title: Clinical-pathological differences and smoking habit depending on gender in a cohort of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increased incidence of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in men is known, generally attributed to greater exposure to the effect carcinogenic products. Although it has been reported that cancer-specific outcome can be particularly adverse in women due to socioeconomic or biological factors, clinical-pathological differences of TCC at the time of diagnosis have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this study is to analyze whether there are gender-related differences in grade and tumor stage in primary bladder TCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive primary bladder TCC diagnoses made in our institution between 1990 and 2009 have been included. We retrospectively analyzed age, smoking, symptoms at presentation, tumor grade (WHO 1973), tumor size and number, and TNM stage, comparing men and women. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test as non-parametric test and Chi-squared test to compare frequencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed 1196 patients (992 males and 204 females) with a 5:1 ratio. We found significant differences in age (69 years vs. 73 years), smoking (46.5% vs. 11.2%)and muscle-invasive stage (12.1% vs. 18.1%). Correcting by tobacco consumption, never-smoker women have larger and more aggressive tumors with a frequency of muscle-invasive disease three times higher than male never-smokers and equaling to male current-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCC of the bladder is more frequent in males than females. In this series, women are older at the time of diagnosis and most often affected by muscle-invasive disease particularly in never-smokers. We need studies to analyze the potential impact of passive smoking to justify these results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Unidad Funcional de Cáncer Urológico, Parc de Salut de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Spain. jlorente@parcdesalutmar.cat
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lorente
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bielsa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rijo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cortadellas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nohales
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Francés
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Juanpere
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lloreta
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arango
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult