title: A randomized clinical trial of theory-based activities for the behavioral symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the main and interactive effects of activities derived from the Need-Driven Dementia-Compromised Behavior model for responding to behavioral symptoms in nursing home residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized double-blind clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine community-based nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-eight cognitively impaired residents randomly assigned to activities adjusted to functional level (FL) (n=32), personality style of interest (PSI) (n=33), functional level and personality style of interest (FL+PSI) (n=31), or active control (AC) (n=32).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three weeks of activities provided twice daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Agitation, passivity, engagement, affect, and mood assessed from video recordings and real-time observations during baseline, intervention, random times outside of intervention, and 1 week after intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All treatments improved outcomes during intervention except mood, which worsened under AC. During intervention the PSI group demonstrated greater engagement, alertness, and attention than the other groups; the FL+PSI group demonstrated greater pleasure. During random times, engagement returned to baseline levels except in the FL group in which it decreased. There was also less agitation and passivity in groups with a component adjusted to PSI. One week after the intervention, mood, anxiety, and passivity improved over baseline; significantly less pleasure was displayed after withdrawal of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypothesis that activities adjusted to FL+PSI would improve behavioral outcomes to a greater extent than partially adjusted or nonadjusted activities was partially supported. PSI is a critical component of individualized activity prescription.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Quality of Life Project, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. amk20@psu.edu
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolanowski
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litaker
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buettner
authors.forename: Joyel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057565:Apathy; D001143:Arousal; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009043:Motor Activity; D009735:Nursing Homes; D009788:Occupational Therapy; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation