title: Virus attenuation by microbial mechanisms during the idle time of a household slow sand filter.
abstract: The biosand filter (BSF) is a household slow sand filter that is operated intermittently such that an idle time of typically 18-22 h occurs in between daily charges of water. Virus attenuation during the idle time was investigated over repeated daily filtration cycles to capture the effect of media aging that encompasses processes occurring throughout the filter depth rather than restricted to the schmutzdecke at the media surface. A threshold aging period of about one to two weeks was required before virus attenuation began. The observed rates of MS2 and PRD-1 reduction were first-order and reached maxima of 0.061- and 0.053-log per hr, respectively, over seven-to-ten weeks. Suppression of microbial activity by sodium azide eliminated virus reduction during the idle time thus indicating that the operative media aging process was microbially mediated. The mechanism of virus reduction was not modification of media surfaces by physical/chemical or microbial processes. Instead, it appears that the activity of the microbial community within the filter is responsible. The most likely biological pathways are production of microbial exoproducts such as proteolytic enzymes or grazing of bacteria and higher microorganisms on virus particles. Implications of these findings for BSF design and operation and their relevance to other biological filtration technologies are discussed.
authors.affiliation: The Water Institute at UNC, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. elliottm@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Digiano
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sobsey
mesh_terms: D025622:Bacteriophage PRD1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006794:Household Articles; D017909:Levivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009657:North Carolina; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D019810:Sodium Azide / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D019810:Sodium Azide