title: Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and its relationship to neonatal and infant mortality in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and neonatal and infant mortality, as well as neonatal morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the United States 2004 linked birth and infant death data. Multivariable log-binomial regression models were fitted to estimate risk ratio for association between electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and mortality, while adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2004, 89% of singleton pregnancies had electronic fetal heart rate monitoring. Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring was associated with significantly lower infant mortality (adjusted relative risk, 0.75); this was mainly driven by the lower risk of early neonatal mortality (adjusted relative risk, 0.50). In low-risk pregnancies, electronic fetal heart rate monitoring was associated with decreased risk for Apgar scores <4 at 5 minutes (relative risk, 0.54); in high-risk pregnancies, with decreased risk of neonatal seizures (relative risk, 0.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the United States, the use of electronic fetal heart rate monitoring was associated with a substantial decrease in early neonatal mortality and morbidity that lowered infant mortality.
authors.affiliation: Center for Urban Population Health, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Han-Yang
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Suneet P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.forename: Cande V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ananth
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vintzileos
authors.forename: Alfred Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Abuhamad
mesh_terms: D015148:Cardiotocography; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054238:Perinatal Mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology