title: Suicide prevention after traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial of a program for the psychological treatment of hopelessness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of a psychological treatment to reduce moderate to severe hopelessness after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial. Participants were aged between 18 and 65 years, experienced posttraumatic amnesia more than 1day and moderate to severe hopelessness (Beck Hopelessness Scale [BHS]) and/or suicide ideation. Intervention comprised a 20-hour manualized group cognitive behavior therapy program. Participants were randomly allocated using concealed allocation (treatment n = 8; wait-list n = 9); all remained in their allocated group. Outcome variables were collected by assessors blind to group allocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No between-groups differences were observed on demographic, injury, cognitive, and psychosocial variables at baseline (time 1). A significant group-by-time interaction was found for BHS in the treatment group (F1,15 = 13.20, P = .002), reflecting a reduction in mean BHS scores between time 1 and time 2 (posttreatment) with no main effects for group or time. At 3-month follow-up (time 3), the treatment gains were maintained or improved for 75% (6/8) of participants. Secondary outcome variables (suicide ideation, depression, social problem solving, self-esteem, hopefulness) displayed no significant group-by-time interactions or main effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial provides initial evidence for the efficacy of a psychological intervention in reducing hopelessness among long-term survivors with severe TBI.
authors: Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia. grahame.simpson@sswahs.nsw.gov.au
authors: Grahame K
authors: GK
authors: Simpson
authors: Robyn L
authors: RL
authors: Tate
authors: Diane L
authors: DL
authors: Whiting
authors: Rachel E
authors: RE
authors: Cotter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000458:organization & administration; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012803:Sick Role; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult; D000092864:Suicide Prevention