title: Direct measurement of DNA affinity landscapes on a high-throughput sequencing instrument.
abstract: Several methods for characterizing DNA-protein interactions are available, but none have demonstrated both high throughput and quantitative measurement of affinity. Here we describe 'high-throughput sequencing'-'fluorescent ligand interaction profiling' (HiTS-FLIP), a technique for measuring quantitative protein-DNA binding affinity at unprecedented depth. In this approach, the optics built into a high-throughput sequencer are used to visualize in vitro binding of a protein to sequenced DNA in a flow cell. Application of HiTS-FLIP to the protein Gcn4 (Gcn4p), the master regulator of the yeast amino acid starvation response, yielded ~440 million binding measurements, enabling determination of dissociation constants for all 12-mer sequences having submicromolar affinity. These data revealed a complex interdependency between motif positions, allowed improved discrimination of in vivo Gcn4p binding sites and regulatory targets relative to previous methods and showed that sets of genes with different promoter affinities to Gcn4p have distinct functions and expression kinetics. Broad application of this approach should increase understanding of the interactions that drive transcription.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Razvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nutiu
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Shujun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khrebtukova
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gary P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Schroth
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Burge
mesh_terms: D002846:Chromatography, Affinity / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004247:DNA