title: Learning physical examination skills outside timetabled training sessions: what happens and why?
abstract: Lack of published studies on students' practice behaviour of physical examination skills outside timetabled training sessions inspired this study into what activities medical students undertake to improve their skills and factors influencing this. Six focus groups of a total of 52 students from Years 1-3 using a pre-established interview guide. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using qualitative methods. The interview guide was based on questionnaire results; overall response rate for Years 1-3 was 90% (n = 875). Students report a variety of activities to improve their physical examination skills. On average, students devote 20% of self-study time to skill training with Year 1 students practising significantly more than Year 3 students. Practice patterns shift from just-in-time learning to a longitudinal selfdirected approach. Factors influencing this change are assessment methods and simulated/real patients. Learning resources used include textbooks, examination guidelines, scientific articles, the Internet, videos/DVDs and scoring forms from previous OSCEs. Practising skills on fellow students happens at university rooms or at home. Also family and friends were mentioned to help. Simulated/real patients stimulated students to practise of physical examination skills, initially causing confusion and anxiety about skill performance but leading to increased feelings of competence. Difficult or enjoyable skills stimulate students to practise. The strategies students adopt to master physical examination skills outside timetabled training sessions are self-directed. OSCE assessment does have influence, but learning takes place also when there is no upcoming assessment. Simulated and real patients provide strong incentives to work on skills. Early patient contacts make students feel more prepared for clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Skillslab, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. r.duvivier@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: Robbert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Duvivier
authors.forename: Koos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Geel
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Dalen
authors.forename: Albert J J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scherpbier
authors.forename: Cees P M
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van der Vleuten
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards*; D018794:Problem-Based Learning; D011380:Programmed Instructions as Topic; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult