title: An animal model for endoscopic endonasal surgery and dacryocystorhinostomy training: uses and limitations of the lamb's head.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Structured training in endoscopic sinus surgery is essential, considering the serious potential complications. We have developed a detailed endoscopic endonasal surgery training programme, using a lamb's head model. This study aimed to assess the possibilities of using such a model for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dacryocystography was performed on lamb's head models, which were then meticulously dissected, both macroscopically and endoscopically, to assess the nasolacrimal system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dacryocystography showed the absence of a lacrimal sac in all the lamb's heads dissected. This result was confirmed by dissection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lamb's heads are excellent models with which to teach endoscopic sinus surgery techniques. However, this study clearly demonstrated the absence of a lacrimal sac in all such models dissected. Thus, this animal model is inappropriate for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mladina
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vuković
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Štern Padovan
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skitarelić
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000193:education*; D004210:Dissection; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D023421:Models, Animal; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D012756:Sheep