title: Novel norovirus recombinants and of GII.4 sub-lineages associated with outbreaks between 2006 and 2010 in Belgium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Noroviruses (NoVs) are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. To gain insight into the epidemiologic patterns of NoV outbreaks and to determine the genetic variation of NoVs strains circulating in Belgium, stool samples originating from patients infected with NoVs in foodborne outbreak investigations were analysed between December 2006 and December 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NoVs were found responsible of 11.8% of all suspected foodborne outbreaks reported in the last 4 years and the number of NoV outbreaks reported increased along the years representing more than 30% of all foodborne outbreaks in 2010. Genogroup II outbreaks largely predominated and represented more than 90% of all outbreaks. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with 63 NoV-positive samples for the partial polymerase (N = 45) and/or capsid gene (N = 35) sequences. For 12 samples, sequences covering the ORF1-ORF2 junction were obtained. A variety of genotypes was found among genogroups I and II; GII.4 was predominant followed in order of importance by GII.2, GII.7, GII.13, GI.4 and GI.7. In the study period, GII.4 NoVs variants 2006a, 2006b, 2007, 2008 and 2010 were identified. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses identified different recombinant NoV strains that were further characterised as intergenotype (GII.e/GII.4 2007, GII.e/GII.3 and GII.g/GII.1) and intersub-genotype (GII.4 2006b/GII.4 2007 and GII.4 2010/GII.4 2010b) recombinants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NoVs circulating in the last 4 years in Belgium showed remarkable genetic diversity either by small-scale mutations or genetic recombination. In this period, GII.4 2006b was successfully displaced by the GII.4 2010 subtype, and previously reported epidemic GII.b recombinants seemed to have been superseded by GII.e recombinants in 2009 and GII.g recombinants in 2010. This study showed that the emergence of novel GII.4 variants together with novel GII recombinants could lead to an explosion in NoV outbreaks, likewise to what was observed in 2008 and 2010. Among recombinants detected in this study, two hitherto unreported strains GII.e/GII.3 and GII.g/GII.1 were characterised. Surveillance will remain important to monitor contemporaneously circulating strains in order to adapt preventive and curative strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mathijs
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denayer
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palmeira
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Botteldoorn
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scipioni
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanderplasschen
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiry
authors.forename: Katelijne
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dierick
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral