title: Efficacy of trunk balance exercises for individuals with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of trunk balance exercises for individuals with chronic low back pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The majority of exercises focusing on restoring lumbopelvic stability propose targeting the feedforward control of the lumbopelvic region. Less attention has been paid to feedback control during balance adjustments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine patients were randomly allocated to 2 different groups. The experimental group performed trunk balance exercises in addition to standard trunk flexibility exercises. The control group performed strengthening exercises in addition to the same standard trunk flexibility exercises. The primary outcome measures were pain intensity (visual analogue scale), disability (Roland-Morris Questionnaire), and quality of life (12-Item Short-Form Health Survey). Secondary outcomes were painful positions, use of analgesic drugs, and referred pain. Analysis of variance and relative risk were used to analyze the data for the primary and secondary outcome measures, respectively. The number of participants reaching the minimal clinically important difference in the 2 groups for each outcome measure was compared using relative risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference in scores on the Roland-Morris Questionnaire (P = .011) and the physical component of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (P = .048), and in the number of participants reaching the minimal clinically important difference for the Roland-Morris Questionnaire (relative risk, 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05, 3.04) and the secondary outcome of painful positions (relative risk, 1.37; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.83) were found in favor of the experimental treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trunk balance exercises combined with flexibility exercises were found to be more effective than a combination of strength and flexibility exercises in reducing disability and improving the physical component of quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. gatti.roberto@hsr.it
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faccendini
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tettamanti
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbero
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balestri
authors.forename: Giliola
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calori
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D004856:Postural Balance; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome