title: Risk factors for Entamoeba histolytica infection in an agricultural community in Hanam province, Vietnam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Entamoeba histolytica is an important protozoan intestinal infection in resource-poor settings, including Vietnam. The study objective was to assess risk factors of E. histolytica infection in a community in Vietnam, where wastewater and human excreta are used in agriculture. A case-control study was conducted among residents of Hanam province, Northern Vietnam. Cases (n = 46) infected with E. histolytica and non-infected controls (n = 138) were identified in a cross-sectional survey among 794 randomly selected individuals and matched for age, sex and place of residence. Potential risk factors including exposure to human and animal excreta and household wastewater were assessed with a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People from households with an average socio-economic status had a much higher risk of E. histolytica infection (odds ratio [OR]=4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-14.0) compared with those from households with a good socioeconomic status. Those individuals who never or rarely used soap for hand washing had a 3.4 times higher risk for infection (OR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.1-10.0), compared to those who used always soap. In contrast, none of the factors related to use of human or animal excreta was statistically significant associated with E. histolytica infection. People having close contact with domestic animals presented a greater risk of E. histolytica infection (OR = 5.9, 95% CI: 1.8-19.0) than those without animal contact. E. histolytica infection was not associated with direct contact with Nhue river water, pond water and household's sanitary conditions, type of latrine or water source used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that in settings where human and animal excreta and Nhue River water are intensively used in agriculture, socio-economic and personal hygiene factors determine infection with E. histolytica, rather than exposure to human and animal excreta in agricultural activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland. phuc.pham-duc@unibas.ch
authors.forename: Phuc
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pham Duc
authors.forename: Hung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Viet
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hattendorf
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zinsstag
authors.forename: Phung
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dac Cam
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Odermatt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004748:Entamoeba histolytica / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004749:Entamoebiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult