title: The Arabidopsis translocator protein (AtTSPO) is regulated at multiple levels in response to salt stress and perturbations in tetrapyrrole metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is important for many cellular functions in mammals and bacteria, such as steroid biosynthesis, cellular respiration, cell proliferation, apoptosis, immunomodulation, transport of porphyrins and anions. Arabidopsis thaliana contains a single TSPO/PBR-related gene with a 40 amino acid N-terminal extension compared to its homologs in bacteria or mammals suggesting it might be chloroplast or mitochondrial localized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To test if the TSPO N-terminal extension targets it to organelles, we fused three potential translational start sites in the TSPO cDNA to the N-terminus of GFP (AtTSPO:eGFP). The location of the AtTSPO:eGFP fusion protein was found to depend on the translational start position and the conditions under which plants were grown. Full-length AtTSPO:eGFP fusion protein was found in the endoplasmic reticulum and in vesicles of unknown identity when plants were grown in standard conditions. However, full length AtTSPO:eGFP localized to chloroplasts when grown in the presence of 150 mM NaCl, conditions of salt stress. In contrast, when AtTSPO:eGFP was truncated to the second or third start codon at amino acid position 21 or 42, the fusion protein co-localized with a mitochondrial marker in standard conditions. Using promoter GUS fusions, qRT-PCR, fluorescent protein tagging, and chloroplast fractionation approaches, we demonstrate that AtTSPO levels are regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels in response to abiotic stress conditions. Salt-responsive genes are increased in a tspo-1 knock-down mutant compared to wild type under conditions of salt stress, while they are decreased when AtTSPO is overexpressed. Mutations in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis genes and the application of chlorophyll or carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors also affect AtTSPO expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that AtTSPO plays a role in the response of Arabidopsis to high salt stress. Salt stress leads to re-localization of the AtTSPO from the ER to chloroplasts through its N-terminal extension. In addition, our results show that AtTSPO is regulated at the transcriptional level in tetrapyrrole biosynthetic mutants. Thus, we propose that AtTSPO may play a role in transporting tetrapyrrole intermediates during salt stress and other conditions in which tetrapyrrole metabolism is compromised.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balsemão-Pires
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jaillais
authors.forename: Bradley J S C
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Leonardo R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Umen
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chory
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sachetto-Martins
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D010641:Phenotype; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D045725:Tetrapyrroles / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C550345:TSPO-related protein, Arabidopsis; D045725:Tetrapyrroles; D002734:Chlorophyll; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000040:Abscisic Acid