title: Lead poisoning among Arab American and African American children in the Detroit metropolitan area, Michigan.
abstract: This study explored the hypothesis that acculturation is a risk factor for childhood lead poisoning in the Detroit area of Michigan. Blood lead levels (BLLs) were determined in 429 Arab American and African American children, aged 6 months to 15 years, who were receiving well-child examination in three Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) clinics in the city. Mean BLL was 3.8 ± 2.3 μg/dL (range: 1-18 μg/dL) and 3.3% of the children tested had blood lead values above the 10 μg/dL level of concern. Neither the age of the dwelling units nor ethnicity of the child was significantly associated with the BLL. Multivariable analyses instead identified a number of acculturation-related factors that are associated with elevation in blood lead including paternal education, language spoken at home (English only, English and Arabic, or Arabic only), home ownership, smoking in the home, and exposure of child to home health remedies. The difference in blood lead between Arab American children from families where Arabic only versus Arabic and English is spoken at home was found to be statistically significant. This study provides information showing that immigrant children are at heightened risk of being poisoned by lead which can be useful in identifying groups at risk of atypical exposures.
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA. jnriagu@umich.edu
authors: Jerome
authors: J
authors: Nriagu
authors: Raghavendra
authors: R
authors: Senthamarai-Kannan
authors: Hikmet
authors: H
authors: Jamil
authors: Monty
authors: M
authors: Fakhori
authors: Summer
authors: S
authors: Korponic
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D018912:Arabs; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008913:Minority Groups; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D007854:Lead