title: In situ calibration of a passive sampling device for selected illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater, and subsequent year-long assessment of community drug usage.
abstract: Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were calibrated in situ for selected illicit drugs and their metabolites at a sewage treatment works. Eleven out of 13 target compounds were detected and eight of those exhibited linear uptake kinetics with sampling rates between 0.035 and 0.150 L d(-1). Subsequently POCIS were deployed for 2 week periods over the course of a whole year, in order to examine trends in drug usage. Amphetamine and methamphetamine showed several similar peaks in concentration during the course of the year as did cocaine and two of its metabolites. Low levels of ecstasy were observed, with a prominent peak in May and a steady increase toward the end of the year. The antihistamine Cetirizine showed a clear increase in use during the summer months as expected and back calculation of the yearly dosage from POCIS accumulations yielded very similar results to that registered in the Norwegian prescription database. Estimations of cocaine usage using the parent compound averaged between 0.31 and 2.8 g d(-1) per 1000 inhabitants. POCIS is a cost-effective technique for the long-term monitoring of drug usage of a defined population and may overcome the difficulties of representative sampling associated with autosampling equipment.
authors.affiliation: Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research, Norwegian Institute for Water Research NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. CHA@niva.no
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harman
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Kevin V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D009664:Norway; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical