title: The effects of blood pressure on rebleeding when using ExcelArrest™ in a porcine model of lethal femoral injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncontrolled hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of death in both combat and civilian trauma. This study was designed to compare the arterial blood pressures at which rebleeding occurred when a hemostatic agent, ExcelArrest™, was used compared with a standard pressure dressing.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a prospective, experimental, and mixed research design. Swine were assigned to one of two groups: ExcelArrest™ (n=5) or a control consisting of standard pressure dressings (n=5). Investigators generated a complex groin injury. The femoral artery and vein were transected and allowed to bleed for 60 s in each pig. After 60 s, ExcelArrest™ was poured into the wound. The control group underwent the same procedures, but without treatment with the hemostatic agent. After 5 min of direct pressure, a standard pressure dressing was applied. After 30 min, dressings were removed and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) was increased incrementally using intravenous phenylephrine until rebleeding occurred.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multivariate ANOVA and a least significant difference were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ExcelArrest™ was more effective in preventing rebleeding compared to a standard pressure dressing (P<0.05). The means and standard deviations in mmHg for SBP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) for rebleeding were as follows: ExcelArrest™ (SBP=206.4, SD±11.6; MAP=171.4, SD±12.5); for the control group (SBP=89.40±3.58, MAP=58.60±12.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ExcelArrest™ was more effective in preventing rebleeding compared to the standard dressing with elevated blood pressures. There may be protective benefits in using this hemostatic agent against elevated blood pressures provided by ExcelArrest™.
authors.affiliation: William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Ft Bliss, El Paso, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Hayong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirst
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crocker
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan