title: Dairy attentuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative and inflammatory stress are elevated in obesity and are further augmented in metabolic syndrome. We showed previously that dairy components suppress the adipocyte- and macrophage-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines and systemic oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers in obesity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the early (7 d) and sustained (4 and 12 wk) effects of adequate-dairy (AD) compared with low-dairy (LD) diets in subjects with metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty overweight and obese adults with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to receive AD (3.5 daily servings) or LD (<0.5 daily servings) weight-maintenance diets for 12 wk. Oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at 0, 1, 4, and 12 wk as primary outcomes; body weight and composition were measured at 0, 4, and 12 wk as secondary outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AD decreased malondialdehyde and oxidized LDL at 7 d (35% and 11%, respectively; P < 0.01), with further decreases by 12 wk. Inflammatory markers were suppressed with intake of AD, with decreases in tumor necrosis factor-α at 7 d and further reductions through 12 wk (35%; P < 0.05); decreases in interleukin-6 (21%; P < 0.02) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (14% decrease at 4 wk, 24% decrease at 12 wk; P < 0.05); and a corresponding 55% increase in adiponectin at 12 wk (P < 0.01). LD exerted no effect on oxidative or inflammatory markers. Diet had no effect on body weight; however, AD significantly reduced waist circumference and trunk fat (P < 0.01 for both), and LD exerted no effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in dairy intake attenuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01266330.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1920, USA.
authors.forename: Renée A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stancliffe
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zemel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003611:Dairy Products; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein