title: Assessment of LED fluorescence microscopy for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Gabon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid and accurate diagnosis of malaria is central to clinical management and the prevention of drug-overuse, which may lead to resistance development, toxicity and economic losses. So far, light microscopy (LM) of Giemsa-stained thick blood smears is the gold standard. Under optimal conditions the procedure is fast and reliable; nevertheless a gain in speed would be a great advantage. Rapid diagnosis tests are an alternative, although they cost more and give qualitative instead of quantitative results. Light-emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscopy (ledFM 400 ×, 1000 ×) may offer a reliable and cheap alternative, which can be used at the point of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  LedFM and conventional fluorescence microscopy (uvFM) were compared to LM in 210 samples from patients with history of fever in the last 24 hours admitted to the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Lambaréné, Gabon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivities were 99.1% for ledFM and 97.0% for uvFM, specificities 90.7% for ledFM 400 × and 92.6% for ledFM 1000 × and uvFM. High agreement was found in Bland-Altman-plot and Kappa coefficient (ledFM 1000 ×: 0.914, ledFM 400 × and uvFM: 0.895). The time to diagnosis for both FM methods was shorter compared to LM (LM: 43 min, uvFM: 16 min, ledFM 1000 ×: 14 min, ledFM 400 ×: 10 min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ledFM is a reliable, accurate, fast and inexpensive tool for daily routine malaria diagnosis and may be used as a point of care diagnostic tool.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kremsner
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lell
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biallas
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boettcher
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mordmüller
authors.forename: Ayola A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adegnika
mesh_terms: D005681:Gabon; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D010274:Parasitology / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000191:economics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors