title: Access cavity preparation training using haptic virtual reality and microcomputed tomography tooth models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of haptic virtual reality (VR) simulator training using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) tooth models on minimizing procedural errors in endodontic access preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourth year dental students underwent a pre-training assessment of access cavity preparation on an extracted maxillary molar tooth mounted on a phantom head. Students were then randomized to training on either the micro-CT tooth models with a haptic VR simulator (n = 16) or extracted teeth in a phantom head (n = 16) training environments for 3 days, after which the assessment was repeated. The main outcome measure was procedural errors assessed by an expert blinded to trainee and training status. The secondary outcome measures were tooth mass loss and task completion time. The Wilcoxon test was used to examine the differences between pre-training and post-training error scores, on the same group. The Mann-Whitney test was used to detect any differences between haptic VR training and phantom head training groups. The independent t-test was used to make a comparison on tooth mass removed and task completion time between the haptic VR training and phantom head training groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-training performance had improved compared with pre-training performance in error scores in both groups (P < 0.05). However, error score reduction between the haptic VR simulator and the conventional training group was not significantly different (P > 0.05). The VR simulator group decreased significantly (P < 0.05) the amount of hard tissue volume lost on the post-training exercise. Task completion time was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Training on the haptic VR simulator and conventional phantom head had equivalent effects on minimizing procedural errors in endodontic access cavity preparation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand. siriwan.suebnukarn@gmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suebnukarn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hataidechadusadee
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suwannasri
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suprasert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rhienmora
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haddawy
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004497:Education, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D004708:Endodontics / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla; D003765:Models, Dental; D008963:Molar; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013335:Students, Dental; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014732:Vibration; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography