title: The influence of chemical activation on tooth bleaching using 10% carbamide peroxide.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of manganese gluconate, a chemical activator of bleaching agents, at a concentration of 0.01% on the efficiency of a 10% carbamide peroxide-based bleaching agent. Forty bovine incisors were immersed in a 25% instant coffee solution for seven days and randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 was the control group and consisted of 10% carbamide peroxide-based bleaching gel only. Group 2 consisted of 10% carbamide peroxide-based bleaching gel and 0.01% manganese gluconate. Three readings of color were taken using the Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer: the initial reading, a reading at seven days, and a reading at 14 days. Total color variation was calculated by ΔE*Lab. Data were submitted to the statistical t-test (5%), which showed that after seven days group 2 had a significant increase in the degree of tooth bleaching compared with group 1. The mean values (±SD) were 16.33 (±3.95) for group 1 and 19.29 (±4.97) for group 2. However, the results for group 1 and group 2 were similar after 14 days. Adding 0.01% manganese gluconate to 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel increased the degree of tooth bleaching after a seven-day treatment and did not influence the resulting shade after 14 days.
authors.affiliation: São Paulo State University, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Graziela Ribeiro
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.forename: Daphne Camara
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Barcellos
authors.forename: Carlos R G
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Edson Hidenobu
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Cesar Rogério
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pucci
authors.forename: Alessandra Bühler
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Borges
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D002417:Cattle; D003069:Coffee; D003116:Color; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005942:Gluconates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008422:Materials Testing; D010545:Peroxides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013997:Time Factors; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000188:drug therapy; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D005942:Gluconates; D010545:Peroxides; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea; C030691:gluconic acid