title: Use of a blocking ELISA for antibodies to equine influenza virus as a test to distinguish between naturally infected and vaccinated horses: proof of concept studies.
abstract: An important consideration in the selection of a vaccine during the Australian equine influenza (EI) outbreak in 2007 was the ability to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) targeted for the nucleoprotein of influenza A viruses was developed to differentiate between naturally infected horses and horses vaccinated with the ProteqFlu® vaccine, which only induces a response to viral haemagglutinin. This bELISA assay met the DIVA requirements and was used extensively during the EI control and eradication programs and 'proof of freedom' testing.
authors.affiliation: Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia. peter.kirkland@industry.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Kirkland
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delbridge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001315:Australia; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D006736:Horses; D053123:Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000276:immunology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines