title: Foraging behavior affects pollen removal and deposition in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae).
abstract: Flowers of most plant species are visited by a variety of animals. Some of these visitors are effective pollinators while others remove resources without transferring pollen. Studies comparing the effectiveness of different visitors as pollinators often compare taxa without considering variation in behavior within a taxon. Wilson and Thomson (Ecology 72: 1503-1507, 1991) documented the effects of honey bees and bumble bees on the pollination dynamics of Impatiens capensis. They found that pollen-collecting honey bees removed large numbers of pollen grains from anthers but deposited little of it on stigmas; bumble bees, which sought nectar, removed less pollen but deposited more of it on stigmas. It is unclear whether the low pollen transfer efficiencies of honey bees are explained by their morphology or by their pollen-collecting behavior. We repeated the work of Wilson and Thomson at a site where honey bees were foraging for nectar, not pollen. We measured the quantity of pollen remaining in anthers, the number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas, and seed production after single visits by honey bees and bumble bees. The differences between the taxa disappeared when they were foraging in a similar manner. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of foraging behavior on the pollination effectiveness of floral visitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753 USA;
authors.forename: Helen J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Dan W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.forename: Kyle W von
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hasseln