title: Training for assessment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia across languages and cultures: comparison of the NSA-16 with the PANSS Negative Subscale and Negative Symptom factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 16-item Negative Symptom Assessment scale (NSA-16) has been validated in English-speaking raters. We analyzed the level of agreement achieved among raters of different nationalities using the NSA-16 and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative subscale and Marder negative factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raters participating in two international trials were trained in the use of each instrument through lectures and feedback on their ratings of at least one videotaped interview of a schizophrenic patient. Overall and regional (North America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, South/Central America, and Australia and South Africa combined) kappa values were calculated and mean total scores were compared (1-way analysis of variance) by region for each instrument. In addition, within-scales variance was calculated by item to help identify negative symptoms that were particularly challenging to obtain agreement on across cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the combined group of international raters, the kappa values for ratings of the NSA-16, PANSS negative subscale, and Marder negative factors were 0.89, 0.84, and 0.82, respectively. Kappa values calculated by geographic region ranged from 0.87 to 0.94 for the NSA-16 compared with 0.82 to 0.86 for the PANSS negative subscale and 0.79 to 0.87 for the PANSS Marder negative factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite cultural and linguistic differences among raters, standardizing measurement of negative symptoms in international clinical trials is possible using available rating scales: NSA-16, PANSS negative subscale, and Marder negative subscale. Agreement among raters was at least as high using the NSA-16 as using the PANSS instruments.
authors.affiliation: United BioSource Corporation, McLean, VA, USA. david.daniel@unitedbiosource.com
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alphs
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cazorla
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bartko
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Panagides
mesh_terms: D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004517:Education, Professional; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D015588:Observer Variation; D011581:Psychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*