title: Prevention of alcohol dependence: strategies for selective, indicated, and universal prevention.
abstract: Study of the chronology of criteria of dependence in alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) can enable us to design strategies for the prevention for ADS, which takes into account primary prevention (indicated, selective, and universal prevention) approaches and aims at reducing the occurrence of ADS. The objective of this work is to study the age-wise and order-wise chronologies of International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision Diagnostic Criteria for Research (ICD-10 DCR) dependence criteria in individuals with ADS. Consecutively admitted and consenting inpatients with ICD-10 DCR diagnosis of ADS were evaluated in a structured interview after detoxification using Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA)-II. The total sample size was 81. The mean ages at the first onset of alcohol use, development of the first criterion, and ICD-10 dependence was 18.72 years (SD: 6.84), 24.33 years (SD: 9.21), and 27.51 years (SD: 9.28), respectively. In age-wise chronology, tolerance, loss of control, and craving were present in 97.53%, 80.24%, and 79%, respectively, of our study sample. In order-wise chronology, either craving (16%) or tolerance (71.6%) was present as the first criterion and the presence of craving (16%), tolerance (21%), or loss of control (18.5%) was observed as the first criterion in 55.5% of the subjects. Indicated prevention may be attempted by enquiring about craving, tolerance, and loss of control and use of anticraving medications or behavioral strategies. Selective prevention by using naltrexone for those genetically inclined and universal prevention by use of "clinical" labeling on alcoholic beverages can also be attempted.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Narayana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Manjunatha
authors.forename: Sahoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saddichha
authors.forename: Christoday R J
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Khess
authors.forename: Pratima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Mohan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Isaac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000379:methods*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013997:Time Factors