title: Potential celiac patients: a model of celiac disease pathogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Potential celiacs have the 'celiac type' HLA, positive anti-transglutaminase antibodies but no damage at small intestinal mucosa. Only a minority of them develops mucosal lesion. More than 40 genes were associated to Celiac Disease (CD) but we still do not know how those pathways transform a genetically predisposed individual into an affected person. The aim of the study is to explore the genetic features of Potential CD individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  127 'potential' CD patients entered the study because of positive anti-tissue transglutaminase and no mucosal lesions; about 30% of those followed for four years become frankly celiac. They were genotyped for 13 polymorphisms of 'candidate genes' and compared to controls and celiacs. Moreover, 60 biopsy specimens were used for expression studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Potential CD bear a lighter HLA-related risk, compared to celiac (χ(2) = 48.42; p value = 1×10(-8)). They share most of the polymorphisms of the celiacs, but the frequency of c-REL* G allele was suggestive for a difference compared to celiac (χ(2) = 5.42; p value = 0.02). One marker of the KIAA1109/IL-2/IL-21 candidate region differentiated potentials from celiac (rs4374642: χ2 = 7.17, p value = 0.01). The expression of IL-21 was completely suppressed in potentials compared to celiacs (p value = 0.02) and to controls (p value = 0.02), in contrast IL-2, KIAA1109 and c-REL expression were over-expressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potential CD show genetic features slightly different from celiacs. Genetic and expression markers help to differentiate this condition. Potential CD is a precious biological model of the pathways leading to the small intestinal mucosal damage in genetically predisposed individuals.
authors.affiliation: European Laboratory for Food Induced Disease, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sperandeo
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tosco
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Izzo
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tucci
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troncone
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Auricchio
authors.forename: Jihane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romanos
authors.forename: Gosia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trynka
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auricchio
authors.forename: Bana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jabri
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors