title: Spectrum of breast disease encountered in HIV-positive patients at a community teaching hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV infection directly and indirectly affects breast tissue. This study describes the spectrum of HIV-related breast disease encountered at a community teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 9 year retrospective review was performed of HIV-positive patients with a breast-related diagnosis seen at our institution. Patient demographics, HIV status, comorbid disease, medications, clinical findings, diagnostic procedure, pathology, treatment and outcome were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 46 individuals were included with a median age of 47 years (range 24-64 years) and male:female ratio of 1:3 (12 men and 34 women). Mean duration of HIV infection was 7 years during which time 46% of patients had an AIDS defining illness. Median CD4 cell count was 437 cells/mm(3) (range 2 to ≥500 cells/mm(3)) at the time of the breast diagnosis. Breast disease identified included benign conditions (59% total: 92% for men, 47% for women), infection (17% total: 8% for men, 21% for women), cancer (22% total: 0% for men, 29% for women), and atypia (2% total: 0% for men, 3% for women). Patients with a breast infection had a lower median CD4 cell count than those with breast cancer or benign conditions. Gynecomastia was detected in seven out of 12 (58%) men. In these men, antiretroviral therapy (ART) of all drug classes was associated with gynecomastia. Breast cancer occurred only in women and included patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (n = 7), ductal carcinoma in situ (n = 2), and liposarcoma diagnosed in one individual. Specific risk factors for breast cancer in this setting were not identified. Five (11%) patients died, only one from breast disease during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that increased longevity in patients with chronic HIV infection may be associated with the occurrence of breast conditions in both men and women. A broad spectrum of breast disease should be anticipated in HIV-infected persons living longer with effective ART.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsbugh, PA, USA. Liron.pantanowitz@baystatehealth.org
authors.forename: Liron
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantanowitz
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Giovanna M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Crisi
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Makari-Judson
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garb
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skiest
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006177:Gynecomastia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index