title: Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan treatment on subchondral bone, serum biomarkers, and synovial fluid biomarkers in horses with induced osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan treatment (PSGAGT) on subchondral bone (SCB), serum biomarkers, and synovial fluid biomarkers in horses with induced osteoarthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 healthy 2- to 3-year-old horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  An osteochondral fragment was created on the distal aspect of the radial carpal bone in 1 middle carpal joint of each horse. Horses were randomly allocated to receive local application of ESWT (days 14 and 28; n = 8), PSGAGT (IM, q 4 d for 28 days; 8), or a sham ESWT probe (placebo; days 14 and 28; 8). Serum biomarkers were measured every 7 days, and synovial fluid biomarkers were measured every 14 days. Bone density was measured by use of computed tomography on days 0 and 70, and microdamage and bone formation variables were compared among groups at the end of the study (day 70).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant effect of ESWT or PSGAGT on any bone variable. Serum osteocalcin concentration was significantly greater in horses that received ESWT, compared with placebo-treated horses, and serum concentration of the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen was significantly higher in horses that received ESWT, compared with placebo- and PSGAG-treated horses. Concentrations of the synovial fluid epitope CS846 were significantly higher in joints with osteoarthritis treated with ESWT CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Treatment of osteoarthritis with ESWT had no effect on SCB but did induce increases in serum biomarkers indicative of bone remodeling. Treatment of osteoarthritis with PSGAG had no effect on SCB or biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. ckawcak@colostate.edu
authors.forename: Chris E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kawcak
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Frisbie
authors.forename: C Wayne
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: McIlwraith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002350:Carpus, Animal / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D000939:Epitopes / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006736:Horses; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024043:Collagen Type II; D000939:Epitopes; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans