title: Practical signal-to-noise ratio quantification for sensitivity encoding: application to coronary MR angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate a practical method for the quantification of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on coronary MR angiograms (MRA) acquired with parallel imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  To quantify the spatially varying noise due to parallel imaging reconstruction, a new method has been implemented incorporating image data acquisition followed by a fast noise scan during which radiofrequency pulses, cardiac triggering and navigator gating are disabled. The performance of this method was evaluated in a phantom study where SNR measurements were compared with those of a reference standard (multiple repetitions). Subsequently, SNR of myocardium and posterior skeletal muscle was determined on in vivo human coronary MRA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a phantom, the SNR measured using the proposed method deviated less than 10.1% from the reference method for small geometry factors (≤2). In vivo, the noise scan for a 10 min coronary MRA acquisition was acquired in 30 s. Higher signal and lower SNR, due to spatially varying noise, were found in myocardium compared with posterior skeletal muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SNR quantification based on a fast noise scan is a validated and easy-to-use method when applied to three-dimensional coronary MRA obtained with parallel imaging as long as the geometry factor remains low.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Yu
authors: Harsh
authors: H
authors: Agarwal
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Stuber
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Schär
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