title: Whole-genome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
abstract: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the most frequent leukaemia in adults in Western countries, is a heterogeneous disease with variable clinical presentation and evolution. Two major molecular subtypes can be distinguished, characterized respectively by a high or low number of somatic hypermutations in the variable region of immunoglobulin genes. The molecular changes leading to the pathogenesis of the disease are still poorly understood. Here we performed whole-genome sequencing of four cases of CLL and identified 46 somatic mutations that potentially affect gene function. Further analysis of these mutations in 363 patients with CLL identified four genes that are recurrently mutated: notch 1 (NOTCH1), exportin 1 (XPO1), myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) and kelch-like 6 (KLHL6). Mutations in MYD88 and KLHL6 are predominant in cases of CLL with mutated immunoglobulin genes, whereas NOTCH1 and XPO1 mutations are mainly detected in patients with unmutated immunoglobulins. The patterns of somatic mutation, supported by functional and clinical analyses, strongly indicate that the recurrent NOTCH1, MYD88 and XPO1 mutations are oncogenic changes that contribute to the clinical evolution of the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of CLL combining whole-genome sequencing with clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes. It highlights the usefulness of this approach for the identification of clinically relevant mutations in cancer.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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authors.lastname: Pisano
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authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.forename: Roderic
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authors.lastname: Guigó
authors.forename: Mónica
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authors.lastname: Klatt
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authors.lastname: Stratton
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authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Ivo
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authors.lastname: Gut
authors.forename: Armando
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authors.lastname: López-Guillermo
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Estivill
authors.forename: Emili
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authors.lastname: Montserrat
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authors.lastname: López-Otín
authors.forename: Elías
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authors.lastname: Campo
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000235:genetics; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D051881:Receptor, Notch1 / Q000235:genetics; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D028884:Karyopherins; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D051881:Receptor, Notch1; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D000097606:Exportin 1 Protein; C473356:KLHL6 protein, human; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; C497761:NOTCH1 protein, human