title: Innate signaling in HIV-1 infection of dendritic cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review summarizes the current knowledge of innate signaling events that are involved in HIV-1 infection. We here focus on dendritic cells, which are among the first cells that encounter HIV-1 after exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-1 triggers multiple pattern recognition receptors on dendritic cells that facilitate infection and transmission to T cells. Triggering of the C-type lectin DC-SIGN induces signals that promote HIV-1 replication in dendritic cells and transmission to T cells. Similarly, dendritic cell immunoreceptor has been shown to bind HIV-1 and facilitate transmission to T cells. The cytosolic sensors TRIM5 and cyclophilin A recognize capsid proteins and activate antiviral responses to prevent HIV-1 infection. Moreover, activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by HIV downregulates autophagy preventing adaptive immune responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dendritic cells express an array of pattern recognition receptors that are involved in HIV-1 infection. However, HIV-1 dampens signaling by these receptors leading to suppressed responses or takes advantage of their signaling for its own benefit.
authors: Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine and Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Michiel
authors: M
authors: van der Vlist
authors: Angelic M G
authors: AM
authors: van der Aar
authors: Sonja I
authors: SI
authors: Gringhuis
authors: Teunis B H
authors: TB
authors: Geijtenbeek
mesh_terms: D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D011971:Receptors, Immunologic