title: Effect of the expression of aquaporins 1 and 3 in mouse oocytes and compacted eight-cell embryos on the nucleation temperature for intracellular ice formation.
abstract: The occurrence of intracellular ice formation (IIF) is the most important factor determining whether cells survive a cryopreservation procedure. What is not clear is the mechanism or route by which an external ice crystal can traverse the plasma membrane and cause the heterogeneous nucleation of the supercooled solution within the cell. We have hypothesized that one route is through preexisting pores in aquaporin (AQP) proteins that span the plasma membranes of many cell types. Since the plasma membrane of mature mouse oocytes expresses little AQP, we compared the ice nucleation temperature of native oocytes with that of oocytes induced to express AQP1 and AQP3. The oocytes were suspended in 1.0  M ethylene glycol in PBS for 15  min, cooled in a Linkam cryostage to -7.0  ° C, induced to freeze externally, and finally cooled at 20  ° C/min to -70  ° C. IIF that occurred during the 20  ° C/min cooling is manifested by abrupt black flashing. The mean IIF temperatures for native oocytes, for oocytes sham injected with water, for oocytes expressing AQP1, and for those expressing AQP3 were -34, -40, -35, and -25  ° C respectively. The fact that the ice nucleation temperature of oocytes expressing AQP3 was 10-15  ° C higher than the others is consistent with our hypothesis. AQP3 pores can supposedly be closed by low pH or by treatment with double-stranded Aqp3 RNA. However, when morulae were subjected to such treatments, the IIF temperature still remained high. A possible explanation is suggested.
authors: Fundamental and Applied Cryobiology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932-2575, USA.
authors: Shinsuke
authors: S
authors: Seki
authors: Keisuke
authors: K
authors: Edashige
authors: Sakiko
authors: S
authors: Wada
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Mazur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051398:Aquaporin 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051400:Aquaporin 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003460:Crystallization; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007053:Ice; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D023421:Models, Animal; D009028:Morula / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: C496021:Aqp1 protein, mouse; C496028:Aqp3 protein, mouse; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D007053:Ice; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D051398:Aquaporin 1; D051400:Aquaporin 3; D019855:Ethylene Glycol