title: Vascular incompetence in dialysis patients--protein-bound uremic toxins and endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a much higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than the general population. Endothelial dysfunction, which participates in accelerated atherosclerosis, is a hallmark of CKD. Patients with CKD display impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, elevated soluble biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress. They also present an imbalance between circulating endothelial populations reflecting endothelial injury (endothelial microparticles and circulating endothelial cells) and repair (endothelial progenitor cells). Endothelial damage induced by a uremic environment suggests an involvement of uremia-specific factors. Several uremic toxins, mostly protein-bound, have been shown to have specific endothelial toxicity: ADMA, homocysteine, AGEs, and more recently, p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate. These toxins, all poorly removed by hemodialysis therapies, share mechanisms of endothelial toxicity: they promote pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory response and inhibit endothelial repair. This article (i) reviews the evidence for endothelial dysfunction in CKD, (ii) specifies the involvement of protein-bound uremic toxins in this dysfunction, and (iii) discusses therapeutic strategies for lowering uremic toxin concentrations or for countering the effects of uremic toxins on the endothelium.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U608, UFR Pharmacie, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Noémie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jourde-Chiche
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerini
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dignat-George
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunet
mesh_terms: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D002244:Carbon / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055252:Cell-Derived Microparticles / Q000378:metabolism; D003408:Cresols / Q000097:blood; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007200:Indican / Q000097:blood; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000097:blood; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D010087:Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000097:blood; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000097:blood*; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000975:Antioxidants; D003408:Cresols; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010087:Oxides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014118:Toxins, Biological; D004921:Erythropoietin; C408690:4-cresol sulfate; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; C030737:indoleacetic acid; D002244:Carbon; C040896:AST 120; D001120:Arginine; D007200:Indican