title: Effect of patient age on airway response by paramedics: frailty or futility?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied patterns related to patient age and indication for airway interventions delivered by paramedics from 2000 through 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included patients ≥ 15 years old managed by paramedics. Outcomes were the frequencies of definitive airway, ventilatory techniques, and oxygenation techniques. Independent variables were patient age, gender, race, hospital drive time, do-not-resuscitate status, and two trauma indicators of the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (anatomic injury and mechanism of injury). Subset analysis was performed with the presence or absence of a set of recorded conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 827,772 paramedic transports were studied; 233,470 were identified with at least one indication for airway intervention. Patients older than 65 years were, when compared with patients 65 years old or younger, 1) less likely to receive ventilatory interventions with any indication; 2) more likely to receive ventilatory intervention without an indication; and 3) more likely to receive oxygenation interventions whether indications were present or not. We considered age in five-year intervals and noted a consistent biphasic pattern for all interventions, regardless of indications. The odds ratios for interventions for patients in each block compared with those for 15- to 29-year-old patients increased with age until about 70 years of age, then gradually declined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patterns of age-related variations in airway interventions cannot be explained by the application of protocols. The reason for the peak rate of interventions at age 70 years is unknown. Explanations need to consider the influence on paramedic behavior of a number of factors, including frailty and futility. Additional paramedic training may be needed to change these patterns.
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA. nhandly@designwest.com
authors: Neal
authors: N
authors: Handly
authors: Robert R
authors: RR
authors: Bass
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: New
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Chang