title: In vivo dynamics of the musculoskeletal system cannot be adequately described using a stiffness-damping-inertia model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visco-elastic properties of the (neuro-)musculoskeletal system play a fundamental role in the control of posture and movement. Often, these properties are described and identified using stiffness-damping-inertia (KBI) models. In such an approach, perturbations are applied to the (neuro-)musculoskeletal system and subsequently KBI-model parameters are optimized to obtain a best fit between simulated and experimentally observed responses. Problems with this approach may arise because a KBI-model neglects critical aspects of the real musculoskeletal system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation between the musculoskeletal properties and the stiffness and damping estimated using a KBI-model, to analyze how this relation is affected by the nature of the perturbation and to assess the sensitivity of the estimated stiffness and damping to measurement errors. Our analyses show that the estimated stiffness and damping using KBI-models do not resemble any of the dynamical parameters of the underlying system, not even when the responses are very accurately fitted by the KBI-model. Furthermore, the stiffness and damping depend non-linearly on all the dynamical parameters of the underlying system, influenced by the nature of the perturbation and the time interval over which the KBI-model is optimized. Moreover, our analyses predict a very high sensitivity of estimated parameters to measurement errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that the usage of stiffness-damping-inertia models to investigate the dynamical properties of the musculoskeletal system under control by the CNS should be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. dinant.kistemaker@gmail.com
authors.forename: Dinant A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kistemaker
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rozendaal
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena