title: Calcium signaling dysfunction in heart disease.
abstract: In the heart, Ca(2+) is crucial for the regulation of contraction and intracellular signaling, processes, which are vital to the functioning of the healthy heart. Ca(2+) -activated signaling pathways must function against a background of large, rapid, and tightly regulated changes in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentrations during each contraction and relaxation cycle. This review highlights a number of proteins that regulate signaling Ca(2+) in both normal and pathological conditions including cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, and discusses how these pathways are not regulated by the marked elevation in free intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+) ](i)) during contraction but require smaller sustained increases in Ca(2+) concentration. In addition, we present published evidence that the pool of Ca(2+) that regulates signaling is compartmentalized into distinct cellular microdomains and is thus distinct from that regulating contraction.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Medicine Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK. elizabeth.j.cartwright@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cartwright
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Delvac
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oceandy
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neyses
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium