title: The competence of germinal vesicle oocytes is unrelated to nuclear chromatin configuration and strictly depends on cytoplasmic quantity and quality in the cat model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chromatin configuration of the germinal vesicle (GV) and quality of the cytoplasm are critical factors in achieving oocyte meiotic and developmental capacity during folliculogenesis. Besides gaining new insights into the timing and cellular mechanisms associated with the acquisition and regulation of GV oocyte competence, the domestic cat model was used to examine (i) the relation between GV chromatin configuration and oocyte functionality during folliculogenesis and (ii) the role of the cytoplasmic environment on the GV competence and stability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural and functional properties of GV oocytes were characterized after isolation from different follicle stages of non-stimulated cat ovaries. GV transfers, artificial chromatin compaction and oocyte vitrification were used to demonstrate the respective roles of GV and cytoplasm on the oocyte functionality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GVs acquired the intrinsic capability to resume meiosis during the pre-antral follicle stage, whereas the capacity to support embryo development occurred while the antrum started to form. Chromatin configuration of the GV did not undergo extensive modification during the acquisition of competence or during the arrest of transcriptional activity at the large antral follicle stage. However, the quality and quantity of the cytoplasm regulated and enhanced GV functionality. This finding also held for GVs transferred from incompetent or subpar oocytes into the cytoplasm of good quality oocytes or when chromatin was artificially modified or vitrified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cat model provides a new insight into GV oocyte structure and function during folliculogenesis while challenging current concepts about oocyte quality criteria based on the GV morphology. This suggests alternative evaluative approaches for oocytes from other species too, including humans. Cat GVs also appear competent at an early follicle stage and are resilient to perturbations which designate this organelle as an attractive target for developing novel fertility preservation tactics.
authors.affiliation: Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA. comizzolip@si.edu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Comizzoli
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Pukazhenthi
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wildt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000502:physiology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000502:physiology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D023421:Models, Animal; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000502:physiology; D058989:Vitrification
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin