title: Carbohydrates for training and competition.
abstract: An athlete's carbohydrate intake can be judged by whether total daily intake and the timing of consumption in relation to exercise maintain adequate carbohydrate substrate for the muscle and central nervous system ("high carbohydrate availability") or whether carbohydrate fuel sources are limiting for the daily exercise programme ("low carbohydrate availability"). Carbohydrate availability is increased by consuming carbohydrate in the hours or days prior to the session, intake during exercise, and refuelling during recovery between sessions. This is important for the competition setting or for high-intensity training where optimal performance is desired. Carbohydrate intake during exercise should be scaled according to the characteristics of the event. During sustained high-intensity sports lasting ~1 h, small amounts of carbohydrate, including even mouth-rinsing, enhance performance via central nervous system effects. While 30-60 g · h(-1) is an appropriate target for sports of longer duration, events >2.5 h may benefit from higher intakes of up to 90 g · h(-1). Products containing special blends of different carbohydrates may maximize absorption of carbohydrate at such high rates. In real life, athletes undertake training sessions with varying carbohydrate availability. Whether implementing additional "train-low" strategies to increase the training adaptation leads to enhanced performance in well-trained individuals is unclear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia. louise.burke@ausport.gov.au
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.forename: Stephen H S
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Asker E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Jeukendrup
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates