title: Determinants of inflammatory markers in a bi-ethnic population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is a common pathophysiological pathway for a number of chronic diseases, and is strongly influenced by sociodemographic factors and lifestyle. Less is known about factors that may influence the inflammatory response in individuals of distinct ethnic backgrounds. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between ethnicity and blood levels of inflammatory markers in a sample of non-smoking church-goers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional investigation, 508 men and women (> 35 years old, 62% White, 38% Black) participated in the Biopsychosocial Religion and Health substudy of the Adventist Health Study 2. The contribution of socioeconomic status (education level and difficulty meeting expenses for basic needs) and health covariates (exercise, vegetarian or other type of diet, body mass index, and presence of inflammatory conditions) toward serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was assessed with linear regression models. Levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory marker, were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blacks showed higher levels of CRP and IL-6 than Whites. Controlling for sociodemographic and health variables attenuated the ethnic difference in CRP while IL-6 levels remained higher in Blacks than in Whites (beta = .118; 95% confidence interval = .014-.206; P = .025). Ethnic differences in IL-10 and TNF-alpha were not found. Vegetarian diet was associated with lower CRP levels while exercise frequency was associated with higher IL-10 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher susceptibility of Blacks to inflammatory diseases may reflect higher IL-6, which could be important in assessing health disparities among Blacks and Whites. Vegetarian diet and exercise may counteract effects of disparities.
authors: Department of Health Promotion and Education, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Paalani
authors: Jerry W
authors: JW
authors: Lee
authors: Ella
authors: E
authors: Haddad
authors: Serena
authors: S
authors: Tonstad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002097:C-Reactive Protein