title: Occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) in polyvinyl chloride processing operations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is primarily used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials. While information is available on general population exposure to DiNP, occupational exposure data are lacking. We present DiNP metabolite urinary concentrations in PVC processing workers, estimate DiNP daily intake for these workers, and compare worker estimates to other populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed DiNP exposure in participants from two companies that manufactured PVC materials, a PVC film manufacturer (n = 25) and a PVC custom compounder (n = 12). A mid-shift and end-shift urine sample was collected from each participant and analyzed for the DiNP metabolite mono(carboxy-isooctyl) phthalate (MCiOP). Mixed models were used to assess the effect on MCiOP concentrations of a worker being assigned to (1) a task using DiNP and (2) a shift where DiNP was used. A simple pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate DiNP daily intake from the MCiOP concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Creatinine-adjusted MCiOP urinary concentrations ranged from 0.42-80 μg/g in PVC film and from 1.11-13.4 μg/g in PVC compounding. PVC film participants who worked on a task using DiNP (n = 7) had the highest MCiOP geometric mean (GM) end-shift concentration (25.2 μg/g), followed by participants who worked on a shift where DiNP was used (n = 11) (17.7 μg/g) as compared to participants with no task (2.92 μg/g) or shift (2.08 μg/g) exposure to DiNP. The GM end-shift MCiOP concentration in PVC compounding participants (4.80 μg/g) was comparable to PVC film participants with no task or shift exposure to DiNP. Because no PVC compounding participants were assigned to tasks using DINP on the day sampled, DiNP exposure in this company may be underestimated. The highest DiNP intake estimate was 26 μg/kg/day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occupational exposure to DiNP associated with PVC film manufacturing tasks were substantially higher (sixfold to tenfold) than adult general population exposures; however, all daily intake estimates were less than 25% of current United States or European acceptable or tolerable daily intake estimates. Further characterization of DiNP occupational exposures in other industries is recommended.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA. chines@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: Nancy B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Hopf
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Deddens
authors.forename: Manori J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C573544:mono(carboxy-isooctyl)phthalate; C012125:diisononyl phthalate; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride