title: Morphological analysis of CDC2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation as markers of g2 → m transition in glioma.
abstract: G2 → M transition is a strategic target for glioma chemotherapy. Key players in G2 → M transition include CDC2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), which are highly regulated by posttranslational phosphorylation. This report is a morphological analysis of CDC2 and GSK3β phosphorylation using immunohistochemistry in gliomas with different biological properties. GBM showed a 2.8-fold and 5.6-fold increase in number of cells positive for pThr161CDC2 and a 4.2- and 6.9-fold increase in number of cells positive for pTyr15CDC2 relative to oligodendroglioma and ependymoma, respectively. Elevated labeling for inhibited phospho-CDC2 (pTyr15CDC) correlates with elevated levels of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). 71% of the GBM cases showed intermediate to high intensity staining for pSer9SGK3β 53% of oligodendroglioma, and 73% of ependymoma showed low intensity staining. CDC2 gene amplification correlates with increased survival in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and astrocytoma WHO grades II-III, but not in oligodendroglioma WHO grades II-III.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Moffit-Long Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: José Javier
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.forename: Tarik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tihan