title: Subclinical signs in LRRK2 mutation carriers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several non-motor features have been reported to precede the motor signs of Parkinson's disease (PD) by several years. However, the time of onset of non-motor and motor symptoms is still debated. Healthy individuals carrying a PD-related mutation are candidates for studying the earliest disease signs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe clinically healthy family members of PD patients carrying a LRRK2 mutation (LRRK2-PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 47 family members of LRRK2-PD patients were included in the present study and were screened for the p.G2019S and p.N1437H substitutions in the LRRK2 gene. A standardized case report form was filled out in each case, including general medical evaluation, neurological examination with UPDRS, an olfaction test, mood, sleep and cognitive questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two study participants were positive, and 15 were negative for a LRRK2 mutation. Higher UPDRS motor scores, more frequent reports of urinary problems, and fewer hours of sleep were found in mutation carriers compared to non-carriers. The mutation carriers with UPDRS ≥8 were all aged over 50 years, had shorter overall sleeping hours, more frequent urinary and constipation problems, higher mood scores and body mass index. Deterioration of olfaction was not detected in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy LRRK2 mutation carriers presented subclinical parkinsonian motor and non-motor signs in the apparent absence of olfactory loss. Longitudinal studies will determine whether these changes precede alterations detectable by neuroimaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. krisztina.johansen@stolav.no
authors.forename: Krisztina K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: Linda R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Farrer
authors.forename: Jan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Aasly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C495280:LRRK2 protein, human; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases