title: Psychological well-being (PWB): a natural life outlook? An Italian twin study on heritability of PWB in young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, the genetic and environmental architecture of the dimensions of psychological well-being (PWB) remains unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  PWB of 742 twins aged 23-24 years and enrolled in the Italian Twin Registry was assessed with the three-item version of Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB). These scales include items for evaluating the PWB dimensions of self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. A twin design was used to obtain correlations in the PWB dimensions for monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins and to estimate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to variation and covariation in the dimensions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic factors explained moderate to substantial proportions of variance in the six SPWB dimensions, with heritability estimates between 37% and 64%. The estimates of genetic correlations were very high (range 0.77-0.99), indicating that genetic factors that influence the expression of the different dimensions of PWB may be shared to a large extent. Non-shared environmental correlations ranged from substantial to high, with the exception of the correlation between autonomy and the dimensions of purpose in life, self-acceptance and personal growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents a twin analysis of PWB measured by the SPWB dimensions; it was found that both genes and non-shared environment play a role in individual differences. The genetic and non-shared environmental correlations between SPWB dimensions suggest that common underlying genetic and non-shared environmental factors influence the expression of the different facets of PWB.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. antonella.gigantesco@iss.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gigantesco
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stazi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alessandri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Medda
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tarolla
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fagnani
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult