title: Evaluation of the friction of self-ligating and conventional bracket systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This in vitro study evaluated the friction (F) generated by aligned stainless steel (SS) conventional brackets, self-ligating Damon MX(©) brackets (SDS Ormco, Glendora, California, USA), Time3(©) brackets (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, Wisconsin, USA), Vision LP(©) brackets (American Orthodontics), and low-friction Slide(©) ligatures (Leone, Firenze, Italy) coupled with various SS, nickel-titanium (NiTi), and beta-titanium (TMA) archwires.
  
  
  METHODS
  All brackets had a 0.022-inch slot, and the orthodontic archwires were 0.014-inch, 0.016-inch, 0.014×0.025-inch, 0.018×0.025-inch, and 0.019×0.025-inch NiTi; 0.017×0.025-inch TMA; and 0.019×0.025-inch SS. Each bracket-archwire combination was tested 10 times. In the test, 10 brackets of the same group were mounted in alignment on a metal bar. The archwires moved through all the 10 brackets at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min (each run lasted approximately 5 min). The differences among 5 groups of brackets were analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis test, and a Mann-Whitney test was calculated as post hoc analysis. The P value was set at 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coupled with 0.014-inch NiTi and 0.016-inch NiTi, Victory Series(©) brackets generated the greatest F, while Damon MX(©) and Vision LP(©) brackets generated the lowest (P<.05); no significant differences were observed between Time3(©) brackets and Slide(©) ligatures. Coupled with all the rectangular archwires, Victory Series(©) brackets, Slide(©) ligatures, and Vision LP(©) self-ligating brackets generated significantly lower F than did Time3(©) and Damon MX(©) self-ligating brackets (P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that self-ligating brackets are a family of brackets that, in vitro, can generate different levels of F when coupled with thin or thick, rectangular, or round archwires. Clinical conclusions based on our results are not possible due to the limitations of the experimental conditions.
authors.affiliation: Post-graduate student, Department of Oral Science, University G.D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tecco
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Di Iorio
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nucera
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Di Bisceglie
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cordasco
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Festa