title: Multi-residue analysis of 80 environmental contaminants in honeys, honeybees and pollens by one extraction procedure followed by liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection.
abstract: One of the factors that may explain nowadays honeybees' colonies losses is the increasing presence of chemicals in the environment. The aim of this study is to obtain a global view of the presence of environmental contaminants in beehives and, develop a fast, cheap and sensitive tool to analyze environmental contaminants in apiarian matrices. A multi residue analysis was developed to quantify 80 environmental contaminants, pesticides and veterinary drugs, belonging to different chemical classes, in honeys, honeybees and pollens. It consists in a single extraction, based on a modified "QuEChERS method", followed by gas chromatography coupled with Time of Flight mass spectrometry (GC-ToF) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The "QuEChERS method" combines salting-out liquid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile and a dispersive-SPE clean up. It was adjusted to honey and especially to honeybee and pollen, by adding a small fraction of hexane in acetonitrile to eliminate lipids that interfere with mass spectrometry analysis. This method, combined with accurate and sensitive detection, allowed quantification and confirmation at levels as low as 10 ng/g, with recoveries between 60 and 120%. Application to more than 100 samples of each matrix was achieved for a global view of pesticide presence in the honeybee environment. Relatively high percentages of honeys, honeybees and pollens were found to be contaminated by pesticides used to combat varroa but also by fungicides like carbendazim and ubiquitous contaminants.
authors.affiliation: Service Central d'Analyse (SCA), CNRS, Department of Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA) - UMR 5280 Chemin du Canal, 69360 Solaize, France. l.wiest@sca.cnrs.fr
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wiest
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buleté
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giroud
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fratta
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amic
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pouliquen
authors.forename: Carine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnaudguilhem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000737:chemistry*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants