title: Complex robotic reconstructive surgical procedures in children with urologic abnormalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) is evolving rapidly in the pediatric surgical field. The unique attributes of the robotic interface makes this technology ideal for children with congenital anomalies who often require reconstructive procedures. Furthermore, the system can generate extremely delicate movements in a confined working space such as the one generally found in the pediatric population. Herein, we critically review the current experience with RALS placing a special emphasis in children undergoing complex reconstructive surgical procedures worldwide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 42 original manuscripts on a variety of robot-assisted urologic surgical procedures in children were identified from a MEDLINE database search. Complex reconstructive procedures that are being currently performed include reoperative pyeloplasty, pyeloplasty in infants, pyelolithotomy, ureteropyelostomy/ureterostomy, bladder augmentation with or without appendico-vesicostomy, bladder neck sling procedure, among others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial results with robot assistance are encouraging and have demonstrated safety comparable to open procedures and outcomes at least equivalent to standard laparoscopy. Future development of smaller instruments, incorporating tactile feedback, will likely overcome current limitations and spread out the use of this technique in younger children and more advanced procedures.
authors: Pediatric Urology Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital & Pritzker Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. morvieto@uchicago.edu
authors: Marcelo A
authors: MA
authors: Orvieto
authors: Mohan S
authors: MS
authors: Gundeti