title: Effect of consumption of tomato juice enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipid profile, antioxidant biomarker status, and cardiovascular disease risk in healthy women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the effects of consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-enriched tomato juice versus plain tomato juice on the serum lipid profile and levels of biomarkers related to antioxidant status and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy women participated in a 2-week intervention trial involving the daily intake of 500 mL of n-3 PUFA-enriched juice (n = 11) or plain tomato juice (n = 7). Each serving of enriched juice provided 250 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Both juices provided natural antioxidant compounds such as phenolics (181 mg) and lycopene (26.5 mg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intervention with the enriched juice had no effect on the lipid profile, and serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol (total, LDL, and HDL) remained unchanged. The serum antioxidant status improved following juice intake, as revealed by an increase in total antioxidant capacity and a slight decrease in lipid peroxidation. The serum levels of homocysteine, a cardiovascular risk factor, decreased following n-3 PUFA-enriched juice consumption. A decrease in vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) levels was also noted after intake of either plain or enriched tomato juice, whereas intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels only decreased following intake of the enriched juice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, stronger positive amelioration of CVD risk factors was observed following the intake of n-3 PUFA-enriched juice than after plain tomato juice consumption, which suggested a possible synergistic action between n-3 PUFAs and tomato antioxidants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: García-Alonso
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jorge-Vidal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Periago
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; C573420:ICAM1 protein, human; D008055:Lipids; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D006710:Homocysteine; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1