title: Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effect of OROS methylphenidate under different breakfast conditions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of OROS methylphenidate (OROS MPH) dosed once daily (QD) versus an early standard regimen (immediate-release [IR] MPH dosed three times daily [TID]) under various breakfast conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This single-center, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, crossover study of OROS MPH (NCT00269815) in children aged 6 to 12 years with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder evaluated the PKs and PDs of MPH given with different breakfast conditions: OROS MPH administered after a high-fat breakfast, after a normal breakfast, or after fasting and IR MPH administered after a normal breakfast or after fasting in the morning and at two subsequent time points during the day. To maximize information, patients were divided into two groups, each receiving three of the five treatments for 1 day in a three-period, randomized, crossover design. Patients were assigned to 1 of 3 dosage levels (OROS MPH 18, 36, and 54 mg QD, and an assumed equivalent regimen of IR MPH 5, 10, and 15 mg given TID) based on their prestudy established clinical dose of IR MPH. PD measurements included Combined-Attention and Deportment scores on a rating scale of school behavior (the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham), global assessments of efficacy, and activity monitor levels during academic seatwork. Serial blood samples for PK analysis were taken predose, and then every 60 to 90 minutes until 11.5 hours postdose. Vital signs were assessed predose, and then every 1.5 to 2.5 hours until 11.5 hours postdose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 32 patients enrolled, 31 completed the study. The PK profiles for MPH after OROS MPH administration were similar under all conditions (with normal, high-fat breakfast, or fasting). No bioequivalence tests of OROS MPH and IR MPH under various breakfast conditions were done because there were so few patients in each dose level of treatment. The two IR MPH conditions (after normal breakfast and fasting) were not compared. The drug-to-metabolite ratios (area under the curve) for all OROS MPH and IR MPH treatments were similar. OROS MPH and IR MPH provided a similar therapeutic effect, irrespective of breakfast conditions, as demonstrated by the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham Attention and Deportment measures and global assessments. No serious adverse events, no deaths, and no clinically significant changes in vital signs were reported, except for one patient who was discontinued early because of repeated systolic blood pressure elevations on study day 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, administering OROS MPH with or without food produces similar PK and PD profiles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wigal
authors.forename: Suneel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heverin
authors.forename: H Lynn
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Starr
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008774:Methylphenidate