title: Objective visual assessment of antiangiogenic treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess cortical responses in patients undergoing antiangiogenic treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as an objective, fixation-independent measure of topographic visual function.
  
  
  METHODS
  A patient with bilateral neovascular AMD was scanned using fMRI before and at regular intervals while undergoing treatment with intravitreal antiangiogenic injections (ranibizumab). Blood oxygenation level-dependent signals were measured in the brain while the patient viewed a stimulus consisting of a full-field flickering (6 Hz) white light alternating with a uniform gray background (18 s on and 18 s off). Topographic distribution and magnitude of activation in visual cortex were compared longitudinally throughout the treatment period (<1 year) and with control patients not currently undergoing treatment. Clinical behavioral tests were also administered, including visual acuity, microperimetry, and reading skills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area of visual cortex activated increased significantly after the first treatment to include more posterior cortex that normally receives inputs from lesioned parts of the retina. Subsequent treatments yielded no significant further increase in activation area. Behavioral measures all generally showed an improvement with treatment but did not always parallel one another. The untreated control patient showed a consistent lack of significant response in the cortex representing retinal lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal treatments may not only improve vision but also result in a concomitant improvement in fixation stability. Current clinical behavioral measures (e.g., acuity and perimetry) are largely dependent on fixation stability and therefore cannot separate improvements of visual function from fixation improvements. fMRI, which provides an objective and sensitive measure of visual function independent of fixation, reveals a significant increase in visual cortical responses in patients with wet AMD after treatment with antiangiogenic injections. Despite recent evidence that visual cortex degenerates subsequent to retinal lesions, our results indicate that it can remain responsive as its inputs are restored.
authors.affiliation: York Neuroimaging Centre, Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Heidi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Baseler
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gouws
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Crossland
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tufail
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Antony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Morland
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002829:Choroid / Q000473:pathology; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity; D057135:Wet Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors