title: Basal ganglia: insights into origins from lamprey brains.
abstract: The lamprey brain has now been shown to have basal ganglia circuitry, with an output that acts tonically on midbrain and brainstem motor centers and is modulated by ascending dopaminergic input. This condition was believed to represent the tetrapod condition, but now appears to be far more ancient.
authors: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences & Department Biology II, Grosshadernerstr. 2, D-82152 Planegg, Germany. wullimann@bio.lmu.de
authors: Mario F
authors: MF
authors: Wullimann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D007798:Lampreys / Q000502:physiology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic