title: QTL analysis of heterostyly in Primula sieboldii and its application for morph identification in wild populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primula sieboldii is a perennial clonal herb that is distributed around the Sea of Japan and is endangered in Japan. Its breeding system is characterized by heteromorphic self-incompatibility, and the morph ratio within a population is very important for reproductive success. The aims of this study were to construct a linkage map, map the S locus as a qualitative trait and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for floral morphological traits related to heterostyly, and predict the morph type in wild populations by using molecular markers for devising a conservation strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A linkage map was constructed with 126 markers. The QTLs for four floral traits and the S locus were mapped. Using the genotypes of loci that were located near both the S locus and the QTLs with large effects, morphs of 59 wild genets were predicted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The linkage map consisted of 14 linkage groups (LGs). The S locus was mapped to LG 7. Major QTLs for stigma and anther heights were detected in the same region as the S locus. These QTLs exhibited high logarithm of the odds scores and explained a high percentage of the phenotypic variance (>85 %). By analysing these two traits within each morph, additional QTLs for each trait were detected. Using the four loci linked to the S locus, the morphs of 43 genets in three wild populations could be predicted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of a linkage map and QTL analysis for floral morphology related to heterostyly in P. sieboldii. Floral morphologies related to heterostyly are controlled by the S locus in LG 7 and by several QTLs in other LGs. Additionally, this study showed that molecular markers are effective tools for investigating morph ratios in a population containing the non-flowering individuals or during the non-flowering seasons.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Saneyoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honjo
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kitamoto
authors.forename: Mihoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Washitani
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsumura
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohsawa
mesh_terms: D001947:Breeding; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000145:classification*; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005298:Fertility; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D007564:Japan; D008954:Models, Biological; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D031825:Primula / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers