title: Magnitude of interfractional vaginal cuff movement: implications for external irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the extent of interfractional vaginal cuff movement in patients receiving postoperative irradiation for cervical or endometrial cancer in the absence of bowel/bladder instruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven consecutive patients with cervical or endometrial cancer underwent placement of three gold seed fiducial markers in the vaginal cuff apex as part of standard of care before simulation. Patients subsequently underwent external irradiation and brachytherapy treatment based on institutional guidelines. Daily megavoltage CT imaging was performed during each external radiation treatment fraction. The daily positions of the vaginal apex fiducial markers were subsequently compared with the original position of the fiducial markers on the simulation CT. Composite dose-volume histograms were also created by summing daily target positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average (± standard deviation) vaginal cuff movement throughout daily pelvic external radiotherapy when referenced to the simulation position was 16.2 ± 8.3 mm. The maximum vaginal cuff movement for any patient during treatment was 34.5 mm. In the axial plane the mean vaginal cuff movement was 12.9 ± 6.7 mm. The maximum vaginal cuff axial movement was 30.7 mm. In the craniocaudal axis the mean movement was 10.3 ± 7.6 mm, with a maximum movement of 27.0 mm. Probability of cuff excursion outside of the clinical target volume steadily dropped as margin size increased (53%, 26%, 4.2%, and 1.4% for 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 cm, respectively.) However, rectal and bladder doses steadily increased with larger margin sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude of vaginal cuff movement is highly patient specific and can impact target coverage in patients without bowel/bladder instructions at simulation. The use of vaginal cuff fiducials can help identify patients at risk for target volume excursion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Elekta, Maryland Heights, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michaletz-Lorenz
authors.forename: S Murty
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goddu
authors.forename: Perry W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Grigsby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000528:radiation effects; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D014621:Vagina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D006046:Gold