title: New therapies for castrate-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the USA, and most of these deaths will occur as a result of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) that has progressed despite androgen deprivation therapy. There has been better understanding of castration resistance and molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer progression recently, leading to new treatment strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on emerging and new therapies for castrate-resistant prostate cancer, including hormonal therapy, immunotherapy and cytotoxic agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New treatment strategies have been developed in recent years and, with improved understanding of advanced CRPC, additional targeted treatments are expected in the near future. Further cost effectiveness research of these treatments is warranted before dissemination of these promising agents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. swilliams22@partners.org
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Aaron H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.forename: Clayton S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: David Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Josephson
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Toni K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Choueiri
authors.forename: Sumanta K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pal
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal