title: Characteristics and psychosocial predictors of psychiatric emergency center transport and length of stay in patients with dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Agitation and aggression are common behaviors that often lead to psychiatric emergency center (PEC) admission of nursing home patients with dementia or Alzheimer's disease. However, few if any data are available that adequately describe characteristics and psychosocial triggers of agitation and aggression leading to transport and admission to a PEC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A preliminary investigation to explore all possible characteristics and psychosocial predictors of PEC transport and length of stay in men and women nursing home patients with dementia or Alzheimer's disease was designed. Frequency distributions, chi-square, analyses of variance, and regression analyses were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred PEC patient charts were reviewed, of which 58 charts were missing information and 42 charts provided evaluable data. Nursing homes located in impoverished areas transported patients to the PEC significantly more often than those in affluent areas. A disconnect between the agitated/aggressive mental state reported by nursing home staff leading to the PEC transport and the calm/cooperative mental status PEC clinicians observed during the admission process was evident. Data from the charts also showed that 74% of patients received off-label antipsychotics rather than FDA-approved medications to treat dementia or Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is one of the few studies to identify characteristics and psychosocial triggers of PEC use and length of stay in nursing home patients. We also highlight potentially dangerous antipsychotic use in dementia and Alzheimer disease. Thus, our data add to the existing knowledge base regarding PEC utilization, length of stay, and pharmacotherapy in nursing home patients with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Given the preliminary nature of this study, however, the results should be interpreted with caution.
authors.affiliation: University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. vicki.nejtek@unthsc.edu
authors.forename: Vicki A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Nejtek
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: A Scott
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Winter
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000592:standards*; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000592:standards*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000523:psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors