title: Combined biodegradation and ozonation for removal of tannins and dyes for the reduction of pollution loads.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tannins and dyes pose major threat to the environment by generating huge pollution problem. Biodegradation of wattle extract, chrome tannin and dye compounds using suitable fungal culture namely Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. were carried out. In addition to these, ozone treatment was carried out to get higher degradation rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results were monitored by carrying out chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and UV-Vis analysis. The results showed that wattle extract (vegetable tannin) gave better biodegradation rate than dye and chromium compounds. Biodegradation plus ozone showed degradation rates of 92-95%, 94-95%, and 85-87% for the wattle extract, dyes, chromium compounds, respectively. UV-Vis showed that there were no peaks observed for biodegraded samples indicating better degradation rates as compared to the control samples. FT-IR spectra analysis suggested that the formation of flavanoid derivatives, chromic oxide and NH(2) compounds during degradation of wattle extract, chromium and dye compounds, respectively, at the peaks of 1,601-1,629 cm(-1), 1,647 cm(-1), and 1,610-1,680 cm(-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present investigation shows that combination of biodegradation with ozone is the effective method for the removal of dyes and tannins. The biodegradation of the said compounds in combination with ozonation showed better rate of degradation than by chemical methods. The combination of biodegradation with ozone helps to reduce pollution problems in terms of COD, TOC, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids.
authors.affiliation: Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai, India. jkraj68@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanagaraj
authors.forename: Asit Baran
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000378:metabolism; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013634:Tannins / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D013783:Textile Industry; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D013634:Tannins; D010126:Ozone