title: High speed field kinematics of foot contact in elite galloping horses in training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical characterisation of the high speed gallop has significant importance for animal welfare and basic biology. Kinematic parameters such as the velocity of each foot at contact can inform theories of why animals gallop, and supplant epidemiological investigation into the mechanisms of musculoskeletal injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the velocity at which the fore and hind hooves of elite galloping horses impact the surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  High speed videography was used to measure the horizontal and vertical velocity of the hoof immediately prior to impact, and the subsequent sink (vertical) and slip (horizontal) distances travelled by the hoof into the surface. Horse speed ranged from 11-19 m/s. In total 170 forelimb and 168 hindlimb foot falls from 89 horses were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Horizontal and vertical hoof velocity increased with speed (P<0.001). Horizontal hoof velocity was significantly greater in the hindlimbs compared to the forelimbs (P<0.001) and was greater in the nonlead limbs compared to the lead limbs (P<0.001). Vertical hoof velocity was significantly greater in the lead limb than the nonlead limb (P<0.001). Overall, forelimbs contacted the ground with a more acute velocity vector angle than hindlimbs (P<0.001). Lead limbs contacted the ground at more acute angles than nonlead limbs (P<0.001). Vertical and horizontal velocities were highly correlated to sink and slip distance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hindlimbs impact the surface at higher velocity than forelimbs, which is likely to result in higher peak impact forces in the hindlimbs. This runs counter to the finding of lower incidence of injury in hindlimbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Explanations consistent with these findings include the hindlimbs more effectively dampening peak impact forces, or that other injury mechanisms, such as limb vibration and limb load at mid stance, play an important role in injury.
authors: Structure and Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK.
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Parsons
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Spence
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Morgan
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Thompson
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Wilson