title: Diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluation of composite milk samples to detect intramammary infections.
abstract: Composite milk samples, in which milk from all 4 bovine quarters is collected in a single vial, are widely used in many developed dairy industries for detection of intramammary infections (IMI). These samples are more economical for use in culturing protocols than individual quarter samples, and may be useful when considering management options at the cow and herd level. The dilution effect may be problematic, however, resulting in lower sensitivity (Se) in IMI detection on composite samples. Relative Se and specificity (Sp) in composite samples have previously been described for some major pathogens, but because the causative organism for IMI is initially unknown, it is beneficial to investigate the reliability of composite samples for detection of all types of mastitis-causing bacteria. The Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network has a large data collection platform-the National Cohort of Dairy Farms-containing a vast amount of data on mastitis in Canada. These data have been used to further investigate the Se and Sp of composite samples in detecting IMI caused by specific mastitis pathogens. Milk samplings of selected cows before dry-off, after calving, and during lactation (n=48,835 samples) were employed to this end. Composite samples showed moderately high Se for Staphylococcus aureus (77.1%, 95% CI=73.3-80.5) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (73.4%, 95% CI=60.9-83.7), with moderate Se for Streptococcus uberis (62.1%, 95% CI=49.3-73.8) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (59.8%, 95% CI=58.4-61.2). Sensitivities always increased as the number of affected quarters increased. Composite samples also showed high Sp (>97%) for most organisms. Factors such as lactation number and stage of lactation were evaluated for their influence on the Se and Sp of composite sampling, but were only found to be significant for coagulase-negative staphylococci. Predictive values using the herd prevalences found across Canada were calculated and can be useful in field scenarios when composite sampling is employed to assist mastitis management. When used to detect newly occurring IMI in pairs of samples taken before dry-off, post-calving, and also prior to and subsequent to the dry period, composite samples were shown to have lower Se but similar Sp for all pathogens investigated. Composite samples can be used to detect IMI and new IMI in dairy cows, but the Se and Sp of the procedure should be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada. kreyher@upei.ca
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Reyher
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Dohoo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification