title: Metabolic biomarkers of prenatal disorders: an exploratory NMR metabonomics study of second trimester maternal urine and blood plasma.
abstract: This work describes an exploratory NMR metabonomic study of second trimester maternal urine and plasma, in an attempt to characterize the metabolic changes underlying prenatal disorders and identify possible early biomarkers. Fetal malformations have the strongest metabolic impact in both biofluids, suggesting effects due to hypoxia (leading to hypoxanthine increased excretion) and a need for enhanced gluconeogenesis, with higher ketone bodies (acetone and 3-hydroxybutyric acid) production and TCA cycle demand (suggested by glucogenic amino acids and cis-aconitate overproduction). Choline and nucleotide metabolisms also seem affected and a distinct plasma lipids profile is observed for mothers with fetuses affected by central nervous system malformations. Urine from women who subsequently develop gestational diabetes mellitus exhibits higher 3-hydroxyisovalerate and 2-hydroxyisobutyrate levels, probably due to altered biotin status and amino acid and/or gut metabolisms (the latter possibly related to higher BMI values). Other urinary changes suggest choline and nucleotide metabolic alterations, whereas lower plasma betaine and TMAO levels are found. Chromosomal disorders and pre-preterm delivery groups show urinary changes in choline and, in the latter case, in 2-hydroxyisobutyrate. These results show that NMR metabonomics of maternal biofluids enables the noninvasive detection of metabolic changes associated to prenatal disorders, thus unveiling potential disorder biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: CICECO-Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sílvia O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Gonçalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graça
authors.forename: Iola F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: António S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Eulália
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galhano
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pita
authors.forename: Maria do Céu
authors.initials: Mdo C
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Goodfellow
authors.forename: Isabel M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Carreira
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gil
mesh_terms: D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D055432:Metabolomics; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine