title: Evaluation of toxicity and genotoxic effects of spinosad and deltamethrin in Drosophila melanogaster and Bactrocera oleae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The insecticides spinosad and deltamethrin are being increasingly used in pest management programmes. In order to assess further their toxic effects to target and non-target insect species, an evaluation was made of their insecticidal profile on Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.). Moreover, possible genotoxic effects of the two pesticides were investigated using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in D. melanogaster.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both insecticides were highly effective against B. oleae, exhibiting similar LC(50) values. Moreover, they were found to be more effective against Bactrocera than against Drosophila adults. However, spinosad was significantly more toxic than deltamethrin to D. melanogaster. The results showed a lack of genotoxic activity of both insecticides under the in vivo experimental procedure employed, at least at applied doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provides information for lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad and deltamethrin against a target and a non-target species. Both insecticides can exert high toxicity to B. oleae when adults are exposed even to very low doses for long periods of time. The results contribute to the database on the genotoxic potential of spinosad and deltamethrin, suggesting a safety profile for both insecticides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Akmoutsou
authors.forename: Despoina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mademtzoglou
authors.forename: Ifigeneia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakou
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onoufriadis
authors.forename: Xrisa
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kounatidis
authors.forename: Gerasimos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frantzios
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vasiliadis
authors.forename: Nikos Thomas
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mavragani-Tsipidou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; C415329:spinosad