title: Compromised weight gain, milk intake, and feeding behavior in breastfed newborns of depressive mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore depressed mood in the breastfeeding dyad.
  
  
  METHODS
  N = 50 mothers of 12-day-olds reported depressed mood (EPDS) and anxiety (STAI), then were videotaped while breastfeeding. Infants were weighed before and after breastfeeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An ANCOVA on weight gain, which controlled for infant age and birth weight, found EPDS inversely related to weight gain. Following a significant MANCOVA on infant biobehavioral measures, ANCOVAs which controlled for birth weight, age, hunger at time of testing, and degree of exclusivity in breastfeeding, found EPDS inversely related to infants' milk intake and latch quality. Following a significant MANOVA on maternal behaviors, ANOVAs revealed EPDS inversely related to mothers' sensitive positioning and touch frequency. Contrastingly, anxiety was associated with increased touch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the breastfed newborn, mothers' depressed mood is associated with lesser weight gain, lower milk intake, poorer latch to the breast, and receiving less frequent touch and less-sensitive positioning at the breast by mother.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1230, USA. sybil.hart@ttu.edu
authors.forename: Sybil L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Shera C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: L Mallory
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Boylan
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D003866:Depressive Disorder; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008895:Milk, Human; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*