title: Cyanoacrylate adhesive for the closure of truncal veins: 60-day swine model results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of cyanoacrylate (CA) within a blood vessel triggers polymerization, followed by an inflammatory reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sheath was positioned 2.0 cm caudad to the junction of the superficial epigastric and abdominus rectus veins in 2 swine, followed by ultrasound-guided injection of 0.16 mL of CA glue. After glue delivery, the catheter was pulled back 3 cm, compression was applied to the treatment site, and the process was repeated for the entire length. At 60 days postimplantation, the veins were harvested surgically and examined histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histologic changes were consistent with a chronic foreign-body-type inflammatory response. Venous closure, segmental wall thickening, and fibrosis were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of CA is feasible for closure of superficial veins in animal models. Vein closure is achieved via an inflammatory process which ultimately leads to fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Miami Vein Center, 1501 South Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33129, USA. dralmeida@mac.com
authors.forename: Jose I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raabe
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Monte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madsen
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000098:blood supply*; D000818:Animals; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005355:Fibrosis; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D023421:Models, Animal; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014680:Veins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions