title: Electrode positioning and montage in transcranial direct current stimulation.
abstract: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders--especially when applied over several consecutive sessions. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort, Biologic & Material Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, USA. adasilva@umich.edu
authors.forename: Alexandre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: DaSilva
authors.forename: Magdalena Sarah
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Volz
authors.forename: Marom
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bikson
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D059408:Pain Management; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods