title: Lightning safety awareness of visitors in three California national parks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the level of lightning safety awareness among visitors at 3 national parks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-question, short answer convenience sample survey was administered to participants 18 years of age and over concerning popular trails and points of interest with known lightning activity. There were 6 identifying questions and 5 knowledge-based questions pertaining to lightning that were scored on a binary value of 0 or 1 for a total of 10 points for the survey instrument. Volunteers in Fresno, California, were used as a control group. Participants were categorized as Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park (SEKI), frontcountry (FC), or backcountry (BC); Yosemite National Park (YNP) FC or BC; and Fresno. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  467 surveys were included for analysis: 77 in Fresno, 192 in SEKI, and 198 in YNP. National park participants demonstrated greater familiarity with lightning safety than individuals from the metropolitan community (YNP 5.84 and SEKI 5.65 vs Fresno 5.14, P = .0032). There were also differences noted between the BC and FC subgroups (YNP FC 6.07 vs YNP BC 5.62, P = .02; YNP FC 6.07 vs SEKI FC 5.58, P = .02). Overall results showed that participants had certain basic lightning knowledge but lacked familiarity with other key lightning safety recommendations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there are statistically significant differences in lightning safety awareness between national parks and metropolitan participants, the clinical impact of these findings are debatable. This study provides a starting point for providing educational outreach to visitors in these national parks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. lweichenthal@fresno.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weichenthal
authors.forename: Jacoby
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Kyle P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campagne
authors.forename: Brandy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Snowden
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015168:Lightning Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011998:Recreation; D012449:Safety; D014195:Travel