title: Comparison of three different endoscopic techniques in management of bladder calculi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We present our experience of comparison of endoscopic treatment of vesical calculus in bladder stone.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 67 patients of bladder stone treated in this hospital from between June 2006 to December 2009 who were randomly assigned in three groups-group 1 (transurethral removal using a nephroscope), group 2 (transurethral removal using a cystoscope), and group 3 (percutaneous removal using a nephroscope).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical significant difference was observed in operating time-group 1 (32.1+ 8.5 mins), group 2 (69.2 +16.3), and group 3 (46 + 7.3). Statistically significant difference was also observed in the postoperative stay of the patient, which was highest for the group 3 patients. Complete clearance was achieved in all the patients. Group 1 had maximum number of urethral entries as compared to other two groups in consideration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transurethral stone removal using a nephroscope is safe and efficacious method of stone removal without increasing the morbidity of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Chief Urologist and Transplant Surgeon, Family Hospital, Amritsar, India.
authors.forename: Kamal Jeet
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Jaspreet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaur