title: Comparative study of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and genotoxicity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of four Fabiana species that grow in mountainous area of Argentina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fabiana species (Solanaceae family) extracts have long been used in Argentinean traditional medicine as anti-inflammatories, antiseptic, bone fractures and others diseases, but there is no scientific evidence which supports their use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of four Fabiana species (Fabiana bryoides Phil., Fabiana punensis A.C. Arroyo, Fabiana densa J. Rèmy and Fabiana patagonica Speg.) to inhibit key enzymes in inflammatory processes, free radical scavenging properties and genotoxic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPLC-DAD of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from four Fabiana species was established. All Fabiana extracts were evaluated on their ability to inhibit hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase enzymes to assess their activity against inflammatory mediators. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays and β-carotene-linolenic acid assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated by the Ames assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that the chromatographic patterns of four Fabiana species were different in quantity and absorption intensity of peaks. The alcoholic extract of Fabiana punensis was the most active scavenger of DPPH and ABTS(+) radicals (SC(50) values of 3.85 ± 0.24 and 2.56 ± 0.10 μgGAE/mL, respectively). Fabiana patagonica extracts exhibited the highest peroxyl radical scavenging activity compared with the other three taxa (IC(50) values between 1.00 ± 0.04 and 4.46 ± 0.40 μg GAE/mL for all extracts) and anti-lipoxygenase activity with IC(50) values between 12.5 and 15.5 μg GAE/mL. The absence of mutagenicity indicates that the DNA does not seem to be a relevant target for these extracts. Fabiana bryoides ethanolic extract showed an interesting effect: it inhibited spontaneous mutagenesis, which could be considered as an antimutagenic effect in the TA98 (+S9) and TA100 (+S9/-S9) strains. The potency differences found between the species could be consequence of the different phytochemical pattern observed by HPLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inhibitory effects on lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase, free radical scavenging activities and lack of genotoxicity of Fabiana extracts may support the folk use of Fabiana punensis, Fabiana patagonica, Fabiana bryoides and Fabiana densa as inhibitor of inflammatory mediators.
authors.affiliation: INQUINOA (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 1469, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuello
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Alberto
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Zampini
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ordoñez
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Isla
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001118:Argentina; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004249:DNA Damage; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D019657:Solanaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D016859:Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D013844:Thiazoles; D019207:beta Carotene; D014867:Water; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D000431:Ethanol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase