title: Peritoneal drainage versus laparotomy as initial surgical treatment for perforated necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation in preterm low birth weight infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard surgical management of infants with perforated necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) is laparotomy with the resection of the necrotic or perforated segments of the intestine. Peritoneal drainage is an alternative approach to the management of such infants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the benefits and risks of peritoneal drainage compared to laparotomy as the initial surgical treatment for perforated NEC or SIP in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 3), MEDLINE (1966 to July 2010), EMBASE (1980 to July 2010), CINAHL (1982 to July 2010), previous reviews and cross-references were searched. Abstracts of paediatric academic society meetings were also searched (online: 2000 to 2009; handsearching Pediatric Research: 1995 to 2000).
  
  
  METHODS
  All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials in preterm (< 37 weeks gestation), low birth weight (< 2500 g) infants with perforated NEC or SIP allocated to peritoneal drainage or laparotomy as initial surgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were excerpted from the trial reports and analysed according to the standards of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only two randomised controlled trials (RCT) met the eligibility criteria. Overall, no significant differences were seen between the peritoneal drainage and laparotomy groups regarding the incidence of mortality within 28 days of the primary procedure (28/90 versus 30/95; typical relative risk (RR) 0.99, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.52; N = 185, two trials); mortality by 90 days after the primary procedure (typical RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.55; N = 185, two trials) and the number of infants needing total parenteral nutrition for more than 90 days (typical RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.95; N = 116, two trials). Nearly 50% of the infants in the peritoneal drainage group could avoid the need for laparotomy during the study period (44/90 versus 95/96; typical RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.61; N = 186, two trials). One study found that the time to attain full enteral feeds in infants ≤ 1000 g was prolonged in the peritoneal drainage group (mean difference (MD) 20.77, 95% CI 3.62 to 37.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from two RCTs suggests no significant benefits or harms of peritoneal drainage over laparotomy. However, due to the very small sample size, clinically significant differences may have easily been missed. No firm recommendations can be made for clinicians. Large multicentre randomised controlled trials are needed to address this question definitively.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Care Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women and Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Robert Road, Ward 6B, Subiaco, Australia, 6008.
authors.forename: Shripada C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Laxman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Basani
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Simmer
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samnakay
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Deshpande
mesh_terms: D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic