title: Method for rapid detection of the PvCesA3 gene allele conferring resistance to mandipropamid, a carboxylic acid amide fungicide, in Plasmopara viticola populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The occurrence of carboxylic acid amide (CAA)-fungicide-resistant Plasmopara viticola populations is becoming a serious problem in the control of grapevine downy mildew worldwide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors have developed a method, which utilises PCR-RFLP, for the rapid detection of resistance to the CAA fungicide mandipropamid in P. viticola populations. With this method, a glycine-to-serine substitution at codon 1105 of the cellulose synthase gene PvCesA3 of CAA-fungicide-resistant P. viticola was easily detected, although no resistant P. viticola was detected from 398 isolates in Japan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is proposed that the PCR-RFLP method is a reliable tool for the rapid detection of CAA-fungicide-resistant P. viticola isolates. Only 4 h was required from the sampling of symptoms to the phenotyping of fungicide resistance.
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D027843:Vitis / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; C550943:mandipropamid; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C478648:cellulose synthase