title: Mastery versus the standard proficiency target for basic laparoscopic skill training: effect on skill transfer and retention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little evidence exists to guide educators in the best way to implement simulation within surgical skills curricula. This study investigated whether practicing a basic Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) simulator task [peg transfer (PT)] facilitates learning a more complex skill [intracorporeal suturing (ICS)] and compared the effect of PT training to mastery with training to the passing level on PT retention and on learning ICS.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, 98 surgically naïve subjects were randomized to one of three PT training groups: control, standard training, and overtraining. All the participants then trained in ICS. The learning curves for ICS were analyzed by estimating the learning plateau and rate using nonlinear regression. Skill retention was assessed by retesting participants 1 month after training. The groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Effectiveness of skill transfer was calculated using the transfer effectiveness ratio (TER). Data are presented as mean±standard deviation (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was completed by 77 participants (28 control, 26 standard, and 23 overtrained subjects). The ICS learning plateau rose with increasing PT training (452±10 vs. 459±10 vs. 467±10; p<0.01). Increased PT training was associated with a trend toward higher initial ICS scores (128±107 vs. 127±110 vs. 183±106; p=0.13) and faster learning rates (15±4 vs. 14±4 vs. 13±4 trials; p=0.10). At retention, there were no differences in PT scores (p=0.5). The PT training took 20±10 min for standard training and 39±20 min for overtraining (p<0.01). Overtrained participants saved 11±5 min in ICS training compared with the control subjects (p=0.04). However, TER was 0.165 for the overtraining group and 0.160 for the standard training group, suggesting that PT overtraining took longer than the time saved on ICS training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For surgically naïve subjects, part-task training with PT alone was associated with slight improvements in the learning curve for ICS. However, overtraining with PT did not improve skill retention, and peg training alone was not an efficient strategy for learning ICS.
authors: Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room E19-117, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
authors: Nicoleta O
authors: NO
authors: Kolozsvari
authors: Pepa
authors: P
authors: Kaneva
authors: Chantalle
authors: C
authors: Brace
authors: Genevieve
authors: G
authors: Chartrand
authors: Marilou
authors: M
authors: Vaillancourt
authors: Jiguo
authors: J
authors: Cao
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Banaszek
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Demyttenaere
authors: Melina C
authors: MC
authors: Vassiliou
authors: Gerald M
authors: GM
authors: Fried
authors: Liane S
authors: LS
authors: Feldman
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