title: Increased systolic blood pressure after mild cold and rewarming: relation to cold-induced thermogenesis and age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Higher winter mortality in elderly has been associated with augmented systolic blood pressure (SBP) response and with impaired defense of core temperature. Here we investigated whether the augmented SBP upon mild cold exposure remains after a rewarming period, and whether SBP changes are linked to thermoregulation. Therefore, we tested the following hypotheses: cold-induced increase in SBP (1) remains augmented after rewarming in elderly compared to young adults (2) is related to non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) upon mild cold (3) is related to vasoconstriction upon mild cold.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood pressure, energy expenditure (EE), skin and core temperature, skin perfusion (abdomen, forearm, both sides of hand) and % body fat were measured in 12 young adults (Y) and 12 elderly (E). Supine subjects were exposed to a thermoneutral baseline 0.5 h (T(air) = 30.1°C), 1 h mild cold (T(air) = 20.7°C), 1 h rewarming (T(air) = 34.8°C) and 1 h baseline (T(air) = 30.5°C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon mild cold only the young adults showed significant NST (Y: +2.5 ± 0.6 W m(-2), P < 0.05). No significant age effects in vasoconstriction were observed. After rewarming per cent change in SBP (%ΔSBP) remained significantly increased in both age groups and was augmented in elderly (Y: +5.0% ± 1.2% vs. E: +14.7% ± 3.1%, P < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed that %ΔSBP significantly related to ΔEE upon mild cold (P < 0.01, r(2) = 0.35) and in elderly also to %body fat (P < 0.02, r(2) = 0.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual changes in SBP after rewarming correlate negatively to NST. Elderly did not show NST, which explains the greater SBP increase in this group. In elderly a relatively large %body fat protected against the adverse effects of mild cold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center+, the Netherlands. b.kingma@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: B R M
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kingma
authors.forename: A J H
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Frijns
authors.forename: W H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van Steenhoven
authors.forename: W D van Marken
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Lichtenbelt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017694:Rewarming; D012881:Skin Temperature; D022722:Thermogenesis; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D055815:Young Adult