title: Bartonella and intraocular inflammation: a series of cases and review of literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present various forms of uveitis and/or retinal vasculitis attributed to Bartonella infection and review the impact of this microorganism in patients with uveitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series study. Review of clinical records of patients diagnosed with Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana intraocular inflammation from 2001 to 2010 in the Ocular Inflammation Department of the University Eye Clinic, Ioannina, Greece. Presentation of epidemiological and clinical data concerning Bartonella infection was provided by the international literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients with the diagnosis of Bartonella henselae and two patients with B. quintana intraocular inflammation were identified. Since four patients experienced bilateral involvement, the affected eyes totaled 14. The mean age was 36.6 years (range 12-62). Uveitic clinical entities that we found included intermediate uveitis in seven eyes (50%), vitritis in two eyes (14.2%), neuroretinitis in one eye (7.1%), focal retinochoroiditis in one eye (7.1%), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) due to vasculitis in one eye (7.1%), disc edema with peripapillary serous retinal detachment in one eye (7.1%), and iridocyclitis in one eye (7.1%). Most of the patients (70%) did not experience systemic symptoms preceding the intraocular inflammation. Antimicrobial treatment was efficient in all cases with the exception of the case with neuroretinitis complicated by anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and tubulointerstitial nephritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraocular involvement caused not only by B. henselae but also by B. quintana is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. A high index of suspicion is needed because the spectrum of Bartonella intraocular inflammation is very large. In our study the most common clinical entity was intermediate uveitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece;
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalogeropoulos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koumpoulis
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mentis
authors.forename: Chrisavgi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.forename: Paraskevas
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zafeiropoulos
authors.forename: Miltiadis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aspiotis