title: Disease management programs in type 2 diabetes: quality of care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether disease management programs (DMPs) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can improve some processes of care and intermediate outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cross-sectional registries of patients with T2DM were used for data extraction before (previous cohort) and after (recent cohort) introduction of DMPs in Germany (N = 78,110).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the recent cohort, 15,293 patients were treated within the DMPs and 9791 were not. Processes of care, medications, and intermediate outcomes (achievement of treatment targets for low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycosylated hemoglobin [A1C]) were analyzed using multi- variable, multilevel logistic regression, adjusting for patient case-mix and physician-level clustering to derive odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Availability of structured diabetes education and of lipid, blood pressure, and A1C measurements increased over time. In DMP patients, availability was significantly higher for blood pressure and A1C but not for lipid measurements. Prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, oral antidiabetic drugs, and insulin increased over time and was more common in DMP patients. Statin prescription increased over time but was not influenced by DMP status. Intermediate outcomes improved over time, but DMPs had no influence on intermediate outcomes except for reaching LDL cholesterol targets (odds ratio 1.12 [95% CI 1.06, 1.19] in favor of DMPs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there may be some unmeasured confounding, our data suggest that improvement in processes of care by DMPs, as implemented in Germany, only partially translates into improvement of intermediate outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics Evangelisches Geriatriezentrum, Charite University Medicine Berlin, Reinickendorfer Strasse 61, Berlin, Germany. heiner.berthold@charite.de
authors.forename: Heiner K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Berthold
authors.forename: Kurt P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Bestehorn
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jannowitz
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krone
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gouni-Berthold
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity / Q000639:trends; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010045:Outpatients; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000639:trends