title: Internal margin assessment using cine MRI analysis of deglutition in head and neck cancer radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a promising treatment modality for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). The dose distributions from IMRT are static and, thus, are unable to account for variations and/or uncertainties in the relationship between the patient (region being treated) and the beam. Organ motion comprises one such source of this uncertainty, introduced by physiological variation in the position, size, and shape of organs during treatment. In the head and neck, the predominant source of this variation arises from deglutition (swallowing). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cinematographic MRI (cine MRI) could be used to determine asymmetric (nonuniform) internal margin (IM) components of tumor planning target volumes based on the actual deglutition-induced tumor displacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five head and neck cancer patients were set up in treatment position on a 3 T MRI scanner. Two time series of single-slice, sagittal, cine images were acquired using a 2D FLASH sequence. The first time series was a 12.8 min scan designed to capture the frequency and duration of deglutition in the treatment position. The second time series was a short, 15 s scan designed to capture the displacement of deglutition in the treatment position. Deglutition frequency and mean swallow duration were estimated from the long time series acquisition. Swallowing and resting (nonswallowing) events were identified on the short time series acquisition and displacement was estimated based on contours of gross tumor volume (GTV) generated at each time point of a particular event. A simple linear relationship was derived to estimate 1D asymmetric IMs in the presence of resting- and deglutition-induced displacement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deglutition was nonperiodic, with frequency and duration ranging from 2.89-24.18 mHz and from 3.86 to 6.10 s, respectively. The deglutition frequency and mean duration were found to vary among patients. Deglutition-induced maximal GTV displacements ranged from 0.00 to 28.36 mm with mean and standard deviation of 4.72 +/- 3.18, 3.70 +/- 2.81, 2.75 +/- 5.24, and 10.40 +/- 10.76 mm in the A, P, I, and S directions, respectively. Resting-induced maximal GTV displacement ranged from 0.00 to 5.59 mm with mean and standard deviation of 3.01 +/- 1.80, 1.25 +/- 1.10, 3.23 +/- 2.20, and 2.47 +/- 1.11 mm in the A, P, I, and S directions, respectively. For both resting and swallowing states, displacement along the S-I direction dominated displacement along the A-P direction. The calculated IMs were dependent on deglutition frequency, ranging from 3.28-4.37 mm for the lowest deglutition frequency patient to 3.76-6.43 mm for the highest deglutition frequency patient. A statistically significant difference was detected between IMs calculated for P and S directions (p = 0.0018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cine MRI is able to capture tumor motion during deglutition. Swallowing events can be demarcated by MR signal intensity changes caused by anatomy containing fully relaxed spins that move medially into the imaging plane during deglutition. Deglutition is nonperiodic and results in dynamic changes in the tumor position. Deglutition-induced displacements are larger and more variable than resting displacements. The nonzero mean maximum resting displacement indicates that some tumor motion occurs even when the patient is not swallowing. Asymmetric IMs, derived from deglutition frequency, duration, and directional displacement, should be employed to account for tumor motion in HNC RT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Dian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ergun E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ahunbay
authors.forename: Christoper
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: X Allen
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003679:Deglutition; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D035501:Uncertainty