title: [Urinary tract infections and their prevention].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article reviews diverse aspects of the prevention of urinary tract infections, including confirmation of the diagnosis, application of hygiene and dietary measures, antibacterial prophylaxis (preferably consisting of a single nocturnal oral dose per day of an antibiotic or drug with high urinary excretion and good tolerance), and administration of vaccines made with Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacilli, consisting of immunostimulating fractions of E. coli strains or E. coli type-1 fimbriae administered through the parenteral or oral route.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to review the new preventive measures against urinary tract infections. ACQUISITION AND SYNTHESIS OF EVIDENCE: We reviewed various microbiological aspects, as well as the physiopathology and virulence factors of uropathogenic E. coli strains expressing type-1 and P fimbriae. The association between blood groups and urinary tract infections in blood group antigen-secretors and nonsecretors was analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New preventive measures against urinary tract infection consist of the use of phenol-inactivated vaccines administered via the mucosal route, inhibitors of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation and cyclic adenosine monophosphate stimulators, especially in women aged between puberty and menopause, who show the highest incidence of these infections.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Urología, Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, España. fgchamorro@urologiasanrafael.com
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González-Chamorro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alcover
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borrego
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dámaso
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018441:Biofilms; D005576:Colforsin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022361:Escherichia coli Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011627:Puberty; D012737:Sex Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014774:Virulence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D022361:Escherichia coli Vaccines; D005576:Colforsin