title: AGEs, RAGE, and diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy is a major diabetic complication with a highly complex etiology. Although there are many pathways involved, it has become established that chronic exposure of the retina to hyperglycemia gives rise to accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that play an important role in retinopathy. In addition, the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is ubiquitously expressed in various retinal cells and is upregulated in the retinas of diabetic patients, resulting in activation of pro-oxidant and proinflammatory signaling pathways. This AGE-RAGE axis appears to play a central role in the sustained inflammation, neurodegeneration, and retinal microvascular dysfunction occurring during diabetic retinopathy. The nature of AGE formation and RAGE signaling bring forward possibilities for therapeutic intervention. The multiple components of the AGE-RAGE axis, including signal transduction, formation of ligands, and the end-point effectors, may be promising targets for strategies to treat diabetic retinopathy.
authors: Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, Queen's University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors: Hongliang
authors: H
authors: Zong
authors: Micheal
authors: M
authors: Ward
authors: Alan W
authors: AW
authors: Stitt
references: FASEB J. 2008 May;22(5):1572-80
references: 18089847
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2011 Sep;95(9):1216-22
references: 21278146
references: Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007 Sep;85(6):618-22
references: 17488318
references: Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(26):2699-712
references: 17897014
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2008 Apr;92(4):545-7
references: 18211931
references: Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2001 Nov-Dec;17(6):436-43
references: 11757079
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Oct;44(10):4457-64
references: 14507893
references: Pathobiology. 2006;73(6):317-24
references: 17374970
references: J Immunol. 2000 Jun 15;164(12):6166-73
references: 10843666
references: Diabetologia. 1997 Jul;40(7):764-9
references: 9243096
references: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2001 Jul;33(7):637-68
references: 11390274
references: JAMA. 2007 Aug 22;298(8):902-16
references: 17712074
references: Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(2):273-5
references: 16216433
references: J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 9;274(28):19919-24
references: 10391939
references: Neurosci Lett. 2007 Apr 18;416(3):261-5
references: 17317001
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Feb;48(2):858-65
references: 17251488
references: J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 23;285(30):23233-40
references: 20507991
references: JAMA. 2010 Aug 11;304(6):649-56
references: 20699456
references: Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2011 Jul-Sep;25(3):206-12
references: 21192237
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr;93(4):1143-52
references: 18182449
references: Cell. 1999 Jun 25;97(7):889-901
references: 10399917
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Aug;46(8):2916-24
references: 16043866
references: Eur J Nutr. 2010 Oct;49(7):429-34
references: 20229096
references: Diabetes. 1999 Dec;48(12):2446-53
references: 10580435
references: J Biol Chem. 1992 Jul 25;267(21):14987-97
references: 1321822
references: Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2004 May;1(1):10-20
references: 16305050
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Feb;46(2):726-33
references: 15671306
references: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2008;23(1-2):13-27
references: 18533362
references: Diabetes. 2004 Oct;53(10):2662-8
references: 15448098
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Jul 30;236(3):712-5
references: 9245719
references: J Biol Chem. 2007 Oct 26;282(43):31317-31
references: 17726019
references: J Clin Invest. 1998 Mar 15;101(6):1219-24
references: 9502762
references: J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 21;281(29):20213-20
references: 16707486
references: J Biol Chem. 2011 Mar 4;286(9):7214-26
references: 21209080
references: Life Sci. 2006 Aug 8;79(11):1040-8
references: 16674981
references: J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Aug;104(8):1287-91
references: 15281050
references: Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2009 Spring;49(2):95-107
references: 19349790
references: Eye (Lond). 1990;4 ( Pt 2):243-8
references: 2199233
references: Exp Diabetes Res. 2007;2007:51837
references: 17641742
references: Diabetologia. 2011 Mar;54(3):690-8
references: 21116609
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Oct;1770(10):1468-74
references: 17714874
references: Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2006 Jan-Feb;22(1):38-45
references: 15892182
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Apr;1126:42-5
references: 18448794
references: Diabetes. 1998 May;47(5):815-20
references: 9588455
references: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2004;30(4):169-75
references: 15553663
references: J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 23;285(30):23137-46
references: 20504772
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 24;106(47):20021-6
references: 19901339
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11555-8
references: 1763069
references: Pharmacol Rep. 2005;57 Suppl:156-68
references: 16415497
references: Mol Med. 2002 Jul;8(7):337-46
references: 12393931
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Oct;51(10):4867-74
references: 20876889
references: Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Sep;126(9):1266-72
references: 18779489
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 May;25(5):1032-7
references: 15731496
references: Diabetologia. 2010 Jun;53(6):1227-38
references: 20339831
references: Curr Diabetes Rev. 2010 Sep;6(5):304-12
references: 20594164
references: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004 May;3(5):391-400
references: 15136787
references: J Immunol. 2008 Sep 15;181(6):4272-8
references: 18768885
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2008 Feb;92(2):213-6
references: 17965108
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Jun;1043:461-6
references: 16037267
references: Biochimie. 2010 Aug;92(8):1040-51
references: 20470857
references: J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Jun 16;129(3):285-92
references: 20362656
references: J Biol Chem. 2008 Dec 5;283(49):34457-68
references: 18922799
references: Mol Cell Biol Res Commun. 2000 Jun;3(6):380-8
references: 11032761
references: Ophthalmic Res. 2008;40(1):10-5
references: 18025836