title: Parents' experiences of expanded newborn screening evaluations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abnormal results of newborn screening for common metabolic diseases are known to create substantial distress for parents. We explored parents' perceptions during diagnostic evaluations for newer disorders that are less well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty families completed 48 open-ended interviews before and/or after parents received confirmatory test results for their infants. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents were shocked by the notification of the abnormal test result. Their urgent and often frustrating searches for information dominated the early phase of the screening process. Treatment center personnel were mainly informative and reassuring, but waiting for results exacerbated parents' distress. Equivocal results from diagnostic testing created uncertainties for parents regarding their infants' long-term health. After counseling, some parents reported inaccurate ideas about the disorders despite exposure to large amounts of information. Regardless of the challenges and anxieties of the evaluation, nearly every parent thought newborn screening was an important program for infant health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evaluation of a newborn for an abnormal screening result was highly stressful for parents. To help reduce parents' distress, improvements in communications and clinical services are needed. Recommendations of useful Internet sites and discussions of this information may benefit parents. Tailoring counseling to meet the needs of culturally and educationally diverse families is needed. Families and infants with equivocal results are a new group of patients who merit comprehensive clinical follow-up.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester, School of Nursing, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box SON, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. jane_deluca@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: DeLuca
authors.forename: Margaret H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: Sally A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Georgianne L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires