title: Pain on injection of propofol: a comparison of methylene blue and lidocaine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether methylene blue, given before injection of propofol, was effective in reducing the frequency and severity of pain associated with propofol injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating room of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  90 adult, ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients undergoing elective surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups of 30 patients each. Group I received 50 mg of methylene blue, Group II received 40 mg of lidocaine, and Group III, the control group, was given normal saline. All drugs were given as a 2.0 mL bolus 45 seconds before propofol administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injection pain using vocal responses, facial grimacing, arm withdrawal, tears, and questioning of the patient were noted. A 4-point scale was used for documenting pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain frequency was 90% in the saline group, whereas the frequencies were significantly lower in the lidocaine and methylene blue groups (26.7% and 40%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous pretreatment with methylene blue appears to be effective in reducing the pain during propofol injection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, TR-06100, Turkey. ebus@hacettepe.edu.tr
authors.forename: Akgün Ebru
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.forename: Mehmet Alper
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saricaoglu
authors.forename: Seda Banu
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Akinci
authors.forename: Ülkü
authors.initials: Ü
authors.lastname: Aypar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008012:Lidocaine; D008751:Methylene Blue; D015742:Propofol