title: The effects of dietary carotenoid supplementation and retinal carotenoid accumulation on vision-mediated foraging in the house finch.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For many bird species, vision is the primary sensory modality used to locate and assess food items. The health and spectral sensitivities of the avian visual system are influenced by diet-derived carotenoid pigments that accumulate in the retina. Among wild House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), we have found that retinal carotenoid accumulation varies significantly among individuals and is related to dietary carotenoid intake. If diet-induced changes in retinal carotenoid accumulation alter spectral sensitivity, then they have the potential to affect visually mediated foraging performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In two experiments, we measured foraging performance of house finches with dietarily manipulated retinal carotenoid levels. We tested each bird's ability to extract visually contrasting food items from a matrix of inedible distracters under high-contrast (full) and dimmer low-contrast (red-filtered) lighting conditions. In experiment one, zeaxanthin-supplemented birds had significantly increased retinal carotenoid levels, but declined in foraging performance in the high-contrast condition relative to astaxanthin-supplemented birds that showed no change in retinal carotenoid accumulation. In experiments one and two combined, we found that retinal carotenoid concentrations predicted relative foraging performance in the low- vs. high-contrast light conditions in a curvilinear pattern. Performance was positively correlated with retinal carotenoid accumulation among birds with low to medium levels of accumulation (∼0.5-1.5 µg/retina), but declined among birds with very high levels (>2.0 µg/retina).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that carotenoid-mediated spectral filtering enhances color discrimination, but that this improvement is traded off against a reduction in sensitivity that can compromise visual discrimination. Thus, retinal carotenoid levels may be optimized to meet the visual demands of specific behavioral tasks and light environments.
authors: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America. matthew.toomey@asu.edu
authors: Matthew B
authors: MB
authors: Toomey
authors: Kevin J
authors: KJ
authors: McGraw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003116:Color; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000187:drug effects; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids