title: Molecular basis for maize as a risk factor for esophageal cancer in a South African population via a prostaglandin E2 positive feedback mechanism.
abstract: The incidence of squamous cancer of the esophagus varies up to a hundredfold in different regions of the world. In Transkei, South Africa, a particularly high incidence of the disease is observed. We have previously proposed an association between a maize-rich diet and elevated levels of intragastric prostaglandin E2 production (PGE(2)). Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms by which a high-maize diet could lead to increased incidence of squamous cancer of the esophagus. We confirm that levels of PGE(2) are high (606.8 pg/ml) in the gastric fluid of individuals from Transkei. We also show that treatment of esophageal cells with linoleic acid, which is found at high levels in maize and is a precursor to PGE(2), leads to increased cell proliferation. Similarly, treatment of cells with PGE(2) or with gastric fluid from Transkeians also leads to increased proliferation. Our data suggest that the high levels of PGE(2) associated with a maize-rich diet stimulate cell division and induce the enzyme COX 2, resulting in a positive feedback mechanism that predisposes the esophagus to carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom. rpink@brookes.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ryan C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Pink
authors.forename: Tracey A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Jehu E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Iputo
authors.forename: Alastair M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sammon
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.forename: David R F
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000378:metabolism; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012639:Seeds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D003313:Zea mays / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D015232:Dinoprostone