title: Regulation of the Fear Network by Mediators of Stress: Norepinephrine Alters the Balance between Cortical and Subcortical Afferent Excitation of the Lateral Amygdala.
abstract: Pavlovian auditory fear conditioning involves the integration of information about an acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA). The auditory CS reaches the LA subcortically via a direct connection from the auditory thalamus and also from the auditory association cortex itself. How neural modulators, especially those activated during stress, such as norepinephrine (NE), regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity in this network is poorly understood. Here we show that NE inhibits synaptic transmission in both the subcortical and cortical input pathway but that sensory processing is biased toward the subcortical pathway. In addition binding of NE to β-adrenergic receptors further dissociates sensory processing in the LA. These findings suggest a network mechanism that shifts sensory balance toward the faster but more primitive subcortical input.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Luke R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Mian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ledoux