title: No impact of hepatitis C virus infection on mortality among drug users during the first decade after seroconversion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most studies of progression of chronic hepatitis C virus (cHCV) infection were conducted in hospital settings and were therefore biased for patients with severe disease. We evaluated the long-term outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among injecting drug users, recruited from outside the hospital setting, and examined the effect of cHCV on mortality after seroconversion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied data from 106 seroconverters with a documented or estimated date of HCV seroconversion. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to determine the effect of HCV persistence, compared with HCV clearance, on survival after HCV seroconversion. The median follow-up time was 14.8 years (interquartile range, 7.8-19.6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  cHCV infection developed in 71 of the subjects (67%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 57%-76%); 33 subjects died. One HCV-related death was observed 23 years after HCV seroconversion. Most causes of death were non-natural (n = 12) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related (n = 8). The effect of cHCV on mortality was nonproportional over time. When survival time was analyzed separately for 0-5 years, >5-10 years, and >10 years after HCV seroconversion, the age-adjusted hazard ratios for cHCV were 0.59 (95% CI, 0.16-2.20), 1.76 (95% CI, 0.36-8.53), and 8.28 (95% CI, 1.10-64.55), respectively, compared with resolved HCV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  cHCV infection does not affect overall mortality in the first decade after seroconversion, compared with individuals who resolve HCV infection; however, during the second decade after infection, individuals with cHCV have an increased risk for all-cause mortality. Mortality from liver-related causes was low but might have been masked by competing mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. bgrady@ggd.amsterdam.nl
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Jannie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Helm
authors.forename: Janke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schinkel
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: Anneke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krol
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis