title: Bispectral index monitoring of sedation depth in pediatric dental patients.
abstract: The bispectral index (BIS) monitor records electroencephalogram waveforms and provides an objective measure of the hypnotic effect of a sedative drug on brain activity. The aim of this pilot study was to use the BIS monitor to evaluate the depth of procedural sedation in pediatric dental patients and to assess if the BIS monitor readings correlate with a validated pediatric sedation scale, the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS), in determining the level of sedation in these patients. Thirty-five pediatric dental patients requiring sedation were studied prospectively. A baseline BIS reading was obtained and during the procedure an independent observer recorded the BIS every 5 minutes. The operator, who was blinded to the BIS results, determined the UMSS scale at the same 5-minute interval. The patients were monitored postoperatively for 1 hour. There was a significant but moderate correlation between BIS values and UMSS scores (Spearman's rank correlation r  =  -0.574, P < .0001). Percentage of agreement and kappa coefficient using all the observations were also calculated. The percentage of agreement was 37.8%, the kappa coefficient was 0.18 (P < .0001), and the weighted kappa coefficient 0.26 (P < .0001). A lack of correlation was noted between the deeper levels of UMSS sedation scores and BIS values. This study demonstrated a significant correlation between BIS values and the UMSS score in pediatric dental patients undergoing mild to moderate sedation. Based on our results, it appears that the BIS monitor may be useful during mild or moderate sedations to establish the level of sedation objectively without the need to stimulate the patient.
authors.affiliation: Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. chaberland@gmail.com
authors.forename: Christel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Haberland
authors.forename: Suher
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Haibei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006919:Hydroxyzine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D010377:Pediatric Dentistry / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012015:Reference Standards; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D006919:Hydroxyzine; D008614:Meperidine; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl