title: Ciliary neurotrophic factor induces genes associated with inflammation and gliosis in the retina: a gene profiling study of flow-sorted, Müller cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a member of the interleukin-6 cytokine family, has been implicated in the development, differentiation and survival of retinal neurons. The mechanisms of CNTF action as well as its cellular targets in the retina are poorly understood. It has been postulated that some of the biological effects of CNTF are mediated through its action via retinal glial cells; however, molecular changes in retinal glia induced by CNTF have not been elucidated. We have, therefore, examined gene expression dynamics of purified Müller (glial) cells exposed to CNTF in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Müller cells were flow-sorted from mgfap-egfp transgenic mice one or three days after intravitreal injection of CNTF. Microarray analysis using RNA from purified Müller cells showed differential expression of almost 1,000 transcripts with two- to seventeen-fold change in response to CNTF. A comparison of transcriptional profiles from Müller cells at one or three days after CNTF treatment showed an increase in the number of transcribed genes as well as a change in the expression pattern. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that the differentially regulated genes belong to distinct functional types such as cytokines, growth factors, G-protein coupled receptors, transporters and ion channels. Interestingly, many genes induced by CNTF were also highly expressed in reactive Müller cells from mice with inherited or experimentally induced retinal degeneration. Further analysis of gene profiles revealed 20-30% overlap in the transcription pattern among Müller cells, astrocytes and the RPE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies provide novel molecular insights into biological functions of Müller glial cells in mediating cytokine response. We suggest that CNTF remodels the gene expression profile of Müller cells leading to induction of networks associated with transcription, cell cycle regulation and inflammatory response. CNTF also appears to function as an inducer of gliosis in the retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Radu I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Cojocaru
authors.forename: V Joseph
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swaroop
authors.forename: Vijay P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sarthy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001686:Biological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks / Q000235:genetics; D005911:Gliosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D020934:Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor; D012333:RNA, Messenger