title: Variations in circulating inflammatory factors are related to changes in calorie and carbohydrate intakes early in the course of surgery-induced weight reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is considered a low-grade inflammatory state that improves with weight loss. In addition to acute-phase proteins, other cytokines might contribute to systemic inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to compare serum concentrations of a large panel of inflammation-related factors in obese and normal-weight subjects and to determine kinetic changes induced by caloric restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort comprised 14 normal-weight women and 51 obese women who were followed over 2 y after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Multiplexed proteomics were used to simultaneously assay 27 cytokines and growth factors in serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-9, IL-1-receptor antagonist, IL-10, interferon-γ-inducible protein 10, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, IL-8, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), monokine induced by interferon-γ, and vascular endothelial growth factor were found to be elevated in obesity. IL-10 was further elevated in diabetic obese patients, whereas eotaxin was found to be higher only in diabetic subjects. After surgery, many factors showed a biphasic pattern of variation, decreasing sharply at month 3 before rising back to presurgical values at month 6; these changes closely tracked similar kinetic changes in calorie and carbohydrate intake. After 1 y, an overall reduction in cytokines accompanied the reduction in body mass index and an amelioration in metabolic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity is associated with elevated circulating concentrations of a large panel of cytokines. Coordinated kinetic changes during weight loss suggest an early influence of calorie and carbohydrate intakes, whereas a longer-term reduction in corpulence might prevail in regulating circulating cytokine concentrations. This trial is registered at clincaltrials.gov as NCT00476658.
authors.affiliation: Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dalmas
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouault
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdennour
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rovere
authors.forename: Salwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizkalla
authors.forename: Avner
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bar-Hen
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nahon
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bouillot
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerre-Millo
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clément
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poitou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D015390:Gastric Bypass; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates