title: Peri-implantitis: associated microbiota and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peri-implantitis is a late complication of dental implant treatment, induced by microbiological changes. Since the disorder is frequent, a review is indicated of the microorganisms that influence it and of the existing treatment options.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a literature review of the microbiota associated to peri-implantitis and the existing treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed literature search was made of the studies on the microbiota associated to dental implants in healthy patients and patients with peri-implantitis, as well as of the latest treatment developments, using the following key words: "peri-implantitis AND microbiota", "periimplantitis AND microbiota", "peri-implantitis AND treatment", and "periimplantitis AND treatment". Only clinical studies in humans were considered. The following criteria were applied for including articles in the analysis: a) for the peri-implant microbiota, the search limits were human studies after the year 2000; and b) for the treatment of peri-implantitis, the search limits were randomized and controlled clinical trials (RCTs) in humans, with a minimum follow-up of 4 months, and publication after the year 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 articles were selected in relation to peri-implant microbiota, and 13 in relation to the treatment of peri-implantitis (8 involving nonsurgical mechanical treatments and 5 surgical procedures).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of the literature has shown the microbiota associated to peri-implantitis to be more complex than that found under healthy peri-implant conditions - the main flora consisting of anaerobic gramnegative bacteria. No clear criteria have been identified for the diagnosis and treatment of peri-implantitis.
authors: Valencia University Medical and Dental School, Valencia, Spain.
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Ata-Ali
authors: María Eugenia
authors: ME
authors: Candel-Marti
authors: Antonio Juan
authors: AJ
authors: Flichy-Fernández
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Peñarrocha-Oltra
authors: José Francisco
authors: JF
authors: Balaguer-Martinez
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Peñarrocha Diago
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D054892:Metagenome; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy