title: Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: clinical characteristics and implications.
abstract: Impulse control disorders (ICDs), specifically those related to excessive gambling, eating, sex and shopping, have been observed in a subset of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although some initial case reports claimed that dopamine replacement therapies, particularly dopamine agonists, cause ICDs, more recent, larger and better controlled studies indicate a more complicated picture. While dopamine replacement therapy use is related to ICDs, other vulnerabilities, some related to PD and/or its treatment directly and others seemingly unrelated to PD, have also been associated with ICDs in PD. This suggests a complex etiology with multiple contributing factors. As ICDs occur in a sizable minority of PD patients and can be associated with significant distress and impairment, further investigation is needed to identify factors that can predict who may be more likely to develop ICDs. Clinical implications are discussed and topics for future research are offered.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry, Neurobiology & Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, CMHC, Room S104, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Leeman
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Potenza