title: Topoisomerase 1 and single-strand break repair modulate transcription-induced CAG repeat contraction in human cells.
abstract: Expanded trinucleotide repeats are responsible for a number of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington disease and myotonic dystrophy type 1. The mechanisms that underlie repeat instability in the germ line and in the somatic tissues of human patients are undefined. Using a selection assay based on contraction of CAG repeat tracts in human cells, we screened the Prestwick chemical library in a moderately high-throughput assay and identified 18 novel inducers of repeat contraction. A subset of these compounds targeted pathways involved in the management of DNA supercoiling associated with transcription. Further analyses using both small molecule inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdowns demonstrated the involvement of topoisomerase 1 (TOP1), tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1), and single-strand break repair (SSBR) in modulating transcription-dependent CAG repeat contractions. The TOP1-TDP1-SSBR pathway normally functions to suppress repeat instability, since interfering with it stimulated repeat contractions. We further showed that the increase in repeat contractions when the TOP1-TDP1-SSBR pathway is compromised arises via transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair, a previously identified contributor to transcription-induced repeat instability. These studies broaden the scope of pathways involved in transcription-induced CAG repeat instability and begin to define their interrelationships.
authors.affiliation: Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Leroy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hubert
authors.forename: Yunfu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dion
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D053904:DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology*; D004264:DNA Topoisomerases, Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042822:Genomic Instability; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D006801:Humans; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D019680:Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D059004:Topoisomerase I Inhibitors; D004247:DNA; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C498508:TDP1 protein, human; D004264:DNA Topoisomerases, Type I