title: Insights into the putative catechin and epicatechin transport across blood-brain barrier.
abstract: The identification of mechanisms associated with phenolic neuroprotection is delayed due to a lack of information regarding the ability of phenolic compounds to enter the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this work was to evaluate the transmembrane transport of catechin and epicatechin across blood-brain barrier (BBB). Two BBB cell lines, RBE-4 cells (immortalized cell line of rat capillary cerebral endothelial cells) and hCMEC/D3 (immortalized human cerebral microvessel endothelial cell line), were used. HPLC-DAD/MS was used to detect these compounds and their metabolites in the studied samples. The metabolites of the tested flavan-3-ols were synthesized to be used as standards. Catechin and epicatechin could cross both cells in a time-dependent manner. This transport was stereoselective (epicatechin ≫ catechin), involving one or more stereoselective entities. Additionally, these cells were capable of metabolizing these compounds, particularly by conjugation with glucuronic acid, since this metabolite was detected in the basolateral media. Several studies suggest that blood levels of catechin and epicatechin are far below the levels used in this study and that these compounds appeared mainly as methyl, sulfate and glucuronide metabolites. Nevertheless, the information obtained by this study is valuable for the new insights about flavan-3-ols transport.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (i) catechin and epicatechin are capable of crossing the BBB; (ii) a stereoselective process was involved in the passage of these compounds across BBB cells; (iii) these endothelial cells have enzymes capable of metabolizing these compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal. anafaria@med.up.pt
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pestana
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Pierre-Olivier
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Couraud
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Babette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weksler
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mateus
authors.forename: Conceição
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calhau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002392:Catechin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002927:Cimetidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004140:Dinitrophenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010695:Phlorhizin / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D014475:Uncoupling Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004140:Dinitrophenols; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D059808:Polyphenols; D014475:Uncoupling Agents; C404987:flavan-3-ol; D002927:Cimetidine; D016572:Cyclosporine; D002392:Catechin; D010695:Phlorhizin