title: Effect of microfluidization on in vitro micellization and intestinal cell uptake of lutein from Chlorella vulgaris.
abstract: Chlorella is a nutrient-rich microalga that contains protein, lipid, minerals, vitamins, and high levels of lutein. This study evaluated the bioavailability of lutein from Chlorella vulgaris using a coupled in vitro digestion and human intestinal Caco-2 cell model. Lutein bioaccessibility was low, and approximately 75% of total C. vulgaris lutein was not micellized during the digestion process but remained in the insoluble digestate. Microfluidization improved lutein micellization efficiency during C. vulgaris digestion. C. vulgaris was microfluidized at a pressure exceeding 10000 psi, and the cell surface disruption was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The mean C. vulgaris particle size was reduced from 3.56 to 0.35 μm with the microfluidization treatment. C. vulgaris microfluidization at 20000 psi was three times more efficient for aqueous lutein micelles production as compared with untreated C. vulgaris, and the final lutein content accumulated by intestinal Caco-2 cells was also higher with microfluidization. C. vulgaris lutein stability was not affected by microfluidization. These results indicate that microfluidization may be useful for improving lutein bioaccessibility from C. vulgaris during food processing.
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Joo Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dae-Geun
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong-Un
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Cheol-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004063:Digestion; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D014975:Lutein / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008823:Micelles; D044085:Microfluidics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D008823:Micelles; D014975:Lutein