title: Numerical simulation of strain-adaptive bone remodelling in the ankle joint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of artificial endoprostheses has become a routine procedure for knee and hip joints while ankle arthritis has traditionally been treated by means of arthrodesis. Due to its advantages, the implantation of endoprostheses is constantly increasing. While finite element analyses (FEA) of strain-adaptive bone remodelling have been carried out for the hip joint in previous studies, to our knowledge there are no investigations that have considered remodelling processes of the ankle joint. In order to evaluate and optimise new generation implants of the ankle joint, as well as to gain additional knowledge regarding the biomechanics, strain-adaptive bone remodelling has been calculated separately for the tibia and the talus after providing them with an implant.
  
  
  METHODS
  FE models of the bone-implant assembly for both the tibia and the talus have been developed. Bone characteristics such as the density distribution have been applied corresponding to CT scans. A force of 5,200 N, which corresponds to the compression force during normal walking of a person with a weight of 100 kg according to Stauffer et al., has been used in the simulation. The bone adaptation law, previously developed by our research team, has been used for the calculation of the remodelling processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total bone mass loss of 2% in the tibia and 13% in the talus was calculated. The greater decline of density in the talus is due to its smaller size compared to the relatively large implant dimensions causing remodelling processes in the whole bone tissue. In the tibia, bone remodelling processes are only calculated in areas adjacent to the implant. Thus, a smaller bone mass loss than in the talus can be expected. There is a high agreement between the simulation results in the distal tibia and the literature regarding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, strain-adaptive bone remodelling processes are simulated using the FE method. The results contribute to a better understanding of the biomechanical behaviour of the ankle joint and hence are useful for the optimisation of the implant geometry in the future.
authors: Institute of Metal Forming and Metal-Forming Machines, Leibniz Universität Hannover, An der Universität 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany.
authors: Anas
authors: A
authors: Bouguecha
authors: Nelly
authors: N
authors: Weigel
authors: Bernd-Arno
authors: BA
authors: Behrens
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Stukenborg-Colsman
authors: Hazibullah
authors: H
authors: Waizy
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000378:metabolism*; D058737:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Ankle / Q000379:methods; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical