title: Adherence and persistence to a regimen of basal insulin in a pre-filled pen compared to vial/syringe in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to compare adherence and persistence of patients initiating basal insulin therapy with Levemir FlexPen versus those initiating basal insulin therapy with NPH via vial and syringe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered from a large US retrospective claims database, and included patients with type 2 diabetes that initiated basal insulin therapy with either Levemir FlexPen or NPH in vials. Patients were defined as adherent to therapy if they had a medication possession ratio (MPR) of ≥80% in the 12-month follow-up period and were defined as persistent with therapy if they had no gaps in insulin therapy in the follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for confounders using logistic regression, patients initiating therapy with Levemir FlexPen had 39% higher adjusted odds of achieving an MPR ≥80% versus patients initiating therapy with NPH vial (OR 1.39; 95% CI: 1.04-1.85). Analysis of persistence using a Cox proportional hazards model indicated that patients initiating Levemir FlexPen had a 38% lower hazard of discontinuation compared to NPH vial (HR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.55-0.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Claims-based studies are limited to the extent that they accurately capture medical and pharmacy use. Also, relying on claims-based data limits the generalizability of the findings to similar populations and treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that persistence and adherence with insulin may be improved for patients initiating basal insulin therapy with Levemir FlexPen versus NPH vial.
authors: OptumInsight, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA. erin.buysman@innovus.com
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Buysman
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Conner
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Aagren
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Bouchard
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013594:Syringes / Q000009:adverse effects; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D007336:Insulin, Isophane