title: Experimental study on the molecular mechanism of anthraquinone cathartics in inducing melanosis coli.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the significance of colonic epithelial cell apoptosis and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) changing in pathogenesis of melanosis coli (MC) in guinea pig and the molecular mechanism of rhubarb (Rhu) in inducing the disease, by means of using different dosages of Rhu to induce the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-four male guinea pigs, clean grade, were randomized according to their body weight into 5 groups, the untreated normal group and the 4 Rhu groups treated, respectively, with different doses of Rhu, 3 g/kg·d for low dose (Rhu-l) group, 6 g/kg·d for moderate dose (Rhu-m) group, 12 g/kg·d for high dose (Rhu-h) group and 24 g/kg·d for super-high dose (Rhu-s) group via gastric infusion. All animals were sacrificed 60 days later, their viscera were taken for observing the pathologic and morphologic changes with HE, melanin and melatonin staining, and the apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells was detected with TUNEL stain and transmission electric microscopy. In addition, the levels of TNF-α in serum and colonic tissue were measured using ELISA and RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pathological changes of MC could be found by naked eye in all Rhu groups, especially apparent at caecum and proximal end of colon, but did not found in gallbladder, jejunum and ileum. In normal guinea pigs, the colonic membrane was pink in color with no apparent pigment deposition. Membranous color deepened in the Rhu groups depending on the dosage of Rhu used. MC scoring showed the highest scores revealed in the Rhu-s group (6.00±0.00), which was significantly different to those in the Rhu-l (3.86±0.69), Rhu-m (4.43±0.79) and Rhu-h groups (4.88±0.35, all P<0.05). Levels of cell apoptosis in colon and TNF-α in serum in all Rhu groups were higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01), but showed no significant difference among the Rhu groups (P>0.05). Moreover, a positive correlation was found in the degree of induced MC with apoptosis rate and TNF-α level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhu (anthraquinone purgatives) had apparent effect on inducing MC; its molecular mechanism is maybe to destroy intestinal mucosal barrier and advance proinflammatory factor TNF-α releasing, which leads to colonic epithelial cells apoptosis, and finally induce the change of MC due to the deposition of brown pigments, i.e. the macrophage phagocytized apoptotic body, on the colonic membrane.
authors: Department of Digestive Diseases, Zhejiang Integrated Medical Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China. chenjy@medmail.com.cn
authors: Jian-Yong
authors: JY
authors: Chen
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Pan
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Zhang
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Xia
authors: Yan-Juan
authors: YJ
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002400:Cathartics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003108:Colonic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D008548:Melanosis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D002400:Cathartics; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha