title: Development of a controlled release formulation of an indigenous insect growth regulator, DPE-28, a substituted diphenylether, for controlling the breeding of Culex quinquefasciatus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  DPE-28, a substituted diphenyl ether (2,6-ditertiarybutyl phenyl-2',4'-dinitro phenyl ether) was reported to exhibit promising insect growth regulating activity against Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of lymphatic filariasis. A controlled release formulation (CRF) of DPE-28 has been developed to control Cx. quinquefasciatus in its breeding habitats. Toxicity of DPE-28, safety to non-target mosquito predators and the release profile of the CRF of DPE-28 are studied and discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The acute oral and dermal toxicity was tested in male and female Wistar rats as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines 425 and 402 respectively. The toxicity of DPE-28 to non-target predators was tested as per the reported procedure from this laboratory. The CRF of DPE-28 was prepared by following the reported procedure developed at this laboratory earlier. The concentration of DPE-28 released from the CRF was monitored by HPLC by constructing a calibration graph by plotting the peak area in the Y-axis and the concentration of DPE-28 in the X-axis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DPE-28 has been tested for acute oral toxicity and found to be moderately toxic with LD 50 value of 1098 mg/kg body weight (b.w). The results of the acute dermal toxicity and skin irritation studies reveal that DPE-28 is safe and non-irritant. DPE-28 when tested at 0.4 mg/litre against non-target mosquito predators did not produce any mortality. The release profile of the active ingredient DPE-28 from the CRF by HPLC technique showed that the average daily release (ADR) of DPE-28 ranged from 0.07 to 5.0 mg/litre during first four weeks. Thereafter the matrix started eroding and the ADR ranged from 5 to 11 mg/litre during the remaining 5 wk. The cumulative release of active ingredient showed that > 90 per cent of the active ingredient was released from the matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The controlled release matrix of DPE-28 was thus found to inhibit the adult emergence (>80%) of Cx. quinquefasciatus for a period of nine weeks. The CRF of DPE-28 may play a useful role in field and may be recommended for mosquito control programme after evaluating the same under field conditions.
authors: Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Puducherry, India. ananthikannan@ymail.com
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kalyanasundaram
authors: Nisha
authors: N
authors: Mathew
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Elango
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Padmanabhan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: C425487:DPE28; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D010647:Phenyl Ethers