title: TIPS stent migration into the heart with 6-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is widely used for the treatment of portal hypertension in adults, but no studies have defined the best approach to treat portal hypertension in pediatric patients. Pediatric use of TIPS is rare even in large centers of adult practice. The migration of stents has also been reported as a complication in adults. There is no standard way to treat this type of complication, and it is not always clear whether immediate removal or watchful waiting is safer for the patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the case of an 11-year-old patient who underwent urgent TIPS implantation due to variceal bleeding, after unsuccessful sclerotherapy. During the procedure, due to the deep impact of the stent, a second, telescopic, stent was inserted. The portal pressure decreased, no further bleeding occurred, and the patient was listed for transplantation. Three weeks later a routine chest X-ray discovered the migration of the second stent into the right ventricle. No interventional radiological removal or open heart surgery was available for the transplant waiting list patient. The patient underwent uneventful combined liver-kidney transplantation. During the 6-year follow-up period the child had no signs of hemodynamic instability, and his somatic and mental development were appropriate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge this case is the first publication on a heart-impacted TIPS stent in a child. The watchful waiting was justified by uneventful combined liver-kidney transplantation and long-term follow-up. This case also underlines the need for best practice guidelines in pediatric portal hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. drfehervariimre@t-online.hu
authors.forename: Imre
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fehervari
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Szonyi
authors.forename: Janos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fazakas
authors.forename: Zsuzsa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gerlei
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lazar
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D015607:Stents; D057832:Watchful Waiting