title: Cloud point extraction for determination of lead in blood samples of children, using different ligands prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry: a multivariate study.
abstract: The phase-separation phenomenon of non-ionic surfactants occurring in aqueous solution was used for the extraction of lead (Pb(2+)) from digested blood samples after simultaneous complexation with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) separately. The complexed analyte was quantitatively extracted with octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114). The multivariate strategy was applied to estimate the optimum values of experimental factors. Acidic ethanol was added to the surfactant-rich phase prior to its analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). The detection limit value of Pb(2+) for the preconcentration of 10 mL of acid digested blood sample was 1.14 μg L(-1). The accuracy of the proposed methods was assessed by analyzing certified reference material (whole blood). Under the optimized conditions of both CPE methods, 10 mL of Pb(2+) standards (10 μg L(-1)) complexed with APDC and DDTC, permitted the enhancement factors of 56 and 42, respectively. The proposed method was used for determination of Pb(2+) in blood samples of children with kidney disorders and healthy controls.
authors: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. shah_ceac@yahoo.com
authors: Faheem
authors: F
authors: Shah
authors: Tasneem Gul
authors: TG
authors: Kazi
authors: Hassan Imran
authors: HI
authors: Afridi
authors: Naeemullah
authors: Muhammad Balal
authors: MB
authors: Arain
authors: Jameel Ahmed
authors: JA
authors: Baig
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; D002648:Child; D003902:Detergents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004050:Ditiocarb / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017830:Octoxynol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000032:analysis; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D003902:Detergents; D008024:Ligands; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013859:Thiocarbamates; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D007854:Lead; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017830:Octoxynol; C010615:Nonidet P-40; D004050:Ditiocarb