title: Registered nurses' job demands in relation to sitter use: nested case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increases in overtime and absenteeism among registered nurses (RNs), in conjunction with a workforce having less experience, have resulted in high RN job demands. At the same time, there has been an increase in hospitals' use of patient sitters (i.e., unskilled attendants), but it is not known if these two changes are correlated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine if indicators of RN job demands, specifically overtime, absenteeism, and experience, are related to greater sitter use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control study design was used. All patients who were assigned a sitter (cases) were selected from a cohort of 43,212 medical and surgical patients who had been admitted to an academic health center in Montreal (Canada) in 2007 and 2008. For each case (n = 1,179), up to four controls (n = 4,167) were selected randomly among patients who did not receive a sitter. Multivariate logistic regression, within a generalized estimating equation framework, was used to assess the association between RN job demand indicators and sitter use, while controlling for other risk factors for sitter use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, patients who were assigned sitters had been subject to high rates of RN overtime and absenteeism and lower RN cumulative experience in the period prior to sitter use. Each additional hour of RN overtime increased the likelihood of sitter use by 108% (odds ratio = 2.08, 95% confidence interval = 1.32-3.29). Every 5 years of collective RN experience reduced the odds of sitter use by 23% (odds ratio = 0.77, 95% confidence interval = 0.66-0.89). Absenteeism was not associated with sitter use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High RN overtime and collective inexperience are associated with greater sitter use. A possible explanation is that sitters are used to palliate failures to meet high job demands. Further research is required to assess the impact of sitter use on patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Clinical & Health Informatics Research Group, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Christian.Rochefort@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Christian M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rochefort
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Nadyne
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Robyn M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tamblyn
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006746:Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009728:Nursing Assistants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D011792:Quebec; D012307:Risk Factors; D018582:Sick Leave; D016526:Workload