title: Acute inflammatory response to laser-induced micro- and nano-sized titanium surface features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inflammatory process induced by implant surfaces is an important component of the tissue response, where limited knowledge is available regarding the role of surface topography. With laser ablation, a combined micro- and nanoscale surface modification could be created, which have been shown to enhance bone growth and biomechanical stability in vivo.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article was to evaluate the early in vivo inflammatory response to laser-modified titanium disks, with machined titanium disks and sham operation sites serving as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Circular disks were installed in a subcutaneous rat model for 24 and 72 hours, where the cell number, cell types, and cytokine levels were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that significantly fewer inflammatory cells (mononuclear and polymorphonuclear) were attracted to the sites with the laser-modified implants compared with the machined titanium implants. Similar concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a and MCP-1), together with slightly higher cell viability, were observed around the laser-modified surface compared with the machined surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results in the present study suggest that the combination of surface micro and nano features of the laser-treated surface contributes to the downregulation of early inflammatory events.
authors: Researcher, Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors: Anders
authors: A
authors: Palmquist
authors: biomedical scientist, Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Johansson
authors: research, Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors: Felicia
authors: F
authors: Suska
authors: orthopaedic surgeon, Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors: Rickard
authors: R
authors: Brånemark
authors: professor, Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden, and Institute of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Thomsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D007834:Lasers; D008214:Lymphocytes; D008422:Materials Testing; D051916:Membrane Cofactor Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000293:injuries*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497860:Cd46 protein, rat; D016207:Cytokines; D015921:Dental Implants; D051916:Membrane Cofactor Protein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014025:Titanium