title: An update on the clinical assessment of the infertile male. [corrected].
abstract: Male infertility is directly or indirectly responsible for 60% of cases involving reproductive-age couples with fertility-related issues. Nevertheless, the evaluation of male infertility is often underestimated or postponed. A coordinated evaluation of the infertile male using standardized procedures improves both diagnostic precision and the results of subsequent management in terms of effectiveness, risk and costs. Recent advances in assisted reproductive techniques (ART) have made it possible to identify and overcome previously untreatable causes of male infertility. To properly utilize the available techniques and improve clinical results, it is of the utmost importance that patients are adequately diagnosed and evaluated. Ideally, this initial assessment should also be affordable and accessible. We describe the main aspects of male infertility evaluation in a practical manner to provide information on the judicious use of available diagnostic tools and to better determine the etiology of the most adequate treatment for the existing condition.
authors.affiliation: Andrology & Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. s.esteves@androfert.com.br
authors.forename: Sandro C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miyaoka
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D055101:Semen Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology