title: Age at surgery, educational level and long-term urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify predictors for long-term urinary leakage after radical prostatectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 1411 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (open surgery or robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery) at Karolinska University Hospital between 2002 and 2006 were invited to complete a study-specific questionnaire. Urinary leakage was defined as use of two or more pads per day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaires were received from 1288 (91%) patients with a median follow-up of 2.2 years. Age at surgery predicts in an exponential manner long-term urinary incontinence at follow-up with an estimated relative increase of 6% per year. Among the oldest patients, 19% had urinary incontinence compared with 6% in the youngest age group, translating to a prevalence ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-8.1). Low educational level, as compared with high, yielded an increased age-adjusted prevalence ratio of 2.5 (95% CI, 1.7-3.9). Patients who had undergone salvage radiation therapy had an increased prevalence of urinary incontinence (2.5; 95% CI, 1.6-3.8), as did those with respiratory disease (2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4). Body mass index, prostate weight, presence of diabetes or previous transurethral resection did not appear to influence the prevalence of urinary incontinence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, a patient's age at radical prostatectomy influenced, in an exponential manner, his risk of long-term urinary incontinence. Other predictors are low educational level, salvage radiation therapy and respiratory disease. Intervention studies are needed to understand if these data are relevant to the prevalence of urinary leakage if a radical prostatectomy is postponed in an active monitoring programme.
authors: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Urology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. andreas.nilsson@karolinska.se
authors: Andreas E
authors: AE
authors: Nilsson
authors: Martin C
authors: MC
authors: Schumacher
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Johansson
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Carlsson
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Stranne
authors: Tommy
authors: T
authors: Nyberg
authors: N Peter
authors: NP
authors: Wiklund
authors: Gunnar
authors: G
authors: Steineck