title: Neurocognitive functioning of children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few data exist on the neurocognitive functioning of children with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD). The primary objectives of this paper are (1) to determine the neurocognitive status in this population and (2) to identify sociodemographic and health-status variables associated with neurocognitive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 368 children, aged 6 to 16 years, from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort. Median iGFR was 43 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and the median duration of CKD was 8.0 years. Approximately 26% had underlying glomerular disease. Measures of intelligence, academic achievement, attention regulation, and executive functioning were obtained at study entry. The prevalence of neurocognitive deficits was determined by comparing participant scores on each measure of neurocognitive functioning with normative data. The association between hypothesized predictors of neurocognitive dysfunction was evaluated using multivariate regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurocognitive functioning was within the average range for the entire group; however, 21% to 40% of participants scored at least one SD below the mean on measures of intelligence quotient (IQ), academic achievement, attention regulation, or executive functioning. Higher iohexol-based GFR (iGFR) predicted a lesser risk for poor performance on measures of executive function. Participants having elevated proteinuria (i.e., urine protein/creatinine >2) scored lower on verbal IQ, full-scale IQ, and attention variability than those without elevated proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas most children with mild-to-moderate CKD have no major neurocognitive deficits, a substantial percentage did show neurocognitive dysfunction that places them at risk for poor long-term educational and occupational outcomes.
authors: Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, CB# 7255, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7255, USA. Stephen.hooper@cidd.unc.edu
authors: Stephen R
authors: SR
authors: Hooper
authors: Arlene C
authors: AC
authors: Gerson
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Butler
authors: Debbie S
authors: DS
authors: Gipson
authors: Susan R
authors: SR
authors: Mendley
authors: Marc B
authors: MB
authors: Lande
authors: Shlomo
authors: S
authors: Shinnar
authors: Alicia
authors: A
authors: Wentz
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Matheson
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Cox
authors: Susan L
authors: SL
authors: Furth
authors: Bradley A
authors: BA
authors: Warady
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009656:North America; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index