title: Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms independent of HLA-DQB1*0602 genotypes and islet cell autoantibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether the TCF7L2 gene was associated with gestational diabetes, whether the association between TCF7L2 and gestational diabetes was independent of HLA-DQB1*0602 and islet cell autoantibodies, as well as maternal age, number of pregnancies, family history of diabetes and the HLA-DQB1 genotypes, and to test whether the distribution of HLA-DQB1 alleles was affected by country of birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped the rs7903146, rs12255372 and rs7901695 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TCF7L2 gene in 826 mothers with gestational diabetes and in 1185 healthy control subjects in the Diabetes Prediction in Skåne Study. The mothers were also typed for HLA-DQB1 genotypes and tested for islet cell autoantibodies against GAD65, insulinoma-associated antigen-2 and insulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heterozygous genotypes CT, GT and TC of the rs7903146 (T is risk for Type 2 diabetes), rs12255372 (T is risk for Type 2 diabetes) and rs7901695 (C is risk for Type 2 diabetes), respectively, as well as the homozygous genotypes TT, TT and CC of the rs7903146, rs12255372 and rs7901695, respectively, were strongly associated with gestational diabetes (P < 0.0001). These associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for maternal age, number of pregnancies, family history of diabetes and HLA-DQ genotypes and were independent of the presence of islet cell autoantibodies. No interaction was observed between TCF7L2 and HLA-DQB1*0602, which was shown to be negatively associated with gestational diabetes in mothers born in Sweden (P = 0.010).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TCF7L2 was associated with susceptibility for gestational diabetes independently of the presence of HLA-DQB1*0602 and islet cell autoantibodies and other factors such as maternal age, number of pregnancies, family history of diabetes and other HLA-DQ genotypes. The HLA-DQB1*0602 was negatively associated with gestational diabetes in mothers born in Sweden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. Anastasia.Papadopoulou@med.lu.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaat
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Håkansson
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ivarsson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berntorp
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Agardh
authors.forename: Å
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Lernmark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000235:genetics*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans; D008423:Maternal Age; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D010298:Parity; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D013548:Sweden; D058118:Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C544894:TCF7L2 protein, human; D058118:Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein