title: Quadruple-allele dipstick test for simultaneous visual genotyping of A896G (Asp299Gly) and C1196T (Thr399Ile) polymorphisms in the toll-like receptor-4 gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is a central regulators of innate immune response as it interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and also with endogenous molecules, such as heat-shock proteins and fibrinogen. Two common single nucleotide polymorphisms, A896G (Asp299Gly) and C1196T (Thr399Ile), have been found in the exon 3 of human TLR4 gene, which lead to structure alteration of the extracellular domain of TLR4 thereby influencing the receptor ability for recognition and ligand binding.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose a simple, rapid and reliable method for the simultaneous detection of the two SNPs in TLR4 gene that involves: (a) exponential amplification of the genomic region that spans the two SNPs, (b) quadruple primer extension (PEXT) reaction using two allele-specific primers per SNP, and (c) a simple-to-perform dipstick test that allows visual and simultaneous detection of the four alleles within minutes without the need for specialized instrumentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The method was applied to the simultaneous detection of the two SNPs in 90 samples of general Greek population and the results showed 100% concordance with those obtained by direct sequencing. The entire assay, starting from genomic DNA, can be run in less than 1.5h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dipstick test eliminates multiple incubation and washing steps that are common in microtiter well-based assays and does not require highly trained personnel. Because of these advantages, it is suitable for the routine clinical laboratory or even for point-of-care testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Litos
authors.forename: Penelope C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ioannou
authors.forename: Theodore K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Christopoulos
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tzetis
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kanavakis
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Traeger-Synodinos
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D054856:G-Quadruplexes; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4