title: Neuroendocrine cancer vaccines in clinical trials.
abstract: This article focuses on neuroendocrine cancer vaccines that have been evaluated in human clinical trials within the last 5 years. The definition of what constitutes a neuroendocrine tumor requires clarification. Strategies and barriers common to cancer vaccines are highlighted. In general, neuroendocrine cancer is rare; however, special attention will be paid to neuroblastoma and small-cell-lung cancer owing to their relatively higher prevalence. A variety of other neuroendocrine tumor vaccine trials will also be addressed. The common problem of generating only sporadic tumor-specific immune responses that are of low-magnitude will be discussed in detail, with recommendations for future directions.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada. bridleb@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Byram W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Bridle
mesh_terms: D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines