title: Extracellular domain of CD98hc is required for early murine development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The multifunctional protein CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc, Slc3a2) associates with integrin β1 through its cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains and the CD98hc-mediated integrin signaling is required for maintenance of ES cell proliferation. CD98hc-null mice exhibit early post-implantation lethality similar to integrin β1-null mice, supporting the importance of its interaction with integrin β1. On the other hand, the extracellular domain of CD98hc interacts with L-type amino acid transporters (LATs) and is essential for appropriate cell surface distribution of LATs. LATs mediate the transport of amino acids and other molecules such as thyroid hormone. In this respect, CD98hc may also affect development via these transporters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, mice were generated from embryonic stem (ES) cell line (PST080) harboring a mutant CD98hc allele (CD98hcΔ/+). Expression of the CD98hc mutant allele results in ΔCD98hc-β geo fusion protein where extracellular C-terminal 102 amino acids of CD98hc are replaced with β geo. Analyses of PST080 ES cells as well as reconstituted frog oocytes demonstrated that ΔCD98hc-β geo fusion protein preserved its ability to interact with integrin β1 although this mutant protein was hardly localized on the cell surface. These findings suggest that ΔCD98hc-β geo protein can mediate integrin signaling but cannot support amino acid transport through LATs. CD98hcΔ/+ mice were normal. Although some of the implantation sites lacked embryonic component at E9.5, all the implantation sites contained embryonic component at E7.5. Thus, CD98hcΔ/Δ embryos are likely to die between E7.5 and E9.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering that CD98hc complete knockout (CD98hc-/-) embryos are reported to die shortly after implantation, our findings suggest potential stage-specific roles of CD98hc in murine embryonic development. CD98hc may be essential for early post-implantation development by regulating integrin-dependent signaling, while the other function of CD98hc as a component of amino acid transporters may be required for embryonic development at later stages.
authors.affiliation: Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA. shi@helix.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Yukiyasu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heimeier
authors.forename: Cuiling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chuxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Yun-Bo
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Shi