title: Food sources of fat and sex hormone receptor status of invasive breast tumors in women of the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort.
abstract: We examined associations between food intakes and incident breast cancer, defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort (∼17,000 women aged 45-73 yr). The hazard ratios (HRs) of ER+PR+ (n = 270), ER+PR- (n = 87), and ER-PR- (n = 61) tumors and all cancer (n = 544) were estimated after 10 yr of follow-up. In multivariate analysis of ER+PR+ tumors, a protective linear risk trend, indicating change between adjoining food categories, was seen with yogurt (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80-0.99), but increased risks with eggs (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.20) and dried soups/sauces (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.00-1.22). In ER-PR- tumors, vegetable-oil-based margarine (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.09-1.59) and dried soups/sauces (HR = 1.31 95% CI = 1.05-1.64) showed increased risks. Heterogeneity was observed between ER+PR+ and ER-PR- tumors for vegetable-oil-based margarine (P < 0.01). Regular milk showed decreased, and dried soups/sauces increased, risk with all breast cancer. The study suggests that fat-containing food may contribute both to hormonal and nonhormonal mechanisms in breast tumor development and supports observations of positive associations between characteristics of Westernized diets and postmenopausal breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences (Malmö), Nutrition Epidemiology, Malmö, Sweden. elisabet.wirfalt@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wirfält
authors.forename: Cairu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manjer
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonestedt
authors.forename: Signe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borgquist
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landberg
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gullberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone