title: Front-line managers as boundary spanners: effects of span and time on nurse supervision satisfaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of nurse manager span (number of direct report staff), time in staff contact, transformational leadership practices and operational hours on nurse supervision satisfaction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Increasing role complexity has intensified the boundary spanning functions of managers. Because work demands and scope vary by management position, time in staff contact rather than span may better explain managers' capacity to support staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive, correlational design was used to collect cross-sectional survey and prospective work log and administrative data from a convenience sample of 558 nurses in 51 clinical areas and 31 front-line nurse managers from four acute care hospitals in 2007-2008. Data were analysed using hierarchical linear modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Span, but not time in staff contact, interacted with leadership and operational hours to explain supervision satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With compressed operational hours, supervision satisfaction was lower with highly transformational leadership in combination with wider spans. With extended operational hours, supervision satisfaction was higher with highly transformational leadership, and this effect was more pronounced under wider spans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operational hours, which influence the manager's daily span (average number of direct report staff working per weekday), should be factored into the design of front-line management positions.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. raquel.meyer@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Raquel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: O'Brien-Pallas
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doran
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Streiner
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferguson-Paré
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duffield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D008875:Middle Aged; D009718:Nurse Administrators; D024802:Nurse's Role; D015401:Nursing Administration Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D009745:Nursing, Supervisory / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult