title: Dynamic CpG island methylation landscape in oocytes and preimplantation embryos.
abstract: Elucidating how and to what extent CpG islands (CGIs) are methylated in germ cells is essential to understand genomic imprinting and epigenetic reprogramming. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first integrated epigenomic analysis of mammalian oocytes, identifying over a thousand CGIs methylated in mature oocytes. We show that these CGIs depend on DNMT3A and DNMT3L but are not distinct at the sequence level, including in CpG periodicity. They are preferentially located within active transcription units and are relatively depleted in H3K4me3, supporting a general transcription-dependent mechanism of methylation. Very few methylated CGIs are fully protected from post-fertilization reprogramming but, notably, the majority show incomplete demethylation in embryonic day (E) 3.5 blastocysts. Our study shows that CGI methylation in gametes is not entirely related to genomic imprinting but is a strong factor in determining methylation status in preimplantation embryos, suggesting a need to reassess mechanisms of post-fertilization demethylation.
authors.affiliation: Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Sébastien A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smallwood
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomizawa
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruf
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carli
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Segonds-Pichon
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kelsey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology*; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000502:physiology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000090205:DNA Methyltransferase 3A; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000715535:Dnmt3a protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C498796:Dnmt3l protein, mouse; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D000090205:DNA Methyltransferase 3A