title: In vitro neuroprotective effects of the leaf and fruit extracts of Juglans regia L. (walnut) through enzymes linked to Alzheimer's disease and antioxidant activity.
abstract: Several extracts of the leaves and fruits of Juglans regia L. were assessed for their neuroprotective effects through antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase methods. Anticholinesterase activity was determined against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the enzymes vital for Alzheimer's disease, at 50, 100 and 200 μg ml(-1). Antioxidant activity was tested using radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD), superoxide (SO), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) radicals, as well as ferric ion-chelating capacity, ferric- and phosphomolybdenum-reducing antioxidant power at 500, 1000 and 2000 μg ml(-1). Total phenol and flavonoid quantification of the extracts was calculated. The extracts scavenged DPPH radical in varying degrees; however, they did not scavenge DPMD and H(2)O(2). Only the dichloromethane and water extracts were able to quench SO (10.09 ± 1.38%) and NO (24.09 ± 2.19%) radicals, respectively, at low level. The extracts showed either low or no BChE inhibition and no AChE inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. iorhan@gazi.edu.tr
authors.forename: Ilkay Erdogan
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Orhan
authors.forename: Ipek Pesin
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Suntar
authors.forename: Esra Kupeli
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Akkol
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004524:Eels; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006736:Horses; D031324:Juglans / Q000737:chemistry*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D002802:Cholinesterases