title: Infection of the Sunagoke moss panels with fungal pathogens hampers sustainable greening in urban environments.
abstract: Drought and heat tolerance of the Sunagoke moss (Racomitrium japonicum) and the low thermal conductivity of the dry moss tissue offer novel greening and insulation possibilities of roofs and walls to mitigate the heat island phenomenon in urban environments. However, damage may appear in the moss panels under humid conditions in Japan. In this study we characterized fungi associated with the damaged areas of the Sunagoke moss panels. Fungi were identified by morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis and tested for pathogenicity on R. japonicum (Grimmiaceae) and an unrelated moss species (Physcomitrella patens; Funariaceae) under controlled conditions. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium oxysporum caused severe necrosis and death, whereas Cladosporium oxysporum and Epicoccum nigrum caused milder discoloration or chlorosis in both moss species. The fungi pathogenic on moss were closely related to fungal pathogens described from cultivated vascular plants. Ammonium increased severity of fungal diseases in moss. This study demonstrated that fungi can cause economically significant diseases in cultivated moss and hamper commercial use of the moss panels unless appropriate control methods are developed. Use of a single moss clone to cover large surfaces and the air pollutants such as ammonium may increase the risk for fungal disease problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
authors.forename: Motomu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akita
authors.forename: Mikko T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.forename: Hilkka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koponen
authors.forename: Eeva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Marttinen
authors.forename: Jari P T
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Valkonen
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D001483:Base Sequence; D019068:Bryopsida / Q000382:microbiology*; D002947:Cities; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants