title: A comparative analysis of the impact of a positive list system on new chemical entity drugs and incrementally modified drugs in South Korea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical costs in South Korea have risen, in part due to increased demand and consumption of pharmaceutical products by an aging population and also because of the introduction of newer, more expensive drugs. In an effort to stabilize the financing of health insurance and alleviate the financial burden on individuals, the government implemented a policy changing the national health insurance drug-listing system from a negative list system to a positive list system (PLS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to compare differences in drug-listing rates for new chemical entities (NCEs) and incrementally modified drugs (IMDs) after South Korea introduced the PLS in December 2006. Parameters significantly affecting NCE and IMD listings were also identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  New drug-listing data for 2007 and 2008 were obtained from the databases of the Health Insurance Review Agency and the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Descriptive analyses on the reimbursement rate and logistic regression analysis were conducted. Statistical significance was tested for all results, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 150 reimbursement applications (79 for NCEs, 71 for IMDs) were examined for this study. The overall drug-listing rate was lower than before the introduction of the PLS. Drug reimbursement rates for NCEs (50.6%) were lower than those for IMDs (74.6%) (P = 0.0025). However, the price negotiation rate was 85.0% for NCEs compared with 73.6% for IMDs (P = 0.1847). The time required for both reimbursement and drug pricing was significantly longer for NCE than for IMD listings (P < 0.05). Cost-effectiveness and budget impact were 2 significant variables affecting the listing of NCEs. However, no significant variable was identified for IMDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PLS challenges the drug-listing system by decreasing the drug-listing rate and lengthening the period for reimbursement determinations. These effects were more pronounced for NCE listings than for IMD listings.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: DongMun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Dae Up
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyu Hyuck
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Eui-Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D016527:Drug Costs; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000191:economics; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics*; D016015:Logistic Models; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000191:economics*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D013997:Time Factors