title: Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the Middle Navarra (Iberian Peninsula).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper provides significant ethnobotanical information on pharmaceutical plant uses in the Middle Navarra (Iberian Peninsula). Collect, analyze and evaluate the ethnobotanical knowledge about medicinal plants in this area with 3622.2 km(2) and 404,634 inhabitants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed semi-structured interviews with 276 informants (mean age 72; 46% women, 54% men) in 111 locations, identified the plant reported and analyzed the results, comparing them with those from other territories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The informants reported data on 198 medicinal plants belonging to 60 botanical families. This work is focused on human medicinal plant uses, which represent 98% of the pharmaceutical uses (1401 use reports). The species with the highest number of cites are Santolina chamaecyparissus ssp. squarrosa, Jasonia glutinosa and Chamaemelum nobile with a long tradition of use in Navarra. All different plant parts are used; aerial part is exploited more frequently than other plant parts. Most of the listed remedies use a single ingredient, typically soaked in water. The most common mode of administration is oral, while the second most common is topical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main ailments treated are digestive troubles, wounds and dermatological problems, and respiratory affections. Informants reported 80 new or scarcely cited uses for 14 medicinal plants. For 36% of the species (5) we have not found bibliographical references in the scientific literature and 64% (9) have only one to three references.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology (Botany), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. rcavero@unav.es
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Cavero
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akerreta
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Calvo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D019448:Ethnobotany; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005260:Female; D005495:Folklore; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000145:classification; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations