title: Redesigning a large school-based clinical trial in response to changes in community practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asthma exacerbations are seasonal with the greatest risk in elementary-age students occurring shortly after returning to school following summer break. Recent research suggests that this seasonality in children is primarily related to viral respiratory tract infections. Regular hand washing is the most effective method to prevent the spread of viral respiratory infections; unfortunately, achieving hand washing recommendations in schools is difficult. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate the effect of hand sanitizer use in elementary schools on exacerbations among children with asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the process of redesigning the trial in response to changes in the safety profile of the hand sanitizer as well as changes in hand hygiene practice in the schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original trial was a randomized, longitudinal, subject-blinded, placebo-controlled, community-based crossover trial. The primary aim was to evaluate the incremental effectiveness of hand sanitizer use in addition to usual hand hygiene practices to decrease asthma exacerbations in elementary-age children. Three events occurred that required major modifications to the original study protocol: (1) safety concerns arose regarding the hand sanitizer's active ingredient; (2) no substitute placebo hand sanitizer was available; and (3) community preferences changed regarding hand hygiene practices in the schools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The revised protocol is a randomized, longitudinal, community-based crossover trial. The primary aim is to evaluate the incremental effectiveness of a two-step hand hygiene process (hand hygiene education plus institutionally provided alcohol-based hand sanitizer) versus usual care to decrease asthma exacerbations. Enrollment was completed in May 2009 with 527 students from 30 schools. The intervention began in August 2009 and will continue through May 2011. Study results should be available at the end of 2011.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changed design does not allow us to directly measure the effectiveness of hand sanitizer use as a supplement to traditional hand washing practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The need to balance a rigorous study design with one that is acceptable to the community requires investigators to be actively involved with community collaborators and able to adapt study protocols to fit changing community practices.
authors: Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, and the Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. lgerald@email.arizona.edu
authors: Lynn B
authors: LB
authors: Gerald
authors: Joe K
authors: JK
authors: Gerald
authors: Leslie A
authors: LA
authors: McClure
authors: Kathy
authors: K
authors: Harrington
authors: Sue
authors: S
authors: Erwin
authors: William C
authors: WC
authors: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000407:Alabama; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D012107:Research Design; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D012574:Schools; D013224:Status Asthmaticus / Q000517:prevention & control