title: Testing of the World Health Organization-recommended formulations for surgical hand preparation and proposals for increased efficacy.
abstract: The 2009 World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines on hand hygiene in health care recommend alcohol-based hand rubs for both hygienic and pre-surgical hand treatment. Two formulations based on ethanol 80% v/v and 2-propanol 75% v/v are proposed for local preparation in healthcare settings where commercial products are not available or too expensive. Both formulations and our suggested modifications (using mass rather than volume percent concentrations) were evaluated for their conformity with the efficacy requirements of the forthcoming amendment of the European Norm (EN) 12791, i.e. non-inferiority of a product when compared with a reference procedure (1-propanol 60% v/v for 3 min) immediately and 3 h after antisepsis. In this study, the WHO-recommended formulations were tested for 3 min and 5 min. Neither formulation met the efficacy requirements of EN 12791 with 3 min application. Increasing the respective concentrations to 80 w/w (85% v/v) and 75 w/w (80% v/v), together with a prolonged application of 5 min, rendered the immediate effect of both formulations non-inferior to the reference antisepsis procedure. This was not the case with the 3h effect, which remained significantly inferior to the reference. Although the original formulations do not meet the efficacy requirements of EN 12791, the clinical significance of this finding deserves further clinical trials. To comply with the requirement of EN 12791, an amendment to the formulations is possible by increasing the alcohol concentrations through changing volume into mass percent and prolonging the duration of application from 3 min to 5 min.
authors: Institute of Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. miranda.suchomel@meduniwien.ac.at
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Suchomel
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kundi
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Allegranzi
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Pittet
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Rotter
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000592:standards; D000985:Antisepsis / Q000379:methods; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000592:standards*; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014944:World Health Organization / Q000458:organization & administration*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D000431:Ethanol; D019840:2-Propanol