title: Soft tissue pathology of the ankle.
abstract: Derangements of the soft tissues within the ankle joint are associated with a wide variety of pathophysiology, and typically can be classified as secondary to traumatic injury, rheumatic disease, or congenital lesions. Patients often present with persistent pain, swelling, and limitations on function, usually focused on the anterior aspect of the joint. Evaluation should be guided by a detailed history and physical examination, followed by clinical, laboratory, and imaging studies as indicated. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of these conditions will be the focus of this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaiser Hayward/Fremont, PMS-36, Rancho-Ohlone Building, Fremont, CA 94538, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Glenn M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Weinraub
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000843:Ankle Joint; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D018210:Chondromatosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D007594:Joint Loose Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013585:Synovitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome