title: Altered eye-to-foot coordination in standing parkinsonian patients during large gaze and whole-body reorientations.
abstract: We investigated whether turning problems in Parkinson's disease may be the result of abnormal horizontal multisegmental angular coordination. Ten mildly affected patients and controls stood upright and voluntarily reoriented eyes and body to illuminated targets of eccentricities up to ±180 degrees. The effects of target location, visibility, and predictability on movement parameters were evaluated. Patients' latencies were normal. Control subjects foveated large eccentricity targets with a single gaze shift in approximately 30% of predictable trials. Patients rarely did so (10% of predictable trials) because of reduced head-in-space and trunk velocity. This resulted in massive foveation delays in patients-an average of half a second for displacements of 180 degrees. The covariation of eye, head, and trunk rotations was quantified statistically by means of principal components analysis. In both groups, the combined movement was initially stereotyped and two principal components accounted for nearly all data variance-the original three mechanical degrees of freedom (i.e., eye-head-trunk) are reduced to two kinematic degrees of freedom. However, in patients, the eye contributed more, and the head and trunk less, to the gaze shift than in control subjects. Although the eye-to-foot turning synergy is preserved in early-stage parkinsonism, quantitative differences are prominent, particularly a larger ocular (and smaller head-trunk) contribution in patients. Turning problems in Parkinson's disease do not result from inability to assemble multisegmental movements, as patients' ability to control numerous degrees of freedom is preserved. However, trunk bradykinesia reduces the frequency of single-step gaze shifts, thus prolonging target acquisition time. Preserved eye motion compensates for trunk slowness.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dimitri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anastasopoulos
authors.forename: Nafsica
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ziavra
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Savvidou
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: Adolfo M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bronstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005123:Eye; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005528:Foot; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology