title: Changing epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and solid organ transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New respiratory viruses have been discovered in recent years and new molecular diagnostic assays have been developed that improve our understanding of respiratory virus infections. This article will review the changing epidemiology of these viruses after hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory viruses are frequently detected in transplant recipients. A number of viruses have been newly discovered or emerged in the last decade, including human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, new human coronaviruses and rhinoviruses, human polyomaviruses, and a new 2009 pandemic strain of influenza A/H1N1. The potential for these viruses to cause lower respiratory tract infections after transplantation varies, and is greatest for human metapneumovirus and H1N1 influenza, but appears to be limited for the other new viruses. Acute and long-term complications in hematopoietic and solid organ transplant recipients are active areas of research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiratory viral infections are frequently associated with significant morbidity following transplantation and are therefore of great clinical and epidemiologic interest. As new viruses are discovered, and more sensitive diagnostic methods are developed, defining the full impact of emerging respiratory viruses in transplant recipients must be elucidated by well designed clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.forename: Angela P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology