title: Cytokine disturbances in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex, and the resulting disease manifestations are heterogeneous. Cytokine dysregulation is pervasive, and their protein and gene expression profiles may serve as markers of disease activity and severity. Importantly, biologic agents that target specific cytokines may represent novel therapies for SLE. Four cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, IFNα, and BLyS) are being evaluated as therapeutic targets in SLE. The present review will examine the roles of each of these cytokines in murine and human SLE, and will summarize results from clinical trials of agents that target these cytokines.
authors: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Ave, HMR 711, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors: Noam
authors: N
authors: Jacob
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Stohl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors