title: Uptake, distribution and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins from Alexandrium minutum in Australian greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata.
abstract: Farmed greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata were fed commercial seaweed-based food pellets or feed pellets supplemented with 8 × 10⁵ Alexandrium minutum dinoflagellate cells g⁻¹ (containing 12 ± 3.0 μg STX-equivalent 100 g⁻¹, which was mainly GTX-1,4) every second day for 50 days. Exposure of abalone to PST supplemented feed for 50 days did not affect behaviour or survival but saw accumulation of up to 1.6 μg STX-equivalent 100 g⁻¹ in the abalone foot tissue (muscle, mouth without oesophagus and epipodial fringe), which is ∼50 times lower than the maximum permissible limit (80 μg 100 g⁻¹ tissue) for PSTs in molluscan shellfish. The PST levels in the foot were reduced to 0.48 μg STX-equivalent 100 g⁻¹ after scrubbing and removal of the pigment surrounding the epithelium of the epipodial fringe (confirmed by both HPLC and LC-MS/MS). Thus, scrubbing the epipodial fringe, a common procedure during commercial abalone canning, reduced PST levels by ∼70%. Only trace levels of PSTs were detected in the viscera (stomach, gut, heart, gonad, gills and mantle) of the abalone. A toxin reduction of approximately 73% was observed in STX-contaminated abalone held in clean water and fed uncontaminated food over 50 days. The low level of PST uptake when abalone were exposed to high numbers of A. minutum cells over a prolonged period may indicate a low risk of PSP poisoning to humans from the consumption of H. laevigata that has been exposed to a bloom of potentially toxic A. minutum in Australia. Further research is required to establish if non-dietary accumulation can result in significant levels of PSTs in abalone.
authors.affiliation: South Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dowsett
authors.forename: Gustaaf
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallegraeff
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Ruth
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Ginkel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McNabb
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiermeier
authors.forename: Marty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deveney
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins