title: Making new vaccines affordable: a comparison of financing processes used to develop and deploy new meningococcal and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
abstract: Mechanisms to increase access to health products are varied and controversial. Two innovative mechanisms have been used to accelerate the development of low-price supply lines for conjugate vaccines. The Meningitis Vaccine Project is a so-called push mechanism that facilitated technology transfer to an Indian company to establish capacity to manufacture a vaccine. The Advanced Market Commitment for pneumococcal vaccines is a so-called pull mechanism that guarantees companies a supplement paid in addition to the purchase price for vaccines for a specific period. We compare these approaches, identifying key dimensions of each and considering their potential for replication. We also discuss issues that the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI) face now that these new vaccines are available. Progress towards GAVI's strategic aims is needed and funding is crucial. Approaches that decrease the financial pressure on GAVI and greatly increase political and financial engagement by low-income countries should also be considered.
authors.affiliation: Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK. james.hargreaves@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clift
authors.forename: Akshay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roemer-Mahler
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Heymann
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000517:prevention & control; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate