title: Clinical pathology of the shock syndromes.
abstract: The clinical aspects of shock syndromes are described from their inception as compensated physiology to a stage of decompensation. The clinical significance of hypotension, fluid-responsive and non fluid-responsive hypotension, is discussed. Untimely or inadequate treatment leads to persistent subclinical shock despite adjustments of the macrohemodynamic variables, which evolves in a second hit of physiological deterioration if not aggressively managed. Irreversible shock ensues as consequence of direct hit or as result of inadequate or delayed treatment and is characterized by drug-resistant hypotension.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Directorate, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Fabrizio Giuseppe
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Bonanno