title: Human avian influenza in Indonesia: are they really clustered?
abstract: Understanding the epidemiology of human H5N1 cases in Indonesia is important. The question of whether cases are clustered or not is unclear. An increase in clustered cases suggests greater transmissibility. In the present study, 107 confirmed and 302 suspected human H5N1 cases in Indonesia during 2005-2007 were analyzed for spatial and temporal distribution. Most confirmed cases (97.2%) occurred on two main islands (Java and Sumatera). There were no patterns of disease occurrence over time. There were also no correlations between occurrence patterns in humans and poultry. Statistical analysis showed confirmed cases were clustered within an area on Java island covered by 8 districts along the border of three neighboring provinces (Jakarta, West Java, and Banten). This study shows human H5N1 cases in Indonesia were clustered at two sites where there was a high rate of infection among poultry. These findings are important since they highlight areas of high risk for possible human H5N1 infection in Indonesia, thus, preventive measures may be taken.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra, Indonesia. putrice00@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Putri Chairani
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Eyanoer
authors.forename: Pratap
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singhasivanon
authors.forename: Jaranit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaewkungwal
authors.forename: Anucha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apisarnthanarak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011156:Population Density; D011200:Poultry; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult