title: Differential toxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on Drosophila melanogaster development, reproductive effort, and viability: size, coatings and antioxidants matter.
abstract: Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles are known to induce oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Here we test if they impact development, mating success, and survivorship in Drosophila melanogaster, and if so, if these effects are reversible by antioxidants. Ingestion of nanotitanium dioxide during the larval stage of the life cycle showed no effects on development or survivorship, up to doses of 200 μg mL(-1). Conversely, ingestion of nanosilver had major dose, size, and coating-dependent effects on each of these aspects of life history. Each of these effects was partially or fully reversible by vitamin C. Larvae growing on nanosilver supplemented with vitamin C showed a greater than twofold increase in survivorship compared to flies reared on nanosilver alone, and a threefold increase in mating success. Vitamin C also rescued cuticular and pigmentation defects in nanosilver fed flies. Biochemical assays of superoxide dismutase and glutathione show these markers respond to nanotitanium dioxide and nanosilver induced oxidative stress, and this response is reduced by vitamin C. These results indicate that life history effects of nanosilver ingestion result from oxidative stress, and suggest antioxidants as a potential remediation for nanosilver toxicity. Conversely, the lack of nanotitanium dioxide life history toxicity shows that oxidative stress does not necessarily result in whole organism effects, and argues that nanoparticle toxicity needs to be examined at different levels of biological organization.
authors: Department of Biology, Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
authors: Ryan
authors: R
authors: Posgai
authors: Caitlin B
authors: CB
authors: Cipolla-McCulloch
authors: Kyle R
authors: KR
authors: Murphy
authors: Saber M
authors: SM
authors: Hussain
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Rowe
authors: Mark G
authors: MG
authors: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C009495:titanium dioxide; D012834:Silver; D014025:Titanium; D001205:Ascorbic Acid