title: Effect of e-learning and repeated performance feedback on spirometry test quality in family practice: a cluster trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spirometry has become an indispensable tool in primary care to exclude, diagnose, and monitor chronic respiratory conditions, but the quality of spirometry tests in family practices is a reason for concern. Aim of this study was to investigate whether a combination of e-learning and bimonthly performance feedback would improve spirometry test quality in family practices in the course of 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study was a cluster trial with 19 family practices allocated to intervention or control conditions through minimization. Intervention consisted of e-learning and bimonthly feedback reports to practice nurses. Control practices received only the joint baseline workshop. Spirometry quality was assessed by independent lung function technicians. Two outcomes were defined, with the difference between rates of tests with 2 acceptable and repeatable blows being the primary outcome and the difference between rates of tests with 2 acceptable blows being the secondary outcome. We used multilevel logistic regression analysis to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for an adequate test in intervention group practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed 1,135 tests. Rate of adequate tests was 33% in intervention and 30% in control group practices (OR = 1.3; P=.605). Adequacy of tests did not differ between groups but tended to increase with time: OR = 2.2 (P = .057) after 3 and OR = 2.0 (P = .086) in intervention group practices after 4 feedback reports. When ignoring test repeatability, these differences between the groups were slightly more pronounced: OR = 2.4 (P = .033) after 3 and OR=2.2 (P = .051) after 4 feedback reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the course of 1 year, we observed a small and late effect of e-learning and repeated feedback on the quality of spirometry as performed by family practice nurses. This intervention does not seem to compensate the lack of rigorous training and experience in performing spirometry tests in most practices.
authors: Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. t.schermer@elg.umcn.nl
authors: Tjard R
authors: TR
authors: Schermer
authors: Reinier P
authors: RP
authors: Akkermans
authors: Alan J
authors: AJ
authors: Crockett
authors: Marian
authors: M
authors: van Montfort
authors: Joke
authors: J
authors: Grootens-Stekelenburg
authors: Jim W
authors: JW
authors: Stout
authors: Willem
authors: W
authors: Pieters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058996:Quality Improvement; D013147:Spirometry