title: Cognitive changes after surgery vs stenting for carotid artery stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive function has not been evaluated systematically in the context of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) versus carotid artery stenting (CAS). Cognitive decline can occur from microembolization or hypoperfusion during CEA or CAS. Carotid revascularization may, however, also improve cognitive dysfunction resulting from chronic hypoperfusion. We compared cognitive outcomes in consecutive asymptomatic patients undergoing CAS or CEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective nonrandomized single-center study of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis ≥ 70% undergoing CAS or CEA using standard techniques. Neurologic symptoms were evaluated by history, physical examination, and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. A 50-minute cognitive battery was performed 1 to 3 days before and 4 to 6 months after CEA/CAS. The tests (Trail Making Tests A/B, Processing Speed Index (PSI) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Third Edition (WAIS-III), Boston Naming Test, Working Memory Index (WMI) of the Wechsler Memory Scale - Third Edition (WMS-III), Controlled Oral Word Association, and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test) for six cognitive domains (motor speed/coordination and executive function, psychomotor speed, language (naming), working memory/concentration, verbal fluency, and learning/memory) were conducted by a neuropsychologist. The primary analysis of impact of treatment modality was a normalized cognitive change score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six patients underwent prepost testing (CEA = 25, CAS = 21). Women comprised 36% of the cohort, mean preprocedural stenosis was 84%, and 54% were right-sided lesions. All patients were successfully revascularized without periprocedural complications. The scores for each test improved after CEA except WMI, which decreased in 20 of 25 patients. Improvement occurred in all tests after CAS except PSI, which decreased in 18 of 21 patients. In addition to comparing the changes in individual test scores, overall cognitive change was measured by calculating the change in composite cognitive score (CCS) postprocedure versus baseline. To compute the CCS, the raw scores from each test were transformed into z scores and then averaged to calculate each patient's composite score. The composite score at baseline was then compared with that from the postprocedure testing. The CCS improved after both CEA and CAS, and the changes were not significantly different between the groups (.51 vs .47; P = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carotid revascularization results in an overall improvement in cognitive function. There are no differences in the composite scores of five major cognitive domains between CEA and CAS. When individual tests are compared, CEA results in a reduction in memory, while CAS patients show reduced psychomotor speed. Larger studies will help confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 20212, USA. blal@smail.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Brajesh K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Maha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Younes
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Indu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kapadia
authors.forename: Zafar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pappas
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014481:United States