title: Capsaicin attenuates palmitate-induced expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 and interleukin 8 by increasing palmitate oxidation and reducing c-Jun activation in THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia cell) cells.
abstract: Capsaicin, a spicy component of hot peppers, has been shown to improve inflammatory disease and obesity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory activity of capsaicin can be used to improve free fatty acid (FFA)-induced inflammation by reducing gene expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia cell) macrophages. To investigate whether capsaicin ameliorates palmitate-induced MIP-1 and IL-8 gene expressions, we treated THP-1 cells with palmitate in the presence or absence of capsaicin and measured MIP-1 and IL-8 by real-time polymerase chain reaction. To elucidate the mechanism by which capsaicin effects on palmitate-induced MIP-1 and IL-8 gene expressions, we performed immunoblotting with stress kinase-related antibodies and measured palmitate oxidation and palmitate oxidation-related gene expression. Palmitate and stearate but not the unsaturated FFA oleate significantly increased MIP-1 and IL-8 expressions in THP-1 macrophages. Treatment with capsaicin or FFA oxidation stimulators inhibited palmitate-induced MIP-1 and IL-8 expressions in THP-1 macrophages. Capsaicin increased the gene expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and the β-oxidation of palmitate. Furthermore, capsaicin significantly reduced palmitate-stimulated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, and p38. Our data suggest that the attenuation of palmitate-induced MIP-1 and IL-8 gene expressions by capsaicin is associated with reduced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, and p38 and preserved β-oxidation activity.
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung-E
authors: SE
authors: Choi
authors: Tae Ho
authors: TH
authors: Kim
authors: Sang-A
authors: SA
authors: Yi
authors: Yun Cheong
authors: YC
authors: Hwang
authors: Won Sun
authors: WS
authors: Hwang
authors: Sun Jung
authors: SJ
authors: Choe
authors: Seung Jin
authors: SJ
authors: Han
authors: Hae Jin
authors: HJ
authors: Kim
authors: Dae Jung
authors: DJ
authors: Kim
authors: Yup
authors: Y
authors: Kang
authors: Kwan-Woo
authors: KW
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002212:Capsicum / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007948:Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010168:Palmitates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016209:Interleukin-8; D019402:Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; D010168:Palmitates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D002211:Capsaicin