title: Status of global virologic surveillance for rubella viruses.
abstract: The suspected measles case definition captures rubella cases. Therefore, measles surveillance will be improved in the course of the control and eventual elimination of rubella transmission. One aspect of rubella control, virologic surveillance, is reviewed here. A systematic nomenclature for rubella viruses (RVs) based on 13 genotypes has been established and is updated when warranted by increases in information about RVs. From 2005 through 2010, the genotypes of RVs most frequently reported were 1E, 1G, and 2B, and genotypes 1a, 1B, 1C, 1h, 1j, and 2C were less frequently reported. Virologic surveillance can support rubella control and elimination. Synopses of rubella virologic surveillance in various countries, regions, and globally are given, including characterization of viruses from imported cases in a country that has eliminated rubella and studies of endemic viruses circulating in countries without rubella control objectives. Current challenges are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Abernathy
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hübschen
authors.forename: Claude P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Katsuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Komase
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Marilda M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shulga
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tikhonova
authors.forename: Sirima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pattamadilok
authors.forename: Patcha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Incomserb
authors.forename: Sheilagh B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akoua-Koffi
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bwogi
authors.forename: Wilina W L
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Gibson K S
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Hinda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Triki
authors.forename: Youngmee
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.forename: Mick N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Mulders
authors.forename: Ana Maria Bispo
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Filippis
authors.forename: Hinda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramamurty
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Featherstone
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Icenogle
mesh_terms: D005838:Genotype; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010802:Phylogeny; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012409:Rubella / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D014944:World Health Organization / Q000458:organization & administration
chemical_list: D008458:Measles Vaccine; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine