title: Aging and osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoarthritis is strongly linked to aging but the mechanisms for this link are incompletely understood. The recent literature was reviewed to find studies providing new insights into the connection between aging and osteoarthritis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basic aging studies in nonarticular cells suggest that a cell stress or cell damage response contributes to chronic inflammation that promotes age-related diseases. This cellular response results in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype which has many of the characteristics of an osteoarthritic chondrocyte in terms of the cytokines, chemokines, and proteases produced. Oxidative stress can promote cell senescence and studies have shown a role for oxidative stress in altering cell signaling pathways in chondrocytes that can disrupt the response to growth factors. Mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species and studies continue to support a role for the mitochondria in osteoarthritis, including work suggesting changes in energy production. Cell death occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage and recent studies suggest autophagy may play a role in determining if a cell lives or dies when stressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continued progress is being made on characterizing aging-related changes in cartilage. Additional studies are needed that focus on the tissues outside of the articular cartilage that play a role in osteoarthritis. Because osteoarthritis occurs in older adults who also have age-related changes in muscle, bone, fat, and the nervous system, it is likely that a more general and systemic approach will be needed to better understand the link between aging and osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. rloeser@wakehealth.edu
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Loeser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016923:Cell Death; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species