title: Isolated cryptorchidism: no evidence for involvement of genes underlying isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
abstract: Mutations in FGFR1, GNRHR, PROK2, PROKR2, TAC3, or TACR3 underlie isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) with clinically variable phenotypes, and, by causing incomplete intrauterine activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, may lead to cryptorchidism. To investigate the role of defects in these genes in the etiology of isolated cryptorchidism, we screened coding exons and exon-intron boundaries of these genes in 54 boys or men from 46 families with a history of cryptorchidism. Control subjects (200) included 120 males. None of the patients carried mutation(s) in FGFR1, PROK2, PROKR2, TAC3 or TACR3. Two of the 46 index subjects with unilateral cryptorchidism were heterozygous carriers of a single GNRHR mutation (Q106R or R262Q), also present in male controls with a similar frequency (3/120; p=0.62). No homozygous or compound heterozygous GNRHR mutations were found. In conclusion, cryptorchidism is not commonly caused by defects in genes involved in IHH.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Eeva-Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tommiska
authors.forename: Helena E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oehlandt
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koivu
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vaaralahti
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toppari
authors.forename: Taneli
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raivio
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000235:genetics; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000235:genetics*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics; D011966:Receptors, LHRH / Q000235:genetics; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000235:genetics; D018039:Receptors, Tachykinin / Q000235:genetics; D015320:Tachykinins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C484844:GNRHR protein, human; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D009479:Neuropeptides; C423608:PROK2 protein, human; C470838:PROKR2 protein, human; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011966:Receptors, LHRH; D018000:Receptors, Peptide; D018039:Receptors, Tachykinin; D015320:Tachykinins; C496348:FGFR1 protein, human; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1