title: Mirtrons: microRNA biogenesis via splicing.
abstract: A well-defined mechanism governs the maturation of most microRNAs (miRNAs) in animals, via stepwise cleavage of precursor hairpin transcripts by the Drosha and Dicer RNase III enzymes. Recently, several alternative miRNA biogenesis pathways were elucidated, the most prominent of which substitutes Drosha cleavage with splicing. Such short hairpin introns are known as mirtrons, and their study has uncovered related pathways that combine splicing with other ribonucleolytic machinery to yield Dicer substrates for miRNA biogenesis. In this review, we consider the mechanisms of splicing-mediated miRNA biogenesis, computational strategies for mirtron discovery, and the evolutionary implications of the existence of multiple miRNA biogenesis pathways. Altogether, the features of mirtron pathways illustrate unexpected flexibility in combining RNA processing pathways, and highlight how multiple functions can be encoded by individual transcripts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, Box 252, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Jakub O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Westholm
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D034622:RNA Interference; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D012326:RNA Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D043244:Ribonuclease III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D012322:RNA Precursors; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D043244:Ribonuclease III