title: Natural hemozoin stimulates syncytiotrophoblast to secrete chemokines and recruit peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Placental malaria is associated with local accumulation of parasitized erythrocytes, deposition of the parasite hemoglobin metabolite, hemozoin, and accumulation of mononuclear cells in the intervillous space. Fetal syncytiotrophoblast cells in contact with maternal blood are known to respond immunologically to cytoadherent Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, but their responsiveness to hemozoin, a potent pro-inflammatory stimulator of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biochemical and immunological changes induced in primary syncytiotrophoblast by natural hemozoin was assessed. Changes in syncytiotrophoblast mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was assessed by immunoblotting and secreted cytokine and chemokine proteins were assayed by ELISA. Chemotaxis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was assessed using a two-chamber assay system and flow cytometry was used to assess the activation of primary monocytes by hemozoin-stimulated syncytiotrophoblast conditioned medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemozoin stimulation induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Treated cells secreted CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, and tumor necrosis factor and released soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Furthermore, the dependence of the hemozoin responses on ERK1/2 stimulation was confirmed by inhibition of chemokine release in syncytiotrophoblast treated with an ERK pathway inhibitor. Hemozoin-stimulated cells elicited the specific migration of PBMCs, and conditioned medium from the cells induced the upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on primary monocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirm an immunostimulatory role for hemozoin and expand the cell types known to be responsive to hemozoin to include fetal syncytiotrophoblast. The results provide further evidence that syncytiotrophoblast cells can influence the local maternal immune response to placental malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Lucchi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarr
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Owino
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mwalimu
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D018925:Chemokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000276:immunology*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D006420:Hemeproteins; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C020753:hemozoin; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases