title: Antibiotic resistant infections with antibiotic-impregnated Bactiseal catheters for ventriculoperitoneal shunts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shunts remain the commonest means by which hydrocephalus is treated. Despite the changes in valve and catheter technology, shunt infection and blockage are still a cause of great headache for the patient as well as the neurosurgeon. Antibiotic-laced catheters were proposed as a means by which to reduce shunt colonization and infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present our experience of 52 months of Bactiseal catheters in all consecutive patients who underwent a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt from July 2004 to November 2008, under the care of one neurosurgeon. This was a prospective study with outcome measures of infection, blockage, intra and postoperative complications and revision surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and twenty-five patients underwent VP shunting with Bactiseal catheters, with a combination of NSC, Strata and Burr Hole valves. The age range of the patients was from 1 week premature to 64-years old. Forty-two of the patients were paediatric. The aetiology for hydrocephalus included posterior fossa tumoursto intra-ventricular haemorrhage, post-meningitic hydrocephalus and aqueduct stenosis. The overall complication rate was 12%. The following complications occurred: blockage in two cases; haemorrhage and blockage in two cases; CSF leak in one case; infection in four cases; other in three cases (peritoneal adhesions, wound erosion and postoperative peritonitis). There were four infections in total (3.2%). All of these occurred within six months of implantation. All infections were caused by rifampicin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an era of increasing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistance and 'superbugs', is the use of antibiotic-laced catheters adding to the pool of resistant bacteria which may be harder to treat? Vigilance is required, as rare and resistant staphylococci strains occasionally can emerge as causative agents for VP shunt infections, in both adults and children, and their treatment can be difficult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK. andreas.demetriades@gmail.com
authors.forename: Andreas K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Demetriades
authors.forename: Sanj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bassi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D057785:Catheters / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012086:Reoperation; D012293:Rifampin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012293:Rifampin