title: Randomized controlled trial comparing above- and below-elbow plaster casts for distal forearm fractures in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long arm cast is the method of immobilization after closed reduction of the fracture of the distal third of the forearm, although short arm cast has been used to immobilize the forearm by some orthopedic surgeons. We conducted this study to evaluate the rate of displacement, union time, complication, and cost of treatment between the above-elbow and below-elbow plaster cast groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a prospective randomized controlled trial to compare above- and below-elbow casts for patients of distal forearm fracture aged 4-12 years. One hundred and one patients were presented to our institution during the period from 1st June 2007 to 31st May 2008. Twelve patients were excluded from the study. Eighty-nine patients were randomized into two groups. Four patients were lost to follow up. Hence, 85 patients, 42 in the above-elbow group and 43 in the below-elbow group, were analyzed. Informed consent was obtained prior to participation in the trial. The parameters to be studied were defined before treatment and noted in the pilot-tested pro forma and follow up was done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 85 patients analyzed, randomization was successful. Pain and swelling on the next day and at one week following cast application was significantly higher (P = 0.000) in the above-elbow group. Three cases in the above-elbow group needed slitting of the plaster cast. Remanipulation was needed more often in the above-elbow group (9.5%). Although the cast index was not statistically significant (P = 0.054) between the groups, those who needed remanipulation had a larger cast index (0.80). The total cost of the treatment and the number of school days lost was significantly higher (P = 0.000) in the above-elbow group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Below-elbow cast treatment was comparable in terms of redisplacement, union time, and movement of the wrist to the above-elbow treatment. The complications rate and total cost was higher in the above-elbow plaster group, which could be a cost benefit if a below-elbow cast is used.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Paneru
authors.forename: Raju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rijal
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nepal
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Khanal
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Karn
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rai