title: The use of mobile robotic telemedicine technology in the neonatal intensive care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the use of a wireless, mobile, robotic telecommunications system in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study utilizing 304 patient encounters on 46 preterm and term neonates in a level IIIa NICU, a bedside neonatologist ('on-site neonatologist'; ONSN) and a neonatologist at a distant location ('off-site neonatologist'; OFFSN) evaluated selected demographic information, laboratory data and clinical and radiological findings of the subjects. The OFFSN used a commercial wireless, mobile, robotic telecommunications system controlled from a remote site. The two physicians were blinded to each other's findings and agreement rates of the evaluations between the ONSN and the OFFSN were compared using kappa statistics. Agreement rates between two ONSNs using the same protocol with 39 patient encounters served as the reference standard. The dependability and timeliness of data transmission were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent or intermediate-to-good agreements were noted for all but a few physical examination assessments between both the ONSN and OFFSN and the two ONSNs. Poor agreements were found for certain physical examination parameters (breath-, heart- and bowel-sounds and capillary refill time) with or without the use of telemedicine. The median duration of the encounters by the ONSN and OFFSN and the two ONSNs was similar. Five encounters were excluded from the analysis because of technical difficulties. No complications associated with the use of the mobile robot were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that the use of mobile robotic telemedicine technology is feasible for neonates in the NICU.
authors: Center for Fetal and Neonatal Medicine and the USC Division of Neonatal Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Garingo
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Friedlich
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Tesoriero
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Patil
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Jackson
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Seri