title: Replicating and extending the good-enough level model of change: considering session frequency.
abstract: The good-enough level (GEL) model posits that the rate of change in psychotherapy is related to the total dose of therapy. The psychotherapy dose-response literature has typically measured dose as number of sessions attended without considering the number of days or weeks it takes to complete the sessions (session frequency). The current study sought to replicate the GEL model and explore if session frequency moderates the influence that the number of sessions has on the rate of change in psychotherapy. An archived naturalistic data set with a US university counseling center sample (n=1,207), with treatment progress measured using the Outcome Questionnaire-45 (Lambert et al., 1996), was used. Our results are consistent with the GEL model (i.e., clients who attended fewer sessions evidenced faster rates of change), but extended it by showing that the rate of change was also influenced by session frequency (i.e., clients who attended more sessions on average per week demonstrated more rapid improvement). Evidence suggests that clinicians and researchers should give consideration to session frequency, both in their work with clients and how "dose" is operationalized in psychotherapy research.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Educational, School, & Counseling Psychology, 235 Dickey Hall, Lexington 40506-0017, USA. jeff.reese@uky.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Reese
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Toland
authors.forename: Nathaniel B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult