title: Familial occurrence of Turner syndrome: casual event or increased risk?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of Turner syndrome (TS) at birth has been estimated as approximately 1 in 2500 live female births. An increased risk of TS in subsequent pregnancies for couples who already have a daughter with TS has not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of 140 patients to evaluate the presence of familial TS occurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recurrence of TS was observed in 1.4% of our case series, which represents a 35-fold increased probability of having a second child with TS compared to no recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This observation suggests that a risk of recurrence is possible, even though it is generally assumed that the likelihood of recurrent pregnancies with TS is similar to that in the general population. A wider study would be useful to confirm these data to improve genetic counseling for families with a daughter with TS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia and IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy. d.larizza@smatteo.pv.it
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larizza
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Danesino
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maraschio
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caramagna
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klersy
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calcaterra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012307:Risk Factors; D035781:Siblings; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult