title: Occipitocervicothoracic stabilization in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although rarely encountered, pediatric patients with severe cervical spine deformities and instability may occasionally require occipitocervicothoracic instrumentation and fusion. This case series reports the experience of 4 pediatric centers in managing this condition. Occipitocervical fixation is the treatment of choice for craniocervical instability that is symptomatic or threatens neurological function. In children, the most common distal fixation level with modern techniques is C-2. Treated patients maintain a significant amount of neck motion due to the flexibility of the subaxial cervical spine. Distal fixation to the thoracic spine has been reported in adult case series. This procedure is to be avoided due to the morbidity of complete loss of head and neck motion. Unfortunately, in rare cases, the pathological condition or highly aberrant anatomy may require occipitocervical constructs to include the thoracic spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors identified 13 patients who underwent occipitocervicothoracic fixation. Demographic, radiological, and clinical data were gathered through retrospective review of patient records from 4 institutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients ranged from 1 to 14 years of age. There were 7 girls and 6 boys. Diagnoses included Klippel-Feil, Larsen, Morquio, and VATER syndromes as well as postlaminectomy kyphosis and severe skeletal dysplasia. Four patients were neurologically intact and 9 had myelopathy. Five children were treated with preoperative traction prior to instrumentation; 5 underwent both anterior and posterior spinal reconstruction. Two patients underwent instrumentation beyond the thoracic spine. Allograft was used anteriorly, and autologous rib grafts were used in the majority for posterior arthrodesis. Follow-up ranged from 0 to 43 months. Computed tomography confirmed fusion in 9 patients; the remaining patients were lost to follow-up or had not undergone repeat imaging at the time of writing. Patients with myelopathy either improved or stabilized. One child had mild postoperative unilateral upper-extremity weakness, and a second child died due to a tracheostomy infection. All patients had severe movement restriction as expected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occipitocervicothoracic stabilization may be employed to stabilize and reconstruct complex pediatric spinal deformities. Neurological function can be maintained or improved. The long-term morbidity of loss of cervical motion remains to be elucidated.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. kyle.fargen@neurosurgery.ufl.edu
authors: Kyle M
authors: KM
authors: Fargen
authors: Richard C E
authors: RC
authors: Anderson
authors: David H
authors: DH
authors: Harter
authors: Peter D
authors: PD
authors: Angevine
authors: Valerie C
authors: VC
authors: Coon
authors: Douglas L
authors: DL
authors: Brockmeyer
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Pincus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods*; D013577:Syndrome; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed