title: Assessing bioequivalence of generic antiepilepsy drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with epilepsy are often concerned that switching between brand-name and generic formulations of antiepilepsy drugs (AEDs) may cause clinically significant changes in plasma drug concentrations. We assessed bioequivalence (BE) studies for approved generic AEDs to evaluate US Food and Drug Administration claims that: (1) generic AEDs are accurate copies of reference formulations; (2) delivery of reference formulations may be as variable as generic AEDs and so provide no increased benefit; and (3) switches between generic AED formulations are safe and effective.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined differences in 90% confidence interval limits for total drug exposure (AUC(0-t) ) and peak concentration (Cmax) ratios of generic and reference formulations during fasting and fed BE studies. We simulated BE between generic formulations after adjusting for reference values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AUC(0-t) values of approved reference and generic formulations differed by <15% in 99% of BE studies; Cmax differed by <15% in 89% of studies. Food affected variability of Cmax but not AUC(0-t) . Intersubject variability in Cmax and AUC(0-t) was small and similar for reference and generic products. In simulated switches between 595 pairs of generic AED formulations, estimated AUC(0-t) differed by >15% for 17% of pairs; estimated Cmax differed by >15% for 39%. AEDs with low bioavailability and solubility (eg, oxcarbazepine) had the greatest variability in BE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most generic AED products provide total drug delivery (AUC) similar to reference products; differences in peak concentrations between formulations are more common. Switches between generic AED products may cause greater changes in plasma drug concentrations than generic substitutions of reference products.
authors: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. gkrauss@jhmi.edu
authors: Gregory L
authors: GL
authors: Krauss
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Caffo
authors: Yi-Ting
authors: YT
authors: Chang
authors: Craig W
authors: CW
authors: Hendrix
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Chuang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016527:Drug Costs; D057915:Drug Substitution; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004435:Eating; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D016568:Drugs, Generic