title: Tattoo frequency and types among homicides and other deaths, 2007-2008: a matched case-control study.
abstract: An estimated 25% of the US population aged 18 to 50 years has a tattoo, which have been associated with markers of high-risk behaviors including alcohol and drug use, violence, carrying weapons, sexual activity, eating disorders, and suicide. This study compares tattoo prevalence and type in a homicide population to those of an age-, race-, and sex-matched control group of nonhomicide deaths. The data for this study were abstracted from autopsy records maintained by the Jefferson County Alabama Coroner/Medical Examiner's Office for the years 2007 and 2008. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between homicide and tattoo presence and characteristics were calculated using conditional logistic regression. There was no association between tattoo presence and death by homicide; however, among blacks, memorial tattoos were significantly more common among homicides compared with other types of deaths (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-5.68). The results of the current study suggest that specific types of tattoos, but not all tattoos, may be risk factors for homicide. Other factors, such as race and lifestyle, along with tattoos may need to be considered.
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lienert
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McGwin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000407:Alabama; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003334:Coroners and Medical Examiners; D005260:Female; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013653:Tattooing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult