title: Improvement in chewing activity reduces energy intake in one meal and modulates plasma gut hormone concentrations in obese and lean young Chinese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mastication is the first step in ingesting food, but the effects of mastication on energy intake and gut hormones in both obese and lean subjects have not been extensively evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed to compare the differences in chewing activities between obese and lean subjects and to examine the effects of chewing on energy intake and gut hormone concentrations in both obese and lean subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen lean and 14 obese young men participated in the current research. In study 1, we investigated whether the chewing factors of obese subjects were different from those of lean subjects. In study 2, we explored the effects of chewing on energy intake. A test meal consisting of 2200 kJ (68% of energy as carbohydrate, 21% of energy as fat, and 11% of energy as protein) was then consumed on 2 different sessions (15 chews and 40 chews per bite of 10 g of food) by each subject to assess the effects of chewing on plasma gut hormone concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with lean participants, obese participants had a higher ingestion rate and a lower number of chews per 1 g of food. However, obese participants had a bite size similar to that of lean subjects. Regardless of status, the subjects ingested 11.9% less after 40 chews than after 15 chews. Compared with 15 chews, 40 chews resulted in lower energy intake and postprandial ghrelin concentration and higher postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 and cholecystokinin concentrations in both lean and obese subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions aimed at improving chewing activity could become a useful tool for combating obesity. This trial was registered at chictr.org as ChiCTR-OCC-10001181.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lizhen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shuran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood*; D002149:Energy Intake; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013851:Thinness / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002766:Cholecystokinin