title: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the inflammatory response to nanoscale grooved substrates.
abstract: The immune response to an implanted biomaterial is orchestrated by macrophages. In this study various nanogrooved patterns were created by using laser interference lithography and reactive ion etching. The created nanogrooves mimic the natural extracellular matrix environment. Macrophage cell culture demonstrated that interleukin 1β and TNF-α cytokine production were upregulated on nanogrooved substrates. In vivo subcutaneous implantation in a validated mouse cage model for 14 days demonstrated that nanogrooves enhanced and guided cell adhesion, and few multinucleated cells were formed. In agreement with the in vitro results, cytokine production was found to be nanogroove dependent, as interleukin 1β, TNF-α, TGF-β and osteopontin became upregulated. The results indicate that biomaterial surface texturing, especially at the nanometric scale, can be used to control macrophage activation to induce a wound healing response, rather than a profound inflammatory response. From the Clinical Editor: The authors investigate various nano-grooved patterns that mimic the natural extracellular matrix environment and demonstrate (both in macrophage cultures and in vivo) that interleukin 1β and TNF-α cytokine production is dependent upon surface texturing at the nanometric scale. They propose that modified surfaces may trigger macrophage activation to promote a wound healing response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.forename: X Frank
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Walboomers
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Domanski
authors.forename: Ljupcho
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prodanov
authors.forename: Jacoline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melis
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luttge
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Winnubst
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Han J G E
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gardeniers
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002452:Cell Count; D002460:Cell Line; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D051381:Rats; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D011137:Polystyrenes; D014025:Titanium