title: Two-step intensity modulated arc therapy (2-step IMAT) with segment weight and width optimization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  2-step intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT) is a simplified IMAT technique which delivers the treatment over typically two continuous gantry rotations. The aim of this work was to implement the technique into a computerized treatment planning system and to develop an approach to optimize the segment weights and widths.
  
  
  METHODS
  2-step IMAT was implemented into the Prism treatment planning system. A graphical user interface was developed to generate the plan segments automatically based on the anatomy in the beam's-eye-view. The segment weights and widths of 2-step IMAT plans were subsequently determined in Matlab using a dose-volume based optimization process. The implementation was tested on a geometric phantom with a horseshoe shaped target volume and then applied to a clinical paraspinal tumour case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phantom study verified the correctness of the implementation and showed a considerable improvement over a non-modulated arc. Further improvements in the target dose uniformity after the optimization of 2-step IMAT plans were observed for both the phantom and clinical cases. For the clinical case, optimizing the segment weights and widths reduced the maximum dose from 114% of the prescribed dose to 107% and increased the minimum dose from 87% to 97%. This resulted in an improvement in the homogeneity index of the target dose for the clinical case from 1.31 to 1.11. Additionally, the high dose volume V105 was reduced from 57% to 7% while the maximum dose in the organ-at-risk was decreased by 2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intuitive and automatic planning process implemented in this study increases the prospect of the practical use of 2-step IMAT. This work has shown that 2-step IMAT is a viable technique able to achieve highly conformal plans for concave target volumes with the optimization of the segment weights and widths. Future work will include planning comparisons of the 2-step IMAT implementation with fixed gantry intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and commercial IMAT implementations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jidi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Theam Yong
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D014584:User-Computer Interface