title: Do children with blunt head trauma and normal cranial computed tomography scan results require hospitalization for neurologic observation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children evaluated in the emergency department (ED) with minor blunt head trauma, defined by initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 14 or 15, are frequently hospitalized despite normal cranial computed tomography (CT) scan results. We seek to identify the frequency of neurologic complications in children with minor blunt head trauma and normal ED CT scan results.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, multicenter observational cohort study of children younger than 18 years with blunt head trauma (including isolated head or multisystem trauma) at 25 centers between 2004 and 2006. In this substudy, we analyzed individuals with initial GCS scores of 14 or 15 who had normal cranial CT scan results during ED evaluation. An abnormal imaging study result was defined by any intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral edema, pneumocephalus, or any skull fracture. Patients with normal CT scan results who were hospitalized were followed to determine neurologic outcomes; those discharged to home from the ED received telephone/mail follow-up to assess for subsequent neuroimaging, neurologic complications, or neurosurgical intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children (13,543) with GCS scores of 14 or 15 and normal ED CT scan results were enrolled, including 12,584 (93%) with GCS scores of 15 and 959 (7%) with GCS scores of 14. Of 13,543 patients, 2,485 (18%) were hospitalized, including 2,107 of 12,584 (17%) with GCS scores of 15 and 378 of 959 (39%) with GCS scores of 14. Of the 11,058 patients discharged home from the ED, successful telephone/mail follow-up was completed for 8,756 (79%), and medical record, continuous quality improvement, and morgue review was performed for the remaining patients. One hundred ninety-seven (2%) children received subsequent CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); 5 (0.05%) had abnormal CT/MRI scan results and none (0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0% to 0.03%) received a neurosurgical intervention. Of the 2,485 hospitalized patients, 137 (6%) received subsequent CT or MRI; 16 (0.6%) had abnormal CT/MRI scan results and none (0%; 95% CI 0% to 0.2%) received a neurosurgical intervention. The negative predictive value for neurosurgical intervention for a child with an initial GCS score of 14 or 15 and a normal CT scan result was 100% (95% CI 99.97% to 100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with blunt head trauma and initial ED GCS scores of 14 or 15 and normal cranial CT scan results are at very low risk for subsequent traumatic findings on neuroimaging and extremely low risk of needing neurosurgical intervention. Hospitalization of children with minor head trauma after normal CT scan results for neurologic observation is generally unnecessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Dominic A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Borgialli
authors.forename: Frances M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Nadel
authors.forename: Kimberly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Quayle
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schambam
authors.forename: Art
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Jeff E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schunk
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Miskin
authors.forename: Shireen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Atabaki
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hoyle
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Dayan
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D057832:Watchful Waiting