title: Food for song: expression of c-Fos and ZENK in the zebra finch song nuclei during food aversion learning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Specialized neural pathways, the song system, are required for acquiring, producing, and perceiving learned avian vocalizations. Birds that do not learn to produce their vocalizations lack telencephalic song system components. It is not known whether the song system forebrain regions are exclusively evolved for song or whether they also process information not related to song that might reflect their 'evolutionary history'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address this question we monitored the induction of two immediate-early genes (IEGs) c-Fos and ZENK in various regions of the song system in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) in response to an aversive food learning paradigm; this involves the association of a food item with a noxious stimulus that affects the oropharyngeal-esophageal cavity and tongue, causing subsequent avoidance of that food item. The motor response results in beak and head movements but not vocalizations. IEGs have been extensively used to map neuro-molecular correlates of song motor production and auditory processing. As previously reported, neurons in two pallial vocal motor regions, HVC and RA, expressed IEGs after singing. Surprisingly, c-Fos was induced equivalently also after food aversion learning in the absence of singing. The density of c-Fos positive neurons was significantly higher than that of birds in control conditions. This was not the case in two other pallial song nuclei important for vocal plasticity, LMAN and Area X, although singing did induce IEGs in these structures, as reported previously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are consistent with the possibility that some of the song nuclei may participate in non-vocal learning and the populations of neurons involved in the two tasks show partial overlap. These findings underscore the previously advanced notion that the specialized forebrain pre-motor nuclei controlling song evolved from circuits involved in behaviors related to feeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of the Neurobiology of Memory, PK Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia. ktokaryev@ccny.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Kirill
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tokarev
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiunova
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scharff
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anokhin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030161:Avian Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008297:Male; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D030161:Avian Proteins; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos