title: Five vicariant genera from Gondwana: the Velloziaceae as shown by molecules and morphology [corrected].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The amount of data collected previously for Velloziaceae neither clarified relationships within the family nor helped determine an appropriate classification, which has led to huge discordance among treatment by different authors. To achieve an acceptable phylogenetic result and understand the evolution and roles of characters in supporting groups, a total evidence analysis was developed which included approx. 20 % of the species and all recognized genera and sections of Velloziaceae, plus outgroups representatives of related families within Pandanales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were undertaken with 48 species of Velloziaceae, representing all ten genera, with DNA sequences from the atpB-rbcL spacer, trnL-trnF spacer, trnL intron, trnH-psbA spacer, ITS ribosomal DNA spacers and morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four groups consistently emerge from the analyses. Persistent leaves, two phloem strands, stem cortex divided in three regions and violet tepals support Acanthochlamys as sister to Velloziaceae s.s., which are supported mainly by leaves with marginal bundles, transfusion tracheids and inflorescence without axis. Within Velloziaceae s.s., an African Xerophyta + Talbotia clade is uniquely supported by basal loculicidal capsules; an American clade, Barbacenia s.l. + Barbaceniopsis + Nanuza + Vellozia, is supported by only homoplastic characters. Barbacenia s.l. (= Aylthonia + Barbacenia + Burlemarxia + Pleurostima) is supported by a double sheath in leaf vascular bundles and a corona; Barbaceniopsis + Nanuza + Vellozia is not supported by an unambiguous character, but Barbaceniopsis is supported by five characters, including diclinous flowers, Nanuza + Vellozia is supported mainly by horizontal stigma lobes and stem inner cortex cells with secondary walls, and Vellozia alone is supported mainly by pollen in tetrads.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results imply recognition of five genera (Acanthochlamys (Xerophyta (Barbacenia (Barbaceniopsis, Vellozia)))), solving the long-standing controversies among recent classifications of the family. They also suggest a Gondwanan origin for Velloziaceae, with a vicariant pattern of distribution.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Botânica, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. mellosil@usp.br
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mello-Silva
authors.forename: Déborah Yara A C
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Maria Luiza F
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Salatino
authors.forename: Lucimar B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.forename: Marina B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cattai
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lovo
authors.forename: Patrícia B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Pita
authors.forename: Cintia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rocini
authors.forename: Cristiane D N
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zarrei
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Chase
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013020:South America
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant