title: Effects of joint alignment and type on mechanical properties of thermoplastic articulated ankle-foot orthosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Articulated or hinged ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) allow more range of motion. However, quantitative investigation on articulated AFO is still sparse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to quantitatively investigate effects of alignment and joint types on mechanical properties of the thermoplastic articulated AFO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tamarack dorsiflexion assist flexure joints with three durometers (75, 85 and 95) and free motion joint were tested. The AFO joint was aligned with the center of the motor shaft (surrogate ankle joint), 10 mm superior, inferior, anterior and posterior with respect to the motor shaft center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The AFO was passively moved from 20° plantar flexion to 15° dorsiflexion at a speed of 10°/s using a motorized device. Mechanical properties including index of hysteresis, passive resistance torque and quasi-static stiffness (at neutral, 5°, 10° and 15° in plantar flexion) were quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant effects of joint types and joint alignment on the mechanical properties of an articulated thermoplastic AFO were revealed. Specifically, center alignment showed minimum resistance and stiffness while anterior and posterior alignment showed significantly higher resistance and stiffness. The dorsiflexion assist torques at neutral position ranged from 0.69 ± 0.09 to 1.88 ± 0.10 Nm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anterior and posterior alignment should be avoided as much as possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study suggested that anterior and posterior alignment be avoided as much as possible in clinical practice due to potential skin irritation and increase in stress around the ankle joint.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Sciences, School of Health Professions, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390–9091, USA. fan.gao@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Carlton
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapp
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D033023:Foot Joints; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019415:Torque