title: In utero protein restriction causes growth delay and alters sperm parameters in adult male rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have supported the concept of "fetal programming" which suggests that during the intrauterine development the fetus may be programmed to develop diseases in adulthood. The possible effects of in utero protein restriction on sexual development of rat male offspring were evaluated in the present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant Wistar rats were divided into two experimental groups: one group treated with standard chow (SC, n = 8, 17% protein) and the other group treated with hypoproteic chow (HC, n = 10, 6% protein) throughout gestation. After gestation the two experimental groups received standard chow. To evaluate the possible late reproductive effects of in utero protein restriction, the male offspring of both groups were assessed at different phases of sexual development: prepubertal (30 days old); peripubertal (60 days old); adult (90 days old). Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test were utilized. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that in utero protein restriction reduced the body weight of male pups on the first postnatal day and during the different sexual development phases (prepubertal, peripubertal and adult). During adulthood, Sertoli cell number, sperm motility and sperm counts in the testis and epididymal cauda were also reduced in HC. Furthermore, the numbers of sperm presenting morphological abnormalities and cytoplasmic drop retention were higher in HC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, in utero protein restriction, under these experimental conditions, causes growth delay and alters male reproductive-system programming in rats, suggesting impairment of sperm quality in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabíola C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: Juliana E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Perobelli
authors.forename: Flávia P C
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Pedrosa
authors.forename: Janete A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Anselmo-Franci
authors.forename: Wilma D G
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Kempinas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011488:Protein Deficiency / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules / Q000254:growth & development; D046468:Sexual Development / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone