title: Symptomatic intracranial arterial disease: incidence, natural history, diagnosis, and management.
abstract: Symptomatic intracranial arterial disease is associated with a high rate of recurrent ischemic events. The management of this condition is controversial, with some advocating medical therapy as a sole means of treatment and others recommending endovascular therapy in addition to best medical management. In rare cases, surgical intervention is considered. A thorough review of the available literature was performed, and treatment recommendations based on these data are provided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Ananth K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Vellimana
authors.forename: Andria L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Jin-Moo
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Derdeyn
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zipfel
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011859:Radiography; D015607:Stents / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents