title: A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: aliphatic carbonyl compounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aliphatic carbonyl compounds are used as ingredients in cigarette tobacco or cigarette filters.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A battery of tests was used to compare toxicity of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes containing 15 aliphatic carbonyl compounds that were added individually to experimental cigarettes at three different levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoke from experimental and control cigarettes were evaluated using analytical chemistry, in vitro cytotoxicity (neutral red uptake), and mutagenicity (five bacterial strains) studies. For one compound, glycerol triacetate (GTA), two 90-day inhalation studies were also performed, using different inclusion levels into either tobacco or cigarette filter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several smoke constituent concentrations were reduced with the highest inclusion level of GTA in tobacco; incorporation of GTA into the filter, and the other compounds into tobacco, produced effectively no changes. Cytotoxicity was reduced by the highest inclusion of GTA into tobacco for both gas-vapor and particulate phases of smoke; incorporation of GTA into the filter, and the other compounds into tobacco, showed no changes. Mutagenicity was reduced by the middle and high inclusion levels of GTA into tobacco (TA1537 strain with S9); incorporation of GTA into the filter, and the other compounds into tobacco, showed no changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inclusion of GTA in tobacco at 100,000 ppm reduced the biological effects of the smoke in the various test systems reported in this study, although inclusion into the filter did not appear to have any major effect on the endpoints studied. The other 14 aliphatic carbonyl compounds that were tested lacked a toxicological response.
authors.affiliation: Carson Watts Consulting, King, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R E
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Coggins
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jerome
authors.forename: Jeffery S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Edmiston
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Oldham
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005079:Excipients / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D062789:Tobacco Products
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D005079:Excipients; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012906:Smoke; D015262:Xenobiotics