title: Quantification of glioma removal by intraoperative high-field magnetic resonance imaging: an update.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The beneficial role of the extent of resection (EOR) in glioma surgery in correlation to increased survival remains controversial. However, common literature favors maximum EOR with preservation of neurological function, which is shown to be associated with a significantly improved outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In order to obtain a maximum EOR, it was examined whether high-field intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) combined with multimodal navigation contributes to a significantly improved EOR in glioma surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred ninety-three glioma patients underwent craniotomy and tumor resection with the aid of intraoperative 1.5 T MRI and integrated multimodal navigation. In cases of remnant tumor, an update of navigation was performed with intraoperative images. Tumor volume was quantified pre- and intraoperatively by segmentation of T2 abnormality in low-grade and contrast enhancement in high-grade gliomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 25.9% of all cases examined, additional tumor mass was removed as a result of iMRI. This led to complete tumor resection in 20 cases, increasing the rate of gross-total removal from 31.7% to 38.6%. In 56 patients, additional but incomplete resection was performed because of the close location to eloquent brain areas. Volumetric analysis showed a significantly (P < .01) reduced mean percentage of tumor volume following additional further resection after iMRI from 33.5% ± 25.1% to 14.7% ± 23.3% (World Health Organization [WHO] grade I, 32.8% ± 21.9% to 6.1% ± 18.8%; WHO grade II, 24.4% ± 25.1% to 10.8% ± 11.0%; WHO grade III, 35.1% ± 27.3% to 24.8% ± 26.3%; WHO grade IV, 34.2% ± 23.7% to 1.2% ± 16.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI in conjunction with multimodal navigation and an intraoperative updating procedure enlarges tumor-volume reduction in glioma surgery significantly without higher postoperative morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. kuhntd@med.uni-marburg.de
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuhnt
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ganslandt
authors.forename: Sven-Martin
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schlaffer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchfelder
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nimsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult