title: Development and validation of a fast monoclonal based disequilibrium enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of triphenylmethane dyes and their metabolites in fish.
abstract: Malachite Green (MG), Crystal Violet (CV) and Brilliant Green (BG) are antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic agents that have been used for treatment and prevention of diseases in fish. These dyes are metabolized into reduced leuco forms (LMG, LCV, LBG) that can be present in fish muscles for a long period. Due to the carcinogenic properties they are banned for use in fish for human consumption in many countries including the European Union and the United States. HPLC and LC-MS techniques are generally used for the detection of these compounds and their metabolites in fish. This study presents the development of a fast enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method as an alternative for screening purposes. A first monoclonal cell line producing antibodies to MG was generated using a hybridoma technique. The antibody had good cross-reactivates with related chromatic forms of triphenylmethane dyes such as CV, BG, Methyl Green, Methyl Violet and Victoria Blue R. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to develop a fast (20 min) disequilibrium ELISA screening method for the detection of triphenylmethanes in fish. By introducing an oxidation step with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) during sample extraction the assay was also used to detect the presence of the reduced metabolites of triphenylmethanes. The detection capability of the assay was 1 ng g(-1) for MG, LMG, CV, LCV and BG which was below the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) for the detection method of total MG (sum of MG and LMG) set by the Commission Decision 2004/25/EC (2 ng g(-1)). The mean recoveries for fish samples spiked at 0.5 MRPL and MRPL levels with MG and LMG were between 74.9 and 117.0% and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation between 4.7 and 25.7%. The validated method allows the analysis of a batch of 20 samples in two to three hours. Additionally, this procedure is substantially faster than other ELISA methods developed for MG/LMG thus far. The stable and efficient monoclonal cell line obtained is an unlimited source of sensitive and specific antibody to MG and other triphenylmethanes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom. moplatowska01@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michalina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oplatowska
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stead
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology*; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000032:analysis; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000032:analysis; D014320:Triphenylmethyl Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D004396:Coloring Agents; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D014320:Triphenylmethyl Compounds; C005095:malachite green; C046945:triphenylmethane; C006798:brilliant green; D005840:Gentian Violet