title: Evidence-based review of primary and secondary ischemic stroke prevention in adults: a neurosurgical perspective.
abstract: In this paper, the authors' aim is to provide an evidence-based review of primary and secondary ischemic stroke prevention guidelines covering most of the common risk factors and stroke etiologies for the practicing neurosurgeon. The key to stroke prevention is in the identification and treatment of the major risk factors for stroke. These include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and tobacco smoking. An updated approach to secondary prevention of stroke in the setting of intracranial and extracranial large vessel atherosclerosis and cardioembolism is provided along with a brief overview of pertinent clinical trials. Novel pharmacological options for prevention of cardioembolic strokes, such as new alternatives to warfarin, are addressed with recommendations for interruption of therapy for elective surgical procedures. In addition, the authors have reviewed the anticoagulation guidelines and the risk of thromboembolic complications of such therapies in the perioperative period, which is an invaluable piece of information for neurosurgeons. Less common etiologies such as arterial dissections and patent foramen ovale are also briefly discussed. Finally, the authors have outlined the quality measures in the Medicare Physician Quality Reporting System and essential guidelines for Primary Stroke Center certification, which have implications for day-to-day neurosurgical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, The Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manjila
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masri
authors.forename: Tanzila
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.forename: Shakeel A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chowdhry
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sila
authors.forename: Warren R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Selman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000601:surgery; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000592:standards; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000601:surgery