title: Increased accumulation of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in proliferating capillary cells and prostate cancer cells following ultrasound exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously reported enhanced cytotoxic effects of both doxorubicin and antisense oligonucleotides using an optimized ultrasound regime of a single 10s exposure in burst-mode (4 MHz, 32 W/cm(2)(SaTa), 50 ms burst period) in both PC3 (prostate cancer) cells and angiogenic Huvec (human umbilical cord endothelial cells). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound on the cellular uptake of both hydrophilic agents (rhodamine R123, doxorubicin hydrochloride and mannitol) and hydrophobic agents (rhodamine R6G and paclitaxel) using the same 4 MHz ultrasound exposure system.
  
  
  METHODS
  PC3 cells and Huvec were incubated with solutions of radioactive or fluorescent compounds for 1h and ultrasound was then applied to cells. Following washing and lysis of cells, the degree of drug uptake was measured using liquid scintillation counting or fluorescence spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound exposure resulted in the enhanced uptake of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds into cells. For paclitaxel, approximately 100% increased uptake was observed when the drug was encapsulated in a nanoparticulate micellar formulation compared to approximately 50% for free drug.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 4 MHz, 32 W/cm(2) ultrasound exposure regime (using burst-mode with 50 ms burst period) allows for the enhanced uptake of both water soluble and insoluble compounds into proliferating cancer and angiogenic cells.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. jackson@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Fatemeh Nazly
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Pirmoradi
authors.forename: Chung-Ping Leon
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Tung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: Mu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiao
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Burt
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000378:metabolism*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000378:metabolism; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000378:metabolism; D012588:Scintillation Counting; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014159:Transducers; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D012235:Rhodamines; D008353:Mannitol; D004317:Doxorubicin; D017239:Paclitaxel