title: Central motor conduction studies and diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging in children with severe primary and secondary dystonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dystonia in childhood has many causes. Imaging may suggest corticospinal tract dysfunction with or without coexistent basal ganglia damage. There are very few published neurophysiological studies on children with dystonia; one previous study has focused on primary dystonia. We investigated central motor conduction in 62 children (34 males, 28 females; age range 3-19y, mean age 10y 8mo, SD 4y 8mo) with severe dystonia to evaluate corticospinal tract integrity before consideration for deep brain stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Distal motor and F-wave latencies were measured in the ulnar and/or posterior tibial nerves. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the motor cortex and motor-evoked potentials were recorded in the activated abductor digiti minimi and/or abductor hallucis muscles. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) was calculated using the F-wave method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CMCT was normal in 50 out of 62 patients; 12 patients showed prolonged CMCT to upper and/or lower limbs. Most children with severe primary and secondary dystonia had normal CMCT, indicating corticospinal tract integrity despite abnormal imaging in 42 out of 50 patients. Abnormal CMCT was found in two out of 12 patients with normal imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides new CMCT data for children with severe primary and secondary dystonia. Over 50% of children with evidence of periventricular white-matter damage from magnetic resonance imaging had normal CMCT, challenging traditional pathophysiological models. This is consistent with recent diffusion tensor imaging in children with periventricular white-matter damage, showing disruption of sensory connections rather than corticospinal tract damage. CMCT helps refine our understanding of imaging changes in complex motor disorders of childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Verity
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Selway
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004421:Dystonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult