title: Effects of aerobic exercise therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy on functioning and quality of life in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: protocol of the FACTS-2-ALS trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex, leading to muscle weakness. Muscle weakness may result in the avoidance of physical activity, which exacerbates disuse weakness and cardiovascular deconditioning. The impact of the grave prognosis may result in depressive symptoms and hopelessness. Since there is no cure for ALS, optimal treatment is based on symptom management and preservation of quality of life (QoL), provided in a multidisciplinary setting. Two distinctly different therapeutic interventions may be effective to improve or preserve daily functioning and QoL at the highest achievable level: aerobic exercise therapy (AET) to maintain or enhance functional capacity and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to improve coping style and cognitions in patients with ALS. However, evidence to support either approach is still insufficient, and the underlying mechanisms of the approaches remain poorly understood. The primary aim of the FACTS-2-ALS trial is to study the effects of AET and CBT, in addition to usual care, compared to usual care alone, on functioning and QoL in patients with ALS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicentre, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial with a postponed information model will be conducted. A sample of 120 patients with ALS (1 month post diagnosis) will be recruited from 3 university hospitals and 1 rehabilitation centre. Patients will be randomized to one of three groups i.e. (1) AET + usual care, (2) CBT + usual care, (3) Usual care. AET consists of a 16-week aerobic exercise programme, on 3 days a week. CBT consists of individual psychological support of patients in 5 to 10 sessions over a 16-week period. QoL, functioning and secondary outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, immediately post intervention and at 3- and 6-months follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FACTS-2-ALS study is the first theory-based randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects, and the maintenance of effects, of AET and CBT on functioning and QoL in patients with ALS. The results of this study are expected to generate new evidence for the effect of multidisciplinary care of persons with ALS.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dutch Trial Register NTR1616.
authors.affiliation: Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annerieke C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Groenestijn
authors.forename: Ingrid G L
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: van de Port
authors.forename: Carin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Marcel W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Hepke F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Grupstra
authors.forename: Esther T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kruitwagen
authors.forename: Harmen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van der Linde
authors.forename: Reinout O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: van Vliet
authors.forename: Margreet G H
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: van de Weerd
authors.forename: Leonard H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Eline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindeman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult