title: A critique of Rasch analysis using the Dyspnoea-12 as an illustrative example.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of a study of the application and critique of Rasch analysis to the development of the Dyspnoea-12 questionnaire; an instrument that measures breathlessness severity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The development of questionnaires has traditionally involved application of classical test theory. Rasch analysis has gained international momentum as a robust application of 'modern' psychometric testing for the development of new instruments and the refinement of existing ones.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 358 patients [mean age 62 (sd = 8); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease = 123, interstitial lung disease = 129, heart failure = 106], responded to an initial list of 81 items (between May 2006 and February 2008). Hierarchical modelling reduced the list to 34 items. Rasch analysis was used to inform decisions about further item removal and fit to the unidimensional model. Rasch analysis included tests of item response appropriateness, item residual, differential item functioning (including gender and diagnosis) and unidimensionality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two items failed to reach the requirements of the Rasch model and were removed. Reasons included high residuals and item bias associated with gender and diagnosis. The 12-items conformed to the Rasch unidimensional parameters (number of statistically significant t-tests 6·7%; confidence interval: 4·4-9·0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have presented the steps involved in reducing and refining a large item-set by identifying those items which possessed the most reliable measurement properties. The Dyspnoea-12 is reliable and simple to use and should find utility in both practice and research settings. We recommend that nurses consider Rasch analysis in the development of health-related questionnaires.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK. j.yorke@salford.ac.uk
authors.forename: Janelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yorke
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D004417:Dyspnea / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology