title: The role of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 and their promoter polymorphisms IL-6 -174GC, IL-8 -251AT and MCP-1 -2518AG in the risk of venous thromboembolism: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokines increased the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in some case-control studies, but not in a prospective study. Data concerning the role of cytokines in the risk of VTE are limited. We examined in a case-control study the association of VTE and levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and assessed whether promoter polymorphisms (IL-6 -174GC, IL-8 -251AT, MCP-1 -2518AG) would affect the thrombotic risk and cytokine levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 119 patients (94 women) with a first event of VTE aged between 18-60 years, and 126 healthy controls (100 women) matched for age (±5 years). Blood was collected >7 months after the thrombotic event. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated per increase of cytokines levels by 1 pg/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ORs adjusted for age and sex were 1.520 [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.177 - 1.962] for IL-6, 1.095 (95% CI 1.002 - 1.196) for IL-8 and 1.000 (0.988 - 1.012) for MCP-1. With additional adjustment for ethnic composition, body mass index (BMI) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), risk estimates remained significant for IL-6 and became of borderline statistical significance for IL-8. Polymorphisms did not influence the thrombotic risk and the cytokine levels in study participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VTE was associated with IL-6 and IL-8 levels, and for IL-6 this association was independent of BMI and hs-CRP. Thus far, a causal relationship between inflammation and VTE remains to be clarified and more prospective data are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Hematology and Hemotherapy Service, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marinez F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.forename: Dayse M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.forename: Cristina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Orikaza
authors.forename: João A H
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bajerl
authors.forename: Maria A E
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Noguti
authors.forename: Vânia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Morelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8