title: Effect of financial incentives on incentivised and non-incentivised clinical activities: longitudinal analysis of data from the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the incentive scheme for UK general practitioners led them to neglect activities not included in the scheme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal analysis of achievement rates for 42 activities (23 included in incentive scheme, 19 not included) selected from 428 identified indicators of quality of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  148 general practices in England (653 500 patients).
  
  
  METHODS
  Achievement rates projected from trends in the pre-incentive period (2000-1 to 2002-3) and actual rates in the first three years of the scheme (2004-5 to 2006-7).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Achievement rates improved for most indicators in the pre-incentive period. There were significant increases in the rate of improvement in the first year of the incentive scheme (2004-5) for 22 of the 23 incentivised indicators. Achievement for these indicators reached a plateau after 2004-5, but quality of care in 2006-7 remained higher than that predicted by pre-incentive trends for 14 incentivised indicators. There was no overall effect on the rate of improvement for non-incentivised indicators in the first year of the scheme, but by 2006-7 achievement rates were significantly below those predicted by pre-incentive trends.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were substantial improvements in quality for all indicators between 2001 and 2007. Improvements associated with financial incentives seem to have been achieved at the expense of small detrimental effects on aspects of care that were not incentivised.
authors.affiliation: National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. tim.doran@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doran
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kontopantelis
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Valderas
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D005380:Financing, Government; D058006:General Practice / Q000191:economics*; D009042:Motivation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D006113:United Kingdom