title: Low to moderate sugar-sweetened beverage consumption impairs glucose and lipid metabolism and promotes inflammation in healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have unfavorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism if consumed in high quantities by obese subjects, but the effect of lower doses in normal-weight subjects is less clear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to investigate the effects of SSBs consumed in small to moderate quantities for 3 wk on LDL particle distribution and on other parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as on inflammatory markers in healthy young men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine subjects were studied in a prospective, randomized, controlled crossover trial. Six 3-wk interventions were assigned in random order as follows: 600 mL SSBs containing 1)40 g fructose/d [medium fructose (MF)], 2) 80 g fructose/d [high fructose (HF)], 3) 40 g glucose/d [medium glucose (MG)], 4) 80 g glucose/d [high glucose (HG)], 5) 80 g sucrose/d [high sucrose (HS)], or 6) dietary advice to consume low amounts of fructose. Outcome parameters were measured at baseline and after each intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LDL particle size was reduced after HF by -0.51 nm (95% CI: -0.19, -0.82 nm) and after HS by -0.43 nm (95% CI: -0.12, -0.74; P < 0.05 for both). Similarly, a more atherogenic LDL subclass distribution was seen when fructose-containing SSBs were consumed (MF, HF, and HS: P < 0.05). Fasting glucose and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) increased significantly after all interventions (by 4-9% and 60-109%, respectively; P < 0.05); leptin increased during interventions with SSBs containing glucose only (MG and HG: P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data show potentially harmful effects of low to moderate consumption of SSBs on markers of cardiovascular risk such as LDL particles, fasting glucose, and hs-CRP within just 3 wk in healthy young men, which is of particular significance for young consumers. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01021969.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aeberli
authors.forename: Philipp A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hochuli
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: Sarah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Haile
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gouni-Berthold
authors.forename: Heiner K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Berthold
authors.forename: Giatgen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Spinas
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berneis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D005947:Glucose