title: Development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale for Black individuals.
abstract: This article describes the development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale (IROS) for Black individuals in 2 studies using a total sample of 468 Black college students. The IROS is intended to measure the degree to which racial oppression is internalized and replicated by Black individuals in the United States. An exploratory factor analysis suggested a five-factor solution: Belief in the Biased Representation of History (BRH), Devaluation of the African Worldview and Motifs (DAW), Alteration of Physical Appearance (APA), Internalization of Negative Stereotypes (INS), and Hair Change (HC). Confirmatory factory analysis supported an adequate model fit of a four-factor model: BRH, APA, INS, and HC. All factors of the IROS were positively correlated with the Pre-Encounter subscale of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS-B; J. E. Helms & T. A. Parham, 1996), and 4 of the factors were negatively correlated with the Immersion/Emersion subscale of the RIAS-B. Four factors of the IROS were negatively correlated with all subscales and total scores of the African Self-Consciousness Scale (J. A. Baldwin & Y. R. Bell, 1985). These results provide some support of the validity of the IROS.
authors: Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, GA, USA. tamba-kuii.bailey@email.und.edu
authors: Tamba-Kuii M
authors: TK
authors: Bailey
authors: Y Barry
authors: YB
authors: Chung
authors: Wendi S
authors: WS
authors: Williams
authors: Anneliese A
authors: AA
authors: Singh
authors: Heather K
authors: HK
authors: Terrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D012928:Social Desirability; D012933:Social Identification; D015144:Southeastern United States; D013240:Stereotyping; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult