title: Ascidian dermatan sulfates attenuate metastasis, inflammation and thrombosis by inhibition of P-selectin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer-associated thrombosis and enduring inflammation are strongly associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Heparin is the mostly clinically used anticoagulant/antithrombotic drug, and has recently been shown to exhibit antimetastatic and anti-inflammatory activities that are linked to inhibition of P-selectin and/or L-selectin. P-selectin-mediated platelet-tumor cell and tumor cell-endothelium interactions facilitate the initial steps of metastasis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to determine the capacity of dermatan sulfates to inhibit P-selectin and to test their potential to affect thrombosis, inflammation and metastasis in respective experimental mouse models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two dermatan sulfates isolated from the ascidians Styela plicata and Phallusia nigra, composed of the same disaccharide core structure (IdoA2-GalNAc)(n) , but sulfated at carbon 4 or 6 of the GalNAc, respectively, have opposed heparin cofactor II (HCII) activities and are potent inhibitors of P-selectin. The ascidian dermatan sulfates effectively attenuated metastasis of both MC-38 colon carcinoma and B16-BL6 melanoma cells and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in a thioglycollate peritonitis mouse model. Moreover, both glycosaminoglycans reduced thrombus size in an FeCl(3) -induced arterial thrombosis model, irrespective of their HCII activities. The analysis of arterial thrombi demonstrated markedly reduced platelet deposition after dermatan sulfate treatment, suggesting that the glycosaminoglycan inhibited P-selectin and thereby the binding of activated platelets during thrombus formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these findings provide evidence that specific inhibition of P-selectin represents a potential therapeutic target in thrombosis, inflammation and metastasis, and that ascidian dermatan sulfates may serve as antiselectin agents.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
authors.forename: M S G
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pavao
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borsig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary; D003871:Dermatan Sulfate / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000517:prevention & control; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000556:secondary; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D014561:Urochordata / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D019007:P-Selectin; D003871:Dermatan Sulfate