title: 2D:4D ratios in the first 2 years of life: Stability and relation to testosterone exposure and sensitivity.
abstract: The relative lengths of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D:4D) may provide an easily measurable and stable anthropometric index of prenatal androgen exposure, but no study has examined the development of 2D:4D in infancy and the potential impact of neonatal testosterone levels. We collected 2D:4D ratios from 364 children between 0 and 2 years of age. Saliva samples were collected from 236 of these children 3 months after birth and analyzed for testosterone. In addition, 259 children provided DNA samples which were genotyped for the CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor. There was substantial variability across age in 2D:4D. Sex differences were small compared to adults and did not consistently reach statistical significance. This suggests that 2D:4D may not function well as a proxy measure of prenatal testosterone exposure in infancy. In addition, the interaction of salivary T and CAG repeats predicted right hand digit ratio at 12 months and left hand digit ratio at 12 months and 24 months in males. The interaction of salivary testosterone and CAG repeat length also predicted change in left hand 2D:4D from 2 weeks to 12 months in males. This suggests that 2D:4D in adults may reflect, in part, neonatal testosterone exposure. No significant relationships were observed within females. No significant relationships were observed when salivary testosterone and CAG repeats were examined independent of each other. Results have important implications for the design and interpretation of studies which use 2D:4D as a proxy measure of prenatal testosterone exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, CB 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA. rebecca_knickmeyer@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Rebecca C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Knickmeyer
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woolson
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Konneker
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gilmore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013739:Testosterone