title: Insulin-like growth factor 1 and transforming growth factor-β stimulate cystine/glutamate exchange activity in dental pulp cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The growth factors insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are protective to dental pulp cells in culture against the toxicity of the composite materials Durafill VS and Flow Line (Henry Schein Inc, New York, NY). Because the toxicity of these materials is mediated by oxidative stress, it seemed possible that the protective effects of IGF-1 and TGF-β were through the enhancement of an endogenous antioxidant mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used cultured dental pulp cells to determine the mechanism of the protective effects of IGF-1 and TGF-β, focusing on the glutathione system and the role of cystine/glutamate exchange (system xc-).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the toxicity of Durafill VS and Flow Line was attenuated by the addition of glutathione monoethylester, suggesting a specific role for the cellular antioxidant glutathione. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that IGF-1 and TGF-β were protective against the toxicity of the glutathione synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine. Because levels of cellular cystine are the limiting factor in the production of glutathione, we tested the effects of IGF-1 and TGF-β on cystine uptake. Both growth factors stimulated system xc-mediated cystine uptake. Furthermore, they attenuated the glutathione depletion induced by Durafill VS and Flow Line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that IGF-1 and TGF-β are protective through the stimulation of system xc-mediated cystine uptake, leading to maintenance of cellular glutathione. This novel action of growth factors on dental pulp cells has implications not only for preventing toxicity of dental materials but also for the general function of these cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: Kymberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Furey
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lobner
mesh_terms: D027182:Amino Acid Transport System y+ / Q000378:metabolism*; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000633:toxicity; D003553:Cystine / Q000378:metabolism; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology*; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D027182:Amino Acid Transport System y+; D000963:Antimetabolites; D000975:Antioxidants; D003188:Composite Resins; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents; C118895:SLC7A11 protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C111840:flowable hybrid composite; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D003553:Cystine; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; C039734:Durafill; D005978:Glutathione