title: Optimal end points for acute stroke therapy trials: best ways to measure treatment effects of drugs and devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the past decade, analysis of completed actual trials, model population studies, and theoretical work have improved approaches to selecting and analyzing end points in acute stroke treatment trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Narrative review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because stroke affects persons in their biological, functional, social, and experiential dimensions, measures of impairment, disability, handicap, and quality of life are all desirable in pivotal trials, with disability being most important. Scales that are valid, reliable, responsive, and easy to administer are preferred; consequently, the modified Rankin Scale has become the most widely used single clinical efficacy measure. Because stroke cripples and kills, most outcome scales array patient outcome in ordered ranks, spread over the entire range from normal to disabled to dead. Generally, shift analysis, analyzing all health state transitions concurrently, is the most efficient analytic technique to detect treatment effects, with sliding dichotomy less efficient and fixed dichotomy least efficient, unless treatment effects strongly cluster at 1 or a few health state transitions that can be prespecified. Test statistics must also take into account interpretability, ie, how well they can be converted into metrics capturing all outcomes the intervention might alter in proportion to the degree they are valued by the patient; full ordinal analysis is most informative, sliding dichotomy is intermediately informative, and fixed dichotomy is least informative regarding this global outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke trial power and interpretation can be substantially enhanced by adherence to the principles delineated in this review. Full ordinal and sliding dichotomy analysis will most often be advantageous compared with fixed dichotomous approaches.
authors: Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jsaver@ucla.edu
authors: Jeffrey L
authors: JL
authors: Saver
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D006801:Humans; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome