title: Macrophages and HIV-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophages play an important role in HIV-1 pathogenesis and contribute to the establishment of the viral reservoir responsible for continuous virus production. This review will discuss new insights into HIV-1 infection in macrophages and the effect of infection on immune function and pathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New cellular factors interacting with various steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle, such as entry, integration, transcription, and assembly of new viral progeny, have been identified. Cellular and viral microRNAs have been shown to regulate virus replication, promote viral latency, and prolong cell survival. Interference with innate immune functions, like phagocytosis, autophagy, cytokine production, and T-cell activation by HIV-1 has been found to contribute to virus replication and latency. Growing evidence indicates an important role of infected macrophages in a variety of HIV-1-associated diseases, including neurocognitive disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV-1 continues to persist in macrophages. Better understanding of HIV-1 infection in macrophages may lead to new adjunctive therapies to improve cART, specifically targeting the viral reservoir and ameliorating tissue-specific diseases.
authors: Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam at Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Viviana
authors: V
authors: Cobos-Jiménez
authors: Thijs
authors: T
authors: Booiman
authors: Jörg
authors: J
authors: Hamann
authors: Neeltje A
authors: NA
authors: Kootstra
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents