title: Paracetamol-induced hypothermia is independent of cannabinoids and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 and is not mediated by AM404.
abstract: In recent years, there has been increasing interest in hypothermia induced by paracetamol for therapeutic purposes, which, in some instances, has been reported as a side effect. Understanding the mechanism by which paracetamol induces hypothermia is therefore an important question. In this study, we investigated whether the novel metabolite of paracetamol, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)arachidonylamide (AM404), which activates the cannabinoid (CB) and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) systems, mediates the paracetamol-induced hypothermia. The hypothermic response to 300 mg/kg paracetamol in CB(1) receptor (CB(1)R) and TRPV1 knockout mice was compared to wild-type mice. Hypothermia induced by paracetamol was also investigated in animals pretreated with the CB(1)R or TRPV1 antagonist 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-1-piperdinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide trifluoroacetate salt (AM251) or 4'-chloro-3-methoxycinnamanilide (SB366791), respectively. In CB(1)R or TRPV1 knockout mice, paracetamol induced hypothermia to the same extent as in wild-type mice. In addition, in C57BL/6 mice pretreated with AM251 or SB366791, paracetamol induced hypothermia to the same extent as in control mice. AM404 failed to induce hypothermia at pharmacological doses. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which is involved in the metabolism of paracetamol to AM404, did not prevent the development of hypothermia with paracetamol. Paracetamol also induced hypothermia in FAAH knockout mice to the same extent as wild-type mice. We conclude that paracetamol induces hypothermia independent of cannabinoids and TRPV1 and that AM404 does not mediate this response. In addition, potential therapeutic value of combinational drug-induced hypothermia is supported by experimental evidence.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. s.s.ayoub@qmul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pryce
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Seed
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: Roderick J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Flower
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen; D000581:Amidohydrolases; D000813:Anilides; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D002186:Cannabinoids; D002934:Cinnamates; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases; C477659:N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide; C493921:TRPV1 protein, mouse; C103505:AM 251; C107594:N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)arachidonylamide