title: Influence of mid-trimester amniotic fluid on endogenous and lipopolysaccharide-mediated responses of mononuclear lymphoid cells.
abstract: PROBLEM  We evaluated the influence of amniotic fluid (AF) on immune mediator production by mononuclear leukocytes. METHOD OF STUDY  Thirty mid-gestation AFs were incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Supernatants were tested for interleukin (IL) - 6, 10, 12, 23, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1. RESULTS  Endogenous mediator production was minimal or non-detectable. AF stimulated endogenous MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α release. In the presence of LPS, production of MCP-1 and IL-10 by PBMCs was enhanced eight- to ninefold by AF. Release of IL-6 and IL-23 was enhanced less than twofold by the addition of AF while TNF-α production was unchanged. AF-stimulated mediator production was similar irrespective of pregnancy outcome. CONCLUSION  Selective AF stimulation of LPS-mediated MCP-1 and IL-10 release may be a mechanism to promote antibody production and the influx of phagocytic cells to engulf pathogens while downregulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY 10065, USA. switkin@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Witkin
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chervenak
authors.forename: Ann Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bongiovanni
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herway
authors.forename: Iara M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Linhares
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skupski
mesh_terms: D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D053759:Interleukin-23 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D053759:Interleukin-23; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12