title: Mild hypothermia causes differential, time-dependent changes in cytokine expression and gliosis following endothelin-1-induced transient focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and few therapies exist thus far. Mild hypothermia (33°C) is a promising neuroprotective strategy to improve outcome after ischemic stroke. However, its complete mechanism of action has not yet been fully elaborated. This study is the first to investigate whether this neuroprotection occurs through modulation of the neuroinflammatory response after stroke in a time-dependent manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Endothelin-1 (Et-1) model was used to elicit a transient focal cerebral ischemia in male Wistar rats. In this model, the core and penumbra of the insult are represented by the striatum and the cortex respectively. We assessed the effects of 2 hours of hypothermia, started 20 minutes after Et-1 injection on neurological outcome and infarct volume. Furthermore, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression was determined using ELISA. Microgliosis and astrogliosis were investigated using CD-68 and GFAP staining respectively. All parameters were determined 8, 24, 72 hours and 1 week after the administration of Et-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Et-1 infusion caused neurological deficit and a reproducible infarct size which increased up to 3 days after the insult. Both parameters were significantly reduced by hypothermia. The strongest reduction in infarct volume with hypothermia, at 3 days, corresponded with increased microglial activation. Reducing the brain temperature affected the stroke induced increase in interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α in the striatum, 8 hours after its induction, but not at later time points. Transforming growth factor β increased as a function of time after the Et-1-induced insult and was not influenced by cooling. Hypothermia reduced astrogliosis at 1 and 3 days after stroke onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The beneficial effects of hypothermia after stroke on infarct volume and functional outcome coincide with a time-dependent modulation of the cytokine expression and gliosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: An-Gaëlle
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ceulemans
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zgavc
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kooijman
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hachimi-Idrissi
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarre
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Michotte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005911:Gliosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D016207:Cytokines; D019332:Endothelin-1; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C539355:CD68 protein, rat; D000097382:CD68 Molecule