title: Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels at 11(+0) -13(+6) weeks in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus and in those with macrosomic neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether maternal serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in the first trimester are altered in pregnant women with pre-existing type 2 diabetes, women who subsequently develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and women who deliver large for gestational age (LGA) neonates compared with normoglycaemic pregnant women who deliver an appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antenatal clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Singleton pregnancies at 11(+0) -13(+6) weeks, including 50 women with type 2 diabetes, 100 women who subsequently developed GDM, 50 nondiabetic women who subsequently delivered LGA neonates and 1000 nondiabetic controls who delivered AGA neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal serum total 25(OH)D levels were measured in the four groups of pregnancies. Multiple regression analysis in the controls was used to identify factors among maternal characteristics with a significant contribution to the levels of serum 25(OH)D, so that the values in all cases were expressed as a multiple of the median (MoM) in the controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of MoM 25(OH)D in the four groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In controls, significant independent contributions to the serum level of 25(OH)D were provided by maternal age, body mass index, smoking status, racial origin and season of sampling. The median and interquartile range (IQR) of serum 25(OH)D in the type 2 diabetes group (1.01; IQR, 0.68-1.47 MoM), GDM group (0.93; IQR, 0.67-1.23 MoM) and LGA group (0.97; IQR, 0.67-1.25 MoM) were not significantly different from those in the controls (0.99; IQR, 0.71-1.33 MoM) (overall P = 0.643).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first-trimester maternal serum level of 25(OH)D is not altered in women with type 2 diabetes, those who develop GDM or those who deliver LGA neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London UK. msavvidou@dsla.ndo.co.uk
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Savvidou
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akolekar
authors.forename: R B B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Samaha
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Masconi
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D