title: Modality-specific alterations in the perception of emotional stimuli in Bipolar Disorder compared to Healthy Controls and Major Depressive Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Affect identification accuracy paradigms have increasingly been utilized to understand psychiatric illness including Bipolar Disorder (BD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This investigation focused on perceptual accuracy in affect identification in both visual and auditory domains among patients with BD, relative to Healthy Controls (HC) and patients with MDD. Demographic and clinical variables, in addition to medications were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The visual Facial Emotion Perception Test (FEPT) and auditory Emotional Perception Test (EPT) were administered to adults with BD (n=119) and MDD (n=78) as well as HC (n=66).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance on the FEPT was significantly stronger than on the EPT irrespective of group. Performance on the EPT did not significantly differentiate the groups. On the FEPT, BD samples had the greatest difficulty relative to HC in identification of sad and fearful faces. BD participants also had greater difficulty identifying sad faces relative to MDD participants though not after controlling for severity of illness factors. For the BD (but not MDD) sample several clinical variables were also correlated with FEPT performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that disruptions in identification of negative emotions such as sadness and fear may be a characteristic trait of BD. However, this effect may be moderated by greater illness severity found in our BD sample.
authors.affiliation: The University of Michigan Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, MI, USA. aaronved@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Aaron C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vederman
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Weisenbach
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rapport
authors.forename: Hadia M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: Brennan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Franti
authors.forename: Michael-Paul
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schallmo
authors.forename: Erika F H
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Masoud M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.forename: Jon-Kar
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Zubieta
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Langenecker
authors.forename: Melvin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: McInnis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005145:Face / Q000502:physiology; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology