title: A novel parthenin analog exhibits anti-cancer activity: activation of apoptotic signaling events through robust NO formation in human leukemia HL-60 cells.
abstract: This study describes the anti-cancer activity of P19, an analog of parthenin. P19 induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells and inhibited cell proliferation with 48h IC50 of 3.5μM. At 10mg/kg dose, it doubled the median survival time of L1210 leukemic mice and at 25mg/kg it inhibited Ehrlich ascites tumor growth by 60%. Investigation of the mechanism of P19 induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells revealed that N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and s-methylisothiourea (sMIT) could reverse several molecular events that lead to cell death by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) formation. It selectively produced massive NO in cells while quenching the basal ROS levels with concurrent elevation of GSH. P19 disrupted mitochondrial integrity leading to cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation. P19 also caused caspase-8 activation by selectively elevating the expression of DR4 and DR5. All these events lead to the activation of caspase-3 leading to PARP-1 cleavage and DNA fragmentation. However, knocking down of AIF by siRNA also suppressed the apoptosis substantially thus indicating caspase independent apoptosis, too. Further, contrary to enhanced iNOS expression, its transcription factor, NF-κB (p65) was cleaved with a simultaneous increase in cytosolic IκB-alpha. In addition, P19 potently inhibited pro-survival proteins pSTAT3 and survivin. The multi-modal pro-apoptotic activity of P19 raises its potential usefulness as a promising anti-cancer therapeutic.
authors: Division of Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Jammu Tawi.
authors: Ajay
authors: A
authors: Kumar
authors: Fayaz
authors: F
authors: Malik
authors: Shashi
authors: S
authors: Bhushan
authors: Bhahwal A
authors: BA
authors: Shah
authors: Subhash C
authors: SC
authors: Taneja
authors: Harish C
authors: HC
authors: Pal
authors: Zahoor A
authors: ZA
authors: Wani
authors: Dilip M
authors: DM
authors: Mondhe
authors: Jagdeep
authors: J
authors: Kaur
authors: Jaswant
authors: J
authors: Singh
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000077022:Survivin
chemical_list: C562254:2'-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenylidene)-5,10-dimethyl-12-methylene-decahydro-1,2-(1',3'-dioxocyclopenta(c))azuleno(4,5-b)furan-4,11-dione; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; D001952:Bridged-Ring Compounds; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D000077022:Survivin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D045304:Cytochromes c; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C499320:PARP1 protein, human; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D005978:Glutathione; D000111:Acetylcysteine