title: Brominated flame retardants in Canadian chicken egg yolks.
abstract: Chicken eggs categorised as conventional, omega-3 enriched, free range and organic were collected at grading stations in three regions of Canada between 2005 and 2006. Free run eggs, which were only available for collection from two regions, were also sampled during this time frame. Egg yolks from each of these egg types (n = 162) were analysed to determine brominated flame retardant levels, specifically polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). PBDEs were detected in 100% of the 162 samples tested, while HBCD was observed in 85% of the egg yolks. Total PBDE concentrations in egg yolks ranged from 0.018 to 20.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 3.03 ng g(-1) lipid), with PBDE 209 identified as being the major contributor to ΣPBDE concentrations. In addition to PBDE 209, PBDE 99, 47, 100, 183 and 153 were important contributors to ΣPBDE concentrations. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection to a maximum concentration of 71.9 ng g(-1) lipid (median = 0.053 ng g(-1) lipid). The α-isomer was the dominant contributor to ΣHBCD levels in Canadian egg yolks and was the most frequently detected HBCD isomer. ΣPBDE levels exhibited large differences in variability between combinations of region and type. ΣHBCD concentrations were not significantly different among regions, although differences were observed between the different types of egg yolks analysed in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada. thea.rawn@hc-sc.gc.ca
authors.forename: D F K
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Rawn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Quade
authors.forename: W-F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: B P-Y
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kosarac
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D002645:Chickens; D004032:Diet; D004530:Egg Yolk / Q000737:chemistry*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D058870:Food, Organic / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007536:Isomerism; D057230:Limit of Detection; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane; C010902:decabromobiphenyl ether