title: Muscle protein synthesis in cancer patients can be stimulated with a specially formulated medical food.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maintenance of muscle mass is crucial to improving outcome and quality of life in cancer patients. Stimulating muscle protein synthesis is the metabolic basis for maintaining muscle mass, but in cancer patients normal dietary intake has minimal effects on muscle protein synthesis. Adding leucine to high protein supplements stimulates muscle protein synthesis in healthy older subjects. The objective was to determine if a specially formulated medical food, high in leucine and protein, stimulates muscle protein synthesis acutely in individuals with cancer to a greater extent than a conventional medical food.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, controlled, double-blind, parallel-group design was used in 25 patients with radiographic evidence of cancer. Patients were studied before their cancer treatment was started or 4 weeks after their treatment was completed or halted. The fractional rate of muscle protein synthesis (FSR) was measured using the tracer incorporation technique with L-[ring-(13)C(6)]-phenylalanine. The experimental group (n = 13) received a medical food containing 40 g protein, based on casein and whey protein and enriched with 10% free leucine and other specific components, while the control group (n = 12) was given a conventionally used medical food based on casein protein alone (24 g). Blood and muscle samples were collected in the basal state and 5h hours after ingestion of the medical foods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cancer patients were in an inflammatory state, as reflected by high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1 β and TNF-α, but were not insulin resistant (HOMA). After ingestion of the experimental medical food, plasma leucine increased to about 400 μM as compared to the peak value of 200 μM, after the control medical food (p < 0.001). Ingestion of the experimental medical food increased muscle protein FSR from 0.073 (SD: 0.023) to 0.097 (SD: 0.033) %/h (p = 0.0269). In contrast, ingestion of the control medical food did not increase muscle FSR; 0.073 (SD: 0.022) and 0.065 (SD: 0.028) %/h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cancer patients, conventional nutritional supplementation is ineffective in stimulating muscle protein synthesis. This anabolic resistance can be overcome with a specially formulated nutritional supplement.
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Slot 806, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolaas E P
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Deutz
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Safar
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schutzler
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Memelink
authors.forename: Arny
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrando
authors.forename: Horace
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Ardy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Helvoort
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005526:Food, Formulated; D006801:Humans; D007930:Leucine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D009124:Muscle Proteins; D007930:Leucine