title: Thermal requirements and estimate number of generations of Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in different Eucalyptus plantations regions.
abstract: To use Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare and LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in a biological control programme of Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), it is necessary to study thermal requirements, because temperature can affect the metabolism and bioecological aspects. The objective was to determine the thermal requirements and estimate the number of generations of P. elaeisis in different Eucalyptus plantations regions. After 24 hours in contact with the parasitoid, the pupae was placed in 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 °C, 70 ± 10% of relative humidity and 14 hours of photophase. The duration of the life cycle of P. elaeisis was reduced with the increase in the temperature. At 31 °C the parasitoid could not finish the cycle in T. arnobia pupae. The emergence of P. elaeisis was not affected by the temperature, except at 31 °C. The number of individuals was between six and 1238 per pupae, being higher at 16 °C. The thermal threshold of development (Tb) and the thermal constant (K) of this parasitoid were 3.92 °C and 478.85 degree-days (GD), respectively, allowing for the completion of 14.98 generations per year in Linhares, Espírito Santo State, 13.87 in Pompéu and 11.75 in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State and 14.10 in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil, 79804-970.
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zanuncio
authors.forename: H N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: E L V
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Grance
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pastori
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gava-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005052:Eucalyptus / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000469:parasitology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D011679:Pupa / Q000469:parasitology; D013696:Temperature