title: Ecological genetics of the Bromus tectorum (Poaceae)-Ustilago bullata (Ustilaginaceae) pathosystem: A role for frequency-dependent selection?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evolutionary processes that maintain genetic diversity in plants are likely to include selection imposed by pathogens. Negative frequency-dependent selection is a mechanism for maintenance of resistance polymorphism in plant-pathogen interactions. We explored whether such selection operates in the Bromus tectorum-Ustilago bullata pathosystem. Gene-for-gene relationships between resistance and avirulence loci have been demonstrated for this pathosystem. •
  
  
  METHODS
  We used molecular markers and cross-inoculation trials to learn whether the SSR genotypes of the host exhibited resistance to co-occurring pathogen races, whether host genotypes within a population had equal disease probability, and whether a common resistance locus and its corresponding avirulence locus exhibited predicted allele frequency changes during an epidemic. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five of six putative resistance loci that conferred resistance to co-occurring pathogen races occurred in common host SSR genotypes. Some common genotypes within populations were more likely to be diseased than others, and genotype frequencies sometimes changed across years in patterns consistent with frequency-dependent selection. Observed changes in frequency of resistance and virulence alleles during an epidemic provided further support, but evidence was inconclusive. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequency-dependent selection may operate at endemic disease levels in this pathosystem, but is difficult to detect because many susceptible plants escape infection. Most pathogen isolates were virulent on most host genotypes, minimizing the apparent importance of frequency-dependent selection even during epidemics.
authors: U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, 735 North 500 East, Provo, Utah 84606 USA.
authors: Susan E
authors: SE
authors: Meyer
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Nelson
authors: Suzette
authors: S
authors: Clement
authors: Alisa
authors: A
authors: Ramakrishnan