title: Genome-wide principles of gene regulation by the vitamin D receptor and its activating ligand.
abstract: The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates virtually all of the known biological actions of the hormonal ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)). These actions are directed toward the nucleus, where the VDR binds to the regulatory regions of target genes and modulates their transcriptional output. Recent technological advances have enabled the study of transcription factor binding on a genome-wide scale in cells and tissues that are major targets of vitamin D action. In this review, the results of several of these studies are discussed wherein overarching principles of gene regulation by the vitamin D hormone are beginning to emerge. In addition, several specific genes that are regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and which provide new insight into the increasingly complex mechanism whereby the receptor functions to modulate gene expression are considered. These studies suggest that while many of the principles that are now accepted regarding the regulation of gene expression by hormones and other regulatory factors are well grounded, others require extensive modification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States. pike@biochem.wisc.edu
authors.forename: J Wesley
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Pike
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism*; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015894:Genome, Human; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; C470125:PTH protein, human; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D053245:RANK Ligand; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; D065668:Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase; D002117:Calcitriol