title: A standardized protocol to reduce cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network Quality Improvement Initiative.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quality improvement techniques are being implemented in many areas of medicine. In an effort to reduce the ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection rate, a standardized protocol was developed and implemented at 4 centers of the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN).
  
  
  METHODS
  The protocol was developed sequentially by HCRN members using the current literature and prior institutional experience until consensus was obtained. The protocol was prospectively applied at each HCRN center to all children undergoing a shunt insertion or revision procedure. Infections were defined on the basis of CSF, wound, or pseudocyst cultures; wound breakdown; abdominal pseudocyst; or positive blood cultures in the presence of a ventriculoatrial shunt. Procedures and infections were measured before and after protocol implementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one surgeons at 4 centers performed 1571 procedures between June 1, 2007, and February 28, 2009. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. The Network infection rate decreased from 8.8% prior to the protocol to 5.7% while using the protocol (p = 0.0028, absolute risk reduction 3.15%, relative risk reduction 36%). Three of 4 centers lowered their infection rate. Shunt surgery after external ventricular drainage (with or without prior infection) had the highest infection rate. Overall protocol compliance was 74.5% and improved over the course of the observation period. Based on logistic regression analysis, the use of BioGlide catheters (odds ratio [OR] 1.91, 95% CI 1.19-3.05; p = 0.007) and the use of antiseptic cream by any members of the surgical team (instead of a formal surgical scrub by all members of the surgical team; OR 4.53, 95% CI 1.43-14.41; p = 0.01) were associated with an increased risk of infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The standardized protocol for shunt surgery significantly reduced shunt infection across the HCRN. Overall protocol compliance was good. The protocol has established a common baseline within the Network, which will facilitate assessment of new treatments. Identification of factors associated with infection will allow further protocol refinement in the future.
authors: Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. john.kestle@hsc.utah.edu
authors: John R W
authors: JR
authors: Kestle
authors: Jay
authors: J
authors: Riva-Cambrin
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: Wellons
authors: Abhaya V
authors: AV
authors: Kulkarni
authors: William E
authors: WE
authors: Whitehead
authors: Marion L
authors: ML
authors: Walker
authors: W Jerry
authors: WJ
authors: Oakes
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Drake
authors: Thomas G
authors: TG
authors: Luerssen
authors: Tamara D
authors: TD
authors: Simon
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Holubkov
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000592:standards; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000592:standards*; D012086:Reoperation; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000601:surgery