title: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen distresses antioxidant defense system in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis gills.
abstract: Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are presently considered an emergent class of environmental contaminants. Ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the world. Several authors report the occurrence of IBU in influents and effluents of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), surface, river and public tap water in numerous countries. However, very little is known about the risks and chronic effects of IBU exposure in non-target organisms. This approach undertakes the assessment of several oxidative stress biomarkers responses through the analysis of antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase - SOD, catalase - CAT, glutathione S-transferase - GST, glutathione reductase - GR) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in sentinel species mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis gills exposed for 2 weeks to an environmental realistic concentration of IBU. Results clearly show the significant induction and positive correlation between SOD activity and LPO in exposed gills, concomitant to an antioxidant defense depletion of CAT, GR and GST compared to controls. The integration of all biomarkers in mussels' gills separates non- and exposed groups supporting the breakdown of the redox defense system and IBU's pro-oxidant action. Further studies are needed to test possible endocrine disruption effects in mussels' reproduction fitness as IBU is involved on prostaglandins biosynthesis inhibition.
authors.affiliation: CIMA, Marine and Environmental Research Center, FCT, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-135 Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Rey
authors.forename: Maria João
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bebianno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D007052:Ibuprofen