title: Advances in the treatment and outcome of brainstem cavernous malformation surgery: a single-center case series of 300 surgically treated patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs) are relatively uncommon, low-flow vascular lesions. Because of their relative rarity, relatively little data on their natural history and on the efficacy and durability of their treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term durability of surgical treatment of BSCMs and to document patient outcomes and clinical complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts of all patients undergoing surgical treatment of BSCM between 1985 and 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. The study population consisted of 300 patients who had surgery for BSCM. Forty patients were under 19 years of age at surgery; pediatric BSCMs have been reported separately. Patient demographics, lesion characteristics, surgical approaches, and patient outcomes were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population consisted of 260 adult patients with a female-to-male ratio of 1.5 and mean age of 41.8 years. Of the 260 patients, 252 presented with a clinical or radiographic history of hemorrhage. The mean follow-up in 240 patients was 51 months. The mean Glasgow Outcome Scale on admission, at discharge, and at last follow-up was 4.4, 4.2, and 4.6. Postoperatively, 137 patients (53%) developed new or worsening neurological symptoms. Permanent new deficits remained in 93 patients 3(36%). There were perioperative complications in 74 patients (28%); tracheostomy, feeding tube placement, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage were most common. Eighteen patients (6.9%) experienced 20 rehemorrhages. Twelve patients required reoperation for residual/recurrent BSCM. The overall annual risk of postoperative rehemorrhage was 2%/patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although BSCM surgery has significant associated risks, including perioperative complications, new neurological deficits, and death, most patients have favorable outcomes. Overall, surgery markedly improved the risk of rehemorrhage and related symptoms and should be considered in patients with accessible lesions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Adib A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abla
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lekovic
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Jean G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Spetzler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult