title: Differences in cigarette smoking behaviors among heroin inhalers versus heroin injectors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The high prevalence of cigarette smoking among heroin users has triggered many studies to explore possible interactions between cigarette smoking and heroin addiction; however, little is known about the relationship between cigarette smoking behaviors and routes of heroin administration. The present study provided the first examination of cigarette smoking status, motivation, and cigarette smoking cue reactivity among injecting or inhaling heroin users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six heroin-dependent patients were recruited in the present study. A battery of self-report questionnaires was used to assess cigarette smoking status and the reasons for smoking. In the clinical laboratory study, participants completed a cue-reactivity procedure that involved collecting psychophysical and motivational data in response to cigarette smoking slides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average number of cigarette per day among heroin inhalers was higher than that among heroin injectors. Most heroin inhalers reported that the primary reason for smoking was "maintaining drug pleasure," whereas heroin injectors reported that the primary smoking reason was "nicotine pleasure." Compared with heroin injectors, heroin inhalers provided increased ratings of heroin craving and desire to heroin use when exposed to cigarette smoking cues. Number of cigarettes per day was significantly correlated with cue-induced overall mean motivation in heroin inhalers but not in heroin injectors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking behaviors were different among heroin inhalers from among heroin injectors. These results emphasize the stronger association between cigarette smoking and heroin inhaling.
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 42 Xibei Street, Ningbo 315010, PR China. lskingcn@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jianbing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gui
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D006753:Hospital Records; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin