title: Neighbourhood street connectivity and injury in youth: a national study of built environments in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of the built environment on health is of contemporary societal interest. The design of streets in neighbourhood settings may contribute positively to the health of populations through increased physical activity, but it may also have injury consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a national cross-sectional study to describe the injury experiences of 9021 students from 180 Canadian schools that participated in the 2006 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey. Street designs surrounding each school (5 km circular buffer) were estimated via geographic information systems for three established measures of connectivity (intersection density, average block length and connected node ratio). A composite scale of connectivity was derived using factor analysis. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between the composite connectivity measure and students' reports of physical activity injuries occurring in the street (street injuries).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students living in neighbourhoods with low versus high street connectivity reported possible increases in the occurrence of street injuries (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.84 to 2.26). This relationship was mainly attributable to the occurrence of bicycle injuries (52% of all street injuries; OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.28 to 4.25). The population attributable risk was 20% for street injuries potentially caused by living in an area with low connectivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The design of streets, as a measure of the built environment, is related to the occurrence of youth injury. Positive effects of poorly connected street designs that are likely in terms of physical activity were offset by negative injury outcomes, although the injuries observed were mostly minor in nature.
authors: Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Carruthers Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Graham
authors: G
authors: Mecredy
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Janssen
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Pickett
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004779:Environment Design; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000145:classification*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*