title: Offspring searching for their sperm donors: how family type shapes the process.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examines the findings from the largest survey to date of donor-inseminated (DI) offspring and focuses on respondents' learning of the method of their conception and their desire to contact their donor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online questionnaires were completed by 741 DI offspring, of whom 61.8% have heterosexual parents and 38.2% have lesbian parents. Respondents were recruited via the Donor Sibling Registry, a non-profit US-based international registry that facilitates communication between donor-conceived offspring and their non-biological and biological relatives. Data were collected on family composition, offspring's feelings regarding the method of their conception, communication within families, donor anonymity and their search for their donors. This investigation focuses on the relationship between family type (single or dual-parent and lesbian or heterosexual parent/s) and offspring's reactions to learning of their DI conception.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Offspring of lesbian parents learned of their DI origins at earlier ages than offspring of heterosexual parents. In the latter families, disclosure tended to occur earlier in single-parent than in dual-parent families. Disclosure was most likely to be confusing to offspring of heterosexual parents, particularly when it occurred at an older age. The vast majority of offspring in all types of families desired contact with their donor; however, comfort in expressing curiosity regarding one's donor was lowest in dual-parent heterosexual families, with about one-quarter reporting an inability to discuss their origins with their social father.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the findings are not based on a random sample, the desire among offspring surveyed here is for greater openness and contact with their donor. A variety of strategies are needed for offspring of heterosexual couples to benefit optimally from the general trend toward openness in gamete donation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Social Services, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA. diane.beeson@csueastbay.edu
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Beeson
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003221:Confusion; D030881:Disclosure; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D018452:Homosexuality, Female; D006801:Humans; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D015406:Single Parent; D013094:Spermatozoa; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000523:psychology*