title: The association between parental risk behaviors during childhood and having high risk networks in adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior research suggests that both social networks and parent drug use influence individual drug use among adolescents and that peers continue to influence drug use among adults. This analysis aims to determine whether parent drug use during childhood is associated with having drug-using networks in adulthood after adjusting for individual adult drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  650 young adult drug users were recruited through targeted street outreach and respondent-driven sampling in New York City (2006-2009). Baseline surveys ascertained demographics, network characteristics, drug use behaviors, and parental drug use during childhood. Negative binomial regression was used to evaluate this association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age was 33 years, 22% injected, 49% were Black, and during childhood 26% of mothers, 32% of fathers, and 13% of primary caregivers used drugs. After adjustment, having >1 parent who used drugs was associated with having a greater proportion of drug using (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio [APR]=1.18; 95%CI: 1.01-1.38) and specifically crack-smoking networks (APR=1.71; 95%CI: 1.21-2.43) in adulthood. Females' networks consisted of more drug users (APR=1.18; 95%CI: 1.01-1.38), injectors (APR=1.44; 95%CI: 1.09-1.90), crack smokers (APR=1.48; 95%CI: 1.18-1.87) and heroin users (APR=1.43; 95%CI: 1.13-1.81); blacks had a greater proportion of crack smoking (APR=1.41; 95%CI: 1.09-1.82), but a smaller proportion of injecting (APR=0.64; 95%CI: 0.43-0.94) and heroin smoking (APR=0.60; 95%CI: 0.47-0.77) networks as adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that parental drug use is independently associated with having drug-using networks in adulthood. Interventions that target parents and caregivers and that promote drug cessation could impede risky network formation in both adolescents and adults.
authors.affiliation: Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, USA. abby.rudolph@gmail.com
authors.forename: Abby E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.forename: Kandice C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Latkin
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Crystal M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fuller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*