title: Etiology, pathophysiology, and staging of hallux rigidus.
abstract: The condition of hallux limitus is well understood and agreed on as visualized histologically and radiographically. But the historically described pathophysiology and anatomy that predisposes to hallux limitus has been challenged. Numerous investigators have proposed anatomic abnormalities of the foot as a primary cause of this condition, but perhaps trauma is the only unanimously agreed on cause. However, this accounts for only a small percentage of cases. To strive for better treatment outcomes, understanding the pathophysiology, assessing patient risk factors, and recognizing causative agents can better equip the foot and ankle surgeon in managing this condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Diabetic Foot Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue A-40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. botekg@ccf.org
authors.forename: Georgeanne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Botek
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018450:Disease Progression; D020857:Hallux Limitus / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020859:Hallux Rigidus / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010003:Osteoarthritis; D011859:Radiography