title: 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylpheny)propane inhibits melanin synthesis by dual mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylpheny)propane (DP) was reported as a novel tyrosinase inhibitor by Nesterov et al. In previous study, we showed that DP is an antioxidant and accelerates the fading of UVB-induced tan in human skin but details of inhibiting mechanism of DP in melanogenesis remain incomplete.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify additional mechanisms of DP inhibition of melanogenesis, we studied the effect of DP on tyrosinase processing and degradation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tyrosinase inhibition was assessed using mushroom and human tyrosinase. The effect of DP on mRNA and protein levels as well as glycosylation and degradation of tyrosinase was examined using normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  DP was 200 times more potent than that of kojic acid in inhibiting mushroom tyrosinase activity. In contrast, DP (IC(50)=200μM) was significantly less effective at inhibiting tyrosinase from NHEM. DP decreased melanin content in cultured NHEM after 7th day (IC(50)=10μM). The IC(50) for DP against human tyrosinase activity was found to be at least 20 times higher than that of melanin synthesis. At a non-cytotoxic concentration DP did not decrease tyrosinase mRNA however protein level decreased by 46% after 48h treatment. DP did not alter the ratio of mature and immature tyrosinase assayed by endo H cleavage. Tyrosinase degradation assays revealed that DP accelerated tyrosinase degradation in NHEM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that DP acts through dual mechanisms to reduce melanin synthesis; by inhibition of tyrosinase activity via an anti-oxidant effect, and, more importantly, by the acceleration of tyrosinase degradation.
authors.affiliation: Kobe Skin Research Institute, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niki
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Hideya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakamatsu
authors.forename: Shosuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Yarosh
authors.forename: Masamitsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichihashi
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000201:enzymology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008543:Melanins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011407:Propane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011753:Pyrones / Q000494:pharmacology; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C532331:1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylphenyl)propane; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008543:Melanins; D010636:Phenols; D011753:Pyrones; C011890:kojic acid; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D011407:Propane