title: Analysis for the potential of polystyrene and TiO2 nanoparticles to induce skin irritation, phototoxicity, and sensitization.
abstract: The human skin equivalent model (HSEM) is well known as an attractive alternative model for evaluation of dermal toxicity. However, only limited data are available on the usefulness of a HSEM for nanotoxicity testing. This study was designed to investigate cutaneous toxicity of polystyrene and TiO2 nanoparticles using cultured keratinocytes, a HSEM, and an animal model. In addition, we also evaluated the skin sensitization potential of nanoparticles using a local lymph node assay with incorporation of BrdU. Findings from the present study indicate that polystyrene and TiO2 nanoparticles do not induce phototoxicity, acute cutaneous irritation, or skin sensitization. Results from evaluation of the HSEMs correspond well with those from animal models. Our findings suggest that the HSEM might be a useful alternative model for evaluation of dermal nanotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Nanomedicine, Department of Dermatology and Division of Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sang Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Byeong Hyeok
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Yu-Ri
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In-Kyoung
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Meyoung-Kon
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Son
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D023441:Local Lymph Node Assay; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009499:Neutral Red / Q000378:metabolism; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D011817:Rabbits; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C009495:titanium dioxide; D009499:Neutral Red; D014025:Titanium; C022616:thiazolyl blue