title: Abnormalities of the penis in utero--hypospadias on fetal MRI.
abstract: To demonstrate the visualization of penile abnormalities on fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  
  This retrospective study included five fetuses (25+0 to 31+6 gestational weeks) with penile abnormalities, positively depicted on fetal MRI, using prenatal ultrasonography (US) as a standard of reference. On MRI, the penis, as well as the scrotum and testicles, were evaluated. All fetal organs were reviewed to define penile abnormalities as isolated or in association with other anomalies. Furthermore, US and MRI findings were compared.
  
  
  
  Posterior hypospadias were demonstrated in all five fetuses, and abnormal testicular descent in two. Associated anomalies were present in all five fetuses on MRI, including abdominal/urogenital pathologies in four; brain pathologies in three; and craniofacial, cardiac, musculoskeletal, pathologies each in one fetus, and intrauterine growth retardation in one fetus. Compared to US, additional MRI findings were shown in four of five fetuses.
  
  
  
  Our MRI results demonstrate the visualization of fetal penile abnormalities and associated pathologies, which may provide information for perinatal management. MRI may show additional findings compared to prenatal US in certain cases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. stefan.nemec@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Stefan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nemec
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kasprian
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brugger
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bettelheim
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nemec
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Krestan
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rotmensch
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rimoin
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prayer
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010413:Penis / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal