title: Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction: can they help us deciphering systemic inflammation and sepsis?
abstract: The endothelial integrity, as mechanical barrier against microorganisms and as natural "anticoagulant", is crucial for physiologic organ function. Systemic activation of the endothelium upon inflammation, sepsis, and septic shock is always ending in blood-tissue barrier disruption. With increasing dysfunction, uncontrolled clotting activation, capillary microthrombi formation, tissue edema, local hypoxia, and ischemia are initiated. This in turn enhances a vicious circle leading to multiple organ failure and death. Therefore, biomarkers reflecting this special compartment may help in the early detection of systemic inflammation and its complications. This review provides an overview of the most important endothelial biomarkers and their possible use in sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany. patrick.paulus@kgu.de
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jennewein
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zacharowski
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D000071120:ADAMTS13 Protein; D042683:Angiopoietin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D042702:Angiopoietin-2 / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000097:blood; D019087:Selectins / Q000097:blood; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000175:diagnosis; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C467630:ANGPT1 protein, human; D042683:Angiopoietin-1; D042702:Angiopoietin-2; D015415:Biomarkers; C101134:ESM1 protein, human; D019332:Endothelin-1; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D011509:Proteoglycans; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D019087:Selectins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D051722:ADAM Proteins; D000071120:ADAMTS13 Protein; C099604:ADAMTS13 protein, human