title: Production of 22-hydroxy metabolites of vitamin d3 by cytochrome p450scc (CYP11A1) and analysis of their biological activities on skin cells.
abstract: Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) can hydroxylate vitamin D(3), producing 20S-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [20(OH)D(3)] and 20S,23-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [20,23(OH)(2)D(3)] as the major metabolites. These are biologically active, acting as partial vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists. Minor products include 17-hydroxyvitamin D(3), 17,20-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), and 17,20,23-trihydroxyvitamin D(3). In the current study, we have further analyzed the reaction products from cytochrome P450scc (P450scc) action on vitamin D(3) and have identified two 22-hydroxy derivatives as products, 22-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [22(OH)D(3)] and 20S,22-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [20,22(OH)(2)D(3)]. The structures of both of these derivatives were determined by NMR. P450scc could convert purified 22(OH)D(3) to 20,22(OH)(2)D(3). The 20,22(OH)(2)D(3) could also be produced from 20(OH)D(3) and was metabolized to a trihydroxyvitamin D(3) product. We compared the biological activities of these new derivatives with those of 20(OH)D(3), 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), 20(OH)D(3), 22(OH)D(3), 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), and 20,22(OH)(2)D(3) significantly inhibited keratinocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The strongest inducers of involucrin expression (a marker of keratinocyte differentiation) were 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), 20,22(OH)(2)D(3), 20(OH)D(3), and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), with 22(OH)D(3) having a heterogeneous effect. Little or no stimulation of CYP24 mRNA expression was observed for all the analogs tested except for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). All the compounds stimulated VDR translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus with 22(OH)D(3) and 20,22(OH)(2)D(3) having less effect than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 20(OH)D(3). Thus, we have identified 22(OH)D(3) and 20,22(OH)(2)D(3) as products of CYP11A1 action on vitamin D(3) and shown that, like 20(OH)D(3) and 20,23(OH)(2)D(3), they are active on keratinocytes via the VDR, however, showing a degree of phenotypic heterogeneity in comparison with other P450scc-derived hydroxy metabolites of vitamin D(3).
authors.affiliation: School of Biomolecular, Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M310, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Tuckey
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Haleem Z
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Shehabi
authors.forename: Zorica
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Janjetovic
authors.forename: Minh N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Tae-Kang
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Danielle E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Heather A E
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sweatman
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Baldisseri
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slominski
mesh_terms: D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme / Q000378:metabolism*; D004100:Dihydroxycholecalciferols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
chemical_list: C547379:20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3; C480634:20-hydroxyvitamin D3; D004100:Dihydroxycholecalciferols; D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols; D011498:Protein Precursors; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; C053469:22-hydroxycholecalciferol; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C032253:involucrin; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase; D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme; D002112:Calcifediol