title: Decafluorobutane as a phase-change contrast agent for low-energy extravascular ultrasonic imaging.
abstract: Currently available microbubbles used for ultrasound imaging and therapeutics are limited to intravascular space due to their size distribution in the micron range. Phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) have been proposed as a means to overcome this limitation, since droplets formed in the hundred nanometer size range might be able to extravasate through leaky microvasculature, after which they could be activated to form larger highly echogenic microbubbles. Existing PCCAs in the sub-micron size range require substantial acoustic energy to be vaporized, increasing the likelihood of unwanted bioeffects. Thus, there exists a need for PCCAs with reduced acoustic activation energies for use in imaging studies. In this article, it is shown that decafluorobutane, which is normally a gas at room temperature, can be incorporated into metastable liquid sub-micron droplets with appropriate encapsulation methods. The resulting droplets are activatable with substantially less energy than other favored PCCA compounds. Decafluorobutane nanodroplets may present a new means to safely extend ultrasound imaging beyond the vascular space.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sheeran
authors.forename: Vincent P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luois
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feingold
authors.forename: Terry O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dayton
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry; D045423:Microbubbles; D055806:Microvessels; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C108042:perfluorobutane