title: Effect of topical vapocoolant spray on response to arthrocentesis and intravenous catheterization in unsedated horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of a commercially available topical vapocoolant spray in reducing responses to arthrocentesis of the middle carpal (MC) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and jugular vein catheterization in unsedated horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 healthy research horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arthrocentesis of both MC and MCP joints and bilateral jugular vein catheterization were performed in each horse. Immediately prior to skin penetration, 1 randomly selected MC joint, MCP joint, and jugular vein were sprayed with a vapocoolant liquid (intervention product), and the contralateral MC joint, MCP joint, and jugular vein were sprayed with water (placebo). An observer blinded to the type of spray treatment used evaluated the horses' responses to needle or catheter placement procedures by use of a 6-point categorical scale and a 100-mm visual analog scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses evaluated via the visual analog scale were significantly reduced after application of the intervention product, compared with responses after application of the placebo, for the MC and MCP joints; no difference in responses to jugular vein catheterization was detected between the 2 treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vapocoolant spray was safe and effective in reducing horses' responses to arthrocentesis. The use of such products prior to joint injections may reduce procedural nociception and pain anticipation in unsedated horses and may improve the safety of personnel performing such procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Teaching Hospital, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, 0033 Oslo, Norway. cathrine.fjordbakk@nvh.no
authors.forename: Cathrine T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Fjordbakk
authors.forename: Henning A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Haga
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D050824:Carpal Joints / Q000601:surgery; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000601:surgery; D008662:Metacarpophalangeal Joint / Q000601:surgery; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D019152:Paracentesis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D014743:Videotape Recording; D004980:Ethane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; C063006:norflurane; D004980:Ethane; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C403631:1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane