title: Cytotoxic effect of xanthones from pericarp of the tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) on human melanoma cells.
abstract: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is a tropical tree from South East Asia and its fruit pericarp is a well-known traditional medicine. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of three xanthone compounds (α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and 8-deoxygartanin) from mangosteen pericarp was investigated using the human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cell line. Significant dose-dependent reduction in % cell viability was induced. γ-Mangostin and 8-deoxygartanine at 5 μg/ml increased the cell cycle arrest in G(1) phase (90% and 92%) compared with untreated cells (78%). All compounds induced apoptosis, of the highest being α-mangostin at 7.5 μg/ml that induced 59.6% early apoptosis, compared to 1.7% in untreated cells. The apoptotic effect of α-mangostin was via caspase activation and disruption of mitochondrial membrane pathways as evidenced by 25-fold increased caspase-3 activity and 9-fold decreased mitochondrial membrane potential when compared to untreated cells. In conclusion, these xanthones, especially α-mangostin, are potential candidates as anti-melanoma agents.
authors: Level 4, Health Science Building, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Flinders Medical Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Flinders University, Registry Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia. wang0524@flinders.edu.au
authors: Jing J
authors: JJ
authors: Wang
authors: Barbara J S
authors: BJ
authors: Sanderson
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D029760:Garcinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D044004:Xanthones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D044004:Xanthones; D053148:Caspase 3; C021053:mangostin