title: Skin autofluorescence is inversely related to HDL anti-oxidative capacity in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High density lipoprotein (HDL) particles protect apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins from oxidative modification. An impaired anti-oxidative functionality of HDL in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may contribute to enhanced formation of oxidative stress products, such as Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs). We tested whether in T2DM the HDL anti-oxidative capacity is related to the accumulation of AGEs in the skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin autofluorescence (AF), a non-invasive read-out for AGEs, and HDL anti-oxidative capacity, i.e. the ability of HDL to protect against LDL oxidation in vitro, were assessed in 67 non-smoking T2DM patients without complications (median age: 60 (53-65), 60% males, 6.5 (5.2-8.5) years of diabetes duration).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In univariate analysis, skin AF correlated inversely with HDL anti-oxidative capacity (r=-0.305, P<0.02), but not with HDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein A-I. HDL anti-oxidative capacity correlated inversely with glucose, HbA(1c), triglycerides, and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment) (P<0.05 to P ≤ 0.001). Multiple linear regression showed that skin AF remained inversely related to HDL anti-oxidative capacity (partial r=-0.314, P=0.015) taking account of age, plasma glucose, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HOMA(ir), and CRP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that skin AF is inversely related to the HDL anti-oxidative capacity rather than to the HDL cholesterol concentration in T2DM. Impaired anti-oxidative functionality of HDL could contribute to tissue accumulation of AGEs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. d.j.mulder@int.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Douwe J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Jan Freark
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Reindert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graaff
authors.forename: Rindert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Wijtske
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Annema
authors.forename: Joop D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lefrandt
authors.forename: Andries J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Uwe J F
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Tietge
authors.forename: Robin P F
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Dullaart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides