title: Dynamin inhibitors induce caspase-mediated apoptosis following cytokinesis failure in human cancer cells and this is blocked by Bcl-2 overexpression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of both classical (e.g. taxol) and targeted anti-mitotic agents (e.g. Aurora kinase inhibitors) is to disrupt the mitotic spindle. Such compounds are currently used in the clinic and/or are being tested in clinical trials for cancer treatment. We recently reported a new class of targeted anti-mitotic compounds that do not disrupt the mitotic spindle, but exclusively block completion of cytokinesis. This new class includes MiTMAB and OcTMAB (MiTMABs), which are potent inhibitors of the endocytic protein, dynamin. Like other anti-mitotics, MiTMABs are highly cytotoxic and possess anti-proliferative properties, which appear to be selective for cancer cells. The cellular response following cytokinesis failure and the mechanistic pathway involved is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that MiTMABs induce cell death specifically following cytokinesis failure via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This involves cleavage of caspase-8, -9, -3 and PARP, DNA fragmentation and membrane blebbing. Apoptosis was blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor, ZVAD, and in HeLa cells stably expressing the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. This resulted in an accumulation of polyploid cells. Caspases were not cleaved in MiTMAB-treated cells that did not enter mitosis. This is consistent with the model that apoptosis induced by MiTMABs occurs exclusively following cytokinesis failure. Cytokinesis failure induced by cytochalasin B also resulted in apoptosis, suggesting that disruption of this process is generally toxic to cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these data indicate that MiTMAB-induced apoptosis is dependent on both polyploidization and specific intracellular signalling components. This suggests that dynamin and potentially other cytokinesis factors are novel targets for development of cancer therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Sanket
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Antony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Braithwaite
authors.forename: Phillip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chircop
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048749:Cytokinesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D034281:Dynamins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases; D034281:Dynamins