title: Quantification of wet-work exposure in nurses using a newly developed wet-work exposure monitor.
abstract: Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is an important work-related disease. A major cause of OCD is 'wet work': frequent contact of the skin with water, soap, detergents, or occlusive gloves. The German guidance TRGS 401 recommends that the duration of wet work (including use of occlusive gloves) should not exceed 2 h day(-1) and also the frequency of hand washing or hand disinfection should be taken into account. This highlights the need for a reliable method to assess duration and frequency of wet work. Recently, a wet-work sampler has been developed by the University of Aberdeen. The sampler uses the temperature difference (ΔT) generated by evaporative cooling between two sensors: one sensor on the skin and a second one placed 2 mm above the skin. We have evaluated the use of this sampler in a healthcare setting, using direct observation as reference. Twenty-six nurses wore the sampler on the volar side of the middle finger for ∼2 h during their regular daily tasks, while being observed by a researcher. Sampler results were evaluated using various threshold values for ΔT to identify wet events of the hands. The optimal ΔT to discern wet and dry skin differed considerably between individual nurses. Individual results yielded a median sensitivity of 78 and 62% and a median specificity of 79 and 68% for indicating wet skin and glove use, respectively. Overall, the sampler was moderately accurate for identifying wetness of the skin and less accurate for discerning glove use. In conclusion, agreement between observed wet work and device-reported wet events in healthcare settings was not high and further adaptations and developments may be required.
authors: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.j.visser@amc.nl
authors: Maaike J
authors: MJ
authors: Visser
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Behroozy
authors: Maarten M
authors: MM
authors: Verberk
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Semple
authors: Sanja
authors: S
authors: Kezic
mesh_terms: D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003902:Detergents / Q000009:adverse effects; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009726:Nurses; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D014867:Water; D014937:Work
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D004202:Disinfectants; D014867:Water