title: Post-traumatic stress disorder and migraine: epidemiology, sex differences, and potential mechanisms.
abstract: Migraine is a common, often disabling disorder associated with a significant personal and societal burden. The presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may increase this disability substantially. Migraine and PTSD are both up to 3 times more common in women than in men. The divergence in prevalence rates of migraine and PTSD that occurs between the sexes after puberty suggests that gonadal hormones play an important role. In addition, the preponderance of PTSD in women may be related to their higher rates of interpersonal trauma, the most common cause of PTSD. However, recent data suggest that although the odds of PTSD are increased in both women and men with episodic migraine, this association is stronger in men than women. In this paper, we examine the epidemiology of PTSD and migraine, with an emphasis on the known sex differences. We then discuss the neurobiological changes associated with PTSD, the current hypotheses for the mechanisms relating PTSD and migraine, and the treatment implications of these findings.
authors: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. lpeterlin@jhmi.edu
authors: B Lee
authors: BL
authors: Peterlin
authors: Satnam S
authors: SS
authors: Nijjar
authors: Gretchen E
authors: GE
authors: Tietjen
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993 Oct;56(10):1119-21
references: 8410012
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Dec;52(12):1048-60
references: 7492257
references: Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2002 Dec;4(6):474-86
references: 12441028
references: Cephalalgia. 2010 Nov;30(11):1375-82
references: 20959432
references: Headache. 2009 Apr;49(4):541-51
references: 19245387
references: Psychophysiology. 1997 Nov;34(6):623-48
references: 9401419
references: Pain. 2004 Apr;108(3):230-236
references: 15030942
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;167(8):915-24
references: 20595411
references: J Neuroendocrinol. 2009 Mar;21(4):351-8
references: 19207807
references: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000 Oct;68(5):748-66
references: 11068961
references: J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul;22(5):469-72
references: 18701640
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Oct;1208:150-7
references: 20955337
references: Headache. 2009 Oct;49(9):1267-76
references: 19788469
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 May;160(5):924-32
references: 12727697
references: Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Jul 21;9:32
references: 20663164
references: Int J Psychophysiol. 2009 Sep;73(3):257-64
references: 19374925
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Dec;71(6):747-51
references: 11723194
references: Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010 Aug;12(4):313-26
references: 20549395
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2001 Nov;110(4):585-99
references: 11727948
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;55(7):626-32
references: 9672053
references: Headache. 2007 Nov-Dec;47(10):1418-26
references: 18052951
references: J Trauma Stress. 2003 Oct;16(5):451-7
references: 14584629
references: J Affect Disord. 2006 Feb;90(2-3):171-4
references: 16375974
references: Neurology. 2008 Feb 12;70(7):538-47
references: 18268246
references: Headache. 2010 Jan;50(1):20-31
references: 19845782
references: Headache. 2008 Apr;48(4):517-22
references: 18377377
references: Pain. 1996 Aug;66(2-3):207-14
references: 8880842
references: Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2011 Mar;36(1):27-35
references: 20680439
references: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1987;12(1):13-20
references: 3588809
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Dec 1;52(11):1066-78
references: 12460690
references: Child Abuse Negl. 1994 Jan;18(1):37-50
references: 8124597
references: Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Jun;184:482-7
references: 15172941
references: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002 Jan-Feb;27(1-2):231-44
references: 11750781
references: Cephalalgia. 1994 Apr;14(2):139-42
references: 8062352
references: Headache. 2004 Jan;44(1):53-64
references: 14979884
references: Headache. 2006 Feb;46(2):200-7
references: 16492228
references: J Headache Pain. 2007 Jun;8(3):157-66
references: 17568991
references: Cephalalgia. 2011 Jan;31(2):235-44
references: 20813779
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Sep 1;68(5):474-83
references: 20705147
references: Headache. 2007 Mar;47(3):397-401
references: 17371356
references: Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 May;11(3):373-80
references: 17971259
references: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003 Jan-Mar;27(1-2):103-17
references: 12732227
references: Headache. 2005 Nov-Dec;45(10):1365-74
references: 16324169
references: Pain. 1986 Jun;25(3):389-394
references: 2875427
references: Neurology. 2002 Mar 26;58(6):885-94
references: 11914403
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Jul;85(7):618-29
references: 20458101
references: Pain Med. 2009 Oct;10(7):1237-45
references: 19818034
references: Headache. 2006 Apr;46(4):597-603
references: 16643554
references: Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2007 Sep;2(3):227-39
references: 17873968
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):4224-31
references: 15886244
references: J Trauma Stress. 2008 Dec;21(6):530-9
references: 19107725
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Sep;28(9):1656-65
references: 12838270
references: Cephalalgia. 1995;15(4):292-6
references: 7585926