title: Desmosterolosis-phenotypic and molecular characterization of a third case and review of the literature.
abstract: Desmosterolosis, a rare disorder of cholesterol biosynthesis, is caused by mutations in DHCR24, the gene encoding the enzyme 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24). To date, desmosterolosis has been described in only two patients. Here we report on a third patient with desmosterolosis who presented after delivery with relative macrocephaly, mild arthrogryposis, and dysmorphic facial features. Brain MRI revealed hydrocephalus, thickening of the tectum and massa intermedia, mildly effaced gyral pattern, underopercularization, and a thin corpus callosum. The diagnosis of desmosterolosis was established by detection of significant elevation of plasma desmosterol levels and reduced enzyme activity of DHCR24 upon expression of the patient's DHCR24 cDNA in yeast. The patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for c.281G>A (p.R94H) and c.1438G>A (p.E480K) mutations. Structural and evolutionary analyses showed that residue R94 resides at the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) binding site and is strictly conserved throughout evolution, while residue E480 is less conserved, but the charge shift substitution is accompanied by drastic changes in the local protein environment of that residue. We compare the phenotype of our patient with previously reported cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Schaaf
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Katsonis
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kratz
authors.forename: Oleg A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Shchelochkov
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scaglia
authors.forename: Richard I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lichtarge
authors.forename: Hans R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Waterham
authors.forename: Marwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinawi
mesh_terms: D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003897:Desmosterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008052:Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D003897:Desmosterol; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; C499055:DHCR24 protein, human