title: A meta-analysis of interventions that target children's screen time for reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screen time, especially television viewing, is associated with risk of overweight and obesity in children. Although several interventions have been developed to reduce children's screen time, no systematic review of these interventions exists to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions targeting a reduction in children's screen time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effect sizes and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity tests, moderator analyses, assessment of bias, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Reliability was assessed with Cohen's κ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The systematic search identified 3002 documents; 33 were eligible for inclusion, and 29 were included in analyses. Most reported preintervention and postintervention data and were published in peer-reviewed journals. Although heterogeneity was present, no moderators were identified. Overall Hedges g (-0.144 [95% CI: -0.217 to -0.072]) and standard mean difference (SMD) (-0.148 [95% CI: -0.224 to -0.071]) indicated that interventions were linked with small but statistically significant reductions in screen time in children. The results were robust; the failsafe N was large, and the funnel plot and trim-and-fill methods identified few missing studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that interventions to reduce children's screen time have a small but statistically significant effect. As the evidence base expands, and the number of screen-time interventions increases, future research can expand on these findings by examining the clinical relevance and sustainability of effects, conducting a more thorough analysis of effect modifiers, and identifying critical components of effective interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy, Management, and Behavior, School of Public Health, University at Albany, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA. dmaniccia@uamail.albany.edu
authors.forename: Dayna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maniccia
authors.forename: Kirsten K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Manganello
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Dennison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors