title: Nasal tip projection and facial attractiveness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Six nasal tip projection (NTP) ratios from Goode, Simons, Baum, Powell, and Crumley guide clinical and academic practice on quantifying NTP, but none have been empirically correlated with facial attractiveness. This study's objectives were to determine: 1) if there is a correlation between these ratios and facial attractiveness; and 2) which of the six ratios has the greatest linkage to overall facial attractiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basic research study.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 300 digital portraits of women (ages 18-25 years) randomly paired and morphed to create 300 synthetic lateral facial images rated by 78 raters in the community. NTP ratios were measured in each portrait.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the ratios correlated with facial attractiveness. For the Baum, Powell, and Simons ratio, facial attractiveness increased as NTP deviated 1 and 2 standard deviations from the ideal, whereas facial attractiveness decreased as NTP deviated from the Goode and Crumley ideal ratios. The most attractive faces had NTP ratios consistent with previous expert opinion findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first study to empirically correlate these six landmark NTP ratios with facial attractiveness. Although there was no correlation with any of the six ratios, the ideal ratios proposed by Goode and Crumley impacted facial aesthetics the most. Although the ideal ratios are useful in establishing rhinoplasty guidelines, they should only be used as a part of the management in achieving an aesthetic face on the whole, as they may not be robust enough to correlate with overall facial attractiveness.
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-Irvine, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Zlatko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Devcic
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rayikanti
authors.forename: Jesse P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hevia
authors.forename: Natalie A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Popenko
authors.forename: Koohyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.forename: Brian J F
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001504:Beauty; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D055171:Nasal Cartilages / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010781:Photography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult