title: Cost-effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure: the perspective of a middle-income country's public health system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves symptoms and survival in patients with heart failure (HF). However, the devices used to deliver it are costly and can impose a significant burden to the relatively constrained health budgets of middle-income countries such as Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model was constructed, representing the follow-up of a hypothetical cohort of HF patients, with a 20-year time horizon. Input data were based on information from a Brazilian cohort of 316 HF patients, as well as meta-analyses of data on devices' effectiveness and risks. Stochastic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed for all important variables in the model. Costs were expressed as International Dollars (Int$), by application of current purchasing power parity conversion rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base-case analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of CRT over medical therapy was Int$ 15,723 per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. For CRT combined with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), ICER was Int$ 36,940/QALY over ICD alone, and Int$ 84,345/QALY over CRT alone. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model was generally robust, though susceptible to the cost of the devices, their impact on HF mortality, and battery longevity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRT is cost-effective for HF patients in the Brazilian public health system scenario. In patients eligible for CRT, upgrade to CRT+ICD has an ICER above the World Health Organization willingness-to-pay threshold of three times the nation's Gross Domestic Product per Capita (Int$ 31,689 for Brazil). However, for ICD eligible patients, upgrade to CRT+ICD is marginally cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Bertoldi
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Cardiovascular Division of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical School of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Zimerman
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical School of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Electronic address: carisi@terra.com.br.
authors.forename: Carisi A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Polanczyk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome