title: Human resources for maternal, newborn and child health: from measurement and planning to performance for improved health outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing attention, globally and in countries, to monitoring and addressing the health systems and human resources inputs, processes and outputs that impede or facilitate progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals for maternal and child health. We reviewed the situation of human resources for health (HRH) in 68 low- and middle-income countries that together account for over 95% of all maternal and child deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected and analysed cross-nationally comparable data on HRH availability, distribution, roles and functions from new and existing sources, and information from country reviews of HRH interventions that are associated with positive impacts on health services delivery and population health outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings from 68 countries demonstrate availability of doctors, nurses and midwives is positively correlated with coverage of skilled birth attendance. Most (78%) of the target countries face acute shortages of highly skilled health personnel, and large variations persist within and across countries in workforce distribution, skills mix and skills utilization. Too few countries appropriately plan for, authorize and support nurses, midwives and community health workers to deliver essential maternal, newborn and child health-care interventions that could save lives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite certain limitations of the data and findings, we identify some key areas where governments, international partners and other stakeholders can target efforts to ensure a sufficient, equitably distributed and efficiently utilized health workforce to achieve MDGs 4 and 5.
authors.affiliation: Making Pregnancy Safer, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. maliqib@who.int.
authors.forename: Neeru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Blerta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maliqi
authors.forename: Adson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: França
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyonator
authors.forename: Muhammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pate
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Hedia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Belhadj
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Daelmans