title: Ocular pharmacokinetics of dorzolamide and brinzolamide after single and multiple topical dosing: implications for effects on ocular blood flow.
abstract: Ophthalmic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have been shown to improve retinal and optic nerve blood flow. However, the relative tissue distributions of commercially available carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to the optic nerve are not known. The objective of this study was to compare the ocular pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution profiles of dorzolamide and brinzolamide after single and multiple topical applications. Pigmented rabbits were treated with single or multiple topical administrations of 30 μl of Trusopt (dorzolamide hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, 2%) to one eye and 30 μl of Azopt (brinzolamide ophthalmic suspension, 1%) to the other eye. Rabbits were euthanized at 10 predetermined time intervals over a period of 24 h, and ocular tissues and plasma samples were collected. For multiple dosing, rabbits were dosed twice per day with an 8-h interval between two doses, groups of rabbits were euthanized at 7, 14, and 21 days at 1 h after the last dose, and ocular tissues and plasma samples were collected. Drug levels in tissue samples were measured using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), T(max), and AUC(0-24)) were estimated by noncompartmental analysis. After a single dose, dorzolamide delivery (AUC(0-24)) to the aqueous humor, anterior sclera, posterior sclera, anterior retina, posterior retina, anterior vitreous, and optic nerve was 2-, 7-, 2.6-, 1.4-, 1.9-, 1.2-, and 9-fold higher than those of brinzolamide. C(max) was 2- to 5-fold higher for dorzolamide than that of brinzolamide in all of the ocular tissue. After multiple dosing, dorzolamide levels in the aqueous humor, sclera, retina, vitreous humor, and optic nerve were higher than those of brinzolamide, but statistical significance was achieved only with aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and optic nerve. Dorzolamide levels in the aqueous humor, anterior vitreous, posterior vitreous, and optic nerve were 1.4- to 3.2-, 2.4- to 2.7-, 2.2- to 4.5-, and 2.4- to 5.2-fold higher than those of brinzolamide. Upon multiple dosing, both drugs accumulated in all of the tissues except the conjunctiva, where the drug levels were lower than those observed with single dosing. No significant differences were found in the AUC values of these two drugs in the cornea and conjunctiva after single and multiple dosing. Drug levels were significantly higher in anterior regions than posterior regions in the sclera, retina, and vitreous for both drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Rajendra S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kadam
authors.forename: Gajanan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: Miller
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogidigben
authors.forename: Uday B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Kompella
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005123:Eye / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013843:Thiazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013843:Thiazines; D013876:Thiophenes; C111827:brinzolamide; C062765:dorzolamide