title: Simultaneous grayscale and subharmonic ultrasound imaging on a modified commercial scanner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneous dual fundamental grayscale and subharmonic imaging on a modified commercial scanner.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The ability to generate signals at half the insonation frequency is exclusive to ultrasound contrast agents (UCA). Thus, subharmonic imaging (SHI; transmitting at f(0) and receiving at f(0)/2) provides improved visualization of UCA within the vasculature via suppression of the surrounding tissue echoes. While this capability has proven useful in a variety of clinical applications, the SHI suppression of surrounding tissue landmarks (which are needed for sonographic navigation) also limits it use as a primary imaging modality. In this paper we present results using a commercial ultrasound scanner modified to allow imaging in both grayscale (f(0)=4.0 MHz) and SHI (f(0)=2.5 MHz, f(0)/2=1.25 MHz) modes in real time.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Logiq 9 ultrasound scanner (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) with a 4C curvilinear probe was modified to provide this capability. Four commercially available UCA (Definity, Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, MA; Optison, GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ; SonoVue, Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy; and Sonazoid, GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) were all investigated in vitro over an acoustic output range of 3.34 MPa. In vivo the subharmonic response of Sonazoid was investigated in the portal veins of four canines (open abdominal cavity) and four patients with suspected portal hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, the four UCA showed an average maximum subharmonic amplitude of 44.1±5.4 dB above the noise floor with a maximum subharmonic amplitude of 48.6±1.6 dB provided by Sonazoid. The average in vivo maximum signal above the noise floor from Sonazoid was 20.8±2.3 dB in canines and 33.9±5.2 dB in humans. Subharmonic amplitude as a function of acoustic output in both groups matched the S-curve behavior of the agent observed in vitro. The dual grayscale imaging provided easier sonographic navigation, while the degree of tissue suppression in SHI mode varied greatly on a case by case basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the feasibility of dual grayscale and SHI on a modified commercial scanner. The ability to simultaneously visualize both imaging modes in real time should improve the applicability of SHI as a future primary clinical imaging modality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Eisenbrey
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dave
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Halldorsdottir
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Merton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dianis
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chalek
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Thomenius
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forsberg
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004285:Dogs; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007501:Iron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010087:Oxides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D003287:Contrast Media; C099458:FS 069; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D010087:Oxides; D010743:Phospholipids; C069727:Sonazoid; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D007501:Iron; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; C042852:perflutren