title: Childhood trauma, impulsivity, and executive functioning in crack cocaine users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of crack cocaine is a major public health concern in Brazil and internationally. Recent data suggest that childhood trauma is associated with worse outcomes among cocaine users. This study had the objective of evaluating the relationship of childhood trauma with executive functioning and impulsivity in outpatients with crack cocaine use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study of 84 consecutive outpatients with a primary crack cocaine use disorder who sought treatment in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Childhood trauma was evaluated with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; executive functioning, with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; and impulsivity, with the Barratt Impulsivity Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Childhood trauma was strongly associated with executive dysfunction and impulsivity, even when controlled for possible confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood trauma may be associated with executive dysfunction and impulsivity in crack cocaine users. The full impact of trauma needs to be further investigated in longitudinal studies.
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorders Program and INCT Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joana C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Narvaez
authors.forename: Pedro V S
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Elise K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Trindade
authors.forename: Daniel Chaves
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Márcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kauer-Sant'anna
authors.forename: Clarissa S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gama
authors.forename: Lisia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: von Diemen
authors.forename: Natália S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kapczinski
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapczinski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011581:Psychological Tests
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine