title: Effects of level of consciousness on urodynamic procedure in female cats.
abstract: Urodynamic evaluation is an invasive and uncomfortable procedure that can cause physical distress and is difficult to perform in uncooperative patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of consciousness on urodynamic evaluation in an animal model. Repeated cystometry, electromyogram, and measurement of serum cortisol concentrations were performed in female cats under conscious (CON), conscious sedation (CS) and deep anesthesia (DA) conditions. Urodynamic evaluation showed that there were no statistical differences in maximum detrusor pressure or bladder capacity observed among the three conditions. Under the DA condition, but not the CON and CS conditions, bladder contraction was accompanied by an un-relaxed anal sphincter. Residue urine volume significantly increased in the DA condition compared to the CON and CS conditions. The levels of serum cortisol significantly increased after performing urodynamic evaluation under the CON condition, whereas these levels were not significantly increased under the CS and DA conditions. This study showed that conscious sedation has no adverse effects on the urodynamic variables, and that it significantly reduces distress in cats undergoing the examination. These results may provide novel insights for performing urodynamic studies in uncooperative patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Andrology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China and Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Wen Ji
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jong Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seung-June
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003243:Consciousness; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D023421:Models, Animal; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone