title: Extensive geographical mixing of 2009 human H1N1 influenza A virus in a single university community.
abstract: Despite growing interest in the molecular epidemiology of influenza virus, the pattern of viral spread within individual communities remains poorly understood. To determine the phylogeography of influenza virus in a single population, we examined the spatial diffusion of H1N1/09 influenza A virus within the student body of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), sampling for a 1-month period between October and November 2009. Despite the highly focused nature of our study, an analysis of complete viral genome sequences revealed between 24 and 33 independent introductions of H1N1/09 into the UCSD community, comprising much of the global genetic diversity in this virus. These data were also characterized by a relatively low level of on-campus transmission as well as extensive spatial mixing, such that there was little geographical clustering by either student residence or city ZIP code. Most notably, students experiencing illness on the same day and residing in the same dorm possessed phylogenetically distinct lineages. H1N1/09 influenza A virus is therefore characterized by a remarkable spatial fluidity, which is likely to impede community-based methods for its control, including class cancellations, quarantine, and chemoprophylaxis.
authors: Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. ech15@psu.edu
authors: Edward C
authors: EC
authors: Holmes
authors: Elodie
authors: E
authors: Ghedin
authors: Rebecca A
authors: RA
authors: Halpin
authors: Timothy B
authors: TB
authors: Stockwell
authors: Xing-Quan
authors: XQ
authors: Zhang
authors: Regina
authors: R
authors: Fleming
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Davey
authors: Constance A
authors: CA
authors: Benson
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Mehta
authors: Randy
authors: R
authors: Taplitz
authors: Yu-Tseung
authors: YT
authors: Liu
authors: Kimberly C
authors: KC
authors: Brouwer
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Wentworth
authors: Xudong
authors: X
authors: Lin
authors: Robert T
authors: RT
authors: Schooley
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