title: In vivo imaging of Bcr-Abl overexpressing tumors with a radiolabeled imatinib analog as an imaging surrogate for imatinib.
abstract: Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2001 for treatment of many different stages of chronic myeloid leukemia and in 2002 for treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Imatinib is known to inhibit the dysregulated proliferation of chronic myeloid leukemia, which is associated with the Bcr-Abl kinase; in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, imatinib is known to act via c-Kit kinase inhibition. The objective of this study was to synthesize an (18)F-labeled analog of imatinib not as a primary imaging agent but rather as a tracer for in vivo drug distribution and tracer concentration that can be used as a PET imaging surrogate for imatinib.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular modeling studies based on the crystal structure of imatinib bound to the active site of Abl were performed for designing the fluorinated analog. A 2-fluoroethyl analog of imatinib (SKI696) was synthesized using well-established procedures. The selectivity and binding affinity of SKI696 were compared with those of imatinib in vitro. Mice bearing K562 tumor xenografts, which are known to overexpress Bcr-Abl, were imaged with (18)F-SKI696 PET. A biodistribution study was also performed on K562 tumor-bearing mice to which our radiolabeled tracer was administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kinase assay verified that imatinib and SKI696 bind to the same targets with similar affinities. The feasibility of using (18)F-SKI696 as a PET agent was examined in vivo, and (18)F-SKI696 PET was shown to visualize K562 tumor xenografts in nude mice. The tumor was visible on PET 1 h after injection, with uptake of 1% of the injected dose. Biodistribution studies in K562-bearing mice were also performed, and the uptake of (18)F-SKI696 (percentage injected dose per gram) for each organ was calculated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the binding assay showed that SKI696 has selectivity and binding affinity comparable to imatinib. Small-animal PET of K562 tumor-bearing mice using (18)F-SKI696 as a PET agent displayed promising tumor uptake and tumor-to-nontarget contrast. Because (18)F-SKI696 has been taken up in vivo by tumors that overexpress Bcr-Abl, we are exploring a possible role for identifying tumors that will respond to imatinib before therapy.
authors.affiliation: Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. glekasa@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Athanasios P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Glekas
authors.forename: Nagavara Kishore
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Pillarsetty
authors.forename: Blesida
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Punzalan
authors.forename: Nahida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith-Jones
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D020014:K562 Cells; D051379:Mice; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D010879:Piperazines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl