title: Current role of biomarkers in carotid disease: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accumulating evidence suggests that carotid plaque vulnerability can be used as a determinant of ischemic stroke risk stratification and carotid intervention. Novel markers of high-risk carotid plaque in patients are needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Advances in cellular and molecular pathophysiology, the demand for accurately predicting carotid risk, and choosing the optimal prevention strategy are stimulating great interest in the development of novel surrogate markers. Biomarkers in cardiovascular disease are expected to predict the natural history, clinical outcomes, and the efficacy of disease-modifying interventions. We aimed to review the literature regarding clinical data on novel serum biomarkers related to ischemic cerebrovascular events associated with carotid artery disease. We provide background information on the biomarkers related to all aspects of carotid disease: natural history, carotid intervention strategies for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, perioperative risk prediction, and their therapeutic implications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, heterogeneous data support evidence that biological markers can help existing practices to more accurately assess patients at risk for stroke. Randomized-controlled trials for carotid artery disease and carotid intervention, incorporating biomarkers, are needed.
authors: Department of Vascular Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors: Efthimios D
authors: ED
authors: Avgerinos
authors: Nikolaos P E
authors: NP
authors: Kadoglou
authors: Konstantinos G
authors: KG
authors: Moulakakis
authors: Triantafillos G
authors: TG
authors: Giannakopoulos
authors: Christos D
authors: CD
authors: Liapis
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers