title: The role of thromboxane A(2) in the pathogenesis of intrauterine growth restriction associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the effect of maternal smoking in pregnancy on the production of two eicosanoids, thromboxane A(2) and prostacyclin I2, and their role in the pathogenesis of intrauterine growth restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case control study enrolled smoking and non-smoking women at ≤14 weeks gestation. Maternal urine samples were obtained at ≤14, 28 and 36 weeks. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) was used to quantify 11-dehydrothromboxane B(2) (TX-M) and 2,3 dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1α (PG-M), stable urinary metabolites of thromboxane A(2) and prostacyclin I2. Confirmation of the smoking status was performed by quantitation of urinary nicotine metabolites. Data was analysed using SPSS and Stata(®).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty five were enrolled in the smoking group and 32 in the non-smoking group. Smoking resulted higher levels of TX-M at ≤14, 28 and 36 weeks gestation. There was no difference in PG-M at any gestational time point between the two groups. The median customised birthweight centile in the smoking group was 17.0 (0-78) compared to 55.5 (4-100) in the non-smoking group (P<0.001). A causal relationship between elevated TX-M and IUGR could not be established.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with altered eicosanoid production in favour of the vasoconstrictor thromboxane A(2) which occurs early in the first trimester.
authors: Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. caoimhemlynch@eircom.net
authors: Caoimhe M
authors: CM
authors: Lynch
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: O'Kelly
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: Stuart
authors: Achim
authors: A
authors: Treumann
authors: Ronan
authors: R
authors: Conroy
authors: Carmen L
authors: CL
authors: Regan
mesh_terms: D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013928:Thromboxane A2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013929:Thromboxane B2; D013928:Thromboxane A2; D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; C028290:2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha; C049235:11-dehydro-thromboxane B2