title: Nanoparticulate delivery can improve peroral bioavailability of cyclosporine and match Neoral Cmax sparing the kidney from damage.
abstract: Cyclosporine (CsA) as an immunosuppressant has demonstrated immense potential in the field of organ transplantation and autoimmune disorders, despite the nephrotoxicity. The present investigation is an attempt to develop biodegradable nanoparticles entrapping CsA that can match Cmax of Neora, the most potent formulation available to date. The Cmax and AUC0-72 of CsA administered as nanoparticles demonstrated an increase with increase in the dose administered, however the relative bioavailability decreased. The Cmax and AUC0-72 increased from 682 to 1073 ng/ml and 34854 to 55322 ng . h/ml, respectively whereas, the relative bioavailability decreased from 120 to 64%. On the other hand, the increase in initial CsA loading (10-30% w/w of polymer) recorded a proportional increase in Cmax and AUC0-72, from 494 to 1101 ng/ml and 17774 to 51763 ng . h/ml, respectively. The relative bioavailability also increased from 31 to 89%. The CsA nanoparticles at 30% CsA loading w/w of polymer and at 30 mg/Kg single dose demonstrated comparable Cmax of Neoral at 15 mg/Kg, which upon chronic administration over a period of 30 days daily dosing showed low nephrotoxicity to that exhibited by Neoral. The reduced toxicity of nanoparticulate CsA indicated by lower blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine and glomerular damage, was due to delay in Tmax as result of slow release of the CsA from the nanoparticles. The investigation unlocks the potential of polymeric nanoparticles in oral delivery of CsA.
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 ONR, UK.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ankola
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wadsworth
authors.forename: M N V
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ravi Kumar
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D016572:Cyclosporine; D003404:Creatinine