title: Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: patient selection, service provision and operative technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Faecal incontinence is estimated to affect between 2 and 3% of Western adult populations. In recent years sacral nerve stimulation has become an important treatment modality, often as the first-line surgical therapy. The aim of this article was to review the current evidence regarding patient selection and surgical technique and to evaluate the logistics of providing a neurostimulation service.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was performed including the keywords and/or MeSH headings of sacral nerve stimulation, neuromodulation, artificial pacemaker, faecal incontinence, patient selection, predictive factors and anal canal. Further studies were identified by cross-referencing from relevant articles and by appraisal of recent peer-reviewed conference abstracts and proceedings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the success of sacral nerve stimulation for several pathophysiological causes of incontinence, case selection is of paramount importance. Sacral nerve stimulation should not be offered outside a multidisciplinary pelvic floor unit. Temporary evaluation using diary cards can lead to false positive and negative results. Adherence to a meticulous surgical technique, using low amplitude stimulation to guide lead placement, provides optimal clinical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term outcome of sacral nerve stimulation is dependent on patient factors and operative technique. Despite this, specific preoperative predictive factors of treatment success have yet to be identified.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Unit, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Dudding
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hollingshead
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vaizey
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000294:innervation*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D018579:Patient Selection; D011300:Preoperative Care