title: Methods to eliminate stimulus transduction artifact from insert earphones during electroencephalography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reduce stimulus transduction artifacts in EEG while using insert earphones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reference Equivalent Threshold SPLs were assessed for Etymotic ER-4B earphones in 15 volunteers. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and middle latency responses (MLRs)-as well as long-duration complex ABRs-to click and /dα/ speech stimuli were recorded in a single-case design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transduction artifacts occurred in raw EEG responses, but they were eliminated by shielding, counter-phasing (averaging across stimuli 180° out of phase), or rereferencing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical grade ABRs, MLRs, and cABRs can be recorded with a standard digital EEG system and high-fidelity insert earphones, provided one or more techniques are used to remove the stimulus transduction artifact.
authors.affiliation: Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA. tom.campbell@ndsu.edu
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Jess R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kerlin
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Lee M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004585:Electrooculography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014159:Transducers / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult