title: Advanced topics in evidence-based urologic oncology: surrogate endpoints.
abstract: Clinical trials often report surrogate endpoint data. A surrogate endpoint is a biological marker or clinical sign that can be substituted for a patient-important outcome. Using surrogate endpoints correctly may facilitate and expedite clinical trials and may improve medical decisions. However, rigorous criteria must be met for an endpoint to be considered a valid surrogate. The purpose of this article is to review the topic of surrogate endpoints in the context of a urologic encounter.
authors: Division of Urology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors: Luke T
authors: LT
authors: Lavallée
authors: Victor M
authors: VM
authors: Montori
authors: Stephen E
authors: SE
authors: Canfield
authors: Rodney H
authors: RH
authors: Breau
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D015415:Biomarkers; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen