title: Combined biological processing and microfiltration in the treatment of unhairing wastewater.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The unhairing step, a part of the beamhouse process, is particularly polluting, generating an alkaline wastewater with high concentrations of organic and inorganic matter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment of this industrial wastewater using a combination of biological and microfiltration processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The performance of the activated sludge system (AS) was evaluated under varying organic loading rate (OLR) from 0.9 to 3.4 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m(-3) day(-1) and decreasing hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 3 to 1.6 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For an HRT of 3 days, the increase of OLR significantly affected the removal of organic matter. Therefore, the biological organic matter removal of unhairing wastewater decreased from 92% to 66% for COD and from 87 to 53% for biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)). GC-MS analyses showed that biological treatment of unhairing wastewater contributed to the removal of long chain fatty acids and their degradation products. Microfiltration of unhairing wastewater was performed using 0.2 μm pore-size membranes in tangential filtration. The highest removal efficiencies were obtained for bacteria (100%) and turbidity (98.4%) which confirmed the importance of the microfiltration step in treatment of unhairing wastewater. The result showed that the flux decay rate was greatest at the start of the microfiltration assay (90 L h(-1) m(2)), becoming 60.7 L h(-1) m(2) after 32 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This change indicated that fouling occurred rapidly once the membrane module was put into operation.
authors: Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax ENIS, Laboratoire Eau, Energie et Environnement, Sfax, Tunisia. mnajwa212@yahoo.fr
authors: Najwa
authors: N
authors: Mlaik
authors: Jalel
authors: J
authors: Bouzid
authors: Lassad
authors: L
authors: Belbahri
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Woodward
authors: Tahar
authors: T
authors: Mechichi
mesh_terms: D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D013633:Tanning; D013696:Temperature; D013783:Textile Industry; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D012722:Sewage