title: A latent class analysis of DSM-IV and Fagerström (FTND) criteria for nicotine dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine dependence is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Two predominant classification systems, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), have been used to measure liability to nicotine dependence, yet few studies have attempted to simultaneously examine both sets of criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a sample of 624 regular smoking individuals who are offspring of Vietnam Era Twin fathers ascertained for an offspring of twin study, we applied latent class analysis to the 7 DSM-IV and the 6 FTND criteria to classify individuals by their nicotine dependence symptom profiles. Post-hoc across-class comparisons were conducted using a variety of smoking-related variables and aspects of psychopathology. Whether a single class identified offspring at high genetic and environmental vulnerability was also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cross-diagnosis kappa was .30. A 4-class solution fit these data best. The classes included a low DSM-low FTND class and a high DSM-high FTND class; a moderate DSM-moderate FTND class, which was distinguished by moderate levels of smoking and intermediate levels of comorbid psychopathology; and a light smoking-moderate FTND class consisting primarily of lighter smokers with a more recent onset of regular smoking. High genetic and environmental vulnerability to nicotine dependence was noted in all classes with no statistically significant across-class differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, the DSM-IV and FTND criteria performed similarly to define a continuum of risk for nicotine dependence. The emerging class of light smokers should be further investigated to assess whether they transition to another class or remain as such.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. arpana@wustl.edu
authors.forename: Arpana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Jeffrey F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Scherrer
authors.forename: Michele L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pergadia
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lynskey
authors.forename: Pamela A F
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sartor
authors.forename: Julia D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Alexis E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Jon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Kathleen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bucholz
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005220:Fathers; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011599:Psychopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D018433:Twin Studies as Topic; D055815:Young Adult