title: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is a key mediator of hepatocyte proliferation in response to partial hepatectomy in mice.
abstract: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a critical modulator of vascular tone and blood flow and plays major roles in liver physiology and pathophysiology. Nitric oxide (NO) is widely recognized as one of the key humoral factors important for the initiation of liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy. Liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy is dependent on the efficiency of growth factor-mediated cell-cycle progression. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a critical mediator of multiple hepatic mitogens, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha, amphiregulin, and heparin-binding EGF in regenerating livers. However, the functional significance of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expressed in hepatocytes, and its potential role in EGFR-mediated hepatocyte proliferation, remains unexplored. We sought to determine whether eNOS is essential for hepatocyte proliferation in response to partial hepatectomy (PH). Our studies with eNOS knockout (eNOS(-/-) ) mice suggest that eNOS activation is essential for the efficient induction of early events and elicitation of a robust hepatocyte proliferative response to PH. Moreover, eNOS expression is essential for the efficient early induction of matrix metalloprotease-9, a known mediator of extracellular matrix remodeling and growth factor activation in regenerating livers. Our in vitro studies suggest that eNOS is a critical mediator of EGF-induced hepatocyte proliferation, potentially via its influence on the induction of early growth response-1 (Egr-1) and phosphorylation of c-Jun--known mediators of cell-cycle progression. EGF-induced eNOS phosphorylation at Ser 1177 is dependent on the phosphorylation and activation of EGFR/PI3 kinase/AKT signaling in hepatocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these results highlight a hitherto unrecognized role for eNOS activation in hepatocyte proliferation with implications for targeted therapies to enhance liver regenerative response in chronic disorders.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Mei
authors: Sundararajah
authors: S
authors: Thevananther
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C486109:Egr1 protein, mouse; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; C514862:Akt1 protein, mouse; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C501830:Mmp9 protein, mouse