title: Rational variety mapping for contrast-enhanced nonlinear unsupervised segmentation of multispectral images of unstained specimen.
abstract: A methodology is proposed for nonlinear contrast-enhanced unsupervised segmentation of multispectral (color) microscopy images of principally unstained specimens. The methodology exploits spectral diversity and spatial sparseness to find anatomical differences between materials (cells, nuclei, and background) present in the image. It consists of rth-order rational variety mapping (RVM) followed by matrix/tensor factorization. Sparseness constraint implies duality between nonlinear unsupervised segmentation and multiclass pattern assignment problems. Classes not linearly separable in the original input space become separable with high probability in the higher-dimensional mapped space. Hence, RVM mapping has two advantages: it takes implicitly into account nonlinearities present in the image (ie, they are not required to be known) and it increases spectral diversity (ie, contrast) between materials, due to increased dimensionality of the mapped space. This is expected to improve performance of systems for automated classification and analysis of microscopic histopathological images. The methodology was validated using RVM of the second and third orders of the experimental multispectral microscopy images of unstained sciatic nerve fibers (nervus ischiadicus) and of unstained white pulp in the spleen tissue, compared with a manually defined ground truth labeled by two trained pathophysiologists. The methodology can also be useful for additional contrast enhancement of images of stained specimens.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laser and Atomic Research and Development, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia. ikopriva@irb.hr
authors.forename: Ivica
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kopriva
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadžija
authors.forename: Marijana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Popović Hadžija
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korolija
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cichocki
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D004249:DNA Damage; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology; D010232:Paraffin / Q000737:chemistry; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D013154:Spleen / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010232:Paraffin