title: The role of working equines to livelihoods in current day campesino hill-slope communities in central Mexico.
abstract: Small-holder campesino agriculture is based on the diversified use of resources and off-farm work. Working equines have a multifunctional character and sustain the diversification of livelihoods having different values as assets or providing services. The objective was to identify the role of working equines in current diversification strategies in the livelihoods of campesino families in a hill-slope community in central Mexico within livelihoods analysis. Thirty-one variables related to ownership and use of working equines were analysed by cluster analysis and descriptive statistics contrasting the presence of equines in the diversification of livelihoods. Four groups were identified, determined mainly by age of farmer and number of family members who utilise equines. Results show these systems diversify in response to conditions of risk or to take advantage of opportunities, such that a balance is reached by resorting to off-farm activities without the total loss of components of the farming system. Two main situations were found in relation to working equines: the disappearance and change of functions of the large equines (mules), and the adaptation of small equines (donkeys) to the new conditions. It is concluded that there is a process of adaptation in hill-slope campesino farms such that large equines are less present in farms that have moved towards more diversification, but are kept in those farms less diversified. The use of equines for draught force in agricultural production and as pack animals continues, as is the presence of small livestock (sheep and poultry) irrespective of the context of the farm.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100, CP 50000 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Leon G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Velázquez-Beltrán
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Vera
authors.forename: Eufemio Gabino
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Nava-Bernal
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Arriaga-Jordán
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000383:Agriculture / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003906:Developing Countries; D018397:Equidae; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult