title: Epidural needle with embedded optical fibers for spectroscopic differentiation of tissue: ex vivo feasibility study.
abstract: Epidural injection is commonly used to provide intraoperative anesthesia, postoperative and obstetric analgesia, and to treat acute radicular pain. Identification of the epidural space is typically carried out using the loss of resistance (LOR) technique, but the usefulness of this technique is limited by false LOR and the inability to reliably detect intravascular or subarachnoid needle placement. In this study, we present a novel epidural needle that allows for the acquisition of optical reflectance spectra from tissue close to the beveled surface. This needle has optical fibers embedded in the cannula that deliver and receive light. With two spectrometers, light received from tissue is resolved across the wavelength range of 500 to 1600 nm. To determine the feasibility of optical tissue differentiation, spectra were acquired from porcine tissues during a post mortem laminectomy. The spectra were processed with an algorithm that derives estimates of the hemoglobin and lipid concentrations. The results of this study suggest that the optical epidural needle has the potential to improve the accuracy of epidural space identification.
authors.forename: Adrien E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: Benno H W
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Voort
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nachabé
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bierhoff
authors.forename: Guus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Drazenko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Babic
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rathmell
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holmin
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderman
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holmström