title: New method for determining apparent axial center of rotation of lumbar and thoracic spine segments.
abstract: One main question in spinal kinematics is the determination of the spine's apparent axial center of rotation. Previous research on this topic has yielded contradictory results. The objective of this study was to determine the apparent axial center of rotation for seven lumbar and six thoracic spinal segments by developing and validating a new method. A custom six-degree-of-freedom device, allowing full range of motion, was used with motion recording and analysis software. This system tracked a grid of markers on a specimen when rotational torque was applied in both clockwise and counterclock wise directions at 3.53 Nm, 7.05 Nm, 10.58 Nm, and 14.10 Nm. The area encompassing the apparent axial center of rotation was determined by identifying the five markers with the least amount of motion. The marker angular displacement was calculated as the angle between a virtual line drawn between two points in the initial and final torque conditions. Rotation in both directions was averaged. The lumbar and thoracic spinal segments averaged an apparent axial center of rotation at the posterior border of the vertebral endplates and the anterior border of the spinal canal, with average clockwise to counterclockwise angular displacement ratios of 0.87 and 0.97, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjum P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Samagh
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Karimdad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otarodifard
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kornswiet
authors.forename: Gabe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Thay Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000502:physiology*