title: Laparoscopic appendectomy in children with complicated appendicitis: ethnic disparity amid changing trend.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has gained acceptance in the treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis in the pediatric population. The role of LA versus open appendectomy (OA) in complicated (perforated) appendicitis has remained controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-y review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) and 3 y of non-overlapping data from the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) (2000, 2003, and 2006) was performed on pediatric patients (age <18 y) with complicated appendicitis. Patients were classified based on gender, race, insurance status, and type of appendectomy performed. Multivariate regression was conducted adjusting for age, race, gender, and type of appendectomy, with mortality and length of hospital stay (LOS) as outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 72,787 patients met the inclusion criteria with a median age of 11 y. The majorities of the patients were male (59.9%), Caucasian (38.1%), and insured (89.7%). Twenty-nine percent underwent LA while 71% had OA. Proportion of LA increased from 9.9% in 1999 to 46.6% in 2007. On multivariate analysis, African-Americans were less likely to undergo LA compared with Caucasians (OR: 0.80, CI = 0.69-0.92, P = 0.002) despite an increased odds of undergoing LA over the last decade from 1998 to 2007 in the entire study population (OR 6.27, 95% CI 4.73-8.30, P = 0.000). Increasing age and gender were also associated with likelihood of receiving LA (OR: 1.08, CI = 1.06-1.10 and OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.18-1.31, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LA is gradually gaining acceptance over the years as an alternative to OA for complicated appendicitis, However, minority difference still exists in choice of procedure. There is a need to further investigate this disparity as it may be related to access to skilled laparoscopic pediatric surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20060, USA. toyetunji@howard.edu
authors.forename: Tolulope A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Oyetunji
authors.forename: Benedict C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Nwomeh
authors.forename: Sharon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ong'uti
authors.forename: Dani O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Cornwell
authors.forename: Terrence M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Fullum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D001062:Appendectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality / Q000639:trends; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D044465:White People