title: Transcriptional regulatory programs underlying barley germination and regulatory functions of Gibberellin and abscisic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seed germination is a complex multi-stage developmental process, and mainly accomplished through concerted activities of many gene products and biological pathways that are often subjected to strict developmental regulation. Gibberellins (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) are two key phytohormones regulating seed germination and seedling growth. However, transcriptional regulatory networks underlying seed germination and its associated biological pathways are largely unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The studies examined transcriptomes of barley representing six distinct and well characterized germination stages and revealed that the transcriptional regulatory program underlying barley germination was composed of early, late, and post-germination phases. Each phase was accompanied with transcriptional up-regulation of distinct biological pathways. Cell wall synthesis and regulatory components including transcription factors, signaling and post-translational modification components were specifically and transiently up-regulated in early germination phase while histone families and many metabolic pathways were up-regulated in late germination phase. Photosynthesis and seed reserve mobilization pathways were up-regulated in post-germination phase. However, stress related pathways and seed storage proteins were suppressed through the entire course of germination. A set of genes were transiently up-regulated within three hours of imbibition, and might play roles in initiating biological pathways involved in seed germination. However, highly abundant transcripts in dry barley and Arabidopsis seeds were significantly conserved. Comparison with transcriptomes of barley aleurone in response to GA and ABA identified three sets of germination responsive genes that were regulated coordinately by GA, antagonistically by ABA, and coordinately by GA but antagonistically by ABA. Major CHO metabolism, cell wall degradation and protein degradation pathways were up-regulated by both GA and seed germination. Those genes and metabolic pathways are likely to be important parts of transcriptional regulatory networks underlying GA and ABA regulation of seed germination and seedling growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies developed a model depicting transcriptional regulatory programs underlying barley germination and GA and ABA regulation of germination at gene, pathway and systems levels, and established a standard transcriptome reference for further integration with various -omics and biological data to illustrate biological networks underlying seed germination. The studies also generated a great amount of systems biological evidence for previously proposed hypotheses, and developed a number of new hypotheses on transcriptional regulation of seed germination for further experimental validation.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Midwest Area, Plant Genetics Research at Donald Danforth Plant Sciences Center, 975 N Warson Road, St, Louis, MO 63132, USA. yong-qiang.an@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Yong-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018525:Germination; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005875:Gibberellins; D018749:RNA, Plant; D014867:Water; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D000516:alpha-Amylases