title: Dofetilide dose calculation errors in elderly associated with use of the modification of diet in renal disease equation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report 2 cases of drug dosage calculation errors that occurred when the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation was used for initiating drug therapy with dofetilide in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 83-year-old woman and a 92-year-old man were admitted for dofetilide treatment initiation and cardioversion for atrial fibrillation. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) determined with use of the MDRD equation was significantly higher than the estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCl) determined with use of the Cockcroft-Gault equation for both cases (85 vs 43 mL/min for the man and 40 vs 24 mL/min for the woman). Initial dofetilide dosages calculated by the MDRD equation were 2-fold higher than those calculated by eCrCl in both cases. Initiation of dose based on the MDRD in the first patient led to a 32% increase in the QTc interval from baseline. Dofetilide therapy was adjusted for QTc interval prolongation based on eCrCl and reinitiated at a lower dose, and the patient did not develop further significant increases in the QTc interval. In the second patient, the lower dose based on eCrCl was initiated and the QTc interval remained within an acceptable range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initial dosing of dofetilide is based on eCrCl as specified by the drug manufacturer. Recent widespread use and automated reporting of the eGFR by clinical laboratories has tempted some clinicians to consider using eGFR for calculating drug doses. However, recent data suggest that the eGFR, calculated by the MDRD equation, consistently overestimates eCrCl, leading to dose discrepancies, particularly in the elderly. The cases reported here illustrate the drug dose calculation errors that may occur when using the MDRD equation for initiating doses of dofetilide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the eGFR or MDRD equation for calculation of doses in renal dysfunction has not been validated, and significant drug dose errors have been reported. The use of eGFR to calculate doses of dofetilide should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, Marin General Hospital, Greenbrae, CA, USA. denetclawt@pharmacy.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Tina H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Denetclaw
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Dowling
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D004554:Electric Countershock; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D010627:Phenethylamines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D003404:Creatinine; C063533:dofetilide