title: Non-medical prescription use increases the risk for the onset and recurrence of psychopathology: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given the rising rates of the non-medical use of prescription medications (NUPM) and strong cross-sectional associations between psychopathology and NUPM, we examined whether a history of NUPM increased the risk for onset and recurrence of psychopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data are from waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions (NESARC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The NESARC is a nation-wide, household-based survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 34,653 US resident participants who completed both NESARC waves were included in analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary measures were history of NUPM and Axis I psychopathology at wave 1. Wave 1 personality disorder diagnosis and sociodemographic characteristics were used as control variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Design-based logistic regression analyses indicated that life-time and past year NUPM at wave 1 increased risk for onset of psychopathology among those with no history of psychopathology at baseline, with particular risk for non-NUPM substance use and bipolar disorders. Life-time and past year NUPM were associated with recurrence of alcohol and non-NUPM substance use disorders among those with these diagnoses at baseline. In contrast, life-time and past year NUPM was associated with the onset of all examined disorders among those with a different diagnosis at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-medical use of prescription medications is a consistent risk factor for the onset and recurrence of psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA. schepis@txstate.edu
authors.forename: Ty S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Schepis
authors.forename: Jahn K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hakes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015984:Causality; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011599:Psychopathology; D012008:Recurrence; D012651:Self Medication / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D055553:Prescription Drugs