title: Bidirectional interactions between acute psychosocial stress and acute intravenous alcohol in healthy men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The biological mechanisms by which acute stress increases alcohol consumption are unclear. One potential mechanism is that stress acts by altering the pharmacological and subjective effects of alcohol. Acute stress produces a cascade of physiological and psychological effects, each with a distinctive time course. In this study, we investigated whether different phases of response to an acute stress alter the subjective effects of intravenous alcohol, by administering the drug at 2 different times after the stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy men (n = 25) participated in 2 sessions: 1 with the Trier Social Stress Test and the other with a nonstressful control task, each followed by infusions of intravenous alcohol (targeting 40 mg% in 5 minutes) and placebo. One group of participants received alcohol within 1 minute of completing the tasks (Alc0, n = 11), followed by placebo 30 minutes later. In the other group (Alc30, n = 14), the order of alcohol and placebo infusions was reversed. Subjective effects (i.e., anxiety, stimulation, want more) and physiological measures (heart rate, blood pressure, salivary cortisol) were measured before and at repeated intervals after the tasks and infusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stress did not change the subjective effects of alcohol in either group. However, when individual differences in alcohol responses were considered, stress differentially altered the stimulant-like and sedative effects of alcohol. Among individuals who exhibited predominantly stimulant responses to alcohol in the nonstressful condition, stress decreased the stimulant-like effects of alcohol and "wanting more." By contrast, among participants who did not report stimulation after alcohol in the control session, stress decreased the sedative effects and increased "want more." In addition, alcohol administered immediately after the Trier Social Stress Test dampened cortisol responses yet prolonged negative subjective responses to the stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that there are bidirectional relationships between alcohol and stress. Alcohol influences responses to stress, and stress changes reactions to alcohol, depending on an individual's pattern of response to alcohol. This study highlights the fact that stress-alcohol interactions vary among individual drinkers, suggesting that the effects of stress on motivation to drink alcohol may also differ between individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. echilds@yoda.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Childs
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Wit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001944:Breath Tests; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D010045:Outpatients; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D010919:Placebos; D000431:Ethanol; D006854:Hydrocortisone