title: Maternal caffeine consumption and sine causa recurrent miscarriage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine whether the risk of sine causa recurrent miscarriage is associated with caffeine consumption during the periconceptional period and early gestation after controlling for pregnancy-related symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turin between 2008 and 2009. Fifty-two sine causa recurrent miscarriers and 260 healthy pregnant women were assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 for Windows.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caffeine consumption during the periconceptional period and early gestation was higher in sine causa recurrent miscarriers compared to healthy pregnant women. Moreover, each caffeine intake of 100mg/day was associated with an increased odds ratio for sine causa recurrent miscarriage of 2724 (p for trend 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.715-2.733), after adjusting for relevant confounding covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caffeine intake may increase the risk of sine causa recurrent miscarriage regardless of pregnancy-related symptoms and relevant covariates (such as age and tobacco use).
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turin, Sant'Anna Hospital, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126 Turin, Italy. eratomaria@libero.it
authors.forename: Erato M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stefanidou
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Caramellino
authors.forename: Ambra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patriarca
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menato
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000328:Adult; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine