title: Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy among Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. Clinically, DN is classified into 3 stages: microalbuminuria (MA), macroalbuminuria and ESRD. The prevalence and risk factors of DN among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Thailand have not been well studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of DN in patients with T2DM and to determine their associated risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study evaluating 877 T2DM patients from the out-patient department of seven public hospitals in Thailand was performed. Three random spot urine samples from all patients were collected during 3 consecutive months. Normoalbuminuria, MA and macroalbuminuria were defined as the presence of at least two out of three spot urine tests for urine albumin/creatinine ratio showing less than 30, 30-300 and more than 300 mg/gm respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients were female, 60 years of age or older, with BMI above 25 kg/m2, a family history of DM, uncontrolled blood pressure, HbA1c above 7.0% and LDL above 100 mg/dl. The prevalence of normoalbuminuria, MA and macroalbuminuria was 62.8, 26.0 and 11.2% respectively. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in T2DM with normoalbuminuria, MA and microalbuminuria was 18.5, 35.5 and 48.0% respectively. Associated risk factors of DN were the duration of DM, HbA1c levels and uncontrolled hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of all DN was 37.2%. Associated risk factors of DN were the duration of DM, HbA1c levels and uncontrolled hypertension.
authors: Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand. krairit@yahoo.com
authors: Udom
authors: U
authors: Krairittichai
authors: Somkiat
authors: S
authors: Potisat
authors: Amporn
authors: A
authors: Jongsareejit
authors: Charnvate
authors: C
authors: Sattaputh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin