title: Human brain activity associated with painful mechanical stimulation to muscle and bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to elucidate the central processing of painful mechanical stimulation to muscle and bone by measuring blood oxygen level-dependent signal changes using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy volunteers were enrolled. Mechanical pressure on muscle and bone were applied at the right lower leg by an algometer. Intensities were adjusted to cause weak and strong pain sensation at either target site in preliminary testing. Brain activation in response to mechanical nociceptive stimulation targeting muscle and bone were measured by fMRI and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Painful mechanical stimulation targeting muscle and bone activated the common areas including bilateral insula, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), inferior parietal lobe, and basal ganglia. The contralateral S2 was more activated by strong stimulation than by weak stimulation. Some areas in the basal ganglia (bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus) were more activated by muscle stimulation than by bone stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The putamen and caudate nucleus may have a more significant role in brain processing of muscle pain compared with bone pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Nishinomiya Municipal Central Hospital, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Mayu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Yoshitetsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sumitani
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mashimo
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen