title: 'You sometimes get more than you ask for': responses in referential communication between children and adolescents with cochlear implant and hearing peers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigates responses to requests for clarification in conversations between children/adolescents with cochlear implant (CI) and normally hearing peers. Earlier studies have interpreted a more frequent use of requests of confirmation (yes/no interrogatives) in the CI group as a conversational strategy used to prevent communication breakdowns and control the development of the conversation. This study provides a continuation of this line of research, now focusing on responses to requests for clarification.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to examine the type and distribution of responses to requests for clarification in a referential communication task. In addition, we analysed the compliance between the type of response and the type of request as a measure of mutual adaptation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six conversational pairs aged 10-19 years participated: 13 pairs consisting of a child/adolescent with CI (CI) and a conversational partner (CIP); and 13 pairs consisting of a normally hearing control (NH) and a conversational partner (NHP). The pairs performed a referential communication task requiring the description of faces. All occurrences of requests for clarification and their responses in the dialogues were identified and categorized. We also analysed how the different types of requests and responses were combined and the type-conformity of the responses to requests for confirmation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed no significant group differences regarding type, distribution or type-conformity of responses. In all four groups (CI, CIP, NH and NHP), a discrepancy between the request and the response was found, indicating that the response provided information that was not explicitly requested. Requests for confirmation constituted 78-90% of the requests, whereas only 54-61% of responses were confirmations. Conversely, the proportion of requests for elaboration was 6-15%, whereas the proportion of elaborated responses was 34-40%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The children/adolescents with CI contribute equally to the conversation regarding type and distribution of responses to requests for clarification. The frequent use of elaborated responses indicates common ground for the conversational partners and a shared understanding of the objective of the task. The context creates facilitative conditions, with positive interactional consequences. The results have implications for the design of intervention, where tasks such as this can be used to make children with CI more aware of the role of questioning strategies in interaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. olof.sandgren@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sandgren
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ibertsson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sahlén
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult