title: Atrophy and intramuscular fat in specific muscles of the thigh: associated weakness and hyperinsulinemia in stroke survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sarcopenia and increased fat infiltration in muscle may play a role in the functional impairment and high risk for diabetes in stroke. Our purpose was to compare muscle volume and muscle attenuation across 6 muscles of the paretic and nonparetic thigh and examine the relationships between intramuscular fat and insulin resistance and between muscle volume and strength in stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stroke participants (70; 39 men, 31 women) aged 40 to 84 years, BMI = 16 to 45 kg/m(2) underwent multiple thigh CT scans, total body scan by DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), peak oxygen intake (VO(2peak)) graded treadmill test, 6-minute walk, fasting blood draws, and isokinetic strength testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle volume is 24% lower and subcutaneous fat volume is 5% higher in the paretic versus nonparetic thigh. Muscle attenuation (index of amount of fat infiltration in muscle) is 17% higher in the nonparetic midthigh than the paretic. The semitendinosis/semimembranosis, biceps femoris, sartorius, vastus (medialis/lateralis), and rectus femoris have lower (between 9% and 19%) muscle areas on the paretic than the nonparetic thigh. Muscle attenuation is 15% to 25% higher on the nonparetic than the paretic side for 5 of 6 muscles. The nonparetic midthigh muscle attenuation is negatively associated with insulin. Eccentric peak torque of the nonparetic leg and paretic leg are associated with the corresponding muscle volume.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The skeletal muscle atrophy, increased fat around and within muscle, and ensuing muscular weakness observed in chronic stroke patients relates to diabetes risk and may impair functional mobility and independence.
authors: Baltimore VA Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. aryan@grecc.umaryland.edu
authors: Alice S
authors: AS
authors: Ryan
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Buscemi
authors: Larry
authors: L
authors: Forrester
authors: Charlene E
authors: CE
authors: Hafer-Macko
authors: Frederick M
authors: FM
authors: Ivey
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D017741:Survivors