title: Clinical trial of extended-dose chloroquine for treatment of resistant falciparum malaria among Afghan refugees in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Falciparum malaria is a significant problem for Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Refugee treatment guidelines recommended standard three-day chloroquine treatment (25 mg/kg) for first episodes and extended five-day treatment (40 mg/kg) for recrudescent infections, based on the assumption that a five-day course would more likely achieve a cure. An in-vivo randomized controlled trial was conducted among refugees with uncomplicated falciparum malaria to determine whether five-day treatment (CQ40) was more effective than standard treatment (CQ25).
  
  
  METHODS
  142 falciparum patients were recruited into CQ25 or CQ40 treatment arms and followed up to 60 days with regular blood smears. The primary outcome was parasitological cure without recrudescence. Treatment failures were retreated with CQ40. PCR genotyping of 270 samples, from the same and nearby sites, was used to support interpretation of outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  84% of CQ25 versus 51% of CQ40 patients experienced parasite recrudescence during follow-up (adjusted odds ratio 0.17, 95%CI 0.08-0.38). Cure rates were significantly improved with CQ40, particularly among adults. Fever clearance time, parasite clearance time, and proportions gametocytaemic post-treatment were similar between treatment groups. Second-line CQ40 treatment resulted in higher failure rates than first-line CQ40 treatment. CQ-resistance marker pfcrt 76T was found in all isolates analysed, while pfmdr1 86Y and 184Y were found in 18% and 37% of isolates respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CQ is not suitable for first-line falciparum treatment in Afghan refugee communities. The extended-dose CQ regimen can overcome 39% of resistant infections that would recrudesce under the standard regimen, but the high failure rate after directly observed treatment demonstrates its use is inappropriate.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. natasha.howard@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Durrani
authors.forename: Sanda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanda
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beshir
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012036:Refugees; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D002738:Chloroquine