title: Growing pains: a study of 30 cases and a review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data from the literature regarding the clinical profile of growing pains are limited. The purpose of this study was to define the clinical features, familial history, laboratory findings, and therapeutic outcome of growing pains in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty children (18 male and 12 female; 3 to 14 y of age) who presented with growing pains between January 2006 and December 2007 were enrolled and prospectively followed up for 1 year. The inclusion criterion was lower extremity pain, which was recurrent and lasted for >3 months. The exclusion criteria were any abnormal systemic or local symptoms and signs, joint involvement, and limp or limitation of activity. Laboratory tests, including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and serum calcium and phosphorus levels, were performed in all children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study group had pain during the night and afternoon in 43.3% and 56.7% of cases, respectively. Both lower limbs were involved in 80% of cases, causing awakening and crying episodes in 40% and 37% of cases, respectively. The frequency of pain was as follows: daily, 5%; weekly, 45%; monthly, 35%; and every 3 months, 15%. The pains were relieved by massaging the affected site in 95% of cases and by analgesics in 5% of children. A family history of growing pains was positive in 20% of patients. All patients had laboratory tests within normal values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growing pain is a frequent noninflammatory syndrome consisting of intermittent, often annoying, pains that affect the lower extremities of children. Clinical diagnosis is easy if precise inclusion and exclusion criteria in the history and physical examinations are strictly followed. Patients and family reassurance is mandatory.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a Level I prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pavone
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lionetti
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gargano
authors.forename: Francesco R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Evola
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Costarella
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sessa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index