title: [Management of upper obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Long-term results of non-operative treatment in 22 children].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) is always debated, especially for upper plexus palsy. Some authors perform early surgical treatment in case of absence of biceps contraction at the age of 3 months. Others prefer to wait until the age of 6 months before considering a surgical procedure when no suspicion of root avulsion is found. We think that a conservative approach with intensive rehabilitation program can obtain good functional outcome for patients who will recover biceps function spontaneously between 3 and 6 months, and that it is not necessary to perform surgery at 3 months. To argue our choice, we have compared the long-term outcome of two groups of children with upper OBPP conservatively treated regarding the age of biceps recovery (before or after 3 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients with non operated upper roots birth palsy, followed in Timone's Hospital of Marseille by a multidisciplinary team, have recovered a biceps contraction between 1 and 8 months and were retrospectively included in this study. All children underwent an intensive rehabilitation program since birth, performed by a specialized physiotherapist. Patients were reviewed, and their shoulder function was assessed using Mallet score. The score was analysed regarding the age of biceps recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow up was 8.2 years. Nine children recovered a biceps contraction at 3 months of age or before; the mean global Mallet score was 4.11. Thirteen children recovered a biceps contraction after 3 months of age (between 3 and 8 months); the mean global Mallet score was 3.92. The difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that global shoulder function is comparable for two groups. The children who did not recover a biceps contraction at 3 months of age had a global shoulder function as good as the one who recovered biceps function earlier. We think our intensive rehabilitation program allowed us to avoid a useless early surgery. Surgical plexus treatment was indicated for children who did not have biceps contraction after 6 months of age.
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie plastique, hôpital Nord, chemin des Bourelly, Marseille, France. cecphil@gmail.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Philandrianos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baiada
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salazard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benaïm
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Magalon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Legré
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012782:Shoulder / Q000294:innervation; D013165:Splints