title: In-vitro study of the effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate on iatrogenic damage to enamel during orthodontic adhesive removal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  White-spot lesions (WSL) might be susceptible to mechanical damage during orthodontic bracket and adhesive removal. The aims of this in-vitro study were to investigate enamel loss on bracket and adhesive removal when the brackets were surrounded by WSL and to determine the effect of remineralizing these lesions with a 1% (w/v) casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) solution before bracket and adhesive removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Precoated metal mandibular incisor brackets were centrally bonded onto polished third molars and WSL produced by exposure to a demineralization buffer for 4, 12, and 30 days (n = 20 per group). Half of the demineralized window was covered with acid-resistant nail varnish, and the specimens were then subjected to remineralization with 1% CPP-ACFP. Brackets and residual adhesive were removed, and enamel damage was assessed by digital photography, profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy. Lesion depth, mineral loss, and remineralization were measured by transverse microradiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WSL enamel around the bracket was more susceptible to iatrogenic damage at adhesive removal compared with sound enamel. Remineralization of lesions with 1% CPP-ACFP before adhesive removal significantly (P <0.002) reduced the area and depth of damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remineralizing WSLs with CPP-ACFP before adhesive removal reduced iatrogenic enamel damage.
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Bio21 Institute, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Roslyn J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mayne
authors.forename: Nathan J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D001031:Apatites / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002364:Caseins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008422:Materials Testing; D008852:Microradiography; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000009:adverse effects*; D023861:Photography, Dental; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D002364:Caseins; D003738:Dental Cements; D008903:Minerals; D017973:Tungsten Compounds; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex; C002802:tungsten carbide; C025105:fluorapatite