title: Pneumonia and poverty: a prospective population-based study among children in Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children in developing country suffer the highest burden of pneumonia. However, few studies have evaluated associations between poverty and pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective population-based study on pneumonia was carried out as part of the Latin America Epidemiological Assessment of Pneumococcus (LEAP study). Chest x-rays were obtained for children one to 35 months old with suspected pneumonia presenting to emergency care centers and hospital emergency rooms in Goiania, Brazil. Chest radiographs were evaluated according to WHO guidelines. Clustering of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia were evaluated using a Poisson-based spatial scan statistic. Associations between census socioeconomic indicators and pneumonia incidence rates were analyzed using generalized linear models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From May, 2007 to May, 2009, chest radiographs were obtained from 11 521 children with clinical pneumonia; 3955 episodes were classified as radiologically-confirmed. Incidence rates were significantly higher in very low income areas (4825.2 per 105) compared to high income areas (1637.3 per 105). Spatial analysis identified clustering of confirmed pneumonia in Western (RR 1.78; p=0.001) and Southeast (RR 1.46; p=0.001) regions of the city, and clustering of hospitalized pneumonia in the Western region (RR 1.69; p=0.001). Lower income households and illiteracy were associated with pneumonia incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In infants the risk of developing pneumonia is inversely associated with the head of household income and with the woman educational level. Areas with deprived socioeconomic conditions had higher incidence of pneumonia and should be targeted for high vaccination coverage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lícia K A M
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Thörn
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minamisava
authors.forename: Simonne S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nouer
authors.forename: Luiza H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Ana Lucia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012307:Risk Factors