title: Limitations in physical functioning among older people as a predictor of subsequent disability in instrumental activities of daily living.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  physical functioning describes the underlying abilities that make activities necessary for independent living in the community possible.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to test self-reported and objective measures of physical functioning in predicting subsequent disability in cooking, shopping and housework.
  
  
  METHODS
  we used data from the first and second waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. The respondents were asked about physical functioning (climbing, pulling/pushing, stooping/crouching/kneeling, lifting/carrying and reaching/extending were comparable) and they had their grip strength and walking speed measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  men and women aged 65 years or over who reported no disability in cooking, shopping and housework at baseline were included in the analysis. There were 6,841 individuals for whom data on disability status at follow-up were available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Poisson regression was used to calculate relative risks for the associations between self-reported and objective measures of physical functioning with disability at 2 years, adjusting for age, gender, educational level, cognitive function and chronic conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  those with limitations in physical functioning at baseline more frequently reported subsequent disability. Walking ability was most strongly associated with disability; climbing, pulling/pushing, lifting/carrying and reaching/extending were comparable (picking was non-significant). Similar results were obtained with grip strength and walking speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  both self-reports and objective measures capture information on the functional ability of older people that can be used to predict disability onset. Objective measures offer little to the development of intervention strategies, whereas self-reports provide some insight into the demands of the environment, being more amenable to interventions.
authors: Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. djs216@cam.ac.uk
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Seidel
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Brayne
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Jagger
references: Age Ageing. 2009 Nov;38(6):663-8
references: 19633320
references: Soc Sci Med. 1999 Feb;48(4):445-69
references: 10075171
references: Age Ageing. 1999 Mar;28(2):153-9
references: 10350412
references: JAMA. 1963 Sep 21;185:914-9
references: 14044222
references: Age Ageing. 1999 May;28(3):283-8
references: 10475865
references: BMC Geriatr. 2004 May 07;4:3
references: 15132757
references: J Adv Nurs. 1996 Feb;23(2):220-7
references: 8708232
references: Soc Sci Med. 2003 Nov;57(10):1875-89
references: 14499512
references: J Gerontol. 1989 Sep;44(5):M141-6
references: 2768767
references: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2000 Sep;55(5):S288-97
references: 10985300
references: J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 Jan;45(1):92-100
references: 8994496
references: Soc Sci Med. 1994 Jan;38(1):1-14
references: 8146699
references: Gerontologist. 2005 Apr;45(2):222-30
references: 15799987
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Apr;55(4):M221-31
references: 10811152
references: Age Ageing. 1998 Sep;27(5):595-604
references: 12675099
references: Eur J Ageing. 2006 Feb 22;3(1):15-21
references: 28794746
references: Gerontologist. 1969 Autumn;9(3):179-86
references: 5349366
references: J Gerontol. 1990 Nov;45(6):M203-8
references: 2229943
references: J Clin Epidemiol. 1994 Jul;47(7):747-60
references: 7722588
references: J Gerontol. 1994 Mar;49(2):M85-94
references: 8126356
references: Am J Nurs. 2008 Apr;108(4):52-62; quiz 62-3
references: 18367931
references: Am J Prev Med. 2003 Oct;25(3 Suppl 2):112-21
references: 14552934
references: Gerontologist. 2005 Jun;45(3):337-46
references: 15933274
references: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Dec;51(12):1243-52
references: 10086816