title: The effects of preservation methods, dyes and acidification on the isotopic values (δ15N and δ13C) of two zooplankton species from the KwaZulu-Natal Bight, South Africa.
abstract: Stable isotope measurements are an important tool for ecosystem trophic linkage studies. Ideally, fresh samples should be used for isotopic analysis, but in many cases organisms must be preserved and analysed later. In some cases dyes must be used to help distinguish organisms from detritus. Since preservatives and dyes are carbon-based, their addition could influence isotopic readings. This study aims to improve understanding of the effects of sample storage method, dye addition and acidification on the δ(15)N and δ(13)C values of zooplankton (Euphasia frigida and Undinula vulgaris). Zooplankton was collected and preserved by freezing, or by the addition of 5% formalin, 70% ethanol, or 5% formalin with added Phloxine B or Rose Bengal, and stored for 1 month before processing. Samples in 5% formalin and 70% ethanol were also kept and processed after 3 and 9 months to study changes over time. Formalin caused the largest enrichment for δ(13)C and a slight enrichment for δ(15)N, while ethanol produced a slight depletion for δ(13)C, and different effects on δ(15)N depending on the species. In formalin, dyes depleted the δ(13)C values, but had variable effects on δ(15)N, relative to formalin alone. Acidification had no significant effect on δ(15)N or δ(13)C for either species. Long-term storage showed that the effects of the preservatives were species-dependent. Although the effects on δ(15)N varied, a relative enrichment in (13)C of samples occurred with time. This can have important consequences for the understanding of the organic flow within a food web and for trophic studies. .
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Conservational Sciences, Biological Sciences Building, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa. a_lezea@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Ander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Lecea
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Aadila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Omarjee
authors.forename: Albertus J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D033342:Copepoda / Q000737:chemistry; D010697:Eosine I Bluish / Q000737:chemistry; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D012395:Rose Bengal / Q000737:chemistry; D013019:South Africa; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors; D015048:Zooplankton / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D012395:Rose Bengal; D000431:Ethanol; D010697:Eosine I Bluish