title: The biocontrol fungus Trichoderma stromaticum downregulates respiratory burst and nitric oxide in phagocytes and IFN-gamma and IL-10.
abstract: Trichoderma stromaticum, a biocontrol agent of the cacao witches' broom pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa, has been used in Brazil as part of the integrated pest management of cacao. At the present time, little is known about the effects of T. stromaticum on the modulation of in vitro or in vivo immune responses. The present study examined the interaction of T. stromaticum spores with cellular and molecular components of the immune system following intranasal sensitization of mice. Our results showed that T. stromaticum spores prevented the expression and production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages stimulated with interferon (IFN)-γ plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays revealed that T. stromaticum spores inhibited the expression of dectin-1 and Toll-like-receptor (TLR)2/TLR4. Intranasal injection of BALB/c mice and subsequent challenge with spores of T. stromaticum induced a discrete inflammatory response in the lungs. Interestingly, the spores inhibited local and systemic production of the regulatory IL-10 and proinflammatory IFN-γ cytokines. In addition the spores presented an antiproliferative effect on spleen cells. These findings showed that the biopesticide T. stromaticum may exert immunosuppressive effects in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia.
authors.forename: Edilson R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Alves-Filho
authors.forename: Tatiani U
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Maioli
authors.forename: Ana M C
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Fatima S M
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Noronha
authors.forename: Neide M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Marcio G C
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Jane L Dos
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism*; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009181:Mycoses / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D000099181:Dectin-1
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016753:Interleukin-10; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D000099181:Dectin-1; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse