title: Effects of electromagnetic radiation produced by 3G mobile phones on rat brains: magnetic resonance spectroscopy, biochemical, and histopathological evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) produced by a third-generation (3G) mobile phone (MP) on rat brain tissues were investigated in terms of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), biochemistry, and histopathological evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 is composed of 3G-EMR-exposed rats (n = 9) and Group 2 is the control group (n = 9). The first group was subjected to EMR for 20 days. The control group was not exposed to EMR. Choline (Cho), creatinin (Cr), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels were evaluated by MRS. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities were measured by spectrophotometric method. Histopathological analyses were carried out to evaluate apoptosis in the brain tissues of both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In MRS, NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and NAA/Cho ratios were not significantly different between Groups 1 and 2. Neither the oxidative stress parameters, CAT and GSH-Px, nor the number of apoptotic cells were significantly different between Groups 1 and 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Usage of short-term 3G MP does not seem to have a harmful effect on rat brain tissue.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Radiology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey. metindogantr@gmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Turtay
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oguzturk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samdanci
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Turkoz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tasdemir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alkan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D040421:Cell Phone; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D060733:Electromagnetic Radiation; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003404:Creatinine; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D002794:Choline