title: Phantom investigation of phase-inversion-based dual-frequency excitation imaging for improved contrast display.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this work is to examine the effects of pulse-inversion (PI) technique in combination with dual-frequency (DF) excitation method to separate the high-order nonlinear responses from microbubble contrast agents for improvement of image contrast. DF excitation method has been previously developed to induce the low-frequency ultrasound nonlinear responses from bubbles by using the composition of two high-frequency sinusoids (f(1) and f(2)).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although the simple filtering was conventionally utilized to provide signal separation, the PI approach is better in the sense that it minimizes the mutual interferences among these high-order nonlinear responses in the presence of spectral overlap. The novelty of the work is that, in addition to the common PI summation, the PI subtraction was also applied in DF excitation method.
  
  
  METHODS
  DF excitation pulses having an envelope frequency of 3MHz (i.e., f(1)=8.5MHz and f(2)=11.5MHz) with pulse lengths of 3-10μs and the pressure amplitudes from 0.5 to 1.5MPa were used to interrogate the nonlinear responses of SonoVue™ microbubbles in the phantom experiments. The high-order nonlinear responses in the DF excitation were extracted for contrast imaging using PI summation for even-order nonlinear components or PI subtraction for odd-order nonlinear ones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicated that, as compared to the conventional filtering technique, the PI processing effectively increases the contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) of the third-order nonlinear response at 5.5MHz and the fourth-order nonlinear response at 6MHz by 2-5dB. For these high-order nonlinear components, the CTR increase varies with the transmission pressures from 0.5 to 1.5MPa due to the microbubbles' displacement induced by the radiation force of DF excitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For DF excitation technique, the PI processing can help to extract either the odd-order or the even-order nonlinear components for higher CTR estimates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Che-Chou
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Shin-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Chih-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chih-Kuang
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D045423:Microbubbles; D008833:Microcirculation; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010743:Phospholipids; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride