title: A long-distance RNA-RNA interaction plays an important role in programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting in the translation of p88 replicase protein of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus.
abstract: Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) is one viral translation strategy to express overlapping genes in positive-strand RNA viruses. Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) uses this strategy to express its replicase component protein p88. In this study, we used a cell-free translation system to map cis-acting RNA elements required for -1 PRF. Our results show that a small stem-loop structure adjacent to the cap-independent translation element in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of RCNMV RNA1 is required for -1 PRF. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggested that this stem-loop regulates -1 PRF via base-pairing with complementary sequences in a bulged stem-loop adjacent to the shifty site. The existence of RNA elements responsible for -1 PRF and the cap-independent translation of replicase proteins in the 3' UTR of RNA1 might be important for switching translation to replication and for regulating the ratio of p88 to p27.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.forename: Hiro-oki
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Iwakawa
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaido
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mise
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okuno
mesh_terms: D002474:Cell-Free System; D018965:Frameshifting, Ribosomal / Q000502:physiology*; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D019183:Tombusviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase