title: Interpol: An R package for preprocessing of protein sequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most machine learning techniques currently applied in the literature need a fixed dimensionality of input data. However, this requirement is frequently violated by real input data, such as DNA and protein sequences, that often differ in length due to insertions and deletions. It is also notable that performance in classification and regression is often improved by numerical encoding of amino acids, compared to the commonly used sparse encoding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The software "Interpol" encodes amino acid sequences as numerical descriptor vectors using a database of currently 532 descriptors (mainly from AAindex), and normalizes sequences to uniform length with one of five linear or non-linear interpolation algorithms. Interpol is distributed with open source as platform independent R-package. It is typically used for preprocessing of amino acid sequences for classification or regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The functionality of Interpol widens the spectrum of machine learning methods that can be applied to biological sequences, and it will in many cases improve their performance in classification and regression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr, 2, 45141 Essen, Germany. dominik.heider@uni-due.de.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heider
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffmann