title: Study of neurontin: titrate to effect, profile of safety (STEPS) trial: a narrative account of a gabapentin seeding trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seeding trials, clinical studies conducted by pharmaceutical companies for marketing purposes, have rarely been described in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined all documents relating to the clinical trial Study of Neurontin: Titrate to Effect, Profile of Safety (STEPS) produced during the Neurontin marketing, sales practices, and product liability litigation, including company internal and external correspondence, reports, and presentations, as well as depositions elicited in legal proceedings of Harden Manufacturing vs Pfizer and Franklin vs Warner-Lambert, most which were created between 1990 and 2009. Using a systematic search strategy, we identified and reviewed all documents related to the STEPS trial in order to identify key themes related to the trial's conduct and determine the extent of marketing involvement in its planning and implementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Documents demonstrated that STEPS was a seeding trial posing as a legitimate scientific study. Documents consistently described the trial itself, not trial results, to be a marketing tactic in the company's marketing plans. Documents demonstrated that at least 2 external sources questioned the validity of the study before execution, and that data quality during the study was often compromised. Furthermore, documents described company analyses examining the impact of participating as a STEPS investigator on rates and dosages of gabapentin prescribing, finding a positive association. None of these findings were reported in 2 published articles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The STEPS trial was a seeding trial, used to promote gabapentin and increase prescribing among investigators, and marketing was extensively involved in its planning and implementation.
authors.affiliation: Never Again Consulting LLC, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Krumholz
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Egilman
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000941:ethics*; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D000077206:Gabapentin; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing / Q000941:ethics*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin