title: Emerging paradigms of β-arrestin-dependent seven transmembrane receptor signaling.
abstract: β-Arrestins, originally discovered to desensitize activated seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs; also known as G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs), are now well established mediators of receptor endocytosis, ubiquitylation and G protein-independent signaling. Recent global analyses of β-arrestin interactions and β-arrestin-dependent phosphorylation events have uncovered several previously unanticipated roles of β-arrestins in a range of cellular signaling events. These findings strongly suggest that the functional roles of β-arrestins are much broader than currently understood. Biophysical studies aimed at understanding multiple active conformations of the 7TMRs and the β-arrestins have begun to unravel the mechanistic basis for the diverse functional capabilities of β-arrestins in cellular signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. arun.shukla@receptor-biol.duke.edu
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Kunhong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019390:Arrestins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D021381:Protein Transport; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013045:Species Specificity; D054875:Ubiquitination; D000071557:beta-Arrestins
chemical_list: D019390:Arrestins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C502020:angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Ile(4)-Ile(8)-; D000071557:beta-Arrestins; C450520:seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor; D000804:Angiotensin II; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases