title: All-cause, liver-related, and non-liver-related mortality among HCV-infected individuals in the general US population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Liver-related mortality among those infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been described, but little is known about non-liver-related mortality. Our objective was to determine HCV-associated all-cause, liver-, and non-liver-related mortality in the general US population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of 9378 nationally representative adults aged 17-59 years was performed utilizing the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Linked Mortality File that was made publicly available in 2010. HCV status was assessed from 1988 to 1994, with mortality follow-up of the same individuals through 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 614 deaths over a median follow-up of 14.8 years. After adjusting for all covariate risk factors, HCV chronic infection had a 2.37 times higher all-cause mortality rate ratio [MRR] (95% CI: 1.28-4.38; P = .008), a 26.46 times higher liver-related MRR (95% CI: 8.00-87.48; P < .001), and 1.79 times higher non-liver-related MRR (95% CI: .77-4.19; P = .18), compared with being HCV-negative. This represents an estimated 2.46 million US adults aged 17-59 years with chronic HCV infection who had an estimated 31,163 deaths from all causes per year, of which 57.8% (95% CI: 21.9%-77.2%) were attributable to HCV. Among those, there was an estimated 9569 liver-related deaths per year, of which 96.2% (95% CI: 87.5-98.9%) were attributable to HCV. Non-liver-related deaths were not significantly associated with HCV status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic HCV all-cause mortality is more than twice that of HCV-negative individuals. This suggests that those with chronic HCV infection are at a higher risk of death even after accounting for liver-related morbidity and should be closely monitored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. selkamar@epi.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Samer S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: El-Kamary
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jhaveri
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Shardell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult