title: Development and mechanical testing of a short intramedullary nail for fixation of femoral rotational osteotomy in cerebral palsy patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rotational osteotomy is frequently indicated to correct excessive femoral anteversion in cerebral palsy patients. Angled blade plate is the standard fixation device used when performed in the proximal femur, but extensile exposure is required for plate accommodation. The authors developed a short locked intramedullary nail to be applied percutaneously in the fixation of femoral rotational osteotomies in children with cerebral palsy and evaluated its mechanical properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was divided into three stages. In the first part, a prototype was designed and made based on radiographic measurements of the femoral medullary canal of ten-year-old patients. In the second, synthetic femoral models based on rapid-prototyping of 3D reconstructed images of patients with cerebral palsy were obtained and were employed to adjust the nail prototype to the morphological changes observed in this disease. In the third, rotational osteotomies were simulated using synthetic femoral models stabilized by the nail and by the AO-ASIF fixed-angle blade plate. Mechanical testing was done comparing both devices in bending-compression and torsion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors observed proper adaptation of the nail to normal and morphologically altered femoral models, and during the simulated osteotomies. Stiffness in bending-compression was significantly higher in the group fixed by the plate (388.97 ± 57.25 N/mm) than in that fixed by the nail (268.26 ± 38.51 N/mm) as torsional relative stiffness was significantly higher in the group fixed by the plate (1.07 ± 0.36 Nm/°) than by the nail (0.35 ± 0.13 Nm/°).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the device presented adequate design and dimension to fit into the pediatric femur, mechanical tests indicated that the nail was less stable than the blade plate in bending-compression and torsion. This may be a beneficial property, and it can be attributed to the more flexible fixation found in intramedullary devices.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioengineering, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil. rpagnano@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Rodrigo G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pagnano
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: Jose B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Volpon
mesh_terms: D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental; D001858:Bone Nails; D001860:Bone Plates; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods