title: Fingolimod in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy.
abstract: Fingolimod, also known as FTY720, has recently been approved by the regulatory authorities in the US, EU, Australia, Russia, among others, for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod therefore represents the first oral drug for the treatment of this autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Fingolimod modulates sphingosine-1 phosphate receptors and has unique immunoregulatory properties. Mechanistic studies from animal models have shown that fingolimod prevents immune cells from exiting from the lymphoid tissue and reaching the inflammatory tissue. Indeed, two phase III studies that laid the basis for fingolimod's approval demonstrated that fingolimod efficiently improves the relapse rate compared to both placebo and one of the standard MS medications. In this review, we will summarize the immunological profile of fingolimod, discuss the possible direct neurobiological effects that have been suggested recently and present the clinical data regarding the efficacy and safety profiles of this promising new drug.
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ingwersen
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aktas
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuery
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kieseier
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hartung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D013110:Sphingosine