title: Depression and chronic illness: a test of competing hypotheses.
abstract: No Indonesian studies have addressed the relationship between chronic illness and depression. Using simultaneous equation modeling, this study modeled the joint dependency of depression and chronic illness. The findings showed that the odds of having at least two chronic health conditions increase with the level of depression and individuals with at least two chronic health conditions have higher odds of being in a higher depression category. The health benefits of education are greater among Indonesian women after controlling for mobility, age, marital status, and smoking. Policies directed toward reducing gender differences in education are crucial to reduce persistent health inequalities.
authors.affiliation: Mississippi State University, MS 39762-5287, USA. hpl13@msstate.edu
authors.forename: Hui-Peng
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Liew
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States