title: Efficacy of plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles against hematophagous parasites.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the acaricidal and larvicidal activity against the larvae of Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) and larvae of hematophagous fly Hippobosca maculata Leach (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) and against the fourth-instar larvae of malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston, Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing aqueous leaf extract from Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae). The color of the extract changed to light brown within an hour, and later it changed to dark brown during the 30-min incubation period. AgNPs results were recorded from UV-vis spectrum at 426 nm; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the bioreduction of Ag(+) ions to silver nanoparticles are due to the reduction by capping material of plant extract, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns clearly illustrates that the nanoparticles formed in the present synthesis are crystalline in nature and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) support the biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs with rod in shape and size of 60-150 nm. After reaction, the XRD pattern of AgNPs showed diffraction peaks at 2θ = 34.37°, 38.01°, 44.17°, 66.34° and 77.29° assigned to the (100), (111), (102), (110) and (120) planes, respectively, of a faced centre cubic (fcc) lattice of silver were obtained. For electron microscopic studies, a 25 μl sample was sputter-coated on copper stub, and the images of nanoparticles were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The spot EDX analysis showed the complete chemical composition of the synthesized AgNPs. The parasite larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca and synthesized AgNPs for 24 h. In the present study, the percent mortality of aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca were 82, 71, 46, 29, 11 and 78, 66, 38, 31and 16 observed in the concentrations of 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 mg/l for 24 h against the larvae of H. bispinosa and Hip. maculata, respectively. The maximum efficacy was observed in the aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca against the H. bispinosa, Hip. maculata, and the larvae of A. stephensi, C. tritaeniorhynchus with LC(50) values of 28.96, 31.02, 26.32, and 20.10 mg/lm, respectively (r (2) = 0.990, 0.968, 0.974, and 0.979, respectively). The synthesized AgNPs of M. paradisiaca showed the LC(50) and r (2) values against H. bispinosa, (1.87 mg/l; 0.963), Hip. maculata (2.02 mg/l; 0.976), and larvae of A. stephensi (1.39; 0.900 mg/l), against C. tritaeniorhynchus (1.63 mg/l; 0.951), respectively. The χ (2) values were significant at p < 0.05 level.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam-, 632 509 Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Chidambaram
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jayaseelan
authors.forename: Abdul Abdul
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rahuman
authors.forename: Govindasamy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajakumar
authors.forename: Thirunavukkarasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santhoshkumar
authors.forename: Arivarasan Vishnu
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kirthi
authors.forename: Sampath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marimuthu
authors.forename: Asokan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagavan
authors.forename: Chinnaperumal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamaraj
authors.forename: Abdul Abduz
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zahir
authors.forename: Gandhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elango
authors.forename: Kanayairam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Velayutham
authors.forename: Kokati Venkata Bhaskara
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Loganathan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karthik
authors.forename: Sankariah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raveendran
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005638:Fruit; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects*; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D028521:Musa / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver