title: Cytokine response in pediatric patients with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 virus infection and pneumonia: comparison with pediatric pneumonia without H1N1 2009 infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated serum cytokine levels in pediatric patients with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 virus (H1N1) infection-pneumonia and in pediatric patients with pneumonia but without H1N1 infection, and examined correlations between cytokine levels and clinical/laboratory findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven cases of infection by H1N1 were confirmed by RT-PCR and enrolled. Of these 57 cases, 26 had a severe H1N1 infection (group 1), and 31 had a mild H1N1 infection (group 2). Sera from 18 cases with pneumonia without H1N1 infection (group 3) were used as controls. The serum levels of 10 cytokines were determined by multiplex assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum levels of IFN-α, IL-6, and IP-10 were significantly higher in H1N1 infected cases than in group 3, and levels of IL-6 and IP-10 were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2. The level of IL-10 was significantly higher in groups 1 and 3 than in group 2. However, levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 were not significantly different between the three groups. IL-1β, IL-4, and MIP-1α were not detectable in most patients. IP-10 and IL-6 levels were found to show negative correlations with lymphocyte count and oxygen saturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found higher levels of cytokines (IFN-α, IL-6, IP-10) of innate immunity than those of acquired immunity in pediatric H1N1 infection. Of the cytokines found to be increased in cases with H1N1 infection, IP-10 and IL-6 were found to be correlated with disease severity (lymphopenia and hypoxia). IP-10 and IL-6 may be important markers in pediatric H1N1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea. kimyhped@hanmail.net
authors.forename: Yeo Hyang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Myung Chul
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hyun
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D058873:Pandemics; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010100:Oxygen