title: The combined mode of action of fipronil and amitraz on the motility of Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
abstract: The motility of adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus was evaluated subsequent to treatments of amitraz, fipronil and the combination of fipronil plus amitraz against a vehicle control in a Petri dish assay using the LemnaTec Scanalyzer Imaging System. The assay was run using a fixed dilution of amitraz (0.32μg/cm(2)); serial dilutions of fipronil (1.3, 0.33, 0.08, 0.02, or 0.005μg/cm(2)); and the same serial dilutions of fipronil in combination with the fixed dilution of amitraz. Measurement of motility was made of unstimulated ticks and then after stimulation at 1, 4, 18-22, and 24h post exposure (hpe) of the Petri dishes. For the unstimulated ticks, there was no difference in motility between the amitraz treatment group and the fipronil plus amitraz treatment group at the early time points. However, these two treatment groups had significantly higher motility than the solvent control and fipronil treatment groups. The unstimulated ticks in the amitraz treatment group had significantly higher motility than the fipronil plus amitraz treatment group at the later time points. Measurements after stimulation demonstrated there was no difference in motility between the amitraz treatment group and the fipronil plus amitraz treatment group at the early time points. By 18 hpe, the fipronil plus amitraz treatment group had significantly lower motility than all other treatment groups and at 21-22 and 24 hpe the other treatment groups did not differ from the control group. The action could be divided in two phases in the combination experiment: phase 1: an early increase in motility due to amitraz is identified in both amitraz alone or fipronil plus amitraz groups; phase 2: the combination of fipronil plus amitraz caused a significantly greater reduction in motility, suggesting mortality of the ticks, compared to fipronil or amitraz alone. These results demonstrate a synergism resulting from the combination of fipronil plus amitraz.
authors.affiliation: Merial Limited, Fulton, MO, USA. Joseph.Prullage@merial.com
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Prullage
authors.forename: Hai V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Timmons
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harriman
authors.forename: S Theodore
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chester
authors.forename: Kerrie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D004285:Dogs; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048508:Rhipicephalus sanguineus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors; D014052:Toluidines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D004338:Drug Combinations; D011720:Pyrazoles; D014052:Toluidines; C014983:amitraz; C082360:fipronil