title: Longitudinal study of wind-up responses after graded spinal cord injuries in the adult rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objectives of this work were to evaluate the development of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injuries of different severities, and to assess changes in central excitability and plasticity by means of wind-up responses and withdrawal reflexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of rats were subjected to spinal cord contusion with forces of 100 or 200 kdyn applied at T8. Measurements of thermal and mechanical pain thresholds as well as wind-up measurements were performed weekly during two months after injury. Withdrawal reflexes were also assessed electrophysiologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that animals with contusion of different severities showed a similar reduction in nociceptive thresholds. All contused animals showed increased wind-up responses compared to intact animals during the first 2 to 6 weeks post injury. The mean increase of wind-up was higher in rats with stronger spinal cord contusion. Results from the withdrawal reflexes did not correlate with nociceptive behaviors nor wind-up responses, highlighting the plasticity of spinal circuits modulation after SCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the graded-force spinal cord contusion model is suitable for studying central neuropathic pain, and for assessing changes in wind-up responses. Wind-up measurements can be used as a non-invasive technique to detect changes in central excitability after SCI of different severities.
authors.affiliation: Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Redondo Castro
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Udina
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verdú
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis