title: Evidence for a second meal cognitive effect: glycaemic responses to high and low glycaemic index evening meals are associated with cognition the following morning.
abstract: Low glycaemic index (GI) foods consumed at breakfast can enhance memory in comparison to high-GI foods; however, the impact of evening meal GI manipulations on cognition the following morning remains unexplored. Fourteen healthy males consumed a high-GI evening meal or a low-GI evening meal in a counterbalanced order on two separate evenings. Memory and attention were assessed before and after a high-GI breakfast the following morning. The high-GI evening meal elicited significantly higher evening glycaemic responses than the low-GI evening meal. Verbal recall was better the morning following the high-GI evening meal compared to after the low-GI evening meal. In summary, the GI of the evening meal was associated with memory performance the next day, suggesting a second meal cognitive effect. The present findings imply that an overnight fast may not be sufficient to control for previous nutritional consumption.
authors: Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Lifton Palace Leeds, UK. d.j.lamport@leeds.ac.uk
authors: Daniel Joseph
authors: DJ
authors: Lamport
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Hoyle
authors: Clare L
authors: CL
authors: Lawton
authors: Michael W
authors: MW
authors: Mansfield
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Dye