title: Evaluation of vitamin D levels among HIV-infected patients in New York City.
abstract: Few studies have examined the vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional retrospective chart review of 2992 HIV-infected patients was conducted from 9/2008 to 5/2009. A total of 274 adult patients had 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] obtained by radioimmunoassay. None was receiving vitamin D (vitD) supplements. Vitamin D status was defined as the following: vitD deficiency (vitDd) as 25(OH)D <25 nmol/liter, vitD insufficiency (vitDi) as 25(OH)D 25-74 nmol/liter, and vitD optimal (vitDo) as 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/liter. We analyzed demographic/laboratory data. vitDd, vitDi, and vitDo were 21.2% (58 patients, 58/274), 68.6% (188 patients, 188/274), and 10.2% (28 patients, 28/274), respectively. There were significant racial differences. Blacks were 60.3% (35 patients, 35/58), 40.4% (76 patients, 76/188), and 28.6 % (8 patients, 8/28) in vitDd, vitDi, and vitDo, respectively, p=0.002. CD4 T cell count was not different in these three groups. However, HIV viral load was significantly different. Median log (10) HIV viral load was 2.31 with IQR 1.70-409, 1.70 with IQR 1.70-2.96, and 1.70 with IQR 1.70-2.78 in vitDd, vitDi, and vitDo, respectively, p=0.039. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that black race [odd ratio (OR) 4.108, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.462-11.543, p=0.007] and HIV viral load>50 copies/ml (OR 2.396, 95% CI 1.120-5.127, p=0.024) were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in HIV-infected patients. Detectable HIV viremia and dark skin (black ethnicity) were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency. Evaluation of vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients should be considered and further studies are needed to define the effects of vitamin D.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jong Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Vani
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Psevdos
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D019562:Viral Load; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D