title: Deconvolution by finite-size-source effects of x-ray phase-contrast images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the hard x-ray region, the cross sections for the phase shift of low-Z elements are about 1000 times larger than the absorption ones. As a consequence, phase contrast is detectable even when absorption contrast is minimal or absent. Therefore, phase-contrast imaging could become a valid alternative to absorption contrast without delivering high dose to tissue/human body parts.
  
  
  METHODS
  To enhance the quality of phase-contrast images without increasing the dose, a possible approach could be the partial deconvolution of the finite source size effects by experimental phase-contrast images. The deconvolution procedure, the authors propose, employs the acquisition of two images on a suitable well-known test sample, one in contact and the other in phase-contrast conditions. Both acquired images are used along with a simulated phase-contrast image (obtained from the test sample in ideal conditions of pointlike source illumination) to correctly retrieve the experimental source distribution function. This information allows a generic experimental phase-contrast image, acquired in the same conditions, to be partially deconvolved by finite source size effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performed experimental tests indicate that deconvolved images are equivalent to those which would be obtained with a source 40% smaller than the actual size. In turn, this finding is equivalent to an increase of the "effective" lateral spatial coherence length. The corresponding quality improvement of the phase-contrast imaging is directly deducible by the presence of many Fresnel fringes, much better visible with respect to the original experimental phase-contrast images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a test standard sample, always possible in every experimental setup, to partially deconvolve the finite-size-source blurring effects shows that higher quality phase-contrast images could be readily available, making easier diagnoses and tissue/sample analyses. The method could give, in the future, the possibility to further lower the delivered dose to patients, organs, and tissues when compact room-sized and brilliant microfocus x-ray sources will be available for clinical applications in hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, I-70125 Bari, Italy. liberato.decaro@ic.cnr.it
authors.forename: Liberato
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Caro
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scattarella
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tangaro
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pelliccia
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.forename: Ubaldo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bottigli
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellotti
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*