title: Glycated albumin modulates endothelial cell thrombogenic and inflammatory responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has become established that a diabetic vasculature promotes cardiovascular disease progression via changes to endothelial cells, platelets, and the interactions of these cells. It is believed that the majority of these changes are induced by the presence of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which permanently alter various functions. Studies have shown that platelets perpetuate endothelial cell responses under these conditions. However, the role of changes in endothelial cell thrombogenicity and inflammatory responses, after subjected to AGEs, has not been characterized. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of AGEs on these functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  To accomplish this, albumin was chemically modified by exposure to glucose for up to 8 weeks, and endothelial cells were subjected to glycated albumin for up to 5 days in a cell culture system. A time course for changes in endothelial cell viability, density, morphology, and metabolic activity were investigated, along with the surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, thrombomodulin, tissue factor, connexin-43, and caveolin-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endothelial cells exposed to irreversibly glycated albumin were less viable, proliferated slower, and had a lower metabolic activity as compared to cells exposed to nonglycated albumin. Endothelial cells that were exposed to any glycated albumin were procoagulant and proinflammatory as compared with all other conditions. There were no overall trends in the expression of connexin-43 or caveolin-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that the presence of irreversible glycated albumin is deleterious to endothelial cells, makes endothelial cells more procoagulant, and promotes inflammatory responses. It is therefore possible that endothelial cell activation may precede and promote platelet activation during diabetic conditions.
authors: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA. david.rubenstein@okstate.edu
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Rubenstein
authors: Zahra
authors: Z
authors: Maria
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Yin
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002417:Cattle; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013997:Time Factors; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D051242:Caveolin 1; D018031:Connexin 43; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012709:Serum Albumin; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D013917:Thrombin; C478632:Thrombogen; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin