title: Low gestational age and chronic lung disease are synergistic risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective, population based study was designed to investigate risk factors for development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and their possible interrelationships, in neonates of gestational age (GA) <32 weeks born in a well-defined geographical region. STUDY DESIGN-SUBJECTS: The study population included all preterm infants born alive with GA 24-32 weeks in Northwestern Greece during a 9-year period and hospitalised in the regional neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  The association was assessed of the presence of ROP with maternal factors: age, pathology of pregnancy, in-vitro fertilisation, multiple gestation, mode of delivery, perinatal factors: gender, antenatal steroids, transportation, resuscitation, GA, birth weight (BW), small for GA status and postnatal morbidity: chronic lung disease (CLD), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), maximum O(2) needs, hypoxic/hyperoxic episodes, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), sepsis, using multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 189 infants without congenital anomalies born at GA 24-32 weeks ROP was diagnosed in 24 (12.7%) (>grade 2: 6). Logistic regression analysis showed ROP to be strongly associated with GA, odds ratio (OR) 2.1, confidence interval (CI) 1.3-3.3, p<0.01 and CLD, OR 10.2, CI 2.3-44, p<0.01, respectively, independent of confounding factors. By estimating interaction on an additive scale it was shown that the combined risk effect of GA and CLD was larger than the sum of the individual risk effects, implying synergistic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ROP was closely and independently related to both low GA and the diagnosis of CLD, which were interrelated in the development of ROP.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. vgiapros@cc.uoi.gr
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giapros
authors.forename: Aikaterini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drougia
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Asproudis
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Theocharis
authors.forename: Styliani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andronikou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors