title: Lack of enantiomeric influence on the brain cytoprotective effect of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen.
abstract: R(-) enantiomers of the 2-arylpropionic acid derivatives ibuprofen and flurbiprofen weakly inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. However, a possible cytoprotective effect has been proposed. The aim of the study is to investigate the possible mechanism of this effect. An in vitro hypoxia-reoxygenation model in rat brain slices was used (n=6 rats per group). After reoxygenation, we measured LDH efflux (neuronal death), brain prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) concentration, interleukins (IL)-1β and 10, oxidative and nitrosative stress (lipid peroxides, glutathione, 3-nitrotyrosine, and nitrites/nitrates). Anti-COX activity was measured in human whole blood. Racemic, R(-), and S(+) enantiomers of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen were tested. All compounds had a cytoprotective effect with IC(50) values in the range of 10(-5) M. R(-) enantiomers did not significantly inhibit brain PGE(2). The concentration of IL-1β was reduced by 53.1% by the racemic form, 30.6% by the S(+) and 43.2% by the R(-) enantiomer of ibuprofen. The IL-10 concentration increased significantly only with S(+)-flurbiprofen (33.1%) and R(-)-flurbiprofen (26.1%). Lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced by all three forms of flurbiprofen. Nitrite + nitrate concentrations were reduced by racemic, S(+), and R(-)-flurbiprofen. Peroxynitrite formation (3-nitrotyrosine) was significantly reduced by racemic and S(+)-ibuprofen. COX inhibition is not the main mechanism of cytoprotection for these compounds. Their influence on inflammatory mediators and oxidative and nitrosative stress could account for the potential cytoprotective effect of R(-) enantiomers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones Antitrombóticas e Isquemia Tisular (LIAIT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: López-Villodres
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: De La Cruz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Marin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: González-Correa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D005480:Flurbiprofen; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007052:Ibuprofen