title: Glucocorticoid response to changes in enclosure size and human proximity in the Persian onager (Equus hemionus onager).
abstract: This study investigated glucocorticoid (GC) responses to season and changes in enclosure size and human proximity in the Persian onager (Equus hemionus onager). Enzyme immunoassays were validated to measure GC metabolites in urine and feces (fGCM). Fecal samples were collected from 10 female onagers while in a large pasture, after transport to smaller yards (in greater proximity to people), and 2 months thereafter. Urine samples were collected for 1 year while females were in smaller yards to examine seasonal GC activity. Approximately, 2-fold increases (P < 0.05) were observed in fGCM levels after transport from pasture to yards with increased human exposure, followed by a rapid decline (within -17 days) to baseline (pasture) values. However, responses varied among onagers during the 30 days after translocation, with one female failing to acclimate. Mean fGCM concentrations in smaller yards 2 months after transport were comparable to those in pasture. Seasonal GC concentrations were lowest (P < 0.05) during winter, indicating modest seasonal variability. Results demonstrate an acute increase in GC secretion in Persian onagers that moved from large to small enclosures coincident with increased human activities. Most animals acclimated within 3 weeks, suggesting that this rare equid has retained mechanisms to acclimate to marked alterations in an ex situ environment.
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, National Zoological Park Front Royal, VA, USA. mmv@clevelandmetroparks.com
authors.forename: Mandi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vick
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wildt
authors.forename: Jessica B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Rupert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palme
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Budhan S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Pukazhenthi
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D018397:Equidae / Q000502:physiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006801:Humans; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects; D012621:Seasons; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids