title: The evolving landscape of neuroinflammation after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
abstract: Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in neonates. The inflammatory response, which is characterized in part by activation of local immune cells, has been implicated as a core component for the progression of damage to the immature brain following hypoxia-ischemia (HI). However, mounting evidence implicates circulating immune cells recruited to the site of damage as orchestrators of neuron-glial interactions and perpetuators of secondary brain injury. This suggests that re-directing our attention from the local inflammatory response toward the molecular mediators believed to link brain-immune cell interactions may be a more effective approach to mitigating the inflammatory sequelae of perinatal HI. In this review, we focus our attention on cyclooxygenase-2, a mediator by which peripheral immune cells may modulate signaling pathways in the brain that lead to a worsened outcome. Additionally, we present an overview of emerging therapeutic modalities that target mechanisms of neuroinflammation in the hypoxic-ischemic neonate.
authors: Department of Human Pathology and Anatomy, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Fathali
authors: Nikan H
authors: NH
authors: Khatibi
authors: Robert P
authors: RP
authors: Ostrowski
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008954:Models, Biological; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human