title: Extracellular nucleotides and apyrases regulate stomatal aperture in Arabidopsis.
abstract: This study investigates the role of extracellular nucleotides and apyrase enzymes in regulating stomatal aperture. Prior data indicate that the expression of two apyrases in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), APY1 and APY2, is strongly correlated with cell growth and secretory activity. Both are expressed strongly in guard cell protoplasts, as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. Promoter activity assays for APY1 and APY2 show that expression of both apyrases correlates with conditions that favor stomatal opening. Correspondingly, immunoblot data indicate that APY expression in guard cell protoplasts rises quickly when these cells are moved from darkness into light. Both short-term inhibition of ectoapyrase activity by polyclonal antibodies and long-term suppression of APY1 and APY2 transcript levels significantly disrupt normal stomatal behavior in light. Stomatal aperture shows a biphasic response to applied adenosine 5'-[γ-thio]triphosphate (ATPγS) or adenosine 5'-[β-thio] diphosphate, with lower concentrations inducing stomatal opening and higher concentrations inducing closure. Equivalent concentrations of adenosine 5'-O-thiomonophosphate have no effect on aperture. Two mammalian purinoceptor inhibitors block ATPγS- and adenosine 5'-[β-thio] diphosphate-induced opening and closing and also partially block the ability of abscisic acid to induce stomatal closure and of light to induce stomatal opening. Treatment of epidermal peels with ATPγS induces increased levels of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, and genetically suppressing the synthesis of these agents blocks the effects of nucleotides on stomatal aperture. A luciferase assay indicates that treatments that induce either the closing or opening of stomates also induce the release of ATP from guard cells. These data favor the novel conclusion that ectoapyrases and extracellular nucleotides play key roles in regulating stomatal functions.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fraley
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Steinebrunner
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cervantes
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Onyirimba
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Wenqiang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Stanley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Roux
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001081:Apyrase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D008954:Models, Biological; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D034622:RNA Interference / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009711:Nucleotides; D013873:Thionucleotides; D014227:Triazines; C077792:pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C030812:adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate); C022571:adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate); C012842:Cibacron Blue F 3GA; D011732:Pyridoxal Phosphate; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C522733:APY1 protein, Arabidopsis; C522734:APY2 protein, Arabidopsis; D001081:Apyrase