title: Antimicrobial resistance status and prevalence rates of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers isolated from a mixed human population.
abstract: Owing to the increasing epidemiological and therapeutic challenges associated with infections due to ESBL producers, ESBL prevalence rate among some bacteria isolates from healthy and non-healthy human population in a metropolitan Nigerian setting was evaluated. A total of one hundred and forty-five (145) bacteria strains were isolated from a total of four hundred and sixty (460) samples collected from urine, wound, throat and anal swabs of 220 healthy volunteers in the community and from 240 patients in 2 secondary and 2 tertiary hospitals (altogether, 4) in Enugu metropolis. The presumptive confirmatory test used for ESBL detection was the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method. Conjugation and plasmid curing studies were also done for resistance factor determination. Of the 145 isolates, 20 were ESBL producers with 35% of these ESBL producers being of community origin and 65% from hospitals. This translates to 4.8% and 9% incidences (comparably higher than established prevalence of 4.4% and 7.5 respectively) for community and hospital infections respectively. The ESBL isolates showed high resistance to tetracycline, gentamicin, pefloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin and Augmentin(®) (Amoxicilin and clavulanic acid combination). Conjugation studies for Resistance plasmid transfer showed non-transference of resistance determinants between the ESBL transconjugants and recipient strains. Correspondingly, the plasmid curing studies revealed that the acridine orange could not effect a cure on the isolates as they still retained high resistance to the antibiotics after the treatment. This study confirms the growing incidences/pool of ESBL strains in Nigeria and call for widespread and continuous monitoring towards an effective management of the potential therapeutic hurdle posed by this trend.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutics, Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
authors: Ruth A
authors: RA
authors: Afunwa
authors: Damian C
authors: DC
authors: Odimegwu
authors: Romanus I
authors: RI
authors: Iroha
authors: Charles O
authors: CO
authors: Esimone
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Jan;38(1):104-14
references: 8141562
references: Indian J Med Res. 1997 Apr;105:158-61
references: 9145597
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 15;32(8):1162-71
references: 11283805
references: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Jul;58(1):205-10
references: 16717055
references: Science. 1986 Nov 21;234(4779):964-9
references: 3535069
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jul 1;39(1):31-7
references: 15206050
references: J Hosp Infect. 1997 Jan;35(1):9-16
references: 9032631
references: Pharm World Sci. 2007 Dec;29(6):655-60
references: 17464572
references: Am J Med. 2006 Jun;119(6 Suppl 1):S20-8; discussion S62-70
references: 16735147
references: Am J Infect Control. 2004 Dec;32(8):470-85
references: 15573054
references: J Infect Dis. 1985 Mar;151(3):501-7
references: 2982966
references: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Jun;61(6):1244-51
references: 18339635
references: J Med Microbiol. 2003 May;52(Pt 5):421-425
references: 12721319
references: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2006 Oct;9(5):466-75
references: 16942899
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Aug;13(8):1144-9
references: 17953083
references: Med Sci Monit. 2002 Jan;8(1):CR44-7
references: 11791130
references: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jun;39(6):1211-33
references: 7574506
references: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Jul;56(1):52-9
references: 15917288
references: Ann Intern Med. 1989 Jun 1;110(11):873-81
references: 2655521
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 15;42 Suppl 4:S164-72
references: 16544267
references: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Jan;55(1):131-2
references: 15574477
references: Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1991;84(5 Pt 5):712-20
references: 1819421