title: Osteoporosis in men: a review of endogenous sex hormones and testosterone replacement therapy.
abstract: The prevalence of osteoporosis is estimated to be 18% in men, but 30% of all fractures occur in men. With age, men experience a gradual decline in testosterone production and bone density. The rate of trabecular bone loss in the lumbar spine in men over age 50 can be double the rate of loss in men under age 50. Endogenous testosterone, estradiol, and their metabolites play a role in maintaining bone health, but their specific effects on bone turnover have been difficult to elucidate. Recently, large cohort studies have provided more detailed information confirming estrogen's associations and further characterizing the effect of endogenous testosterone and its metabolites on bone mineral density and fractures. Very few clinical trials have assessed the impact of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on bone density and fractures in men. The few studies that have been conducted are generally small and not robust enough to show the true treatment effect of TRT and adequately determine its safety. In the absence of data on patient outcomes, it is important for pharmacists to understand the impact of drug therapy on biomarkers and surrogate markers of disease for optimal pharmacotherapy selection and monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Practice, Union University School of Pharmacy, Jackson, TN, USA. acmartin@uu.edu
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D013739:Testosterone