title: Evaluating the effect of vehicle modification in reducing injuries from landmine blasts. An analysis of 2212 incidents and its application for humanitarian purposes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-vehicle (AV) mines have been laid indiscriminately in conflict areas for the past 100 years. With an indeterminate life-span they continue to pose a significant threat to the civilian population, as well as restrict the movement of people, aid and goods to vulnerable populations. The aim of this study was to analyse unique casualty data from 2212 mine incidents to determine if simple vehicle modifications can reduce fatality and injury rates from mine explosions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed casualty data from the Rhodesian War (1972-1980), to assess the effects of basic vehicle modifications (V-shaped hull, increased ground clearance, widened axles, heavy vehicles and blast deflectors) on injury rates. A multinomial regression statistical model was developed for vehicle modifications and number of alterations to explore these effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incident data was available on 2212 vehicle mine incidents involving 16,456 people. The overall fatality rate was 3.3% (544/16,456) and the overall injury rate was 22.7% (3741/16,456). Explosions against mine-protected vehicles resulted in a fatality rate of 1.2% (150/12,919); occupants in unprotected vehicles sustained a fatality rate of 11.4% (395/3537). The injury rate in mine protected vehicles was 22.2% (2868/12,919) compared to 24.7% in unprotected vehicles (873/3537). Utilising a multinomial logistical-regression model, we show that each design feature significantly reduced fatality rate (from 45% in unprotected vehicles to 0.8% in protected vehicles); each of these designs had a cumulative effect in fatality reduction. In isolation, blast deflectors, whilst reducing fatality rates, increased injury rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data clearly demonstrates that simple vehicle modifications can have a significant effect on reducing fatality and injury rates from AV mine explosions. Given that the modifications described were produced using commercially available vehicles with basic engineering requirements, we believe that similar processes could be employed in post-conflict environments in a cost-effective manner.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Blast Biomechanics and Biophysics Group Dept of Bioengineering, Rm. 4.28, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. a.ramasamy09@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Arul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Spyridon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Masouros
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Jon C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Clasper
authors.forename: Anthony M J
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bull
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D000533:Altruism; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014857:Warfare; D054041:Weapons; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology