title: Th1 responses are more susceptible to infliximab-mediated immunosuppression than Th17 responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment with infliximab, a chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibody, is highly efficient in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It neutralizes soluble TNF-α and induces the apoptosis of transmembrane TNF-α-positive macrophages and T cells in the gut. Recently, T helper (Th)17, as well as Th1, responses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the effects of infliximab on Th1 and Th17 responses in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Naive CD4(+) T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers were stimulated under Th1- or Th17-inducing conditions in the presence of 10 μg/ml of infliximab or control immunoglobulin (Ig)G1. The concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and TNF-α in the culture supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Th1 and Th17 cells were immunostained with infliximab or control IgG1 and transmembrane TNF-α-positive cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Annexin V staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were conducted in order to analyze the percentage of apoptotic cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both Th1 and Th17 cells expressed soluble and transmembrane TNF-α abundantly. Although infliximab suppressed IFN-γ secretion by Th1 cells and IL-17 secretion by Th17 cells, the level of the former was more profound than the latter. Infliximab increased annexin V- and TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells under Th1-inducing conditions, but not under Th17-inducing conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infliximab suppressed Th1 and Th17 differentiation in vitro; however, IFN-γ production by Th1 cells was more profoundly suppressed than IL-17 secretion by Th17 cells. Th1 responses were more susceptible to infliximab-mediated apoptosis than Th17 responses. Our results clarify a new mechanism of action of infliximab.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. kanayama@intmed3.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanayama
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Haruei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogino
authors.forename: Yorinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sumida
authors.forename: Eikichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ihara
authors.forename: Hirotada
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiho
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takayanagi
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D000069285:Infliximab; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab