title: Environmental and socio-economic impacts of pipe drainage in Pakistan.
abstract: Many drainage schemes and salinity control projects have been executed world wide. Pipe drainage has widely been used in Pakistan, Egypt and India to control waterlogging. The impact of pipe drainage on land and water was evaluated in this paper using data of three pipe drainage projects in Pakistan namely Khushab Salinity Control and Reclamation Project, Fourth Drainage Project in Faisalabad and Swabi Salinity Control and Reclamation Project. Data by regular monitoring of these projects were collected. The effect of pipe drainage on water table depth at these three locations has been compared. Water quality  and soil salinity improvement due to the pipe drainage has also been investigated. Data, related to water table depths and discharges from drain pipes/wells, was collected. Observation wells, installed at various places by the Water and Power Development Authority, were used for collection of this data. To evaluate the impact of the projects on salinity, soil samples from all the three locations were tested. A questionnaire was prepared to get the view of the people about the projects. It was revealed that in these areas, due to subsurface pipe drainage, the percentage of the abandoned land has been considerably decreased. Over drainage was observed in a few places of the projects. The farmers at such places were asked to change their cropping patterns. Ultimately, there has been an increase in area under cultivation, crop yields and cropping intensity in the projects' area.
authors: Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering College, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia. GHAZAW@yahoo.com
authors: Abdul Razzaq
authors: AR
authors: Ghumman
authors: Yousry Mahmoud
authors: YM
authors: Ghazaw
authors: Hashim Nisar
authors: HN
authors: Hashmi
authors: Mumtaz Ahmed
authors: MA
authors: Kamal
authors: Muhammed Farooq
authors: MF
authors: Niazi
references: Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Jan;172(1-4):189-97
references: 20131091