title: Design and methods for a randomized clinical trial comparing three outreach efforts to improve screening mammography adherence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the demonstrated need to increase screening mammography utilization and strong evidence that mail and telephone outreach to women can increase screening, most managed care organizations have not adopted comprehensive outreach programs. The uncertainty about optimum strategies and cost effectiveness have retarded widespread acceptance. While 70% of women report getting a mammogram within the prior 2 years, repeat mammography rates are less than 50%. This 5-year study is conducted though a Central Massachusetts healthcare plan and affiliated clinic. All women have adequate health insurance to cover the test.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized study compares 3 arms: reminder letter alone; reminder letter plus reminder call; reminder letter plus a second reminder and booklet plus a counselor call. All calls provide women with the opportunity to schedule a mammogram in a reasonable time. The invention period will span 4 years and include repeat attempts. The counselor arm is designed to educate, motivate and counsel women in an effort to alleviate PCP burden.All women who have been in the healthcare plan for 24 months and who have a current primary care provider (PCP) and who are aged 51-84 are randomized to 1 of 3 arms. Interventions are limited to women who become ≥ 18 months from a prior mammogram. Women and their physicians may opt out of the intervention study.Measurement of completed mammograms will use plan billing records and clinic electronic records. The primary outcome is the proportion of women continuously enrolled for ≥ 24 months who have had ≥ 1 mammogram in the last 24 months. Secondary outcomes include the number of women who need repeat interventions. The cost effectiveness analysis will measure all costs from the provider perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  So far, 18,509 women aged 51-84 have been enrolled into our tracking database and were randomized into one of three arms. At baseline, 5,223 women were eligible for an intervention. We anticipate that the outcome will provide firm data about the maximal effectiveness as well as the cost effectiveness of the interventions both for increasing the mammography rate and the repeat mammography rate.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT01332032.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. mary.costanza@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Costanza
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luckmann
authors.forename: Mary Jo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Milagros C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rosal
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cranos
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sama
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yood
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology*; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012107:Research Design; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health