title: The influence of environmental bacteria in freshwater stingray wound-healing.
abstract: Invasion by bacteria can influence the course of healing of wounds acquired in aquatic environment. In this study, the bacteria present in Potamotrygon motoro stingray mucus and in the Alto Paraná river water were identified, and their ability to induce tissue injury and resist antibiotics was determined. Biochemical identification analysis showed that 97% of all bacterial isolates were Gram negative, Aeromonas spp., Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii being the species most prevalent. Gelatinase and caseinase were produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Erythrocyte hemolysis assay showed that A. sobria, A. hydrophila and to a lesser extent, other Gram-negative bacteria produced hemolysin. It was also observed that molecules released in culture by these bacteria were toxic to human epithelial cells. Antibiogram results showed that 68% of all bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one type of antibiotic, mainly B-lactams. Finally, it was demonstrated that although P. motoro venom was toxic to epithelial cells it did not influence bacterial proliferation. In summary, the results obtained in this work indicate that during the accident, the mucus of P. motoro and the environmental water may transfer into the wound pathogenic multi-resistant bacteria with the potential to cause severe secondary infections.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. mdomingos@butantan.gov.br
authors.forename: Marta O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Domingos
authors.forename: Márcia R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Franzolin
authors.forename: Marina Tavares
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: dos Anjos
authors.forename: Thais M P
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Franzolin
authors.forename: Rosely Cabette
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Barbosa Albes
authors.forename: Gabrielle Ribeiro
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.forename: Rossivan J L
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Katia C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Barbaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D001733:Bites and Stings / Q000382:microbiology*; D001938:Brazil; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005397:Fish Venoms / Q000633:toxicity; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D009093:Mucus / Q000382:microbiology; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D012860:Skates, Fish / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D005397:Fish Venoms; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D018093:Gelatinases; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C030895:caseinase