title: Effect of green tea and Tai Chi on bone health in postmenopausal osteopenic women: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: Postmenopausal women with osteopenia received green tea polyphenols (GTP) supplement and/or Tai Chi exercise for 6 months. Bone turnover biomarkers, calcium metabolism, and muscle strength were measured. This study showed that GTP supplementation and Tai Chi exercise increased bone formation biomarkers and improved bone turnover rate. Tai Chi exercise increased serum parathyroid hormone. GTP supplementation, Tai Chi exercise, and the combination of the two all improved muscle strength in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the effect of GTP supplementation and Tai Chi (TC) exercise on serum markers of bone turnover (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, BAP, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP), calcium metabolism, and muscle strength in postmenopausal osteopenic women.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy-one postmenopausal osteopenic women were randomly assigned to four groups: (1) placebo (500 mg starch/day), (2) GTP (500 mg GTP/day), (3) placebo + TC (placebo plus TC training at 60 min/session, three sessions/week), and (4) GTP + TC (GTP plus TC training). Overnight fasting blood and urine samples were collected at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months for biomarker analyses. Muscle strength was evaluated at baseline, 3, and 6 months. One hundred and fifty subjects completed the 6-month study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increases in BAP level due to GTP intake (at 1 month) and TC (at 3 months) were observed. Significant increases in the change of BAP/TRAP ratio due to GTP (at 3 months) and TC (at 6 months) were also observed. Significant main effect of TC on the elevation in serum parathyroid hormone level was observed at 1 and 3 months. At 6 months, muscle strength significantly improved due to GTP, TC, and GTP + TC interventions. Neither GTP nor TC affected serum TRAP, serum and urinary calcium, and inorganic phosphate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, GTP supplementation and TC exercise increased BAP and improved BAP/TRAP ratio. TC exercise increased serum parathyroid hormone. GTP supplementation, TC exercise, and the combination of the two all improved muscle strength in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, BB 198, 3601 4th street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9097, USA. Leslie.Shen@ttuhsc.edu
authors.forename: C-L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chyu
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Pence
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Felton
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brismée
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Arjmandi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doctolero
authors.forename: J-S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000517:prevention & control; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010349:Patient Compliance; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010919:Placebos; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D026302:Tai Ji; D013662:Tea
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010919:Placebos; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D013662:Tea; D002118:Calcium