title: Comparison of workplace protection factors for different biological contaminants.
abstract: This study compared workplace protection factors (WPFs) for five different contaminants (endotoxin, fungal spores, (1→3)-β-D-glucan, total particle mass, and total particle number) provided by an N95 elastomeric respirator (ER) and an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR). We previously reported size-selective WPFs for total particle numbers for the ER and FFR, whereas the current article is focused on WPFs for bioaerosols and total particle mass. Farm workers (n = 25) wore the ER and FFR while performing activities at eight locations representing horse farms, pig barns, and grain handling facilities. For the determination of WPFs, particles were collected on filters simultaneously inside and outside the respirator during the first and last 15 min of a 60-min experiment. One field blank per subject was collected without actual sampling. A reporting limit (RL) was established for each contaminant based on geometric means (GMs) of the field blanks as the lowest possible measurable values. Depending on the contaminant type, 38-48% of data points were below the RL. Therefore, a censored regression model was used to estimate WPFs (WPF(censored)). The WPF(censored) provided by the two types of respirators were not significantly different. In contrast, significant differences were found in the WPF(censored) for different types of contaminants. GMs WPFs(censored) for the two types of respirators combined were 154, 29, 18, 19, and 176 for endotoxin, fungal spore count, (1→3)-β-D-glucan, total particle mass, and total particle number, respectively. The WPF(censored) was more strongly associated with concentrations measured outside the respirator for endotoxin, fungal spores, and total particle mass except for total particle number. However, when only data points with outside concentrations higher than 176×RL were included, the WPFs increased, and the association between the outside concentrations and the WPFs became weaker. Results indicate that difference in WPFs observed between different contaminants may be attributed to differences in the sensitivity of analytical methods to detect low inside concentrations, rather than the nature of particles (biological or non-biological).
authors: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
authors: Kyungmin Jacob
authors: KJ
authors: Cho
authors: Tiina
authors: T
authors: Reponen
authors: Roy
authors: R
authors: McKay
authors: Alok
authors: A
authors: Dwivedi
authors: Atin
authors: A
authors: Adhikari
authors: Umesh
authors: U
authors: Singh
authors: Rakesh
authors: R
authors: Shukla
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Jones
authors: Gordon
authors: G
authors: Jones
authors: Sergey A
authors: SA
authors: Grinshpun
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D005374:Filtration; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010316:Particle Size; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004731:Endotoxins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D047071:beta-Glucans; C010770:polysaccharide-K