title: Twelve-year review of pediatric traumatic open globe injuries in an urban U.S. population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the epidemiology, anatomical characteristics, and clinical outcomes of pediatric traumatic open globe injuries and to compare the observed final visual acuity to the expected visual acuity as predicted by the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of 89 pediatric patients (89 eyes) with open globe injury presenting between 1997 and 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five patients (73%) were male, average age was 9.7 years, and mean follow-up was 22.6 months. The most common causes of trauma were: accidents (79%), violence (10%), and motor vehicle accidents (9%). Penetrating ocular injury was the most common trauma (54%), followed by blunt rupture (34%). Zone 1 injuries represented 49% of cases, and zones 2 and 3 represented 29% and 21%, respectively. No patient developed endophthalmitis. The average presenting and final visual acuities were logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution 1.927 and 1.401, respectively. Lens trauma was noted in 44 (49%) eyes. Twenty-eight patients (31%) had retinal detachment within 6 months of presentation. Total retinal attachment was achieved in 12 (63%) of 19 eyes undergoing repair. Enucleation was performed in 9 (10%) patients. Final visual acuities were not statistically different from visual acuities predicted by OTS (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The visual prognosis in pediatric open globe injury is poor. The zone of injury may correlate with poor final visual acuity, risk of retinal detachment, and subsequent need for an enucleation. The final predicted visual acuity correlated well with the observed final visual acuity in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 6100, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
authors.forename: Sebastian P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lesniak
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauza
authors.forename: Jung H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zarbin
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Suquin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Rudolph S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Neelakshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhagat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D065306:Corneal Injuries; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012421:Rupture / Q000453:epidemiology; D012590:Sclera / Q000293:injuries; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult