title: Correlates and prevalence of insufficient 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in black and white older adults: the health, aging and body composition study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health, Aging and Body Composition Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hundred seventy-seven black and 1,604 white adults aged 70 to 81.
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic regression and classification and regression tree analysis were used to identify correlates of vitamin D insufficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) <30 ng/mL) separately in blacks and whites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of 25(OH)D insufficiency was 84% in blacks and 57% in whites. Seventy-six percent of blacks and 56% of whites did not take a multivitamin; those who did not take a multivitamin were more likely to be vitamin D insufficient (odds ratio (OR)=5.17 (95% confidence interval (CI)=3.47-7.70) for blacks; OR=2.56, 95% CI=2.05-3.19 for white). Additional risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency were vitamin D-containing supplement use, female sex, and obesity in blacks; and winter season, low dietary vitamin D intake, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and female sex in whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D insufficiency was more prevalent in blacks than whites. Not consuming a multivitamin increased the odds of vitamin D insufficiency in blacks and whites. Knowledge of additional risk factors such as dietary intake and comorbid conditions may help identify older adults who are likely to be vitamin D insufficient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. kshea@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: M Kyla
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Denise K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tooze
authors.forename: Cralen C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Dorothy B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hausman
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tylavsky
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kritchevsky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D