title: Risk of brain tumours in relation to estimated RF dose from mobile phones: results from five Interphone countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the associations of brain tumours with radio frequency (RF) fields from mobile phones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with brain tumour from the Australian, Canadian, French, Israeli and New Zealand components of the Interphone Study, whose tumours were localised by neuroradiologists, were analysed. Controls were matched on age, sex and region and allocated the 'tumour location' of their matched case. Analyses included 553 glioma and 676 meningioma cases and 1762 and 1911 controls, respectively. RF dose was estimated as total cumulative specific energy (TCSE; J/kg) absorbed at the tumour's estimated centre taking into account multiple RF exposure determinants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ORs with ever having been a regular mobile phone user were 0.93 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.18) for glioma and 0.80 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.96) for meningioma. ORs for glioma were below 1 in the first four quintiles of TCSE but above 1 in the highest quintile, 1.35 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.90). The OR increased with increasing TCSE 7+ years before diagnosis (p-trend 0.01; OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.47 in the highest quintile). A complementary analysis in which 44 glioma and 135 meningioma cases in the most exposed area of the brain were compared with gliomas and meningiomas located elsewhere in the brain showed increased ORs for tumours in the most exposed part of the brain in those with 10+ years of mobile phone use (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.13 to 6.94 for glioma). Patterns for meningioma were similar, but ORs were lower, many below 1.0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma in long-term mobile phone users with high RF exposure and of similar, but apparently much smaller, increases in meningioma risk. The uncertainty of these results requires that they be replicated before a causal interpretation can be made.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. ecardis@creal.cat
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardis
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hours
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krewski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadetzki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chetrit
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Figuerola
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jarus-Hakak
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montestruq
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nadon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villegas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vrijheid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D040421:Cell Phone; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005910:Glioma / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008579:Meningioma / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors