title: Pixel selection for near-infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) discrimination between fish and terrestrial animal species in animal protein by-product meals.
abstract: This paper proposes a method based on near-infrared hyperspectral imaging for discriminating between terrestrial and fish species in animal protein by-products used in livestock feed. Four algorithms (Mahalanobis distance, Kennard-Stone, spatial interpolation, and binning) were compared in order to select an appropriate subset of pixels for further partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The method was applied to a set of 50 terrestrial and 40 fish meals analyzed in the 1000-1700 nm range. Models were then tested using an external validation set comprising 45 samples (25 fish and 20 terrestrial). The PLS-DA models obtained using the four subset-selection algorithms yielded a classification accuracy of 99.80%, 99.79%, 99.85%, and 99.61%, respectively. The results represent a first step for the analysis of mixtures of species and suggest that NIR-CI, providing valuable information on the origin of animal components in processed animal proteins, is a promising method that could be used as part of the EU feed control program aimed at eradicating and preventing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and related diseases.
authors: Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. z62riric@uco.es
authors: Cecilia
authors: C
authors: Riccioli
authors: Dolores
authors: D
authors: Pérez-Marín
authors: José Emilio
authors: JE
authors: Guerrero-Ginel
authors: Wouter
authors: W
authors: Saeys
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Garrido-Varo
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013045:Species Specificity; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D008903:Minerals; C027762:bone meal