title: Smoking and tardive dyskinesia in male patients with chronic schizophrenia.
abstract: Interactions between smoking and movement disorders include the contrasting associations of more cigarette smoking with reductions in Parkinson's disease and increases in tardive dyskinesia (TD) symptoms. Here we examine the relationship between smoking and TD in a large sample of inpatients with schizophrenia. We used cross-sectional naturalistic methods to analyze the prevalence and severity of neuroleptic-induced TD in relation to cigarette smoking among 764 male chronic and medicated inpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia. We administered a detailed questionnaire including general information, medical and psychological conditions, and smoking behaviors. We evaluated TD severity using the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) and psychopathology using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The main statistical analyses used cross-tabulations for the prevalence of TD by smoking and multivariate regression analyses for continuous measures (AIMS and PANSS). We found that the prevalence of TD did not significantly differ between smokers (41%=237/578) and non-smokers (37%=69/186). Secondary outcomes showed a significant association between the AIMS total score and age, duration of illness and hospitalization times. Thus, smoking was not associated with TD in male Chinese schizophrenics, but consistent with previous reports, older patients with a longer duration of illness and more hospitalizations showed greater severity of TD.
authors: Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. xyzhang@bcm.edu
authors: Xiang Yang
authors: XY
authors: Zhang
authors: Ya Qin
authors: YQ
authors: Yu
authors: Shilong
authors: S
authors: Sun
authors: Xuan
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Wenjun
authors: W
authors: Li
authors: Mei Hong
authors: MH
authors: Xiu
authors: Da Chun
authors: DC
authors: Chen
authors: Fu De
authors: FD
authors: Yang
authors: Fengyan
authors: F
authors: Zhu
authors: Therese A
authors: TA
authors: Kosten
authors: Thomas R
authors: TR
authors: Kosten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044466:Asian People; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents