title: The use of external consultants by NHS commissioners in England: what lessons can be drawn for GP commissioning?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the current use of external support by commissioners in the English NHS; assess what impact it is having; explore the factors influencing effectiveness; and draw out the implications for the future of NHS commissioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Two national surveys of primary care trust managers. (2) Qualitative interviews and focus groups with representatives of 12 firms providing support services to commissioners. (3) Focus groups in three primary care trusts and interviews with representatives of two strategic health authorities (SHAs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of survey respondents reported using external support (89% in 2010). Satisfaction levels were reasonably high, with most rating the service received as excellent or good. Perceived impact in the case study sites was mixed, but benefits were reported in a number of areas. There were cases where external support had not achieved its goals. Several factors contributed to success or failure, including difficulties around procuring external support; building effective working relationships; and implementing the ideas generated by external partners. There was evidence that commissioners do not always use support in a way that takes full advantage of the skills existing in external organizations. There was also some evidence that poorer performing organizations may be less successful in using external support effectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  External support can play a role in improving the quality of commissioning. However, certain pitfalls must be avoided if it is to be used effectively. The role of external support will evolve (and may expand) as commissioning responsibilities are transferred to general practice consortia.
authors.affiliation: The King's Fund, London, UK. c.naylor@kingsfund.org.uk
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D003284:Contract Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017144:Focus Groups; D006285:Health Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006113:United Kingdom