title: Manufactured and hand-rolled cigarettes and smokeless tobacco consumption in Mozambique: regional differences at early stages of the tobacco epidemic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To describe the use of different types of tobacco (manufactured and hand-rolled cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco) in the adult Mozambican population, across regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of 12,902 Mozambicans aged 25-64 years was evaluated in a national household survey conducted in 2003 using a structured questionnaire. The patterns of tobacco consumption were described to highlight the sex-specific differences by age and between urban and rural settings, and between the north, where most of the country's tobacco production is concentrated, and the south of the country, where the wealthiest provinces, closer to the city capital, are located.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of current tobacco consumption was 39.9% in men and 18.0% in women. Women consumed predominantly smokeless tobacco (prevalence: 10.1%), especially in the north. Hand-rolled and manufactured cigarettes were the most frequently consumed among men (prevalences: 18.7% and 17.2%, respectively). Additionally, hand-rolled cigarette consumption predominantly occurred in the northern provinces and rural settings, whereas manufactured cigarette consumption predominated in the south and urban areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall tobacco consumption was higher than expected for an African country with scarce economic resources, mostly due to traditional forms of consumption. The gender and regional specific patterns of consumption identified in Mozambique may contribute to the development of culturally adapted and locally grounded actions for tobacco control, and stress the need of locale-specific surveillance data and public health action in this field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Silva-Matos
authors.forename: Albertino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Damasceno
authors.forename: Maria Lídia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gouveia
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lunet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D058872:Epidemics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009073:Mozambique / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects