title: Efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus managed without insulin: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels is commonly performed by patients with diabetes mellitus. However, there is debate surrounding the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of this practice among patients with type 2 diabetes managed without insulin. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of self-monitoring versus no self-monitoring, and the optimal frequency of self-monitoring, in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS Previews, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies published in English from January 1990 to March 2009. Additional citations were obtained through searches of the Internet and conference proceedings, and from stakeholder feedback. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and performed an assessment of the methodologic quality of the studies. Key outcomes of interest were hemoglobin A1c (HbA(₁c)) concentration, hypoglycemia, quality of life, long-term complications of diabetes and death. Where appropriate, we pooled data using random-effects meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 1624 citations through the literature search and selected 25 articles for inclusion. We observed a statistically significant improvement in the HbA(₁c) concentration across RCTs that compared self-monitoring of blood glucose levels with no self-monitoring among patients taking oral antidiabetes drug therapy (weighted mean difference --0.25%, 95% confidence interval -0.36% to -0.15%). Subgroup analysis indicated that results from RCTs that provided patients with education on how to interpret and apply self-monitoring test results were similar to those from RCTs that did not. On the basis of limited evidence, self-monitoring of blood glucose levels did not demonstrate consistent benefits in terms of quality of life, patient satisfaction, prevention of hypoglycemia or long-term complications of diabetes, or reduction of mortality. There was insufficient evidence pertaining to the optimal frequency of self-monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels was associated with a modest, statistically significant reduction in hemoglobin A1c concentrations, regardless of whether patients were provided with education on how to interpret and use the test results. Further studies are required to determine whether self-monitoring reduces the risk of long-term complications of diabetes and to identify patients most likely to benefit from self-monitoring.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: Changhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Avtar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chelak
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Sumeet R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Marshall
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahl