title: Insulation failure in robotic and laparoscopic instrumentation: a prospective evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to detect the incidence, prevalence, and location of insulation failures (IFs) in laparoscopic and robotic instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  In phase A, a total of 78 robotic and 298 laparoscopic instruments were tested at 20 W and 2.64 kV at Mayo Clinic in Arizona. In phase B, 60 robotic and 308 laparoscopic instruments were tested at 20 W/1 kV and 20 W/4.2 kV, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In phase A, the robotic group showed a higher prevalence (25/78; 32%) and incidence of IFs after 10 uses (35/44 instruments; 80%) when compared with laparoscopy (prevalence, 39/298 [13%]; incidence, 68/189 [36%]; P<.05). In phase B, IFs were detected in 81.7% of the robotic instruments and in 19.5% of the laparoscopic instruments (P<.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high incidence and prevalence of IF in endoscopic instrumentation that is more common in the robotic group.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital Quirón Madrid, Madrid, Spain. mespada.mad@quiron.es
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espada
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Brie N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Javier F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Magrina
mesh_terms: D002058:Burns, Electric / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D020706:Laparoscopes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods