title: The use of recreation planning tools in U.S. Forest Service NEPA assessments.
abstract: U.S. Forest Service managers are required to incorporate social and biophysical science information in planning and environmental analysis. The use of science is mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act, the National Forest Management Act, and U.S. Forest Service planning rules. Despite the agency's emphasis on 'science-based' decision-making, little is known about how science is actually used in recreation planning and management. This study investigated the perceptions of Forest Service interdisciplinary (ID) team leaders for 106 NEPA projects dealing with recreation and travel management between 2005 and 2008. Our survey data show how managers rate the importance of social and biophysical science compared to other potential 'success factors' in NEPA assessments. We also explore how team leaders value and use multi-disciplinary tools for recreation-related assessments. Results suggest that managers employ a variety of recreation planning tools in NEPA projects, but there appears to be no common understanding or approach for how or when these tools are incorporated. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) was the most frequently used planning tool, but the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) framework was the most consistently valued tool by those who used it. We recommend further evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of each planning tool and future development of procedures to select appropriate planning tools for use in recreation-related NEPA assessments.
authors: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 400 NW 34th Street, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98103, USA. lcerveny@fs.fed.us
authors: Lee K
authors: LK
authors: Cerveny
authors: Dale J
authors: DJ
authors: Blahna
authors: Marc J
authors: MJ
authors: Stern
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Mortimer
authors: S Andrew
authors: SA
authors: Predmore
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Freeman
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D058735:Environmental Policy; D016468:Forestry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011998:Recreation; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods; D014195:Travel; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency