title: Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing land and aquatic exercise for people with hip or knee arthritis on function, mobility and other health outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aquatic and land based exercise are frequently prescribed to maintain function for people with arthritis. The relative efficacy of these rehabilitation strategies for this population has not been established.This review investigated the effects of aquatic compared to land based exercise on function, mobility or participants' perception of programs for people with arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, CINAHL, AMED and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials were searched up to July 2010. Ten randomised, controlled clinical trials that compared land to aquatic exercise for adults with arthritis were included. Study quality was assessed with the PEDro scale. Data relevant to the review question were systematically extracted by two independent reviewers. Standardised mean differences between groups for key outcomes were calculated. Meta-analyses were performed for function, mobility and indices that pooled health outcomes across multiple domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in outcomes were observed for the two rehabilitation strategies in meta-analysis. There was considerable variability between trials in key program characteristics including prescribed exercises and design quality. Components of exercise programs were poorly reported by the majority of trials. No research was found that examined participant preferences for aquatic compared to land based exercise, identifying this as an area for further research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outcomes following aquatic exercise for adults with arthritis appear comparable to land based exercise. When people are unable to exercise on land, or find land based exercise difficult, aquatic programs provide an enabling alternative strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University Peninsula Campus, McMahons Rd, Frankston, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephanie I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Batterham
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heywood
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Keating
mesh_terms: D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D013551:Swimming Pools / Q000592:standards*