title: Beyond a morphological paradox: complicated phylogenetic relationships of the parrotbills (Paradoxornithidae, Aves).
abstract: The parrotbills (Paradoxornithidae, meaning "birds of paradox," Aves) are a group of Old World passerines with perplexing taxonomic histories due to substantial morphological and ecological variation at various levels. In this study, phylogenetic relationships of the parrotbills were reconstructed based on sequences of two mitochondrial segments and three nuclear coding regions. Three major clades with characteristic body size and plumage coloration were found in both mtDNA and nuclear gene trees. However, mtDNA phylogeny suggested that the Paradoxornithidae is paraphyletic and relationships among three major parrotbill clades were poorly resolved. On the contrary, apparent and well-supported monophyletic relationships among the three major clades of Paradoxornithidae were revealed by concatenated nuclear dataset. Since paraphyly based on mtDNA data has commonly been found within avian taxa, the conflicting phylogenetic signal between mtDNA and nuclear loci revealed in this study indicates that results obtained from mtDNA dataset alone need to be evaluated with caution. Taxonomic implications of our phylogenetic findings are discussed. These phylogenies also point out areas for future investigation regarding the rapid diversification, morphological evolution and environmental adaptation of various parrotbill species or species complexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Carol K L
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Rong-Chien
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Fumin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Le Manh
authors.initials: le M
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Fasheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Lingxian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Shou-Hsien
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001717:Birds / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial