title: Evaluation of antifungal therapy in patients with candidaemia based on susceptibility testing results: implications for antimicrobial stewardship programmes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Definitive antifungal therapy is typically based on Candida species and clinical status, rather than susceptibility reports. Antifungal susceptibility testing is available, but the impact on treatment decisions is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess antifungal therapy in hospitalized patients with candidaemia during the time period between the start of empirical therapy and after antifungal susceptibility testing reports are available.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 161 hospitalized patients with candidaemia was conducted. Patients who received fluconazole or an echinocandin were evaluated for changes in empirical antifungal therapy prior to and after susceptibility reporting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and sixty-one patients aged 59 ± 16 years (male, 54%; Caucasian, 52%; APACHE II score ≥ 15, 48%; and intensive care unit, 50%) were identified, of whom 130 (81%) had fluconazole-susceptible candidaemia. Fifty-eight patients (36%) were initiated on fluconazole and 103 (64%) on an echinocandin. The mean time from culture to the susceptibility report was 5 ± 2 days. Prior to availability of the susceptibility report, 20 fluconazole-initiated patients (34%) were switched to an echinocandin, while 14 echinocandin-initiated patients (14%) were switched to fluconazole. Once a susceptibility report was available, 35 of 89 (39%) patients with fluconazole-susceptible candidaemia on an echinocandin were de-escalated to fluconazole. Eleven patients on fluconazole just prior to a susceptibility report were identified with a fluconazole-resistant Candida species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using antifungal susceptibility testing, patients given fluconazole with fluconazole-resistant Candida species were identified. Less than 40% of echinocandin-treated patients with fluconazole-susceptible organisms were de-escalated to fluconazole. Antifungal susceptibility testing may help to identify patients in need of clinical intervention.
authors.affiliation: University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lasco
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Garey
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects*; D058387:Candidemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D000077336:Caspofungin; D004363:Drug Utilization; D054714:Echinocandins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D054714:Echinocandins; D055666:Lipopeptides; D015725:Fluconazole; D000077336:Caspofungin