title: Effects of encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice powder concentrates on oxidative status in heavy smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term cigarette smoking has negative effects on oxidative status, promoting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and formation of lipid peroxides. We evaluated the effects of 2 different encapsulated formulas, consisting primarily of mixed juice powder concentrate, on oxidative status compared with placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed on 101 apparently healthy heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes/d, duration >10 years; median age 47 years, range 41-57 years; 54 M) before and after 3 months' supplementation. Subjects were randomized into 3 groups, well matched for sex and age: (1) placebo; (2) fruit/vegetable (FV); and (3) fruit/vegetable/berry (FVB). Analysis of oxidative status was performed on 75 (46 M) compliant subjects (>95% of assigned capsules). Changes in lipid panel parameters, oxidative-INDEX (Oxy-I, calculated on the basis of serum hydroperoxides and total antioxidant capacity measured by spectrophotometric methods), oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] method), and malondialdehyde (MDA; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method) in free (fMDA), bound (bMDA), and total (tMDA = fMDA + bMDA) forms are reported. Statistical analysis was performed with R statistical software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After supplementation, compared with placebo, both FV and FVB groups showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol (p < 0.05), ox-LDL (p = 0.03), and fMDA levels (p = 0.004) accompanied by a slight increase in bMDA concentrations, possibly as the result of fMDA conjugation. Moreover, a significant decrease in Oxy-I was found in both active groups compared with placebo (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intervention with both nutraceutical formulations resulted in improvement in some oxidative alterations attributed to long-term cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Universita` degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy. fabrizia.bamonti@unimi.it
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Novembrino
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cighetti
authors.forename: Rachele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Giuseppe
authors.forename: Luisella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vigna
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Liso
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pellegatta
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gregori
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maiavacca
authors.forename: Fabrizia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bamonti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010945:Plants, Edible; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D028321:Plant Preparations; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002784:Cholesterol