title: Angular dependence of the ion-induced secondary electron emission for He+ and Ga+ beams.
abstract: In recent years, novel ion sources have been designed and developed that have enabled focused ion beam machines to go beyond their use as nano-fabrication tools. Secondary electrons are usually taken to form images, for their yield is high and strongly dependent on the surface characteristics, in terms of chemical composition and topography. In particular, the secondary electron yield varies characteristically with the angle formed by the beam and the direction normal to the sample surface in the point of impact. Knowledge of this dependence, for different ion/atom pairs, is thus the first step toward a complete understanding of the contrast mechanism in scanning ion microscopy. In this article, experimentally obtained ion-induced secondary electron yields as a function of the incidence angle of the beam on flat surfaces of Al and Cr are reported, for usual conditions in Ga+ and He+ microscopes. The curves have been compared with models and simulations, showing a good agreement for most of the angle range; deviations from the expected behavior are addressed and explanations are suggested. It appears that the maximum value of the ion-induced secondary electron yield is very similar in all the studied cases; the yield range, however, is consistently larger for helium than for gallium, which partially explains the enhanced topographical contrast of helium microscopes over the gallium focused ion beams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, Zuid-holland 2628CJ, The Netherlands. vinc.castaldo@gmail.com
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castaldo
authors.forename: Josephus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Withagen
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kruit
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Veldhoven