title: Mechanical circulatory support after heart transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) may be used for severe graft failure after heart transplantation, but the degree to which it is lifesaving is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 1990 and December 2009, 53 patients after 1417 heart transplants (3.7%) required post-transplant MCS for acute rejection (n=17), biventricular failure (n=16), right ventricular failure (n=16), left ventricular failure (n=1), or respiratory failure (n=3). Although support was occasionally instituted remotely post-transplant (5>1 year), in 39 (73%) instances it was required within 1 week. Initial mode of support was extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 43 patients (81%), biventricular assist device in 4 (7.5%), and right ventricular assist device in 6 (11%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk of requiring respiratory support was highest in those with restrictive cardiomyopathy as indication for transplant, women, and those with elevated pulmonary pressure or renal failure. Complications of support, which increased progressively with its duration, included stroke in two patients (3.8%), infection in two (3.8%), and reoperation for bleeding (seven instances) in four (7.0%). Nineteen patients (36%) recovered and were removed from support, five (9.4%) underwent retransplantation (four after biventricular failure and one after acute rejection), and 29 died while on support (55%). Overall survival after initiating support was 94%, 83%, 66%, and 43% at 1, 3, 7, and 30 days, respectively. Patients requiring support for biventricular failure had better survival than those having acute rejection or other indications (P=0.03). Survival after retransplantation or removal from support following recovery was 88% at 1 year and 61% at 10 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe refractory heart failure after transplantation is a rare catastrophic event for which MCS offers the possibility of recovery or bridge to retransplantation, particularly for patients with biventricular failure in the absence of rejection. Early retransplantation should be considered in patients who show no evidence of graft recovery on MCS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. mihaljt@ccf.org
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mihaljevic
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Stawinski
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Smedira
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thuita
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mountis
authors.forename: Eugene H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Blackstone
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000628:therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D055031:Primary Graft Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012086:Reoperation; D016019:Survival Analysis