title: Proton radiography and fluoroscopy of lung tumors: a Monte Carlo study using patient-specific 4DCT phantoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monte Carlo methods are used to simulate and optimize a time-resolved proton range telescope (TRRT) in localization of intrafractional and interfractional motions of lung tumor and in quantification of proton range variations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code with a particle tracking feature was employed to evaluate the TRRT performance, especially in visualizing and quantifying proton range variations during respiration. Protons of 230 MeV were tracked one by one as they pass through position detectors, patient 4DCT phantom, and finally scintillator detectors that measured residual ranges. The energy response of the scintillator telescope was investigated. Mass density and elemental composition of tissues were defined for 4DCT data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proton water equivalent length (WEL) was deduced by a reconstruction algorithm that incorporates linear proton track and lateral spatial discrimination to improve the image quality. 4DCT data for three patients were used to visualize and measure tumor motion and WEL variations. The tumor trajectories extracted from the WEL map were found to be within  1 mm agreement with direct 4DCT measurement. Quantitative WEL variation studies showed that the proton radiograph is a good representation of WEL changes from entrance to distal of the target.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCNPX simulation results showed that TRRT can accurately track the motion of the tumor and detect the WEL variations. Image quality was optimized by choosing proton energy, testing parameters of image reconstruction algorithm, and comparing to ground truth 4DCT. The future study will demonstrate the feasibility of using the time resolved proton radiography as an imaging tool for proton treatments of lung tumors.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA. hanbinthu@gmail.com
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: X George
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: George T Y
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011522:Protons; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D011522:Protons