title: Effects of pramipexole on the reinforcing effectiveness of stimuli that were previously paired with cocaine reinforcement in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dopamine D(2)-like agonists maintain responding when substituted for cocaine in laboratory animals. However, these effects appear to be mediated by an interaction with stimuli that were previously paired with cocaine reinforcement (CS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the extent to which the pramipexole-maintained and pramipexole-induced responding are influenced by cocaine-paired stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were trained to nosepoke for cocaine under fixed ratio 1 (FR1) or progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. In FR1-trained rats, pramipexole was substituted for cocaine with injections either paired with CSs, or delivered in their absence. The capacity of experimenter-administered pramipexole to induce FR1 and PR responding for CS presentation was evaluated. The effects of altering stimulus conditions, as well as pretreatments with D(2)- (L: -741,626) and D(3)-preferring (PG01037) antagonists on pramipexole-induced PR responding were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When substituted for cocaine, pramipexole maintained responding at high rates when injections were paired with CSs, but low rates when CSs were omitted. Similarly, experimenter-administered pramipexole induced dose-dependent increases in FR1 or PR responding, with high rates of responding observed when the CS was presented, and low rates of responding when CS presentation was omitted. D(2) and D(3) antagonists differentially affected pramipexole-induced PR responding, with L: -741,626 and PG01037 producing rightward, and downward shifts in the dose-response curve for CS-maintained responding, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that pramipexole is capable of enhancing the reinforcing effectiveness of conditioned stimuli, and raise the possibility that similar mechanisms are responsible for the increased occurrence of impulse control disorders in patients being treated with pramipexole.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA. collinsg@umich.edu
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Alyssa R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Jianyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shaomeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Amy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D000077487:Pramipexole; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D000077487:Pramipexole; D003042:Cocaine