title: Treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia beginning in the emergency department: a randomized trial using insulins aspart and detemir compared with usual care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the impact of an aspart insulin protocol for treatment of hyperglycemia in the emergency department (ED) coupled with rapid initiation of a detemir-aspart insulin protocol for patients admitted to the hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  ED patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a blood glucose (BG) ≥ 200 mg/dL were randomized to intervention (INT) or usual care (UC). INT patients (n = 87) received aspart every 2 hours when BG > 200 mg/dL, and if admitted, began daily detemir in the ED. UC patients (n = 89) were treated per hospital physicians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial ED BG was 304 ± 76 mg/dL. The final ED BG differed: 217 ± 71 mg/dL for INT patients versus 257 ± 89 mg/dL for UC patients (P < .01). No INT patients and 3 UC patients had a BG < 50 mg/dL (P = .5). ED length of stay (LOS) was similar: 5.4 ± 1.8 hours for INT patients versus 4.9 ± 1.9 hours for UC patients (P = .06). Sixty-nine percent from each group were admitted. Admission BG was 184 ± 74 mg/dL for INT patients versus 224 ± 93 mg/dL for UC patients (P < .01). Patient-day weighted mean glucose was 163 ± 39 mg/dL for INT patients versus 202 ± 39 mg/dL for UC patients (P < .01). One INT patient and 6 UC patients had a BG < 50 mg/dL (P = .11). Hospital LOS was similar: 2.7 ± 2.0 versus 3.1 ± 1.9 days, respectively (P = .58).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An aspart insulin protocol safely lowers BG levels in the ED without prolonging LOS. During hospitalization, a detemir-aspart protocol achieves significantly better glycemic control compared with guideline-driven use of NPH-aspart or glargine/detemir-aspart (usual care) without increasing hypoglycemia. Standardization of insulin protocols in the ED and hospital settings leads to improvement in overall glycemic control with greater safety and efficacy than usual care.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muriello
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rico
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D061267:Insulin Aspart / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D061267:Insulin Aspart