title: Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica from the country of Georgia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, displays subspecies-specific differences in virulence, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity. F. tularensis subsp. holarctica is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In Europe, F. tularensis subsp. holarctica isolates have largely been assigned to two phylogenetic groups that have specific geographic distributions. Most isolates from Western Europe are assigned to the B.Br.FTNF002-00 group, whereas most isolates from Eastern Europe are assigned to numerous lineages within the B.Br.013 group. The eastern geographic extent of the B.Br.013 group is currently unknown due to a lack of phylogenetic knowledge about populations at the European/Asian juncture and in Asia. In this study, we address this knowledge gap by describing the phylogenetic structure of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica isolates from the country of Georgia, and by placing these isolates into a global phylogeographic context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a new genetic lineage of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica from Georgia that belongs to the B.Br.013 group. This new lineage is genetically and geographically distinct from lineages previously described from the B.Br.013 group from Central-Eastern Europe. Importantly, this new lineage is basal within the B.Br.013 group, indicating the Georgian lineage diverged before the diversification of the other known B.Br.013 lineages. Although two isolates from the Georgian lineage were collected nearby in the Ukrainian region of Crimea, all other global isolates assigned to this lineage were collected in Georgia. This restricted geographic distribution, as well as the high levels of genetic diversity within the lineage, is consistent with a relatively older origin and localized differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified a new lineage of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica from Georgia that appears to have an older origin than any other diversified lineages previously described from the B.Br.013 group. This finding suggests that additional phylogenetic studies of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica populations in Eastern Europe and Asia have the potential to yield important new insights into the evolutionary history and phylogeography of this broadly dispersed F. tularensis subspecies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA.
authors.forename: Gvantsa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chanturia
authors.forename: Dawn N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Birdsell
authors.forename: Merab
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kekelidze
authors.forename: Ekaterine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zhgenti
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Babuadze
authors.forename: Nikoloz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsertsvadze
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsanava
authors.forename: Paata
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Imnadze
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Beckstrom-Sternberg
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Beckstrom-Sternberg
authors.forename: Mia D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Champion
authors.forename: Shripad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinari
authors.forename: Miklos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gyuranecz
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farlow
authors.forename: Amanda H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Pettus
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Talima
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keim
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005846:Georgia (Republic); D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014406:Tularemia / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial