title: Conservation genetics of a critically endangered limpet genus and rediscovery of an extinct species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A third of all known freshwater mollusk extinctions worldwide have occurred within a single medium-sized American drainage. The Mobile River Basin (MRB) of Alabama, a global hotspot of temperate freshwater biodiversity, was intensively industrialized during the 20(th) century, driving 47 of its 139 endemic mollusk species to extinction. These include the ancylinid limpet Rhodacmea filosa, currently classified as extinct (IUCN Red List), a member of a critically endangered southeastern North American genus reduced to a single known extant population (of R. elatior) in the MRB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We document here the tripling of known extant populations of this North American limpet genus with the rediscovery of enduring Rhodacmea filosa in a MRB tributary and of R. elatior in its type locality: the Green River, Kentucky, an Ohio River Basin (ORB) tributary. Rhodacmea species are diagnosed using untested conchological traits and we reassessed their systematic and conservation status across both basins using morphometric and genetic characters. Our data corroborated the taxonomic validity of Rhodacmea filosa and we inferred a within-MRB cladogenic origin from a common ancestor bearing the R. elatior shell phenotype. The geographically-isolated MRB and ORB R. elatior populations formed a cryptic species complex: although overlapping morphometrically, they exhibited a pronounced phylogenetic disjunction that greatly exceeded that of within-MRB R. elatior and R. filosa sister species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhodacmea filosa, the type species of the genus, is not extinct. It persists in a Coosa River tributary and morphometric and phylogenetic analyses confirm its taxonomic validity. All three surviving populations of the genus Rhodacmea merit specific status. They collectively contain all known survivors of a phylogenetically highly distinctive North American endemic genus and therefore represent a concentrated fraction of continental freshwater gastropod biodiversity. We recommend the establishment of a proactive targeted conservation program that may include their captive propagation and reintroduction.
authors.affiliation: Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America. diarmaid@umich.edu
authors.forename: Diarmaid
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ó Foighil
authors.forename: Jingchun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Taehwan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Burch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D008974:Mollusca / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D014481:United States