title: Pubic bone injuries in primiparous women: magnetic resonance imaging in detection and differential diagnosis of structural injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing structural injury in primiparous women at risk for pelvic floor injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational study of 77 women who underwent 3T MRI after delivery. Women were operationally defined as high risk (n = 45) for levator ani muscle tears (risk factors: second-stage labor > 150 min or < 30 min, anal sphincter tear, forceps, maternal age > 35 years and birth weight > 4000 g) or low risk (n = 32): vaginally delivered without these risk factors (n = 12); delivered by Cesarean section after second-stage labor > 150 min (n = 14) or delivered by Cesarean section without labor (n = 6). All women were imaged using fluid-sensitive MRI sequences. Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed images for bone marrow edema, fracture, pubic symphysis measurements and levator ani tear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI showed pubic bone fractures in 38% of women at high risk for pelvic floor injury and in 13% of women at low risk for pelvic floor injury (χ(2) (3) = 9.27, P = 0.03). Levator ani muscle tears were present in 44% of the high-risk women and in 9% of the low-risk women (χ(2) (3) = 11.57, P = 0.010). Bone marrow edema in the pubic bones was present in 61% of women studied across delivery categories. Complex patterns of injury included combinations of bone marrow edema, fractures, levator ani tears and pubic symphysis injuries. No MRI-documented injuries were present in 18% of women at high risk and 44% at low risk for pelvic floor injury (χ(2) (1) = 6.2, P = 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Criteria identifying primiparous women at risk for pelvic floor injury can predict increased risk of bone and soft tissue changes at the pubic symphysis. Fluid-sensitive MRI has utility for differential diagnosis of structural injury in postpartum women.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0322, USA. catbrand@med.umich.edu
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Brandon
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Jacobson
authors: L K
authors: LK
authors: Low
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Park
authors: J
authors: J
authors: DeLancey
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002585:Cesarean Section; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004487:Edema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010298:Parity; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011630:Pubic Bone / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors