title: Effect of three consecutive meals on the physicochemical properties of HDL and LDL in individuals with the metabolic syndrome and patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postprandial hyperlipidemia, which is exaggerated and prolonged in insulin-resistant individuals, has been associated with cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether and how the composition, size and function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are affected in the postprandial state among males with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM), compared with controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 males with T2DM, 14 with the MetS and 14 age-matched controls were given three standardized high-fat mixed meals (900 kcal; 50-g fat, 75-g carbohydrate and 35-g protein) as breakfast, lunch and dinner. Blood sampling was performed just before each meal, and 4 and 8 h after the last meal. HDL and LDL were isolated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed for their composition, particle diameter and functional properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postprandial triglycerides levels in plasma, HDL and LDL particles increased significantly in all groups (P<0.01). Compared with the control subjects, patients with T2DM had smaller LDL particles, and in agreement, a lower cholesterol-to-protein content in both fasting and postprandial samples. A prolonged increase in susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was found in all subjects, but was most evident in T2DM. The postprandial effect on LDL oxidation was associated with an increase in LDL triglyceride (r=0.29, P<0.05). In T2DM the anti-oxidative capacity of HDL trended to impairment after the third meal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postprandial increases in triglycerides, especially in T2DM, are accompanied by pro-atherosclerotic functional changes in HDL and LDL particles.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.scheffer@vumc.nl
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Scheffer
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tushuizen
authors.forename: H P A
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Vermue
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schindhelm
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rustemeijer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diamant
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides