title: Tracking accuracy of T2- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for infusate distribution by convection-enhanced delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because convection-enhanced delivery relies on bulk flow of fluid in the interstitial spaces, MR imaging techniques that detect extracellular fluid and fluid movement may be useful for tracking convective drug distribution. To determine the tracking accuracy of T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted MR imaging sequences, the authors followed convective distribution of radiolabeled compounds using these imaging sequences in nonhuman primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three nonhuman primates underwent thalamic convective infusions (5 infusions) with (14)C-sucrose (MW 342 D) or (14)C-dextran (MW 70,000 D) during serial MR imaging (T2- and diffusion-weighted imaging). Imaging, histological, and autoradiographic findings were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Real-time T2- and diffusion-weighted imaging clearly demonstrated the region of infusion, and serial images revealed progressive filling of the bilateral thalami during infusion. Imaging analysis for T2- and diffusion-weighted sequences revealed that the tissue volume of distribution (Vd) increased linearly with volume of infusion (Vi; R(2) = 0.94, R(2) = 0.91). Magnetic resonance imaging analysis demonstrated that the mean ± SD Vd/Vi ratios for T2-weighted (3.6 ± 0.5) and diffusion-weighted (3.3 ± 0.4) imaging were similar (p = 0.5). While (14)C-sucrose and (14)C-dextran were homogeneously distributed over the infused region, autoradiographic analysis revealed that T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging significantly underestimated the Vd of both (14)C-sucrose (mean differences 51.3% and 52.3%, respectively; p = 0.02) and (14)C-dextran (mean differences 49.3% and 59.6%; respectively, p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time T2- and diffusion-weighted MR imaging significantly underestimate tissue Vd during convection-enhanced delivery over a wide range of molecular sizes. Application of these imaging modalities may lead to inaccurate estimation of convective drug distribution.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1414, USA.
authors.forename: Rajiv R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Butman
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walbridge
authors.forename: Neville D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Russell R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Lonser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018481:Convection; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media