title: Individualized volume CT dose index determined by cross-sectional area and mean density of the body to achieve uniform image noise of contrast-enhanced pediatric chest CT obtained at variable kV levels and with combined tube current modulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A practical body-size adaptive protocol providing uniform image noise at various kV levels is not available for pediatric CT.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a practical contrast-enhanced pediatric chest CT protocol providing uniform image noise by using an individualized volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) determined by the cross-sectional area and density of the body at variable kV levels and with combined tube current modulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 137 patients (mean age, 7.6 years) underwent contrast-enhanced pediatric chest CT based on body weight. From the CTDIvol, image noise, and area and mean density of the cross-section at the lung base in the weight-based group, the best fit equation was estimated with a very high correlation coefficient (γ(2) = 0.86, P < 0.001). For the next study, 177 patients (mean age, 7.9 years; the CTDIvol group) underwent contrast-enhanced pediatric chest CT with the CTDIvol determined individually by the best fit equation. CTDIvol values on the dose report after CT scanning, noise differences from the target noise, areas, and mean densities were compared between these two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CTDIvol values (mean ± standard deviation, 1.6 ± 0.7 mGy) and the noise differences from the target noise (1.1 ± 0.9 HU) of the CTDIvol group were significantly lower than those of the weight-based group (2.0 ± 1.0 mGy, 1.8 ± 1.4 HU) (P < 0.001). In contrast, no statistically significant difference was found in area (317.0 ± 136.8 cm(2) vs. 326.3 ± 124.8 cm(2)), mean density (-212.9 ± 53.1 HU vs. -221.1 ± 56.3 HU), and image noise (13.8 ± 2.3 vs. 13.6 ± 1.7 HU) between the weight-based and the CTDIvol groups (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-enhanced pediatric chest CT with the CTDIvol determined individually by the cross-sectional area and density of the body provides more uniform noise and better dose adaptation to body habitus than does weight-based CT at variable kV levels and with combined tube current modulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, Korea. hwgoo@amc.seoul.kr
authors.forename: Hyun Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Goo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D049628:Body Size; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C057937:iomeprol; D007479:Iopamidol