title: Delayed sleep phase syndrome is related to seasonal affective disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may manifest similar delayed circadian phase problems. However, the relationships and co-morbidity between the two conditions have not been fully studied. The authors examined the comorbidity between DSPS and SAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited a case series of 327 DSPS and 331 controls with normal sleep, roughly matched for age, gender, and ancestry. Both DSPS and controls completed extensive questionnaires about sleep, the morningness-eveningness trait, depression, mania, seasonality of symptoms, etc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalences of SAD and subsyndromal SAD (S-SAD) were higher in DSPS compared to controls (χ(2)=12.65, p=0.002). DSPS were 3.3 times more likely to report SAD (odds ratio, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.41-7.93) compared to controls as defined by the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Correspondingly, DSPS showed significantly higher seasonality scores compared to controls in mood, appetite, and energy level subscores and the global seasonality score (t=3.12, t=0.002; t=2.04, p=0.041; t=2.64, p=0.008; and t=2.15, p=0.032, respectively). Weight fluctuation during seasons and winter-summer sleep length differences were also significantly higher in DSPS than controls (t=5.16, p<0.001 and t=2.64, p=0.009, respectively). SAD and S-SAD reported significantly higher eveningness, higher depression self-ratings, and more previous mania symptoms compared to non-seasonal subjects regardless of whether they were DSPS or controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These cases suggested that DSPS is partially comorbid with SAD. These data support the hypothesis that DSPS and SAD may share a pathophysiological mechanism causing delayed circadian phase.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. leehjeong@korea.ac.kr
authors: Heon-Jeong
authors: HJ
authors: Lee
authors: Katharine M
authors: KM
authors: Rex
authors: Caroline M
authors: CM
authors: Nievergelt
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: Kelsoe
authors: Daniel F
authors: DF
authors: Kripke
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