title: Costs of necrotizing enterocolitis and cost-effectiveness of exclusively human milk-based products in feeding extremely premature infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a 100% human milk-based diet composed of mother's milk fortified with a donor human milk-based human milk fortifier (HMF) versus mother's milk fortified with bovine milk-based HMF to initiate enteral nutrition among extremely premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  A net expected costs calculator was developed to compare the total NICU costs among extremely premature infants who were fed either a bovine milk-based HMF-fortified diet or a 100% human milk-based diet, based on the previously observed risks of overall necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and surgical NEC in a randomized controlled study that compared outcomes of these two feeding strategies among 207 very low birth weight infants. The average NICU costs for an extremely premature infant without NEC and the incremental costs due to medical and surgical NEC were derived from a separate analysis of hospital discharges in the state of California in 2007. The sensitivity of cost-effectiveness results to the risks and costs of NEC and to prices of milk supplements was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted incremental costs of medical NEC and surgical NEC over and above the average costs incurred for extremely premature infants without NEC, in 2011 US$, were $74,004 (95% confidence interval, $47,051-$100,957) and $198,040 (95% confidence interval, $159,261-$236,819) per infant, respectively. Extremely premature infants fed with 100% human-milk based products had lower expected NICU length of stay and total expected costs of hospitalization, resulting in net direct savings of 3.9 NICU days and $8,167.17 (95% confidence interval, $4,405-$11,930) per extremely premature infant (p < 0.0001). Costs savings from the donor HMF strategy were sensitive to price and quantity of donor HMF, percentage reduction in risk of overall NEC and surgical NEC achieved, and incremental costs of surgical NEC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with feeding extremely premature infants with mother's milk fortified with bovine milk-based supplements, a 100% human milk-based diet that includes mother's milk fortified with donor human milk-based HMF may result in potential net savings on medical care resources by preventing NEC.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Economics & Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-7273, USA.
authors: Vaidyanathan
authors: V
authors: Ganapathy
authors: Joel W
authors: JW
authors: Hay
authors: Jae H
authors: JH
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000191:economics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000276:immunology; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology