title: A whole water catchment approach to investigating the origin and distribution of Cryptosporidium species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigating the distribution and origin of Cryptosporidium species in a water catchment affected by destocking and restocking of livestock as a result of a foot and mouth disease epidemic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface water, livestock and wildlife samples were screened for Cryptosporidium and oocysts characterised by sequencing SSU rRNA and COWP loci, and fragment analysis of ML1, ML2 and GP60 microsatellite loci. Oocyst concentrations in water samples (0-20.29 per 10 l) were related to rainfall events, amount of rainfall and topography. There was no detectable impact from catchment restocking. Cryptosporidium spp. found in water were indicative of livestock (Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium parvum) and wildlife (novel genotypes) sources. However, C. andersoni was not found in any animals sampled. Calf infections were age related; C. parvum was significantly more common in younger animals (<4 weeks old). Older calves shared Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae and C. parvum. Wildlife shed C. parvum, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, muskrat genotype II and deer genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several factors affect the occurrence of Cryptosporidium within a catchment. In addition to farmed and wild animal hosts, topography and rainfall patterns are particularly important.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These factors must be considered when undertaking risk-based water safety plans.
authors.affiliation: UK Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK. Guy.Robinson@wales.nhs.uk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000469:parasitology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000469:parasitology; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005838:Genotype; D058751:Livestock / Q000469:parasitology*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D033661:Oocysts; D010802:Phylogeny; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D011891:Rain; D006113:United Kingdom; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D014867:Water