title: The role of Cra in regulating acetate excretion and osmotic tolerance in E. coli K-12 and E. coli B at high density growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  E. coli B (BL21), unlike E.coli K-12 (JM109) is insensitive to glucose concentration and, therefore, grows faster and produces less acetate than E. coli K-12, especially when growing to high cell densities at high glucose concentration. By performing genomic analysis, it was demonstrated that the cause of this difference in sensitivity to the glucose concentration is the result of the differences in the central carbon metabolism activity. We hypothesized that the global transcription regulator Cra (FruR) is constitutively expressed in E. coli B and may be responsible for the different behaviour of the two strains. To investigate this possibility and better understand the function of Cra in the two strains, cra - negative E. coli B (BL21) and E. coli K-12 (JM109) were prepared and their growth behaviour and gene expression at high glucose were evaluated using microarray and real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The deletion of the cra gene in E. coli B (BL21) minimally affected the growth and maximal acetate accumulation, while the deletion of the same gene in E.coli K-12 (JM109) caused the cells to stop growing as soon as acetate concentration reached 6.6 g/L and the media conductivity reached 21 mS/cm. ppsA (gluconeogenesis gene), aceBA (the glyoxylate shunt genes) and poxB (the acetate producing gene) were down-regulated in both strains, while acs (acetate uptake gene) was down-regulated only in E.coli B (BL21). These transcriptional differences had little effect on acetate and pyruvate production. Additionally, it was found that the lower growth of E. coli K-12 (JM109) strain was the result of transcription inhibition of the osmoprotectant producing bet operon (betABT).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transcriptional changes caused by the deletion of cra gene did not affect the activity of the central carbon metabolism, suggesting that Cra does not act alone; rather it interacts with other pleiotropic regulators to create a network of metabolic effects. An unexpected outcome of this work is the finding that cra deletion caused transcription inhibition of the bet operon in E. coli K-12 (JM109) but did not affect this operon transcription in E. coli B (BL21). This property, together with the insensitivity to high glucose concentrations, makes this the E. coli B (BL21) strain more resistant to environmental changes.
authors: Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/ NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Young-Jin
authors: YJ
authors: Son
authors: Je-Nie
authors: JN
authors: Phue
authors: Loc B
authors: LB
authors: Trinh
authors: Sang Jun
authors: SJ
authors: Lee
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Shiloach
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D050743:Pyruvate Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D056968:Lac Repressors
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D050743:Pyruvate Synthase; D011773:Pyruvates; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C068837:FruR protein, Bacteria; D056968:Lac Repressors; C506224:ppsA protein, E coli