title: 2-Oleoyl glycerol is a GPR119 agonist and signals GLP-1 release in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary fat is thought to stimulate release of incretin hormones via activation of fatty acid receptors in the intestine. However, dietary fat (triacylglycerol) is digested to 2-monoacylglycerol and fatty acids. Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release from the intestinal L-cells. We aimed to investigate if 2-oleoyl glycerol (2OG) can activate GPR119 in vitro and stimulate GLP-1 secretion in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Agonist activity for various lipids was tested on transiently expressed human GPR119 in COS-7 cells. The effect of a jejunal bolus of 2 g 2OG on plasma levels of GLP-1 was evaluated in eight healthy human volunteers. The effect of 2OG was compared to an equimolar amount of oleic acid, a degradation product from 2OG, and the vehicle, glycerol. Digestion of 5 ml olive oil with pancreatic lipase will result in formation of approximately 2 g 2OG and 3.2 g oleic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2OG and other 2-monoacylglycerols increased intracellular concentrations of cAMP in GPR119-expressing COS-7 cells (2OG EC(50) = 2.5 μm). Administration of 2OG to humans significantly increased plasma GLP-1 (0-25 min) when compared to the two controls, oleic acid and vehicle. Plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide also increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2OG and other 2-monoacylglycerols formed during fat digestion can activate GPR119 and cause incretin release from the human intestine. This mechanism is likely to contribute to the known stimulatory effect of dietary fat on incretin secretion, and it indicates that GPR119 is a fat sensor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Glostrup Hospital, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Katrine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Mette M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rosenkilde
authors.forename: Filip K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Knop
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wellner
authors.forename: Thi A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Diep
authors.forename: Jens F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rehfeld
authors.forename: Ulrik B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Harald S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D019858:Enteroendocrine Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005989:Glycerides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000819:agonists*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; C519854:GPR119 protein, human; D005989:Glycerides; D009829:Oleic Acids; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; C505247:2-oleoylglycerol; D000242:Cyclic AMP