title: Viral-bacterial co-infection in Australian Indigenous children with acute otitis media.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute otitis media with perforation (AOMwiP) affects 40% of remote Indigenous children during the first 18 months of life. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the primary bacterial pathogens of otitis media and their loads predict clinical ear state. Our hypothesis is that antecedent respiratory viral infection increases bacterial density and progression to perforation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 366 nasopharyngeal swabs from 114 Indigenous children were retrospectively examined. A panel of 17 respiratory viruses was screened by PCR, and densities of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis were estimated by quantitative real time PCR. Data are reported by clinical ear state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  M. catarrhalis (96%), H. influenzae (91%), S. pneumoniae (89%) and respiratory viruses (59%) were common; including rhinovirus (HRV) (38%), polyomavirus (HPyV) (14%), adenovirus (HAdV) (13%), bocavirus (HBoV) (8%) and coronavirus (HCoV) (4%). Geometric mean bacterial loads were significantly higher in children with acute otitis media (AOM) compared to children without evidence of otitis media. Children infected with HAdV were 3 times more likely (p < 0.001) to have AOM with or without perforation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms a positive association between nasopharyngeal bacterial load and clinical ear state, exacerbated by respiratory viruses, in Indigenous children. HAdV was independently associated with acute ear states.
authors.affiliation: Ear and Respiratory Unit, Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia. michael.binks@menzies.edu.au
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Binks
authors.forename: Allen C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smith-Vaughan
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sloots
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nissen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whiley
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Leach
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*