title: Physiologic and molecular consequences of endothelial Bmpr2 mutation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is thought to be driven by dysfunction of pulmonary vascular microendothelial cells (PMVEC). Most hereditary PAH is associated with BMPR2 mutations. However, the physiologic and molecular consequences of expression of BMPR2 mutations in PMVEC are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo experiments were performed on adult mice with conditional endothelial-specific expression of the truncation mutation Bmpr2delx4+, with age-matched transactivator-only mice as controls. Phenotype was assessed by RVSP, counts of muscularized vessels and proliferating cells, and staining for thromboses, inflammatory cells, and apoptotic cells. The effects of BMPR2 knockdown in PMVEC by siRNA on rates of apoptosis were assessed. Affymetrix expression arrays were performed on PMVEC isolated and cultured from triple transgenic mice carrying the immortomouse gene, a transactivator, and either control, Bmpr2delx4+ or Bmpr2R899X mutation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transgenic mice showed increased RVSP and corresponding muscularization of small vessels, with histologic alterations including thrombosis, increased inflammatory cells, increased proliferating cells, and a moderate increase in apoptotic cells. Expression arrays showed alterations in specific pathways consistent with the histologic changes. Bmpr2delx4+ and Bmpr2R899X mutations resulted in very similar alterations in proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and adhesion; Bmpr2delx4+ cells showed upregulation of platelet adhesion genes and cytokines not seen in Bmpr2R899X PMVEC. Bmpr2 mutation in PMVEC does not cause a loss of differentiation markers as was seen with Bmpr2 mutation in smooth muscle cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bmpr2 mutation in PMVEC in vivo may drive PAH through multiple, potentially independent, downstream mechanisms, including proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majka
authors.forename: Moira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harral
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gendron
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paradis
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crona
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Loyd
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nozik-Grayck
authors.forename: Kurt R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Stenmark
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D065627:Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005838:Genotype; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D055806:Microvessels / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000378:metabolism; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right; D017725:Ventricular Pressure
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; C498219:Bmpr2 protein, mouse; D052006:Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II