title: Preventing pressure ulcers in hospitals: A systematic review of nurse-focused quality improvement interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A systematic review of the literature on nurse-focused interventions conducted in the hospital setting informs the evidence base for implementation of pressure ulcer (PU) prevention programs. Despite the availability of published guidelines, there is little evidence about which interventions can be successfully integrated into routine care through quality improvement (QI). The two previous literature syntheses on PU prevention have included articles from multiple settings but have not focused specifically on QI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of six electronic databases for publications from January 1990 to September 2009 was conducted. Trial registries and bibliographies of retrieved studies and reviews, and Internet sites of funding agencies were also searched. Using standardized forms, two independent reviewers screened publications for eligibility into the sample; data were abstracted and study quality was assessed for those that passed screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of them used a before-and-after study design in a single site. Intervention strategies included PU-specific changes in combination with educational and/or QI strategies. Most studies reported patient outcome measures, while fewer reported nursing process of care measures. For nearly all the studies, the authors concluded that the intervention had a positive effect. The pooled risk difference for developing PUs was -.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.0976, -0.0418) comparing the pre- and postintervention status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research can build the evidence base for implementation through an increased emphasis on understanding the mechanisms by which improved outcomes are achieved and describing the conditions under which specific intervention strategies are likely to succeed or fail.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles HSR&D Center of Sepulveda VA Ambulatory Care Center, Sepulveda, California, USA. lynn.soban@va.gov
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Soban
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hempel
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Munjas
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: Lisa V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
mesh_terms: D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D009736:Nursing Process / Q000592:standards*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000592:standards*; D017592:Skin Care / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards