title: Diet, physical, and biochemical characteristics of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: relationship between dietary fat and glucose control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutritional habits may significantly influence glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess dietary intake, cardiovascular risk factors, and the association between diet composition and glycemic control in Italian youth with T1D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 114 youth aged 6-16 yr with T1D receiving a routine treatment program with nutrition counseling and 448 controls. Cross-sectional measures included dietary intake, anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid profile, and, in children with diabetes, HbA1c.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In prepubertal children, BMI, subcutaneous skinfolds, the prevalence of overweight/obesity, and LDL cholesterol (LDL-CH) were significantly lower in patients than in controls, whereas HDL cholesterol (HDL-CH) was higher. Pubertal boys with T1D did not differ significantly from controls in either anthropometry or lipid profile. Pubertal girls with T1D had a higher BMI and higher triceps skinfolds than controls but not significantly different prevalence of overweight/obesity or lipid profile. Compared to controls, participants with T1D had a lower intake of lipids and simple carbohydrates, a higher ratio of unsaturated/saturated fats and fibre, and a dietary intake closer to the National Reference Dietary Intakes (RDIs). The odds of having an HbA1c higher than 7.5, adjusted for BMI, lipid, and fibre intake, increases by 53% for every 1% increase of energy intake from saturated fat in the diet and by 30% for every year of duration of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youth with T1D having regular nutritional counseling had a diet closer to RDIs than controls and not different cardiovascular risk factors. High saturated fatty acid intake was associated with poor blood glucose control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences of Life and Reproduction, Regional Center for Pediatric Diabetes, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. claudio.maffeis@univr.it
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maffeis
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabbion
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Contreas
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomasselli
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tommasi
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fasan
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000097:blood*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012885:Skinfold Thickness
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human