title: The outpatient utilization of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in South Bačka District, Serbia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the utilization of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in South Bačka District (SBD), Serbia.
  
  
  METHODS
  State-owned and private pharmacies in SBD, a northern district of Serbia, with 605,720 inhabitants (according to the 2008 census).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the number of packages, size of packages, and retail price of NSAIDs (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) group M01A) from 1 January to 31 March 2008 were obtained from all state-owned and private pharmacies in SBD. This included NSAIDs bought without prescription and those issued by prescription (on the Health Insurance Companies List for Reimbursement). The number of defined daily doses/1000 inhabitants/day (DDD/1000 inh/day) was calculated. Within the DU90% (drug utilization 90%) segment, the proportion of high-, medium- and low-risk NSAIDs with respect to the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding was determined. Price/DDD was also calculated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consumption of drugs expressed as DDD/1000 inh/day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total consumption of NSAIDs over a 3-month period was 48.31 DDD/1000 inh/day. Only four drugs were within DU90%: diclofenac, ibuprofen, nimesulide and meloxicam (62.14, 19.87, 5.77, and 5.73% of total NSAID consumption, respectively). All dispensed NSAIDs within the DU90% segment except nimesulide (which was exclusively purchased without prescription) were nearly equally purchased without prescription and issued by prescription. The average price per DDD within the DU90% segment was 0.17 Euro/DDD, whereas it was 0.30 Euro/DDD for NSAIDs beyond the DU90% segment. The pattern of use of NSAIDs according to their GI risk showed that medium-risk diclofenac accounted for 66.45%, whereas low-risk ibuprofen was estimated to be 21.25% within the DU90% segment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors other than evidence-based medicine (such as poor health education in the past that led to long-lasting consequences on the cultural behaviour of the general population as well as on the prescribing habits of physicians) have a dominating impact on the use of NSAIDs in SBD. Targeted education from independent sources in the prescribing, dispensing and use of drugs is required to improve the quality of prescription and use of NSAIDs in Serbia.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia. jelenajovic85@gmail.com
authors: Jelena
authors: J
authors: Calasan
authors: Vesna
authors: V
authors: Mijatović
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Horvat
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Varga
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Sabo
authors: Nebojša
authors: N
authors: Stilinović
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016527:Drug Costs; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017723:Drug Utilization Review; D006801:Humans; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017149:Private Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017150:Public Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055771:Serbia; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs