title: The trans-Himalayan flights of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus).
abstract: Birds that fly over mountain barriers must be capable of meeting the increased energetic cost of climbing in low-density air, even though less oxygen may be available to support their metabolism. This challenge is magnified by the reduction in maximum sustained climbing rates in large birds. Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) make one of the highest and most iconic transmountain migrations in the world. We show that those populations of geese that winter at sea level in India are capable of passing over the Himalayas in 1 d, typically climbing between 4,000 and 6,000 m in 7-8 h. Surprisingly, these birds do not rely on the assistance of upslope tailwinds that usually occur during the day and can support minimum climb rates of 0.8-2.2 km·h(-1), even in the relative stillness of the night. They appear to strategically avoid higher speed winds during the afternoon, thus maximizing safety and control during flight. It would seem, therefore, that bar-headed geese are capable of sustained climbing flight over the passes of the Himalaya under their own aerobic power.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lucy A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hawkes
authors.forename: Sivananinthaperumal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balachandran
authors.forename: Nyambayar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Batbayar
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Frappell
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Milsom
authors.forename: Natsagdorj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tseveenmyadag
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Graham R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Ponnusamy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sathiyaselvam
authors.forename: John Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Takekawa
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wikelski
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bishop
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D025041:Animal Migration / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005777:Geese / Q000502:physiology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D014887:Weather