title: A hydrophilic dental implant surface exhibits thrombogenic properties in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surface modifications of dental implants have gained attention during several years and the thrombotic response from blood components with these materials has become more important during recent years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to evaluate the thrombogenic response of whole blood, in contact with clinically used dental surfaces, Sandblasted Large grit Acid etched titanium (SLA) and Sandblasted Large grit Acid etched, and chemically modified titanium with hydrophilic properties (SLActive).
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro slide chamber model, furnished with heparin, was used in which whole blood came in contact with slides of the test surfaces. After incubation (60-minute rotation at 22 rpm in a 37°C water bath), blood was mixed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or citrate, further centrifuged at +4°C. Finally, plasma was collected pending analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole blood in contact with surfaces resulted in significantly higher binding of platelets to the hydrophilic surface, accompanied by a significant increase of contact activation of the coagulation cascade. In addition, the platelet activation showed a similar pattern with a significant elevated release of β-TG from platelet granule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conclusion that can be drawn from the results in our study is that the hydrophilic modification seems to augment the thrombogenic properties of titanium with implications for healing into bone of, that is titanium dental implants.
authors: Researcher, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Jaan
authors: J
authors: Hong
authors: research engineer, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Seta
authors: S
authors: Kurt
authors: consultant and researcher, Institute of Surgical Sciences, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Thor
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D019343:Citric Acid; D015926:Complement C3a; D050776:Complement C5b; D015921:Dental Implants; D004492:Edetic Acid; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D016348:Osseointegration; D015539:Platelet Activation; D013499:Surface Properties; D019699:Thrombospondins; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D019699:Thrombospondins; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin; D019343:Citric Acid; D015926:Complement C3a; D050776:Complement C5b; D004492:Edetic Acid; D014025:Titanium