title: Restoration of ecosystem services and biodiversity: conflicts and opportunities.
abstract: Ecological restoration is becoming regarded as a major strategy for increasing the provision of ecosystem services as well as reversing biodiversity losses. Here, we show that restoration projects can be effective in enhancing both, but that conflicts can arise, especially if single services are targeted in isolation. Furthermore, recovery of biodiversity and services can be slow and incomplete. Despite this uncertainty, new methods of ecosystem service valuation are suggesting that the economic benefits of restoration can outweigh costs. Payment for Ecosystem Service schemes could therefore provide incentives for restoration, but require development to ensure biodiversity and multiple services are enhanced and the needs of different stakeholders are met. Such approaches must be implemented widely if new global restoration targets are to be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK. jmbul@ceh.ac.uk
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aronson
authors.forename: Adrian C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Pywell
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rey-Benayas
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics*; D017753:Ecosystem