title: A new system for 3D ultrasound-guided placement of cerebral ventricle catheters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present a new system for 3D ultrasound-guided placement of cerebral ventricle catheters. The system has been developed with the aim to provide accurate ultrasound-based guidance with only minimal changes to the current surgical technique and workflow.
  
  
  METHODS
  The system consists of a pre-calibrated navigation adapter for the catheter and a reference frame attached to a standard surgical retractor in addition to an ultrasound-based navigation system with a probe that fits on top of a standard burr hole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy of the pre-calibrated system has been evaluated, and our measurements indicate that the accuracy of the pre-calibrated system is better than 3 mm. We also present a clinical case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The navigation accuracy is considered sufficient for clinical use, and initial clinical tests are promising. Further testing will be necessary to fully evaluate the performance of the system in a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: SINTEF Medical Technology, Trondheim, Norway. Ingerid.Reinertsen@sintef.no
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reinertsen
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jakola
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friderichsen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lindseth
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Solheim
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Selbekk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Unsgård
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002138:Calibration; D057785:Catheters; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*