title: Diagnostic laparoscopy for the management of impalpable testes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Controversy exists regarding the best approach to impalpable testes. We determined the usefulness of diagnostic laparoscopy for the management of impalpable testes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2000 and 2008, 86 patients with a mean age of 34 months underwent diagnostic laparoscopy. An inguinal canal exploration was performed in all cases, except in patients in whom the internal spermatic vessels terminated intraperitoneally with a blind end.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The undescended testis was right-sided in 24 patients (27.9%), left-sided in 47 patients (54.7%), and bilateral in 15 patients (17.4%). Three patients (3.5%) had bilateral impalpable testes. The vas and vessels traversed the internal ring in 51 of 89 impalpable testes (57.3%); 20 (22.5%) were localized intraperitoneally, and 18 (20.2%) were diagnosed as vanishing testes. Open orchiopexies were performed on 24 testes (27.0%) and orchiectomies were performed on 43 nubbin testes (48.3%). After a mean follow-up period of 30 months, 12 of the 14 testes (85.7%) were viable following open conventional orchiopexy, compared with 6 of the 10 testes (60%) following a 1-stage Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnostic laparoscopy is a very helpful and minimally invasive technique in the diagnosis of impalpable testes, especially when preoperative ultrasonography is not sufficiently informative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yong Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kwanjin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hwang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi