title: Mining of vaccine-associated IFN-γ gene interaction networks using the Vaccine Ontology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is vital in vaccine-induced immune defense against bacterial and viral infections and tumor. Our recent study demonstrated the power of a literature-based discovery method in extraction and comparison of the IFN-γ and vaccine-mediated gene interaction networks. The Vaccine Ontology (VO) contains a hierarchy of vaccine names. It is hypothesized that the application of VO will enhance the prediction of IFN-γ and vaccine-mediated gene interaction network.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, 186 specific vaccine names listed in the Vaccine Ontology (VO) and their semantic relations were used for possible improved retrieval of the IFN-γ and vaccine associated gene interactions. The application of VO allows discovery of 38 more genes and 60 more interactions. Comparison of different layers of IFN-γ networks and the example BCG vaccine-induced subnetwork led to generation of new hypotheses. By analyzing all discovered genes using centrality metrics, 32 genes were ranked high in the VO-based IFN-γ vaccine network using four centrality scores. Furthermore, 28 specific vaccines were found to be associated with these top 32 genes. These specific vaccine-gene associations were further used to generate a network of vaccine-vaccine associations. The BCG and LVS vaccines are found to be the most central vaccines in the vaccine-vaccine association network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that the combined usages of biomedical ontologies and centrality-based literature mining are able to significantly facilitate discovery of gene interaction networks and gene-concept associations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  VO is available at: http://www.violinet.org/vaccineontology; and the SVM edit kernel for gene interaction extraction is available at: http://www.violinet.org/ifngvonet/int_ext_svm.zip.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. yongqunh@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Arzucan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozgür
authors.forename: Zuoshuang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Dragomir R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Radev
authors.forename: Yongqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He