title: MR measures of renal perfusion, oxygen bioavailability and total renal blood flow in a porcine model: noninvasive regional assessment of renal function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be a useful adjunct to current methods of evaluating renal function. MRI is a noninvasive imaging modality that has the ability to evaluate the kidneys regionally, which is lacking in current clinical methods. Other investigators have evaluated renal function with MRI-based measurements, such as with techniques to measure cortical and medullary perfusion, oxygen bioavailability and total renal blood flow (TRBF). However, use of all three techniques simultaneously, and therefore the relationships between these MRI-derived functional parameters, have not been reported previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the ability of these MRI techniques to track changes in renal function, we scanned 11 swine during a state of hyperperfusion with acetylcholine and a saline bolus and subsequently scanned during a state of hypoperfusion with the prolonged use of isoflurane anesthesia. For each time point, measurements of perfusion, oxygen bioavailability and TRBF were acquired. Measurements of perfusion and oxygen bioavailability were compared with measurements of TRBF for all swine across all time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortical perfusion, cortical oxygen bioavailability, medullary oxygen bioavailability and TRBF significantly increased with the acetylcholine challenge. Cortical perfusion, medullary perfusion, cortical oxygen bioavailability and TRBF significantly decreased during isoflurane anesthesia. Cortical perfusion (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.68; P < 1 × 10(-6)) and oxygen bioavailability (Spearman's correlation coefficient = -0.60; P < 0.0001) correlated significantly with TRBF, whereas medullary perfusion and oxygen bioavailability did not correlate with TRBF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate expected changes given the pharmacologically induced changes in renal function. Maintenance of the medullary oxygen bioavailability in low blood flow states may reflect the autoregulation particular to this region of the kidney. The ability to non-invasively measure all three parameters of kidney function in a single MRI examination and to evaluate the relationships between these functional parameters is potentially useful for evaluating the state of the human kidneys in situ in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WI, USA. alwentland@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wentland
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Artz
authors.forename: Sean B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fain
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Grist
authors.forename: Arjang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Djamali
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sadowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D055420:Perfusion Imaging; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen