title: Molecular typing methods for outbreak detection and surveillance of invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, a review.
abstract: Invasive disease caused by the encapsulated bacteria Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the introduction of successful conjugate polysaccharide vaccines that target disease-associated strains. In addition, resistance, or more accurately reduced susceptibility, to therapeutic antibiotics is spreading in populations of these organisms. There is therefore a continuing requirement for the surveillance of vaccine and non-vaccine antigens and antibiotic susceptibilities among isolates from invasive disease, which is only partially met by conventional methods. This need can be met with molecular and especially nucleotide sequence-based typing methods, which are fully developed in the case of N. meningitidis and which could be more widely deployed in clinical laboratories for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
authors.forename: Odile B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
authors.forename: Angela B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Brueggemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Dominique A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Caugant
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Ende
authors.affiliation: Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frosch
authors.affiliation: Meningococcal Reference Unit, Health Protection Agency, PO Box 209, Clinical Sciences Building 2, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WZ, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Österreichische Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit GmbH, Bereich Humanmedizin, Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Beethovenstraße 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heuberger
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections, National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krizova
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Orebro University Hospital, SE-701 85 Orebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olcen
authors.affiliation: Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slack
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
authors.forename: Muhamed-Kheir
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
authors.forename: Martin C J
authors.initials: MCJ
authors.lastname: Maiden
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology / Q000379:methods; D058889:Molecular Typing / Q000379:methods*; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification