title: Animal behaviour: emotion in invertebrates?
abstract: Bees exposed to vigorous shaking designed to simulate a dangerous event judge ambiguous stimuli as predicting a negative outcome - a 'pessimistic' cognitive bias that is characteristic of anxious or depressed humans and other vertebrates in putative negative emotional states.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Behavioural Biology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK. mike.mendl@bris.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendl
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chittka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004644:Emotions; D007448:Invertebrates