title: Nanosecond pulse lasers for retinal applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thermal lasers are routinely used to treat certain retinal disorders although they cause collateral damage to photoreceptors. The current study evaluated a confined, non-conductive thermal, 3-nanosecond pulse laser in order to determine how to produce the greatest therapeutic range without causing collateral damage. Data were compared with that obtained from a standard thermal laser.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine ocular explants were used; apposed neuroretina was also in place for actual laser treatment. After treatment, the retina was removed and a calcein-AM assay was used to assess retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cell viability in the explants. Histological methods were also employed to examine lased transverse explant sections. Three nanoseconds pulse lasers with either speckle- or gaussian-beam profile were employed in the study. Comparisons were made with a 100 milliseconds continuous wave (CW) 532 nm laser. The therapeutic energy range ratio was defined as the minimum visible effect threshold (VET) versus the minimum detectable RPE kill threshold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3-nanosecond lasers produced markedly lower minimum RPE kill threshold levels than the CW laser (e.g., 36 mJ/cm(2) for speckle-beam and 89 mJ/cm(2) for gaussian-beam profile nanosecond lasers vs. 7,958 mJ/cm(2) for CW laser). VET values were also correspondingly lower for the nanosecond lasers (130 mJ/cm(2) for 3 nanoseconds speckle-beam and 219 mJ/cm(2) for gaussian-beam profile vs. 1,0346 mJ/cm(2) for CW laser). Thus, the therapeutic range ratios obtained with the nanosecond lasers were much more favorable than that obtained by the CW laser: 3.6:1 for the speckle-beam and 2.5:1 for the gaussian-beam profile 3-nanosecond lasers versus 1.3:1 for the CW laser.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanosecond lasers, particularly with a speckle-beam profile, provide a much wider therapeutic range of energies over which RPE treatment can be performed, without damage to the apposed retina, as compared with conventional CW lasers. These results may have important implications for the treatment of retinal disease.
authors.affiliation: South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Level 2 Hanson Institute, IMVS, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. john.wood@health.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: John P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plunkett
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Previn
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chidlow
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Casson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000293:injuries; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors