title: Rapid, high-accuracy detection of strabismus and amblyopia using the pediatric vision scanner.
abstract: Purpose. The Pediatric Vision Scanner (PVS) detects strabismus by identifying ocular fixation in both eyes simultaneously. This study was undertaken to assess the ability of the PVS to identify patients with amblyopia or strabismus, particularly anisometropic amblyopia with no measurable strabismus. Methods. The PVS test, administered from 40 cm and requiring 2.5 seconds of attention, generated a binocularity score (BIN, 0%-100%). We tested 154 patients and 48 controls between the ages of 2 and 18 years. BIN scores of amblyopic children and controls were measured, and 21 children received sequential PVS measurements to detect any changes in BIN resulting from amblyopia treatment. Results. With the pass/refer threshold set at BIN 60%, sensitivity and specificity were 96% for the detection of amblyopia or strabismus. Assuming a 5% prevalence of amblyopia or strabismus, the inferred positive and negative predictive values of the PVS were 56% and 100%, respectively. Fixation accuracy was significantly reduced in amblyopic eyes. In anisometropic amblyopia patients treated successfully, the BIN improved to 100%. Conclusions. The PVS identified children with amblyopia or strabismus with high sensitivity and specificity, while successful treatment restored normal BIN scores in amblyopic patients without strabismus. The results support the hypothesis that the PVS detects strabismus and amblyopia directly. Future strategies for screening by nonspecialists may thus be based on diagnostic detection of amblyopia and strabismus rather than the estimation of risk factors, allowing for rapid, accurate identification of children with amblyopia early in life when it is most amenable to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sjoukje E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Loudon
authors.forename: Caitlin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rook
authors.forename: Deborah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Nassif
authors.forename: Nadya V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Piskun
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology