title: ACR Appropriateness Criteria(®) on suspected lower extremity deep vein thrombosis.
abstract: Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common clinical concern, with an incidence that increases with advanced age. DVT typically begins below the knee but may extend proximally and result in pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism can occur in 50% to 60% of patients with untreated DVT and can be fatal. Although clinical examination and plasma d-dimer blood evaluation can often predict the presence of DVT, imaging remains critical for the diagnostic confirmation and treatment planning of DVT. Patients with above-the-knee or proximal DVT have a high risk for pulmonary embolism and are recommended to receive anticoagulation therapy. On the other hand, patients with below-the-knee or distal DVT rarely experience pulmonary embolism, and anticoagulation therapy in these patients remains controversial. However, one sixth of patients with distal DVT may experience extension of their thrombus above the knee and therefore are recommended to undergo serial imaging assessment at 1 week to exclude proximal DVT extension if anticoagulation therapy is not initiated. Ultrasound is the preferred imaging method for evaluation of patients with newly suspected lower extremity DVT. Magnetic resonance and CT venography can be especially helpful for the evaluation of suspected DVT in the pelvis and thigh. Contrast x-ray venography, the historic gold standard for DVT assessment, is now less commonly performed and primarily reserved for patients with more complex presentations such as those with suspected recurrent acute DVT.
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. vho@usuhs.mil
authors.forename: Vincent B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: van Geertruyden
authors.forename: E Kent
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Yucel
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Rybicki
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Flamm
authors.forename: W Dennis
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jaff
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mammen
authors.forename: M Ashraf
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: Emile R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mohler
authors.forename: Vamsidhar R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Narra
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schenker
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011871:Radiology / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*