title: S100β as a novel and accessible indicator for the presence of monocyte-driven encephalitis in AIDS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathogenesis of human/simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (HIVE/SIVE) remains incompletely understood, but is associated with alterations in the blood-brain barrier. At present, it is not possible to easily determine if an individual has HIVE/SIVE before post mortem examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have examined serum levels of the astroglial protein S100β in SIV-infected macaques and show that it can be used to determine which animals have SIVE. We also checked for correlations with inflammatory markers such as CCL2/MCP-1, IL-6 and C-reactive protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that increased S100β protein in serum correlated with decreased expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 on brain microvessels. Furthermore, the decrease in zonula occludens-1 expression was spatially related to SIVE lesions and perivascular deposition of plasma fibrinogen. There was no correlation between encephalitis and plasma levels of IL-6, MCP-1/CCL2 or C-reactive protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these data indicate that SIVE lesions are associated with vascular leakage that can be determined by S100β protein in the periphery. The ability to simply monitor the presence of SIVE will greatly facilitate studies of the neuropathogenesis of AIDS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA. amaclean@tulane.edu
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Redmann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moroney-Rasmussen
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sansing
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Aye
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Didier
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lackner
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Maclean
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000378:metabolism; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; C569042:TJP1 protein, human; D062826:Zonula Occludens-1 Protein; D002097:C-Reactive Protein