title: A cost-benefit analysis of the ENIGMA trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ENIGMA trial was a prospective, randomized, multicenter study that evaluated the clinical consequences of including N₂O in general anesthesia. Patients who were given a N₂O-free anesthetic when undergoing major surgery for which the expected hospital stay was at least 3 days had lower rates of some postoperative complications. This suggests that, despite a higher consumption of potent inhalational agent, there could be a financial benefit when N₂O is avoided in such settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cost analysis of the 2,050 patients recruited to the ENIGMA trial was performed. We measured costs from the perspective of an implementing hospital. Direct health care costs include the costs for maintaining anesthesia, daily medications, hospitalization, and complications. The primary outcome was the net financial savings from avoiding N₂O in major noncardiac surgery. Comparisons between groups were analyzed using Student t test and bootstrap methods. Sensitivity analyses were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of some serious complications were higher in the N₂O group. Total costs in the N₂O group were $16,203 and in the N₂O-free group $13,837, mean difference of $2,366 (95% CI: 841-3,891); P = 0.002. All sensitivity analyses retained a significant difference in favor of the N₂O-free group (all P ≤ 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite N₂O reducing the consumption of more expensive potent inhalational agent, there were marked additional costs associated with its use in adult patients undergoing major surgery because of an increased rate of complications. There is no cogent argument to continue using N₂O on the basis that it is an inexpensive drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: Matthew T V
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Paech
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peyton
authors.forename: Abdelazeem A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El Dawlatly
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000191:economics; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D009609:Nitrous Oxide