title: Spinal cord injury sequelae alter drug pharmacokinetics: an overview.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Critical review of the literature published on the physiological alterations caused by spinal cord injury (SCI) and their effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of commonly employed drugs. The review introduces the most recent treatment protocols of a variety of drugs, enabling the modern clinician to apply efficacious and cost-effective solutions to the pharmacological treatment of SCI patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies published in international indexed journals up to January 2011 were selected from the PubMed database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review evaluated the sequelae of SCI and their effect on pharmacological processes. The results demonstrated that these alterations affected the pharmacokinetics of drugs commonly administered to SCI patients, such as antibiotics, muscle relaxants, immunosuppressants and analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are multiple etiologies to SCI and patients present with varying degrees of impairment. Factors such as level of injury and completeness of the injury create a very heterogeneous population within the SCI community. The heterogeneity of this population creates a problem when trying to standardize pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. It is because of this that specific physiological alterations must be linked to changes in PK and be identified within the clinical setting. This relationship between physiology and PK enables the clinician to be alert for possible pharmacological complications in individual patients based on their clinical manifestations. Future research should aim to develop rigorous therapeutic guidelines tailored to the diverse manifestations of SCI so as to provide effective, affordable and safe pharmacotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan Edo. de México, México.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mestre
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alkon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibarra
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic / Q000502:physiology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents