title: Extrusion cooking with glucose supplementation of fumonisin-contaminated corn grits protects against nephrotoxicity and disrupted sphingolipid metabolism in rats.
abstract: METHODS
  Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin found in maize and maize-based foods. It causes animal diseases and is a suspected risk factor for cancer and birth defects in humans. Extrusion cooking reduces FB1 concentrations in maize however toxicity caused by unknown degradation or FB1-matrix reaction products might persist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To test the efficacy of extrusion to reduce FB1 toxicity, Fusarium verticillioides fermented corn (= maize) grits (Batch-1= 9.7 ppm FB1; Batch-2= 50 ppm FB1) were extruded without (Batch-1E; Batch-2E) or with 10% glucose supplementation (Batch-1EG; Batch-2EG). FB1 concentrations were reduced 64% (Batch-2E) to 94% (Batch-1EG) after cooking. When the uncooked and processed grits were fed (50% w/w in rodent chow) to rats for up to 8 weeks, FB1 intakes averaged 354, 103, and 25.1 çg/kg body weight/day for Batch-1, Batch-1E and Batch-1EG and 1804, 698, and 222 çg/kg body weight/day for the Batch-2, Batch-2E and Batch-2EG, respectively. Nephrotoxicity including apoptotic lesions and elevated sphingoid base concentrations decreased in a dose-dependent manner in groups fed Batch-1, Batch-1E, Batch-2, Batch-2E, or Batch-2EG and was absent in the Batch-1EG group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extrusion cooking, especially with glucose supplementation, is potentially useful to reduce FB1 concentrations and toxicity of FB1-contaminated maize.
authors.affiliation: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA. Ken.Voss@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Ronald T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Lauren S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jablonski
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianchini
authors.forename: Lloyd B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Bullerman
authors.forename: Milford A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Dojin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005285:Fermentation; D005506:Food Contamination; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D009929:Organ Size; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D037341:Fumonisins; D009183:Mycotoxins; D013107:Sphingolipids; C056933:fumonisin B1; D005947:Glucose