title: Extruded aquafeeds containing distillers dried grains with solubles: effects on extrudate properties and processing behaviour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The tremendous supply and low cost of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) make it an attractive feedstuff for aquaculture diets. Also, several studies have shown that DDGS can be successfully fed to various finfish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion rate of DDGS (0, 250, 500 g kg(-1) ), feed moisture content (350, 450 g kg(-1) ) and die opening area (die A = 18.85 mm(2) , die B = 3988.45 mm(2) ) on the properties of the extrudates and on processing behaviour using a single-screw extruder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing the inclusion rate of DDGS resulted in extrudates with lower unit density, bulk density, expansion ratio, water solubility index and brightness (Hunter L) but higher redness (Hunter a) and yellowness (Hunter b). The increase in moisture content affected the extrudate properties in different ways: it increased bulk density, Hunter L, Hunter b and mass flow rate, whereas specific mechanical energy decreased at high moisture content. Increasing the die opening area primarily decreased expansion ratio of extrudates, power consumption and barrel temperatures but increased mass flow rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extrudates from all treatments exhibited high durability and floatability, and less energy was required to produce extrudates when DDGS was used compared with soybean meal-based diets. The aquaculture industry can use this information to develop high-quality feeds at low cost.
authors: USDA-ARS, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, 2923 Medary Avenue, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.
authors: Kamal
authors: K
authors: Mjoun
authors: Kurt A
authors: KA
authors: Rosentrater
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods*; D003116:Color; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain; D005399:Fishes; D017747:Seafood; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014867:Water