title: Early time points perfusion imaging: relative time of arrival, maximum derivatives and fractional derivatives.
abstract: Time of arrival (TOA) of a bolus of contrast agent to the tissue voxel is a reference time point critical for the Early Time Points Perfusion Imaging Method (ET) to make relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) maps. Due to the low contrast to noise (CNR) condition at TOA, other useful reference time points known as relative time of arrival data points (rTOA) are investigated. Candidate rTOA's include the time to reach the maximum derivative, the maximum second derivative, and the maximum fractional derivative. Each rTOA retains the same relative time distance from TOA for all tissue flow levels provided that ET's basic assumption is met, namely, no contrast agent has a chance to leave the tissue before the time of rTOA. The ET's framework insures that rCBF estimates by different orders of the derivative are theoretically equivalent to each other and monkey perfusion imaging results supported the theory. In rCBF estimation, maximum values of higher order fractional derivatives may be used to replace the maximum derivative which runs a higher risk of violating ET's assumption. Using the maximum values of the derivative of orders ranging from 1 to 1.5 to 2, estimated rCBF results were found to demonstrate a gray-white matter ratio of approximately 3, a number consistent with flow ratio reported in the literature.
authors: MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. kwong@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
authors: Kenneth K
authors: KK
authors: Kwong
authors: Ona
authors: O
authors: Wu
authors: Suk-Tak
authors: ST
authors: Chan
authors: Koen
authors: K
authors: Nelissen
authors: Mykhaylo
authors: M
authors: Kholodov
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Chesler
references: J Nucl Med. 1982 Mar;23(3):196-203
references: 6801219
references: MAGMA. 2010 Feb;23(1):1-21
references: 19960361
references: Magn Reson Med. 2006 Jul;56(1):146-56
references: 16767744
references: Magn Reson Med. 1996 Nov;36(5):726-36
references: 8916023
references: Radiology. 1980 Dec;137(3):679-86
references: 7003648
references: Stroke. 2009 Jun;40(6):2055-61
references: 19359626
references: Circulation. 2001 Nov 13;104(20):2412-6
references: 11705817
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 Nov;24(5):1133-9
references: 16969793
references: J Nucl Med. 1997 Apr;38(4):597-601
references: 9098209
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005 Dec;22(6):718-22
references: 16261569
references: Magn Reson Med. 1996 Nov;36(5):715-25
references: 8916022
references: Anal Chem. 1972 Sep 1;44(11):1906-9
references: 22324618
references: Br J Radiol. 1991 May;64(761):409-12
references: 2036562
references: Magn Reson Med Sci. 2009;8(3):107-20
references: 19783874
references: Neuroimage. 2011 Jan 15;54(2):1070-82
references: 20851196
references: Brain. 1990 Feb;113 ( Pt 1):27-47
references: 2302536
references: Magn Reson Med. 2000 Sep;44(3):466-73
references: 10975900
references: NMR Biomed. 2008 Nov;21(10):1126-37
references: 18727165
references: Circulation. 2004 Jul 6;110(1):58-65
references: 15210596
references: Radiology. 1998 Oct;209(1):85-93
references: 9769817
references: Invest Radiol. 1982 Nov-Dec;17(6):550-3
references: 7152858
references: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 Jul;24(1):57-65
references: 16767708
references: Magn Reson Med. 2005 Mar;53(3):700-7
references: 15723395
references: Br J Radiol. 2003 Apr;76(904):220-31
references: 12711641
references: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Oct;50(4):856-64
references: 14523973
references: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Jul;50(1):164-74
references: 12815691
references: Radiology. 1994 Dec;193(3):637-41
references: 7972800
references: Radiology. 2003 Mar;226(3):880-8
references: 12601217
references: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Jun;298(6):R1571-9
references: 20200135
references: Neuroimage. 2011 Jul 1;57(1):182-189
references: 21497658