title: Systematic relationships of Oriental tiny frogs of the family Microhylidae (Amphibia, Anura) as revealed by mtDNA genealogy.
abstract: We estimated the genealogical relationships and assessed systematic relationships among 45 out of 89 named species and four unnamed taxa from 11 of 14 genera of the Oriental microhylids from 1767 bp sequences of the mitochondrial DNA genes 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods. Monophyly was rejected for the subfamily Microhylinae, and our data reveal four well-supported clades whose relationships to each other are unresolved: (A) Microhyla, Calluella, and Glyphoglossus, (B) Chaperina, (C) Kaloula, Phrynella, and Metaphrynella, and (D) Micryletta. They were genetically as divergent from each other as from another Oriental subfamily Kalophryninae, and could be recognized as distinct subfamilies. Within Clade A, our data reveal three well-supported subclades whose relationships to each other are unresolved: (AI) Microhyla-I, (AII) Calluella and Glyphoglossus, and (AIII) Microhyla-II. Of the two enigmatic Malaysian genera, whose subfamilial placement has been undetermined, Phrynella was found to be the sister species of Metaphrynella in Clade C, whereas Gastrophrynoides was grouped in the Papua-Australian subfamily Asterophryinae. Currently recognized subgenera and species groups within Microhyla based on morphology were not supported phylogenetically, and require thorough reassessments.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. fumi@zoo.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamidy
authors.forename: Daicus M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Belabut
authors.forename: Norhayati
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Somsak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panha
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sudin
authors.forename: Wichase
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khonsue
authors.forename: Hong-Shik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Hoi-Sen
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Kanto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D010802:Phylogeny; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C075526:RNA, ribosomal, 12S