title: Electrophysiological traces of visuomotor learning and their renormalization after sleep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adapting movements to a visual rotation involves the activation of right posterior parietal areas. Further performance improvement requires an increase of slow wave activity in subsequent sleep in the same areas. Here we ascertained whether a post-learning trace is present in wake EEG and whether such a trace is influenced by sleep slow waves.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two separate sessions, we recorded high-density EEG in 17 healthy subjects before and after a visuomotor rotation task, which was performed both before and after sleep. High-density EEG was recorded also during sleep. One session aimed to suppress sleep slow waves, while the other session served as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After learning, we found a trace in the eyes-open wake EEG as a local, parietal decrease in alpha power. After the control night, this trace returned to baseline levels, but it failed to do so after slow wave deprivation. The overnight change of the trace correlated with the dissipation of low frequency (<8 Hz) NREM sleep activity only in the control session.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visuomotor learning leaves a trace in the wake EEG alpha power that appears to be renormalized by sleep slow waves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings link visuomotor learning to regional changes in wake EEG and sleep homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Landsness
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrarelli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarasso
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Riedner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cirelli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Perfetti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moisello
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ghilardi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tononi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000513:Alpha Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult