title: Gender differences in head impacts sustained by collegiate ice hockey players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to quantify the frequency, magnitude, and location of head impacts sustained by male and female collegiate ice hockey players during two seasons of play.
  
  
  METHODS
  During two seasons, 88 collegiate athletes (51 females, 37 males) on two female and male National Collegiate Athletic Association varsity ice hockey teams wore instrumented helmets. Each helmet was equipped with six single-axis accelerometers and a miniature data acquisition system to capture and record head impacts sustained during play. Data collected from the helmets were postprocessed to compute linear and rotational accelerations of the head as well as impact location. The head impact exposure data (frequency, location, and magnitude) were then compared between genders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female hockey players experienced a significantly lower (P < 0.001) number of impacts per athlete exposure than males (females = 1.7 ± 0.7, males = 2.9 ± 1.2). The frequency of impacts by location was the same between genders (P > 0.278) for all locations except the right side of the head, where males received fewer impacts than females (P = 0.031). Female hockey players were 1.1 times more likely than males to sustain an impact less than 50 g, whereas males were 1.3 times more likely to sustain an impact greater than 100 g. Similarly, males were 1.9 times more likely to sustain an impact with peak rotational acceleration greater than 5000 rad·s(-2) and 3.5 times more likely to sustain an impact greater than 10,000 rad·s(-2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the incidence of concussion has typically been higher for female hockey players than male hockey players, female players sustain fewer impacts and impacts resulting in lower head acceleration than males. Further study is required to better understand the intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors that lead to higher rates of concussion for females that have been previously reported.
authors.affiliation: Simbex, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
authors.forename: Lindley L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Brainard
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Beckwith
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crisco
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: Ann-Christine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Duhaime
authors.forename: Arthur C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Maerlender
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenwald
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult