title: In vitro and intraoperative laxities after single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate whether double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction can better restore the normal translational and rotational laxities than the conventional single-bundle ACL reconstruction among the reported biomechanical studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted to identify in vitro and in vivo (intraoperative) biomechanical studies that compared the laxities (anterior or anteroposterior or rotational) between single- and double-bundle ACL reconstructions. Because of large variability among the loading conditions and testing methods used to determine the rotational laxities among the studies, a meta-analysis of rotational laxities was not feasible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven in vitro and three in vivo studies were included in this analysis based on the predefined inclusion criteria. The overall mean differences calculated by the random effects model in anteroposterior laxity between the single-bundle and double-bundle ACL reconstruction techniques at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion were 0.99 mm, 0.38 mm, 0.34 mm, and 0.07 mm, respectively. No statistically significant difference was noted between the 2 treatments at all flexion angles. Among the 9 studies that compared the rotational laxity of single-bundle and double-bundle ACL reconstructions, 4 reported that double-bundle reconstruction can provide better rotational control than single-bundle reconstruction. The other 5 studies could not identify any significant difference between the 2 reconstructions in terms of rotational laxity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both single- and double-bundle treatment options for ACL injury result in similar anteroposterior knee joint laxity at time 0. No conclusive evidence on the superiority of 1 reconstruction technique over the other in terms of rotation laxity can be obtained because of several variations in the experimental protocol and the kinematics used to measure the rotational laxity among the studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, meta-analysis.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Hemanth R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Gadikota
authors.forename: Jong Keun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Seon
authors.forename: Chih-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jia-Lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Guoan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation