title: Tissue fluid pressure and flow during pneumatic compression in lymphedema of lower limbs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physiotherapy of edema in cases with obstructed main lymphatics of lower limbs requires knowledge of how high external pressures should be applied manually or set in compression devices in order to generate tissue pressures high enough to move tissue fluid to nonswollen regions and to measure its flow rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured tissue fluid pressure and flow in subcutaneous tissue of lymphedematous limbs stages II to IV at rest and during pneumatic compression under various pressures and inflation timing. An 8-chamber sequential compression device inflated to pressures 50-120 mmHg, for 50 sec each chamber, with no distal deflation, was used. Pressures were measured using a wick-in-needle and electronic manometer. Fluid flow was calculated from continuously recorded changes in limb circumference using strain gauge plethysmography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before massage, in all stages of lymphedema, stagnant tissue fluid pressures in subcutaneous tissue ranged between -1 and +10 mmHg and did not differ from those measured in normal subjects. Pressures generated in tissue fluid by pneumatic compression reached 40-100 mmHg and were lower than those in inflated chambers. High pressure gradient through the skin was caused by its rigidity (fibrosis) and dissipation of applied compression force to proximal noncompressed limb regions. The calculated volumes of displaced tissue fluid ranged from 10 to 30 ml per compression cycle, to reach in some cases 100 ml in the groin region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue fluid pressures generated by a pneumatic device were found lower than in the compression chambers. The obtained results point to the necessity of applying high pressures and longer compression times to generate effective tissue fluid pressures and to provide enough time for moving the stagnant fluid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. waldemar.l.olszewski@gmail.com
authors.forename: Waldemar L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Govinda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ambujam
authors.forename: Marzanna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaleska
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cakala
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gradalski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure