title: Cell cycle deregulation in the neurons of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: The cell cycle consists of four main phases: G(1), S, G(2), and M. Most cells undergo these cycles up to 40-60 times in their life. However, neurons remain in a nondividing, nonreplicating phase, G(0). Neurons initiate but do not complete cell division, eventually entering apoptosis. Research has suggested that like cancer, Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves dysfunction in neuronal cell cycle reentry, leading to the development of the two-hit hypothesis of AD. The first hit is abnormal cell cycle reentry, which typically results in neuronal apoptosis and prevention of AD. However, with the second hit of chronic oxidative damage preventing apoptosis, neurons gain "immortality" analogous to tumor cells. Once both of these hits are activated, AD can develop and produce senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles throughout brain tissue. In this review, we propose a mechanism for neuronal cell cycle reentry and the development of AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moh
authors.forename: Jacek Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Kubiak
authors.forename: Vladan P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Bajic
authors.forename: Xiongwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Hyoung-Gon
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D018816:Genes, cdc / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides