title: Effect of propranolol on the relationship between QT interval and vagal modulation of heart rate variability in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolonged corrected QT (QT(c)) interval and vagal dysfunction are common occurrences in liver cirrhosis and are determinants of mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. We evaluated whether propranolol can affect the relationship between QT(c) interval and cardiac vagal control of heart rate variability (HRV) in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 50 cirrhotic patients (M/F = 43/7, 52.6 ± 8.4 years, Child-Pugh class A/B/C: 9/24/17) receiving propranolol with a sex-, age-, and liver disease severity-matched control group of 50 patients (M/F = 43/7, 52.0 ± 8.3 year, Child-Pugh class A/B/C: 9/24/17) not receiving propranolol. Among the parameters evaluated were QT(c) interval and cardiac vagal indices of HRV, including the root mean square of successive differences in R-R intervals (RMSSD); spectral power in the high-frequency range (HF); standard deviation (SD)1 in Poincare plot; and sample entropy. Correlations between QT(c) interval and vagal indices of HRV were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of preoperative propranolol treatment in the propranolol group was 19.4 ± 24.7 months. QT(c) interval was significantly lower, whereas RMSSD, HF, SD1, and sample entropy were significantly higher in the propranolol group than in the control group. Correlation coefficients between QT(c) interval and RMSSD, HF, SD1, and sample entropy were higher in the propranolol group than in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prolonged QT(c) interval observed in cirrhotic patients may be reduced by propranolol administration, an effect attributable to improved vagal cardiac modulation. These findings suggest that propranolol may have a beneficial effect on perioperative mortality in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011433:Propranolol