
references: Arch Dis Child. 2009 Mar;94(3):180-4
references: 19052032
references: J Clin Invest. 2008 Oct;118(10):3462-9
references: 18802477
references: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011 Jul;45(1):16-23
references: 20724553
references: Blood. 2009 Oct 29;114(18):3727-35
references: 19641188
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Jun;30(12):2874-86
references: 20404089
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Apr;8(4):253-62
references: 17363974
references: Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009 Dec;6(8):693-6
references: 20008877
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 26;102(30):10604-9
references: 16009939
references: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006 Dec;17(8):557-64
references: 17121582
references: Nature. 2009 Nov 19;462(7271):315-22
references: 19829295
references: Nature. 2010 Sep 16;467(7313):338-42
references: 20720541
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Jan;10(1):57-63
references: 19015660
references: N Engl J Med. 2005 May 12;352(19):1967-76
references: 15888697
references: FASEB J. 2009 Sep;23(9):3243-50
references: 19465468
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Mar;9(3):179-91
references: 18250624
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Aug;29(15):4325-39
references: 19487460
references: JAMA. 2008 Jun 25;299(24):2877-83
references: 18577732
references: Immunity. 2010 Jun 25;32(6):840-51
references: 20620946
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 8;107(23):10614-9
references: 20483988
references: Thorax. 2010 Oct;65(10):897-902
references: 20805158
references: PLoS One. 2009 Jun 12;4(6):e5889
references: 19521514
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Feb;8(2):93-103
references: 17230196
references: FASEB J. 2009 Mar;23(3):806-12
references: 18952709
references: J Mol Biol. 1987 Jul 20;196(2):261-82
references: 3656447
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Oct;10(10):704-14
references: 19763153
references: Nature. 2007 May 24;447(7143):433-40
references: 17522677
references: Methods. 2008 Jan;44(1):22-30
references: 18158129
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 29;106(52):22187-92
references: 20018712
references: J Immunol. 2002 Jul 15;169(2):647-50
references: 12097365
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 23;104(43):17052-7
references: 17940027
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 3;106(44):18704-9
references: 19843690
references: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Sep;126(3):581-9.e1-20
references: 20673989
references: Science. 2005 Jun 3;308(5727):1466-9
references: 15933200
references: Nat Rev Cancer. 2010 Jul;10(7):457-69
references: 20574448
references: Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009 Dec;6(8):660-2
references: 20008871
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Sep 1;180(5):462-7
references: 19498054
references: Mol Imaging. 2008 Mar-Apr;7(2):92-100
references: 18706291
references: Cell Mol Immunol. 2010 May;7(3):175-81
references: 20364159
references: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Apr 1;179(7):572-8
references: 19136372
references: Oncogene. 2010 Jun 24;29(25):3650-64
references: 20440268