title: Local heating, but not indirect whole body heating, increases human skeletal muscle blood flow.
abstract: For decades it was believed that direct and indirect heating (the latter of which elevates blood and core temperatures without directly heating the area being evaluated) increases skin but not skeletal muscle blood flow. Recent results, however, suggest that passive heating of the leg may increase muscle blood flow. Using the technique of positron-emission tomography, the present study tested the hypothesis that both direct and indirect heating increases muscle blood flow. Calf muscle and skin blood flows were evaluated from eight subjects during normothermic baseline, during local heating of the right calf [only the right calf was exposed to the heating source (water-perfused suit)], and during indirect whole body heat stress in which the left calf was not exposed to the heating source. Local heating increased intramuscular temperature of the right calf from 33.4 ± 1.0°C to 37.4 ± 0.8°C, without changing intestinal temperature. This stimulus increased muscle blood flow from 1.4 ± 0.5 to 2.3 ± 1.2 ml·100 g⁻¹·min⁻¹ (P < 0.05), whereas skin blood flow under the heating source increased from 0.7 ± 0.3 to 5.5 ± 1.5 ml·100 g⁻¹·min⁻¹ (P < 0.01). While whole body heat stress increased intestinal temperature by ∼1°C, muscle blood flow in the calf that was not directly exposed to the water-perfused suit (i.e., indirect heating) did not increase during the whole body heat stress (normothermia: 1.6 ± 0.5 ml·100 g⁻¹·min⁻¹; heat stress: 1.7 ± 0.3 ml·100 g⁻¹·min⁻¹; P = 0.87). Whole body heating, however, reflexively increased calf skin blood flow (to 4.0 ± 1.5 ml·100 g⁻¹·min⁻¹) in the area not exposed to the water-perfused suit. These data show that local, but not indirect, heating increases calf skeletal muscle blood flow in humans. These results have important implications toward the reconsideration of previously accepted blood flow distribution during whole body heat stress.
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: R Matthew
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brothers
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kemppainen
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knuuti
authors.forename: Kari K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kalliokoski
authors.forename: Craig G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Crandall
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000098:blood supply; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult