title: Evaluation of an ethnopharmacologically selected Bhutanese medicinal plants for their major classes of phytochemicals and biological activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As many as 229 medicinal plants have been currently used in the Bhutanese Traditional Medicine (BTM) as a chief ingredient of polyherbal formulations and these plants have been individually indicated for treating various types of infections including malaria, tumor, and microbial. We have focused our study only on seven species of these plants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aim to evaluate the antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, anti-Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and cytotoxicity activities of the seven medicinal plants of Bhutan selected using an ethno-directed bio-rational approach. This study creates a scientific basis for their use in the BTM and gives foundation for further phytochemical and biological evaluations which can result in the discovery of new drug lead compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three stage process was conducted which consisted of: (1) an assessment of a pharmacopoeia and a formulary book of the BTM for their mode of plant uses; (2) selecting 25 anti-infective medicinal plants based on the five established criteria, collecting them, and screening for their major classes of phytochemicals using appropriate test protocols; and (3) finally analyzing the crude extracts of the seven medicinal plants, using the standard test protocols, for their antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, anti-Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and cytotoxicity activities as directed by the ethnopharmacological uses of each plant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 25 medicinal plants screened for their major classes of phytochemicals, the majority contained tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Out of the seven plant species investigated for their biological activities, all seven of them exhibited mild antimicrobial properties, five plants gave significant in vitro antiplasmodial activities, two plants gave moderate anti-Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense activity, and one plant showed mild cytotoxicity. Meconopsis simplicifolia showed the highest antiplasmodial activity with IC(50) values of 0.40 μg/ml against TM4/8.2 strain (a wild type chloroquine and antifolate sensitive strain) and 6.39 μg/ml against K1CB1 (multidrug resistant strain) strain. Significantly the extracts from this plant did not show any cytotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide the scientific basis for the use of seven medicinal plants in the BTM for the treatment of malaria, microbial infections, infectious fevers, and the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. The results also form a good preliminary basis for the prioritization of candidate plant species for further in-depth phytochemical and pharmacological investigations toward our quest to unearth lead antiparasitic, anticancer and antimicrobial compounds.
authors: School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. phurpaw@yahoo.com
authors: Phurpa
authors: P
authors: Wangchuk
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Keller
authors: Stephen G
authors: SG
authors: Pyne
authors: Malai
authors: M
authors: Taweechotipatr
authors: Aunchalee
authors: A
authors: Tonsomboon
authors: Roonglawan
authors: R
authors: Rattanajak
authors: Sumalee
authors: S
authors: Kamchonwongpaisan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001631:Bhutan; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005569:Formularies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010602:Pharmacopoeias as Topic; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000145:classification*; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016833:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense / Q000187:drug effects; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D028321:Plant Preparations; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents