title: Oxidative stress and pyrogenic fever pathogenesis.
abstract: The causative/regulatory connections between changes in tissue redox state and fever induction were investigated herein. Wherefore, LPS, the primary element of bacterial cell wall, in addition to inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, activated macrophages and other leukocytes to secrete hydroxyl radical (OH), nitric oxide metabolites (NO(x)(-)), superoxide (O(2)) and other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Furthermore, inflammation response-associated hypoxia stimulated glutamate release, which caused excitotoxicity of cells by increasing extracellular Ca(2+). Cytokines and glutamate in turn also triggered the release of large amounts of NO(x)(-), OH, O(2), and other radicals. Those reactive nitrogen species in turn caused cellular injury via the peroxidation of membrane lipids and oxidative damage of proteins and DNA. Glutamate, NO(x)(-), OH and antioxidants participated in the pathogenesis and regulation of LPS- or cytokines-induced fever. In particular, to highlight the role of glutamate, prostaglandin E(2), NO(x)(-) and OH generated in the hypothalamus during pyrogenic fever was attempted hereby. To find the link among the signaling with the glutamate, NO(x)(-) and OH/prostaglandin E(2) in the hypothalamus during pyrogenic fever will be challenging and could now clinically suppress pyrogenic fever.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Hung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ching-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Wu-Tein
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mao-Tsun
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011749:Pyrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011749:Pyrogens; D018698:Glutamic Acid