title: Whole-mount immunohistochemical analysis for embryonic limb skin vasculature: a model system to study vascular branching morphogenesis in embryo.
abstract: Whole-mount immunohistochemical analysis for imaging the entire vasculature is pivotal for understanding the cellular mechanisms of branching morphogenesis. We have developed the limb skin vasculature model to study vascular development in which a pre-existing primitive capillary plexus is reorganized into a hierarchically branched vascular network. Whole-mount confocal microscopy with multiple labelling allows for robust imaging of intact blood vessels as well as their cellular components including endothelial cells, pericytes and smooth muscle cells, using specific fluorescent markers. Advances in this limb skin vasculature model with genetic studies have improved understanding molecular mechanisms of vascular development and patterning. The limb skin vasculature model has been used to study how peripheral nerves provide a spatial template for the differentiation and patterning of arteries. This video article describes a simple and robust protocol to stain intact blood vessels with vascular specific antibodies and fluorescent secondary antibodies, which is applicable for vascularized embryonic organs where we are able to follow the process of vascular development.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Wenling
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yoh-suke
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Mukouyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000196:embryology*; D018397:Equidae; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply / Q000196:embryology / Q000294:innervation; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D009024:Morphogenesis; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000196:embryology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000294:innervation