title: Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory disease in the California teachers study cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have linked long-term exposure to particulate air pollution with increased cardiopulmonary mortality; only two have also examined incident circulatory disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations of individualized long-term exposures to particulate and gaseous air pollution with incident myocardial infarction and stroke, as well as all-cause and cause specific mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated long-term residential air pollution exposure for more than 100,000 participants in the California Teachers Study, a prospective cohort of female public school professionals.We linked geocoded residential addresses with inverse distance-weighted monthly pollutant surfaces for two measures of particulate matter and for several gaseous pollutants. We examined associations between exposure to these pollutants and risks of incident myocardial infarction and stroke, and of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, using Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found elevated hazard ratios linking long-term exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), scaled to an increment of 10 μg/m3 with mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) (1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.41) and, particularly among postmenopausal women, incident stroke (1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.38). Long-term exposure to particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) was associated with elevated risks for IHD mortality (1.06; 95% CI, 0.99-1.14) and incident stroke (1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.13), while exposure to nitrogen oxides was associated with elevated risks for IHD and all cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence linking long-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 with increased risks of incident stroke as well as IHD mortality; exposure to nitrogen oxides was also related to death from cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA. michael.lipsett@cdph.ca.gov
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lipsett
authors.forename: Bart D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ostro
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hertz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jerrett
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Ellen T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter