title: Glioblastoma cells: a heterogeneous and fatal tumor interacting with the parenchyma.
abstract: Glioblastomas (GBMs) are considered to be one of the deadliest human cancers, characterized by a high proliferative rate, aggressive invasiveness and insensitivity to radio- and chemotherapy, as well as a short patient survival period. Moreover, GBMs are among the most vascularized and invasive cancers in humans. Angiogenesis in GBMs is correlated with the grade of malignancy and is inversely correlated with patient survival. One of the first steps in tumor invasions is migration. GBM cells have the ability to infiltrate and disrupt physical barriers such as basement membranes, extracellular matrix and cell junctions. The invasion process includes the overexpression of several members of a super-family of zinc-based proteinases, the Metzincin, in particular a sub-group, metalloproteinases. Another interesting aspect is that, inside the GBM tissue, there are up to 30% of microglia or macrophages. However, little is known about the immune performance and interactions of the microglia with GBMs. These singular properties of GBMs will be described here. A sub-population of cells with stem-like properties may be the source of tumors since, apparently, GBM stem cells (GSCs) are highly resistant to current cancer treatments. These cancer therapies, while killing the majority of tumor cells, ultimately fail in GBM treatment because they do not eliminate GSCs, which survive to regenerate new tumors. Finally, GBM patient prognostic has shown little improvement in decades. In this context, we will discuss how the membrane-acting toxins called cytolysins can be a potential new tool for GBM treatment.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tercia Rodrigues
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Flavia Regina Souza
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Suzana Assad
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: Luiz Gustavo Feijó
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soletti
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Vivaldo Moura
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Neto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000502:physiology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D009423:Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D045726:Metalloproteases