title: Pharmacokinetic properties of infliximab in children and adults with Crohn's disease: a retrospective analysis of data from 2 phase III clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against TNFα. The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of infliximab have been studied in several adult patient populations, but a literature search identified no reported comparative population PK properties of this drug in pediatric patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current analysis applied population PK techniques to compare data on the PK properties of infliximab in pediatric and adult patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (CD) from 2 Phase III studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis used serum infliximab concentration data from 692 patients (112 children, 580 adults; age range, 6-76 years) from 2 Phase III clinical studies (REACH [A Randomized, Multicenter, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Anti-TNF-α Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody in Pediatric Subjects with Moderate-to-Severe Crohn's Disease] and ACCENT I [A Crohn's Disease Clinical Trial Evaluating Infliximab in a New, Long-term Treatment Regimen]). PK models were developed separately for children, adults, and a combination of both. The combined population was used for establishing important covariates of infliximab PK properties in the combined CD population. Exploratory simulations using combined PK and covariate data were performed to expand the interpretation of the results in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the findings, in a typical child (who, based on the median values in REACH, weighs 42 kg, has a baseline serum albumin concentration [SAC] 3.8 mg/dL, and has not developed antibodies to infliximab [ATIs]) who is receiving infliximab and an immunomodulator, PK estimates (typical value [SE]) were as follows: clearance (CL), 5.43 (0.15) mL/kg/d; V(d) in the central compartment (V(1)), 54.2 (1.15) mL/kg; V(d) in the peripheral compartment (V(2)), 29.2 (2.03) mL/kg; and intercompartmental clearance (Q), 3.52 (0.71) mL/kg/d. Corresponding properties in a typical adult (weight, 68 kg; SAC, 4.1 mg/dL) were CL, 5.39 (0.13) mL/kg/d; V(1), 52.7 (0.49) mL/kg; V(2), 19.0 (1.53) mL/kg; and Q, 2.15 (0.39) mL/kg/d. V(2) decreased as body weight increased, predicting a possible undercompensation for exposure with infliximab dosing per kg weight in lower-weight individuals. In pediatric and adult patients, CL was higher in those in whom ATIs developed or who had low baseline SAC. Concurrent immunomodulator use (purine antimetabolites or methotrexate) was associated with a 14% decrease in CL. In the pediatric and adult patients, observed trough serum infliximab concentrations, median infliximab t(1/2) (in children, 13.2 days; and in adults, 12.4 days), and exploratory PK simulations predicted infliximab PK properties to be comparable between children and adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infliximab PK properties appeared to be comparable between pediatric and adult patients with CD. Specifically, in this select population using nonlinear mixed effects modeling, infliximab CL increased as SAC decreased. CL also increased with ATI formation but decreased with immunomodulator coadministration. Although weight affects infliximab PK properties (total CL and total Vd increased with total body weight while per kg CL and Vd decrease with total body weight), age was not found to influence infliximab PK in the age range tested (6-76 years).
authors: Centocor Research and Development, Inc, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA. adedigbo@hotmail.com
authors: Adedigbo A
authors: AA
authors: Fasanmade
authors: Omoniyi J
authors: OJ
authors: Adedokun
authors: Marion
authors: M
authors: Blank
authors: Honghui
authors: H
authors: Zhou
authors: Hugh M
authors: HM
authors: Davis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D000069285:Infliximab; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab