title: Toxicity of high-dose intravitreal adalimumab (Humira) in the rabbit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ocular toxicity of escalating doses of intravitreous adalimumab (Humira®) in the rabbit eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty New Zealand albino rabbits received intravitreous injections of 0.5 mg (6 eyes), 1.0 mg (6 eyes), 2.5 mg (6 eyes), 5 mg (6 eyes), and 10 mg (6 eyes) adalimumab. Slit lamp biomicroscopy and fundoscopy were carried out at baseline, day 7, and day 14 after intravitreous injection, whereas electroretinography (ERG) was carried out at baseline and day 14. Animals were euthanized on day 14, and histopathological examination of the eyes was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Slit lamp biomicroscopy and fundoscopy were normal in all eyes receiving doses up to 5 mg. In the 10 mg group, 3 of 6 eyes showed mild anterior chamber inflammatory reaction on day 7. Similarly, scotopic and photopic a- and b-wave ERG amplitudes at baseline and day 14 were similar in all groups up to 5 mg, but there was a significant decrease in the photopic-wave ERG response in the 10 mg group (P=0.046). Finally, histopathology demonstrated no differences among eyes receiving balanced salt solution, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10 mg of adalimumab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreous adalimumab exhibited no associated ocular short-term toxicity in rabbit eyes up to the 5 mg dose. In the 10 mg group mild clinical findings and ERG amplitude reduction could reflect early toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. roberta.manzano@gmail.com
authors.forename: Roberta P A
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Manzano
authors.forename: Gholam A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Peyman
authors.forename: Petros E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Carvounis
authors.forename: Francisco Max
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Damico
authors.forename: Renata Genaro
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: Gabriela L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ioshimoto
authors.forename: Dora Fix
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Sylvia T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Cursino
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000818:Animals; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced*; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068879:Adalimumab