title: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with educational inequalities among Brazilian adults: a population-based study.
abstract: The present study estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) according to the criteria established by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and analyzed the contribution of social factors in an adult urban population in the Southeastern region of Brazil. The sample plan was based on multistage probability sampling according to family head income and educational level. A random sample of 1116 subjects aged 30 to 79 years was studied. Participants answered a questionnaire about socio-demographic variables and medical history. Fasting capillary glucose (FCG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were determined and all non-diabetic subjects were submitted to the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)), waist circumference and blood pressure (BP) were determined. Age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of MS was 35.9 and 43.2% according to NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria, respectively. Substantial agreement was found between NCEP-ATPIII and IDF definitions. Low HDL-C levels and high BP were the most prevalent MS components according to NCEP-ATPIII criteria (76.3 and 59.2%, respectively). Considering the diagnostic criteria adopted, 13.5% of the subjects had diabetes and 9.7% had FCG ≥100 mg/dL. MS prevalence was significantly associated with age, skin color, BMI, and educational level. This cross-sectional population-based study in the Southeastern region of Brazil indicates that MS is highly prevalent and associated with an important social indicator, i.e., educational level. This result suggests that in developing countries health policy planning to reduce the risk of MS, in particular, should consider improvement in education.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Gronner
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bosi
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casale
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Contrera
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Diogo
authors.forename: M T C G
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Torquato
authors.forename: G M D
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: A M O
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL