title: Hepatic in vitro toxicity assessment of PBDE congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
abstract: The brominated flame retardant congeners BDE47, BDE153 and BDE154 are among the congeners accumulating to the highest degree in fish. In order to gain knowledge about the toxicological effects of PBDEs in fish, microarray-based transcriptomic and 2D-DIGE/MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomic approaches were used to screen for effects in primary Atlantic salmon hepatocytes exposed to these congeners alone or in combination (PBDE-MIX). A small set of stress related transcripts and proteins were differentially expressed in the PBDE exposed hepatocytes. The PBDE-MIX, and BDE153 to a lesser degree, seems to have induced metabolic disturbances by affecting several pathways related to glucose homeostasis. Further, effects on cell cycle control and proliferation signal pathways in PBDE-MIX-exposed hepatocytes clearly suggest that the PBDE exposure affected cell proliferation processes. CYP1A was 7.41- and 7.37-fold up-regulated in hepatocytes exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX, respectively, and was the only biotransformation pathway affected by the PBDE exposure. The factorial design and PLS regression analyses of the effect of the PBDE-MIX indicated that BDE47 contributed the most to the observed CYP1A response, suggesting that this congener should be incorporated in the toxic equivalent (TEQ) concept in future risk assessment of dioxin-like chemicals. Additionally, a significant up-regulation of the ER-responsive genes VTG and ZP3 was observed in cells exposed to BDE47 and PBDE-MIX. Further analyses suggested that BDE47 and BDE154 have an estrogenic effect in male fish. The data also suggested an antagonistic interaction between BDE153 and BDE154. In conclusion, this study shows that PBDEs can affect several biological systems in Atlantic salmon cells, and demonstrates the need for more studies on the simultaneous exposure to chemical mixtures to identify combined effects of chemicals.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. lso@nifes.no
authors.forename: Liv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Søfteland
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Anne-Kristin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Stavrum
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Pål A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Olsvik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000633:toxicity*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000633:toxicity*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D020543:Proteome / Q000187:drug effects*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D020543:Proteome; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C517828:hexabrominated diphenyl ether 153; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; C533761:hexabromodiphenyl ether 154