title: The role of affective temperaments in metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In non-diabetic populations, anxious and depressive affective temperaments are associated with stress and distress disorders (anxious and depressive). In type 2 diabetes, distress with diabetes and distress disorders have been associated with metabolic control. There are few studies undertaken on temperament and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of our study was to examine the independent association between affective temperaments and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 90 patients with type 2 diabetes from two outpatient clinics aged 53.54 (SD ± 8.05) years and with 66.7% female gender. Depression was evaluated by using the MADRS observer rating scale (mean value: 16.38 ± 11).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with excessive depressive and anxious temperaments had more depressive symptoms, worse psychological adjustment to diabetes and worse metabolic control. In logistic regression (crude model), only depressive temperament was independently associated with metabolic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Affective temperaments are associated with psychological adjustment to diabetes and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients above threshold on depressive temperament should be considered for greater scrutiny and psycho-education by the diabetes clinic staff.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal. cargois@gmail.com
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gois
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: Ana Luisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Hagop
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: Kareen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.forename: M Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Figueira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013694:Temperament
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human