title: Identification of protein carbonylation sites by two-dimensional liquid chromatography in combination with MALDI- and ESI-MS.
abstract: Oxidative stress is defined as excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelming the cellular antioxidant defense systems and thereby damaging most constituents of cells including proteins. Reactive carbonyls, i.e. aldehydes, ketones and lactams, are a major class of irreversible oxidative protein modifications that are widely used as biomarkers of oxidative stress, aging and age-related diseases. Whereas carbonylated proteins can be studied by western blotting and ELISA, their site specific mapping still remains a challenging task due to their low abundance and insufficient ionization. Here, we present a new strategy to identify carbonylation sites in a bottom-up approach. Protein digests were derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) and separated by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Peptide-containing fractions were then analyzed by laser-desorption/ionization with DNPH as the reactive matrix, which favors DNP-labeled peptides. The mass list generated for each HILIC fraction, representing mostly DNP-modified peptides, was used in the subsequent nano reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) coupled on-line to an electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometer recording the tandem mass spectra in data dependent acquisition mode. This comprehensive two-dimensional HILIC×RPC-strategy was exemplified for tryptic digests of native bovine serum albumin (BSA) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), as well as their in vitro oxidized versions, i.e. oxBSA and oxβ-LG. In total, three carbonylation sites were identified in native β-LG, nine in native BSA, eleven in oxβ-LG and 32 in oxBSA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ravi.bollineni@bbz.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Ravi Ch
authors.initials: RCh
authors.lastname: Bollineni
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fedorova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010449:Peptide Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000502:physiology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006834:Hydrazines; C446799:dinitrophenylhydrazine; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine