title: Augmentation index immediately after maximal exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have exaggerated brachial and central (ascending aortic) blood pressure (BP) during exercise, which is associated with adverse outcomes. Central systolic loading, represented by the augmentation index (AIx), may contribute to exaggerated exercise central BP. This study sought to compare the central AIx response to peak exercise in T2DM and control patients and to identify mechanisms of altered exercise central AIx.
  
  
  METHODS
  Central BP and AIx were quantified by radial tonometry at rest and immediately after peak treadmill exercise in 106 patients with T2DM and 106 nondiabetic controls, pair-matched by age, gender, peak exercise brachial BP, and postexercise HR corresponding to tonometry acquisition. Cardiac volumes (by echocardiography) were assessed in a subgroup (22 T2DM and 22 controls) to derive rest and postexercise arterial-ventricular coupling parameters, including cardiac index (stroke volume index × HR), peripheral vascular resistance index (cardiac index / mean BP), and effective arterial elastance index (end-systolic pressure / stroke volume index). Reserve parameters (exercise--rest) were also defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with T2DM had lower postexercise central AIx (-1% ± 13% vs 3% ± 14%, P = 0.038) and greater central AIx reserve (-24% ± 13% vs -20% ± 11%, P = 0.002) compared with controls, despite raised postexercise peripheral vascular resistance index (P = 0.013) and effective arterial elastance index (P = 0.011); these parameters independently predicted higher central AIx at rest (P < 0.01) but not after exercise. Moreover, T2DM was independently associated with lower postexercise central AIx (β = -0.21, P = 0.006). Cardiac index reserve, which was blunted in T2DM (P = 0.004), represented the only independent correlate of central AIx reserve (r = 0.39, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with T2DM have significantly (and paradoxically) lower postexercise central AIx and greater central AIx reserve, which may be explained by an impaired cardiac functional reserve.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Julian W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sacre
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sharman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology