title: Obesity and coronary artery calcium in diabetes: the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim was to examine whether excess weight is associated with coronary artery calcium (CAC), independent of metabolic parameters in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects between 19 and 56 years of age with T1D (n=621) from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study were classified as abnormal on four metabolic parameters: blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg or on antihypertensive treatment; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol of <40 mg/dL for men or <50 mg/dL for women; triglycerides of ≥150 mg/dL; or C-reactive protein of ≥3 μg/mL. Study participants with two or more abnormal parameters were classified as metabolically abnormal. Weight categories by body mass index were normal (<25 kg/m(2)), overweight (25 to <30 kg/m(2)), and obese (≥30 kg/m(2)). CAC was measured at two visits 6.0±0.5 years apart. Progression of CAC was defined as an increase in square root transformed CAC volume of ≥2.5 mm(3) or development of clinical coronary artery disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among subjects with T1D, 48% of normal, 61% of overweight, and 73% of obese participants were classified as metabolically abnormal (P<0.0001). Overweight and obesity were independently associated with presence of CAC, independent of presence of metabolically abnormal. Obesity but not overweight was associated with CAC progression, independent of the other cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although obesity is known to increase cardiovascular disease risk through inducing metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and inflammation, it is also a strong predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis progression in adults with T1D independent of these factors.
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Ticiana C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Adrienne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Veyna
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Haarhues
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Kinney
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Snell-Bergeon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium