title: A comprehensive review of predictive and prognostic composite factors implicated in the heterogeneity of treatment response and outcome across disease areas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and present the current body of evidence regarding composite measures associated with differential treatment response or outcome as a result of patient heterogeneity and to evaluate their consistency across disease areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive review of the literature from the last 10 years was performed using three databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane). All articles that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected, abstracted and assessed using the NICE level-of-evidence criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine studies were identified in the data abstraction. Approximately one-third focused on existing composite measures, and the rest investigated emerging composite factors. The majority of studies targeted patients with cancer, cardiovascular disease or psychological disorders. As a whole, the composite measures were found to be disease-specific, but some composite elements, including age, gender, comorbidities and health status, showed consistency across disease areas. To complement these findings, common individual factors found in five previous independent disease-specific literature assessments were also summarised, including age, gender, treatment adherence and satisfaction, healthcare resource utilisation and health status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Composite measures can play an important role in characterising heterogeneity of treatment response and outcome in patients suffering from various medical conditions. These measures can help clinicians to better distinguish between patients with high likelihood to respond well to treatment and patients with minimal chances of positive therapeutic outcomes. Herein, the individual factors identified can be used to develop novel predictive or prognostic composite measures that can be applicable across disease areas. Reflecting these cross-disease measures in clinical and public health decisions has the distinctive appeal to enable targeted treatment for patients suffering from multiple medical conditions, which may ultimately yield significant gains in individual outcomes, population health and cost-effective resource allocation.
authors: Global Health Outcomes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. alatorre_c@lilly.com
authors: C I
authors: CI
authors: Alatorre
authors: G C
authors: GC
authors: Carter
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Villarivera
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Zarotsky
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Cantrell
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Goetz
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Paczkowski
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Buesching
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome