title: Use of ionic liquid aggregates of 1-hexadecyl-3-butyl imidazolium bromide in a focused-microwave assisted extraction method followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection to determine the 15+1 EU priority PAHs in toasted cereals ("gofios").
abstract: A focused-microwave assisted extraction method using aggregates of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-hexadecyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide (HDBIm-Br) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection and single-channel fluorescence detection (FLD) has been developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in toasted cereals ("gofios") of different nature (wheat, barley, rye, and maize corn) from the Canary Islands, Spain. The optimized HPLC-UV-vis/single-channel FLD method takes 40 min for the chromatographic run with limits of detection varying between 0.02 and 4.01 ng mL(-1) for the fluorescent PAHs from the European Union (EU) priority list in foods, and 20.5 ng mL(-1) for the non-fluorescent PAH cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene (CPP). The optimized microwave step presented extractions recoveries ranging from 70.1 to 109% and precision values lower than 12.6% (as relative standard deviation), using an extraction time of 14 min. The extraction method also utilizes low amounts of sample (0.1g), and low amounts of IL (77 mg), avoiding completely the use of organic solvents.
authors: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna (Tenerife), 38206, Spain.
authors: Mónica
authors: M
authors: Germán-Hernández
authors: Verónica
authors: V
authors: Pino
authors: Jared L
authors: JL
authors: Anderson
authors: Ana M
authors: AM
authors: Afonso
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008872:Microwaves; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; C029899:imidazole