title: Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Koreans with type II diabetes: baseline characteristics of Seoul Metropolitan City-Diabetes Prevention Program (SMC-DPP) participants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Koreans with type II diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (400 male, 296 female) aged 30-65 years (mean 55.3 years) with hyperglycaemia (fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/ml) or known diabetes (mean±SD duration 6.36±5.73 years) were enrolled in the Seoul Metro-City Diabetes Prevention Program (SMC-DPP) from September 2008 to September 2009. The severity of DR was diagnosed by grading fundus photographs taken from five standard fields per eye and categorised following the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study grading protocol. All participants underwent routine clinical and laboratory examinations to evaluate risk factors for DR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of any type of DR was 18.7%. Logistic regression analyses showed that the following factors were significantly associated with DR after adjustment for age and gender, duration of diabetes, serum glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), mean arterial pressure, serum total cholesterol and serum triglycerides: duration of diabetes (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.18, for 1 year increase), HbA1c (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.85, for 1% increase), serum concentration of insulin (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.94, for 1 μIU/ml increase), homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.29, for 10 unit increase), and presence of macroalbuminuria (OR 5.14, 95% CI 1.45 to 18.20, albumin to creatinine ratio >300 mg/g).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to traditional risk factors, insulin resistance was associated with an increased risk of DR in Koreans with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Cheol-Young
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Se Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ji Cheol
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Won Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Man Mook
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Su Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human