title: Dietary intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have evaluated the potential association between consumption of fruit and vegetables and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) by histologic subtype, and the results of these studies have been inconsistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed history of dietary practices and food preferences was collected using a food frequency questionnaire from 348 cases and 470 controls in a population-based, case-control study conducted in Nebraska during 1999-2002. Risk for the highest versus lowest quartile or tertile of intake was estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lower risk of overall NHL was associated with a high intake of green leafy vegetables (OR = 0.6; CI = 0.3-1.0) and cruciferous vegetables (OR = 0.7; CI = 0.4-1.0). Analysis by subtype showed that green leafy vegetable intake was associated with a lower risk of follicular lymphoma (OR = 0.5; CI = 0.3-0.8) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (OR = 0.5; CI = 0.3-0.9), while consumption of cruciferous vegetables was associated with a lower risk of DLBCL (OR = 0.4; CI = 0.2-0.8). No association was found with intake of total vegetables, carotene-rich vegetables, or all fruit. For nutrients, the risk of NHL overall was inversely associated with a higher intake of β-cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.6; CI = 0.4-0.9), magnesium (OR = 0.4; CI = 0.2-0.6), potassium (OR = 0.5; CI = 0.3-1.0), and fiber (OR = 0.6; CI = 0.3-1.0), but positively associated with a higher intake of retinol (OR = 1.7; CI = 1.1-2.8). Intakes of vitamin E, magnesium, and potassium were inversely associated with the risk of DLBCL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher intake of green leafy vegetables and cruciferous vegetables is associated with a lower risk of NHL overall, particularly follicular lymphoma and DLBCL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2007, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. bchiu@uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Brian C-H
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Soyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Evens
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Surawicz
authors.forename: Sonali M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Weisenburger
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009329:Nebraska / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables