title: Recurrent inverted nipple: a reliable technique for the most difficult cases.
abstract: The inverted nipple is a frequent pathologic condition, involving up to 10% of women. This deformity results in a negative self-image for the affected patient. Recurrence after corrective surgery is possible and may represent extreme frustration for the patient and the surgeon. The aim of our study is to propose a useful and reliable technique to employ in case of recurrence or severe inverted nipple. During 2000 and 2010, the study was conducted on 19 patients treated with this procedure: 10 patients (20 nipples) having severe inverted nipple (grade III according to Han and Hong classification) and 9 patients (15 nipples) presenting with relapses. One nipple could not be corrected. One patient developed a temporary loss of sensibility. No major complications (necrosis, infection, hematoma, and permanent numbness), no recurrences, and no noticeable scars have been reported at follow-up. In our series, the shape and the projection after the procedure were evaluated as satisfactory by the patients, remained consistent over time, and no protective devices were required. In conclusion, although our technique is not the best in terms of invasiveness, it is one of the few truly effective ones in treating relapses. For patients who have already undergone surgery, the priority is certainly to solve this clinical anomaly and the psychological sequelae; a "microincision" or a scar-free technique is the secondary aspect to be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bracaglia
authors.forename: Damiano
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tambasco
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gentileschi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Ettorre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome