title: Probiotics for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated disease in hospitalized adults--a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A serious complication associated with the use of most antibiotics is antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). The purpose of this article is to report findings from a meta-analysis of available studies on adult hospitalized populations to evaluate efficacy of probiotics for prevention of AAD and Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive, systematic search was conducted to identify all relevant studies on probiotic efficacy for prevention of AAD and CDAD. Data synthesis was done using MAStARI software from the Joanna Briggs Institute (University of Adelaide, Australia).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AAD affects one in five people on antibiotics. Risk factors for the development of AAD include the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and host factors such as age, health status, hospitalization status, and exposure to nosocomial pathogens. About a third of AAD cases have CDAD. Meta-analysis showed that administration of probiotics led to a statistically significant relative risk reduction of 44% for AAD and 71% for CDAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extended hospital stays, readmissions, and higher hospital costs are just some of the consequences of ADD and CDAD. Strategies currently used include discontinuing or changing the inciting antibiotic, restricting high-risk antibiotics, and encouraging the use of antibiotics based on sensitivity reports. Healthcare spending, morbidity, and mortality can potentially be reduced considerably by reducing the occurrence of ADD and CDAD by administering prophylaxis with probiotics concurrently with antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult ICU-5G, Saint Peters University Hospital, Kendall Park New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avadhani
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents