title: Toxicology of chemical mixtures: a challenging quest along empirical sciences.
abstract: This paper describes the "quest" of our institute trying to assess the toxicology of chemical mixtures. In this overview, we will discuss some critical developments in hazard identification and risk assessment of chemical mixtures during these past 15 years. We will stand still at empirical and mechanistic modeling. "Empirical" means that only information on doses or concentrations and effects is available in addition to an often empirically selected quantitative dose-response relationship. Empirical models have played a dominant role in the last decade to identify health and safety characteristics of chemical mixtures. Many of these models are based on the work of pioneers in mixture toxicology who defined three basic types of action for combinations of chemicals: simple similar action, simple dissimilar action and interaction. Nowadays, empirical models are mainly based on response-surface analysis and make use of advanced statistical designs. However, possible interactions between components in a mixture can also be given in terms of mechanistic models. In terms of "mechanistic" (or biological) understanding, interactions between compounds may occur in the kinetic phase (processes of uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion) or in the dynamic phase (effects of chemicals on the receptor, cellular target or organ). A biological phenomenon such as competitive agonism as described for mixtures of drugs (biotransformation enzymes) or sensory irritants (nerve receptors) can accurately predict the effect of any of these mixtures. Thus, far mechanistic and empirical analyses of interactions are usually unrelated. It is one of the future challenges for mixtures research to combine information from both approaches. Also, our current biology-based models have their limitations, since they cannot integrate every relevant biological mechanism. In this respect, mechanistic modeling of mixtures may benefit from the developments coming from the arena of molecular biology (toxicogenomics) which offers an in-depth analysis of several involved enzymatic pathways in parallel through the use of a systems biology approach. This was illustrated with mixtures of food additives known to affect the liver. Key to further maturation of mixture toxicology is collaboration of experimental toxicologists, biomathematicians, biologists, pharmacologists, model developers, molecular biologists and bioinformaticians to ensure parallel and coordinated research in this challenging area of toxicology. For this reason, the next sequel will be even more challenging and exciting to that first 15 years of empirical testing.
authors.affiliation: Physiological Sciences Department, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Utrechtseweg 48, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Groten
authors.forename: Wilbert H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Heijne
authors.forename: Rob H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stierum
authors.forename: Andreas P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Freidig
authors.forename: Victor J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Feron