title: Diurnal and nocturnal drooling in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Drooling as symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) has thus far been poorly defined. This uncertainty is reflected by high variations in published prevalence rates. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of saliva loss versus accumulation of saliva as a possible preliminary stage, and diurnal drooling versus nocturnal drooling. In addition, we evaluated the association between drooling severity and the severity of facial and oral motor disorders. We collected age, disease duration, UPDRS III and Hoehn & Yahr stage from 104 consecutive outpatients with PD. Diurnal and nocturnal drooling was evaluated with a validated questionnaire (ROMP-saliva). A speech pathologist, blinded for drooling severity, rated facial expression, involuntary mouth opening and difficulty with nose breathing and also interviewed patients about sleeping position and nose-breathing during the night. Thirty patients (29%) had no complaints with saliva control ('non-droolers'), 45 patients (43%) experienced accumulation of saliva or only nocturnal drooling ('pre-droolers'), and 29 (28%) had diurnal drooling (24 of which also drooled during the night; 'droolers'). The droolers had longer disease duration (10 vs. 7 years, p = 0.01) and drooling was independently associated with involuntary mouth opening (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.02-3.99) and swallowing complaints (OR = 1.2; 95% CI 1.03-1.31). Diurnal drooling-defined as dribbling of saliva while awake-is present in about 28% of PD patients. This is less than usually reported. Diurnal drooling typically appeared later in the disease course. The association with oral motor behavior should encourage the development of behavioral treatment approaches.
authors.affiliation: Nijmegen Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Internal code 897, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. h.kalf@reval.umcn.nl
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kalf
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munneke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005149:Facial Expression; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000502:physiology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000150:complications; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D012463:Saliva / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012798:Sialorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*