title: Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sometimes it is necessary to bring on labour artificially because of safety concerns for the mother or baby. This review is one of a series of reviews of methods of labour induction using a standardised protocol.Induction of labour occurs in approximately 20% of pregnancies in the UK. The ideal agent for induction of labour would induce cervical ripening without causing uterine contractions. Currently most commonly used cervical ripening or induction agents result in uterine activity or contractions, or both. Cervical ripening without uterine contractility could occur safely in an outpatient setting and it may be expected that this would result in greater maternal satisfaction and lower costs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of nitric oxide (NO) donors for third trimester cervical ripening or induction of labour, in comparison with placebo or no treatment or other treatments from a predefined hierarchy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 December 2010) and the reference lists of trial reports and reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trials comparing NO donors for cervical ripening or labour induction to other methods listed above it on a predefined list of methods of labour induction. The trials include some form of random allocation to either group; and report one or more of the prestated outcomes. NO donors (isosorbide mononitrate, nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside) are compared to other methods listed above it on a predefined list of methods of labour induction.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is part of a series of reviews focusing on methods of induction of labour. Three review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We considered 19 trials; we included 10 (including a total of 1889 women) trials, excluded eight trials and one trial report is awaiting classification. Included studies compared NO donors to placebo, vaginal prostaglandin E2, intracervical PGE2 and vaginal misoprostol. All included studies were of a generally high standard with a low risk of bias.There are very limited data available to compare nitric oxide donors to any other induction agent. There is no evidence of any difference between any of the prespecified outcomes when comparing NO donors to other induction agents, with the exception of an increase in maternal side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO donors do not appear currently to be a useful tool in the process of induction of labour. More studies are required to examine how NO donors may work alongside established induction of labour protocols, especially those based in outpatient settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton, UK, BN2 5BE.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Munson
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minden
mesh_terms: D020070:Cervical Ripening / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015232:Dinoprostone; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D016595:Misoprostol; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010120:Oxytocics; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010120:Oxytocics; D016595:Misoprostol; D015232:Dinoprostone