title: Reemergence of yellow fever: detection of transmission in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following yellow fever virus (YFV) isolation in monkeys from the São José do Rio Preto region and two fatal human autochthonous cases from the Ribeirão Preto region, State of São Paulo, Brazil, two expeditions for entomological research and eco-epidemiological evaluation were conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 577 samples from humans, 108 from monkeys and 3,049 mosquitoes were analyzed by one or more methods: virus isolation, ELISA-IgM, RT-PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemical.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 577 human samples, 531 were tested by ELISA-IgM, with 3 positives, and 235 were inoculated into mice and 199 in cell culture, resulting in one virus isolation. One sample was positive by histopathology and immunohistochemical. Using RT-PCR, 25 samples were processed with 4 positive reactions. A total of 108 specimens of monkeys were examined, 108 were inoculated into mice and 45 in cell culture. Four virus strains were isolated from Alouatta caraya. A total of 931 mosquitoes were captured in Sao Jose do Rio Preto and 2,118 in Ribeirão Preto and separated into batches. A single isolation of YFV was derived from a batch of 9 mosquitoes Psorophora ferox, collected in Urupês, Ribeirão Preto region. A serological survey was conducted with 128 samples from the municipalities of São Carlos, Rincão and Ribeirão Preto and 10 samples from contacts of patients from Ribeirão Preto. All samples were negative by ELISA-IgM for YFV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm the circulation of yellow fever, even though sporadic, in the Sao Paulo State and reinforce the importance of vaccination against yellow fever in areas considered at risk.
authors: Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP.
authors: Eduardo Stramandinoli
authors: ES
authors: Moreno
authors: Iray Maria
authors: IM
authors: Rocco
authors: Eduardo Sterlino
authors: ES
authors: Bergo
authors: Roosecelis Araujo
authors: RA
authors: Brasil
authors: Melissa Mascheratti
authors: MM
authors: Siciliano
authors: Akemi
authors: A
authors: Suzuki
authors: Vivian Regina
authors: VR
authors: Silveira
authors: Ivani
authors: I
authors: Bisordi
authors: Renato Pereira de
authors: RP
authors: Souza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D009033:Culicidae / Q000145:classification*; D000882:Haplorhini / Q000145:classification / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification*; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D015004:Yellow Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary