title: Prevention of enamel demineralization after tooth bleaching by bioactive glass incorporated into toothpaste.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine the effects of bleaching on the structure of the enamel layer of teeth and the potential of the commercial bioactive glass NovaMin® in two different toothpastes to remineralize such regions of the enamel. Three aspects were considered: the extent and nature of the alterations in the enamel after application of the bleaching agents; the extent of remineralization after application of two commercial toothpastes containing bioactive glass; and whether or not there were differences between the toothpastes in terms of their effectiveness in promoting remineralization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bleaching agent based on 16% carbamide peroxide was applied to the enamel surface of freshly extracted human molars for 8 minutes, once a day for 7 days. After the bleaching cycles, the enamel surface was analysed by SEM and EDX.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results obtained in the study lead to the conclusion that application of 16% carbamide peroxide causes distinct morphological changes to the enamel surface which vary from mild to severe. Subsequent treatment with either of the toothpastes containing the bioactive glass NovaMin® resulted in the formation of a protective layer on the enamel surface, consisting of bioactive glass deposits, with only slight differences between the two brands. Application of these dentifrices also caused increases in the Ca and P content of the enamel layer, returning it to that of undamaged enamel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remineralizing toothpastes should be used after bleaching, in order to repair any damage to the mineral tissue caused by these procedures.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University 'Ss Cyril and Methodius' Skopje, Macedonia. elizabetag2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gjorgievska
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D012825:Silicon / Q000032:analysis; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013997:Time Factors; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C510984:NovaMin; D010545:Peroxides; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents; D014100:Toothpastes; D010758:Phosphorus; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium; D012825:Silicon