title: The efficacy of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) against Ascaris, Giardia, Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium.
abstract: The antimicrobial activity of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) in the presence and absence of riboflavin against various protozoa and helminth organisms was investigated in this study. Assays were conducted in transparent 12 well microtitre plates containing a suspension of test organisms in the presence or absence of 250 μM riboflavin. Plates were exposed to simulated sunlight at an optical irradiance of 550 Wm(-2) (watts per square metre) delivered from a SUNTEST™ CPS+ solar simulator. Aliquots of the test suspensions were taken at set time points and the viability of the test organisms was determined by either culture, microscopy or flow cytometry where applicable. With Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Entamoeba and Giardia exposure to SODIS at an optical irradiance of 550 Wm(-2) for up to 6h resulted in significant inactivation of these organisms. The addition of riboflavin to this system significantly increased the level of inactivation observed with cysts of A. castellanii. With Cryptosporidium oocysts and Ascaris ova exposure to SODIS in the presence and absence of riboflavin for 6-8h resulted in a negligible reduction in viability of both organisms. In this present study we have been able to show that SODIS is effective against a variety of previously untested waterborne organisms and with A. castellanii cysts the addition of micro-molar concentrations of riboflavin can enhance cyst inactivation. However, care must be taken as Ascaris larvae continue to develop inside the ova after exposure to SODIS and Cryptosporidium remain impermeable to propidium iodide staining indicating they may still be infectious.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Leicester, United Kingdom. wh12@leicester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heaselgrave
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kilvington
mesh_terms: D056894:Amoebozoa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006376:Helminths / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008853:Microscopy; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000633:toxicity; D013472:Sunlight; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D012256:Riboflavin