title: Photoinduced collagen cross-linking: a new approach to venous insufficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  What little research has been done on methods of venous valve function recovery with radiofrequency has had disappointing results. Valvuloplasty has some supporters, but the majority of physicians do not consider it a valid therapeutic option.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test a new method of treating varicose veins based on their collagen structure. This procedure it is not a thermal treatment, but it is fast, with significant shrinking and preservation of the endothelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the laboratory, we subjected greater saphenous vein specimens to irradiation with a blue light-emitting diode generated (wavelength 450-480 nm) while a riboflavin solution (vitamin B2) was administered. The riboflavin acts as a cross-linking agent, and the blue light as the activator. In this photo-induced reaction, oxygen singlet is produced with oxidative deamination, forming new covalent bonds between collagen fibrils and water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In venous specimens, we demonstrated fast and significant shrinkaged without histologic evidence of endothelial damage and with evident change in mechanical properties of varicose veins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photochemically induced collagen cross-linking to restructure varicose veins is only a research field but may become an important tool for recovery of vein diameter and valve function.
authors.affiliation: Studio Medico Flebologico, Figline Valdarno, Florence, Italy. info@venevaricose.it
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frullini
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manetti
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Cicco
authors.forename: Damiano
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fortuna
mesh_terms: D003094:Collagen / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000188:drug therapy; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D003094:Collagen; D012256:Riboflavin