title: [Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water based on field measurement of exposure factors of Chinese people].
abstract: This study was carried out in Biyang County, located in the junction of Yangtze river and Huaihe river. Drinking water samples of 20 sites in urban and rural areas in this county were collected to measure 14 heavy metals by ICP/MS. About 2 500 subjects with different age and sex were selected to measure exposure factors. Time-activity of drinking water by ingestion and dermal contact of each individual subject during the last three days were kept in dairy in detail by questionnaires. Intake of drinking water from direct and indirect consumption of water and time duration of dermal contact to water in each individual subject were kept in record based on real time measurements. Human health risks were assessed and sensitivity of exposure factors and uncertainty of risks were also analyzed. The results showed that the average drinking water intake rate of male and female are 2276 mL/d, 2265 mL/d in urban adults and 2464 mL/d, 2170 mL/d in rural adults respectively. Body surface area of male and female are 1.806 m2, 1.641 m2 in urban adults and 1.747 m2, 1.617 m2 in rural adults respectively. The contents of 14 heavy metals in this study area are all below the national drinking water standards. Cancer risks from exposure to As are ranged from 2.5 x 10(-6) to 5.2 x 10(-6) through ingestion and 1.1 x 10(-7) to 2.3 x 10(-7) through dermal exposure. Non-cancer risks are ranged from 2.1 x 10(-7) to 1.7 x 10(-6) through ingestion and 1.0 x 10(-8) to 6.0 x 10(-8) through dermal exposure. Non-cancer risks in rural population are 2.1 times to 5.6 times to the risks in urban populations. However all the risks are below the acceptable level. The sensitivity of various exposure factors including drinking water intake rate, dermal exposure time and body surface area are 71.5%. This indicates that exposure factors play a very important role in health risk assessment. Health risks in this research based on real measurement of exposure factors are about 0.94 time to 6.33 times higher than the risks based on the references of the data from the exposure factors handbooks in other countries. This study showed that the accuracy of health risk assessment could be improved a lot by the real measurements of exposure factors. Attentions should be attached to exposure factor investigation to decrease uncertainty of health risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. dxl@craes.org.cn
authors.forename: Xiao-li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Zong-shuang
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wen-jie
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Bei-bei
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jin-liang
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011634:Public Health; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical