title: Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: optimizing outcome and managing complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A knowledge of the principles of neurostimulation is essential to achieve optimal efficacy and minimize adverse effects. The aim of this article was to review the current evidence regarding device programming in the management of patients having sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for faecal incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was performed including the keywords and/or MeSH headings of sacral nerve stimulation, neuromodulation, artificial pacemaker, faecal incontinence, programming, adverse effects and complications. Further studies were identified by cross-referencing from relevant articles and by appraisal of recent peer-reviewed conference abstracts and proceedings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurostimulator programming is an important component of SNS. Efficacy can be improved or restored with reprogramming. Adverse stimulation is often reversible, and nonstimulation-related complications are correctable. A total loss of efficacy can be explained in over one-half of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An improved outcome of SNS can be achieved by selecting the best possible stimulation parameters individualized to each patient. Further research into the optimal settings is needed.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Unit, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Dudding
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hollingshead
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vaizey
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000294:innervation*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D012086:Reoperation