title: Ubiquitin-family modifications in the replication of DNA damage.
abstract: The cell uses specialised Y-family DNA polymerases or damage avoidance mechanisms to replicate past damaged sites in DNA. These processes are under complex regulatory systems, which employ different types of post-translational modification. All the Y-family polymerases have ubiquitin binding domains that bind to mono-ubiquitinated PCNA to effect the switching from replicative to Y-family polymerase. Ubiquitination and de-ubiquitination of PCNA are tightly regulated. There is also evidence for another as yet unidentified ubiquitinated protein being involved in recruitment of Y-family polymerases to chromatin. Poly-ubiquitination of PCNA stimulates damage avoidance, and, at least in yeast, PCNA is SUMOylated to prevent unwanted recombination events at the replication fork. The Y-family polymerases themselves can be ubiquitinated and, in the case of DNA polymerase η, this results in the polymerase being excluded from chromatin.
authors.affiliation: Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK. a.r.lehmann@sussex.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lehmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004261:DNA Replication; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099270:Y-Family DNA Polymerases
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D025801:Ubiquitin; C112338:Rad30 protein; D000099270:Y-Family DNA Polymerases