title: Association between circulating electronegative low-density lipoproteins and serum ferritin in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron supplementation is a common recommendation to chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). However, iron excess is closely associated with lipid peroxidation and, it is well known that electronegative low-density lipoproteins (LDL[-]) are present at higher plasma concentrations in diseases with high cardiovascular risk such as chronic kidney disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether ferritin levels are associated with LDL(-) levels in HD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted from a private clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 27 HD patients and 15 healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven HD patients (14 men, 58.6 ± 10 years, 62.2 ± 51.4 months on dialysis, and body mass index: 24.4 ± 4.2 kg/m(2)) were studied and compared with 15 healthy individuals (6 men, 53.8 ± 15.4 years, body mass index: 24.5 ± 4.3 kg/m(2)). Serum LDL(-) levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method; ferritin levels by commercially available kits, and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were determined with a multiplex assay kit manufactured by R&D Systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HD patients presented higher LDL(-) and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (0.15 ± 0.13 U/L and 5.9 ± 2.3 pg/mL, respectively) than healthy subjects (0.07 ± 0.05 U/L and 2.3 ± 1.3 pg/mL, respectively) (P = .0001). The mean ferritin level in HD patients was 1,117.5 ± 610.4 ng/mL, and 90% of patients showed ferritin levels exceeding 500 ng/mL. We found a positive correlation between LDL(-) and ferritin in the patients (r = 0.48; P = .01), and ferritin was a significant contributor to LDL(-) concentrations independent of inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excess body iron stores for HD patients was associated with signs of increased oxidative stress, as reflected by increased LDL(-) levels in HD patients.
authors: Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, Health Science Centre, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro-Rj, Brazil. Julie.lobo@ig.com.br
authors: Julie Calixto
authors: JC
authors: Lobo
authors: Najla Elias
authors: NE
authors: Farage
authors: Dulcineia Saes Parra
authors: DS
authors: Abdalla
authors: Luiz Guilhermo Coca
authors: LG
authors: Velarde
authors: Joao Paulo Machado
authors: JP
authors: Torres
authors: Denise
authors: D
authors: Mafra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D005293:Ferritins