title: Validation of the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire in 1st generation Black African-Caribbean and South Asian UK migrants: a sub-study to the Ethnic-Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening (E-ECHOES) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We determined the diagnostic accuracy of the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire (ECQ) in 1st generation Black African-Caribbean UK migrants as previous diagnostic questionnaires have been found to be less accurate in this population. We also determined the diagnostic accuracy of translated versions of the ECQ in 1st generation South Asian UK migrants, as this has not been investigated before.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were recruited from the Ethnic-Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening (E-ECHOES) study, a community based screening survey for heart failure in minority ethnic groups. Translated versions of the ECQ were prepared following a recognised protocol. All participants attending screening between October 2007 and February 2009 were asked to complete the ECQ in the language of their choice (English, Punjabi, Bengali, Urdu, Hindi or Gujarati). Subjects answering positively to experiencing leg pain or discomfort on walking were asked to return to have Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  154 out of 2831 subjects participating in E-ECHOES (5.4%) were eligible to participate in this sub-study, for which 74.3% returned for ABPI assessment. Non-responders were younger than participants (59[9] vs. 65[11] years; p=0.015). Punjabi, English and Bengali questionnaires identified participants with Intermittent Claudication, so these questionnaires were assessed. The sensitivities (SN), specificities (SP), positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were calculated. English: SN: 50%; SP: 68%; PPV: 43%; NPV: 74%. Punjabi: SN: 50%; SP: 87%; PPV: 43%; NPV: 90%. Bengali: SN: 33%; SP: 50%; PPV: 13%; NPV: 73%. There were significant differences in diagnostic accuracy between the 3 versions (Punjabi: 83.8%; Bengali: 45%; English: 62.2%; p<0.0001). No significant differences were found in sensitivity and specificity between illiterate and literate participants in any of the questionnaires and there was no significant different difference between those under and over 60 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the ECQ is not as sensitive or specific a diagnostic tool in 1st generation Black African-Caribbean and South Asian UK migrants than in the Edinburgh Artery Study, reflecting the findings of other diagnostic questionnaires in these minority ethnic groups. However this study is limited by sample size so conclusions should be interpreted with caution.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Department of Vascular Surgery, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Blann
authors.forename: Paramjit S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom