title: Cervical cancer risk for women undergoing concurrent testing for human papillomavirus and cervical cytology: a population-based study in routine clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concurrent testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cytology (co-testing) is an approved alternative to cytology alone in women aged 30 years and older. We aimed to assess the safety in routine clinical practice of 3-year screening intervals for women testing negative for HPV with normal cytology and to assess if co-testing can identify women at high risk of cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) or worse over 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the 5-year cumulative incidence, starting in 2003-05, of cervical cancer and CIN3 or worse for 331,818 women aged 30 years and older who enrolled in co-testing at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (Berkeley, CA, USA) and had adequate enrolment co-test results. Follow-up continued until Dec 31, 2009. We defined cumulative incidence to include prevalence at enrolment and incidence after enrolment. Prevalence at enrolment was defined as the ratio of women diagnosed with each outcome on the biopsy visit immediately after their enrolment screening visit to the total enrolled women. At screening visits only HPV test and Pap smear samples were collected, and at biopsy visits colposcopically directed biopsies were taken. To estimate post-enrolment incidence, we used Weibull survival models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 315,061 women negative by HPV testing, the 5-year cumulative incidence of cancer was 3.8 per 100,000 women per year, slightly higher than for the 306,969 who were both negative by HPV and Pap testing (3.2 per 100,000), and half the cancer risk of the 319,177 who were negative by Pap testing (7.5 per 100,000). 313,465 (99.5%) women negative by HPV testing had either normal cytology or equivocal abnormalities. Abnormal cytology greatly increased cumulative incidence of CIN3 or worse over 5 years for the 16,757 positive by HPV testing (12.1%vs 5.9%; p<0.0001). By contrast, although statistically significant, abnormal cytology did not increase 5-year risk of CIN3 or worse for women negative by HPV testing to a substantial level (0.86%vs 0.16%; p=0.004). 12,208 (73%) of the women positive by HPV testing had no cytological abnormality, and these women had 258 (35%) of 747 CIN3 or adenocarcinoma in situ, [corrected] 25 (29%) of 87 cancers, and 17 (63%) of 27 adenocarcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For women aged 30 years and older in routine clinical practice who are negative by co-testing (both HPV and cytology), 3-year screening intervals were safe because a single negative test for HPV was sufficient to reassure against cervical cancer over 5 years. Incorporating HPV testing with cytology also resulted in earlier identification of women at high risk of cervical cancer, especially adenocarcinoma. Testing for HPV without adjunctive cytology might be sufficiently sensitive for primary screening for cervical cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Intramural Research Program of the US National Cancer Institute/NIH/DHHS, and the American Cancer Society.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20882, USA. katkih@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Hormuzd A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katki
authors.forename: Walter K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fetterman
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lorey
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Poitras
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Demuth
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: Sholom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wacholder
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Castle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D003127:Colposcopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014626:Vaginal Smears