title: Pyruvate kinase M2 is a PHD3-stimulated coactivator for hypoxia-inducible factor 1.
abstract: The pyruvate kinase isoforms PKM1 and PKM2 are alternatively spliced products of the PKM2 gene. PKM2, but not PKM1, alters glucose metabolism in cancer cells and contributes to tumorigenesis by mechanisms that are not explained by its known biochemical activity. We show that PKM2 gene transcription is activated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). PKM2 interacts directly with the HIF-1α subunit and promotes transactivation of HIF-1 target genes by enhancing HIF-1 binding and p300 recruitment to hypoxia response elements, whereas PKM1 fails to regulate HIF-1 activity. Interaction of PKM2 with prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) enhances PKM2 binding to HIF-1α and PKM2 coactivator function. Mass spectrometry and anti-hydroxyproline antibody assays demonstrate PKM2 hydroxylation on proline-403/408. PHD3 knockdown inhibits PKM2 coactivator function, reduces glucose uptake and lactate production, and increases O(2) consumption in cancer cells. Thus, PKM2 participates in a positive feedback loop that promotes HIF-1 transactivation and reprograms glucose metabolism in cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Weibo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knabel
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Meally
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Akhilesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Gregg L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Semenza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005246:Feedback; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011770:Pyruvate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D020218:Response Elements; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000099224:p300-CBP-Associated Factor
chemical_list: D049308:Dioxygenases; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; D011770:Pyruvate Kinase; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors; D000099224:p300-CBP-Associated Factor; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C488894:EGLN3 protein, human