title: Skill-mix and service transfer to primary care settings.
abstract: METHODS
  British Nursing Index, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects), EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO and the reference lists of eligible papers were searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies that focused on practitioners with special interests (PwSIs) or roles clearly created/defined to be practising with special interests, detailing innovative ways of working with a special interest with evidence of formal evaluation of changing role of location of service from systematic reviews or interventions were included. Surveys of views on changing skill-mix or location of services, studies that did not concern dental or medical professionals, dental care or nursing professionals were excluded. Only studies in English and with a UK focus were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  All titles and abstracts identified were screened for relevance. Two authors assessed quality and extracted data, queries were reviewed by a third author and a narrative synthesis was presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six papers met the criteria with a strong bias towards the medical literature. Five categories emerged:(i) specialist outreach; (ii) general practitioners with a special interest; (iii) nurse practitioners with a special interest; (iv) dental care professionals; (v) out-of-hospital services. Evidence showed specialist outreach clinics to be effective in relation to access and patient satisfaction with some having a higher quality of care but higher cost. However there may be cost-benefits associated with this care, particularly when part of a multifaceted intervention. There is controversy and a limited evidence as to whether the services provided by medical PwSIs are effective, and whether the benefits outweigh the risk and the cost. From the evidence obtained through early innovation, it appears that these services can increase access and are more satisfying for patients, and that these roles have the potential to bring more work satisfaction to the practitioners. Overall, the findings do support the view that moving specialist care into the primary care setting via appropriately trained nurse practitioners is an effective use of resources, but with the caveat that nurse practitioners in primary care are not necessarily cost-effective. There is evidence that professionals complementary to dentistry (PCDs) are able to diagnose a range of conditions and, with appropriate training, complete a wide range of dental procedures as well as dentists, but much of the evidence for other aspects of substitution was of lower quality, weak or insufficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was limited evidence of the cost-effectiveness and health outcomes associated with changes in setting and skill-mix. However, there was evidence of improved access, patient and professional satisfaction. There is an overwhelming need for well-designed interventions with robust evaluation to examine cost-effectiveness and benefits to patients and the health workforce.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evidence-based Dentistry, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richards