title: Aggressive bladder carcinoma in an HIV-positive man with tetraplegia and neurogenic bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury who are managed long term with an indwelling catheter are known to be at increased risk for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Immunosuppression is a known risk factor for malignancies that often are more aggresSive than those seen in normal populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report and discussion of management recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We summarize the case of a 44-year-old HIV-positive C5-C6 incomplete tetraplegic male (date of injury 1980), who was diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and succumbed to disease within 6 months of diagnosis. The patient was a non-smoker who was never managed with an indwelling catheter. There has been no such case reported in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection in the presence of a neurogenic bladder may carry an increased risk of aggressive bladder malignancy. More studies are warranted to determine whether routine annual screening with cystoscopy in all patients with HIV and neurogenic bladder is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0118, USA.
authors.forename: Justin O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Benabdallah
authors.forename: Clinton W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Laura R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Carucci
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Moores
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gater
authors.forename: Adam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Klausner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*