title: Jumping mechanisms and performance of snow fleas (Mecoptera, Boreidae).
abstract: Flightless snow fleas (snow scorpion flies, Mecoptera, Boreidae) live as adults during northern hemisphere winters, often jumping and walking on the surface of snow. Their jumping mechanisms and performance were analysed with high speed imaging. Jumps were propelled by simultaneous movements of both the middle and hind pairs of legs, as judged by the 0.2 ms resolution afforded by image rates of 5000 frames s(-1). The middle legs of males represent 140% and the hindlegs 187% of the body length (3.4 mm), and the ratio of leg lengths is 1:1.3:1.7 (front:middle:hind). In preparation for a jump the middle legs and hindlegs were rotated forwards at their coxal joints with the fused mesothorax and metathorax. The first propulsive movement of a jump was the rotation of the trochantera about the coxae, powered by large depressor muscles within the thorax. The acceleration time was 6.6 ms. The fastest jump by a male had a take-off velocity of 1 m s(-1), which required 1.1 μJ of energy and a power output of 0.18 mW, and exerted a force about 16 times its body weight. Jump distances of about 100 mm were unaffected by temperature. This, and the power per mass of muscle requirement of 740 W kg(-1), suggests that a catapult mechanism is used. The elastic protein resilin was revealed in four pads at the articulation of the wing hinge with the dorsal head of the pleural ridge of each middle leg and hindleg. By contrast, fleas, which use just their hindlegs for jumping, have only two pads of resilin. This, therefore, provides a functional reference point for considerations about the phylogenetic relationships between snow fleas and true fleas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. mb135@hermes.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burrows
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005121:Extremities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D005423:Siphonaptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012914:Snow