title: Optimum conductive fabric sensor sites for evaluating the status of knee joint movements using bio-impedance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been many studies that utilize the bio-impedance measurement method to analyze the movements of the upper and lower limbs. A fixed electrical current flows into the limbs through four standard disposable electrodes in this method. The current flows in the muscles and blood vessels, which have relatively low resistivity levels in the human body. This method is used to measure bio-impedance changes following volume changes of muscles and blood vessels around a knee joint. The result of the bio-impedance changes is used to evaluate the movements. However, the method using the standard disposable electrodes has a restriction related to its low bio-impedance changes: the standard disposable electrodes are only able to measure bio-impedance from a limited part of a muscle. Moreover, it is impossible to use continuously, as the electrodes are designed to be disposable. This paper describes a conductive fabric sensor (CFS) using a bio-impedance measurement method and determines the optimum configuration of the sensor for estimating knee joint movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  The upper side of subjects' lower limbs was divided into two areas and the lower side of subjects' lower limbs was divided into three areas. The spots were matched and 6 pairs were selected. Subjects were composed of 15 males (age: 30.7 ± 5.3, weight: 69.8 ± 4.2 kg, and height: 173.5 ± 2.8 cm) with no known problems with their knee joints. Bio-impedance changes according to knee joint flexion/extension assessments were calculated and compared with bio-impedance changes by an ankle joint flexion/extension test (SNR I) and a hip joint flexion/extension test (SNR II).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bio-impedance changes of the knee joint flexion/extension assessment were 35.4 ± 20.0 Ω on the (1, 5) pair. SNR I was 3.8 ± 8.4 and SNR II was 6.6 ± 7.9 on the (1, 5) pair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimum conductive fabric sensor configuration for evaluating knee joint movements were represented by the (1, 5) pair.
authors.affiliation: Medical Electronics and Information Lab, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University.
authors.forename: Byung Woo
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chungkeun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jinkwon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Myoungho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D017097:Electric Impedance; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted