title: Comparison of pressures applied by digital tourniquets in the emergency department.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Digital tourniquets used in the emergency department have been scrutinized due to complications associated with their use, including neurovascular injury secondary to excessive tourniquet pressure and digital ischemia caused by a forgotten tourniquet. To minimize these risks, a conspicuous tourniquet that applies the least amount of pressure necessary to maintain hemostasis is recommended.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the commonly used tourniquet methods, the Penrose drain, rolled glove, the Tourni-cot and the T-Ring, to determine which applies the lowest pressure while consistently preventing digital perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the circumference of selected digits of 200 adult males and 200 adult females to determine the adult finger size range. We then measured the pressure applied to four representative finger sizes using a pressure monitor and assessed the ability of each method to prevent digital blood flow with a pulse oximeter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WE SELECTED FOUR REPRESENTATIVE FINGER SIZES: 45mm, 65mm, 70mm, and 85mm to test the different tourniquet methods. All methods consistently prevented digital perfusion. The highest pressure recorded for the Penrose drain was 727 mmHg, the clamped rolled glove 439, the unclamped rolled glove 267, Tourni-cot 246, while the T-Ring had the lowest at 151 mmHg and least variable pressures of all methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All tested methods provided adequate hemostasis. Only the Tourni-cot and T-Ring provided hemostasis at safe pressures across all digit sizes with the T-Ring having a lower overall average pressure.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA.
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lahham
authors.forename: Khoa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Mickey
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Viet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lotfipour
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fox