title: Electrochemical oxidation by square-wave potential pulses in the imitation of oxidative drug metabolism.
abstract: Electrochemistry combined with mass spectrometry (EC-MS) is an emerging analytical technique in the imitation of oxidative drug metabolism at the early stages of new drug development. Here, we present the benefits of electrochemical oxidation by square-wave potential pulses for the oxidation of lidocaine, a test drug compound, on a platinum electrode. Lidocaine was oxidized at constant potential and by square-wave potential pulses with different cycle times, and the reaction products were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [LC-MS(/MS)]. Application of constant potentials of up to +5.0 V resulted in relatively low yields of N-dealkylation and 4-hydroxylation products, while oxidation by square-wave potential pulses generated up to 50 times more of the 4-hydroxylation product at cycle times between 0.2 and 12 s (estimated yield of 10%). The highest yield of the N-dealkylation product was obtained at cycle times shorter than 0.2 s. Tuning of the cycle time is thus an important parameter to modulate the selectivity of electrochemical oxidation reactions. The N-oxidation product was only obtained by electrochemical oxidation under air atmosphere due to reaction with electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide. Square-wave potential pulses may also be applicable to modulate the selectivity of electrochemical reactions with other drug compounds in order to generate oxidation products with greater selectivity and higher yield based on the optimization of cycle times and potentials. This considerably widens the scope of direct electrochemistry-based oxidation reactions for the imitation of in vivo oxidative drug metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eslam
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nouri-Nigjeh
authors.forename: Hjalmar P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Permentier
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bischoff
authors.forename: Andries P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bruins
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003640:Dealkylation; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D006900:Hydroxylation; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine