title: Modeling and measuring intracellular fluxes of secreted recombinant protein in Pichia pastoris with a novel 34S labeling procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The budding yeast Pichia pastoris is widely used for protein production. To determine the best suitable strategy for strain improvement, especially for high secretion, quantitative data of intracellular fluxes of recombinant protein are very important. Especially the balance between intracellular protein formation, degradation and secretion defines the major bottleneck of the production system. Because these parameters are different for unlimited growth (shake flask) and carbon-limited growth (bioreactor) conditions, they should be determined under "production like" conditions. Thus labeling procedures must be compatible with minimal production media and the usage of bioreactors. The inorganic and non-radioactive 34S labeled sodium sulfate meets both demands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used a novel labeling method with the stable sulfur isotope 34S, administered as sodium sulfate, which is performed during chemostat culivations. The intra- and extracellular sulfur 32 to 34 ratios of purified recombinant protein, the antibody fragment Fab3H6, are measured by HPLC-ICP-MS. The kinetic model described here is necessary to calculate the kinetic parameters from sulfur ratios of consecutive samples as well as for sensitivity analysis. From the total amount of protein produced intracellularly (143.1 μg g-1 h-1 protein per yeast dry mass and time) about 58% are degraded within the cell, 35% are secreted to the exterior and 7% are inherited to the daughter cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel 34S labeling procedure that enables in vivo quantification of intracellular fluxes of recombinant protein under "production like" conditions is described. Subsequent sensitivity analysis of the fluxes by using MATLAB, indicate the most promising approaches for strain improvement towards increased secretion.
authors.affiliation: University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Gunda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Köllensperger
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hann
authors.forename: Alexandra B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Diethard
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mattanovich
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D010843:Pichia / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013460:Sulfur Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013431:Sulfates; D013460:Sulfur Isotopes; C012036:sodium sulfate