title: Insights into a hydration regulating system in Cupressus pollen grains.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydration, rupture and exine opening due to the sudden and large expansion of intine are typical of taxoid-type pollen grains. A hemispheric outgrowth external to the exine was observed on Cupressus and Juniperus pollen grains before the intine swelling and exine release. However, the actual existence of this permanent or temporary structure and its precise role in pollen hydration is still being debated. The aim of this paper is to collect information on the actual presence of this peculiar outgrowth on the surface of the Cupressus pollen grain, its structure, composition and function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pollen grains of several Cupressus species were observed using various techniques and methodologies, under light and fluorescence microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and an environmental scanning electron microscope. Observations were also performed on other species with taxoid-type pollen grains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A temporary structure located just above the pore was observed on Cupressus pollen grains, as well as on other taxoid-type pollens. It is hemispheric, layered, and consists of polysaccharides and proteins. The latter are confined to its inner part. Its presence seems to regulate the entrance of water into the grains at the beginning of pollen hydration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of a temporary structure over the pore of taxoid-type pollen grains was confirmed and its structure was resolved using several stains and observation techniques. This structure plays a role in the first phases of pollen hydration.
authors.affiliation: Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Via Madonna del Piano n. 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy. r.danti@ipp.cnr.it
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Danti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Della Rocca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calamassi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mariotti Lippi
mesh_terms: D029781:Cupressus / Q000378:metabolism*; D018653:Juniperus / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D011058:Pollen / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water