title: Nutrigenetics and prostate cancer: 2011 and beyond.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer runs in families and shows a clear dietary involvement. Until recently, the key risk gene(s) have proved elusive. We summarise current understandings of nutrient-gene interactions in prostate cancer risk and progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE-based literature search was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypothesis-directed candidate gene approaches provide plausible, albeit statistically weak, nutrient-gene interactions. These are based on early understandings of factors likely to impact on carcinogenesis, including both nutrient and genetic effects on androgen biosynthesis and action, xenobiotic metabolism, DNA damage and DNA repair. Non-hypothesis-directed genome-wide association studies provide much stronger evidence for other genes, not hitherto suspected for involvement. Although only a few of these have been formally tested for dietary associations in well-designed epidemiologic studies, the nature of many of the genes suggests that their activity may be regulated by nutrients. These effects may not only be relevant to prostate cancer susceptibility, but also to disease progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It will be important to move beyond studying single nucleotide polymorphisms, into more complex chromosomal rearrangements and to epigenetic changes. For future progress, large international cohorts will not only need to provide proof of individual nutrient-gene interactions, but also to relate these to more complex nutrient-gene-gene interactions, as parts of pathways. Bioinformatics and biostatistics will be increasingly important tools in nutrigenetic studies beyond 2011.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Yinan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Lynnette R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D008040:Genetic Linkage; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054647:Nutrigenomics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*