title: Multiple sclerosis and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: a critical review.
abstract: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was recently proposed as a contributing factor in the pathology of multiple sclerosis. This concept has gained remarkable attention, partly because endovascular neurointervention has been suggested as a treatment strategy. This review summarizes available evidence and provides a critical analysis of the published data. Currently, there is inconclusive evidence to support CCSVI as an etiological factor in patients with multiple sclerosis. Endovascular procedures should not be undertaken outside of controlled clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Baton Rouge Neurology Associates, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, 3600 Florida Blvd, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA.
authors.forename: Amer M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marder
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milo
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stüve