title: Pharmacological reversal of cognitive bias in the chick anxiety-depression model.
abstract: Cognitive bias presents in clinical populations where anxious individuals adopt a more pessimistic interpretation of ambiguous aversive stimuli and depressed individuals adopt both a more pessimistic interpretation of ambiguous aversive stimuli and a less optimistic interpretation of ambiguous appetitive stimuli. These biases have been reversed by anxiolytics and antidepressants. In the current study, chicks exposed to an isolation stressor of 5-min to induce an anxiety-like state or 60-min to induce a depressive-like state were tested in a straight alley maze to a series of morphed ambiguous appetitive (chick silhouette) to aversive (owl silhouette) cues. Chicks in the depression-like state displayed more pessimistic-like and less optimistic-like approach behavior to ambiguous aversive and appetitive cues, respectively. Both forms of cognitive bias were reversed by 15.0 mg/kg imipramine. Chicks in anxiety-like state displayed more pessimistic-like approach behavior under the ambiguous aversive stimulus cues. However, 0.10 mg/kg clonidine produced modest sedation and thus, was ineffective at reversing this bias. The observation that cognitive biases of more pessimism and less optimism can be reversed in the depression-like phase by imipramine adds to the validity of the chick anxiety-depression model as a neuropsychiatric simulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA. Kahyme@olemiss.edu
authors: Kristen A
authors: KA
authors: Hymel
authors: Kenneth J
authors: KJ
authors: Sufka
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D015982:Bias; D002645:Chickens; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D003463:Cues; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007099:Imipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D003000:Clonidine; D007099:Imipramine