title: Measures of current alcohol consumption and problems: two independent twin studies suggest a complex genetic architecture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Twin studies demonstrate that measures of alcohol consumption (AC) show evidence of genetic influence, suggesting they may be useful in gene identification efforts. The extent to which these phenotypes will be informative in identifying susceptibility genes involved in alcohol dependence depends on the extent to which genetic influences are shared across measures of AC and alcohol problems. Previous studies have demonstrated that AC reported for the period of heaviest lifetime drinking shows a large degree of genetic overlap with alcohol dependence; however, many studies with genetic material assess current AC. Further, there are many different aspects of AC that can be assessed (e.g., frequency of use, quantity of use, and frequency of intoxication).
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we use data from 2 large, independent, population-based twin samples, FinnTwin 16 and The Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders, to examine the extent to which genetic influences are shared across many different measures of AC and alcohol problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic correlations across current AC measures and alcohol problems were high across both samples. However, both samples suggest a complex genetic architecture with many different genetic factors influencing various aspects of current AC and problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that careful attention must be paid to the phenotype in efforts to "replicate" genetic effects across samples or combine samples for meta-analyses of genetic effects influencing susceptibility to alcohol-related outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. ddick@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: Jacquelyn L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult