title: Modified biological training model for percutaneous renal surgery with ultrasound and fluroscopy guidance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 12th rib is an important anatomic marker in the process of percutaneous renal surgery; while the previous models without ribs can not provide close simulation conditions to human upper abdomen. To facilitate the learning and training of percutaneous renal access and intrarenal procedures under ultrasound and fluoroscopy guidance, we reported a biological bench model for percutaneous renal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model was developed using an ex vivo porcine kidney with a longer than 3 cm ureter, a flap of full thickness of thoracic wall with skin, subcutaneous fascia, muscle and two ribs, as well as the standard equipment for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The porcine kidney with a catheterized ureter was placed within the porcine flap and fixed to a wooden board with two long steel nails. Afterward, contrast medium or physiological saline (0.9% sodium chloride solution) was injected through the ureter, and the urinary system was examined with a fluoroscopy unit or an ultrasound. Artificial stone material was implanted in the renal pelvis. After practicing, the model could be dissected for kidney examination and a technical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The advantage of this model was simple to set up and inexpensive, by using widely available material. The biological bench model can be employed for percutanous renal access, tract dilation, nephroscopy, and stone disintegration in the training and learning of clinical practice. Imaging is feasible under fluoroscopic and ultrasound guidance. The kidney models were utilized in hands on courses with over 100 people, and 90.5% attendants rated the porcine kidney model for simulation of percutaneous renal surgery as "very helpful" or "helpful".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This biological training model simulates realistically the clinical procedure of percutaneous nephrolithotomy under fluoroscopic and ultrasound guidance.
authors: Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors: Zhi
authors: Z
authors: Qiu
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Yang
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Yu-cheng
authors: YC
authors: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D014463:Ultrasonography