title: Perioperative cardiac evaluation, monitoring, and risk reduction strategies in noncardiac surgery patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac complications after noncardiac surgery cause significant morbidity and mortality. This review will discuss recent developments in risk stratification, monitoring, and risk reduction strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of biomarkers for ischemia, left ventricular function, and atherosclerosis to classic cardiac risk factors improves the prediction of both short-term and long-term outcome after noncardiac surgery. Intraoperative monitoring, using continuous 12-lead ECG assessment and transesophageal echocardiography, may timely identify treatable myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias. A prudent perioperative beta-blocker and statin regimen can reduce cardiac complications and mortality without increasing the risk of stroke in intermediate to high-risk patients. The use of circulatory assist devices might improve outcomes after major surgery in patients with severely reduced left ventricular function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic preoperative assessment can identify patients at high risk of cardiac complications and guide the application of appropriate risk reduction strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Niels J C
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ravensbergen
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poldermans
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D019990:Perioperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D018570:Risk Assessment