title: Anxiety and depression in cardiac patients: age differences and comparisons with the general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety and depression are often found in cardiac patients, but also in the general population. Therefore, evaluation of these symptoms in patients requires a comparison with norm values. The purpose of this study was to explore differences between cardiac patients and the general population in age dependency of anxiety and depression, and to discuss possible reasons for these differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of German cardiac patients (n = 2,696) and a sample of the German general population (n = 2,037) were tested using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  While we confirmed a linear age trend of anxiety and depression in the general population, we observed an inverted U-shaped age dependency in the patient sample. Young patients are especially affected by anxiety and depression. Five items of the HADS that mainly contributed to the age differences were identified. Formal characteristics of these 5 items could not explain the age differences. Concerning the meaning of the items, however, most of the items refer to worrying about the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively low rates of anxiety and depression in older patients (compared with the general population) indicate that adaptation processes took place, which should be taken into account in studies concerning the psychological status of patients. Young patients need special attention when dealing with mental distress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. andreas.hinz@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kittel
authors.forename: Marthin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karoff
authors.forename: Isolde
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Daig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology