title: High-dose fenoldopam reduces postoperative neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocaline and cystatin C levels in pediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of high-dose fenoldopam, a selective dopamine-1 receptor, on renal function and organ perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective single-center randomized double-blind controlled trial was conducted in a pediatric cardiac surgery department. We randomized infants younger than 1 year with CHD and biventricular anatomy (with exclusion of isolated ventricular and atrial septal defect) to receive blindly a continuous infusion of fenoldopam at 1 μg/kg/min or placebo during CPB. Perioperative urinary and plasma levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocaline (NGAL), cystatin C (CysC), and creatinine were measured to assess renal injury after CPB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 80 patients: 40 received fenoldopam (group F) during CPB, and 40 received placebo (group P). A significant increase of urinary NGAL and CysC levels from baseline to intensive care unit (ICU) admission followed by restoration of normal values after 12 hours was observed in both groups. However, urinary NGAL and CysC values were significantly reduced at the end of surgery and 12 hours after ICU admission (uNGAL only) in group F compared with group P (P = 0.025 and 0.039, respectively). Plasma NGAL and CysC tended to increase from baseline to ICU admission in both groups, but they were not significantly different between the two groups. No differences were observed on urinary and plasma creatinine levels and on urine output between the two groups. Acute kidney injury (AKI) incidence in the postoperative period, as indicated by pRIFLE classification (pediatric score indicating Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of function, and End-stage kidney disease level of renal damage) was 50% in group F and 72% in group P (P = 0.08; odds ratio (OR), 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14 to 1.02). A significant reduction in diuretics (furosemide) and vasodilators (phentolamine) administration was observed in group F (P = 0.0085; OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment with high-dose fenoldopam during CPB in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery for CHD with biventricular anatomy significantly decreased urinary levels of NGAL and CysC and reduced the use of diuretics and vasodilators during CPB.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical Trial.Gov NCT00982527.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia/Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S, Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy. z.ricci@libero.it
authors.forename: Zaccaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Favia
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garisto
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muraca
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Chiara
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cogo
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Picardo
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000652:urine; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000652:urine*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D018818:Fenoldopam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000652:urine*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D018818:Fenoldopam