title: Risk of hospitalization for hip fracture and pneumonia associated with antipsychotic prescribing in the elderly: a self-controlled case-series analysis in an Australian health care claims database.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antipsychotics are commonly used in the elderly to treat the behavioural symptoms of dementia. Randomized controlled trial data on the safety of antipsychotics are limited and little is known about the long-term effects of these medicines. Observational studies have investigated the risk of hip fracture and pneumonia associated with the use of antipsychotics, but varying results may be due to lack of control for unmeasured confounding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the risk of hospitalization for hip fracture and pneumonia in elderly subjects exposed to antipsychotic medication using the self-controlled case-series design to control for unmeasured confounding.
  
  
  METHODS
  The source of data for this study was the Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs Health Care Claims Database. A self-controlled case-series design was used to measure the excess risk of hospitalization for hip fracture and pneumonia after antipsychotic exposure compared with no-exposure over the 4-year period from 2005 to 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significantly increased risk of hip fracture 1 week after exposure to typical antipsychotics, and the risk remained significantly raised with >12 weeks of continuous exposure (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 2.19; 95% CI 1.62, 2.95). The risk of hip fracture was highest in the first week after initiation of atypical antipsychotics (IRR 2.17; 95% CI 1.54, 3.06). The risk then declined with longer-term treatment; however, it remained significantly raised with >12 weeks of continuous exposure (IRR 1.43; 95% CI 1.23, 1.66). The risk of hospitalization for pneumonia was raised in all post-exposure periods for both typical and atypical antipsychotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antipsychotic use in the elderly is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for hip fracture and pneumonia. Given the increased risks of morbidity and mortality associated with these outcomes, practitioners should consider these additional risks when prescribing antipsychotics to treat behavioural symptoms of dementia in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Data Management and Analysis Centre, Discipline of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Australia. nicole.pratt@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Roughead
authors.forename: Emmae
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salter
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001315:Australia; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents