title: Putative biomarker genes for grading clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The initial objective of this renal cancer study was to identify gene sets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) to support grading of ccRCC histopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preselected ccRCC tumor tissues of grade 1 (G1, n = 14) and grade 3 (G3, n = 15) as well es 14 normal kidney tissues thereof were subjected to microarray expression analysis using Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Event ratio scoring, hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis were used to determine gene sets that distinguish expression profiles from normal kidney tissue, G1 and G3 tumor tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An initial set of 73 genes provided seven gene subclusters (SC01 to SC07) that distinguish RNA expression profiles from G1, G3 tumor and normal kidney tissues. A ranked list of 24 genes was determined that separated G1 from G3 tumors in high concordance with histopathological grading confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of ceruloplasmin protein expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A final set of 24 genes has been determined awaiting further validation on the RNA as well as on the protein level by studying an additional cohort of ccRCC patients. A reliable separation of G1 and G3 tumor grades will be instrumental to foster and direct the administration of upcoming targeted therapeutics of ccRCC tumors in a more predictive and reliable manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany. matthias.maruschke @ med.uni-rostock.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruschke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koczan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ziems
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nizze
authors.forename: O W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Hakenberg
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Thiesen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012313:RNA; D002570:Ceruloplasmin