title: Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite.
abstract: The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop a set of evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite. We present a review of pertinent pathophysiology. We then discuss primary and secondary prevention measures and therapeutic management. Recommendations are made regarding each treatment and its role in management. These recommendations are graded based on the quality of supporting evidence and balance between the benefits and risks/burdens for each modality according to methodology stipulated by the American College of Chest Physicians.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. Scott.mcintosh@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamonko
authors.forename: Luanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freer
authors.forename: Colin K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Grissom
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rodway
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDevitt
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Imray
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dow
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hackett
mesh_terms: D019550:Environmental Medicine; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D005627:Frostbite / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D012955:Societies, Medical