title: Using stereologic techniques for podocyte counting in the mouse: shifting the paradigm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The podocyte serves the important function of maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier, and many studies report a decrease in podocyte number relative to the development of proteinuric states. However, there is significant inconsistency in the number of podocytes counted, possibly due to different counting methods. We previously counted the three glomerular cell types in the mouse kidney and showed that the fractionator/disector method is a close approximation of the exhaustive count or the gold standard method. In this study, we compared the commonly used model-based approach with the design-based approach to count podocytes in the db/m and db/db mouse and illustrate that the design-based approach, which uses the fractionator/disector method, provides an accurate determination of podocyte number.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the design-based approach, toluidine blue-stained 1-μm-thick sections from glutaraldehyde perfusion-fixed kidneys were used (n = 15) with the fractionator/disector method. In the model-based approach, WT-1-immunolabeled podocyte nuclei in 3- to 4-μm-thick formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of the same kidneys were counted with the Weibel-Gomez method. Glomerular volume was determined for each method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We discovered that the fractionator/disector method counted 89 ± 10 podocytes compared to the Weibel-Gomez method, which counted 137 ± 38 podocytes and overestimated podocyte number by 54% (p < 0.05). In addition, glomerular volume (231 ± 52 × 10(3) vs. 192 ± 64 × 10(3) μm(3)) was significantly underestimated by 17% (p < 0.0002). Moreover, the model-based approach was more time consuming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the fractionator/disector method offers an unbiased and efficient determination of podocyte counts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. sunicholas@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Susanne B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Basgen
authors.forename: Satyesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008867:Microtomy; D050199:Podocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling