title: A convolution/superposition method using primary and scatter dose kernels formed for energy bins of X-ray spectra reconstructed as a function of off-axis distance: a theoretical study on 10-MV X-ray dose calculations in thorax-like phantoms.
abstract: A convolution/superposition method is proposed for use with primary and scatter dose kernels formed for energy bins of X-ray spectra reconstructed as a function of off-axis distance. It should be noted that the number of energy bins is usually about ten, and that the reconstructed X-ray spectra can reasonably be applied to media with a wide range of effective Z numbers, ranging from water to lead. The study was carried out for 10-MV X-ray doses in water and thorax-like phantoms with the use of open-jaw-collimated fields. The dose calculations were made separately for primary, scatter, and electron contamination dose components, for which we used two extended radiation sources: one was on the X-ray target and the other on the flattening filter. To calculate the in-air beam intensities at points on the isocenter plane for a given jaw-collimated field, we introduced an in-air output factor (OPF(in-air)) expressed as the product of the off-center jaw-collimator scatter factor (off-center S (c)), the source off-center ratio factor (OCR(source)), and the jaw-collimator radiation reflection factor (RRF(c)). For more accurate dose calculations, we introduce an electron spread fluctuation factor (F (fwd)) to take into account the angular and spatial spread fluctuation for electrons traveling through different media.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hirosaki University Hospital, 53 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan. fmcch384@ybb.ne.jp
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Shigenobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutoh
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamimura
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasamori
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Komai
authors.forename: Morio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seino
authors.forename: Singo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terashima
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011882:Radiotherapy, High-Energy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014965:X-Rays