title: Differential C3NET reveals disease networks of direct physical interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genes might have different gene interactions in different cell conditions, which might be mapped into different networks. Differential analysis of gene networks allows spotting condition-specific interactions that, for instance, form disease networks if the conditions are a disease, such as cancer, and normal. This could potentially allow developing better and subtly targeted drugs to cure cancer. Differential network analysis with direct physical gene interactions needs to be explored in this endeavour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C3NET is a recently introduced information theory based gene network inference algorithm that infers direct physical gene interactions from expression data, which was shown to give consistently higher inference performances over various networks than its competitors. In this paper, we present, DC3net, an approach to employ C3NET in inferring disease networks. We apply DC3net on a synthetic and real prostate cancer datasets, which show promising results. With loose cutoffs, we predicted 18583 interactions from tumor and normal samples in total. Although there are no reference interactions databases for the specific conditions of our samples in the literature, we found verifications for 54 of our predicted direct physical interactions from only four of the biological interaction databases. As an example, we predicted that RAD50 with TRF2 have prostate cancer specific interaction that turned out to be having validation from the literature. It is known that RAD50 complex associates with TRF2 in the S phase of cell cycle, which suggests that this predicted interaction may promote telomere maintenance in tumor cells in order to allow tumor cells to divide indefinitely. Our enrichment analysis suggests that the identified tumor specific gene interactions may be potentially important in driving the growth in prostate cancer. Additionally, we found that the highest connected subnetwork of our predicted tumor specific network is enriched for all proliferation genes, which further suggests that the genes in this network may serve in the process of oncogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our approach reveals disease specific interactions. It may help to make experimental follow-up studies more cost and time efficient by prioritizing disease relevant parts of the global gene network.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Research Institute, CB2 0RE, Cambridge, UK. ga303@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gökmen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Altay
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asim
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Markowetz
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Neal
mesh_terms: D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases; D000465:Algorithms; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004194:Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C504753:TERF2 protein, human; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2; D017766:Acid Anhydride Hydrolases; C112158:RAD50 protein, human; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes