title: The effects of postnatal maternal depression and anxiety on the processing of infant faces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postnatally depressed mothers have difficulties responding appropriately to their infants. The quality of the mother-child relationship depends on a mother's ability to respond to her infant's cues, which are largely non-verbal. Therefore, it is likely that difficulties in a mother's appraisal of her infants' facial expressions will affect the quality of mother-infant interaction. This study aimed to investigate the effects of postnatal depression and anxiety on the processing of infants' facial expressions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 89 mothers, 34 with Generalised Anxiety Disorder, 21 with Major Depressive Disorder, and 34 controls, completed a 'morphed infants' faces task when their children were between 10 and 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, mothers were more likely to identify happy faces accurately and at lower intensity than sad faces. Depressed compared to control participants, however, were less likely to accurately identify happy infant faces. Interestingly, mothers with GAD tended to identify happy faces at a lower intensity than controls. There were no differences between the groups in relation to sad faces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our sample was relatively small and further research is needed to investigate the links between mothers' perceptions of infant expressions and both maternal responsiveness and later measures of child development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings have potential clinical implications as the difficulties in the processing of positive facial expressions in depression may lead to less maternal responsiveness to positive affect in the offspring and may diminish the quality of the mother-child interactions. Results for participants with GAD are consistent with the literature demonstrating that persons with GAD are intolerant of uncertainty and seek reassurance due to their worries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Adriane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arteche
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joormann
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Craske
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Gotlib
authors.forename: Annukka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Counsell
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003863:Depression; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder; D005145:Face; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007224:Infant Care; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult