title: Distribution of gluten proteins in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gluten proteins are the major storage protein fraction in the mature wheat grain. They are restricted to the starchy endosperm, which forms white flour on milling, and interact during grain development to form large polymers which form a continuous proteinaceous network when flour is mixed with water to give dough. This network confers viscosity and elasticity to the dough, enabling the production of leavened products. The starchy endosperm is not a homogeneous tissue and quantitative and qualitative gradients exist for the major components: protein, starch and cell wall polysaccharides. Gradients in protein content and composition are the most evident and are of particular interest because of the major role played by the gluten proteins in determining grain processing quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein gradients in the starchy endosperm were investigated using antibodies for specific gluten protein types for immunolocalization in developing grains and for western blot analysis of protein extracts from flour fractions obtained by sequential abrasion (pearling) to prepare tissue layers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differential patterns of distribution were found for the high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin (HMW-GS) and γ-gliadins when compared with the low-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin (LMW-GS), ω- and α-gliadins. The first two types of gluten protein are more abundant in the inner endosperm layers and the latter more abundant in the subaleurone. Immunolocalization also showed that segregation of gluten proteins occurs both between and within protein bodies during protein deposition and may still be retained in the mature grain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative and qualitative gradients in gluten protein composition are established during grain development. These gradients may be due to the origin of subaleurone cells, which unlike other starchy endosperm cells derive from the re-differentiation of aleurone cells, but could also result from the action of specific regulatory signals produced by the maternal tissue on specific domains of the gluten protein gene promoters.
authors.affiliation: Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. paola.tosi@bbsrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tosi
authors.forename: Cristina Sanchis
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gritsch
authors.forename: Jibin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Shewry
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001939:Bread; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D056625:Endosperm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D005433:Flour; D005903:Gliadin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005983:Glutens / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008970:Molecular Weight; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism; D014908:Triticum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D005983:Glutens; D013213:Starch; D005903:Gliadin