title: Fluid dynamics during embryo transfer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study fluid dynamics during ET.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computational fluid dynamics were applied to calculate fluid velocity changes, dynamic pressure differences, and shear stress in the transferred load for the following injection speeds: 0.1, 1, 6, 12, and 20 m/sec.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research institute of mechanical engineering and reproduction biotechnology and private centers of reproductive medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluid velocity, dynamic pressure, and shear stress during injection of the transferred load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase of injection speed for the transferred load increased the shear stress, dynamic pressure, and velocity differences acting on the embryo. The narrowing of the catheter lumen diameter by 20% amplified the transferred fluid velocity by 78%. An embryo positioned in proximity to the catheter's wall was exposed to considerably higher shear stress, dynamic pressure, and velocity difference than an embryo in the center of the catheter's lumen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transfer of an embryo should be conducted gently and with minimal injection speed. Any narrowing of the catheter lumen should be eliminated. Preferably the embryo should be kept far from the catheter's wall during injection of the transferred load.
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Medicine "Bocian", Bialystok, Poland. cezary.grygoruk@gmail.com
authors.forename: Cezary
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grygoruk
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ratomski
authors.forename: Miroslawa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolodziejczyk
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gagan
authors.forename: Jacek A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Modlinski
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gajda
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietrewicz
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mrugacz
mesh_terms: D057785:Catheters; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D007267:Injections; D009038:Motion; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D011312:Pressure; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014783:Viscosity