title: Toward measles elimination in Bahrain--a Middle East country experience.
abstract: Measles was a leading cause of infant and child morbidity and mortality in Bahrain before the introduction of measles vaccine in 1974. With the establishment of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 1981 and the introduction of a second dose of measles vaccine in 1985, coverage for first and second doses of measles vaccine increased to 94% by 1997 and has been sustained >97% since 2001. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) immunization campaigns targeting 12-year-old students were conducted annually during 1998-2006 and achieved coverage of >95%. As a result, the incidence of measles in Bahrain has declined markedly over the past 4 decades, to 2.7 cases per million persons in 2009. Recent confirmed measles cases have occurred sporadically, in undervaccinated children or in infants too young or adults too old to receive measles vaccine. Bahrain has made significant progress toward measles elimination by sustaining high immunization coverage and strengthening case-based measles surveillance activities. Further success will depend on improved identification and immunization of undervaccinated expatriate workers and their families.
authors.affiliation: Immunization Unit, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain.
authors.forename: Jaleela S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jawad
authors.forename: Adel S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Al-Sayyad
authors.forename: Fathiya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sataih
authors.forename: Boubker
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naouri
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001445:Bahrain / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008458:Measles Vaccine; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine