title: Relationship between sleep apnea, fat distribution, and insulin resistance in obese children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. The role of fat distribution in OSA pathogenesis has not been established in children. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between fat distribution, OSA, and insulin resistance in an unselected population of obese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  All obese (BMI > 95th percentile) children (ages 5-18 y) seen at a pediatric obesity clinic were invited to participate. Subjects underwent polysomnography, and were tested for dyslipidemia, inflammation, and insulin resistance measured by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). In a subset of subjects, magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging was used to determine the abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) spectroscopy was used to intramyocellular lipids in leg muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  31 obese subjects enrolled and completed polysomnography and serum testing, and 19 subjects underwent MRI/MRS. The mean age was 12.6 ± 3.0 y and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 39.5 ± 11.2 kg/m(2). Forty-eight percent had OSA (mean apnea hypopnea index [AHI] 6.26 ± 6.77 events/h) Subjects with OSA had significantly increased BMI, log HOMA, triglycerides, and leptin compared to those without OSA. In regression analysis, only BMI z-score was associated with log HOMA. In the subset of patients with imaging data, visceral fat area was strongly predictive of AHI (p = 0.003, r(2) = 0.556). BMI z-score, gender, and age were not predictive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visceral fat distribution is independently predictive of OSA severity in obese children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. ccanapari@partners.org
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Canapari
authors.forename: Alison G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hoppin
authors.forename: T Bernard
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kinane
authors.forename: Bijoy J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torriani
authors.forename: Eliot S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Katz
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D050218:Body Fat Distribution / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D017286:Polysomnography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism