title: Integration and publication of heterogeneous text-mined relationships on the Semantic Web.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques enable the extraction of fine-grained relationships mentioned in biomedical text. The variability and the complexity of natural language in expressing similar relationships causes the extracted relationships to be highly heterogeneous, which makes the construction of knowledge bases difficult and poses a challenge in using these for data mining or question answering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report on the semi-automatic construction of the PHARE relationship ontology (the PHArmacogenomic RElationships Ontology) consisting of 200 curated relations from over 40,000 heterogeneous relationships extracted via text-mining. These heterogeneous relations are then mapped to the PHARE ontology using synonyms, entity descriptions and hierarchies of entities and roles. Once mapped, relationships can be normalized and compared using the structure of the ontology to identify relationships that have similar semantics but different syntax. We compare and contrast the manual procedure with a fully automated approach using WordNet to quantify the degree of integration enabled by iterative curation and refinement of the PHARE ontology. The result of such integration is a repository of normalized biomedical relationships, named PHARE-KB, which can be queried using Semantic Web technologies such as SPARQL and can be visualized in the form of a biological network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PHARE ontology serves as a common semantic framework to integrate more than 40,000 relationships pertinent to pharmacogenomics. The PHARE ontology forms the foundation of a knowledge base named PHARE-KB. Once populated with relationships, PHARE-KB (i) can be visualized in the form of a biological network to guide human tasks such as database curation and (ii) can be queried programmatically to guide bioinformatics applications such as the prediction of molecular interactions. PHARE is available at http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/PHARE.
authors.affiliation: LORIA - INRIA Nancy - Grand-Est, Campus Scientifique - BP 239 - 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France. adrien.coulet@loria.fr.
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coulet
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Garten
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dumontier
authors.forename: Russ B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Musen
authors.forename: Nigam H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Shah