title: Antimicrobial nectar inhibits a florally transmitted pathogen of a wild Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Floral nectars of many species contain antimicrobial chemicals, but their function in nectar is subject to debate. Previously, we have shown that Erwinia tracheiphila, the causative agent of bacterial wilt disease in cucurbits, can be transmitted via the floral nectaries. •
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a disk diffusion assay (DDA) to determine the antimicrobial effects of nectar from a wild gourd on lawns of Escherichia coli and Erwinia tracheiphila. We also used E. tracheiphila to inoculate flowers of wild gourd plants, with and without nectar. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DDA showed that paper disks saturated with 10 μL of nectar inhibited the growth of E. coli on a larger area of the lawn than 40% glucose but a smaller area than 5% ampicillin for 12 h. On lawns of E. tracheiphila, nectar inhibited growth on a larger area than glucose for 24 h and there were no significant differences between ampicillin and nectar for12 h. A significantly larger proportion of the plants inoculated via flowers without nectar contracted wilt disease than plants with nectar. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that nectar reduces transmission of E. tracheiphila via the nectaries and reveal the potential for florally transmitted pathogens to influence the evolution of floral traits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Center for Chemical Ecology, and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA.
authors.forename: Miruna A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sasu
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Stephenson