title: Extraction of kiwi seed oil: Soxhlet versus four different non-conventional techniques.
abstract: Kiwi seed oil has a nutritionally interesting fatty acid profile, but a rather low oxidative stability, which requires careful extraction procedures and adequate packaging and storage. For these reasons and with the aim to achieve process intensification with shorter extraction time, lower energy consumption and higher yields, four different non-conventional techniques were experimented. Kiwi seeds were extracted in hexane using classic Soxhlet as well as under power ultrasound (US), microwaves (MWs; closed vessel) and MW-integrated Soxhlet. Supercritical CO₂ was also employed and compared to the other techniques in term of yield, extraction time, fatty acid profiles and organoleptic properties. All these non-conventional techniques are fast, effective and safe. A sensory evaluation test showed the presence of off-flavours in oil samples extracted by Soxhlet and US, an indicator of partial degradation.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy. giancarlo.cravotto@unito.it
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cravotto
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bicchi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mantegna
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Binello
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tomao
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chemat
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000196:embryology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008872:Microwaves; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010938:Plant Oils