title: Factors affecting high-pressure solvent extraction (accelerated solvent extraction) of additives from polymers.
abstract: Irganox 1010 (pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)] propionate) is successfully extracted from polypropylene using solvents at high temperatures and pressures in a homemade accelerated solvent extraction system. For example, using freeze-ground polymer, 90% extraction is possible within 5 min with 2-propanol at 150 °C. Extraction curves for 2-propanol and acetone fit well to the "hot ball" model, previously developed for supercritical fluid extraction. Diffusion coefficients are determined for extractions with 2-propanol, acetone, and cyclohexane over a range of temperatures, and the activation energies for the diffusion are 134, 107, and 61 kJ mol(-)(1), respectively. The lower figure for acetone and cyclohexane indicates that these solvents swell the polymer more than does 2-propanol. The polymer dissolves in the solvent at too high a temperature, which causes blockage of the transfer lines. For maximum extraction rates, the highest temperature for each solvent that avoids dissolution of the polymer should be used. The use of mixed solvents is investigated and shows advantages in some cases, with the aim of producing a solvent that will swell the polymer but not dissolve it.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Vandenburg
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Bartle
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Garden