title: Clinical review: Ectopic cervical thyroid carcinoma--review of the literature with illustrative case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 99% of thyroid cancers arise eutopically within the thyroid gland. The most frequent sites of ectopic thyroid tissue are lingual, sublingual, thyroglossal, laryngotracheal, and lateral cervical. Thyroid tissue can also be found in remote structures that were associated with the thyroid anlage during development, including the esophagus, mediastinum, heart, aorta, adrenal, pancreas, gallbladder, and skin. Ectopic thyroid tissue can be subject to the same pathological processes as normal eutopic thyroid tissue such as inflammation, hyperplasia, and tumorigenesis. The aim of this review is to describe aspects of thyroid cancer arising from the ectopic thyroid tissue in the neck in regard to epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment and to present an illustrative series of cases of ectopic thyroid cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have searched the PubMed database for articles including the keywords "ectopic thyroid cancer" published between January 1, 1960, and January 1, 2011. As references, we used clinical case series, case reports, review articles, and practical guidelines focused on ectopic thyroid cancer confined to the neck region.
  The possibility of an ectopic thyroid cancer should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a pathological mass in the neck. Treatment of ectopic cervical thyroid cancer is based predominantly on the surgical excision of the malignant lesion. Management strategies, including performance of total thyroidectomy, neck dissection, and treatment with radioiodine, should be based on individualized risk stratification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20910, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
authors.forename: R Peter
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Manes
authors.forename: Stanley H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: Nikolaos A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Stathatos
authors.forename: Ziad E
authors.initials: ZE
authors.lastname: Deeb
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wartofsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D002828:Choristoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*