title: Pharmacological treatment of insomnia in alcohol recovery: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of pharmacological agents used to treat sleep problems in alcohol recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In accordance with the Quorum statement, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, Psych Info and Medline databases using the terms alcohol, insomnia/sleep and treatment/management with no year/language restrictions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search revealed 1239 articles and 20 met inclusion criteria. Trazodone was compared against placebo and found to be superior in two trials. Trazodone and gabapentin improved sleep measures with gabapentin performing significantly better in an open-label study. The data regarding gabapentin are equivocal with few studies showing a clear benefit. In one randomized trial, topiramate resulted in improved subjective sleep measures and a reduction in the percentage of heavy drinking days. Two randomized control trials of carbamazepine revealed improvement in subjective sleep measures. A randomized study showed lormetazepam was better than zopiclone on some measures. In a small placebo-controlled trial, acamprosate was found to result in improvements on some sleep measures. In single, small, mostly open-label studies, quetiapine, triazolam, ritanserin, bright light and magnesium have shown efficacy, while chlormethiazole, scopolamine and melperone showed no difference or worsening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trazodone has the most data suggesting efficacy. This finding is tempered by a study suggesting its association with a return to heavy drinking in some patients. Data regarding the efficacy of gabapentin are unclear at this point.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, 2nd Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. kolla.bhanuprakash@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Bhanu Prakash
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kolla
authors.forename: Meghna Prabhdas
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mansukhani
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schneekloth
mesh_terms: D000077443:Acamprosate; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000588:Amines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077206:Gabapentin; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013654:Taurine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014196:Trazodone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D013654:Taurine; D000431:Ethanol; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D008274:Magnesium; D000077443:Acamprosate; D014196:Trazodone