title: Increased incidence of Leydig cell tumours of the testis in the era of improved imaging techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report an observed high frequency of Leydig cell tumours (LCTs) diagnosed at our centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts of all patients who underwent surgery for a testicular tumour between 1999 and 2008 at our department were searched and data from patients with LCT were collected. Before surgery all patients underwent ultrasound and complete staging. In all but two patients with LCT an organ-sparing surgery was performed. Surgery was performed under ultrasound or palpation guidance. All patients underwent postoperative follow-up. We retrospectively reviewed surgical technique, histology, epidemiology and outcome in all LCT patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study period, 197 testicular tumours were surgically removed of which 29 were diagnosed as LCT (14.7% of 197; further study group) in 25 patients. Mean age of patients with LCT was 45 years (range 21-68 years). Tumour size ranged from 1.2 to 80 mm (mean 10.23 mm). In two patients (8%) the lesion was palpable whereas incidental diagnosis was made in seven patients (28%). In the remaining patients diagnosis was made by ultrasound performed for testicular pain (six patients, 24%) or during infertility or erectile dysfunction evaluation (10 patients, 40%). Definitive histology reported no malignant histopathological features in all but one patient; this particular patient experienced tumour progression after 2 months and died from advanced disease 1 year later. All other patients are free of disease after a mean follow up of 56 months (range 7-93 months). During this period one patient developed a second LCT on the contralateral side; another patient had a recurrence within the same testicle, but on the opposite pole. Both underwent a subsequent organ-sparing tumour resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The percentage of LCT (14.7% of all testicular tumours removed) was significantly higher than expected from the literature. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is the increasing use of better ultrasound technology and the subsequent increased detection of small nodules that have not been found in historical series. Use of 'observation-only' for very small lesions detected at infertility clinics is under debate.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria. nicolai.leonhartsberger@i-med.ac.at
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leonhartsberger
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramoner
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aigner
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stoehr
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pichler
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zangerl
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritzer
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D007984:Leydig Cell Tumor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D047368:Tumor Burden; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase