title: Parents know best, but are they accurate? Parental normative misperceptions and their relationship to students' alcohol-related outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parents often look to other parents for guidance, but how accurate are their perceptions? Expanding on existing normative literature to include parents of college students, this study first sought to determine whether parents accurately estimated the attitudes of other parents concerning their college student's alcohol-related behaviors. The effect of these (mis)perceived injunctive norms on the alcohol-related attitudes and behaviors of the parents' own children was then examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 270 college student-parent dyadic pairs who completed independent online surveys. The student sample was 59% female; the parent sample was 78% female.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A structural equation model demonstrated that parents significantly overestimated other parents' approval of alcohol use by their respective child and, further, that these misperceptions strongly influenced parental attitudes toward their own child's drinking. Parental attitudes were subsequently found to be significantly associated with their child's attitudes toward drinking but were only marginally associated with the child's actual drinking, thereby underscoring the mediational effect of the child's attitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to document the influence of parental normative misperceptions regarding alcohol use by their college-age children, reinforcing the importance of parental attitudes on children's alcohol-related attitudes and behaviors in college. These findings support the need to complement student-based interventions with parent-based interventions aimed at increasing parental awareness and involvement. Further, the current findings indicate that normative interventions targeting parents offer a promising avenue by which to indirectly and positively influence college students' alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California 90045, USA. jlabrie@lmu.edu
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: LaBrie
authors.forename: Justin F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hummer
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lac
authors.forename: Phillip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ehret
authors.forename: Shannon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kenney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects; D003625:Data Collection; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents; D010465:Perception; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol