title: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment provides neuroprotection in surgically induced brain injured mice.
abstract: Surgically induced brain injury (SBI) is a common concern after a neurosurgical procedure. Current treatments aimed at reducing the postoperative sequela are limited. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a hematopoietic growth factor involved in the inflammatory process, has been shown in various animal models to be neuroprotective. Consequently, in this study, we investigated the use of G-CSF as a treatment modality to reduce cell death and brain edema, while improving neurobehavioral deficits following an SBI in mice. Eleven-week-old C57 black mice (n=76) were randomly placed into four groups: sham (n=19), SBI (n=21), SBI with G-CSF pre-treatment (n=15) and SBI with G-CSF pre/post-treatment (n=21). Treated groups received a single dose of G-CSF intraperitoneally at 24, 12 and 1 h pre-surgery and/or 6 and 12 h post-surgery. Postoperative assessment occurred at 24 h and included neurobehavioral testing and measurement for both cell death and brain edema. Results indicated that pre-treatment with G-CSF reduced both cell death and brain edema, while post-treatment reduced neurobehavioral deficits. This study implies that the morphological changes in the brain are effected by pre-treatment; however, in order to activate and/or amplify targets involved in the recovery process, more dosing regimens may be needed.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors: Nikan H
authors: NH
authors: Khatibi
authors: Vikram
authors: V
authors: Jadhav
authors: Mehdi
authors: M
authors: Saidi
authors: Wanqiu
authors: W
authors: Chen
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Martin
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Stier
authors: Jiping
authors: J
authors: Tang
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000517:prevention & control; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000187:drug effects; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051379:Mice; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014738:Vibrissae / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor