title: Vascular dysfunction and physical activity in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder of the brain and spinal cord. Disability status and progression are associated with reduced physical activity (PA) and cardiovascular function. Lack of adequate PA combined with inflammation may create high susceptibility to subclinical atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial function between individuals with and without MS matched for age, sex, and body mass index.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three individuals diagnosed with MS and 33 controls underwent strain gauge plethysmography for resting forearm blood flow (FBF) and peak reactive hyperemia for the microvascular function. Intima-media thickness and arterial compliance (AC) were measured using carotid ultrasound for vascular function. C-reactive protein and PA (7-d accelerometer data) were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in resting FBF, peak reactive hyperemia, central pulse wave velocity, and AC between the MS and control groups. PA was associated with peak FBF and central pulse wave velocity but not FBF and carotid AC. Individuals with MS exhibit reduced arterial function but similar intima-media thickness compared with controls. Persons with MS had significantly reduced PA levels compared with controls, and PA accounted for differences in arterial function between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that subclinical markers of atherosclerosis are higher in individuals with MS, suggesting a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in this population. However, the higher levels of subclinical atherosclerosis were accounted for by the low PA in persons with MS, suggesting that increasing PA may reduce the increase in cardiovascular disease risk in patients with MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Sushant M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ranadive
authors.forename: Huimin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Madeline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weikert
authors.forename: Abbi D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Mellissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baynard
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Motl
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fernhall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010991:Plethysmography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein