title: Biomarker identification with ligand-targeted nucleoprotein assemblies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since many biomarkers of both the tumor and its microenvironment are expected to involve differential expression of divalent proteins capable of protein or peptide ligand interaction, we are developing multivalent nanodevices for the identification of biomarkers in prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared a multivalent thioredoxin-targeted nanodevice with monovalent thioredoxin in binding to human prostate cell line(s) and freshly frozen tissue specimens obtained after resection from patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nanodevice binds specifically with enhanced avidity to tumor microenvironment-associated stromal cells in prostate cancer tissue specimens. Cells that bind the nanodevice also reacted with antibodies to dimeric thioredoxin reductases 1 and 2, suggesting the utility of the nanodevice as a potentially specific and functional marker of tumor stromal cells.
authors: Beckman Research Institute & Division of Urology & Urological Oncology, Familian Science, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
authors: Elizabeth M
authors: EM
authors: Singer
authors: Laura E
authors: LE
authors: Crocitto
authors: Yuri
authors: Y
authors: Choi
authors: Sofia
authors: S
authors: Loera
authors: Lawrence M
authors: LM
authors: Weiss
authors: S Ashraf
authors: SA
authors: Imam
authors: Timothy G
authors: TG
authors: Wilson
authors: Steven S
authors: SS
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D054481:Thioredoxin Reductase 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054482:Thioredoxin Reductase 2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009698:Nucleoproteins; D013879:Thioredoxins; D054481:Thioredoxin Reductase 1; D054482:Thioredoxin Reductase 2