title: Clinico-pathologic characteristics and treatment outcomes in children with neuroblastoma at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinical-pathologic characteristics, treatment modalities and treatment outcomes of children diagnosed with neuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional descriptive study based on secondary data from patient records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records department of Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), a tertiary teaching and referral hospital based in Nairobi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 15 years and below, admitted with the diagnosis of neuroblastoma, between January 1997 and December 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presenting clinical features, diagnostic modalities including laboratory and imaging data, treatment modalities, response to treatment and patient survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty six patients were eligible for the study; 13 males and 13 females giving a M:F ratio of 1:1. The age range was 5 days to 12 years, with a median age of five years. Abdominal swelling (53.8%), inability to walk due to bone pains, (50%), and cranial or periorbital swelling, (38.5%) were the commonest presenting features. Diagnosis of neuroblastoma was based on tissue biopsy in 50% (95% CI 40.6-79.8%) of the patients, and on fine needle aspiration cytology of mass or bone marrow in the rest. Bone marrow involvement was present in 16, (75%). Anaemia, was common with 72.7% patients having a haemoglobin (HB) <8 g/dl at presentation. Immunohistochemistry and cytological grading were done in two, (8%), patients. Urinary vanilly 1 mandelic acid (VMA), screening was positive in 50% (95% CI 29.9%-70.1%). The most frequently involved organs were abdomen (88.9%), and skeleton, (84.6%). Majority of patients, (92.3%), presented with advanced stage IV disease. Three patients died before commencement of treatment. All treated patients (100%), received cytotoxic therapy. Only two patients (8.6%) had surgery as part of treatment while one, (4.3%) was treated with radiotherapy. The initial treatment regimen was similar for all the patients. Although most patients had a complete initial response to treatment, early relapse, treatment failure, death or loss to follow up of patients with progressive disease were common. Overall survival (OS) at one year and two years were 19.2% (95% CI 6.6-39.4%) and 7.7% (95% CI 0.9%-25.1%) respectively. Only one patient was alive, (also free of disease), five years after diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although other clinical-pathologic findings of the patients were similar to those reported elsewhere, virtually all study patients presented with advanced stage IV disease, which would be associated with poor prognosis irrespective of quality of care. Priority must therefore be on ensuring early diagnosis and referral of patients with neuroblastoma before any other interventions can be expected to positively impact on outcome. The limited role of surgery and radiotherapy observed over the study period may be attributed to late presentation of the patients. Pathologic evaluation of important information could have been availed at minimal extra cost. To be at par with current internationally accepted treatment approaches that have been associated with improved survival, there is need to base choice of regimens for individual patients on clinical and readily accessible pathologic markers.
authors: Haematology and Blood Transfusion Unit, Department of Human Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: Kitonyi
authors: W M
authors: WM
authors: Macharia
authors: O W
authors: OW
authors: Mwanda
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Pamnani