title: Temporoparietooccipital disconnection in children with intractable epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Temporoparietooccipital (TPO) disconnection is described mainly in children with diffuse posterior quadrant lesions and concordant electroencephalography (EEG) findings. The authors report on 16 children who underwent TPO surgery, including 4 with no definite epileptogenic lesion and 8 with generalized electroclinical manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a retrospective review of clinical, neuropsychological, EEG, imaging, and histopathological data in 16 children with intractable epilepsy who underwent TPO disconnection and/or resection at their center between December 1998 and March 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seizure onset occurred between the ages of 1 and 24 months, and TPO surgery was performed between the ages of 0.2 and 17 years. All children had refractory seizures, including epileptic spasms in 10 and tonic seizures in 7, and all had developmental delay. Twelve children had epileptogenic lesions on MR imaging, including 6 with posterior quadrant dysplasia. Four children had only subtle white matter signal change or unusual sulcation on MR imaging, associated with subtle but concordant EEG and functional imaging abnormalities. After a mean follow-up of 52 months (range 12-114 months), 9 children (56%) are seizure-free and 5 (31%) experienced seizure reduction of greater than 50%. Focal or regional background slowing on EEG was correlated with favorable seizure outcome. Five children showed developmental progress and 3 had acceleration in development following surgery. None of the children developed new motor deficits postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporoparietooccipital disconnection is an effective, motor-sparing epilepsy surgery procedure for selected children with refractory focal or generalized seizures with localization to the posterior quadrant on 1 side, with or without a discrete lesion on MR imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Ahmad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Jeremy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Wirginia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maixner
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Jacquie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wrennall
authors.forename: A Simon
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Harvey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome