title: Fitness and fatness are independently associated with markers of insulin resistance in European adolescents; the HELENA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the independent association of total and central body fat and cardiorespiratory fitness with markers of insulin resistance after controlling for several potential confounders in European adolescents participating in the HELENA-CSS (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross sectional study (the HELENA-CSS) which comprised 1053 (12.5-17.5 years) adolescents from 10 European cities. Weight, height, waist circumference and skinfold thickness were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the 20-m shuttle run test. Markers of insulin resistance were fasting insulin and glucose, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HOMA and insulin were positively associated with BMI, skinfolds and waist circumference after controlling for center, age, pubertal status and cardiorespiratory fitness (all P ? 0.01). HOMA and insulin were negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents with moderate to high levels of total and central body fat (all P ? 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HOMA and insulin were associated with total and central body fat in European adolescents. Moreover, cardiorespiratory fitness explained a part of the HOMA and insulin variance in those adolescents with moderate to high levels of total and central body fat, and also, to some extent, in those with low to middle fat mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada , Spain. davidjimenez@ugr.es
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Pavón
authors.forename: Manuel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.forename: Katerine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondaki
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Béghin
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaccaria
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Henauw
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.forename: D Nes
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Moln R
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.forename: Jonatan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ruiz
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin