title: Multidimensional point transform for public health practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With increases in spatial information and enabling technologies, location-privacy concerns have been on the rise. A commonly proposed solution in public health involves random perturbation, however consideration for individual dimensions (attributes) has been weak.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study proposes a multidimensional point transform (MPT) that integrates the spatial dimension with other dimensions of interest to comprehensively anonymise data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MPT relies on the availability of a base population, a subset patient dataset, and shared dimensions of interest. Perturbation distance and anonymity thresholds are defined, as are allowable dimensional perturbations. A preliminary implementation is presented using sex, age and location as the three dimensions of interest, with a maximum perturbation distance of 1 kilometre and an anonymity threshold of 20%. A synthesised New York county population is used for testing with 1000 iterations for each of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 patient dataset sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MPT consistently yielded a mean perturbation distance of 46 metres with no sex or age perturbation required. Displacement of the spatial mean decreased with patient dataset size and averaged 5.6 metres overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MPT presents a flexible, customisable and adaptive algorithm for perturbing datasets for public health, allowing tweaking and optimisation of the trade-offs for different datasets and purposes. It is not, however, a substitute for secure and ethical conduct, and a public health framework for the appropriate disclosure, use and dissemination of data containing personal identifiable information is required. The MPT presents an important component of such a framework.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Education, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK. philip.abdelmalik@plymouth.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: AbdelMalik
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kamel Boulos
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009518:New York; D018907:Privacy; D015980:Public Health Practice; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors