title: Pre-natal and post-natal growth trajectories and childhood cognitive ability and mental health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies of the associations between pre-natal or post-natal growth and cognitive ability have been based on children with pathologically slow growth measured between two time points only, rather than children with normal growth trajectories estimated from multiple measures of growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the associations of pre-natal and post-natal trajectories in both weight and length/height through the first 5 years of life with cognitive ability and mental health at 6.5 years of age among healthy children. Our study is based on 11 899 children who were born healthy at ≥37 completed weeks with birth weight ≥2500 g and had up to 13 measures of weight and length/height from birth to age 5 years and cognitive ability and behaviour measured at 6.5 years. Using a linear spline random-effects model with 2 knots at 3 and 12 months, we estimated growth trajectories for each child from birth to age 5 years in weight and length/height in four periods: gestational age-specific birth weight and length (pre-natal 'growth'), early infancy (0-3 months), late infancy (3-12 months) and early childhood (1-5 years). We used generalized estimating equations to estimate mean differences in IQ and mental health according to pre-natal and post-natal growth trajectory. IQ was measured using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence, and mental health was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 1 standard deviation (SD) in birth weight was positively associated with cognitive ability (0.82 IQ points, 95% CI: 0.54-1.10) after adjusting for confounders. For post-natal weight gain trajectories, a 1 SD faster weight gain was associated with an increase of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.42-1.11) IQ points for early infancy, 0.30 (95% CI: 0.02-0.58) points for late infancy, and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.04-0.76) for early childhood after adjusting for confounders and for earlier growth. For length/height trajectories, the magnitudes of increase in cognitive ability were similar to each other (~0.6 points) across the four periods. Pre-natal and infancy growth, but not early childhood growth, were associated with reduced externalising behaviours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the effect sizes are small and residual confounding cannot be excluded, our results suggest that among healthy children, faster growth from the pre-natal period through age 5 years is positively associated with cognitive ability, whereas faster growth in the pre-natal period and infancy is positively associated with mental health at early school age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. seungmi.yang@mail.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Seungmi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tilling
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D002094:Republic of Belarus; D014888:Wechsler Scales; D055815:Young Adult