title: Phase I (safety) study of autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells in type 1 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The safety of dendritic cells to selectively suppress autoimmunity, especially in type 1 diabetes, has never been ascertained. We investigated the safety of autologous dendritic cells, stabilized into an immunosuppressive state, in established adult type 1 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, phase I study was conducted. A total of 10, otherwise generally healthy, insulin-requiring type 1 diabetic patients between 18 and 60 years of age, without any other known or suspected health conditions, received autologous dendritic cells, unmanipulated or engineered ex vivo toward an immunosuppressive state. Ten million cells were administered intradermally in the abdomen once every 2 weeks for a total of four administrations. The primary end point determined the proportion of patients with adverse events on the basis of the physician's global assessment, hematology, biochemistry, and immune monitoring for a period of 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dendritic cells were safely tolerated. There were no discernible adverse events in any patient throughout the study. Other than a significant increase in the frequency of peripheral B220+ CD11c- B cells, mainly seen in the recipients of engineered dendritic cells during the dendritic cell administration period, there were no statistically relevant differences in other immune populations or biochemical, hematological, and immune biomarkers compared with baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with autologous dendritic cells, in a native state or directed ex vivo toward a tolerogenic immunosuppressive state, is safe and well tolerated. Dendritic cells upregulated the frequency of a potentially beneficial B220+ CD11c- B-cell population, at least in type 1 diabetes autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giannoukakis
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Finegold
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harnaha
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trucco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin