title: Co-variation in frequency and severity of cardiovascular and skeletal defects in Sprague-Dawley rats after maternal administration of dimethadione, the N-demethylated metabolite of trimethadione.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The anticonvulsant trimethadione is a potent inducer of ventricular septation defects, both clinically and in rodents. Teratogenicity requires its N-demethylation to dimethadione, the proximate teratogen. It was previously demonstrated trimethadione only induced membranous ventricular septation defects in rat (Fleeman et al., 2004), and our present goal is to determine whether direct administration of dimethadione increases the incidence and severity of septation defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups and administered either distilled water (control) or four different regimens of dimethadione. The core treatment was 300 mg/kg dimethadione b.i.d. on gestation day 9, 10 with additional groups given one additional dose of dimethadione 12 hr earlier, 12 hr later or two additional doses 12 hr earlier and later. Caesarian sections occurred on gestation day 21 and fetuses were examined for standard developmental toxicity endpoints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The broadest dosing regimen yielded the highest incidence and the most severe heart and axioskeletal findings with a decrease in mean fetal body weight. The overall incidence of ventricular septation defects was 74%, of which 68% were membranous and 9% muscular. Outflow tract anomalies (17%) were also observed, as were malformations of the axioskeleton (97%), but not of the long bones, and of particular interest was the high incidence of sternoschesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike trimethadione, dimethadione induces more serious muscular septation defects that are believed to be more clinically relevant. This, when taken together with the high incidence of total septation anomalies suggests dimethadione is useful for the study of chemically induced ventricular septation defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Reprodutive Toxicology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: Nigel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Terence R S
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ozolinš
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000187:drug effects*; D018376:Cardiovascular Abnormalities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004114:Dimethadione / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014293:Trimethadione / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004114:Dimethadione; D014293:Trimethadione