title: Usefulness of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer in bronchoscopic treatment of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic repair of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula (RTF) in infants who underwent surgery at birth for esophageal atresia (EA) is under investigation as an alternative to open surgery, which is technically challenging and associated with high morbidity. The aims of this paper are to present the experience of a single institution in treating RTF using a novel submucosal bronchoscopic injection of biocompatible dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) copolymer, and to discuss the indications and limitations of this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2000 to 2007, 6 children (2 boys; 4 girls) aged 1-48 months, weighing 2.5-18 kg were referred to our hospital for respiratory symptoms (pneumonia and failure to thrive) secondary to suspected RTF. All infants had undergone surgery at birth for EA with inferior tracheoesophageal fistula. Bronchoscopy revealed that five infants had RTF and one had a large remnant tracheal upper-pouch fistula. The bronchoscopic intervention was performed under general anesthesia, using a pediatric rigid bronchoscope with a 0° telescope and telemonitoring. The fistula wall mucosa was gently abraded to promote adhesion, and Dx/HA was then injected at two points in the fistula submucosa to obtain a stable swelling of the wall and closure of the RTF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In two infants (aged 1 month and 18 months) complete resolution of the RTF was achieved following two separate procedures with a 1-month interval. In three children (aged 2, 18 and 25 months) complete closure of the fistula was not achieved; however, the partial closure was sufficient to address the respiratory symptoms and allow subsequent standard open thoracic surgery without requiring recovery in the intensive care unit. Complete resolution of respiratory symptoms was also obtained following a single endoscopic procedure with two Dx/HA injections in the child with residual pouch fistula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bronchoscopic treatment of RTF with Dx/HA is a simple, minimally invasive, low-risk procedure that enables complete closure of RTF or reduction and resolution of respiratory symptoms, which in turn facilitates uncomplicated thoracic surgery. The technique also provides good results in remnant tracheal upper-pouch fistula.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Department, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Camillo-Forlanini, Roma, Italy. vito.briganti@fastwebnet.it
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coletta
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giannino
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calisti
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003911:Dextrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; C487487:dextranomer-hyaluronic acid copolymer; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid