title: Computer simulation of pectoralis major muscle strain to guide exercise protocols for patients after breast cancer surgery.
abstract: METHODS
  Descriptive study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify and rank the order of strain (length change in proportion to the resting length) of 3 portions of the pectoralis major (PM) muscle during various exercises.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A biomechanical foundation on which to base exercise prescriptions for patients after breast cancer surgery is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  An interactive, 3-D, computer graphic simulation system, developed to study biomechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system, was used to simulate movements of the glenohumeral, scapulothoracic, and scapuloclavicular joints of the shoulder, and to estimate strain in 3 portions of the pectoralis major (PM) muscle throughout the motions. The computed tomography scans of 2 male cadavers and literature review formed the basis for the estimations used in the model. Strains in the clavicular, midsternum, and abdominal regions of the PM were expressed as percent strain: [(change in muscle length/resting length) × 100]. Exercise motions were based on PM muscle anatomy and published breast cancer rehabilitation protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strains of the PM regions ranged from -21% shortening of the clavicular region during flexion to 55% lengthening of the abdominal region during the overhead stretch. Strain between adjacent regions was most uniform for the movement of abduction with external rotation, and least uniform with flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PM muscle lengthening estimates were not linearly proportioned to shoulder joint motions, and varied for 3 portions of the PM. This information may help clinicians and researchers to estimate lengthening of PM portions throughout measurable shoulder motions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1144, USA. cjansen@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Caroline W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Stegink-Jansen
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Buford
authors.forename: Rita M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gould
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery; D002102:Cadaver; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology