title: Bioimpedance in the assessment of unilateral lymphedema of a limb: the optimal frequency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bioimpedance techniques provide a reliable method of assessing unilateral lymphedema in a clinical setting. Bioimpedance devices are traditionally used to assess body composition at a current frequency of 50 kHz. However, these devices are not transferable to the assessment of lymphedema, as the sensitivity of measuring the impedance of extracellular fluid is frequency dependent. It has previously been shown that the best frequency to detect extracellular fluid is 0 kHz (or DC). However, measurement at this frequency is not possible in practice due to the high skin impedance at DC, and an estimate is usually determined from low frequency measurements. This study investigated the efficacy of various low frequency ranges for the detection of lymphedema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Limb impedance was measured at 256 frequencies between 3 kHz and 1000 kHz for a sample control population, arm lymphedema population, and leg lymphedema population. Limb impedance was measured using the ImpediMed SFB7 and ImpediMed L-Dex(®) U400 with equipotential electrode placement on the wrists and ankles. The contralateral limb impedance ratio for arms and legs was used to calculate a lymphedema index (L-Dex) at each measurement frequency. The standard deviation of the limb impedance ratio in a healthy control population has been shown to increase with frequency for both the arm and leg. Box and whisker plots of the spread of the control and lymphedema populations show that there exists good differentiation between the arm and leg L-Dex measured for lymphedema subjects and the arm and leg L-Dex measured for control subjects up to a frequency of about 30 kHz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that impedance measurements above a frequency of 30 kHz decrease sensitivity to extracellular fluid and are not reliable for early detection of lymphedema.
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Richelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaw
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Box
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cornish
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006801:Humans; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged