title: Molecular biological researches of Kuro-Koji molds, their classification and safety.
abstract: To assess the position of Kuro-Koji molds in black Aspergillus, we performed sequence analysis of approximately 2500 nucleotides of partial gene fragments, such as histone 3, on a total of 57 Aspergillus strains, including Aspergillus kawachii NBRC 4308, 12 Kuro-Koji molds isolated from awamori breweries in Japan, Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015, and A. tubingensis ATCC10550. Sequence results showed that all black Aspergillus strains could be classified into 3 types, type N which includes A. niger ATCC 1015, type T which includes A. tubingensis ATCC 10550, and type L which includes A. kawachii NBRC 4308. Phylogenetic analysis showed these three types belong to different clusters. All 12 Kuro-Koji molds isolated from awamori breweries were classified as type L, thus we concluded type L represents the industrial Kuro-Koji molds. We found all type L strains lack the An15g07920 gene which is required for ochratoxin A biosynthesis in black Aspergillus. This sequence is present in the genome of A. niger CBS 513.88 and has homology to the polyketide synthase fragment of A. ochraceus which is involved in ochratoxin A biosynthesis. Based on the industrial importance and the safety of Kuro-Koji molds, we propose to classify the type L strains as Aspergillus luchuensis, as initially reported by Dr. Inui.
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Brewing, 3-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan. yamada@nrib.go.jp
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takara
authors.forename: Ryoko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mikami
mesh_terms: D001230:Aspergillus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007218:Industrial Microbiology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D007564:Japan; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010802:Phylogeny; D012340:RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D009793:Ochratoxins; D012340:RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S; C025589:ochratoxin A