title: Magnetic resonance imaging quantification of pulmonary perfusion using calibrated arterial spin labeling.
abstract: This demonstrates a MR imaging method to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects during normoxia (inspired O(2), fraction (F(I)O(2)) = 0.21) hypoxia (F(I)O(2) = 0.125), and hyperoxia (F(I)O(2) = 1.00). In addition, the physiological responses of the subject are monitored in the MR scan environment. MR images were obtained on a 1.5 T GE MRI scanner during a breath hold from a sagittal slice in the right lung at functional residual capacity. An arterial spin labeling sequence (ASL-FAIRER) was used to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow and a multi-echo fast gradient echo (mGRE) sequence was used to quantify the regional proton (i.e. H(2)O) density, allowing the quantification of density-normalized perfusion for each voxel (milliliters blood per minute per gram lung tissue). With a pneumatic switching valve and facemask equipped with a 2-way non-rebreathing valve, different oxygen concentrations were introduced to the subject in the MR scanner through the inspired gas tubing. A metabolic cart collected expiratory gas via expiratory tubing. Mixed expiratory O(2) and CO(2) concentrations, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, respiratory frequency and tidal volume were measured. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored using pulse-oximetry. Data obtained from a normal subject showed that, as expected, heart rate was higher in hypoxia (60 bpm) than during normoxia (51) or hyperoxia (50) and the arterial oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) was reduced during hypoxia to 86%. Mean ventilation was 8.31 L/min BTPS during hypoxia, 7.04 L/min during normoxia, and 6.64 L/min during hyperoxia. Tidal volume was 0.76 L during hypoxia, 0.69 L during normoxia, and 0.67 L during hyperoxia. Representative quantified ASL data showed that the mean density normalized perfusion was 8.86 ml/min/g during hypoxia, 8.26 ml/min/g during normoxia and 8.46 ml/min/g during hyperoxia, respectively. In this subject, the relative dispersion, an index of global heterogeneity, was increased in hypoxia (1.07 during hypoxia, 0.85 during normoxia, and 0.87 during hyperoxia) while the fractal dimension (Ds), another index of heterogeneity reflecting vascular branching structure, was unchanged (1.24 during hypoxia, 1.26 during normoxia, and 1.26 during hyperoxia). Overview. This protocol will demonstrate the acquisition of data to measure the distribution of pulmonary perfusion noninvasively under conditions of normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia using a magnetic resonance imaging technique known as arterial spin labeling (ASL).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Measurement of pulmonary blood flow and lung proton density using MR technique offers high spatial resolution images which can be quantified and the ability to perform repeated measurements under several different physiological conditions. In human studies, PET, SPECT, and CT are commonly used as the alternative techniques. However, these techniques involve exposure to ionizing radiation, and thus are not suitable for repeated measurements in human subjects.
authors.affiliation: Medicine, University of California San Diego-UCSD, USA.
authors.forename: Tatsuya J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: G Kim
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Prisk
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holverda
authors.forename: Rui Carlos
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sá
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Theilmann
authors.forename: A Cortney
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Matthew V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Buxton
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D055420:Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D013113:Spin Labels; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen