title: Genotoxicity and fetal abnormality in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats exposed to cigarette smoke prior to and during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal hyperglycemia during early pregnancy is associated with increased risk of abnormalities in the offspring. Malformation rates among the offspring of diabetic mothers are 2-5-fold higher than that of the normal population, and congenital malformations are the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the offspring of diabetic mothers. Metabolic changes, such as hyperglycemia and the metabolites obtained from cigarettes both increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the embryo or fetus, causing DNA damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the maternal and fetal genotoxicity, and to assess the incidence of fetal anomaly in diabetic female rats exposed to cigarette smoke at different stages of pregnancy in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin administration and cigarette smoke exposure was produced by a mechanical smoking device that generated mainstream smoke that was delivered into a chamber. Female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to: non-diabetic (ND) and diabetic (D) groups exposed to filtered air; a diabetic group exposed to cigarette smoke prior to and during pregnancy (DS) and a diabetic group only exposed to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy (DSPP). On pregnancy day 21, blood samples were obtained for DNA damage analysis and fetuses were collected for congenital anomaly assessment. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 for all analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure of diabetic rats to tobacco smoke prior to pregnancy increased fetal DNA damage, but failed to induce teratogenicity. Thus, these results reinforce the importance for women to avoid exposure to cigarette smoke long before they become pregnant.
authors.affiliation: Univ Estadual Paulista_UNESP, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil. damasceno@fmb.unesp.br
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Damasceno
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Volpato
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Sinzato
authors.forename: P H O
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: M S S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Iessi
authors.forename: A C I
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takaku
authors.forename: M V C
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.forename: I M P
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Calderon
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000097:blood / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology; D013311:Streptozocin; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D013311:Streptozocin