title: Inulin increases short-term markers for colonic fermentation similarly in healthy and hyperinsulinaemic humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Colonic fermentation of dietary fibre produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, propionate and butyrate, which may protect against type 2 diabetes by reducing serum free-fatty acids (FFAs). Since hyperinsulinaemia is associated with insulin resistance and increased diabetes risk, the main objective was to compare markers of colonic fermentation after acute inulin ingestion in subjects with normal (<40  pmol/l, NI) and high (≥40  pmol/l, HI) plasma insulin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overnight fasted NI (n=9) and HI (n=9) subjects were studied for 4  h on two separate days after consuming 300  ml drinks containing 75  g glucose (Glucose) or 75  g glucose plus 24  g inulin (Inulin) using a randomized, single-blind, crossover design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inulin elicited a higher breath hydrogen and methane areas under the curve (AUC), but the increases in SCFA responses were not statistically significant. Mean serum-acetate concentration over the 4-h study period was higher in NI than in HI subjects (44.3 ± 6.9 vs 22.5 ± 3.7  μmol/l, P=0.001). The rate of rebound of FFA was reduced by Inulin, with FFA at 4  h being less after Inulin than Glucose, regardless of insulin status (0.310 ± 0.028 vs 0.432 ± 0.042 mEq/l, P=0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This suggests that inulin increases short-term markers for colonic fermentation, but a longer study period may be necessary to observe differences in SCFA production. The reason for the lower serum acetate in HI is unclear but may be due to reduced absorption, increased clearance or decreased endogenous production. This suggests the need to compare acetate kinetics in normal and hyperinsulinaemic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: T M S
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wolever
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000378:metabolism*; D007444:Inulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D015415:Biomarkers; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D006859:Hydrogen; D007444:Inulin; D005947:Glucose; D008697:Methane