title: Toxicokinetics and carry-over model of α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) from feed to consumption-sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
abstract: A two-compartmental model for the kinetics of carry-over of the brominated flame retardant α-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) from feed to the fillet of farmed harvest-sized Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was developed. The model is based on a fat compartment for storage of the lipophilic α-HBCD and a central compartment comprising all other tissues. Specific for this model is that the salmon has a continuous growth and that fillet contaminant levels are explained by both the fat and the central compartments. The uptake and elimination kinetics are obtained from experimental data where consumer sized (start weight approximately 1 kg) Atlantic salmon was fed α-HBCD spiked feed (280 ± 11 µg kg(-1)) for 2 months followed by a depuration period of 3 months. The model was used to simulate the HBCD feed-to-fillet transfer in Atlantic salmon under realistic farming conditions such as the seasonal fluctuations in feed intake, growth and fillet fat deposition. The model predictions gave fillet concentrations of 0.2-1.8 µg kg(-1) depending on the level of fish oil inclusion in the salmon diets when using fish oil with high POP background levels. Model simulations show that currently farmed Atlantic salmon can contribute to a maximum of 6% of the estimated provisional food reference dose for HBCD.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Postbox 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. marc.berntssen@nifes.no
authors.forename: M H G
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Berntssen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valdersnes
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosenlund
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Torstensen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zeilmaker
authors.forename: J C H
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van Eijkeren
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005506:Food Contamination; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry; D020317:Salmo salar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D008055:Lipids; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane