title: Ion release from orthodontic brackets in 3 mouthwashes: an in-vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stainless steel orthodontic brackets can release metal ions into the saliva. Fluoridated mouthwashes are often recommended to orthodontic patients to reduce the risk of white-spot lesions around their brackets. However, little information is available regarding the effect of different mouthwashes in ion release of orthodontic brackets. The purpose of this study was to measure the amount of metal ion release from orthodontic brackets when kept in different mouthwashes.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty stainless steel brackets (0.022-in, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were divided randomly into 4 equal groups and immersed in Oral B (Procter & Gamble, Weybridge, United Kingdom), chlorhexidine (Shahdaru Labratories, Tehran, Iran), and Persica (Poursina Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Tehran, Iran) mouthwashes and distilled deionized water and incubated at 37°C for 45 days. Nickel, chromium, iron, copper, and manganese released from the orthodontic brackets were measured with an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. For statistical analysis, 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Duncan multiple-range tests were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that ion release in deionized water was significantly (P <0.05) higher than in the 3 mouthwashes. Higher ion release was found with chlorhexidine compared with the other 2 mouthwashes. There was no significant difference (P >0.05) in nickel, chromium, iron, and copper ion release in the Oral B and Persica mouthwashes. The level of manganese release was significantly different in all 4 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If ion release is a concern, Oral B and Persica mouthwashes might be better options than chlorhexidine for orthodontic patients with stainless steel brackets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Member of Orthodontic Research Center and Shiraz Educational Research Center, Shiraz Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. [corrected]
authors.forename: Shahla Momeni
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Danaei
authors.forename: Afsaneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Safavi
authors.forename: S M Mehdi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Roeinpeikar
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oshagh
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iranpour
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omidkhoda
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omidekhoda
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000737:chemistry; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000737:chemistry; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000737:chemistry; D002857:Chromium / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D032121:Salvadoraceae; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013634:Tannins / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D003722:Dental Alloys; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009067:Mouthwashes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins; D014867:Water; D002857:Chromium; D013193:Stainless Steel; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D002594:Cetylpyridinium; D007501:Iron; D002710:Chlorhexidine