title: Measurement of shoulder joint loads during wheelchair propulsion measured in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent in vivo measurements show that the loads acting in the glenohumeral joint are high even during activities of daily living. Wheelchair users are frequently affected by shoulder problems. With previous musculoskeletal shoulder models, shoulder joint loading was mostly calculated during well-defined activities like forward flexion or abduction. For complex movements of everyday living or wheelchair propulsion, the reported loads vary considerably.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shoulder joint forces and moments were measured with telemeterized implants in 6 subjects. Data were captured on a treadmill at defined speeds and inclinations. Additional measurements were taken in 1 subject when lifting the body from the wheelchair, using his arms only, and in 2 subjects when rapidly accelerating and stopping the wheelchair. The influence of the floor material on shoulder joint loading was accessed in 2 subjects. In general, the maximum shoulder loads did not exceed those during daily living but the time courses and magnitudes of the loads intra-individually varied much.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest forces acted during maximum acceleration and lifting from the wheelchair (128% and 188% of body weight). Grass was the only surface which led to a general load increase, compared to a smooth floor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased incidence of overuse injuries in wheelchair users are probably not caused by excessive load magnitudes during regular propulsion. The high number of repetitions is assumed to be more decisive.
authors: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. peter.westerhoff@charite.de
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Westerhoff
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Graichen
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bender
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Halder
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Beier
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Rohlmann
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Bergmann
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting; D008875:Middle Aged; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation; D014910:Wheelchairs