title: Stress-induced respiratory pattern changes in asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To build upon prior research on stress-related breathing pattern changes in asthma. Previous research has considered a limited set of respiratory parameters and has remained equivocal. Emotions and stress are known to change the respiratory pattern. In asthma, certain breathing patterns have adverse effects on the airways and lead to symptom exacerbation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied respiration during resting conditions and an acute psychosocial stressor (a free speech and mental arithmetic task) in participants with asthma (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 19). The respiratory pattern was recorded with respiratory inductance plethysmography. Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PCO(2)) was measured with capnometry before and after stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall minute ventilation was higher in asthma (mean [standard deviation] = 9.0 [4.0] L versus 6.8 [4.1] L, p < .05), but levels of the PCO(2) were comparable (34.6 [3.5] mm Hg versus 35.0 [3.7] mm Hg, p = .667) to healthy controls during prestress and poststress phases. Participants with asthma also showed a significant lengthening of inspiration, expiration, and the total respiratory cycle during stress compared with healthy controls (p < .05). During stress tasks, all participants showed marked increases in tidal volume, inspiratory flow, minute ventilation, tidal volume instability, ribcage contribution to tidal volume, and ribcage-abdominal asynchrony. A significant increase in tidal volume instability and a tendency toward lengthening of expiration and the total respiratory cycle were observed in quiet-sitting periods at prestress to poststress in asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expiratory lengthening and variable tidal volumes are characteristic for individuals with asthma during psychosocial stress. The function and possible association of these changes with symptom exacerbations require further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, PO Box 750442, Dallas, TX 75275-0442, USA. tritz@smu.edu
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Ana F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Trueba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult