title: Multimodal therapy with combined plasmapheresis, photoapheresis, and intravenous immunoglobulin for acute antibody-mediated renal transplant rejection: a 2-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, the role of antibodies has been documented in the development of acute rejection episodes. Antibody-mediated acute rejection (AMAR) may develop at any time after transplantation, with an incidence of almost 7%. Several therapeutic approaches have been proposed in the past decades. However, no data exist regarding combined plasma treatment (PT) and extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP). The aim of this study was to report an initial single-center experience of combined PT and ECP with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for the treatment of AMAR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients were treated with this approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2 cases, we observed immediate restoration of graft function, and in 1 case, in which we interrupted the protocol owing to lack of patient consent, the graft was lost. No organ infections were reported during the therapy period. The rationale for use of ECP is related to the presence of mixed antibody and cell-mediated mechanisms in acute rejection episodes. ECP inhibits specific pathogenic T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our approach seemed to give good results in terms of graft survival and safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. lai.quirino@libero.it
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pretagostini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gozzer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cinti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafii Bafti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Novelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Girelli
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Berloco
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017893:Photopheresis; D010956:Plasmapheresis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007518:Isoantibodies; D003404:Creatinine