title: Older women survivors of physical and sexual violence: a systematic review of the quantitative literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This systematic review synthesizes the quantitative empirical literature concerning older women survivors of physical and sexual assault.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted using a range of scholarly databases. Information is presented here on the prevalence, correlates, and consequences of these types of interpersonal violence in older women. Additionally, age-related differences in prevalence, psychiatric distress, and characteristics of violence, including information on perpetrators, are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, older women report lower lifetime and past year rates of physical and sexual assault and associated negative psychologic consequences compared to younger and middle-aged women. Additionally, older women who experienced interpersonal violence report greater psychiatric distress, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), than older women who have not experienced such events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some women who have been physically or sexually assaulted decades earlier in life continue to report significant levels of PTSD well into older adulthood. Gaps in the literature, including lack of information on ethnicity and culture, are presented, and future research directions are proposed.
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT 06516, USA. Joan.Cook@yale.edu
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dinnen
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D016387:Women's Health