title: Comparison of innovative molecular approaches and standard spore assays for assessment of surface cleanliness.
abstract: A bacterial spore assay and a molecular DNA microarray method were compared for their ability to assess relative cleanliness in the context of bacterial abundance and diversity on spacecraft surfaces. Colony counts derived from the NASA standard spore assay were extremely low for spacecraft surfaces. However, the PhyloChip generation 3 (G3) DNA microarray resolved the genetic signatures of a highly diverse suite of microorganisms in the very same sample set. Samples completely devoid of cultivable spores were shown to harbor the DNA of more than 100 distinct microbial phylotypes. Furthermore, samples with higher numbers of cultivable spores did not necessarily give rise to a greater microbial diversity upon analysis with the DNA microarray. The findings of this study clearly demonstrated that there is not a statistically significant correlation between the cultivable spore counts obtained from a sample and the degree of bacterial diversity present. Based on these results, it can be stated that validated state-of-the-art molecular techniques, such as DNA microarrays, can be utilized in parallel with classical culture-based methods to further describe the cleanliness of spacecraft surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology and Planetary Protection, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 89, Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
authors.forename: Moogega
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Myron T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: La Duc
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.forename: Parag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaishampayan
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stam
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Benardini
authors.forename: Yvette M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Piceno
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Kasthuri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venkateswaran
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001681:Biological Assay; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D058889:Molecular Typing / Q000379:methods*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D018531:Spacecraft; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification