title: Poly(HEMA) brushes emerging as a new platform for direct detection of food pathogen in milk samples.
abstract: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors capable of in real time detection of Cronobacter at concentrations down to 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹ in samples of consumer fresh-whole fat milk, powder whole-fat milk preparation, and powder infant formulation were developed for the first time. Antibodies against Cronobacter were covalently attached onto polymer brushes of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(HEMA)) grafted from the SPR chip surface. The lowest detection limit, 10⁴ cells mL⁻¹, was achieved in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) with sensors prepared by covalent immobilization of the same antibodies onto a self assembled monolayer (SAM) of hexa(ethylene glycol) undecanethiol (EG₆). However, when the EG₆ based sensors were challenged with milk samples the non-specific response due to the deposition of non-targeted compounds from the milk samples was much higher than the specific response to Cronobacter hampering the detection in milk. Similar interfering fouling was observed on antifouling polymer brushes of hydroxy-capped oligoethylene glycol methacrylate and even a 10 times higher fouling was observed on the widely used SAM of mixed hydroxy- and carboxy-terminated alkanethiols. Only poly(HEMA) brushes totally suppressed the fouling from milk samples. The robust well-controlled surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of HEMA allowed the preparation of highly dense brushes with a minimal thickness so that the capture of antigens by the antibodies immobilized on the brush layer could take place close to the gold SPR surface to provide a stronger optical response while the fouling was still suppressed. A minimum thickness of 19 nm of poly(HEMA) brush layer was necessary to suppress completely non-specific sensor response to fouling from milk.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Czech Republic; College of Engineering, Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay. rodriguez@imc.cas.cz
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Emmenegger
authors.forename: Oxana A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Avramenko
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brynda
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skvor
authors.forename: Aldo Bologna
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Alles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate; D006046:Gold