title: Evaluation of sampling methods for measuring exposure to volatile inorganic acids in workplace air. Part 1: sampling hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO₃) from a test gas atmosphere.
abstract: Historically, workplace exposure to the volatile inorganic acids hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO(3)) has been determined mostly by collection on silica gel sorbent tubes and analysis of the corresponding anions by ion chromatography (IC). However, HCl and HNO(3) can be present in workplace air in the form of mist as well as vapor, so it is important to sample the inhalable fraction of airborne particles. As sorbent tubes exhibit a low sampling efficiency for inhalable particles, a more suitable method was required. This is the first of two articles on "Evaluation of Sampling Methods for Measuring Exposure to Volatile Inorganic Acids in Workplace Air" and describes collaborative sampling exercises carried out to evaluate an alternative method for sampling HCl and HNO(3) using sodium carbonate-impregnated filters. The second article describes sampling capacity and breakthrough tests. The method was found to perform well and a quartz fiber filter impregnated with 500 μL of 1 M Na(2)CO(3) (10% (m/v) Na(2)CO(3)) was found to have sufficient sampling capacity for use in workplace air measurement. A pre-filter is required to remove particulate chlorides and nitrates that when present would otherwise result in a positive interference. A GSP sampler fitted with a plastic cone, a closed face cassette, or a plastic IOM sampler were all found to be suitable for mounting the pre-filter and sampling filter(s), but care has to be taken with the IOM sampler to ensure that the sampler is tightly closed to avoid leaks. HCl and HNO(3) can react with co-sampled particulate matter on the pre-filter, e.g., zinc oxide, leading to low results, and stronger acids can react with particulate chlorides and nitrates removed by the pre-filter to liberate HCl and HNO(3), which are subsequently collected on the sampling filter, leading to high results. However, although there is this potential for both positive and negative interferences in the measurement, these are unavoidable. The method studied has now been published in ISO 21438-2:2009.
authors.affiliation: Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK. ex.hsl.alan@gmail.com
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Musgrove
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gusbeth
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demange
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oury
authors.forename: Davy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rousset
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorotte
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D017942:Nitric Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017942:Nitric Acid; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid