title: Medical expenditures of adult cancer survivors aged <65 years in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to provide national estimates of medical expenditures for all adult cancer survivors aged <65 years. Most studies of expenditures for cancer survivors in this age group have been based on the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and were limited to "affected survivors."
  
  
  METHODS
  MEPS expenditure data for 2001 to 2007 were linked to data identifying all survivors from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which is the MEPS sampling frame. The sample was comprised of adults ages 25 to 64 years. Propensity-score matching was used to estimate the effects of cancer on average total and out-of-pocket expenditures for all services and separately for prescriptions. Probit models were used to estimate effects on the probability of exceeding different expenditure thresholds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean annual expenditures on all services in 2007 were $16,910 ± $3911 for survivors who were newly diagnosed with cancer, $7992 ± $972 for survivors who had been diagnosed in previous years, and $3303 ± $103 for other adults. Fifty-three percent of survivors were not identified in MEPS but only by linking to NHIS. Expenditures for all survivors averaged approximately $9300 compared with $13,600 for "affected survivors." For previously diagnosed survivors, the increase in mean expenditures attributable to cancer was approximately $4000 to $5000 annually. On average, relatively little of the increase was paid out of pocket, but cancer nearly doubled the risk of high out-of-pocket expenditures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous MEPS analyses overstated average expenditures for all survivors. Nevertheless, the current results indicated that the increase in expenditures attributable to cancer is substantial, even for longer term survivors, and that cancer increases the relative risk of high out-of-pocket expenditures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Administration, Center for Health Care and Policy Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. pamshort@psu.edu
authors.forename: Pamela Farley
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Rajeshwari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Punekar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality; D017741:Survivors