title: Social exchanges and subjective well-being: do sources of positive and negative exchanges matter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To decompose the effects of positive and negative social exchanges on well-being in terms of relationship type (vertically extended family, horizontally extended family, or nonfamily) and subjective closeness (close vs. peripheral).
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand and five Chinese older adults rated each network member on positive and negative exchanges, which were aggregated for each relationship type and closeness category. Regression analyses estimated the influences of positive and negative exchanges on well-being, controlling for network size, health, and demographic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social exchanges with close and peripheral vertical family members as well as close horizontal family members were associated with well-being, whereas exchanges with nonkin did not contribute independent effects. These results were similar for both positive and negative exchanges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Well-being is determined not just by social exchanges but also by where they come from. In this regard, the vertical family, the horizontal family, and the nonfamily represent a hierarchy of preference for Chinese older adults, which, to some extent, reflects the influence of familism.
authors: Department of Psychological Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China. takcheng@ied.edu.hk
authors: Sheung-Tak
authors: ST
authors: Cheng
authors: Kin-Kit
authors: KK
authors: Li
authors: Edward M F
authors: EM
authors: Leung
authors: Alfred C M
authors: AC
authors: Chan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012929:Psychological Distance; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D012951:Socialization