title: "Death in low-mortality diagnosis-related groups": frequency, and the impact of patient and hospital characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the frequency of deaths in low-mortality diagnosis-related groups (LM-DRGs) and the patient and hospital characteristics associated with them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of 2,400,089 discharge episodes for adults (> 18 years) from 122 Victorian public hospitals from 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency of episodes of death in LM-DRGs (defined as DRGs with mortality < 0.5% over the previous 3 years or < 0.5% in any of the previous 3 years); associations between characteristics of patients and hospitals with deaths in LM-DRGs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1,008, 816 LM-DRG episodes with 0-15 LM-DRG deaths per hospital in the 2006-07 financial year and 0-20 deaths per hospital in the 2007-08 financial year. Increased age, level of comorbidity, being male, admission from a residential aged care facility, interhospital transfer, emergency admission and lower hospital volume were associated with an increased risk of death in LM-DRG episodes in both years. Metropolitan location and teaching/major provider status were not associated with LM-DRG deaths (P > 0.10). More than 40% of LM-DRG deaths were among patients aged 83 years or over, who had a length of stay of less than 1 day and had a medical DRG classification. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) that adjusted for the patient and hospital characteristics identified nine outlier hospitals with high frequencies of deaths in LM-DRGs in the 2006-07 and six in the 2007-08 financial year compared with 59 hospitals flagged by the death-in-LM-DRG indicator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the LM-DRG indicator requires further investigation to test its validity. LM-DRG deaths are infrequent, making it difficult to identify temporal changes and outlier hospitals. Patient characteristics unrelated to quality of care increase the likelihood of death among LM-DRG patients. The SMR analysis showed that failure to adjust for these characteristics may result in unfair and inaccurate identification of outlier hospitals. The increased risk of death associated with interhospital transfer patients and low-volume hospitals requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Anna.Barker@monash.edu
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Sue M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Damien J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jolley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult