title: The effect of repeated restraint stress in pain-related behavior induced by nucleus pulposus applied on the nerve root in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic pain has an impact on psychological and social factors. It is known that stress influences physiological and behavioral changes and affects several neurotransmitter and hormonal systems. It is also known that corticosterone is increased by stress. The role of chronic stress in sciatica in lumbar disc herniation (LDH) in rats has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the restraint stress (RS) on pain-related behavior induced by application of nucleus pulposus (NP) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six experimental groups (naive group; naive + RS; sham group; sham + RS; autologous nucleus pulposus [NP] applied on the left L5 nerve root [NP group]; and NP + RS group). Von Frey tests were used to test pain-related behavior. Concentrations of plasma corticosterone were measured to assess changes in levels of endogenous corticosterone caused by RS. Expression of ATF-3 in the left L5 DRG was examined by immunohistochemical analyses in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the NP and NP + RS groups were significantly decreased after surgery compared with the naive group. Although the thresholds in the NP group recovered after 28 days, the thresholds in the NP + RS group were significantly decreased during the 42 days after surgery. RS increased the concentration of plasma corticosterone at 21 and 42 days after surgery. In the NP and the NP + RS groups, the expression of ATF-3 was significantly increased at 7 days after surgery. The expression of ATF-3 was sustained for 21 days by RS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concentrations of plasma corticosterone were increased in three groups that underwent RS. The pain-related behavior persisted for the long term in the LDH model. The expression of ATF-3 in DRG neurons increased for 21 days by RS. These results suggest that RS plays a role in the chronicity of pain-related behavior in the LDH rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1-Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uesugi
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konno
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012585:Sciatica / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; C497108:Atf3 protein, rat; D003345:Corticosterone