title: Racial disparities in quality of medication use in older adults: findings from a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quality of medication use in older adults is suboptimal, with a large percentage of individuals not receiving recommended care. Most efforts to evaluate the quality of medication use target high-risk drugs, appropriate treatment of prevalent chronic disease states, or a set of predefined quality indicators of medication use rather than the patient. It is also suggested that racial differences in the quality of medication use may exist in older adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, number, and types of medication-related problems in older adults, examining the impact of race on quality medication use.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study involving in-home interviews and medical record reviews of community-residing older adults, stratified by race, conducted 3 times over 1 year. No intervention to address medication-related problems was performed. The quality of medication use was reported as medication-related problems by clinical pharmacists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 200 participants (100 blacks, 100 whites), mean age was 78.3 (whites) and 75.5 (blacks), and the majority of patients were female. Although whites used more medications than blacks (mean, 11.6 vs 9.7; P < 0.01), blacks had more medication-related problems per person than whites (mean, 6.3 vs 4.9; P < 0.01). All patients had at least 1 medication-related problem. Common problems at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months for both whites and blacks were undertreatment, suboptimal drug use, suboptimal dosing, nonadherence, and less costly alternative available. Blacks had significantly higher rates of nonadherence than whites (68% vs 42%; P < 0.01). Over the 12-month study, the number of medication-related problems not only persisted but increased (adjusted P = 0.0168).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication-related problems were prevalent in both black and white older adults and persisted over 1 year. Blacks had more medication-related problems than whites, including higher rates of nonadherence. These findings require further study to better understand racial disparities in the quality of medication use in older adults and the impact of race on specific medication-related problems.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA. mroth@unc.edu
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Esserman
authors.forename: Jena L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ivey
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinberger
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000639:trends*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*