title: Early childhood socioeconomic status is associated with circulating interleukin-6 among mid-life adults.
abstract: It is proposed that socioeconomic conditions in early childhood effect immune programming, with poorer conditions resulting in adult phenotypes that are prone to inflammation. Recent evidence supports this possibility, showing an inverse association of childhood SES with adult markers of systemic inflammation. In this study, we further investigate this association, extending prior studies to include an examination of multiple indices of SES across distinct periods of childhood. Subjects were 112 men and women, 40-60 years of age (88.6% Caucasian). Childhood SES was indexed by a composite of three indicators of parental wealth (parental home and vehicle ownership, and number of bedrooms per child in the family home) averaged across 2 year periods of childhood between 1 and 18 years old. Higher adult serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 were associated with lower SES in early childhood (years 1-2) (β=-.05, p<.05), associations that were independent of adult age, personal income, educational attainment, gender, race, body mass index, and physical activity. These associations support recent suggestions that the early environment may program immune phenotypes that contribute to disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, 300 Medical Plaza, Room 3156, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jcarroll@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Sheldon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Marsland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6