title: Medial midfoot fat pad thickness and plantar pressures: are these related in children?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research has shown that obese children have thicker plantar fat pads compared to non-obese children. As it is uncertain how this thickness influences dynamic foot function, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between dynamic plantar pressures generated beneath the feet of school-aged children and their medial midfoot fat pad thickness measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Height and weight were measured, and BMI calculated, for 252 children aged 6.0-9.9 y (mean ? SD 8.1 ? 1.0 y, 112 boys). Medial midfoot plantar fat pad thickness was quantified using ultrasonography and dynamic plantar pressure distributions were measured using a pressure platform. Data were correlated to establish the strength of the relationships among BMI, plantar fat pad thickness and medial midfoot plantar pressures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both medial midfoot plantar fat pad thickness and medial midfoot plantar pressure were significantly correlated with BMI (r = 0.401, P < 0.001 and r = 0.465, P < 0.001, respectively). Although medial midfoot plantar pressure significantly correlated with midfoot plantar fat pad thickness during non-weight bearing (r = 0.294, P < 0.001) and weight bearing (r = 0.289, P < 0.001), the strength of the relationships was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional medial midfoot fat padding in obese school-aged children appears to reflect their excess body mass rather than an adaptation to cushion pressures associated with this increased body mass. Further investigation is required to identify probable short- and long-term functional limitations resulting from increased pressures generated beneath the feet of obese children when walking.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong , NSW, Australia. dlh950@uowmail.edu.au
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Riddiford-Harland
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Baur
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050154:Adiposity; D000367:Age Factors; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011312:Pressure; D014463:Ultrasonography