title: Selective embolization of the internal iliac arteries for the treatment of intractable hemorrhage in children with malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute internal hemorrhage is an occasionally life-threatening complication in pediatric cancer patients. Many therapeutic approaches have been used to control bleeding with various degrees of success. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of selective internal iliac artery embolization for controlling acute intractable bleeding in children with malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated the cases of 6 children with various malignancies (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and rhabdomyosarcoma), who had undergone selective arterial embolization (SAE) of the internal iliac artery at the Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital between January 2004 and December 2009. SAE was performed by an interventional radiologist using Gelfoam® and/or Tornado® coils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were 5 boys and 1 girl with median age of 6.9 years (range, 0.7-14.8 years) at the time of SAE. SAE was performed once in 4 patients and twice in 2, and the procedure was unilateral in 2 and bilateral in 4. The causes of hemorrhage were as follows: hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in 3 patients, procedure-related internal iliac artery injuries in 2 patients, and tumor rupture in 1 patient. Initial attempt at conservative management was unsuccessful. Of the 6 patients, 5 (83.3%) showed improvement after SAE without complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAE may be a safe and effective procedure for controlling acute intractable hemorrhage in pediatric malignancy patients. This procedure may obviate the need for surgery, which carries an attendant risk of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients with critical conditions.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors: Sul Hee
authors: SH
authors: Bae
authors: Dong Kyun
authors: DK
authors: Han
authors: Hee Jo
authors: HJ
authors: Baek
authors: Sun Ju
authors: SJ
authors: Park
authors: Nam Kyu
authors: NK
authors: Chang
authors: Hoon
authors: H
authors: Kook
authors: Tai Ju
authors: TJ
authors: Hwang