title: Unravelling the twists and turns of the serpinopathies.
abstract: Members of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily are found in all branches of life and play an important role in the regulation of enzymes involved in proteolytic cascades. Mutants of the serpins result in a delay in folding, with unstable intermediates being cleared by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. The remaining protein is either fully folded and secreted or retained as ordered polymers within the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell of synthesis. This results in a group of diseases termed the serpinopathies, which are typified by mutations of α(1)-antitrypsin and neuroserpin in association with cirrhosis and the dementia familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies, respectively. Current evidence strongly suggests that polymers of mutants of α(1)-antitrypsin and neuroserpin are linked by the sequential insertion of the reactive loop of one molecule into β-sheet A of another. The ordered structure of the polymers within the endoplasmic reticulum stimulates nuclear factor-kappa B by a pathway that is independent of the unfolded protein response. This chronic activation of nuclear factor-kappa B may contribute to the cell toxicity associated with mutations of the serpins. We review the pathobiology of the serpinopathies and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating the inclusions that cause disease. These include the use of small molecules to block polymerization, stimulation of autophagy to clear inclusions and stem cell technology to correct the underlying molecular defect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Benoit D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Roussel
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.forename: Ugo I
authors.initials: UI
authors.lastname: Ekeowa
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Belorgey
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ordóñez
authors.forename: Antonina J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kruppa
authors.forename: Annelyse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duvoix
authors.forename: Sheikh Tamir
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Damian C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.forename: Stefan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Marciniak
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lomas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D015843:Serpins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015843:Serpins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases