title: Myopia as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between myopia and open-angle glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen studies involving 48 161 individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles published between 1994 and 2010 were identified in PubMed, Embase, and reference lists. Study-specific odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using a random effects model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of myopia as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 11 population-based cross-sectional studies were included in the main analyses. The pooled OR of the association between myopia and glaucoma based on 11 risk estimates was 1.92 (95% CI, 1.54-2.38). On the basis of 7 risk estimates, the pooled ORs of the associations between low myopia (myopia up to -3 D) and glaucoma and between high myopia (≤-3 D myopic) and glaucoma were 1.65 (1.26-2.17) and 2.46 (1.93-3.15), respectively. There was considerable heterogeneity among studies that reported an association between any myopia and glaucoma (I(2)=53%) and low myopia and glaucoma (I(2)=29%), but not for high myopia and glaucoma (I(2)=0%). After omitting studies that contributed significantly to the heterogeneity, the pooled ORs were 1.88 (1.60-2.20) for any myopia and glaucoma and 1.77 (1.41-2.23) for low myopia and glaucoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with myopia have an increased risk of developing open-angle glaucoma.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Margriet M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Francisco G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Junoy Montolio
authors.forename: Nomdo M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Jansonius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors