title: Development of a pigtail macaque model of sexually transmitted infection/HIV coinfection using Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and SHIV(SF162P3).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with an increased risk of HIV infection. To model the interaction between STIs and HIV infection, we evaluated the capacity of the pigtail macaque model to sustain triple infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and SHIV(SF162P3).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven SHIV(SF162P3) -infected pigtail macaques were inoculated with T. vaginalis only (n = 2), C. trachomatis only (n = 1), both T. vaginalis and C. trachomatis (n = 2), or control media (no STI; n = 2). Infections were confirmed by culture and/or nucleic acid testing. Genital mucosa was visualized by colposcopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Characteristic gynecologic signs were observed for both STIs, but not in control animals. Manifestations were most prominent at days 7-10 post-infection. STIs persisted between 4 and 6 weeks and were cleared with antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These pilot studies demonstrate the first successful STI-SHIV triple infection of pigtail macaques, with clinical presentation of genital STI symptoms similar to those observed in humans.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: Yetunde
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fakile
authors.forename: Christi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sturdevant
authors.forename: Harlan D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: W Evan
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Secor
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hendry
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNicholl
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kersh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis; D003127:Colposcopy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; D014247:Trichomonas Vaginitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology