title: Quantitative perceptual differences among over-the-counter vaginal products using a standardized methodology: implications for microbicide development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing prevalence of HIV infection among women worldwide has motivated the development of female-initiated prevention methods, including gel-based microbicides. User acceptability is vital for microbicide success; however, varying cultural vaginal practices indicate multiple formulations must be developed to appeal to different populations. Perceptual attributes of microbicides have been identified as primary drivers of acceptability; however, previous studies do not allow for direct comparison of these qualities between multiple formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six vaginal products were analyzed ex vivo using descriptive analysis. Perceptual attributes of samples were identified by trained participants (n=10) and rated quantitatively using scales based on a panel-developed lexicon. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVAs for each attribute; product differences were assessed via Tukey's honestly significant difference test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found between products for multiple attributes. Patterns were also seen for attributes across intended product usage (i.e., contraceptive, moisturizer or lubricant). For example, Options© Gynol II® (Caldwell Consumer Health, LLC) was significantly stickier and grainier than other products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Descriptive analysis, a quantitative approach that is based on consensus lexicon usage among participants, successfully quantified perceptual differences among vaginal products. Since perceptual attributes of products can be directly compared quantitatively, this study represents a novel approach that could be used to inform rational design of microbicides.
authors.affiliation: Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Mahan
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D014110:Touch; D055698:Touch Perception; D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies