title: High-energy ball milling technique for ZnO nanoparticles as antibacterial material.
abstract: Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) are increasingly recognized for their utility in biological applications. In this study, the high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique was used to produce nanoparticles of ZnO from its microcrystalline powder. Four samples were ball milled for 2, 10, 20, and 50 hours, respectively. The structural and optical modifications induced in the 'as synthesized' nanomaterials were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and photoluminescence emission spectra (PL). SEM and TEM results show a gradual decrease in particle size from around 600 to ∼30 nm, with increased milling time. The initial microstructures had random shapes, while the final shape became quite spherical. XRD analysis showed ZnO in a hexagonal structure, broadening in the diffracted peaks and going from larger to smaller particles along with a relaxation in the lattice constant c. The value of c was found to increase from 5.204 to 5.217 Å with a decrease in particle size (600 to ∼30 nm). PL result showed a new band at around 365 nm, whose intensity is found to increase as the particles size decreases. These remarkable structural and optical modifications induced in ZnO nanoparticles might prove useful for various applications. The increase in c value is an important factor for increasing the antibacterial effects of ZnO, suggesting that the HEBM technique is quite suitable for producing these nanoparticles for this purpose.
authors: Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. nsalah@kau.edu.sa
authors: Numan
authors: N
authors: Salah
authors: Sami S
authors: SS
authors: Habib
authors: Zishan H
authors: ZH
authors: Khan
authors: Adnan
authors: A
authors: Memic
authors: Ameer
authors: A
authors: Azam
authors: Esam
authors: E
authors: Alarfaj
authors: Nabeel
authors: N
authors: Zahed
authors: Salim
authors: S
authors: Al-Hamedi
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015034:Zinc Oxide