title: Effect of culturally tailored diabetes education in ethnic minorities with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ethnic minorities experience a disproportionate burden of diabetes; however, few studies have critically analyzed the effectiveness of a culturally tailored diabetes intervention for these minorities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a culturally tailored diabetes educational intervention (CTDEI) on glycemic control in ethnic minorities with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched databases within PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), PsycINFO, and ProQuest for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed a meta-analysis for the effect of diabetes educational intervention on glycemic control using glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) value in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes. We calculated the effect size (ES) with HbA(1c) change from baseline to follow-up between control and treatment groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 12 studies yielded 1495 participants with a mean age of 63.6 years and a mean of 68% female participants. Most studies (84%) used either group education sessions or a combination of group sessions and individual patient counseling. The duration of interventions ranged from 1 session to 12 months. The pooled ES of glycemic control in RCTs with CTDEI was -0.29 (95% confidence interval, -0.46 to -0.13) at last follow-up, indicating that ethnic minorities benefit more from CTDEI when compared with the usual care. The effect of intervention was greatest and significant when HbA(1c) level was measured at 6 months (ES, -0.41; 95% confidence interval, -0.61 to -0.21). The ES also differed by each participant's baseline HbA1c level, with lower baseline levels associated with higher ESs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this meta-analysis, CTDEI is effective for improving glycemic control among ethnic minorities. The magnitude of effect varies based on the settings of intervention, baseline HbA1c level, and time of HbA1c measurement. More rigorous RCTs that examine tailored diabetes education, ethnically matched educators, and more diverse ethnic minority groups are needed to reduce health disparities in diabetes care.
authors: School of Nursing, Department of Health Systems and Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2110, USA. soohnam@gmail.com
authors: Soohyun
authors: S
authors: Nam
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Janson
authors: Nancy A
authors: NA
authors: Stotts
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Chesla
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Kroon
mesh_terms: D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*