title: Comparison of dorsocervical with abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in patients with and without antiretroviral therapy-associated lipodystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is associated with lipodystrophy, i.e., loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the abdomen, limbs, and face and its accumulation intra-abdominally. No fat is lost dorsocervically and it can even accumulate in this region (buffalo hump). It is unknown how preserved dorsocervical fat differs from abdominal subcutaneous fat in HIV-1-infected cART-treated patients with (cART+LD+) and without (cART+LD-) lipodystrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used histology, microarray, PCR, and magnetic resonance imaging to compare dorsocervical and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in cART+LD+ (n=21) and cART+LD- (n=11).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Albeit dorsocervical adipose tissue in cART+LD+ seems spared from lipoatrophy, its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; copies/cell) content was significantly lower (by 62%) than that of the corresponding tissue in cART+LD-. Expression of CD68 mRNA, a marker of macrophages, and numerous inflammatory genes in microarray were significantly lower in dorsocervical versus abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Genes with the greatest difference in expression between the two depots were those involved in regulation of transcription and regionalization (homeobox genes), irrespective of lipodystrophy status. There was negligible mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1, a gene characteristic of brown adipose tissue, in either depot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because mtDNA is depleted even in the nonatrophic dorsocervical adipose tissue, it is unlikely that the cause of lipoatrophy is loss of mtDNA. Dorsocervical adipose tissue is less inflamed than lipoatrophic adipose tissue. It does not resemble brown adipose tissue. The greatest difference in gene expression between dorsocervical and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue is in expression of homeobox genes.
authors: Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland. ksenia.sevastianova@helsinki.fi
authors: Ksenia
authors: K
authors: Sevastianova
authors: Jussi
authors: J
authors: Sutinen
authors: Dario
authors: D
authors: Greco
authors: Meline
authors: M
authors: Sievers
authors: Kaisa
authors: K
authors: Salmenkivi
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Perttilä
authors: Vesa M
authors: VM
authors: Olkkonen
authors: Dick
authors: D
authors: Wågsäter
authors: Martin E
authors: ME
authors: Lidell
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Enerbäck
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Eriksson
authors: Ulrich A
authors: UA
authors: Walker
authors: Petri
authors: P
authors: Auvinen
authors: Matti
authors: M
authors: Ristola
authors: Hannele
authors: H
authors: Yki-Järvinen
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