title: A novel approach to exploring potential interactions among single-nucleotide polymorphisms of inflammation genes in gliomagenesis: an exploratory case-only study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite extensive research on the topic, glioma etiology remains largely unknown. Exploration of potential interactions between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of immune genes is a promising new area of glioma research. The case-only study design is a powerful and efficient design for exploring possible multiplicative interactions between factors that are independent of one another. The purpose of our study was to use this exploratory design to identify potential pair wise SNP-SNP interactions from genes involved in several different immune-related pathways for investigation in future studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of two case groups: 1,224 histologic confirmed, non-Hispanic white glioma cases from the United States and a validation population of 634 glioma cases from the United Kingdom. Polytomous logistic regression, in which one SNP was coded as the outcome and the other SNP was included as the exposure, was utilized to calculate the ORs of the likelihood of cases simultaneously having the variant alleles of two different SNPs. Potential interactions were examined only between SNPs located in different genes or chromosomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using this data mining strategy, we found 396 significant SNP-SNP interactions among polymorphisms of immune-related genes that were present in both the U.S. and U.K. study populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This exploratory study was conducted for the purpose of hypothesis generation, and thus has provided several new hypotheses that can be tested using traditional case-control study designs to obtain estimates of risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study, to our knowledge, to take this novel approach to identifying SNP-SNP interactions relevant to glioma etiology.
authors: Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors: E Susan
authors: ES
authors: Amirian
authors: Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Scheurer
authors: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors: Yanhong
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors: Anthony M
authors: AM
authors: D'Amelio
authors: Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors: Richard S
authors: RS
authors: Houlston
authors: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors: Carol J
authors: CJ
authors: Etzel
authors: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Shete
authors: Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors: Anthony J
authors: AJ
authors: Swerdlow
authors: Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors: Minouk J
authors: MJ
authors: Schoemaker
authors: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors: Patricia A
authors: PA
authors: McKinney
authors: Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Fleming
authors: Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors: Kenneth R
authors: KR
authors: Muir
authors: Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors: Artitaya
authors: A
authors: Lophatananon
authors: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors: Melissa L
authors: ML
authors: Bondy
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005910:Glioma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors