title: The influence of silver content on the tribological and antimicrobial properties of ZrN/Ag nanocomposite coatings.
abstract: ZrN/Ag nanocomposite coatings with varying silver contents were produced by co-deposition in a dual pulsed magnetron sputtering system. The coatings were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scratch adhesion testing, thrust washer wear testing and nanoindentation. The hardness of the ZrN/Ag coatings and the friction coefficient running unlubricated against a steel counterface decreased with increasing silver content, whereas the coating-to-substrate adhesion increased for coatings with higher silver contents, compared to a 'pure' ZrN coating. The antimicrobial properties of the coatings were investigated using two well established microbiological assay techniques: zones of inhibition and a NBT (nitro-blue tetrazolium) redox dye. Zones of inhibition were used to determine the extent of silver ion release from the nanocomposite materials, and a NBT (nitro-blue tetrazolium) redox dye was used to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of the surfaces following incubation. The microorganisms tested were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Whilst no zones of inhibition were observed for S. aureus, on any of the surfaces, the diameter of the 'kill' zones generally increased with increasing silver content for the other microorganisms. For the NBT assays, after incubation, no P. aeruginosa colony forming units were observed on any surface and the number of viable cells of E. coli and S. aureus decreased with increasing silver content, compared to a 'pure' ZrN surface.
authors.affiliation: Surface Engineering Group, Dalton Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verran
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Arnell
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D017276:Friction / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D012834:Silver; D015040:Zirconium