title: Emotional cues and concerns in hospital encounters with non-Western immigrants as compared with Norwegians: an exploratory study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify potential barriers in communication with non-Western immigrant patients by comparing the frequency and nature of emotional cues and concerns, as well as physician responses during consultations, between ethnically Norwegian patients and immigrant patients in a general hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consultations with 56 patients (30 non-Western immigrants and 26 ethnic Norwegians) were coded using the Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences (VR-CoDES) and the Verona Codes for Provider Responses (Verona Codes-P).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in frequencies of cues and concerns between immigrant and Norwegian patients. However, the immigrant patients with high language proficiency expressed more concerns compared to immigrant patients with language problems and Norwegian patients. Moreover, more concerns were expressed during consultations with female physicians than with male physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of cues and concerns in immigrant patients is dependent on the patient's language proficiency and the physician's gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providers should recognize that immigrant patients may have many emotional cues and concerns, but that language problems may represent a barrier for the expression of these concerns.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Minority Health Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. emine.kale@nakmi.no
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kale
authors.forename: Arnstein
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finset
authors.forename: Hanne-Lise
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Eikeland
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gulbrandsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003142:Communication; D003463:Cues; D054521:Cultural Competency; D019992:Databases as Topic; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007697:Kinesics; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014743:Videotape Recording