title: Gene-environment interactions in cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Historically, models to describe disease were exclusively nature-based or nurture-based. Current theoretical models for complex conditions such as cardiovascular disease acknowledge the importance of both biologic and non-biologic contributors to disease. A critical feature is the occurrence of interactions between numerous risk factors for disease. The interaction between genetic (i.e., biologic, nature) and environmental (i.e. non-biologic, nurture) causes of disease is an important mechanism for understanding both the etiology and public health impact of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper is to describe theoretical underpinnings of gene-environment interactions, models of interaction, methods for studying gene-environment interactions, and the related concept of interactions between epigenetic mechanisms and the environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in methods for measurement of genetic predictors of disease have enabled an increasingly comprehensive understanding of the causes of disease. In order to fully describe the effects of genetic predictors of disease, it is necessary to place genetic predictors within the context of known environmental risk factors. The additive or multiplicative effect of the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors is often greater than the contribution of either risk factor alone.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Department of Physiologic Nursing, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA. eflowers@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.forename: Erika Sivarajan
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Froelicher
authors.forename: Bradley E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Aouizerat
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000458:organization & administration; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States