title: Application of PBPK model for 2,4-D to estimates of risk in backpack applicators.
abstract: A PBPK model for 2,4-D was developed that involves flow-limited pH trapping modified to consider tissue binding, binding to plasma, and high-dose inhibition of urinary excretion. The PBPK model provides reasonable estimates of the kinetics of 2,4-D in rats as well as in humans, providing a common metric for expressing risk. The risk characterization for 2,4-D based on the PBPK model is consistent with that based on standard risk assessment methods, except that the apparent variability in the risk characterization is reduced. The model demonstrates that non-linear pharmacokinetics and inhibition of urinary excretion would not be expected in occupational exposures. This case study suggests that preliminary PBPK models could be developed for numerous pesticides based on commonly available data. If properly validated with well-designed worker exposure studies, such models may be useful in more complete assessments of risks to workers as well as members of the general public.
authors.affiliation: Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc., 5100 Highbridge Street, 42C Fayetteville, New York, NY 13066-0950, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durkin
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hertzberg
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diamond