title: Staying at work with chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain: a qualitative study of workers' experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many people with chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain (CMP) have decreased work ability. The majority, however, stays at work despite their pain. Knowledge about workers who stay at work despite chronic pain is limited, narrowing our views on work participation. The aim of this study was to explore why people with CMP stay at work despite pain (motivators) and how they manage to maintain working (success factors).
  
  
  METHODS
  A semi-structured interview was conducted among 21 subjects who stay at work despite CMP. Participants were included through purposeful sampling. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and imported into computer software Atlas.ti. Data was analyzed by means of thematic analysis. The interviews consisted of open questions such as: "Why are you working with pain?" or "How do you manage working while having pain?"
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 16 motivators and 52 success factors emerged in the interviews. Motivators were categorized into four themes: work as value, work as therapy, work as income generator, and work as responsibility. Success factors were categorized into five themes: personal characteristics, adjustment latitude, coping with pain, use of healthcare services, and pain beliefs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Personal characteristics, well-developed self-management skills, and motivation to work may be considered to be important success factors and prerequisites for staying at work, resulting in behaviors promoting staying at work such as: raising adjustment latitude, changing pain-coping strategies, organizing modifications and conditions at work, finding access to healthcare services, and asking for support. Motivators and success factors for staying at work may be used for interventions in rehabilitation and occupational medicine, to prevent absenteeism, or to promote a sustainable return to work. This qualitative study has evoked new hypotheses about staying at work; quantitative studies on staying at work are needed to obtain further evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. h.j.de.vries@cvr.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Haitze J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: Johan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Groothoff
authors.forename: Jan H B
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Geertzen
authors.forename: Michiel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Reneman
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D009426:Netherlands; D016272:Occupational Health; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D059408:Pain Management; D017288:Pain Threshold; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012928:Social Desirability; D012941:Social Responsibility; D055815:Young Adult