title: The Association of Intratumoral Germinal Centers with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancers can display immune cell infiltration although the role of an adaptive immune response in disease pathogenesis is unknown. To investigate the possibility of a functional humoral response to the tumor, we surveyed histologic sections from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors for germinal centers (GCs) and assessed whether there was an association between the presence of GCs and tumor stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor sections from 91 patients with all stages of NSCLC were examined by a pathologist blinded to clinical data. GCs were identified by hematoxylin and eosin staining patterns and confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for B-cell markers, BCL-6 and CD21. The distribution of GCs within the tumor or the tumor margin was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association between stage and presence of GCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five percent of all tumors evaluated contained GCs, and sections evaluated by immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for both B-cell markers. GCs were seen both within the tumor and the tumor margin, consistent with an immune response to antigen stimulation. Patients with stage I NSCLC had a higher prevalence of intratumoral GCs than patients with stages II to IV (Cochran-Armitage Trend Test p = 0.02011). There was no association of stage with GCs in the tumor margin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intratumoral GCs are associated with early-stage NSCLC. Further characterization of intratumoral GCs may lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on manipulation of the adaptive immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Durham VAMC, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Gottlin
authors.forename: Rex C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Campa
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pisetsky
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Herndon
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Patz
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002282:Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018858:Germinal Center / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2