title: Neocortical atrophy in Machado-Joseph disease: a longitudinal neuroimaging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous imaging studies in the Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3) have mostly concentrated on the cerebellum and brainstem. Our goal was to perform a whole brain longitudinal evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 45 patients and 51 controls, who underwent two brain magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (mean interval of 12.5 ± 1.5 months). We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and the MarsBar analysis toolbox to extract grey matter density (GMD) values from regions of interest. We used a linear regression model and a general linear model to correlate GMD with clinical markers, and paired t-test for the longitudinal evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed decreased GMD (P < .01) at frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, subcortical grey matter, cerebellum, and brainstem. White matter atrophy was restricted to the cerebellum. Age, CAG, and disease duration predicted GMD in different areas, but age and CAG were the most important predictors. The longitudinal analysis failed to demonstrate changes. Changes in regions other than the cerebellum appeared to contribute significantly to the final International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed cortical involvement in MJD/SCA3. The most important factors in predicting GMD were age and CAG. The lack of progression of atrophy may indicate floor effect and/or short duration of follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anelyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Abreu
authors.forename: Marcondes C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: França
authors.forename: Clarissa L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Bruno A G
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Iscia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lopes-Cendes
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cendes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017827:Machado-Joseph Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019579:Neocortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult