title: Follow-up results of children with melamine induced urolithiasis: a prospective observational cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melamine-contaminated milk powder was the cause of the 2008 outbreak of urolithiasis in young children and infants in China, but the prognosis of these children remains unknown. We hypothesized that urolithiasis induced by melamine-contaminated milk powder may be associated with secondary renal injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 8335 children (≤6 years old) with a history of consuming melamine-contaminated milk powder were screened. Urine analysis and urinary system ultrasonography were performed. For children with urolithiasis, the basic information and the results of examination were recorded, and effective therapy was given. They were followed up for 6 months after the original diagnosis, and urinary microprotein profiles were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 8335 children, 105 (1.26%) were diagnosed with melamine-contaminated milk powder-associated urolithiasis. The size of the stone was correlated with the duration of exposure to melamine. Six months later, 69.8% (67) of the children with urolithiasis passed stones (follow-up rate: 91.4%). Of the 67 children, 28 passed stones within 2 months. The higher possibility of passing a stone was correlated with the smaller diameter of the stone (P<0.001). The detection rate of abnormal urinary microprotein excretion (microalbumin, immunoglobulin G, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase) was 52.4% in children with persistent stones and 38.2% in those who passed their stones. The detection rate was lower in children who passed stones within 2 months (31.8%) than in those who passed stones in 2 to 6 months (50.0%). The levels of microalbumin/creatinine and immunoglobulin G/creatinine were significantly higher in children with persistent stones than in those who passed their stones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early passage of a stone may reduce the renal injury induced by melamine-contaminated milk powder-associated urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xin-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: Wen-Yan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Nai-Qing
authors.initials: NQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Qiang-Ying
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Xian-Ying
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Zhi-Min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; C011907:melamine