title: Application of impedance threshold devices during cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the use of impedance threshold devices (ITD) during CPCR, their proposed mechanism of action, and their application in veterinary medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data sources include scientific reviews and original research publications using the PubMed search engine with the following keywords: 'impedance threshold device' and 'resuscitation' and the Veterinary Information Network search function using the keywords 'impedance threshold device.'
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies in human medicine have demonstrated that the use of an ITD during CPCR in patients during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest improves coronary perfusion pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. This improvement in vital organ blood flow results in increased cardiac output and faster return of spontaneous circulation. The use of an ITD has been studied in people and currently holds a class IIb level of recommendation according to the 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. This device is recommended as a way to improve hemodynamics during CPCR by enhancing venous return and avoiding hyperventilation, thereby increasing the likelihood of a successful resuscitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple controlled studies using pigs with ventricular fibrillation induced cardiopulmonary arrest have demonstrated increased myocardial and cerebral perfusion with the use of an ITD. These studies have emphasized the importance of decreasing intrathoracic pressures during the decompression phase of CPCR and avoiding hyperventilation in order to maximize vital organ blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of an ITD during CPCR in human and animal studies has demonstrated improved vital organ perfusion and faster return of spontaneous circulation. However, the majority of these studies have been carried out in people during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation cardiopulmonary arrest pig models. Further studies evaluating the use of an ITD during CPCR in the veterinary hospital setting are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Southern Oregon Veterinary Specialty Center, Medford, OR 97504, USA. meganseekins@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Megan B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Seekins
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000662:veterinary*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D012119:Respiration; D013552:Swine