title: Fusarium species complex and mycotoxins in grain maize from maize hybrid trials and from grower's fields.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify and to compare the occurrence of Fusarium species in maize kernels and stalk pieces, to analyse mycotoxins in kernels and maize crop residues, to evaluate two approaches to obtain kernel samples and to compare two methods for mycotoxin analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The occurrence of Fusarium species in maize kernels and stalk pieces from a three-year maize hybrid trial and 12 kernel samples from grower's fields was assessed. Nine to 16 different Fusarium species were detected in maize kernels and stalks. In kernels, F. graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum were the most prevalent species whereas in stalks, they were F. equiseti, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. In 2006, 68% of the kernel samples exceeded the recommended limit for pig feed for deoxynivalenol (DON) and 42% for zearalenone (ZON), respectively. Similarly, 75% of the samples from grower's fields exceeded the limits for DON and 50% for ZON. In maize crop residues, toxin concentrations ranged from 2.6 to 15.3 mg kg(-1) for DON and from 0.7 to 7.4 mg kg(-1) for ZON. Both approaches to obtain maize kernel samples were valid, and a strong correlation between mycotoxin analysis using ELISA and LC-MS/MS was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contamination of maize kernels, stalk pieces and remaining crop residues with various mycotoxins could pose a risk not only to animal health but also to the environment. With the hand-picked sample, the entire Fusarium complex can be estimated, whereas combine harvested samples are more representative for the mycotoxin contents in harvested goods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first multi-year study investigating mycotoxin contamination in maize kernels as well as in crop residues. The results indicate a high need to identify cropping factors influencing the infection of maize by Fusarium species to establish recommendations for growers.
authors.affiliation: Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dorn
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Forrer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jenny
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Wettstein
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Bucheli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogelgsang
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000254:growth & development*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D013557:Switzerland; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014255:Trichothecenes; D015025:Zearalenone; C007262:deoxynivalenol