title: Prognosis in intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most devastating type of stroke with the greatest mortality rate. Unfortunately there are no clinically proven therapies, and treatment is typically supportive. Given the poor prognosis, many families are faced with the decision to limit or withdraw care from those who have had an ICH. Many clinical grading systems have been developed to help stratify patients with ICH and aid in predicting prognosis. The ICH scale was the first to be developed to predict 30-day mortality and has been validated by different cohorts around the world. Since its inception in 2001, numerous other scales have been developed to predict mortality, and more importantly, functional outcome. However, in the development of these scales, patients who had care withdrawn were included in the analysis. It has been shown that the concept of poor prognosis leads to do-not-resuscitate orders, less invasive care, and eventually death. Most of these patients have care withdrawn within the first two hospital days, despite evidence to suggest early interventions may improve outcomes. As a result, the most recent guidelines suggest waiting more than 24 hours before deciding to withdraw care. The use and interpretation of these ever-advancing scales may allow physicians to better predict outcome and assist families in making important care-related decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.forename: Natalia S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Rost
authors.forename: Kevin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Sheth
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D016414:Resuscitation Orders / Q000941:ethics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D016019:Survival Analysis; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000941:ethics