title: A clinical narrative review of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in neonates with Pierre Robin sequence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonatal upper airway obstruction secondary to micrognathia can be managed with conservative or surgical interventions. Traditionally, severe upper airway obstruction was managed with a tracheostomy. Although tracheostomy may be life saving, it is associated with high rates of complications and can lead to developmental problems. More recently, mandibular distraction osteogenesis has been utilized to relieve micrognathia associated airway obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical narrative review of the current literature was performed to evaluate the efficacy of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in neonates with Pierre Robin sequence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To evaluate whether mandibular distraction osteogenesis can relieve the upper airway obstruction in micrognathic neonates and (2) to discuss and increase the awareness of various issues surrounding neonatal mandibular distraction procedures including preoperative workup, distraction protocols, and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mandibular distraction osteogenesis can be a safe and effective intervention in neonates diagnosed with Pierre Robin sequence with severe micrognathia and airway obstruction. Interestingly, in patients with additional complex syndromes, the airway obstruction was not consistently alleviated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When conservative measures fail, mandibular distraction osteogenesis should be considered to obviate the need for a tracheostomy in newborns with micrognathia associated upper airway obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Paul.Hong@iwk.nshealth.ca
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000379:methods*; D010855:Pierre Robin Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome