title: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated blepharoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better characterize an unusual blepharoptosis observed in HIV-positive patients and to evaluate histopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective case series evaluated patients with HIV/AIDS and blepharoptosis with reduced levator excursion. Exclusion criteria included patients with identifiable causes of ptosis (e.g., aponeurotic dehiscences, prior eyelid trauma or surgery), known myopathic/neuropathic systemic disorders, congenital ptosis, cranial neuropathies, and systemic infiltrative processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 patients had bilateral symptomatic blepharoptosis. All patients (100%) were men with a mean age at presentation of 54 years (range, 42-77 years). Mean duration of HIV infection among 7 of 10 patients was 19 years (range, 13-24 years). Mean (±SD) MRD1 was 0.7 (±0.8) OD and 0.6 (±0.8) OS. Mean (±SD) levator excursion was 12 (±2.3) OD and 13 (±1.8) OS (normal levator excursion >15 mm). No patient was taking zidovudine (AZT) at the time of presentation. Nine patients (90%) underwent large bilateral levator resections for correction of blepharoptosis. Histopathologic specimens revealed abnormal levator muscle fibers with various degrees of atrophy, fibrosis, and regeneration without inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HIV-associated blepharoptosis observed among patients in this study is most consistent with a myopathy. Levator muscle histopathologic findings are virtually identical to muscle biopsies in individuals with HIV-associated myopathy, described before the advent of AZT or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Surgical management with levator resection provides optimal correction of HIV-associated blepharoptosis.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Eve E
authors: EE
authors: Moscato
authors: Michele M
authors: MM
authors: Bloomer
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Garcia-Kennedy
authors: Stuart R
authors: SR
authors: Seiff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D006678:HIV; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity