title: Novel application of nitrifying bacterial consortia to ease ammonia toxicity in ornamental fish transport units: trials with zebrafish.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether two commercial nitrifying bacterial consortia can function as biocontrol agents in ornamental fish transporting systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The consortia were applied in a simulated set-up using zebrafish as the model organism in three trials. The efficacy of the bacterial consortia in controlling the ammonia level was validated by measuring water quality parameters such as total ammonia, nitrate and pH of the transport water. The bacterial community structure in the transport unit was studied using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The consortia tested improved the nitrifying activity that in turn facilitated the reduction of ammonia that had accumulated during the transport. Bacterial profiles revealed the presence of both ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in the transport bags.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of the consortia during the transportation of zebrafish could profoundly improve the water quality by curbing ammonia accumulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential of applying nitrifying bacteria as a bioremediation practice during the transport of ornamental fish has been demonstrated and this innovative approach contributes to the amelioration of current fish welfare in ornamental fish trade.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø, Norway.
authors.forename: A K S
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dhanasiri
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kiron
authors.forename: J M O
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bergh
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D058465:Nitrification; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014186:Transportation; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014867:Water; D000641:Ammonia