title: Effect of local anaesthesia and/or analgesia on pain responses induced by piglet castration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical castration in male piglets is painful and methods that reduce this pain are requested. This study evaluated the effect of local anaesthesia and analgesia on vocal, physiological and behavioural responses during and after castration. A second purpose was to evaluate if herdsmen can effectively administer anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four male piglets in each of 141 litters in five herds were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: castration without local anaesthesia or analgesia (C, controls), analgesia (M, meloxicam), local anaesthesia (L, lidocaine), or both local anaesthesia and analgesia (LM). Lidocaine (L, LM) was injected at least three minutes before castration and meloxicam (M, LM) was injected after castration. During castration, vocalisation was measured and resistance movements judged. Behaviour observations were carried out on the castration day and the following day. The day after castration, castration wounds were ranked, ear and skin temperature was measured, and blood samples were collected for analysis of acute phase protein Serum Amyloid A concentration (SAA). Piglets were weighed on the castration day and at three weeks of age. Sickness treatments and mortality were recorded until three weeks of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Piglets castrated with lidocaine produced calls with lower intensity (p < 0.001) and less resistance movements (p < 0.001) during castration. Piglets that were given meloxicam displayed less pain-related behaviour (huddled up, spasms, rump-scratching, stiffness and prostrated) on both the castration day (p = 0.06, n.s.) and the following day (p = 0.02). Controls had less swollen wounds compared to piglets assigned to treatments M, L and LM (p < 0.001). The proportion of piglets with high SAA concentration (over threshold values 200, 400 mg/l) was higher (p = 0.005; p = 0.05) for C + L compared to M + LM. Ear temperature was higher (p < 0.01) for controls compared to L and LM. There were no significant treatment effects for skin temperature, weight gain, sickness treatments or mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study concludes that lidocaine reduced pain during castration and that meloxicam reduced pain after castration. The study also concludes that the herdsmen were able to administer local anaesthesia effectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Scienes, P.O. Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. monica.hansson@slu.se
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lundeheim
authors.forename: Görel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000662:veterinary*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000601:surgery*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D000077239:Meloxicam; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D011897:Random Allocation; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000032:analysis; D012881:Skin Temperature; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000601:surgery*; D013548:Sweden; D013843:Thiazines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014828:Vocalization, Animal; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D008012:Lidocaine; D000077239:Meloxicam