title: Fluid shear stress regulates the invasive potential of glioma cells via modulation of migratory activity and matrix metalloproteinase expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioma cells are exposed to elevated interstitial fluid flow during the onset of angiogenesis, at the tumor periphery while invading normal parenchyma, within white matter tracts, and during vascular normalization therapy. Glioma cell lines that have been exposed to fluid flow forces in vivo have much lower invasive potentials than in vitro cell motility assays without flow would indicate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 3D Modified Boyden chamber (Darcy flow through collagen/cell suspension) model was designed to mimic the fluid dynamic microenvironment to study the effects of fluid shear stress on the migratory activity of glioma cells. Novel methods for gel compaction and isolation of chemotactic migration from flow stimulation were utilized for three glioma cell lines: U87, CNS-1, and U251. All physiologic levels of fluid shear stress suppressed the migratory activity of U87 and CNS-1 cell lines. U251 motility remained unaltered within the 3D interstitial flow model. Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition experiments and assays demonstrated that the glioma cells depended on MMP activity to invade, and suppression in motility correlated with downregulation of MMP-1 and MMP-2 levels. This was confirmed by RT-PCR and with the aid of MMP-1 and MMP-2 shRNA constructs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluid shear stress in the tumor microenvironment may explain reduced glioma invasion through modulation of cell motility and MMP levels. The flow-induced migration trends were consistent with reported invasive potentials of implanted gliomas. The models developed for this study imply that flow-modulated motility involves mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress affecting MMP activation and expression. These models should be useful for the continued study of interstitial flow effects on processes that affect tumor progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qazi
authors.forename: Zhong-Dong
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tarbell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005453:Fluorescence; D005782:Gels; D005910:Glioma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology / Q000187:drug effects; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D005782:Gels; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1