title: Childhood onset schizophrenia: high rate of visual hallucinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document high rates and clinical correlates of nonauditory hallucinations in childhood onset schizophrenia (COS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a sample of 117 pediatric patients (mean age 13.6 years), diagnosed with COS, the presence of auditory, visual, somatic/tactile, and olfactory hallucinations was examined using the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). We also compared hallucination modality membership (presence/absence) groups on gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age of onset (of psychosis), Full Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, and clinical severity (Children's Global Assessment Scale [CGAS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms [SANS]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 111 COS patients (94.9%) had auditory and 94 patients (80.3%) had visual hallucinations. Somatic/tactile (60.7%) and olfactory (29.9%) hallucinations occurred almost exclusively in patients who also had visual hallucinations. Children who had visual hallucinations had lower IQ, earlier age of onset, and more severe illness relative to children who did not have visual hallucinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we observed that patients with COS have high rates of hallucinations across all modalities. An increased rate of visual hallucinations is associated with greater clinical impairment and greater compromise in overall brain functioning. Somatic and olfactory hallucinations reflect an additive rather than alternative symptom pattern.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1600, USA. davidcn@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenstein
authors.forename: Liv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clasen
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gochman
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Julia W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tossell
authors.forename: Anand A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mattai
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gogtay
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012561:Schizophrenia, Childhood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology