title: The effect of triceps repair techniques following olecranon excision on elbow stability and extension strength: an in vitro biomechanical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of two types of triceps repair techniques on elbow stability and extension strength in the setting of olecranon deficiency using a cadaveric model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric arms were tested in an elbow motion simulator, which produced active elbow extension by applying physiological loads to the tendons. Computed tomography-based surface models were used to determine cutting planes corresponding to sequential levels of olecranon resection. Both anterior and posterior triceps repairs were simulated for each level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progressive sectioning of the olecranon increased elbow laxity for both active and passive extension (P < 0.001). Although the posterior repair resulted in greater laxity than the anterior repair for all but the 50% resection, this difference was small (less than 3°) and not statistically significant for either active (P = 0.2) or passive (P = 0.1) extension. Active extension produced less joint laxity than passive extension for both the anterior (P = 0.007) and posterior (P = 0.001) repairs. The posterior repair provided greater extension strength than the anterior repair at all applied triceps tensions and for all olecranon resections (P = 0.01). Both repairs reduced extension strength relative to the intact state (P < 0.01). Sequential olecranon excision decreased extension strength (P = 0.04); however, there were no differences between resection levels (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On average, there was a loss of extension strength of 24% and 30% for the posterior and anterior repairs, respectively. There was no significant difference in stability between repair techniques. Posterior repair of the triceps after olecranon excision would thus appear to be efficacious as a result of its higher triceps extension strength. However, clinical studies are needed to confirm these in vitro observations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, St Joseph's Health Care London, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Graham J W
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery*; D056740:Olecranon Process / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000092464:Elbow Injuries