title: Prevalence and distribution of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16 and 18 in Carcinoma of cervix, saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and in the general population in Karnataka, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In view of conducting HPV vaccination in India it is most important to understand the prevalence of HPV genotypes in this population, not only in squamous cell carcinoma of cervix and oral cavity but also in the general population. In this study we explored the prevalence and distribution of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 in carcinoma of cervix, saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and in general population in Karnataka.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical cancer specimens after punch biopsy (n=60) were obtained from women attending Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences and Karnataka Cancer Therapy and Research Institute, Hubli (KCTRI). Saliva rinse of (n=34) OSCC patients from KCTRI and (n=396) normal individuals from different regions of North Karnataka, were collected and PCR based high-risk HPV genotyping was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using consensus PCR primers it was observed that 96.7% patients were infected with HPV irrespective of specific type in cervical cancer. Among them, HPV 16 was observed in 89.7%, HPV 18 in 86.2% and both HPV 16 and 18 in 79.3% patients. In OSCC, 70.6% were positive for HPV, among which HPV 16 prevalence was observed in 45.8%, HPV 18 in 54.2%, and HPV 16 and 18 multiple infection in 4.18%. In general population, HPV prevalence was observed in 84.4%. Among them, HPV 16 was observed in 2.75% and HPV 18 in 22.0% patients. In general population, multiple infection with HPV 16 and 18 was not observed but 75.3% were found to be infected by HPV genotypes other than HPV 16 and 18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study reveals that multiple infection of HPV 16 and 18 is quite high in cervical cancer and in case of OSCC, it was in conformity with the other studies. In general population HPV 18 prevalence was observed to be high. With this, we can conclude that both HPV 16 and 18 vaccinations will reduce the burden of cervical cancer and OSCC in Karnataka.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for DNA Diagnostics, Department of Applied Genetics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India. pramodbgai@gmail.com
authors.forename: Suyamindra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Sujayendra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Priyanka P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Vastrad
authors.forename: Bhushan B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Amruta R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Markande
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kadakol
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Hiremath
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaliwal
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Pramod B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Gai
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral