title: Integrated testing strategies for toxicity employing new and existing technologies.
abstract: We have developed individual, integrated testing strategies (ITS) for predicting the toxicity of general chemicals, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, inhaled chemicals, and nanoparticles. These ITS are based on published schemes developed previously for the risk assessment of chemicals to fulfil the requirements of REACH, which have been updated to take account of the latest developments in advanced in chemico modelling and in vitro technologies. In addition, we propose an ITS for neurotoxicity, based on the same principles, for incorporation in the other ITS. The technologies are deployed in a step-wise manner, as a basis for decision-tree approaches, incorporating weight-of-evidence stages. This means that testing can be stopped at the point where a risk assessment and/or classification can be performed, with labelling in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory authority concerned, rather than following a checklist approach to hazard identification. In addition, the strategies are intelligent, in that they are based on the fundamental premise that there is no hazard in the absence of exposure - which is why pharmacokinetic modelling plays a key role in each ITS. The new technologies include the use of complex, three-dimensional human cell tissue culture systems with in vivo-like structural, physiological and biochemical features, as well as dosing conditions. In this way, problems of inter-species extrapolation and in vitro/in vivo extrapolation are minimised. This is reflected in the ITS placing more emphasis on the use of volunteers at the whole organism testing stage, rather than on existing animal testing, which is the current situation.
authors.affiliation: c/o Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), Nottingham, UK. robert_combes@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Combes
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balls
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000633:toxicity; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations