title: Combined strength and aerobic training increases transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a combined strength and aerobic training program on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 55.5 (5) years [median (IQR)] participated in a supervised systematic exercise training program which included aerobic exercise and strength training, undertaken four days per week for eight weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The training program increased transforming growth factor-β1 concentration (+50.4%) and reduced high sensitivity C reactive protein levels (-24.1%) without altering the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additional improvements were also achieved in anthropometric characteristics, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c: -11.8%), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR: -15%) and physical fitness parameters (stress test: +26.6%, upper muscle strength: +32.4% and lower muscle strength: +48.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combined strength and aerobic exercise program has a potential anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory impact which most likely reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and improves the health status in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors: Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.
authors: Anna-Maria
authors: AM
authors: Touvra
authors: Konstantinos A
authors: KA
authors: Volaklis
authors: Apostolos T
authors: AT
authors: Spassis
authors: Christos E
authors: CE
authors: Zois
authors: Helen D
authors: HD
authors: Douda
authors: Kalliopi
authors: K
authors: Kotsa
authors: Savvas P
authors: SP
authors: Tokmakidis
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D055070:Resistance Training; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1