title: Basement membrane changes in capillaries of the ageing human retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ultrastructural appearance of retinal capillaries can yield important information about disease mechanisms, but is not well characterised in human post mortem samples. We therefore aimed to create a baseline for the appearance of capillaries and establish how this is influenced by post mortem fixation delays and donor age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electron microscopy was used to characterise retinal capillaries in 20 anonymous donors (with no known eye diseases) of various ages and with various post mortem fixation delays. In addition, samples from six patients with conditions that are known to affect the retinal vasculature (four cases of type 2 diabetes without diabetic retinopathy, one case of diabetic retinopathy and one case of macular telangiectasia type 2) were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vacuoles were found in capillary basement membranes at the vessel-glia interface in all samples, from both the normal and disease cases. Vacuole frequency increased with donor age but was not influenced by post mortem fixation delays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vacuoles in the basement membrane are a normal feature of adult human retinal capillaries and do not indicate disease. Their incidence increases with age and might be a contributing factor to late-onset pathologies of the retinal vasculature.
authors: MacTel Laboratory Research Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: Powner
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Scott
authors: Meidong
authors: M
authors: Zhu
authors: Peter M G
authors: PM
authors: Munro
authors: Alexander J E
authors: AJ
authors: Foss
authors: Gregory S
authors: GS
authors: Hageman
authors: Mark C
authors: MC
authors: Gillies
authors: Marcus
authors: M
authors: Fruttiger
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