title: Recent advances in understanding immunology of reproductive failure.
abstract: Aspects of the immunological relationship between mother and conceptus still remain a mystery, although the recent advances in molecular biology have enlightened some of the parameters that participate in fetomaternal cross-talk during implantation. The atypical expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the specific role of some hormones and cytokines, as well as the temporal and spatial distributions of uterine natural killer cells, represent substantive parameters of fetomaternal immunotolerance during implantation. Although human maternal and fetal immunology is difficult to investigate, aberrant immune responses and an imbalanced cytokine network may be related to infertility, implantation failures after IVF and recurrent pregnancy losses. In this review, immunological and interacting factors involved in human reproductive failure are summarized and critically evaluated.
authors.affiliation: IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece. makrigia@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makrigiannakis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Petsas
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Relakis
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jeschke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012098:Reproduction / Q000276:immunology*