title: Chitinases in the salivary glands and circulation of patients with Sjögren's syndrome: macrophage harbingers of disease severity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that targets salivary and lacrimal glands and may be accompanied by multiorgan systemic manifestations. To further the understanding of immunopathology associated with SS and identify potential therapeutic targets, we undertook the present study comparing the gene expression profiles of salivary glands with severe inflammation versus those of salivary glands with mild or no disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using microarray profiling of salivary gland tissue from patients with SS and control subjects, we identified target genes, which were further characterized in tissue, serum, and cultured cell populations by real-time polymerase chain reaction and protein analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the most highly expressed SS genes were those associated with myeloid cells, including members of the mammalian chitinase family, which had not previously been shown to be associated with exocrinopathies. Both chitinase 3-like protein 1 and chitinase 1, highly conserved chitinase-like glycoproteins (one with enzymatic activity and one lacking enzymatic activity), were evident at the transcriptome level and were detected within inflamed tissue. Chitinases were expressed during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and their levels augmented by stimulation with cytokines, including interferon-α (IFNα).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because elevated expression of these and other macrophage-derived molecules corresponded with more severe SS, the present observations suggest that macrophages have potential immunopathologic involvement in SS and that the tissue macrophage transcription profile reflects multiple genes induced by IFNα.
authors: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Greenwell-Wild
authors: Niki M
authors: NM
authors: Moutsopoulos
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Gliozzi
authors: Efstathia
authors: E
authors: Kapsogeorgou
authors: Zoila
authors: Z
authors: Rangel
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Munson
authors: Haralampos M
authors: HM
authors: Moutsopoulos
authors: Sharon M
authors: SM
authors: Wahl
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