title: In-hospital death following inpatient surgical procedures in the United States, 1996-2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past decade, improvements in perioperative care have been widely introduced throughout the United States, yet there is no clear indication that the death rate following surgery has improved. We sought to evaluate the number of deaths after surgery in the United States over a 10-year period and to evaluate trends in postoperative mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the National Hospital Discharge Survey, we identified patients who underwent a surgical procedure and subsequently died in the hospital within 30 days of admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1996 there were 12,250,000 hospitalizations involving surgery, rising to 13,668,000 in 2006. Postoperative deaths, however, declined during this same period, from 201,000 to 156,000 (P < 0.01), giving a postoperative in-hospital death ratio (death per hospitalization) of 1.64 and 1.14% (P < 0.001), respectively, for the two time frames.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The death rate following surgery is substantial but appears to have improved. Such mortality statistics provide an essential measure of the public health impact of surgical care. Incorporating mortality statistics following therapeutic intervention is an essential strategy for regional and national surveillance of care delivery.
authors: Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: Thomas G
authors: TG
authors: Weiser
authors: Marcus E
authors: ME
authors: Semel
authors: Alan E
authors: AE
authors: Simon
authors: Stuart R
authors: SR
authors: Lipsitz
authors: Alex B
authors: AB
authors: Haynes
authors: Luke M
authors: LM
authors: Funk
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Berry
authors: Atul A
authors: AA
authors: Gawande
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult