title: Rapid local anesthesia in humans using minimally invasive microneedles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the hypothesis that minimally invasive microneedles cause less pain during injection of lidocaine, but induce local anesthesia in humans with the same rapid onset and efficacy as intradermal lidocaine injection using hypodermic needles.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a randomized, single-blinded, within participants, controlled design. Hollow, 500-μm long microneedles were used to inject lidocaine to the forearm of 15 human participants. The associated pain was recorded using a visual analog (VAS) scale. The area and depth of numbness were determined at 0, 7.5, and 15 minutes after injection. Lidocaine was also injected to the dorsum of the hand near a vein, followed by placement of an intravenous catheter and measurement of associated pain. A 26-gauge intradermal bevel hypodermic needle similarly administered lidocaine on the opposite forearm/hand to serve as the positive control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAS pain scores revealed that injection using microneedles was significantly less painful than hypodermic needles for both the forearm and dorsum of the hand injections. However, there was no significant difference in the area or depth of the resulting numbness between the 2 treatment methods at any time point (0, 7.5, and 15 min) indicating that microneedles had immediate onset and were as effective as hypodermic needles in inducing dermal anesthesia. Moreover, insertion of an intravenous catheter immediately after lidocaine injection on the dorsum of the hand led to comparable pain scores for the microneedle and hypodermic needle treated sites, further confirming efficacy of microneedles in inducing rapid local anesthesia. Lastly, 77% of the participants preferred microneedles and 80% indicated that they did not consider microneedles to be painful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates for the first time that microneedle-based lidocaine injection is as rapid and as effective as hypodermic injection in inducing local anesthesia while resulting in significantly less pain during injection.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Donald D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Denson
authors.forename: Eric I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Felner
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prausnitz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008845:Microinjections / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine