title: The impact of pharmacist interventions on osteoporosis management: a systematic review.
abstract: We completed a systematic review of the literature to examine the impact of pharmacist interventions in improving osteoporosis management. Results from randomized controlled trials suggest that pharmacist interventions may improve bone mineral density testing and calcium intake among patients at high risk for osteoporosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pharmacists play a key role in many healthcare systems by helping patients manage chronic diseases. We completed a systematic review of the literature to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have examined the impact of pharmacy interventions in narrowing two gaps in osteoporosis management: identifying at-risk individuals and improving adherence to therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the electronic databases of EMBASE, HealthStar, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, MEDLINE, and PubMed from database development to April 2010, examined grey literature, and completed manual searches of reference lists to identify English-language research that examined osteoporosis management interventions within pharmacy practice. Results from RCTs were abstracted and assessed for bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 25 studies that examined pharmacist interventions in osteoporosis management: 16 cohort, 5 cross-sectional, 1 historical/ecological control, and 3 RCTs. RCT interventions included osteoporosis educational and counseling programs, screening by pharmacists based on risk factor assessment or bone mineral density testing, and physician contact or recommendations for patients to follow-up with a general practitioner. Results from the three RCTs suggest that pharmacist interventions may improve bone mineral density testing (targeted screening) and calcium intake among patients at high risk for osteoporosis. However, two of the three RCTs had high risk of bias, and no study examined the impact of pharmacist intervention on osteoporosis treatment adherence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data support the potential role for pharmacists to help reduce gaps in osteoporosis management through improved identification of high-risk patients. More research is needed to examine pharmacist interventions on osteoporosis treatment adherence.
authors: Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.
authors: M N
authors: MN
authors: Elias
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Burden
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Cadarette
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000628:therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary