title: Cigarette smoke induces the release of CXCL-8 from human bronchial epithelial cells via TLRs and induction of the inflammasome.
abstract: COPD is a chronic airway disease associated with inflammation and cigarette smoking. Airway epithelial cells are the first cells exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and can release CXCL-8 and IL-1β. These cytokines are involved in acute and chronic inflammatory processes in COPD. The aim of this study was to investigate whether toll-like receptors (TLRs) located in/on epithelial cells were involved in cigarette smoke-induced cytokine production. Here we demonstrate that CS induces the release of CXCL-8 and IL-1β from human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE-14o). CS-induced CXCL-8 production was inhibited by an antibody against TLR4 and by inhibitory ODN suggesting the involvement of TLR4 and TLR9. In addition, exposure of HBE-14o cells to TLR4 or TLR9 ligands resulted in the release of CXCL-8 and IL1β. TLR4 and also TLR9 were present on the cell surface and the expression of both receptors decreased after CS exposure. The molecular mechanism of the CS-induced CXCL-8 production by the epithelial cells was further investigated. It was found that P2X7 receptors and reactive oxygen species were involved. Interestingly, the inflammasome activator monosodium urate crystals (MSU) induced the release of CXCL-8 and IL-1β and the caspase-1 inhibitor Z-VADDCB suppressed the CS-induced release of CXCL-8. In addition, CS, CpGODN, lipopolysaccharide and MSU all increased the expression of caspase-1 and IL-1β. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CS releases CXCL-8 from HBE-14o cells via TLR4 and TLR9 and inflammasome activation. Therefore, inflammasome signaling in airway epithelial cells may play an important role in pathogenesis of diseases like COPD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3584 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands. emortaz@gmail.com
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mortaz
authors.forename: P A J
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Henricks
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kraneveld
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Givi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garssen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Folkerts
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000502:physiology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D012906:Smoke; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D058847:Inflammasomes; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; D009842:Oligopeptides; D012906:Smoke; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C104205:z-VAD-DCB; D020170:Caspase 1