title: Is heart rate variability related to memory performance in middle-aged men?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic function, has been associated with cognitive function, but studies are conflicting. Previous studies have also not controlled for familial and genetic influences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed power spectral analysis on 24-hour ambulatory ECGs in 416 middle-aged male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Memory and learning were measured by verbal and visual Selective Reminding Tests (SRTs). Mixed-effect regression models were used to calculate associations between and within twin pairs, while adjusting for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age (standard deviation) was 55 (2.9) years. A statistically significant positive association was found between measures of HRV and verbal, but not visual, SRT scores. The most statistically significant unadjusted association was found between very low frequency HRV and verbal total recall SRT, such that each logarithm of increase in very low frequency was associated with an increased verbal SRT score of 4.85 points (p = .002). The association persisted despite the adjustment for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors, and after accounting for familial and genetic factors by comparing twins within pairs. A significant interaction was found between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and HRV, such that total power and ultra low frequency were associated with SRT in twins (n = 362) without PTSD, but not in those with PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower frequency spectra of HRV are associated with verbal, but not visual, learning and memory, particularly in subjects without PTSD. This association may indicate that autonomic nervous system dysregulation plays a role in cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Amit Jasvant
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Shaoyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Emir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Veledar
authors.forename: James Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.forename: Felicia C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lampert
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology; D014728:Veterans