title: Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thyrotoxicosis has multiple etiologies, manifestations, and potential therapies. Appropriate treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting medical conditions and patient preference. This article describes evidence-based clinical guidelines for the management of thyrotoxicosis that would be useful to generalist and subspeciality physicians and others providing care for patients with this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  The development of these guidelines was commissioned by the American Thyroid Association in association with the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. The American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists assembled a task force of expert clinicians who authored this report. The task force examined relevant literature using a systematic PubMed search supplemented with additional published materials. An evidence-based medicine approach that incorporated the knowledge and experience of the panel was used to develop the text and a series of specific recommendations. The strength of the recommendations and the quality of evidence supporting each was rated according to the approach recommended by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical topics addressed include the initial evaluation and management of thyrotoxicosis; management of Graves' hyperthyroidism using radioactive iodine, antithyroid drugs, or surgery; management of toxic multinodular goiter or toxic adenoma using radioactive iodine or surgery; Graves' disease in children, adolescents, or pregnant patients; subclinical hyperthyroidism; hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy; and management of other miscellaneous causes of thyrotoxicosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One hundred evidence-based recommendations were developed to aid in the care of patients with thyrotoxicosis and to share what the task force believes is current, rational, and optimal medical practice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bahn
authors.forename: Henry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: M Carol
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Greenlee
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laurberg
authors.forename: I Ross
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Montori
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rivkees
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Julie Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.forename: Marius N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Stan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D013971:Thyrotoxicosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States