title: A systematic review and qualitative analysis to inform the development of a new emergency department-based geriatric case management model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We inform the future development of a new geriatric emergency management practice model. We perform a systematic review of the existing evidence for emergency department (ED)-based case management models designed to improve the health, social, and health service utilization outcomes for noninstitutionalized older patients within the context of an index ED visit.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a systematic review of English-language articles indexed in MEDLINE and CINAHL (1966 to 2010), describing ED-based case management models for older adults. Bibliographies of the retrieved articles were reviewed to identify additional references. A systematic qualitative case study analytic approach was used to identify the core operational components and outcome measures of the described clinical interventions. The authors of the included studies were also invited to verify our interpretations of their work. The determined patterns of component adherence were then used to postulate the relative importance and effect of the presence or absence of a particular component in influencing the overall effectiveness of their respective interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen of 352 studies (reported in 20 articles) met study criteria. Qualitative analyses identified 28 outcome measures and 8 distinct model characteristic components that included having an evidence-based practice model, nursing clinical involvement or leadership, high-risk screening processes, focused geriatric assessments, the initiation of care and disposition planning in the ED, interprofessional and capacity-building work practices, post-ED discharge follow-up with patients, and evaluation and monitoring processes. Of the 15 positive study results, 6 had all 8 characteristic components and 9 were found to be lacking at least 1 component. Two studies with positive results lacked 2 characteristic components and none lacked more than 2 components. Of the 3 studies with negative results demonstrating no positive effects based on any outcome tested, one lacked 2, one lacked 3, and one lacked 4 of the 8 model components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful models of ED-based case management models for older adults share certain key characteristics. This study builds on the emerging literature in this area and leverages the differences in these models and their associated outcomes to support the development of an evidence-based normative and effective geriatric emergency management practice model designed to address the special care needs and thereby improve the health and health service utilization outcomes of older patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ssinha@mtsinai.on.ca
authors.forename: Samir K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Bessman
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Flomenbaum
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006299:Health Services for the Aged / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D011787:Quality of Health Care