title: Real time 4D IMRT treatment planning based on a dynamic virtual patient model: proof of concept.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a novel four-dimensional (4D) intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning methodology based on dynamic virtual patient models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 4D model-based planning (4DMP) is a predictive tracking method which consists of two main steps: (1) predicting the 3D deformable motion of the target and critical structures as a function of time during treatment delivery; (2) adjusting the delivery beam apertures formed by the dynamic multi-leaf collimators (DMLC) to account for the motion. The key feature of 4DMP is the application of a dynamic virtual patient model in motion prediction, treatment beam adjustment, and dose calculation. A lung case was chosen to demonstrate the feasibility of the 4DMP. For the lung case, a dynamic virtual patient model (4D model) was first developed based on the patient's 4DCT images. The 4D model was capable of simulating respiratory motion of different patterns. A model-based registration method was then applied to convert the 4D model into a set of deformation maps and 4DCT images for dosimetric purposes. Based on the 4D model, 4DMP treatment plans with different respiratory motion scenarios were developed. The quality of 4DMP plans was then compared with two other commonly used 4D planning methods: maximum intensity projection (MIP) and planning on individual phases (IP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under regular periodic motion, 4DMP offered similar target coverage as MIP with much better normal tissue sparing. At breathing amplitude of 2 cm, the lung V20 was 23.9% for a MIP plan and 16.7% for a 4DMP plan. The plan quality was comparable between 4DMP and IP: PTV V97 was 93.8% for the IP plan and 93.6% for the 4DMP plan. Lung V20 of the 4DMP plan was 2.1% lower than that of the IP plan and Dmax to cord was 2.2 Gy higher. Under a real time irregular breathing pattern, 4DMP had the best plan quality. PTV V97 was 90.4% for a MIP plan, 88.6% for an IP plan and 94.1% for a 4DMP plan. Lung V20 was 20.1% for the MIP plan, 17.8% for the IP plan and 17.5% for the 4DMP plan. The deliverability of the real time 4DMP plan was proved by calculating the maximum leaf speed of the DMLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 4D model-based planning, which applies dynamic virtual patient models in IMRT treatment planning, can account for the real time deformable motion of the tumor under different breathing conditions. Under regular motion, the quality of 4DMP plans was comparable with IP and superior to MIP. Under realistic motion in which breathing amplitude and period change, 4DMP gave the best plan quality of the three 4D treatment planning techniques.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. bingqi@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Bingqi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: X George
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Chengyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003199:Computer Systems; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface