title: The phenotype and functional alterations of macrophages in mice with hyperglycemia for long term.
abstract: Abnormal immunity and its related complications are the major causes of mortality and morbidity in diabetes patients. Macrophages, as one of the important innate cells, play pivotal roles in controlling immune homeostasis, immunity, and tolerance. The effects of hyperglycemia on the function of macrophages in hosts remain to be determined. Here we used mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes for long term to study the changes of macrophages. We found that F4/80(+) peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) from mice with diabetes for 4 months displayed significantly reduced CD86 and CD54 expression and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 production but enhanced nitric oxide (NO) secretion compared with control mice when treated with interferon (IFN)-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while the activity of arginase in PEMs from diabetic mice was significantly higher than control mice when stimulating with IL-4. These dysfunctions of macrophages could be efficiently reversed by insulin treatment. Importantly, in vitro bone marrow-derived macrophages showed similar functional changes, indicating the epigenetic alteration of macrophage precursors in these mice. In an in vitro culture system, high glucose and insulin significantly altered TNF-α, IL-6, and NO production and arginase activity of macrophages, which was reversed by the treatment with AKT and ERK inhibitors. Therefore, hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency can modify macrophage function through AKT-mTOR and ERK pathways and through epigenetic effects on macrophage precursors. To further identify different components of diabetes on the dysfunction of macrophages is important for efficient prevention of diabetic complications.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chenming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jianxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.forename: Kaizhong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Guangwei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010641:Phenotype; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D051940:B7-2 Antigen; C497965:Cd86 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D001119:Arginase