title: The contribution of retrospective memory, attention and executive functions to the prospective and retrospective components of prospective memory following TBI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the prevalence of prospective memory (PM) problems, relatively little is known about the processes underlying impairment following TBI. This study sought to examine PM performance, using a multiple-task, multiple-response video-based paradigm in which initial encoding of the cue-action associations was ensured (Video-Assessment of Prospective Memory; VAPM).
  
  
  METHODS
  VAPM was designed to allow easy identification of reasons for failure (i.e. cue detection and/or specific action retrieval). Patients with moderate/severe TBI (n = 32) and matched controls (n = 16) also completed standardized neuropsychological assessment including evaluation of episodic retrospective memory (RM), attention, information processing, executive functions and mood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a group, those with TBI were impaired on PM tasks with 50% failing to complete at least 2/6 required tasks despite near perfect performance by controls. Individual profile analyses revealed different reasons for impairment, with RM contributing significantly to both the prospective and retrospective components. This was supported by correlational analyses illustrating a significant relationship between cue detection and RM measures, in addition to measures of executive functions and attention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contribution of RM to both components of PM, along with the finding of heterogeneity in performance among participants have important implications for theoretical understanding and clinical practice.
authors: School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Clune-Ryberg
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Blanco-Campal
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Carton
authors: Niall
authors: N
authors: Pender
authors: Donncha
authors: D
authors: O'Brien
authors: Jack
authors: J
authors: Phillips
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Delargy
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Burke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003463:Cues; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult