title: Severity of vehicle bumper location in vehicle-to-pedestrian impact accidents.
abstract: Pedestrian protection is one of the key topics for safety measures in traffic accidents all over the world. To analyze the relation between the collision site of the vehicle bumper and the severity of the lower extremity injuries, we performed biomechanical experiments. We compared the applied external force and the risks of subsequent injuries between the impact of the center and side positions of the front bumper. These comparisons were performed by practical impact tests with eight typical different types of cars which were typical of the current vehicle fleets. The tests were made using the TRL legform impactor which was a mechanical substitute of a pedestrian lower extremity. The TRL impactor is used all over the world for assessing the safety of car bumpers. It was found that the risks of lower extremity injuries in the impacts at the side positions, in front of the vehicle's side member, were significantly higher than those at the center. In the tests, we found that foam materials around the rigid front cross member had a significant effect on reducing the lower extremity injury risks and especially tibia fracture risk against vehicle bumper center collisions, but had little effect at the sides of the bumper over the vehicle's side members where the foam was thinner. We also found that the front shape of the vehicle affected the risk of ligaments injuries. According to these results, the information of impact locations of cars in vehicle-to-pedestrian traffic accidents is valuable for clinicians to diagnose patients with lower extremity injuries in traffic accidents and for forensic pathologists to analyze the accident reconstruction. Furthermore, the results suggest that testing of the bumper area in front of the main longitudinal beams should be included in the car safety legislation to require pedestrian safety.
authors: Vehicle Safety Research Department, National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory, 7-42-27 Jindaiji-Higashi-machi, Chofu, Tokyo 182-0012, Japan. ymatsui@ntsel.go.jp
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Matsui
authors: Masahito
authors: M
authors: Hitosugi
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Mizuno
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001336:Automobiles / Q000145:classification*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries*