title: Anesthetic modulation of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize key studies and recent thought on the role of neuroinflammation in chronic neurodegeneration, and whether it can be modulated by anesthesia and surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large and growing body of evidence shows that neuroinflammation participates in the development of neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease. Modulation may be possible early in the pathogenesis, and less so when cognitive symptoms appear. A dysfunctional hypoinflammatory response may permit accelerated damage due to other mechanisms in late disease. The peripheral inflammatory response elicited by surgery itself appears to provoke a muted neuroinflammatory response, which enhances ongoing neurodegeneration in some models. Anesthetics have both anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects depending on the drug and concentration, but in general, appear to play a small role in neuroinflammation. Human studies at the intersection of chronic neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and surgery/anesthesia are rare.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The perioperative period has the potential to modulate the progression of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The growing number of elderly having surgery, combined with the expanding life expectancy, indicates the potential for this interaction to have considerable public health implications, and call for further research, especially in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Junxia X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Maryellen F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Eckenhoff
authors.forename: Roderic G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Eckenhoff
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D000758:Anesthesia; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D017628:Microglia / Q000502:physiology; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative