title: Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in treated pig manure stored in clay-covered heaps in Vietnam.
abstract: Small-scale pig farmers in Vietnam typically store manure in heaps covered by a layer of clay. However, the hygienic quality of manure applied to agricultural soil is uncertain as storage time is determined by the need for soil fertilizer. This study aimed to assess how the storage of pig manure added straw, lime stone or urea in heaps covered by clay affected the survival of faecal bacteria. E. coli was reduced from 4 log(10)CFU/g to below the detection limit within 2 weeks with 2% (w/w) urea (CO(NH(2))(2)) whereas other amendments were associated with limited E. coli reductions. Enterococcus spp. were not reduced in any heaps indicating possible re-growth and that enterococci should be used as hygiene indicators with caution. Follow-up research should document the practical conditions under which the farmer practice of storing manure with a clay cover can be utilized to obtain a bactericidal effect of ammonia and a safe product with high fertilizer value.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Veterinary Research, No. 86 Truong Chinh street, Dong Da, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. chienson2006@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Son Thi Thanh
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Dung Van
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000641:Ammonia; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000077215:Clay; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000382:microbiology; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D000641:Ammonia; D000077215:Clay