title: Response to diagnostic injection in patients with femoroacetabular impingement, labral tears, chondral lesions, and extra-articular pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the percent relief from injection among subjects with arthroscopic findings of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and labral and chondral pathologies while controlling for coexisting extra-articular pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 72 consecutive subjects (54 female and 18 male subjects), aged 29.9 ± 10.4 years (range, 16 to 55 years), who underwent hip arthroscopy. Three separate analyses of covariance compared the percent relief after injection between groups based on surgically confirmed type of impingement (none, cam, pincer, or combined), labral pathology (none, mild, or torn), and chondral pathology (none, mild acetabular abnormality, acetabular delamination, or femoral lesion) while controlling for the presence of extra-articular pathology (iliotibial band, iliopsoas tendinopathy, or bursitis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of analysis 1 (F₃,₆₇ = 1.96, P = .128, partial η² = .081) and analysis 2 (F₂,₆₈ = 0.008, P = .992, partial η² = .000) indicated no significant main effect for FAI and labral pathology, respectively, on percent relief from injection. The results for analysis 3 indicated a significant main effect for chondral pathology of the hip on the percent relief from injection (F₃,₆₇ = 3.03, P < .05, partial η² = .128). Post hoc analysis showed that those with mild chondral pathology of the acetabulum and those with acetabular delamination had significantly greater percent relief compared with those without chondral pathology. Extra-articular pathology did not influence the percent relief from injection in any of the analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with chondral damage had greater relief from injection than those without, regardless of severity. The presence and severity of FAI and labral pathology did not influence the percent relief from injection. Concurrent extra-articular pathology did not alter the interpretation of the percent relief from injection. Therefore the interpretation and diagnostic value of an anesthetic injection in those with primary intra-articular pathology does not need to be altered by the presence of coexisting extra-articular hip pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, therapeutic case series.
authors.affiliation: John G. Rangos Sr. School of Health Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA. bkivlan@zoominternet.net
authors.forename: Benjamin R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kivlan
authors.forename: Robroy L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jon K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sekiya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001182:Arthroscopy; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002062:Bursitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D057925:Femoracetabular Impingement / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D058745:Iliotibial Band Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014221:Triamcinolone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D014221:Triamcinolone; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine