title: Type 1 diabetes mellitus and components in drinking water and diet: a population-based, case-control study in Prince Edward Island, Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and daily intake of drinking water and dietary components, including nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamines, during the year prior to diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controls (n = 105) were matched by age at diagnosis and sex to T1D cases (n = 57) newly diagnosed during 2001-2004. Food consumption was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Locally available samples of foods were tested for nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamine concentrations. Water consumption was determined through an additional questionnaire, and water samples were taken from homes and tested for routine chemical components, including nitrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age, age, sex, and daily energy intake, nitrate intake from food sources showed a non-significant positive trend (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for quartiles = 1.00, 1.63 (0.58, 4.63), 1.71 (0.54, 5.40), 3.02 (0.78, 11.74); p for trend = 0.13). Nitrite and nitrosamine intake were not related to T1D risk (p for trend = 0.77 and 0.81, respectively). When food and water components were combined, zinc and calcium intakes were marginally and inversely related to T1D risk (p for trend = 0.07 and 0.06, respectively). After further model adjustment of possible confounders and significant risk factors, an increased intake of caffeine marginally increased the risk of T1D (p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary components from both food and water sources may influence the risk of developing T1D in young persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, Canada. vicky.benson@ceu.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Victoria S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vanleeuwen
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Til
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004032:Diet; D004326:Drinking; D002149:Energy Intake; D005502:Food; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011325:Prince Edward Island / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009602:Nitrosamines; D014867:Water