title: Improving working memory: exploring the effect of transcranial random noise stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine if working memory (WM) performance is significantly improved after the delivery of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), compared to an active comparator or sham.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten participants undertook three experimental sessions in which they received 10 min of anodal tDCS (active comparator), tRNS or sham tDCS whilst performing the Sternberg WM task. Intra-stimulation engagement in a WM task was undertaken as this has been previously shown to enhance the effects of tDCS. Experimental sessions were separated by a minimum of 1 week. Immediately prior to and after each stimulation session the participants were measured on speed and accuracy of performance on an n-back task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant improvement in speed of performance following anodal tDCS on the 2-back WM task; this was the only significant finding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results do not provide support for the hypothesis that tRNS improves WM. However, the study does provide confirmation of previous findings that anodal tDCS enhances some aspects of DLPFC functioning. Methodological limitations that may have contributed to the lack of significant findings following tRNS are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anodal tDCS may have significant implications for WM remediation in psychiatric conditions, particularly schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University, Department of Psychological Medicine, Commercial Rd., Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Mulquiney
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: Zafiris J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Daskalakis
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009622:Noise; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation