title: A trigger model of apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability of living cells to respond appropriately to apoptosis signals is crucial for the proper development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. For example, viable cells must be stable enough to appropriately respond to apoptosis signaling so that an irreversible death program is only induced when apoptosis signaling reaches a certain threshold. Previous studies have introduced bistability models in which signaling by caspase-3 activity represents a key regulator of cell fate in response to apoptosis stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling is investigated, and a mathematical model without the requirement for bistability is proposed. In this model, rapid degradation of the active forms of caspases -8 and -3 are included, and TNF-signaling is found to induce a pulse of caspase-3 activation and trigger an irreversible death program. This result agrees with experimental observations. The ability of a cell to respond to, or resist, apoptosis stimuli is also discussed. Furthermore, the activation efficiencies of caspases -8 and -3 that are essential to a cell's response to extracellular apoptosis stimuli are defined. Based on the simulations performed, it is observed that activation efficiencies must be sufficiently sensitive to appropriately compromise a cell's resistance and effectiveness in response to apoptosis stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that bistability may not be a necessary condition for the induction of apoptosis by TNF signaling. Rather, a sharp increase in caspase-3 activity might be sufficient to trigger the induction of an irreversible death program. Accordingly, regulation of caspase activity and degradation of active caspases is essential for a cell's response to apoptosis stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yingyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jinzhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lei
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8