title: Clinician and service user perceptions of implementing contingency management: a focus group study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contingency management (CM), despite the evidence base for its effectiveness, remains controversial, with sub-optimal implementation. In 2007, UK guidelines recommended the use of CM in publicly funded services, but uptake has also been minimal. Previous surveys of service providers suggest differences in opinions about CM, but to date there has been no published involvement of service users in this debate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus group methodology was used to explore systematically the attitudes, concerns and opinions of staff and service users about the use of CM, in publicly funded substance misuse services, to identify the key areas that may be influential in terms of implementation and outcome. Data were analysed thematically using the constant comparative method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  70 staff and service users participated in 9 focus groups. 15 themes of discussion around CM were identified, grouped into four categories: how CM was aligned to the philosophy of substance misuse services; the practicalities of implementation; wider ethical concerns; and how participants perceived the evidence for effectiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robust process evaluation in different treatment systems is needed to define the active components of CM for implementation. Involvement of service users in this process is essential and is likely to provide valuable insights into the mechanism of action of CM and its effectiveness and uptake within complex treatment systems.
authors.affiliation: University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton SO14 3DT, UK. julia.sinclair@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: J M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ashcroft
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Priebe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004989:Ethics; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010361:Patients; D010465:Perception; D010820:Physicians; D011570:Psychiatry; D012201:Reward; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult