title: A case-control study of burning mouth syndrome and sleep dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate whether sleep dysfunction is a risk factor for burning mouth syndrome (BMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  An age- and sex-matched case-control study of patients with BMS and controls with various oral conditions was conducted. A numerical rating scale for oral discomfort and the sleep scale from the medical outcomes study were used for measurements, and statistical analyses included use of logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratios for lowest versus highest quartiles were sleep disturbance (OR = 9.7, P = .0095), sleep problems index (SLP)6 (OR = 7.5, P = .032), and SLP9 (OR = 27, P = .0058), which remained significant after controlling for age and number of sedating medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this cross-sectional study, although unable to establish a causal relationship, demonstrate that patients with BMS report a greater degree of sleep problems as compared with controls, and suggest that sleep dysfunction may be a risk factor for BMS and a possible target for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. nita.wu@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Nita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chainani-Wu
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: Sol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives