title: Carcinoid syndrome and perioperative anesthetic considerations.
abstract: Carcinoid tumors are uncommon, slow-growing neoplasms. These tumors are capable of secreting numerous bioactive substances, which results in significant potential challenges in the management of patients afflicted with carcinoid syndrome. Over the past two decades, both surgical and medical therapeutic options have broadened, resulting in improved outcomes. The pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and perioperative management, including anesthetic considerations, of carcinoid syndrome are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: J Philip
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boudreaux
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kalarickal
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Primeaux
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008303:Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics