title: Interface tissue engineering: next phase in musculoskeletal tissue repair.
abstract: Increasing incidence of musculoskeletal injuries coupled with limitations in the current treatment options have necessitated tissue engineering and regenerative medicine- based approaches. Moving forward from engineering isolated musculoskeletal tissues, research strategies are now being increasingly focused on repairing and regenerating the interfaces between dissimilar musculoskeletal tissues with the aim to achieve seamless integration of engineered musculoskeletal tissues. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in the tissue engineering of musculoskeletal tissue interfaces with a focus on Singapore's contribution in this emerging field. Various biomimetic scaffold and cellbased strategies, the use of growth factors, gene therapy and mechanical loading, as well as animal models for functional validation of the tissue engineering strategies are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA. sambit.sahoo@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sambit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sahoo
authors.forename: Thomas Kh
authors.initials: TKh
authors.lastname: Teh
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Siew Lok
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.forename: James Ch
authors.initials: JCh
authors.lastname: Goh
mesh_terms: D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010012:Osteogenesis; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012846:Singapore; D013234:Stem Cells; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins