title: Investigations of interference between electromagnetic transponders and wireless MOSFET dosimeters: a phantom study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate both the Calypso Systems' (Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA) localization accuracy in the presence of wireless metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeters of dose verification system (DVS, Sicel Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, NC) and the dosimeters' reading accuracy in the presence of wireless electromagnetic transponders inside a phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A custom-made, solid-water phantom was fabricated with space for transponders and dosimeters. Two inserts were machined with positioning grooves precisely matching the dimensions of the transponders and dosimeters and were arranged in orthogonal and parallel orientations, respectively. To test the transponder localization accuracy with/without presence of dosimeters (hypothesis 1), multivariate analyses were performed on transponder-derived localization data with and without dosimeters at each preset distance to detect statistically significant localization differences between the control and test sets. To test dosimeter dose-reading accuracy with/without presence of transponders (hypothesis 2), an approach of alternating the transponder presence in seven identical fraction dose (100 cGy) deliveries and measurements was implemented. Two-way analysis of variance was performed to examine statistically significant dose-reading differences between the two groups and the different fractions. A relative-dose analysis method was also used to evaluate transponder impact on dose-reading accuracy after dose-fading effect was removed by a second-order polynomial fit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis indicated that hypothesis 1 was false; there was a statistically significant difference between the localization data from the control and test sets. However, the upper and lower bounds of the 95% confidence intervals of the localized positional differences between the control and test sets were less than 0.1 mm, which was significantly smaller than the minimum clinical localization resolution of 0.5 mm. For hypothesis 2, analysis of variance indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the dosimeter readings with and without the presence of transponders. Both orthogonal and parallel configurations had difference of polynomial-fit dose to measured dose values within 1.75%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phantom study indicated that the Calypso System's localization accuracy was not affected clinically due to the presence of DVS wireless MOSFET dosimeters and the dosimeter-measured doses were not affected by the presence of transponders. Thus, the same patients could be implanted with both transponders and dosimeters to benefit from improved accuracy of radiotherapy treatments offered by conjunctional use of the two systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, Florida 32206, USA. zsu@floridaproton.org
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Lisha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anscher
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014173:Transistors, Electronic