title: Treatment of shoulder sequelae in brachial plexus birth injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many children with permanent brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) develop shoulder problems, with subsequent joint deformity without treatment. We assessed the indications and outcome of shoulder operations for BPBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  31 BPBI patients who had undergone a shoulder operation in our hospital between March 2002 and December 2005 were included in the study. Relocation of the humeral head had been performed in 13 patients, external rotation osteotomy of the humerus in 5 patients, subscapular tendon lengthening in 5 patients, and teres major transposition in 8 patients. Subjective results were registered. Shoulder range of motion was measured, and function assessed according to the Mallet scale. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed pre- and postoperatively. Glenoscapular angle (GSA) and percentage of humeral head anterior to the middle of the glenoid fossa (PHHA) were measured. Congruency of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) was estimated. The mean follow-up time was 3.8 (1.7-6.8) years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up, the subjective result was satisfactory in 30 of the 31 patients. There were 4 failures, which in retrospect were due to wrong choice of surgical method in 3 of these 4 patients. Mean increase in Mallet score was 5.5 after successful relocation, 1.4 after rotation osteotomy, 2.2 after subscapular tendon lengthening, and 3.1 after teres major transposition. Congruency of the shoulder joint improved in 10 of 13 patients who had undergone a relocation operation, with mean improvement in GSA of 33º and mean increase in PHHA of 25%. There were no substantial changes in congruency of the glenohumeral joint in patients treated with other operation types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Restriction of the range of motion and malposition of the glenohumeral joint can be improved surgically in brachial plexus birth injury. Remodeling of the joint takes place after successful relocation of the humeral head in young patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. tiina.poyhia@hus.fi
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pöyhiä
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamminen
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Willamo
authors.forename: Yrjänä
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nietosvaara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012086:Reoperation; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome