title: Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxygen free radicals and cytokines play a pathogenic role in Graves' orbitopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of selenium (an antioxidant agent) or pentoxifylline (an antiinflammatory agent) in 159 patients with mild Graves' orbitopathy. The patients were given selenium (100 μg twice daily), pentoxifylline (600 mg twice daily), or placebo (twice daily) orally for 6 months and were then followed for 6 months after treatment was withdrawn. Primary outcomes at 6 months were evaluated by means of an overall ophthalmic assessment, conducted by an ophthalmologist who was unaware of the treatment assignments, and a Graves' orbitopathy-specific quality-of-life questionnaire, completed by the patient. Secondary outcomes were evaluated with the use of a Clinical Activity Score and a diplopia score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 6-month evaluation, treatment with selenium, but not with pentoxifylline, was associated with an improved quality of life (P<0.001) and less eye involvement (P=0.01) and slowed the progression of Graves' orbitopathy (P=0.01), as compared with placebo. The Clinical Activity Score decreased in all groups, but the change was significantly greater in the selenium-treated patients. Exploratory evaluations at 12 months confirmed the results seen at 6 months. Two patients assigned to placebo and one assigned to pentoxifylline required immunosuppressive therapy for deterioration in their condition. No adverse events were evident with selenium, whereas pentoxifylline was associated with frequent gastrointestinal problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selenium administration significantly improved quality of life, reduced ocular involvement, and slowed progression of the disease in patients with mild Graves' orbitopathy. (Funded by the University of Pisa and the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research; EUGOGO Netherlands Trial Register number, NTR524.).
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. claudio.marcocci@med.unipi.it
authors: Claudio
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authors: Marcocci
authors: George J
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authors: Krassas
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authors: Bartalena
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authors: Prummel
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authors: Stahl
authors: Maria Antonietta
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authors: Altea
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authors: Nardi
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authors: Boboridis
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authors: Mourits
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authors: Baldeschi
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authors: Bencivelli
authors: Wilmar
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authors: Wiersinga