title: Update on treatment rationale and options for the ageing face.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Techniques for rejuvenation of the ageing face continue to evolve rapidly as we gain further understanding of the ageing face. This article reviews various noninvasive, nonsurgical and surgical options in light of the recent clinical research and provides some pointers for management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ageing of facial structures depends on genetic, anatomic, chronologic, and environmental factors. For optimal rejuvenation various anatomical structures should be treated in combination using appropriate modalities. This involves management of the skin envelope, subcutaneous tissues including facial fat compartments, muscles and bony skeleton. Treatment outcome may be measured using a validated, objective, quantitative facial grading scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A brief overview of the facial ageing process is presented, based on which a treatment plan is suggested in order to target specific anatomic structures. Recent literature pertaining to cosmoceuticals, injectables, lasers and surgical options is briefly discussed. It should be stressed that a thorough analysis of the ageing face is mandatory for planning appropriate treatment, monitoring, achieving optimal outcome, and furthering our knowledge.
authors.affiliation: St Mary's & University Hospital Lewisham bUniversity Hospital Lewisham, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dulguerov
authors.forename: Alwyn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Souza
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012060:Rejuvenation / Q000502:physiology*; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A