title: Randomized, open-label, multicentre pharmacokinetic studies of two dose levels of pantoprazole granules in infants and children aged 1 month through <6 years with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of pantoprazole delayed-release granules in infants and children aged 1 month to <6 years with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). The studies described in this manuscript were conducted to fulfil the requirements of the paediatric written request for pantoprazole by the US FDA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two randomized, open-label, multicentre studies were conducted in infants aged 1 month to <12 months (study 1) and children aged 1 year through <6 years (study 2) with GORD. Patients were randomly assigned to either the low-dose pantoprazole group (0.6 mg/kg equivalent) or the high-dose pantoprazole group (1.2 mg/kg equivalent) in a 1 : 1 fashion. Pantoprazole granules were administered approximately 30 minutes before breakfast for at least five consecutive doses. Blood samples were obtained at prespecified intervals. Plasma pantoprazole concentration-time data were analysed by non-compartmental methods. Descriptive statistics were calculated for pharmacokinetic parameters. Patients in study 2 additionally received pantoprazole for 28 days. Safety was monitored throughout.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In study 1, 43 patients were randomized; 42 were included in the single-dose pharmacokinetic evaluation (15 females, 27 males; mean postnatal age 6.3 months). In study 2, 17 patients were randomized, and all were included in the single-dose pharmacokinetic evaluation (6 females, 11 males; mean age 3.2 years). In both studies, exposure increased with dose. Mean (standard deviation) maximum (peak) plasma concentration values for the low and high doses were 503 (506) ng/mL and 1318 (1307) ng/mL, respectively, in study 1, and 229 (196) ng/mL and 653 (645) ng/mL, respectively, in study 2. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve values for the low and high doses were 1046 (1043) ng · h/mL and 3602 (3269) ng · h/mL, respectively, in study 1, and 293 (146) ng · h/mL and 2448 (2170) ng · h/mL, respectively, in study 2. There was a trend for increasing clearance with increasing age across the ages 1 month through <6 years. There was no evidence of drug accumulation after multiple doses. On-treatment adverse events (AEs) occurred in 19 of 43 patients in study 1 and in 11 of 17 patients in study 2. Serious AEs occurred in two patients in study 1 (gastroenteritis in one patient and acute gastroenteritis from rotavirus infection resulting in discontinuation of one patient); the serious AEs resolved and were not considered by the investigators to be drug related. No other safety-related discontinuations occurred in either study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure increased with increasing doses of pantoprazole granules, even though wide interindividual variability was observed. Compared with that in adults receiving pantoprazole 40 mg, exposure obtained with the 1.2 mg/kg dose was similar in study 1 and slightly lower in study 2. Pantoprazole was generally well tolerated in infants and children aged 1 month through <6 years with GORD. Trial registration numbers (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT00259012 (study 1) and NCT00141817 (study 2).
authors: Pfizer Inc., Collegeville, PA 19426, USA. brinda.tammara@pfizer.com
authors: Brinda K
authors: BK
authors: Tammara
authors: Janice E
authors: JE
authors: Sullivan
authors: Kim G
authors: KG
authors: Adcock
authors: Jaroslaw
authors: J
authors: Kierkus
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Giblin
authors: Natalie
authors: N
authors: Rath
authors: Xu
authors: X
authors: Meng
authors: Mary K
authors: MK
authors: Maguire
authors: Gail M
authors: GM
authors: Comer
authors: Robert M
authors: RM
authors: Ward
mesh_terms: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D000077402:Pantoprazole; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013535:Suspensions
chemical_list: D053799:2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D013535:Suspensions; D000077402:Pantoprazole