title: Antenatal depression and offspring psychopathology: the influence of childhood maltreatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antenatal depression and childhood maltreatment have each been associated with offspring psychopathology, but have never been examined in the same sample.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether childhood maltreatment influences the association between antenatal depression and offspring psychopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively collected data on antenatal depression, offspring maltreatment (age 11) and offspring psychopathology (age 11 and 16) were analysed in 120 mother-offspring dyads from the community-based South London Child Development Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antenatal depression increased the risk of maltreatment in the offspring by almost four times. Children exposed only to antenatal depression or only to childhood maltreatment were no more at risk of developing psychopathology; however, children exposed to both antenatal depression and childhood maltreatment were at almost 12 times greater risk of developing psychopathology than offspring not so exposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research investigating exposure to adverse events in utero and offspring psychopathology should take account of postnatal adverse events such as maltreatment.
authors: Section of Perinatal Psychiatry, PO Box 71, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. susan.pawlby@kcl.ac.uk
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Pawlby
authors: Dale
authors: D
authors: Hay
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Sharp
authors: Cerith S
authors: CS
authors: Waters
authors: Carmine M
authors: CM
authors: Pariante
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004644:Emotions; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult