title: Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of pneumococcal carriage among children in Beni State, Bolivia.
abstract: During 2007, a study of pneumococcal carriage in children was performed in two towns (Trinidad and Riberalta) in the Beni region of the Bolivian Amazon basin. Little has previously been reported regarding the epidemiology of pneumococcal carriage in Bolivia, and no multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of pneumococcal isolates from this region has previously been documented. A pneumococcal carriage rate of 34% was identified. Of 53 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates that survived transportation for serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility testing and MLST, the commonest serotypes were 6A (9%), 34 (8%), 4 (6%), 9A (6%), 10A (6%), 19A (6%), 23F (6%) and 38 (6%); overall, 26 different serotypes were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by Etest demonstrated high levels of susceptibility to penicillin (93%), erythromycin (98%), vancomycin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%), tetracycline (96%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) (85%). MLST identified that the majority (57%) of viable isolates belonged to previously unrecognised sequence types that are currently unique to Bolivia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. donald.inverarity@nhs.net
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inverarity
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diggle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ure
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Altstadt
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santana-Hernandez
mesh_terms: D001838:Bolivia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002353:Carrier State; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing / Q000379:methods; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification