title: The effects of gender discrimination on refugee torture survivors: a cross-cultural traumatology perspective.
abstract: Trauma developmental theory identifies gender discrimination (GD) as a type of persistent, ongoing trauma that has the potential for serious, negative effects on mental health. This study was conducted to examine the potential role of GD in the development of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as the role of GD in mediating the effects of other traumas on these disorders. The sample included 160 female torture survivors from more than 30 countries. Measures of PTSD, CTD, and types of trauma exposure were acquired as part of a larger study on refugee torture survivors. Structural equation modeling was used to test several plausible models for the direct and indirect effects of GD on PTSD and CTD, within the context of other trauma exposure. Results suggest that GD mediates the effects of identity traumas on CTD and PTSD. GD also had direct effects on CTD, including relationships with dissociation, suicidality, and deficits in executive function. GD did not appear to directly influence the development of PTSD. The implications of these results for assessment and treatment of women's trauma-related disorders as well as strategies for their prevention are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Center for Torture and Trauma Survivors, Decatur, GA, USA, iakira@dhr.state.ga.us.
authors.forename: Ibrahim A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Kira
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Templin