title: Association between socioeconomic status (SES) and lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) severity among black and white men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A higher prevalence of moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has been reported among African Americans, but the separate effects of race and socioeconomic status (SES) on LUTS severity are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the roles of education, income, marital status, and source of health insurance on LUTS reporting among black and white U.S. men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort within the Southern Community Cohort Study
  
  
  METHODS
  The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was completed during follow-up by 2488 white men and 4188 black men. Multivariable linear and logistic regression methods were used to compare IPSS scores and LUTS severity by race and SES after adjusting for age, duration of follow-up, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment, source of recruitment, smoking status, BMI, mode of follow-up ascertainment, and prior diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall IPSS scores and the prevalence of moderate/severe LUTS were not significantly associated with race. Instead, higher IPSS scores were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with a lower income, marital status, and source of insurance. Education was also marginally associated with IPSS scores (p = 0.06) among black men. Furthermore, moderate/severe LUTS onset was significantly associated with a household income less than $15,000/year (OR = 1.56 (1.23, 1.96)) and having private health insurance (OR = 0.79 (0.67, 0.93)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social or behavioral factors related to SES affect LUTS reporting, and suggests a potential affect on BPH diagnosis.
authors: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. jay.fowke@vanderbilt.edu
authors: Jay H
authors: JH
authors: Fowke
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Munro
authors: Lisa B
authors: LB
authors: Signorello
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Blot
authors: David F
authors: DF
authors: Penson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D004522:Educational Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*