title: Ulmus americana (Ulmaceae) is a polyploid complex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exotic diseases are threatening many North American tree species, and management of diseases requires understanding the biology of the host as well as the pathogen. Ulmus americana is a widespread dominant tree of eastern North America that has been widely planted as an ornamental and shade tree. Populations of the species have suffered heavy mortality from Dutch elm disease, caused by an introduced fungus. Ulmus americana is generally reported to be tetraploid, but the discovery of triploid trees in cultivation suggested that lower ploidy levels may exist in the wild, so the species was surveyed for nuclear DNA content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ploidy level was estimated by flow cytometry for 81 individuals from wild populations of U. americana from throughout the range of the species and for four cultivated trees of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most specimens were tetraploid, as previously reported for the species, but 21% of the wild trees sampled were diploid, a ploidy level not previously confirmed for the species. Tetraploids are found throughout the range of the species. Diploids are most common on the Atlantic coastal plain, Cumberland Plateau, and in southern Ohio, but isolated diploids were also found in central Texas, Oklahoma, and eastern Missouri. Diploids and tetraploids grew in proximity in several areas, but no wild triploids were found in the course of this survey.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The species is genetically heterogeneous, but further research is needed to understand the origin and relations of the different ploidy levels. Understanding the ploidy situation in U. americana will be important in the search for further genotypes that are resistant to Dutch elm disease.
authors: U.S. National Arboretum, 3501 New York Ave NE, Washington, DC 20002-1958, USA. Alan.Whittemore@ars.usda.gov
authors: Alan T
authors: AT
authors: Whittemore
authors: Richard T
authors: RT
authors: Olsen