title: A hand-held instrument to maintain steady tissue contact during probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy.
abstract: Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) provides high-resolution in vivo imaging for intraoperative tissue characterization. Maintaining a desired contact force between target tissue and the pCLE probe is important for image consistency, allowing large area surveillance to be performed. A hand-held instrument that can provide a predetermined contact force to obtain consistent images has been developed. The main components of the instrument include a linear voice coil actuator, a donut load-cell, and a pCLE probe. In this paper, detailed mechanical design of the instrument is presented and system level modeling of closed-loop force control of the actuator is provided. The performance of the instrument has been evaluated in bench tests as well as in hand-held experiments. Results demonstrate that the instrument ensures a consistent predetermined contact force between pCLE probe tip and tissue. Furthermore, it compensates for both simulated physiological movement of the tissue and involuntary movements of the operator's hand. Using pCLE video feature tracking of large colonic crypts within the mucosal surface, the steadiness of the tissue images obtained using the instrument force control is demonstrated by confirming minimal crypt translation.
authors.affiliation: Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. w.tun-latt@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Win Tun
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Latt
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visentini-Scarzanella
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Guang-Zhong
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D058739:Aberrant Crypt Foci / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D007834:Lasers; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013552:Swine