title: Prescribed drugs and violence: a case/noncase study in the French PharmacoVigilance Database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to identify prescribed drugs associated with violent behaviours using the French PharmacoVigilance Database (FPVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  All reports of adverse drug reactions (ADR) recorded in the FPVD between 1 January 1985 and 31 July 2008 and including the terms aggressiveness or violence were selected. We compared proportion of exposure to different drugs between cases (reports with violence) and noncases (other reports in the database).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 537 cases, 56 were included (48 men, mean age 46 years). Misuse was observed in ten cases (18%). In 25 cases (44.6%), a previous psychiatric history was documented. Main drugs involved were nervous system (63.6%) followed by respiratory (7.8%), alimentary tract and metabolism (7.8%), dermatological (5.2%) and anti-infective (5.2%) agents. Case/noncase analysis found an association with dopaminergic agonists (pergolide, pramipexole, bromocriptine, piribedil), benzodiazepines (alprazolam, bromazepam) and serotoninergic antidepressants (taken as a whole), but not antipsychotics or antiepileptics. Association was also found with varenicline, isotretinoin, interferon alpha-2b, rimonabant, benfluorex, topiramate and antiviral drugs (ribavirin, efavirenz).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dopaminergic agonists, benzodiazepines and serotoninergic antidepressants are the main pharmacological classes able to induce aggressive behaviour. This study also emphasises the putative role of other drugs less known to be involved in such ADR.
authors.affiliation: Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre Midi-Pyrénées de PharmacoVigilance, de Pharmacoépidémiologie et d'Information sur les Médicaments, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Nadège
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rouve
authors.forename: Haleh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bagheri
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Telmon
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pathak
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Franchitto
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rougé
authors.forename: Maryse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lapeyre-Mestre
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Montastruc
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines