title: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in imprisoned individuals--a review.
abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders with lifelong impact of the affected individuals. It is usually co-morbid with other psychiatric disorders. This paper aims to review current knowledge about ADHD in imprisoned individuals. The rate of ADHD in prisoners ranges from 10% to 70% and it has been suggested that ADHD, even without co-morbidity with conduct disorder, is a risk factor for imprisonment. Based on these findings, it may be wise to include the assessment of ADHD symptoms in all adult and adolescent prisoners. This is while available psychiatric resources for the adequate management of ADHD in prisoners are limited. Most of current knowledge on the topic comes from western countries. There is an urgent need for studies that will explore the effect of other cultures on the interactions between ADHD and imprisonment, especially in developing countries worldwide. At this point, ADHD seems to be an ignored research area in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Hafez Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ghanizad@sina.tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghanizadeh
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhondzadeh
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanaei-Zadeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult