title: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study of probiotics in active rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the effect of probiotics as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A sample size of 30 subjects was calculated to determine a moderate effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three month double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed using probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 capsules administered orally. Inclusion criteria required at least 4 swollen and 4 tender joints and stable medications with no steroids for at least 1 month prior to and during the study. Twenty-nine patients with RA were randomized to treatment. ACR20 responses, serum cytokine levels and safety parameters were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients were randomized to the probiotic group, and 14 to placebo. Three subjects in the probiotic (20%) and one in the placebo group (7%) achieved an ACR20 response (p= 0.33). There was no statistically significant difference between individual components of the ACR20 criteria. Changes in cytokines favored placebo over probiotic. There was a significant improvement in the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score in the probiotic group from visit 1 to visit 3 (p=0.02) but no between-group differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to inclusion criteria, patients selected for the study had stable RA with chronic synovitis, and thus it may have been difficult for an adjunctive therapy to demonstrate improvement within 3 months. Although probiotics did not clinically improve RA as measured by the ACR20, it is interesting that there was functional improvement seen within the probiotic group compared to placebo.
authors.affiliation: Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Maria de Los Angeles
authors.initials: Mde L
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: Sarah Frances
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Faye
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Leon
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010919:Placebos; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010919:Placebos