title: Association between fish consumption and nephropathy in American Indians--the Strong Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined the association between fish consumption and nephropathy in American Indians.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the family cohort of the Strong Heart Study, we investigated 2,261 participants with baseline examination between 2001 and 2003 and follow-up examination between 2006 and 2008. The average follow-up period was 5.4 years. We defined fish consumption as the sum of dietary intake of tuna, fried fish, and nonfried fish obtained from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Nephropathy was defined as microalbuminuria (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio [ACR]: 30 to 299 mg/g), macroalbuminuria (urinary ACR: ≥ 300 mg/g), or an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Using regression models, we examined the association between fish consumption measured at baseline and 2 outcomes in nephropathy present at follow-up, albuminuria, or renal impairment, and change in urinary ACR or estimated glomerular filtration rate between baseline and follow-up examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, and renal impairment was 13%, 3%, and 4%, respectively. The fish items consumed by the participants were predominantly deep-fried. We found no associations between fish consumption and any measure of nephropathy after adjusting for demographic, clinical, lifestyle, and dietary factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary intake of predominantly fried fish was not associated with a lower risk of nephropathy in American Indians.
authors: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Cheetin Christine
authors: CC
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland.
authors: Barbara V
authors: BV
authors: Howard
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland.
authors: Mihriye
authors: M
authors: Mete
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors: Stacey
authors: S
authors: Jolly
authors: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Electronic address: amanda.adler@addenbrookes.nhs.uk.
authors: Amanda I
authors: AI
authors: Adler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine