title: Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: recent advances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim is to review the recent advances in the epidemiology and pathophysiology of impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Large cross-sectional and case-control multicentre studies show that ICDs in Parkinson's disease are common, with a frequency of 13.6%. These behaviours are associated with impaired functioning and with depressive, anxiety and obsessive symptoms, novelty seeking and impulsivity. Behavioural subtypes demonstrate differences in novelty seeking and impulsivity, suggesting pathophysiological differences. Observational and neurophysiological studies point towards a potential mechanistic overlap between behavioural (ICDs) and motor (dyskinesias) dopaminergic sequelae. Converging data suggest dopamine agonists in ICDs appear to enhance learning from rewarding outcomes and impulsive choice. ICD patients also have enhanced risk preference and impaired working memory. Neuroimaging data point towards enhanced bottom-up ventral striatal dopamine release to incentive cues, gambling tasks and reward prediction, and possible inhibition of top-down orbitofrontal influences. Dopamine agonist-related ventral striatal hypoactivity to risk is consistent with impaired risk evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent large-scale studies and converging findings are beginning to provide an understanding of mechanisms underlying ICDs in Parkinson's disease, which can guide prevention of these behaviours and optimize therapeutic approaches.
authors: Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. vv247@cam.ac.uk
authors: Valerie
authors: V
authors: Voon
authors: Arpan R
authors: AR
authors: Mehta
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Hallett
mesh_terms: D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D012201:Reward
chemical_list: D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D004298:Dopamine