title: Effectiveness of home-based pencil push-ups (HBPP) for patients with symptomatic convergence insufficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the effectiveness of home-based pencil push-ups (HBPP) therapy for patients with symptomatic convergence insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected prospectively on 16 patients who were diagnosed with convergence insufficiency beginning in January 2009. The study group was composed of ten male and six female patients. The duration of symptoms, refractive error, distant and near deviation angles, and near point of convergence (NPC) prior to and after 12 weeks of HBPP therapy were measured in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 19.3 years. The mean deviation angle of exophoria was 3 prism diopters (PD) at distant and 11.2 PD at near. The mean value of NPC prior to HBPP therapy was 36.3 cm; however, the near point of accommodation was within the normal range. After 12 weeks of HBPP therapy, the mean deviation angle of exophoria decreased to orthophoric at distant and 4 PD at near. The mean value of NPC decreased to 14.4 cm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twelve weeks of HBPP therapy appears to be an easy, cost-free and effective therapy for patients with symptomatic convergence insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bo Young
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Chun
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003290:Convergence, Ocular; D005099:Exotropia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012648:Self Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult