title: Synthesis of and signalling by small, redox active molecules in the plant immune response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates (ROIs and RNIs), respectively, are central features of the plant immune response. Rare, highly reactive protein cysteine (Cys) residues of low pKa are a major target for these intermediates. In this context, S-nitrosylation, the addition of a nitric oxide (NO) moiety to a Cys thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO), is emerging as a key, redox-based post-translational modification during plant immune function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we describe some recent insights into how ROIs and RNIs are synthesized and how these small, redox active molecules help orchestrate the plant defence response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reviewed data highlights the growing importance of ROIs and RNIs in orchestrating the development of plant immunity and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning their function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Signalling via small, redox active molecules is a key feature underpinning a diverse series of signal transduction networks in eukaryotic cells. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms that support the activity of these molecules may have potentially wide significance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation.
authors: Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom.
authors: Byung-Wook
authors: BW
authors: Yun
authors: Steven H
authors: SH
authors: Spoel
authors: Gary J
authors: GJ
authors: Loake
mesh_terms: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015538:Nitrosation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D057865:Plant Immunity; D010944:Plants / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C105496:NPR1 protein, Arabidopsis; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D026403:S-Nitrosothiols; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; C539168:SABP3 protein, Arabidopsis; D003545:Cysteine