title: Associations between air temperature and cardio-respiratory mortality in the urban area of Beijing, China: a time-series analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associations between air temperature and mortality have been consistently observed in Europe and the United States; however, there is a lack of studies for Asian countries. Our study investigated the association between air temperature and cardio-respiratory mortality in the urban area of Beijing, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Death counts for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases for adult residents (≥15 years), meteorological parameters and concentrations of particulate air pollution were obtained from January 2003 to August 2005. The effects of two-day and 15-day average temperatures were estimated by Poisson regression models, controlling for time trend, relative humidity and other confounders if necessary. Effects were explored for warm (April to September) and cold periods (October to March) separately. The lagged effects of daily temperature were investigated by polynomial distributed lag (PDL) models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a J-shaped exposure-response function only for 15-day average temperature and respiratory mortality in the warm period, with 21.3°C as the threshold temperature. All other exposure-response functions could be considered as linear. In the warm period, a 5°C increase of two-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.098 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.057-1.140) for cardiovascular and 1.134 (95%CI: 1.050-1.224) for respiratory mortality; a 5°C decrease of 15-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.040 (95%CI: 0.990-1.093) for cardiovascular mortality. In the cold period, a 5°C increase of two-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.149 (95%CI: 1.078-1.224) for respiratory mortality; a 5°C decrease of 15-day average temperature was associated with a RR of 1.057 (95%CI: 1.022-1.094) for cardiovascular mortality. The effects remained robust after considering particles as additional confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both increases and decreases in air temperature are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. The effects of heat were immediate while the ones of cold became predominant with longer time lags. Increases in air temperature are also associated with an immediate increased risk of respiratory mortality.
authors: Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany. liqun.liu@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors: Liqun
authors: L
authors: Liu
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Breitner
authors: Xiaochuan
authors: X
authors: Pan
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Franck
authors: Arne Marian
authors: AM
authors: Leitte
authors: Alfred
authors: A
authors: Wiedensohler
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: von Klot
authors: H-Erich
authors: HE
authors: Wichmann
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Peters
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Schneider
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