title: Targeting voltage-gated calcium channels for the treatment of neuropathic pain: a review of drug development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain is a major burden for affected individuals and society, and controlling neuropathic pain is especially challenging. The number of drugs available is limited and treatments are often marginally effective and burdened by side effects. Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) play a major role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain and are thus prime targets for its treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Currently available drugs that target the calcium channel include ziconotide, gabapentin and pregabalin. While there are no VGCC blockers currently in clinical trials, there are many in development. Recently, orally available, use-dependent compounds have been reported. We will review, in detail, compounds currently in development and include a brief review of VGCC and the drugs currently in use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is real hope that new drugs targeting calcium channels will soon be available. This hope is based on advancing technologies for peptide synthesis, more efficient drug screening and orally available, use-dependent compounds. Some form of direct VGCC blockade or modulation will always have a place in the treatment of neuropathic pain, but given the complexity and neuroplasticity of pain transmission, polypharmacy will likely be required for many chronic pain sufferers for the foreseeable future.
authors: University of California, Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, San Diego, CA 92037-7651, USA.
authors: Terry
authors: T
authors: Pexton
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Moeller-Bertram
authors: Jan M
authors: JM
authors: Schilling
authors: Mark S
authors: MS
authors: Wallace
mesh_terms: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020916:Conotoxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020960:omega-Conotoxins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type; D020916:Conotoxins; D020960:omega-Conotoxins; C078452:ziconotide