title: Communication, advice exchange and job satisfaction of nursing staff: a social network analyses of 35 long-term care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The behaviour of individuals is affected by the social networks in which they are embedded. Networks are also important for the diffusion of information and the influence of employees in organisations. Yet, at the moment little is known about the social networks of nursing staff in healthcare settings. This is the first study that investigates informal communication and advice networks of nursing staff in long-term care. We examine the structure of the networks, how they are related to the size of units and characteristics of nursing staff, and their relationship with job satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected social network data of 380 nursing staff of 35 units in group projects and psychogeriatric units in nursing homes and residential homes in the Netherlands. Communication and advice networks were analyzed in a social network application (UCINET), focusing on the number of contacts (density) between nursing staff on the units. We then studied the correlation between the density of networks, size of the units and characteristics of nursing staff. We used multilevel analyses to investigate the relationship between social networks and job satisfaction of nursing staff, taking characteristics of units and nursing staff into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both communication and advice networks were negatively related to the number of residents and the number of nursing staff of the units. Communication and advice networks were more dense when more staff worked part-time. Furthermore, density of communication networks was positively related to the age of nursing staff of the units. Multilevel analyses showed that job satisfaction differed significantly between individual staff members and units and was influenced by the number of nursing staff of the units. However, this relationship disappeared when density of communication networks was added to the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, communication and advice networks of nursing staff in long-term care are relatively dense. This fits with the high level of cooperation that is needed to provide good care to residents. Social networks are more dense in small units and are also shaped by characteristics of staff members. The results furthermore show that communication networks are important for staff's job satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: NIVEL: Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, BN Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.vanbeek@nivel.nl
authors.forename: Adriana P A
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: van Beek
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Peter P M
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Spreeuwenberg
authors.forename: Dinnus H M
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Frijters
authors.forename: Miel W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ribbe
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Groenewegen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D003704:Dementia / Q000451:nursing; D005260:Female; D005851:Geriatric Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012944:Social Support; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires