title: Surgical management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: Upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma accounts for 5% of all urothelial tumors. Compared to lower urinary tract tumors, upper tract urothelial carcinoma is diagnosed more frequently at advanced stages. Open radical nephroureterectomy remains the gold standard treatment option for upper tract tumors. However, with the advancement of minimally invasive techniques and the benefits of these procedures regarding perioperative morbidity, cosmesis, and earlier convalescence, these options have shown promise in managing the patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Despite the perioperative advantages, concerns exist on the oncological safety after minimally invasive surgery. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the surgical management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Prashanth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanagarajah