title: Diabetes and depression in pregnancy: is there an association?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association of antenatal depression with pregnancy-related diabetes. This study examined the association of diabetes and antenatal depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective cohort study of pregnant women receiving prenatal care at a single University of Washington Medical Center clinic between January 2004 and January 2009. The primary exposure was diabetes in pregnancy (no diabetes, preexisting diabetes, or gestational diabetes [GDM]). Antenatal depression was defined by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score or current use of antidepressants. Antenatal depression was coded as (1) any depression (probable major or minor depression by PHQ-9 or current antidepressant use) and (2) major depression (probable major depression by PHQ-9 or current antidepressant use). Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between diabetes in pregnancy and antenatal depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalences of preexisting diabetes, GDM, any antenatal depression, and major antenatal depression were 9%, 18%, 13.6%, and 9.8%, respectively. In the unadjusted analysis, women with preexisting diabetes had 54% higher odds of any antenatal depression compared to those without diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-2.21). After adjusting for important covariates the association was attenuated (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.79-1.71). Results were similar for antenatal major depression. GDM was not associated with increased odds for any antenatal depression or antenatal major depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither preexisting diabetes nor GDM was independently associated with increased risk of antenatal depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. jkaton@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Jodie G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Katon
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Amelia R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gavin
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Melville
authors.forename: Wayne J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Katon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult