title: Mechanisms of renal cell apoptosis induced by cyclosporine A: a systematic review of in vitro studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic cyclosporine A (CsA) nephrotoxicity (CCN) is a major cause of chronic renal dysfunction and has no effective clinical interventions yet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To reveal the mechanisms of renal cell apoptosis in CCN, we analyzed all in vitro studies of such mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected all in vitro studies about the mechanisms of renal cell apoptosis induced by CsA in Medline (1966 to July 2010), Embase (1980 to July 2010) and ISI (1986 to July 2010), evaluated their quality according to in vitro standards and extracted data following the PICOS principles and synthesized the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First,CsA could upregulate Fas and Fas-L expression, increase FADD and apoptosis enzymes (caspase-2, -3, -4, -7, -8, -9 and -10) and downregulate the Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Second, CsA could induce oxidative stress and damage the antioxidant defense system. Third, CsA could increase the expression of HERP, GRP78 and CHOP. Fourth, CsA could induce renal cell apoptosis and increase their iNOS and p53 expression in cultured cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At least four pathways are involved in renal cell apoptosis induced by CsA in different cell species. Caspases might be their final common pathway in vitro. They might all provide potential points for interventions, but these need to be confirmed in vivo.
authors: Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of the Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors: Zheng
authors: Z
authors: Xiao
authors: Chengwen
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Shan
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Luo
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Feng
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Lu
authors: Shengfu
authors: S
authors: Li
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Long
authors: Youping
authors: Y
authors: Li