title: Handwriting capacity in children newly diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
abstract: Preliminary evidence suggests that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may exhibit handwriting difficulties. However, the exact nature of these difficulties and the extent to which they may relate to motor or behavioural difficulties remains unclear. The aim of this study was to describe handwriting capacity in children newly diagnosed with ADHD and identify predictors of performance. Forty medication-naïve children with ADHD (mean age 8.1 years) were evaluated with the Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting-Manuscript, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC), the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) and the Conner Global Index. An important subset (85.0%) exhibited manual dexterity difficulties. Handwriting performance was extremely variable in terms of speed and legibility. VMI was the most important predictor of legibility. Upper extremity coordination, as measured by the M-ABC ball skills subtest, was also a good predictor of word legibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor handwriting legibility and slow writing speed were common in children newly diagnosed with ADHD and were associated with motor abilities. Future studies are needed to determine whether interventions, including stimulant medications, can improve handwriting performance and related motor functioning.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Science, McGill University, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brossard-Racine
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majnemer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shevell
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Snider
authors.forename: Stacey Ageranioti
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bélanger
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*