title: The prevalence and clinical characteristics of punding in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Punding (the display of stereotyped, repetitive behaviors) is a relatively recently discovered feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known about the prevalence and clinical characteristics of punding in PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, four large scientific databases were comprehensively searched for literature in relation to punding prevalence and clinical correlates in the context of PD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence was found to vary greatly (between 0.34 to 14%), although there were large disparities in study populations, assessment methods, and criteria. We observed an association between punding, dopaminergic medications, and impulse control disorder. Other characteristics, which may be more common among punders, include a higher severity of dyskinesia, younger age of disease onset, longer disease duration, and male gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More research in large clinical datasets is required in many areas before conclusions are drawn. The pathophysiology behind the punding phenomenon is also poorly understood at present, rendering it difficult to develop targeted therapy. The current mainstay of treatment is the reduction in the dose of dopaminergic medications, the evidence for other suggested therapies being purely empirical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Birmingham and BSMHFT, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ashley H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rickards
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fasano
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Cavanna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D019956:Stereotypic Movement Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents