title: Genomic instability in human actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the repetitive DNA patterns of human actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas to determine the genetic alterations that are associated with malignant transformation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cancer cells are prone to genomic instability, which is often due to DNA polymerase slippage during the replication of repetitive DNA and to mutations in the DNA repair genes. The progression of benign actinic keratoses to malignant squamous cell carcinomas has been proposed by several authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight actinic keratoses and 24 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), which were pair-matched to adjacent skin tissues and/or leucocytes, were studied. The presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) and the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in chromosomes 6 and 9 were investigated using nine PCR primer pairs. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA patterns were also evaluated using eight primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSI was detected in two (D6S251, D9S50) of the eight actinic keratosis patients. Among the 8 patients who had squamous cell carcinoma-I and provided informative results, a single patient exhibited two LOH (D6S251, D9S287) and two instances of MSI (D9S180, D9S280). Two LOH and one example of MSI (D6S251) were detected in three out of the 10 patients with squamous cell carcinoma-II. Among the four patients with squamous cell carcinoma-III, one patient displayed three MSIs (D6S251, D6S252, and D9S180) and another patient exhibited an MSI (D9S280). The altered random amplified polymorphic DNA ranged from 70% actinic keratoses, 76% squamous cell carcinoma-I, and 90% squamous cell carcinoma-II, to 100% squamous cell carcinoma-III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased levels of alterations in the microsatellites, particularly in D6S251, and the random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints were statistically significant in squamous cell carcinomas, compared with actinic keratoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall alterations that were observed in the repetitive DNA of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas indicate the presence of a spectrum of malignant progression.
authors.affiliation: Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Sanches
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.forename: Cyro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Festa Neto
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sanches
authors.forename: Itamar R G
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Ruiz
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002896:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6; D002899:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D055623:Keratosis, Actinic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity / Q000235:genetics*; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique / Q000379:methods; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers