title: Automated measurement of the arteriolar-to-venular width ratio in digital color fundus photographs.
abstract: A decreased ratio of the width of retinal arteries to veins [arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio (AVR)], is well established as predictive of cerebral atrophy, stroke and other cardiovascular events in adults. Tortuous and dilated arteries and veins, as well as decreased AVR are also markers for plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity. This work presents an automated method to estimate the AVR in retinal color images by detecting the location of the optic disc, determining an appropriate region of interest (ROI), classifying vessels as arteries or veins, estimating vessel widths, and calculating the AVR. After vessel segmentation and vessel width determination, the optic disc is located and the system eliminates all vessels outside the AVR measurement ROI. A skeletonization operation is applied to the remaining vessels after which vessel crossings and bifurcation points are removed, leaving a set of vessel segments consisting of only vessel centerline pixels. Features are extracted from each centerline pixel in order to assign these a soft label indicating the likelihood that the pixel is part of a vein. As all centerline pixels in a connected vessel segment should be the same type, the median soft label is assigned to each centerline pixel in the segment. Next, artery vein pairs are matched using an iterative algorithm, and the widths of the vessels are used to calculate the AVR. We trained and tested the algorithm on a set of 65 high resolution digital color fundus photographs using a reference standard that indicates for each major vessel in the image whether it is an artery or vein. We compared the AVR values produced by our system with those determined by a semi-automated reference system. We obtained a mean unsigned error of 0.06 (SD 0.04) in 40 images with a mean AVR of 0.67. A second observer using the semi-automated system obtained the same mean unsigned error of 0.06 (SD 0.05) on the set of images with a mean AVR of 0.66. The testing data and reference standard used in this study has been made publicly available.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, USA. meindertniemeijer@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Meindert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niemeijer
authors.forename: Xiayu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Alina V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Dumitrescu
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ginneken
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Folk
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Abramoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003116:Color; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D058437:Hypertensive Retinopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010781:Photography; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012160:Retina / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012169:Retinal Vein / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014655:Vascular Resistance