title: Extra-anatomical complications of antegrade double-J insertion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insertion of a double-J (JJ) stent is a common procedure often carried out in the retrograde route by the urologists and the antegrade route by the radiologists. Reported complications include stent migration, encrustation, and fracture. Extra-anatomic placement of an antegrade JJ stent is a rare but infrequently recognized complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective audit of 165 antegrade JJ stent insertions performed over three consecutive years by a single interventional radiologist. All renal units were hydronephrotic at the time of nephrostomy. All procedures were performed under local anaesthetic with antibiotic prophylaxis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antegrade stent insertion was carried out simultaneously at the time of nephrostomy in 55 of the 165 cases (33%). The remainder were inserted at a mean of 2 weeks following decompression. In five (3%) patients, who had delayed antegrade stenting following nephrostomy, the procedure was complicated by silent ureteric perforation and an extra-anatomic placement of the stent. These complications had delayed manifestations, which included two retroperitoneal abscesses, a pelvic urinoma, a case each of ureterorectal fistula, and ureterovaginal fistula. Risk factors for ureteric perforation include previous pelvic malignancy, pelvic surgery, pelvic radiation, and a history of ureteric manipulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antegrade ureteric JJ stenting is a procedure not without complications. Extra-anatomic placement of the antegrade stent is a hitherto the infrequently reported complication but needs a high index of suspicion to be diagnosed. Risk factors for ureteric perforation at the time of stent insertion have to be considered to prevent this potential complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Radiology, Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, UK.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alleemudder
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mukerji
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Motiwala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charig
authors.forename: O M A
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Karim