title: The influence of foot geometry on the calcaneal osteotomy angle based on two-dimensional static force analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malalignment of the hindfoot can be corrected with a calcaneal osteotomy (CO). A well-selected osteotomy angle in the sagittal plane will reduce the shear force in the osteotomy plane while walking. The purpose was to determine the presence of a relationship between the foot geometry and loading of the calcaneus, which influences the choice of the preferred CO angle.
  
  
  METHODS
  A static free body force analysis was made of the posterior calcaneal fragment in the second half of the stance phase to determine the main loads: the plantar apeunorosis (PA) and Achilles tendon (AT). The third load is on the osteotomy surface which should be oriented such that the shear component of the force is zero. The force direction of the PA and AT was measured on 58 MRIs of the foot, and the force ratio between both structures was taken from the literature. In addition the PA-to-AT force ratio was estimated for different foot geometries to identify the relationship.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the wish to minimize the shear force during walking, a mean CO angle was determined to be 33° (SD8) relative to the foot sole. In pes planus foot geometry, the angle should be higher than the mean. In pes cavus foot geometry, the angle should be smaller.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foot geometry, in particular the relative foot heights is a determinant for the individual angle in performing the sliding calcaneal osteotomy. It is recommended to take into account the foot geometry (arch) when deciding on the CO angle for hindfoot correction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.l.reilingh@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Reilingh
authors.forename: G J M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tuijthof
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blankevoort
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016474:Weight-Bearing