title: Determination of in vitro bioaccessibility of Pb, As, Cd and Hg in selected traditional Indian medicines.
abstract: In vitro bioaccessibility of Pb, As, Cd and Hg in five traditional Indian medicine samples was measured as a determinant of bioavailability. The method is based on simulation of human digestion in the passage of material from the gastric to intestinal portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Total concentration and concentration in extracts from gastric and intestinal phases were analyzed for Pb, As and Cd by dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS) and for Hg by direct mercury analyzer (DMA). Total lead ranged from 1.9 to 36000 µg g(-1). In each of the samples bioaccessibility of lead was significantly higher (range 28-88%) in the gastric phase than in the intestinal phase (range 1.4-75.4%). Only Ekangvir Ras had measurable arsenic (304 µg g(-1)). Its bioaccessibility in the gastric phase and intestinal phase was 82.6% and 78.1%, respectively. Only Ayu-Nephro-Tone had measurable cadmium (14.4 µg g(-1)). Its bioaccessibility in the gastric phase and intestinal phase was 80.5% and 2.2%, respectively. Three samples had measurable mercury (range 37 µg g(-1)-10000 µg g(-1)). Mercury in these samples was not bioaccessible. For the samples with measurable amount of metal, the estimated daily amount of bioaccessible (EDAB) metal was calculated. When compared with the most liberal published safety guideline, EDAB-Pb in Mahayograj Guggulu and Ekangvir Ras were 37 and 45 fold greater. When compared with the most conservative published safety guideline, all samples had higher EDAB-Pb or EDAB-As than the suggested limits. The EDAB-Cd and EDAB-Hg were acceptably below published safety limits.
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Innocent
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jayawardene
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saper
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lupoli
authors.forename: Anusha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Chitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amarasiriwardena