title: Influence of cooling rate on residual stress profile in veneering ceramic: measurement by hole-drilling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The manufacture of dental crowns and bridges generates residual stresses within the veneering ceramic and framework during the cooling process. Residual stress is an important factor that control the mechanical behavior of restorations. Knowing the stress distribution within the veneering ceramic as a function of depth can help the understanding of failures, particularly chipping, a well-known problem with Yttria-tetragonal-zirconia-polycrystal based fixed partial dentures. The objective of this study is to investigate the cooling rate dependence of the stress profile in veneering ceramic layered on metal and zirconia frameworks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hole-drilling method, often used for engineering measurements, was adapted for use with veneering ceramic. The stress profile was measured in bilayered disc samples 20 mm in diameter, with a 0.7 mm thick metal or Yttria-tetragonal-zirconia-polycrystal framework and a 1.5mm thick veneering ceramic. Three different cooling procedures were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitude of the stresses in the surface of the veneering ceramic was found to increase with cooling rate, while the interior stresses decreased. At the surface, compressive stresses were observed in all samples. In the interior, compressive stresses were observed in metal samples and tensile in zirconia samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cooling rate influences the magnitude of residual stresses. These can significantly influence the mechanical behavior of metal-and zirconia-based bilayered systems. The framework material influenced the nature of the interior stresses, with zirconia samples showing a less favorable stress profile than metal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University Hospital of Liège, ULg, 45 Quai G. Kurth, Liège 4020, Belgium. a.mainjot@chu.ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: Amélie K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mainjot
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Schajer
authors.forename: Alain J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vanheusden
authors.forename: Michaël J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sadoun
mesh_terms: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003080:Cold Temperature; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D003801:Dental Veneers; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D016876:Metal Ceramic Alloys; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium