title: The Swedish validation of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Around 10-15% of women suffer from depressive illness during pregnancy or the first year postpartum. Depression during pregnancy constitutes a risk for prenatal stress and preterm birth. No validated screening instrument for detecting depression during pregnancy was available in Swedish.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to validate the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) against DSM-IV criteria for depression during pregnancy, establish a reliable cut-off and estimate the correlation between the EPDS and HAD-S (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based community sample of 1175 pregnant women, 918 women (78%) answered questionnaires with the EPDS and HAD-S. In all, 121 were interviewed using the PRIME-MD (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental disorders) for diagnosing depression. Women were interviewed in mean gestational week 13 (range 8-21). For the EPDS, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated for prediction of depression. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the association between EPDS and HAD-S scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimal cut-off score on the EPDS scale for detecting depression was ≥13 (standard error coefficient of 1.09 and c-statistics of 0.84) giving a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 94%. The EPDS scores correlated strongly with the HAD-S, Pearson's correlation was 0.83 (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that the EPDS is a valid screening instrument for detection of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. The EPDS shows persuasive measuring outcomes with an optimal cut-off at ≥13.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare for pregnant women should consider screening procedures and follow-up routines for depressive symptoms.
authors: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Sweden. Christine.Rubertsson@kbh.uu.se
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Rubertsson
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Börjesson
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Berglund
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Josefsson
authors: Gunilla
authors: G
authors: Sydsjö
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult