title: Systemic therapy for metastatic non-clear-cell renal cell carcinoma: recent progress and future directions.
abstract: Insights into the biology of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) have identified multiple pathways associated with the pathogenesis and progression of this cancer. This progress has led to the development of multiple agents targeting these pathways, including the tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib, sunitinib, and pazopanib, the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, and the mTOR inhibitors temsirolimus and everolimus. With the exception of temsirolimus, phase 3 trials tested these agents in patients with clear-cell histology; therefore, their efficacy in non-CCRCC is unclear. To date, there is no established effective therapy for patients with advanced non-CCRCC. This article focuses on treatment options for metastatic non-CCRCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Matrana
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Toni K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Choueiri
authors.forename: Nizar M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Tannir
mesh_terms: D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007191:Indazoles; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077157:Sorafenib; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077210:Sunitinib; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D007191:Indazoles; D007211:Indoles; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D009536:Niacinamide; C516667:pazopanib; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000077210:Sunitinib