title: An extensin-rich matrix lines the carinal canals in Equisetum ramosissimum, which may function as water-conducting channels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The anatomy of Equisetum stems is characterized by the occurrence of vallecular and carinal canals. Previous studies on the carinal canals in several Equisetum species suggest that they convey water from one node to another.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell wall composition and ultrastructure have been studied using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, respectively. Serial sectioning and X-ray computed tomography were employed to examine the internode-node-internode transition of Equisetum ramosissimum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of the LM1 and JIM20 extensin epitopes is restricted to the lining of carinal canals. The monoclonal antibodies JIM5 and LM19 directed against homogalacturonan with a low degree of methyl esterification and the CBM3a probe recognizing crystalline cellulose also bound to this lining. The xyloglucan epitopes recognized by LM15 and CCRC-M1 were only detected in this lining after pectate lyase treatment. The carinal canals, connecting consecutive rings of nodal xylem, are formed by the disruption and dissolution of protoxylem elements during elongation of the internodes. Their inner surface appears smooth compared with that of vallecular canals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The carinal canals in E. ramosissimum have a distinctive lining containing pectic homogalacturonan, cellulose, xyloglucan and extensin. These canals might function as water-conducting channels which would be especially important during the elongation of the internodes when protoxylem is disrupted and the metaxylem is not yet differentiated. How the molecularly distinct lining relates to the proposed water-conducting function of the carinal canals requires further study. Efforts to elucidate the spatial and temporal distribution of cell wall polymers in a taxonomically broad range of plants will probably provide more insight into the structural-functional relationships of individual cell wall components or of specific configurations of cell wall polymers.
authors.affiliation: Pteridology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Knox
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Masschaele
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagniewska-Zadworna
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Claeys
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Hoorebeke
authors.forename: R L L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Viane
mesh_terms: D020346:Aquaporins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020829:Equisetum / Q000378:metabolism*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007120:Immunochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013030:Spain; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D020346:Aquaporins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; C005488:extensin protein, plant