title: Orange peel products can reduce Salmonella populations in ruminants.
abstract: Salmonella can live undetected in the gut of food animals and be transmitted to humans. Animal diets can impact intestinal populations of foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella spp. Orange juice production results in a waste product, orange peel and orange pulp, which has a high nutritive value and is often included in cattle diets as a least-cost ration ingredient. Here we show that the inclusion of orange peel products reduced Salmonella Typhimurium populations in the gut of experimentally inoculated sheep. Sheep (n=24) were fed a cracked corn grain-based high grain diet that was supplemented with a 50%/50% (dry matter [DM], w/w) mixture of dried orange pellet and fresh orange peel to achieve a final concentration (DM, basis) of 0%, 10%, or 20% orange product (OP) for 10 days before inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium. Sheep were experimentally inoculated with 10(10) colony forming units Salmonella Typhimurium, and fecal samples were collected every 24 h after inoculation. Sheep were humanely euthanized at 96 h after oral Salmonella inoculation. Populations of inoculated Salmonella Typhimurium were numerically reduced by OP treatment throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and this reduction only reached significant levels in the cecum (p<0.05) of sheep fed 10% OP diets. Apparent palatability issues decreased the consumption of OP in sheep fed 20% OP to intake levels below that of 10% OP (approximately 7% dry matter intake [DMI]/d feed refusal), thereby reducing the potential effects of OP feeding at this higher level. Our results demonstrate that orange peel and pellets are environmentally friendly and low-cost products that can be used as a pre-harvest intervention as part of an integrated pathogen reduction scheme.
authors.affiliation: Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA. callaway@ffsru.tamu.edu
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: Jeffery A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Arthington
authors.forename: Tom S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Edrington
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rossman
authors.forename: Mandy A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Ken J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: Steve C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ricke
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D011897:Random Allocation; D012007:Rectum / Q000382:microbiology; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents