title: Positional plagiocephaly and excessive folic acid intake during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between high intake of folic acid and positional plagiocephaly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study with questionnaires administered in the clinic to biological mothers of children with positional plagiocephaly (PP group) and mothers of children without it (CO group).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary, institutional clinic. University Hospital of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  mothers of children with syndromic disease or bone deformation and of children with clearly continuous forces on the skull (torticollis). A total of 94 mothers were included in the PP group (response rate: 85%), and 74 were included in the CO group (response rate: 75%). Final sample sizes were 75 in the PP group and 54 in the CO group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The recommended daily dosage of folic acid in The Netherlands is 400 µg. The primary outcome was folic acid dosage in relation to the recommended dosage. A secondary outcome was duration of folic acid intake in relation to the recommended period of use during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the PP group, 20% used double the recommended dosage of folic acid, compared with 6% in the CO group (p < .05). In the CO group, 59% used folic acid longer than recommended compared with 56% in the PP group (not significant). There were no differences in baseline characteristics except for gestational period: 39.5 weeks in the PP group and 37.9 in the CO group (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excessive daily intake of folic acid during pregnancy is seen among mothers of positional plagiocephaly patients.
authors: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Alicemichels@yahoo.com
authors: Alice C
authors: AC
authors: Michels
authors: Marijke E
authors: ME
authors: Van den Elzen
authors: J S H
authors: JS
authors: Vles
authors: Rene R
authors: RR
authors: Van der Hulst
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D049068:Plagiocephaly, Nonsynostotic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016742:Preconception Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid