title: [Analysis of musculoskeletal disorders, work load and working postures among manufacturing workers].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the distribution of the musculoskeletal disorders, work load and working postures in different factories, gender, education levels, age and working years among manufacturing workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study of 5134 manufacturing workers in 12 factories, the morbidities for musculoskeletal disorders in one year period were measured with questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The morbidities for musculoskeletal disorders in body sites: waist, neck, shoulder, wrist, ankle/feet, knee, hip/buttocks and elbows were 59.7%, 47.9%, 38.1%, 33.7%, 26.9%, 25.4%, 15.2%, and 14.9%, respectively in one year period. There were significant differences of morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in body sites of workers among different factories (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The morbidities of musculoskeletal symptoms in elbows, waist, wrists and ankle/feet of the workers in refractory material and chemical fiber factories were higher than those in other factories, the morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms of workers in garments and diamond factories were lower than those in other factories. The morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in neck, shoulders and wrists of female workers were significantly higher than those of male workers (P < 0.01). There were significant differences of the morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in body sites among workers with different educational levels (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There were significant differences of the morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in neck, shoulders, wrists, hip/buttocks and knee among groups with different age or different working years (P < 0.01), and the morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms increased with age and working years. The proportions of unhealthy working postures and high working load among workers in refractory material and chemical fiber factories were higher; but those in garments and diamond factories were lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The morbidities for musculoskeletal symptoms in waist, neck, shoulder and wrists of workers in manufacturing workers were higher; the gender, education level, age and working years could influenced the morbidities for musculoskeletal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Henan Provincial Institute of Occupational Health, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
authors.forename: Shan-fa
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Gui-zhen
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Shi-yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Hai-sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shou-ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Xiao-fa
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shu-le
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Li-hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011187:Posture; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires