title: The WRITTEN-HEART study (expressive writing for heart healing): rationale and design of a randomized controlled clinical trial of expressive writing in coronary patients referred to residential cardiac rehabilitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is typically associated with many cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., elevated blood pressure), low health-related quality of life, depression, anxiety and psychological stress. Expressive writing (EW) has shown beneficial effects on such variables in both people from the community and in patients with a variety of chronic illnesses. However, no study to date has evaluated the physical and psychological effects of the expressive writing procedure on coronary patients referred to cardiac rehabilitation (CR).
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical effectiveness of a 2-week disease-related expressive writing procedure (writing about one's deepest thoughts and feelings regarding the experience with heart disease) compared with the standard writing task (writing about one's deepest thoughts and feelings about the most traumatic or negative event experienced in the life), a neutral writing condition (writing about the facts regarding heart disease and its treatment) and an empty control condition will be evaluated in a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) with repeated follow-up measurements at 3, 6 and 12 months after discharge from CR. The primary outcome is health-related quality of life (SF-12). Secondary outcome measures are depression (BDI-II), anxiety (BAI) and post-traumatic growth (PTGI). Furthermore, the study will explore the moderating effects of coping styles, type D personality, perceived emotional support and participants' evaluative ratings of the writing interventions on the main experimental effects in order to identify sub-groups of patients showing different results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WRITTEN-HEART study aims to explore and expand the frontiers of the expressive writing research enterprise by investigating the feasibility, safety and clinical efficacy of brief and cost-effective expressive writing interventions in patients with CHD referred to CR.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01253486.
authors: Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy. gm.manzoni@auxologico.it
authors: Gian Mauro
authors: GM
authors: Manzoni
authors: Gianluca
authors: G
authors: Castelnuovo
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Molinari
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D011788:Quality of Life; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014956:Writing