title: Estimation of electrode location in a rat motor cortex by laminar analysis of electrophysiology and intracortical electrical stimulation.
abstract: While the development of microelectrode arrays has enabled access to disparate regions of a cortex for neurorehabilitation, neuroprosthetic and basic neuroscience research, accurate interpretation of the signals and manipulation of the cortical neurons depend upon the anatomical placement of the electrode arrays in a layered cortex. Toward this end, this report compares two in vivo methods for identifying the placement of electrodes in a linear array spaced 100 µm apart based on in situ laminar analysis of (1) ketamine-xylazine-induced field potential oscillations in a rat motor cortex and (2) an intracortical electrical stimulation-induced movement threshold. The first method is based on finding the polarity reversal in laminar oscillations which is reported to appear at the transition between layers IV and V in laminar 'high voltage spindles' of the rat cortical column. Analysis of histological images in our dataset indicates that polarity reversal is detected 150.1 ± 104.2 µm below the start of layer V. The second method compares the intracortical microstimulation currents that elicit a physical movement for anodic versus cathodic stimulation. It is based on the hypothesis that neural elements perpendicular to the electrode surface are preferentially excited by anodic stimulation while cathodic stimulation excites those with a direction component parallel to its surface. With this method, we expect to see a change in the stimulation currents that elicits a movement at the beginning of layer V when comparing anodic versus cathodic stimulation as the upper cortical layers contain neuronal structures that are primarily parallel to the cortical surface and lower layers contain structures that are primarily perpendicular. Using this method, there was a 78.7 ± 68 µm offset in the estimate of the depth of the start of layer V. The polarity reversal method estimates the beginning of layer V within ±90 µm with 95% confidence and the intracortical stimulation method estimates it within ±69.3 µm. We propose that these methods can be used to estimate the in situ location of laminar electrodes implanted in the rat motor cortex.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. azadehy@umich.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yazdan-Shahmorad
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lehmkuhle
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gage
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Marzullo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Miriani
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kipke
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000465:Algorithms; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000502:physiology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine