title: What do physicians tell laboratories when requesting tests? A multi-method examination of information supplied to the microbiology laboratory before and after the introduction of electronic ordering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The provision of relevant clinical information on pathology requests is an important part of facilitating appropriate laboratory utilization and accurate results interpretation and reporting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine the quantity and importance of handwritten clinical information provided by physicians to the Microbiology Department of a hospital pathology service; and (2) to examine the impact of a Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) system on the nature of clinical information communication to the laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-method and multi-stage investigation which included: (a) a retrospective audit of all handwritten Microbiology requests received over a 1-month period in the Microbiology Department of a large metropolitan teaching hospital; (b) the administration of a survey to laboratory professionals to investigate the impact of different clinical information on the processing and/or interpretation of tests; (c) an expert panel consisting of medical staff and senior scientists to assess the survey findings and their impact on pathology practice and patient care; and (d) a comparison of the provision and value of clinical information before CPOE, and across 3 years after its implementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The audit of handwritten requests found that 43% (n=4215) contained patient-related clinical information. The laboratory survey showed that 97% (84/86) of the different types of clinical information provided for wound specimens and 86% (43/50) for stool specimens were shown to have an effect on the processing or interpretation of the specimens by one or more laboratory professionals. The evaluation of the impact of CPOE revealed a significant improvement in the provision of useful clinical information from 2005 to 2008, rising from 90.1% (n=749) to 99.8% (n=915) (p<.0001) for wound specimens and 34% (n=129) to 86% (n=422) (p<.0001) for stool specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that the CPOE system provided an integrated platform to access and exchange valuable patient-related information between physicians and the laboratory. These findings have important implications for helping to inform decisions about the design and structure of CPOE screens and what data entry fields should be designated or made voluntary.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. a.georgiou@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Mirela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prgomet
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Toouli
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Callen
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westbrook
mesh_terms: D002984:Clinical Laboratory Information Systems / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003142:Communication; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital; D008485:Medical Audit; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008829:Microbiology / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005791:Patient Care; D010820:Physicians; D012189:Retrospective Studies