title: Patterns of extracranial involvement in newly diagnosed giant cell arteritis assessed by physical examination, colour coded duplex sonography and FDG-PET.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The clinical spectrum of giant cell arteritis (GCA) varies from classical temporal arteritis (TA) to generalized large vessel GCA (LV-GCA) and fever of unknown origin (FUO). Extent and distribution of extracranial involvement in these different presentations of GCA is not well known, and its detection may depend on the choice of vascular imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 24 patients with newly diagnosed GCA we systematically evaluated the presence and distribution of extracranial involvement by physical examination, duplex sonography (DS), and FDG-PET. Analysis of FDG-PET results was performed in comparison with 18 age-matched control-subjects scanned for oncological indications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial clinical diagnosis was TA in 11 patients, LV-GCA in 8 patients, and FUO in 5 patients. Clinically detectable arterial obstruction was present in 2 patients (18 %) with TA (only upper extremity), all patients with LV-GCA (upper and lower extremities) and no patient with FUO. Upper and/or lower limb large vessel vasculitis was detectable by DS in 45 % of the patients with TA and in 100 % of the patients with LV-GCA or FUO. FDG-PET confirmed upper extremity involvement in all affected patients, but had a very low specificity for lower limb involvement due to concomitant arteriosclerosis in these elderly patients. Aortitis was detectable by FDG-PET in 27 % of patients with TA and 75 - 80 % of patients with LV-GCA or FUO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of thorough clinical examination and DS is able to detect symptomatic as well as asymptomatic large vessel involvement in a large proportion of patients with newly diagnosed GCA. Distribution and manifestation of large vessel involvement differs between classical TA and LVGCA or FUO. FDG-PET provided only limited additional information and did not change the clinical diagnosis in any patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Hospital, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Förster
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tato
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czihal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rominger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bartenstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005858:Germany; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18