title: Increased electronegative LDL and decreased antibodies against electronegative LDL levels correlate with inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules in hemodialysed patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients present high levels of electronegative LDL (LDL-) that can modulate the expression of molecules involved in inflammation and it is closely linked to atherosclerosis. We investigated the association between LDL(-) and inflammatory markers in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven HD patients from a private clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were studied and compared with 20 age matched healthy individuals. Serum LDL(-) and anti-LDL(-) autoantibody levels were measured by ELISA; TNF-α, IL-6, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were determined by a multiplex assay kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HD patients presented higher IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations (4.1 ± 1.6 and 5.5 ± 2.1 pg/ml, respectively) than healthy subjects (2.6 ± 0.2 and 2.4 ± 1.1 pg/ml, respectively) (p=0.0001). In addition, they presented higher VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 levels and, LDL(-) concentrations were also increased (0.18 ± 0.12 U/l) when compared to healthy individuals (0.10 ± 0.08 U/l) (p<0.02). In contrast, the anti-LDL(-) autoantibody levels were lower in HD patients (0.02 ± 0.01 mg/l) than in healthy subjects (0.05 ± 0.03 mg/l) (p<0.001). There was a positive correlation between LDL(-) and IL-6 (r=0.25, p=0.004) and ICAM-1 (r=0.36; p=0.003). There was also a negative correlation between anti-LDL(-) autoantibodies and TNF-α (r=-0.37; p=0.003) and VCAM-1 (r=-0.50; p=0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between LDL(-) and inflammation and the lower levels of anti-LDL(-) autoantibodies are important risk factors related to atherosclerosis in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, Health Science Centre, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Julie.lobo@ig.com.br
authors.forename: Julie Calixto
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mafra
authors.forename: Najla Elias
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Farage
authors.forename: Tanize do Espirito Santo
authors.initials: Tdo E
authors.lastname: Faulin
authors.forename: Dulcineia Saes Parra
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.forename: Antonio Claudio Lucas
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Nóbrega
authors.forename: João Paulo Machado
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1