title: Combination of computer-aided detection algorithms for automatic lung nodule identification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work is to evaluate the potential of combining different computer-aided detection (CADe) methods to increase the actual support for radiologists of automated systems in the identification of pulmonary nodules in CT scans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outputs of three different CADe systems developed by researchers of the Italian MAGIC-5 collaboration were combined. The systems are: the CAMCADe (based on a Channeler-Ant-Model which segments vessel tree and nodule candidates and a neural classifier), the RGVPCADe (a Region-Growing- Volume-Plateau algorithm detects nodule candidates and a neural network reduces false positives); the VBNACADe (two dedicated procedures, based respectively on a 3D dot-enhancement algorithm and on intersections of pleura surface normals, identifies internal and juxtapleural nodules, and a Voxel-Based-Neural-Approach reduces false positives. A dedicated OsiriX plugin implemented with the Cocoa environments of MacOSX allows annotating nodules and visualizing singles and combined CADe findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined CADe has been tested on thin slice (lower than 2 mm) CTs of the LIDC public research database and the results have been compared with those obtained by the single systems. The FROC (Free Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves show better results than the best of the single approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Has been demonstrated that the combination of different approaches offers better results than each single CADe system. A clinical validation of the combined CADe as second reader is being addressed by means of the dedicated OsiriX plugin.
authors: Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy. niccolo.camarlinghi@df.unipi.it
authors: Niccolò
authors: N
authors: Camarlinghi
authors: Ilaria
authors: I
authors: Gori
authors: Alessandra
authors: A
authors: Retico
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Bellotti
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Bosco
authors: Piergiorgio
authors: P
authors: Cerello
authors: Gianfranco
authors: G
authors: Gargano
authors: Ernesto
authors: E
authors: Lopez Torres
authors: Rosario
authors: R
authors: Megna
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Peccarisi
authors: Maria Evelina
authors: ME
authors: Fantacci
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D012372:ROC Curve; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*