title: Designing phase II trials in cancer: a systematic review and guidance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Literature reviews of cancer trials have highlighted the need for better understanding of phase II statistical designs. Understanding the key elements associated with phase II design and knowledge of available statistical designs is necessary to enable appropriate phase II trial design.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was performed to identify phase II trial designs applicable to oncology trials. The results of the review were used to create a library of currently available designs, and to develop a structured approach to phase II trial design outlining key points for consideration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 122 papers describing new or adapted phase II trial designs were obtained. These were categorised into nine levels, reflecting the practicalities of implementation, and form a library of phase II designs. Key design elements were identified by data extraction. Along with detailed description of the key elements and the library of designs, a structured thought process was developed to form a guidance document for choice of phase II oncology trial design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The guidance offers researchers a structured and systematic approach to identifying phase II trial designs, highlighting key issues to be considered by both clinicians and statisticians and encouraging an interactive approach to more informed trial design.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NG, UK. s.brown@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Twelves
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buyse
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Collinson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012107:Research Design