title: Biotic and abiotic degradation of illicit drugs, their precursor, and by-products in soil.
abstract: This study presents the first systematic information on the degradation patterns of clandestine drug laboratory chemicals in soil. The persistence of five compounds - parent drugs (methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)), precursor (pseudoephedrine), and synthetic by-products N-formylmethylamphetamine and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene) - were investigated in laboratory scale for 1 year in three different South Australian soils both under non-sterile and sterile conditions. The results of the degradation study indicated that 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene and methamphetamine persist for a long time in soil compared to MDMA and pseudoephedrine; N-formylmethylamphetamine exhibits intermediate persistence. The role of biotic versus abiotic soil processes on the degradation of target compounds was also varied significantly for different soils as well as with the progress in incubation period. The degradation of methamphetamine and 1-benzyl-3-methylnaphthalene can be considered as predominantly biotic as no measureable changes in concentrations were recorded in the sterile soils within a 1 year period. The results of the present work will help forensic and environmental scientists to precisely determine the environmental impact of chemicals associated with clandestine drug manufacturing laboratories.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Raktim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Mallavarapu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megharaj
authors.forename: K Paul
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kirkbride
authors.forename: Tunde
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D012987:Soil; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine