title: Changes in tear protein profile in keratoconus disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze tear protein profile variations in patients with keratoconus (KC) and to compare them with those of control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tears from 12 normal subjects and 12 patients with KC were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Analysis of the 2-DE gels was performed using Progenesis SameSpots software (Nonlinear Dynamics). Proteins exhibiting high variation in expression levels (P-value <0.05) were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-TOF spectrometry. For LC-MS analysis, a label-free quantification approach was used. Tears were digested with trypsin, subjected to data-independent acquisition (MS(E)) analysis, and identified proteins were relatively quantified using ProteinLynx Global Server software (Waters).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2-DE and LC-MS analyses revealed a significant decrease in the levels of members of the cystatin family and an increase in lipocalin-1 in KC patients. A 1.43-fold decrease was observed for cystatin-S by 2-DE, and 1.69- and 1.56-fold for cystatin-SN and cystatin-SA by LC-MS, respectively. The increase in lipocalin-1 was observed by both methods with fold changes of 1.26 in the 2-DE approach and 1.31 according to LC-MS. Significant protein upregulation was also observed for Ig-κ chain C and Ig J chain proteins by 2-DE. Levels of lipophilin-C, lipophilin-A, and phospholipase A2 were decreased in tears from KC patients according to LC-MS. Serum albumin was found to be increased in KC patients according to LC-MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show differences in the tear protein profile of KC and control subjects. These changes are indicative of alterations in tear film stability and in interactions with the corneal surface in KC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acera
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vecino
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Agirretxe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aloria
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Arizmendi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Durán
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007640:Keratoconus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; C042434:tear proteins