title: The effect of two sock fabrics on physiological parameters associated with blister incidence: a laboratory study.
abstract: The goal of the present study was to investigate physiological effects, mainly at the level of the foot, of two sock fabrics with distinct moisture properties. Twelve participants wore two different socks, one on each foot. The following two sock types were used: PP: 99.6% polypropylene and 0.4% elastane and BLEND: 50% Merino wool, 33% polypropylene, and 17% polyamide. The participants walked three times on a treadmill at 5 km h(-1), with no gradient for the first and third phase and a 10% upward inclination for the second walking phase. The microclimate temperature between the boot and foot was measured during walking. Preceding and following the walking phases, additional measurements were carried out at the level of the foot, i.e. skin temperature and skin hydration on three locations and skin friction between the posterior surface of the calcaneus and a glass plate. In addition, the moisture absorption of boots and socks was determined. Differences between the sock fabrics were found for weight gain and microclimate temperature: (i) PP tended to hold less water compared to BLEND, (ii) the boot's microclimate temperature resulted in larger values for BLEND measured at the dorsal surface at the level of the third metatarsal, and (iii) warmer microclimates of the boot were measured for PP compared to BLEND at the distal anterior end of the tibia. The established differences in moisture behavior of both socks did not result in detectable differences in parameters measured on the skin of the foot.
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, St Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cornelis Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bogerd
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rechsteiner
authors.forename: Benno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wüst
authors.forename: René M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Brühwiler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000475:Alkenes / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D001768:Blister / Q000209:etiology*; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008834:Microclimate; D008889:Military Personnel; D009757:Nylons / Q000009:adverse effects; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D014935:Wool / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000475:Alkenes; D009757:Nylons; C013658:propylene