title: Middle ear of human and pig: a comparison of structures and mechanics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal studies are an essential method to evaluate implants for the middle ear prior to clinical studies. New Zealand rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchillas are, among other small mammals, well established animal models, but their auditory system is significantly smaller compared to human. Hence, the suitability of the domestic pig (sus scrofa domesticus) as a new animal model for research on the middle ear (ME), that would match the human in size, was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty halved pig heads were obtained from the butcher and each middle ear was dissected. Using a digital light microscope, several anatomical magnitudes were determined for 24 specimens, namely the planar projected area of the tympanic membrane (TM), in relation to the stapes footplate as well as the dimensions and weight of the ossicles, in order to determine the effective lever ratios. Using normal and micro computed tomography (CT), six porcine temporal bones were scanned and the geometric data obtained were transferred into a finite element model (FEM) simulation of the porcine middle ear. The transfer function was determined and compared to those from humans determined by measurements and simulations, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anatomy investigated presented itself as highly comparable to that of the human. Differing from literature, no fourth ossicle could be found. The porcine dimensions and lever ratios determined match the humans far better than those of all established animal models. The obtained transfer function was congruent to the human one. This underlines the suitability of the pig as an animal model for middle ear implants.
authors.affiliation: Department and Chair for Medical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. marc.hoffstetter@mytum.de
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoffstetter
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lugauer
authors.forename: Subir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kundu
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wacker
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perea-Saveedra
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lenarz
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoffstetter
authors.forename: Andreas G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schreyer
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wintermantel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004429:Ear Ossicles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*