title: Nuclear targeting with cell-specific multifunctional tricarbonyl M(I) (M is Re, (99m)Tc) complexes: synthesis, characterization, and cell studies.
abstract: Auger-emitting radionuclides such as (99m)Tc have been the focus of recent studies aiming at finding more selective therapeutic approaches. To explore the potential usefulness of (99m)Tc as an Auger emitter, we have synthesized and biologically evaluated novel multifunctional structures comprising (1) a pyrazolyl-diamine framework bearing a set of donor atoms to stabilize the [M(CO)(3)](+) (M is Re, (99m)Tc) core; (2) a DNA intercalating moiety of the acridine orange type to ensure close proximity of the radionuclide to DNA and to follow the internalization and subcellular trafficking of the compounds by confocal fluorescence microscopy; and (3) a bombesin (BBN) analogue of the type X-BBN[7-14] (where X is SGS, GGG) to provide specificity towards cells expressing the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPr). Of the evaluated (99m)Tc complexes, Tc                            (                               3                            ) containing the GGG-BBN[7-14] peptide showed the highest cellular internalization in GRPr-positive PC3 human prostate tumor cells, presenting a remarkably high nuclear uptake in the same cell line. Live-cell confocal imaging microscopy studies with the congener Re complex, Re                            (                               3                            ), showed a considerable accumulation of fluorescence in the nucleus, with kinetics of uptake similar to that exhibited by Tc                            (                               3                            ). Together, these data show that the acridine orange intercalator and the metal fragment are colocalized in the nucleus, which indicates that they remain connected despite the lysosomal degradation of Tc                            (                               3                            )/Re                            (                               3                            ). These compounds are the first examples of (99m)Tc bioconjugates that combine specific cell targeting with nuclear internalization, a crucial issue to explore use of (99m)Tc in Auger therapy.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional, Sacavém, Portugal.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paulo
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rino
authors.forename: Prasant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.forename: C Jeffrey
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001839:Bombesin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin / Q000378:metabolism; D012211:Rhenium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013667:Technetium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010455:Peptides; D011868:Radioisotopes; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin; D012211:Rhenium; D013667:Technetium; D000165:Acridine Orange; D001839:Bombesin