title: Prevalence and risk indicators of temporomandibular disorder signs and symptoms in a pediatric population with spastic cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk indicators for signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children with cerebral palsy (n = 60) and control subjects (n = 60).
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were assessed by means of questionnaire and clinical exam: 1) signs and symptoms of TMD; 2) malocclusions [Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)]; 3) harmful habits; and 4) bio-psychosocial characteristics. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square, Fisher's exact tests (p < or = 0.05) and multivariate logistic regression (forward stepwise procedure). Variables that achieved a p-value < or = 0.20 were used as potential predictors of signs and symptoms of TMD and applied as co-variables in the multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of at least one sign and/or symptom of TMD in the present sample was 1.7% (n = 1) among the individuals in the control group and 13.3% (n = 8) among the individuals with cerebral palsy. The presence of cerebral palsy (Odds Ratio: 9.08; p = 0.041), male gender (OR: 6.21; p = 0.027), severity of the malocclusion (OR: 4.75; p = 0.031), mouth breathing (OR: 5.40; p = 0.022) and mixed dentition (OR: 4.73; p = 0.035) were identified as risk indicators for signs and symptoms of TMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that children with cerebral palsy had a significantly greater chance of developing signs and symptoms of TMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Universidade Vale do Rio Verde - UNINCOR, Três Corações, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Miamoto
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Pordeus
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ramos-Jorge
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Marques
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*