title: A head and neck lymph node classification using an anatomical grid system while maintaining clinical relevance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current classification of head and neck lymph nodes lacks a standardized system that integrates basic anatomy and clinical relevance. Currently, anatomy texts, atlases, and journals used to educate future health care professionals use a classification system that differs from the commonly used clinical nomenclature. As a result, student trainees entering the professional world are confused by lymph node terminology. The purpose of this study was to suggest a lymph node classification system that accurately reflected anatomy and clinical applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted on anatomic and clinical texts, atlases, journals, and Web sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two recurring classification themes were found from anatomic texts and atlases: superficial and deep chains, and local anatomic structures. Since 1988 the clinical specialties have used a Roman numeral "level" system. The differences between anatomic and clinical classification systems have led to academic frustration. After analysis, a functional classification system was developed that integrated anatomic and clinical terminology from the current classification systems. This suggested system revised the clinically accepted level system approved in 1988 and replaced the terminology with an anatomically derived naming system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This system satisfies the need for a classification that unifies anatomic and clinical applications.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. benninge@ohsu.edu
authors: Brion
authors: B
authors: Benninger
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Barrett
mesh_terms: D002965:Classification; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes; D009333:Neck; D009626:Terminology as Topic