title: Outcomes in pediatric facial fractures: early follow-up in 177 children and classification scheme.
abstract: A comprehensive study of adverse outcomes after pediatric facial fractures has not been published. This study aimed to determine the incidence and classify adverse outcomes after facial fractures in children while reporting our early results. A retrospective chart review was performed on facial fracture patients identified in the Craniofacial Trauma Database of the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and seen in follow-up from 2003 to 2007. An Adverse Outcome Classification Scheme was developed: type 1, outcomes resulting from the fracture; type 2, outcomes resulting from fracture treatment; and type 3, outcomes resulting from the interaction between the fracture, its treatment, and subsequent growth and development. Fisher exact or χ analyses were completed. A total of 177 pediatric facial fracture patients were identified with 13.3 months of average follow-up. Mean age was 9.8 years (range, 0.4-18.7 y). Of these patients, 41.8% underwent surgery and 57 patients (32.2%) had adverse outcomes (type 1, 14.1%; type 2, 11.3%; and type 3, 15.8%); 26.3% of these had multiple adverse outcomes. Isolated fractures resulted in fewer adverse outcomes and fewer multiple adverse outcomes compared with combined fractures (26.6% versus 45.3%, P = 0.015; 4% versus 18.9%, P = 0.002). Patients treated operatively exhibited more types 1, 2, and 3 and multiple adverse outcomes compared to those treated conservatively (P < 0.01). In our pediatric cohort, 32.2% of patients had an adverse outcome. With longer follow-up and growth and development studies, we will likely see an increase in the incidence of type 3 adverse outcomes. We recommend, whenever possible, conservative treatment of pediatric facial fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: S Alex
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rottgers
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Decesare
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Darren M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cray
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naran
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vecchione
authors.forename: Lorelei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grunwaldt
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Losee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000254:growth & development / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D009104:Multiple Trauma; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000293:injuries; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy