title: Isoflurane posttreatment reduces brain injury after an intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke subtype affecting 120,000 Americans annually. Of those affected, 40%to 50% will die within the first 30 days, whereas the survivors are left with a lifetime of neurobehavioral disabilities. Recently, it has been shown that volatile anesthetics such as isoflurane can reduce brain injury after an ischemic stroke. As a result, in this study, we investigated the effects of isoflurane as a posttreatment therapeutic modality in ICH-injured mice. Specifically, we investigated whether isoflurane posttreatment can preserve the structural integrity of the brain by reducing apoptotic damage and, in turn, improve functional outcome by amelioration of brain edema and neurobehavioral deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male CD1 mice (n = 53) were divided into the following groups: sham (n = 14), ICH (n = 14), ICH treated with 1.5% isoflurane posttreatment for 1 hour (n = 15), and ICH treated with 1.5% isoflurane posttreatment for 2 hours (n = 10). The blood injection ICH model was adapted; this involved extracting autologous blood from the mouse tail and injecting it directly into the right basal ganglia. One hour after surgery, treated mice were placed in a glass chamber maintained at 37°C and infused with 1.5% isoflurane for 1 or 2 hours. At 24 hours postinjury, mice were assessed for neurobehavioral deficits using the Modified Garcia Score and then killed and assessed for brain water content. Double immunofluorescent staining was performed using neuronal marker MAP-2 and TUNEL under a fluorescent microscope to assess for apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicated that after 1-hour 1.5% isoflurane posttreatment, there was a significant reduction in brain edema, a decrease in apoptotic cell death, and a significant improvement in neurobehavioral deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that isoflurane may be an effective posttreatment therapeutic option for ICH because of its ability to reduce structural damage and subsequently preserve functional integrity.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 11234 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors: Nikan H
authors: NH
authors: Khatibi
authors: Qingyi
authors: Q
authors: Ma
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Rolland
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Ostrowski
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Fathali
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Martin
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Applegate
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Stier
authors: Jiping
authors: J
authors: Tang
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Zhang
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