title: Evaluating the impact of simulation on translational patient outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A long and rich research legacy shows that under the right conditions, simulation-based medical education (SBME) is a powerful intervention to increase medical learner competence. SBME translational science demonstrates that results achieved in the educational laboratory (T1) transfer to improved downstream patient care practices (T2) and improved patient and public health (T3).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a qualitative synthesis of SBME translational science research (TSR) that employs a critical review approach to literature aggregation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence from SBME and health services research programs that are thematic, sustained, and cumulative shows that measured outcomes can be achieved at T1, T2, and T3 levels. There is also evidence that SBME TSR can yield a favorable return on financial investment and contributes to long-term retention of acquired clinical skills. The review identifies best practices in SBME TSR, presents challenges and critical gaps in the field, and sets forth a TSR agenda for SBME.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rigorous SBME TSR can contribute to better patient care and improved patient safety. Consensus conference outcomes and recommendations should be presented and used judiciously.
authors.affiliation: Center for Education in Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. wcmc@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: McGaghie
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Draycott
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Connie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stefanidis
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical