title: Physiological modeling and assessments of regional drug bioavailability of danoprevir to determine whether a controlled release formulation is feasible.
abstract: Danoprevir, a potent, selective inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A protease, has a short half-life in humans. Therefore, the feasibility of a controlled release (CR) formulation to allow less frequent dosing was investigated using experimental approaches and physiological modeling to examine whether danoprevir is absorbed in the colon. Danoprevir absorption was studied in portal-vein-cannulated monkeys and in monkeys surgically modified to make intraduodenal, intrajejunal, intracolonic and oral administration possible. In portal-vein-cannulated monkeys, absorption was apparent up to 24 h after administration. The observed relative bioavailability from intracolonic delivery in the monkey was approximately 30% relative to oral administration, consistent with the model prediction of 40%. Human relative bioavailability for a tablet delivered to the colon compared with an immediate release (IR) formulation was predicted to be 4-28%. Preclinical data and modeling suggested that CR development would be challenging for this Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class IV compound. Therefore, a confirmative study in healthy volunteers was conducted to investigate the relative bioavailability of danoprevir in various regions of the gastrointestinal tract. In a randomized, open-label, crossover study, subjects received 100 mg danoprevir IR soft gel capsule, 100 mg danoprevir solution delivered to the distal small bowel and colon via an Enterion™ capsule (a remotely activated capsule for regional drug delivery) and 100 mg danoprevir powder to the colon via an Enterion™ capsule. The relative bioavailability of danoprevir (compared with IR) delivered to the colon was 6.5% for a solution and 0.6% for a powder formulation, indicating that a CR formulation is not feasible.
authors.affiliation: Biogen Idec, Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. jonathan.tran@biogenidec.com
authors.forename: Micaela B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Alyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Morcos
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McLawhon
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fretland
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jonathan Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Tran
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D054833:Isoindoles; D007769:Lactams / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D054833:Isoindoles; D007769:Lactams; D047029:Lactams, Macrocyclic; D013449:Sulfonamides; C553752:danoprevir; D011392:Proline