title: Prospective longitudinal evaluation of lung function during the first year of life after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate lung function and respiratory morbidity prospectively during the first year of life in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and to study the effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient clinic of a tertiary-level pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort of 43 infants included 12 patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Evaluation was at 6 and 12 months; 33 infants were evaluated at both time points.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity and functional residual capacity were measured with Masterscreen Babybody. Z-scores were calculated for maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity. Mean maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity values at 6 and 12 months were significantly below the expected values (mean z-score -1.4 and -1.5, respectively) without a significant change between both time points. Values did not significantly differ between extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and nonextracorporeal membrane oxygenation-treated patients. Functional residual capacity values were generally high, 47% were above the suggested normal range, and did not change significantly over time. Mean functional residual capacity values in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-treated patients were significantly higher than in nonextracorporeal membrane oxygenation-treated patients (p = .006). The difference (5.1 mL/kg ± 1.8 SE) did not change significantly between the two time points. Higher mean airway pressure and longer duration of ventilation were associated with higher functional residual capacity. None of the perinatal characteristics was associated with maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity. Mean weight z-scores were significantly below zero at both time points (p < .001). Mean weight z-score in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-treated patients were lower than in nonextracorporeal membrane oxygenation-treated patients (p = .046).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia have decreased expiratory flows and increased functional residual capacity within the first year of life. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-treated patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia may have more respiratory morbidity and concomitant growth impairment. Close follow-up beyond the neonatal period is therefore required.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spoel
authors.forename: Lieke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van den Hout
authors.forename: Saskia J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gischler
authors.forename: Wim C J
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hop
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
authors.forename: Johan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Jongste
authors.forename: Hanneke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ijsselstijn
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000209:etiology; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005652:Functional Residual Capacity; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D059685:Herniorrhaphy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome