title: Deficits in default mode network activity preceding error in cocaine dependent individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine dependence is associated with cognitive deficits and altered task-related cerebral activation in cognitive performance (see Li and Sinha, 2008, for a review). Relatively little is known whether these individuals are also impaired in regional brain activation of the default mode network (DMN). We demonstrated previously that greater activation of the default brain regions precedes errors in a stop signal task performed by healthy controls (SST, Li et al., 2007). We seek to determine whether individuals with cocaine dependence are impaired in DMN activity, specifically activity preceding error, as compared to the healthy people. We also examine the relation to years of cocaine use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with cocaine dependence (CD, n=23) and demographics-matched healthy controls (HC, n=27) performed a SST that employed a tracking procedure to adjust the difficulty of stop trials and elicit errors approximately half of the time. Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals of go trials preceding stop error as compared to those preceding stop success trials were extracted with generalized linear models using statistical parametric mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HC showed activation of bilateral precuneus and posterior cingulate cortices and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) preceding errors during the SST. In contrast, despite indistinguishable stop signal performance, CD did not show these error predicting activations. Furthermore, the effect size of error-preceding vmPFC activation was inversely correlated with years of cocaine use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate DMN deficits and could potentially add to our understanding of the effects of chronic cocaine use on cerebral functions in cocaine dependence. Work to further clarify potential changes in functional connectivity and gray matter volume is warranted to understand the relevance of DMN to the pathology of cocaine misuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bednarski
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kwang-Ik
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Rajita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Rounsaville
authors.forename: Chiang-shan R
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000378:metabolism*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology