title: Sleep deprivation, physical activity and low income are risk factors for inadequate weight gain during pregnancy: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the possible risk factors for inadequate gestational weight gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cohort study was carried out in Sri Lanka from May 2001 to April 2002. Pregnant women were recruited on or before 16 weeks' gestation and followed up until delivery; the sample size was 710. Trimester-specific exposure status and potential confounding factors were gathered on average at the 12th, 28th and 36th weeks of gestation. Maternal weight was measured at the first antenatal clinic visit and at delivery. Inadequate weight gain was defined as weight gain below the Institute of Medicine recommendations in 2009. Multiple logistic regression was applied and the results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk factors for inadequate weight gain were low per-capita monthly income (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.03, 2.58), multiparity (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.34, 2.87), sleeping <8 h/day during the second, third, or both second and third trimesters (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.05, 2.46), standing and walking ≥5 h/day during the second trimester (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.04, 2.15), and the newborn being of the male sex (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.04, 2.16), controlling for the effect of body mass index and gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for inadequate gestational weight gain were low income, being multiparous, sleep deprivation, physical activity in terms of standing and walking, and the male sex of baby.
authors: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka. chrishantha-abeysena@mfac.kln.ac.lk
authors: Chrishantha
authors: C
authors: Abeysena
authors: Pushpa
authors: P
authors: Jayawardana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D009043:Motor Activity; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult