title: Interleukin-1β, calcium-sensing receptor, and urokinase gene polymorphisms in korean patients with urolithiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are various causes of ureter calculi, and genetic factors are known to play a role. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) genes are related to hypercalciuria, and urokinase is related to the formation of calcium oxalate stones. This study investigated polymorphisms in IL-1β, CaSR, and urokinase in patients with urolithiasis and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urolithiasis patients treated at Chung-Ang University Hospital were enrolled from January 2007 to December 2008. The control group of volunteers displayed normal urinalysis findings in the health screening, no stones identified by ultrasonography, and no history of urolithiasis. DNA extracted from peripheral blood was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction. Patients were genetically screened for mutations in IL-1β (484 urolithiasis patients, 208 controls), CaSR (433 urolithiasis patients, 197 controls), and urokinase (370 urolithiasis patients, 167 controls). Stone metabolic study was done to see the differences between the metabolic factors and to discern normal genes from polymorphic genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the genotype frequency and allele frequency analysis, there were no statistically significant differences between IL-1β, CaSR, and urokinase genes. Also, the analysis between genotypes and metabolic factors did not show statistically significant differences between the three genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Korean urolithiasis patients, IL-1β, CaSR, and urokinase gene polymorphisms do not differ from those of healthy individuals. A larger-scale study is needed to confirm the need for other genetic markers of urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Joon-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In-Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: In-Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Jae-Dong
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Tae-Hyoung
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hye-Ryun
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim