title: Prenatal amphetamine exposure and birth outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to systematically review the relationship between amphetamine exposure in pregnancy and birth outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies. Data from included studies were extracted by 2 reviewers. Summary odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies were included. Significant increases in unadjusted risks of preterm birth (OR, 4.11; 95% CI, 3.05-5.55), low birthweight (OR, 3.97; 95% CI, 2.45-6.43), and small for gestational age (OR, 5.79; 95% CI, 1.39-24.06) were identified among women exposed to amphetamines in pregnancy. The mean birthweight was significantly lower among amphetamine-exposed pregnancies (mean difference, -279 g; 95% CI, -485 to -74 g). Two studies provided adjusted estimates on different outcomes, and their results were consistent with the findings from the unadjusted data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amphetamine exposure in pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes and should be identified by physicians providing antenatal care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Noor Niyar N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Ladhani
authors.forename: Prakesh S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Kellie E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000661:Amphetamine; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome
chemical_list: D000661:Amphetamine