title: The α₂-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan counteracts prepulse inhibition deficits caused by amphetamine or dizocilpine in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is the reduction in startle response magnitude when intense stimuli are closely preceded by other weak stimuli. Animal models used to investigate sensorimotor gating deficits include both the stimulation of dopamine receptors (e.g., amphetamine or apomorphine) and the blockade of NMDA-glutamate receptors (e.g., dizocilpine or phencyclidine).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the effects of idazoxan (an α(2)-adrenergic antagonist) on amphetamine- and dizocilpine-induced PPI disruptions in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In experiment 1, rats were tested for PPI in a bimodal paradigm with an acoustic prepulse and a tactile startle stimulus. Interactions of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) and idazoxan (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) were assessed, with all rats receiving all drug doses in a counterbalanced order. In experiment 2, dizocilpine (0.05 mg/kg) and idazoxan (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) interactions were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amphetamine (1 mg/kg) caused a significant reduction in PPI. Both the 1- and 2-mg/kg doses of idazoxan significantly counteracted this effect. Dizocilpine (.05 mg/kg) effectively inhibited PPI, and the 2-mg/kg idazoxan dose significantly counteracted this impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine in counteracting sensorimotor gating deficits reported in previous studies (e.g., Swerdlow and Geyer, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44:741-744, 1993; Bakshi et al., J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271:787-794, 1994) may be related to their α(2)-antagonist effects, which may be a critical mechanism of the therapeutic effects of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box #104790, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Larrauri
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D019329:Idazoxan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D000661:Amphetamine; D019329:Idazoxan