title: The effects of Brazilian and Bulgarian propolis in vitro against Salmonella Typhi and their synergism with antibiotics acting on the ribosome.
abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever in humans, and the use of antibiotics is essential for controlling this infection; however, the excessive use of antibiotics may select resistant strains. Propolis is a honeybee product and its antimicrobial activity has been intensively investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate a possible synergism between propolis (collected in Brazil and Bulgaria) and antibiotics acting on the ribosome (chloramphenicol, tetracycline and neomycin) against Salmonella  Typhi  in vitro. The synergism was investigated by using ½ and ¼ of the minimum inhibitory concentration for propolis and these antimicrobial agents, evaluating the number of viable cells according to the incubation time. Brazilian propolis showed a bacteriostatic action against S. Typhi, while Bulgarian propolis showed a bactericidal activity and a synergistic effect with the three antibiotics. Variations in the biological assays might be due to the differences in their chemical compositions. Based on the results, one may conclude that Bulgarian propolis showed an important antibacterial action, as well as a synergistic effect with antibiotics acting on the ribosome, which points out a possible therapeutic strategy evaluating the use of propolis preparations for the treatment of Salmonella Typhi infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Production and Exploration , School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Orsi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bankova
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sforcin
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011429:Propolis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000187:drug effects*; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D011429:Propolis