title: Profile of functional limitations and task performance among people with early- and middle-stage Parkinson disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overall functional ability declines over time in people with Parkinson disease (PD). Established benchmarks are needed to allow clinicians and researchers to facilitate meaningful interpretation of data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were: (1) to report typical values for standard measures of functional ability commonly used in intervention studies and clinical practice with individuals in the early and middle stages of PD and (2) to describe the profile of functional limitations using the Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stages of disease and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data were obtained from 5 different studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred thirty-nine patients were evaluated for disease severity (UPDRS motor score); functional capacity (Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance Test [CS-PFP]); balance and gait (Functional Reach Test [FRT], Timed "Up & Go" Test [TUG], 360-degree turn, Six-Minute Walk Test [6MWT], and Two-Minute Walk Test); and basic functional activities (supine-to-stand task, stand-to-supine task, and functional axial rotation [FAR]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean UPDRS motor score for the sample was 39.2 (SD=12.93). At each stage of PD (from least to most involved), scores on functional measures indicated a significant and progressively reduced functional status. Limitations began early in the disease for the CS-PFP and FAR. Losses in performance were consistent across all stages of disease for the CS-PFP, FRT, 6MWT, and FAR. Several measures demonstrated meaningful losses of function only in later stages of disease. Findings extend current appreciation of functional limitations that begin early in PD and can guide the choice of functional outcome measures at different stages of disease severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data were obtained only from participants in H&Y stages 1 through 3 and only for some of the performance measures typically used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrate that functional loss occurs at different points in the disease process, depending on the task under consideration. The resulting profile of functional limitations provides benchmarks that clinicians and researchers can use to interpret and monitor status of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. margaret.schenkman@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schenkman
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Barón
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tickle-Degnen
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wagenaar
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis