title: Glycaemic index and glycaemic load of breakfast predict cognitive function and mood in school children: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: The macronutrient composition of a breakfast that could facilitate performance after an overnight fast remains unclear. As glucose is the brain's major energy source, the interest is in investigating meals differing in their blood glucose-raising potential. Findings vary due to unaccounted differences in glucoregulation, arousal and cortisol secretion. We investigated the effects of meals differing in glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) on cognition and mood in school children. A total of seventy-four school children were matched and randomly allocated either to the high-GL or low-GL group. Within each GL group, children received high-GI and low-GI breakfasts. Cognitive function (CF) and mood were measured 95-140 min after breakfast. Blood glucose and salivary cortisol were measured at baseline, before and after the CF tests. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to identify differences in CF, mood, glucose and cortisol levels between the breakfasts. Low-GI meals predicted feeling more alert and happy, and less nervous and thirsty (P < 0·05 for each); high-GL meals predicted feeling more confident, and less sluggish, hungry and thirsty (P < 0·05 for each). High-GL (P < 0·001) and high-GI (P = 0·05) meals increased glucose levels 90 min after breakfast, and high-GI meals increased cortisol levels (P < 0·01). When baseline mood, glucose and cortisol levels were considered, low-GI meals predicted better declarative-verbal memory (P = 0·03), and high-GI meals better vigilance (P < 0·03); observed GI effects were valid across GL groups. GI effects on cognition appear to be domain specific. On balance, it would appear that the low-GI high-GL breakfast may help to improve learning, and of potential value in informing government education policies relating to dietary recommendations and implementation concerning breakfast.
authors: Nutritional Sciences Research Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK. renata_micha@hotmail.com
authors: Renata
authors: R
authors: Micha
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Rogers
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006854:Hydrocortisone