title: The cost-effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer: A comparison of no chemotherapy and first, second, and third generation regimens for patients with differing prognoses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk of recurrence following surgery in women with early breast cancer varies, depending upon prognostic factors. Adjuvant chemotherapy reduces this risk; however, increasingly effective regimens are associated with higher costs and toxicity profiles, making it likely that different regimens may be cost-effective for women with differing prognoses. To investigate this we performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of four treatment strategies: (1) no chemotherapy, (2) chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF) (a first generation regimen), (3) chemotherapy using Epirubicin-CMF (E-CMF) or fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC60) (a second generation regimens), and (4) chemotherapy with FEC60 followed by docetaxel (FEC-D) (a third generation regimen). These adjuvant chemotherapy regimens were used in three large UK-led randomised controlled trials (RCTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model was used to simulate the natural progression of early breast cancer and the impact of chemotherapy on modifying this process. The probability of a first recurrent event within the model was estimated for women with different prognostic risk profiles using a parametric regression-based survival model incorporating established prognostic factors. Other probabilities, treatment effects, costs and quality of life weights were estimated primarily using data from the three UK-led RCTs, a meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs, and other published literature. The model predicted the lifetime costs, quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and cost-effectiveness of the four strategies for women with differing prognoses. Sensitivity analyses investigated the impact of uncertain parameters and model assumptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For women with an average to high risk of recurrence (based upon prognostic factors and any other adjuvant therapies received), FEC-D appeared most cost-effective assuming a threshold of £20,000 per QALY for the National Health Service (NHS). For younger low risk women, E-CMF/FEC60 tended to be the optimal strategy and, for some older low risk women, the model suggested a policy of no chemotherapy was cost-effective. For no patient group was CMF chemotherapy the preferred option. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated cost-effectiveness results to be particularly sensitive to the treatment effect estimate for FEC-D and the future price of docetaxel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this analysis is the first cost-effectiveness comparison of no chemotherapy, and first, second, and third generation adjuvant chemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer patients with differing prognoses. The results demonstrate the potential for different treatment strategies to be cost-effective for different types of patients. These findings may prove useful for policy makers attempting to formulate cost-effective treatment guidelines in the field of early breast cancer.
authors: Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors: H E
authors: HE
authors: Campbell
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Epstein
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Bloomfield
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Griffin
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Manca
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Yarnold
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Bliss
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Johnson
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Earl
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Poole
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Hiller
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Dunn
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Hopwood
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Barrett-Lee
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Ellis
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Cameron
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Harris
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Gray
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Sculpher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077143:Docetaxel; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D043823:Taxoids / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel; D015251:Epirubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D008727:Methotrexate