title: Severe physical violence between intimate partners during pregnancy: a risk factor for early cessation of exclusive breast-feeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of severe physical violence during pregnancy (SPVP) between intimate partners in early cessation of exclusive breast-feeding (EBF).
  
  
  METHODS
  A health services survey. The revised Conflict Tactics Scale was used to characterize SPVP; premature breast-feeding cessation was identified using a current status data approach, which was based on the information reported from food recall during the preceding 7 d. The cumulative hazard function was estimated by complementary log-log transformation models, which allowed the ensuing estimation of early breast-feeding cessation rates in different age groups and the ratio of rates of weaning between women exposed and not exposed to violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five large public primary health-care facilities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 811 randomly selected mothers of children under 5 months of age who were waiting to be consulted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SPVP is an independent risk factor of cessation of EBF since, after controlling for socio-economic, demographic, reproductive and lifestyle variables, women exposed to violence presented an incidence density that was 31% higher than those who were not exposed (hazard ratio = 1·30, 95% CI 1·01, 1·69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings corroborate the hypothesis that SPVP is an important risk factor for EBF. This indicates the need for incentives to adequately train health-care personnel in dealing with lactating women in order to gain a broader view of breast-feeding beyond the biological aspects of lactation, including the maternal psychological dimension.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rua Francisco Xavier 524, 7° andar, Bloco D, CEP 20550-900, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. clmoraes@ims.uerj.br
authors: Claudia L
authors: CL
authors: Moraes
authors: Alessandra S D
authors: AS
authors: de Oliveira
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Reichenheim
authors: Gustavo
authors: G
authors: Lobato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007774:Lactation; D008019:Life Style; D009035:Mothers; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult