title: End-of-life attitudes of intensive care physicians in Poland: results of a national survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess the ethical attitudes and practices of intensive care physicians regarding life-sustaining treatment in intensive care units (ICUs) in Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was distributed to intensive care physicians taking part in a national medical congress. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed, of which 217 (54%) were returned completed. Almost all respondents (93%) reported having withheld therapy, and 75% of respondents reported withdrawing therapy. Physicians aged 40 years and over who had no religious affiliation more frequently reported withholding treatment. Only 5% of physicians reported deliberately administering drugs until death ensued. Respondents from large hospitals (more than 400 beds) more easily accepted foregoing life-sustaining therapy in ICU patients. In clinical scenario in which the family demanded the maximum available treatment, physicians reported that they were considerably influenced to modify decisions concerning life-sustaining therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ethical attitudes of intensive care physicians regarding end-of-life decisions are similar to the opinion presented in other European survey studies. The practice of withholding and withdrawing therapy in ICU patients is common in Poland. Actively shortening life is considered unacceptable. The request of the family even without legal consultation can influence physicians' decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska St. 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland. andrzej.kubler@anest.am.wroc.pl
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kübler
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adamik
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipinska-Gediga
authors.forename: Jaroslaw
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kedziora
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strozecki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002410:Catholicism; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics; D028601:Euthanasia, Active / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000941:ethics*; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology; D011044:Poland; D011368:Professional-Family Relations / Q000941:ethics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data