title: Prevalence, severity, and impact of foraminal and canal stenosis among adults with degenerative scoliosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management approaches for adult scoliosis are primarily based on adults with idiopathic scoliosis and extrapolated to adults with degenerative scoliosis. However, the often substantially, but poorly defined, greater degenerative changes present in degenerative scoliosis impact the management of these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence, severity, and impact of canal and foraminal stenosis in adults with degenerative scoliosis seeking operative treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospectively collected database of adult patients with deformity was reviewed for consecutive patients with degenerative scoliosis seeking surgical treatment, without prior corrective surgery. Patients completed the Oswestry Disability Index, SF-12, Scoliosis Research Society 22 questionnaire, and a pain numeric rating scale (0-10). Based on MRI or CT myelogram, the central canal and foraminae from T6 to S1 were graded for stenosis (normal or minimal/mild/moderate/severe).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six patients were included (mean age, 68.9 years; range, 51-85). The mean leg pain numeric rating scale was 6.5, and the mean Oswestry Disability Index score was 53.2. At least 1 level of severe foraminal stenosis was identified in 97% of patients; 83% had maximum foraminal stenosis in the curve concavity. All but 1 patient reported significant radicular pain, including 78% with discrete and 19% with multiple radiculopathies. Of those with discrete radiculopathies, 76% had pain corresponding to areas of the most severe foraminal stenosis, and 24% had pain corresponding to areas of moderate stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant foraminal stenosis was prevalent in patients with degenerative scoliosis, and the distribution of leg pain corresponded to levels of moderate or severe foraminal stenosis. Failure to address symptomatic foraminal stenosis when surgically treating adult degenerative scoliosis may negatively impact clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kai-Ming G
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rhagavan
authors.forename: Christopher I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Shaffrey
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Chernavvsky
authors.forename: Justin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed