title: Visualisation of Leishmania donovani fluorescent hybrids during early stage development in the sand fly vector.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Leishmania protozoan parasites cause devastating human diseases. Leishmania have been considered to replicate clonally, without genetic exchange. However, an accumulation of evidence indicates that there are inter-specific and intra-specific hybrids among natural populations. The first and so far only experimental proof of genetic exchange was obtained in 2009 when double drug resistant Leishmania major hybrids were produced by co-infecting sand flies with two strains carrying different drug resistance markers. However, the location and timing of hybridisation events in sand flies has not been described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we have co-infected Phlebotomus perniciosus and Lutzomyia longipalpis with transgenic promastigotes of Leishmania donovani strains carrying hygromycin or neomycin resistance genes and red or green fluorescent markers. Fed females were dissected at different times post bloodmeal (PBM) and examined by fluorescent microscopy or fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) followed by confocal microscopy. In mixed infections strains LEM3804 and Gebre-1 reached the cardia and stomodeal valves more rapidly than strains LEM4265 and LV9. Hybrids unequivocally expressing both red and green fluorescence were seen in single flies of both vectors tested, co-infected with LEM4265 and Gebre-1. The hybrids were present as short (procyclic) promastigotes 2 days PBM in the semi-digested blood in the endoperitrophic space. Recovery of a clearly co-expressing hybrid was also achieved by FACS. However, hybrids could not sustain growth in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, we observed L. donovani hybrids in the sand fly vector, 2 days PBM and described the morphological stages involved. Fluorescence microscopy in combination with FACS allows visualisation and recovery of the progeny of experimental crosses but on this occasion the hybrids were not viable in vitro. Nevertheless, genetic exchange in L. donovani has profound epidemiological significance, because it facilitates the emergence and spread of new phenotypic traits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jovana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sadlova
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Seblova
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mauricio
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Volf
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Miles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004064:Digestive System / Q000166:cytology / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005453:Fluorescence; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000469:parasitology; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D014162:Transfection; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein