title: A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: the CALO-RE taxonomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current reporting of intervention content in published research articles and protocols is generally poor, with great diversity of terminology, resulting in low replicability. This study aimed to extend the scope and improve the reliability of a 26-item taxonomy of behaviour change techniques developed by Abraham and Michie [Abraham, C. and Michie, S. (2008). A taxonomy of behaviour change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology, 27(3), 379-387.] in order to optimise the reporting and scientific study of behaviour change interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three UK study centres collaborated in applying this existing taxonomy to two systematic reviews of interventions to increase physical activity and healthy eating. The taxonomy was refined in iterative steps of (1) coding intervention descriptions, and assessing inter-rater reliability, (2) identifying gaps and problems across study centres and (3) refining the labels and definitions based on consensus discussions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Labels and definitions were improved for all techniques, conceptual overlap between categories was resolved, some categories were split and 14 techniques were added, resulting in a 40-item taxonomy. Inter-rater reliability, assessed on 50 published intervention descriptions, was good (kappa = 0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This taxonomy can be used to improve the specification of interventions in published reports, thus improving replication, implementation and evidence syntheses. This will strengthen the scientific study of behaviour change and intervention development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. s.michie@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michie
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashford
authors.forename: Falko F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Sniehotta
authors.forename: Stephan U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Dombrowski
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000145:classification* / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D006113:United Kingdom