title: Basal forebrain involvement in low-functioning autistic children: a voxel-based morphometry study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Imaging studies have revealed brain abnormalities in the regions involved in functions impaired in ASD (social relations, verbal and nonverbal communication, and adaptive behavior). We performed a VBM whole-brain analysis to assess the areas involved in autistic children with DD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one developmentally delayed children with ASD (aged 3-10 years) were compared with 21 controls matched for age, sex, and sociocultural background. All ASD cases had been diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria, with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic, and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. The VBM data, covaried with intelligence quotient, age, and brain volume, were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ASD patients showed a pattern of regional GM reduction symmetrically affecting the basal forebrain, accumbens nucleus, cerebellar hemispheres, and perisylvian regions, including insula and putamen. Asymmetric involvement of GM was observed in other brain regions functionally connected to the basal forebrain, ie, an area located close to the medial and ventral surface of the frontal lobe. No regional WM differences were observed between the 2 groups. No significant differences between patients and controls were found regarding total brain volume, GM, and WM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with ASD and DD, the novel finding of our VBM study was the demonstration of reduced GM volume in the basal forebrain and the areas connected with it. This system is involved in social behavior, communication, and cognitive skills. Whether the involvement of the basal forebrain is characteristic of ASD or is related to the DD present in our patients needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy. driva@istituto-besta.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bulgheroni
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aquino
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Salle
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Savoiardo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erbetta
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000473:pathology*