title: Dynamic changes of myocardial oxygen consumption at pacing increased heart rate - the first observation by the continuous measurement of systemic oxygen consumption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess dynamic changes in myocardial oxygen consumption (myoVO(2)) during atrial pacing increased heart rate by continuous measurement of systemic oxygen consumption (sysVO(2)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six mechanically ventilated pigs were atrially paced to increase heart rate from baseline 98 ± 9 to 120-140-160-180 bpm for 10 minutes at each stage, with 10 minute intervals without pacing between stages. sysVO(2) was continuously measured with a respiratory mass spectrometer. Left anterior descending coronary arterial flow, aorta and coronary sinus blood gases were measured to calculate index of whole heart myoVO(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  sysVO(2) peaked at the initiation of pacing in the first two to three minutes, followed by a decrease and subsequent stabilization. As heart rate increased, sysVO(2) increased by 0.08 ± 0.06 ml/kg/min, 0.14 ± 0.05 ml/kg/min and 0.17 ± 0.10 ml/kg/min, representing a 1.2 ± 0.9%, 2.1 ± 0.7% and 3.0 ± 1.8% increase of sysVO(2) respectively; myoVO(2) increased by 0.16 ± 0.12 to 0.31 ± 0.14 to 0.36 ± 0.24 ml/100 g/min, representing a 11 ± 9%, 21 ± 9% and 26 ± 12% increase of myoVO(2), respectively. The absolute and relative increases in sysVO(2) were significantly correlated with the increases in myoVO(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On-line continuous sysVO(2) monitoring by respiratory mass spectrometry allows non-invasive assessments of dynamic changes in myoVO(2) in vivo. The mechanism for the peaked increase in sysVO(2) at the initiation of pacing remains to be explored.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Igor E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Konstantinov
authors.forename: Michal J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kantoch
authors.forename: Ivan M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rebeyka
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D006339:Heart Rate; D016014:Linear Models; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D023421:Models, Animal; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation