title: Tobacco smoke and cardiovascular risk: a call for continued efforts to reduce exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review will summarize contemporary data regarding the cardiovascular effects of tobacco exposure. In particular, this review will highlight recent data that focuses on the magnitude of continued exposure both in the United States and abroad, the cardiovascular risks of tobacco exposure despite improvements in medical therapy, and the important effects of low levels of exposure including secondhand smoke (SHS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent data demonstrates that the current burden of tobacco exposure both in the United States and worldwide remains large. Despite improvements in medical therapy for cardiovascular disease the cardiovascular effects of tobacco exposure are substantial. Recent data also demonstrates that even intermittent smoking and exposure to SHS have important cardiovascular effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardiovascular effects of tobacco exposure, including even low levels from SHS, remain important. Continued efforts to reduce exposure to our patients are critical for improved cardiovascular health.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Frey
authors: David D
authors: DD
authors: Waters
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution