title: Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While there is robust evidence of elevated dopamine synthesis capacity once a psychotic disorder has developed, little is known about whether it is altered prior to the first episode of frank illness. The authors addressed this issue by measuring dopamine synthesis capacity in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis and then following them to determine their clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study included 30 patients who met standard criteria for being at ultra-high risk of psychosis and 29 healthy volunteers. Participants were scanned using [(18)F]6-fluoro-L-dopa positron emission tomography. The ultra-high-risk patients were scanned at presentation and followed up for at least 3 years to determine their clinical outcome. Six patients had comorbid schizotypal personality disorder and were excluded from the analysis (data are provided for comparison). Of the remaining patients, nine developed a psychotic disorder (psychotic transition group) and 15 did not (nontransition group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant effect of group on striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. The psychotic transition group had greater dopamine synthesis capacity in the striatum (effect size=1.18) and its associative subdivision (effect size=1.24) than did the healthy comparison subjects and showed a positive correlation between dopamine synthesis capacity and symptom severity. Dopamine synthesis capacity was also significantly greater in the psychotic transition group than in the nontransition group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence that the onset of frank psychosis is preceded by presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction. Further research is needed to determine the specificity of elevated dopamine synthesis capacity to particular psychotic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. oliver.howes@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Oliver D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Howes
authors.forename: Subrata K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turkheimer
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valli
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Egerton
authors.forename: Lucia R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Valmaggia
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine