title: Increased daily sodium intake is an independent dietary indicator of the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association between daily sodium intake and each individual component of the metabolic syndrome (MS) as well as the metabolic cluster per se and clarified which of the combinations of MS features is particularly associated with sodium intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 716 subjects from our OPERA (Oulu Project Elucidating Risk of Atherosclerosis) cohort were selected to fill in a food follow-up diary for a 1-week period. The MS was determined using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with the MS used more sodium (P < 0.001), less carbohydrate (P < 0.001), less fibre (P = 0.031), and more alcohol (P < 0.001) than those without the MS. High sodium intake was strongly related to elevated BMI (P = 0.003), waist (P < 0.001), and higher fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001). The subjects with the highest sodium intake suffered more often from type 2 diabetes (P = 0.007). Sodium intake was highest in the group where all the MS criteria were present (P < 0.001). High sodium intake was a statistically significant predictor of the MS in logistic regression analysis (P = 0.009). The highest sodium intake was observed in the IDF criteria combination waist + glucose + blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that a reduction in sodium intake may be especially beneficial in the treatment of individuals with the MS.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, and Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha Pekka
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Räisänen
authors.forename: Marja-Leena
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Silaste
authors.forename: Y Antero
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kesäniemi
authors.forename: Olavi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ukkola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome; D008875:Middle Aged; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D012982:Sodium, Dietary