title: Aerobic training stimulates growth and promotes disease resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
abstract: Improving fish robustness is of utmost relevance to reducing fish losses in farming. Although not previously examined, we hypothesized that aerobic training, as shown for human studies, could strengthen disease resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Thus, we exercised salmon pre-smolts for 6 weeks at two different aerobic training regimes; a continuous intensity training (CT; 0.8bls(-1)) and an interval training (IT; 0.8bl s(-1) 16h and 1.0bl s(-1) 8h) and compared them with untrained controls (C; 0.05bl s(-1)). The effects of endurance training on disease resistance were evaluated using an IPN virus challenge test, while the cardiac immune modulatory effects were characterized by qPCR and microarray gene expression analyses. In addition, swimming performance and growth parameters were investigated. Survival after the IPN challenge was higher for IT (74%) fish than for either CT (64%) or C (61%) fish. While both CT and IT groups showed lower cardiac transcription levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 prior to the IPN challenge test, IT fish showed the strongest regulation of genes involved in immune responses and other processes known to affect disease resistance. Both CT and IT regimes resulted in better growth compared with control fish, with CT fish developing a better swimming efficiency during training. Overall, interval aerobic training improved growth and increased robustness of Atlantic salmon, manifested by better disease resistance, which we found was associated with a modulation of relevant gene classes on the cardiac transcriptome.
authors: Nofima Marin, P.O. Box 5010, 1430 Ås, Norway.
authors: Vicente
authors: V
authors: Castro
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Grisdale-Helland
authors: Ståle J
authors: SJ
authors: Helland
authors: Torstein
authors: T
authors: Kristensen
authors: Sven Martin
authors: SM
authors: Jørgensen
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Helgerud
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Claireaux
authors: Anthony P
authors: AP
authors: Farrell
authors: Aleksei
authors: A
authors: Krasnov
authors: Harald
authors: H
authors: Takle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060467:Disease Resistance; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D029941:Fish Proteins