title: Tissue-specific uptake and bioconcentration of the oral contraceptive norethindrone in two freshwater fishes.
abstract: The environmental presence of the oral contraceptive norethindrone (NET) has been reported and shown to have reproductive effects in fish at environmentally realistic exposure levels. The current study examined bioconcentration potential of NET in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Fathead minnows were exposed to 50 μg/l NET for 28 days and allowed to depurate in clean water for 14 days. In a minimized 14-day test design, catfish were exposed to 100 μg/l NET for 7 days followed by 7-day depuration. In the fathead test, tissues (muscle, liver, and kidneys) were sampled during the uptake (days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28) and depuration (days 35 and 42) phases. In the catfish test, muscle, liver, gill, brain, and plasma were collected during the uptake (days 1, 3, and 7) and depuration (day 14) stages. NET tissue levels were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Accumulation of NET in tissues was greatest in liver followed by plasma, gill, brain, and muscle. Tissue-specific bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranged from 2.6 to 40.8. Although NET has been reported to elicit reproductive effects in fish, the present study indicated a low potential to bioconcentrate in aquatic biota.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA. nallani@unt.edu
authors.forename: Gopinath C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Nallani
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Paulos
authors.forename: Barney J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Venables
authors.forename: Regina E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Edziyie
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Constantine
authors.forename: Duane B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Huggett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D007059:Ictaluridae / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D016014:Linear Models; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009640:Norethindrone