title: Progress toward measles and rubella elimination in Egypt.
abstract: Measles and rubella were common infectious diseases in Egypt during the prevaccine era. Monovalent measles vaccine was introduced in 1977, and measles vaccination coverage increased from <50% to >90% from 1980 to 1999; however, measles outbreaks continued to occur at 2- to 4-year intervals during this period. After the introduction of a second routine dose of measles vaccine as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1999 and the implementation of measles immunization campaigns targeting 6- to 16-year-old children during 2000-2003, reported measles cases dramatically decreased by 2003. In 2002, Egypt established a goal to eliminate measles and rubella and to prevent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) by 2010. Large-scale rubella and measles outbreaks in 2005-2007, however, led to a revision of the plan of action to achieve the 2010 goals. A nation-wide measles-rubella immunization campaign, targeting children, adolescents, and young adults 2-20 years old, was conducted in 2 phases during 2008-2009 and achieved coverage >95%. With the decrease to record low levels of cases of measles and rubella in 2009 and 2010, Egypt should achieve measles and rubella elimination in the near future, but high coverage(>95%) with 2 doses of measles-rubella vaccine needs to be maintained, measles-rubella surveillance strengthened, and CRS surveillance developed.
authors.affiliation: Family Planning and Primary Health Care, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El Sayed
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kandeel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moussa
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naouri
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Reef
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009313:National Health Programs; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012409:Rubella / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012410:Rubella Syndrome, Congenital / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine