title: Risk factors and outcome of pulmonary complications after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most reports addressing pulmonary complications (PCs) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients have focused on allogeneics. This study describes the PCs, their risk factors, and the impact on mortality in autologous recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of 1,243 adult autologous HSCT recipients. We collected pretransplant and posttransplant data and data on PC after transplant and long-term mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred eighty-seven PC developed in 343 patients (27.6%): 173 infectious (13.9%), 127 noninfectious (10.2%), and 43 both infectious and noninfectious (3.5%). Bacterial, fungal, and viral pneumonias were the most common infectious complications. The main noninfectious complications were acute pulmonary edema (APE) (59 [4.7%]), diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) (26 [2.1%]), peri-engraftment respiratory distress syndrome (PERDS) (31 [2.5%]), and idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) (12 [1.0%]). Independent factors associated with PC included diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide and indications for transplant. Factors associated with mortality included sex, history of pulmonary disease, disease status at the time of transplant, FVC, Karnofsky score, and underlying diagnosis. A Cox proportional hazards regression model with separate time-dependent predictors for the first 1 month, 1 to 2 months, 2 to 6 months, and 6 or more months showed an association with mortality at hazard ratios (HRs) of 32.39, 10.13, 4.29, and 0.98, respectively, compared with persons without PC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than 25% of autologous HSCT recipients develop PCs within 1 year of transplant. Most of the complications are infections. The most common noninfectious complications are APE, DAH, PERDS, and IPS. PCs increase the risk of death, with HR as high as 32.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: afessa.bekele@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Bekele
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Afessa
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Raolat M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Abdulai
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Walter K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kremers
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Litzow
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Steve G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome