title: Influence of calcium-induced aggregation on the sensitivity of aminobis(methylenephosphonate)-containing potential MRI contrast agents.
abstract: A novel class of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-tris(methylenecarboxylic) acid (DO3A)-based lanthanide complexes with relaxometric response to Ca(2+) was synthesized, and their physicochemical properties were investigated. Four macrocyclic ligands containing an alkyl-aminobis(methylenephosphonate) side chain for Ca(2+)-chelation have been studied (alkyl is propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl for L(1), L(2), L(3), and L(4), respectively). Upon addition of Ca(2+), the r(1) relaxivity of their Gd(3+) complexes decreased up to 61% of the initial value for the best compounds GdL(3) and GdL(4). The relaxivity of the complexes was concentration dependent (it decreases with increasing concentration). Diffusion NMR studies on the Y(3+) analogues evidenced the formation of agglomerates at higher concentrations; the aggregation becomes even more important in the presence of Ca(2+). (31)P NMR experiments on EuL(1) and EuL(4) indicated the coordination of a phosphonate to the Ln(3+) for the ligand with a propyl chain, while phosphonate coordination was not observed for the analogue bearing a hexyl linker. Potentiometric titrations yielded protonation constants of the Gd(3+) complexes. log K(H1) values for all complexes lie between 6.12 and 7.11 whereas log K(H2) values are between 4.61 and 5.87. Luminescence emission spectra recorded on the Eu(3+) complexes confirmed the coordination of a phosphonate group to the Ln(3+) center in EuL(1). Luminescence lifetime measurements showed that Ca-induced agglomeration reduces the hydration number which is the main cause for the change in r(1). Variable temperature (17)O NMR experiments evidenced high water exchange rates on GdL(1), GdL(2), and GdL(3) comparable to that of the aqua ion.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henig
authors.forename: Ilgar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mamedov
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fouskova
authors.forename: Éva
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.forename: Nikos K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Logothetis
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Angelovski
authors.forename: Hermann A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D002118:Calcium