title: Non-motor features in essential tremor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Essential tremor (ET) is increasingly recognized to have several non-motor manifestations. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of non-motor manifestations in ET and its impact on the quality of life (QOL).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional case-control questionnaire-based study. The subjects were 50 patients with ET and 50 matched healthy controls. All subjects were assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Parkinson Fatigue Scale, Brief Pain Inventory, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. In addition, QOL in Essential Tremor questionnaire was administered to patients with ET.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with ET, when compared with controls, had significantly higher prevalence and higher mean scores of sleep disturbances (46% vs 8%, P < 0.001; 5.9 ± 4.6 vs 2.6 ± 2.3, P < 0.001), fatigue (30% vs 8%, P = 0.009; 5.8 ± 0.8 vs 2.5 ± 0.4, P < 0.001), anxiety (66% vs 18%, P = 0.009; 7.4 ± 9.0 vs 0.7 ± 2.6, P < 0.001), depression (44% vs 8%, P = 0.009; 7.8 ± 7.9 vs 1.7 ± 3.3, P < 0.001) as well as higher mean score of pain severity (1.9 ± 2.3 vs 0.6 ± 1.2, P = 0.001) and interference owing to pain (2.0 ± 2.9 vs 0.5 ± 1.2, P = 0.001). Following hierarchical regression analysis, depression was the only non-motor feature that affected the QOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a significantly higher prevalence and greater severity of sleep disturbances, fatigue, pain, anxiety, and depression in patients with ET and depression significantly affected the QOL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: J Y C
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thennarasu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivashankar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult