title: Suicide attempts and overdoses among adults entering addictions treatment: comparing correlates in a U.S. National Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suicide attempts and non-fatal overdoses are both associated with substance use. The aim of the present study was to examine correlates of suicide attempts and non-fatal overdoses simultaneously among individuals seeking addictions treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large U.S. national sample of individuals entering addictions treatment participated in a cross-sectional survey (n=5892). Multinomial logistic regression modeling tested the adjusted associations of violence, injection drug use, specific substances, and depressive symptoms with a four-category outcome variable based on prior histories of suicide attempt and non-fatal overdose (neither, suicide attempt only, overdose only, both), adjusting for demographic and treatment characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sexual and physical victimization was associated with suicide attempts with or without overdoses (ORs 1.25-2.84), while perpetrating violence was associated with having experienced either or both outcomes (ORs 1.25-1.56). Depressive symptoms had a stronger association with suicide attempts (OR=3.05) than overdoses (OR=1.29). Injection drug use was associated with overdoses with or without suicide attempts (ORs 2.65-3.22). Individuals seeking treatment for marijuana use were less likely have overdosed or attempted suicide (ORs 0.39-0.67), while individuals seeking treatment for heroin use were more likely to have overdosed (OR=1.46). Seeking treatment for use of more than one substance was associated with overdose and overdose and suicide attempt (ORs 1.58-2.51), but not suicide attempt alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings indicate that suicide and overdose are connected yet distinct problems. Individuals who have had a history of both may be a group with particularly poor psychological functioning as well as more severe drug-related problems.
authors.affiliation: Serious Mental Illness Treatment Research and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA. amybohne@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Amy S B
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Roeder
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ilgen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001497:Battered Child Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005260:Female; D003932:Heroin / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014754:Violence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin