title: High concentration of adenosine in human visceral leishmaniasis despite increased ADA and decreased CD73.
abstract: Absence of an effective Th-1 response has been demonstrated as a major cause for the disease pathology among patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Defining strategies to prevent the development of Th-2 response and/or initiate/activate effective Th-1 response may be of help to reduce the growing incidence of drug unresponsiveness. Adenosine, which is considered as an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent is generated in injured/inflamed tissues by the enzymatic catabolism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and it suppresses inflammatory responses of essentially all immune cells. The extracellular adenosine-producing pathway comprises two major enzymes CD39 (ATP → ADP → AMP) and CD73 (AMP → Adenosine). In contrast, the adenosine-degrading pathway contains only one major enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Our study shows high concentration of adenosine in diseased condition, varying expression of enzyme involved in adenosine-producing (CD73↓) and adenosine-degrading (ADA↑) pathways. These are less studied in infections like VL but are very important in terms of endogenous regulation of immune response among patients.
authors: Department of Transplant Immunology & Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Rai
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: Thakur
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Velpandian
authors: S K
authors: SK
authors: Sharma
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Ghosh
authors: D K
authors: DK
authors: Mitra
mesh_terms: D015720:5'-Nucleotidase / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D000241:Adenosine / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000276:immunology; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D015720:5'-Nucleotidase; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D000241:Adenosine