title: Cool and hot executive functions in medication-naive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to compare 'cool' [working memory (WM) and response inhibition] and 'hot' (delay aversion) executive functions (EFs) in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 ADHD children (45 with family history of ADHD and 55 with no family history) and 100 healthy controls, all medication free, were tested on tasks related to the 'hot' (i.e. two choice-delay tasks) and 'cool' domains of EF (i.e. Digits backward, Corsi Block Task backward, Go/No-Go Task, Stop-Signal Task, and the Stroop).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the controls, children with ADHD were found to perform significantly worse on one or more measures of response inhibition, WM, and delay aversion after controlling for co-morbidities and estimated IQ. In addition, comparisons between ADHD children with family history of ADHD and those with no family history found significant differences on measures of response inhibition and WM but not delay aversion. These results are largely supported by results of two logistic regressions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD was found to be associated with deficits on both cool and hot EFs. There is also evidence to suggest that cool EFs impairment is related to a family history of ADHD. Findings of this study have helped to elucidate the nature and extent of EF deficits in children with ADHD.
authors: Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors: B-R
authors: BR
authors: Yang
authors: R C K
authors: RC
authors: Chan
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Gracia
authors: X-Y
authors: XY
authors: Cao
authors: X-B
authors: XB
authors: Zou
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Jing
authors: J-N
authors: JN
authors: Mai
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Shum
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D056344:Executive Function; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D057190:Stroop Test; D014888:Wechsler Scales