title: Recommendations for a trans-European dietary assessment method in children between 4 and 14 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of European Food Consumption Validation (EFCOVAL)-child Project is to define and evaluate a trans-European methodology for undertaking national representative dietary surveys among children in the age group of 4-14 years. In the process of identifying the best dietary assessment methodologies, experts were brought together at a workshop. The paper presents the discussion of the best available method and the final recommendations for a trans-European dietary assessment method among 4- to 14-year-old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The starting point was to investigate whether the method (two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDRs)) suggested for the adults in European Food Consumption Survey Method (EFCOSUM) would be usable for children in the age group between 4 and 14 years. However, all available dietary assessment methods were included in the discussion to ensure that the final recommendation would be based on the best evidence. Six criteria were defined and used as additional guidance in the process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature does not give a clear recommendation on the dietary assessment methods that are most suitable for children in the age group of 4-14 years. Nevertheless, on the basis of the literature, the recommendations were separated for preschoolers (4-6 years) and schoolchildren (7-14 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For preschoolers, two non-consecutive days of a structured food record are recommended, using a (for children adapted) picture booklet and household measures for portion-size estimation. For schoolchildren, repeated 24-HDRs are recommended, using a picture booklet and household measures for portion-size estimation. In addition, the child should bring a booklet to register what is eaten out of home. One parent should assist the schoolchild at the 24-HDR interview, and therefore face-to-face interviews are required.
authors: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. l.f.andersen@medisin.uio.no
authors: L F
authors: LF
authors: Andersen
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Lioret
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Brants
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kaic-Rak
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: de Boer
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Amiano
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Trolle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D011939:Mental Recall; D010174:Pamphlets; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic