title: The methanolic extract of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. and its major compound pinostrobin induces anti-ulcerogenic property in vivo: possible involvement of indirect antioxidant action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Boesenbergia rotunda (L) Mansf. has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer. In the current study we aimed to investiagte the anti-ulcer activities of methanolic extract of B. rotunda (MEBR) and its main active compound, pinostrobin on ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. The possible involevement of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenases and free radical scavenging mechanisms also has been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pinostrobin was isolated form the rhizomes of B. rotunda. Ulcer index, gastric juice acidity, mucus content, gross and histological gastric lesions and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated in ethanol-induced ulcer in vivo. The effect of pinostrobin into lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ stimulated rodent cells, COX-1 and COX-2 activities were done in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-treatment with MEBR, pinostrobin or omeprazole protected the gastric mucosa as seen by reduction in ulcer area and mucosal content, reduced or absence of submucosal edema and leucocytes infiltration. Pinostrobin significantly (p<0.05) lowered the elevated TBARS level into gasteric homogenate. Pinostrobin did not produced significant in vitro inhibition of NO from LPS/IFN-γ activated rodent cells without affecting the viability of these cells. Further, the compound did bot revleaed inhibitory effects on both COX- 1& 2 enzymes. The antioxidant assays also exhibited non significance in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus it can be concluded that MEBR possesses anti-ulcer activity, which could be attributed to indirect anti-oxidant mechanism of pinostrobin but not to the intervention with nitric oxide and COX inflammation pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. siddigroa@um.edu.my
authors.forename: Siddig Ibrahim
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Abdelwahab
authors.forename: Syam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Mahmmod Ameen
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdulla
authors.forename: Mohd Aspollah
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sukari
authors.forename: Ahmad Bustamam
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Abdul
authors.forename: Manal Mohamed Elhassan
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.forename: Suvitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syam
authors.forename: Syahida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Ka-Heng
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D044950:Flavanones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol; D051379:Mice; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D030521:Zingiberaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D044950:Flavanones; D005609:Free Radicals; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C411294:pinostrobin; D000432:Methanol