title: Potential of amino acid/dipeptide monoester prodrugs of floxuridine in facilitating enhanced delivery of active drug to interior sites of tumors: a two-tier monolayer in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the advantages of amino acid/dipeptide monoester prodrugs for cancer treatments by assessing the uptake and cytotoxic effects of floxuridine prodrugs in a secondary cancer cell monolayer following permeation across a primary cancer cell monolayer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first Capan-2 monolayer was grown on membrane transwell inserts; the second monolayer was grown at the bottom of a plate. The permeation of floxuridine and its prodrugs across the first monolayer and the uptake and cell proliferation assay on secondary layer were sequentially determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All floxuridine prodrugs exhibited greater permeation across the first Capan-2 monolayer than the parent drug. The correlation between uptake and growth inhibition in the second monolayer with intact prodrug permeating the first monolayer suggests that permeability and enzymatic stability are essential for sustained action of prodrugs in deeper layers of tumors. The correlation of uptake and growth inhibition were vastly superior for dipeptide prodrugs to those obtained with mono amino acid prodrugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a tentative general overall correlation between intact prodrug and uptake or cytotoxic action was obtained, it appears that a mixture of floxuridine prodrugs with varying beneficial characteristics may be more effective in treating tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsume
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hilfinger
authors.forename: Gordon L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Amidon
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D004795:Enzyme Stability / Q000187:drug effects; D005467:Floxuridine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004151:Dipeptides; D011355:Prodrugs; D005467:Floxuridine