title: ATA homozigosity in the IL-10 gene promoter is a risk factor for schizophrenia in Spanish females: a case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three IL-10 gene promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms -1082G > A, -819C > T and -592C > A and the haplotypes they define in Caucasians, GCC, ACC, ATA, associated with different IL-10 production rates, have been linked to schizophrenia in some populations with conflicting results. On the basis of the evidence of the sex-dependent effect of certain genes in many complex diseases, we conducted a sex-stratified case-control association study to verify the linkage of the IL-10 gene promoter SNPs and haplotypes with schizophrenia and the possible sex-specific genetic effect in a Spanish schizophrenic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  241 DSM-IV diagnosed Spanish schizophrenic patients and 435 ethnically matched controls were genotyped for -1082G > A and -592C > A SNPs. Chi squared tests were performed to assess for genetic association of alleles, genotypes and haplotypes with the disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The -1082A allele (p = 0.027), A/A (p = 0.008) and ATA/ATA (p = 0.003) genotypes were significantly associated with schizophrenia in females while neither allelic nor genotypic frequencies reached statistical significance in the male population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results highlight the hypothesis of an imbalance towards an inflammatory syndrome as the immune abnormality of schizophrenia. Anyway, a better understanding of the involvement of the immune system would imply the search of immune abnormalities in endophenotypes in whose sex and ethnicity might be differential factors. It also reinforces the need of performing complex gene studies based on multiple cytokine SNPs, including anti and pro-inflammatory, to clarify the immune system abnormalities direction in the etiology of schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Department, CAIBER Unit, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain. cayuso@fjd.es.
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Almoguera
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riveiro-Alvarez
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopez-Castroman
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dorado
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lopez-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Navarro
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baca-García
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Piqueras
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dal-Ré
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abad-Santos
authors.forename: Adrián
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llerena
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayuso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10