title: Coffee intake and oral-oesophageal cancer: follow-up of 389,624 Norwegian men and women 40-45 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evidence on the relationship between coffee intake and cancer of the oral cavity and oesophagus is conflicting and few follow-up studies have been done.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 389,624 men and women 40-45 years who participated in a national survey programme were followed with respect to cancer for an average of 14.4 years by linkage to the Cancer Registry of Norway. Coffee consumption at baseline was reported as a categorical variable (0 or <1 cup, 1-4, 5-8, 9+ cups per day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether 450 squamous oral or oesophageal cancers were registered during follow-up. The adjusted hazard ratios with 1-4 cups per day as reference were 1.01 (95% confidence interval: 0.70, 1.47), 1.16 (0.93, 1.45) and 0.96 (0.71, 1.14) for 0 or <1 cup, 5-8 and 9+ cups per day, respectively. Stratification by sex, type of coffee, smoking status and dividing the end point into oral and oesophageal cancers gave heterogeneous and non-significant estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study does not support an inverse relationship between coffee intake and incidence of cancer in the mouth or oesophagus, but cannot exclude a weak inverse relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, Oslo NO-0403, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tverdal
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hjellvik
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Selmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee