title: Image-guided versus blind corticosteroid injections in adults with shoulder pain: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corticosteroid injections can be performed blind (landmark-guided) or with image guidance, and this may account for variable clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of image-guided versus blind corticosteroid injections in improving pain and function among adults with shoulder pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and EMBASE were searched to May 2010. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of shortlisted articles. Search items included blind, landmark, anatomical, clinical exam, image-guided, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, steroid injection, frozen shoulder, random allocation, randomized controlled trial (RCT) and clinical trial.Randomized controlled studies comparing image-guided versus blind (landmark-guided) corticosteroid shoulder injections that examined pain, function and/or adverse events were included. Independent extraction was done by two authors using a form with pre-specified data fields, including risk of bias appraisal. Conflicts were resolved by discussion. The decision to pool data was based on assessment of clinical design homogeneity. When warranted, studies were pooled under a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two RCTs for pain, function and adverse events (n = 101) met eligibility criteria. No serious threats to validity were found. Both trials compared ultrasound-guided versus landmark-guided injections and were judged similar in clinical design. Low to moderate heterogeneity was observed: shoulder pain I2 = 60%, function I2 = 22%. A meta-analysis demonstrated greater improvement with ultrasound-guided injections at 6 weeks after injection in both pain (mean difference = 2.23 [95% CI: 1.27, 3.18]), as assessed with a 0 to 10 visual analogue scale, and shoulder function (standardised mean difference = 1.09 [95% CI: 0.61, 1.57]) as assessed with shoulder function scores. Although more adverse events (all mild) were reported with landmark-guided injections, the difference was not statistically significant (risk ratio = 0.20 [95% CI: 0.04, 1.13]).This review was only based on two moderate-sized trials. Blinding of patients was not performed in both trials, causing some risk of bias in outcome assessment since primary endpoints were wholly or partially patient-reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a paucity of RCTs on image-guided versus landmark-guided corticosteroid shoulder injections examining pain, function and adverse events. In this review, patients who underwent image-guided (ultrasound) injections had statistically significant greater improvement in shoulder pain and function at 6 weeks after injection. Image-guided (ultrasound) corticosteroid injections potentially offer a significantly greater clinical improvement over blind (landmark-guided) injections in adults with shoulder pain. However, this apparent benefit requires confirmation from further studies (adequately-powered and well-executed RCTs).
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. esoh@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.forename: Wenyun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Keh Oon
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bautista
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents