title: Gene expression response of mouse lung, liver and white adipose tissue to β-carotene supplementation, knockout of Bcmo1 and sex.
abstract: METHODS
  Little information is available on differences, commonalities and especially interactions in overall gene expression responses as a result of diet, differences in sex (male and female) and effects induced by differences in metabolism. Moreover, it is unknown whether such effects are tissue specific.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the gene expression effects induced by β-carotene (BC) supplementation, knockout of β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 (Bcmo1) and differences between male and female mice in lung, liver and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). Unsupervised principal component analysis showed that lung gene expression was most affected by knockout of Bcmo1. Liver was most affected by knockout of Bcmo1 and differences in sex. iWAT was most affected by differences in sex. Hardly any genes were commonly influenced by BC among the three tissues. The effect of BC supplementation and knockout of Bcmo1 were relatively sex specific, especially in iWAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that gene expression differences induced by BC are limited to the tissue and sex that is analyzed, and that differences in metabolism induced by for example single nucleotide polymorphisms, should be taken into account as much as possible. Moreover, our results indicate that translation from one tissue to the other should be done with caution for any nutritional intervention.
authors.affiliation: Human and Animal Physiology, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yvonne G J
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: van Helden
authors.forename: Roger W L
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Godschalk
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Lintig
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lietz
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Landrier
authors.forename: M Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bonet
authors.forename: Frederik J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Schooten
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keijer
mesh_terms: D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009928:Organ Specificity; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012737:Sex Factors; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050559:beta-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; C493359:Bco1 protein, mouse; D050559:beta-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase