title: Specific inflammatory microenvironments in the zones of the fetal membranes at term delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the histologic and immunologic differences between fetal membrane zones after membrane rupture at term delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal membrane explants from postrupture zones (periplacental, middle, rupture) were obtained from women following spontaneous vaginal delivery at term (n = 5). Tissues for histology, protein extracts, and RNA were isolated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The collagen distribution decreased and the leukocyte density increased from the periplacental zone to the rupture zone. T cells were mainly present in the rupture zone and granulocytes in the middle zone. CXCL10, CXCR1, ICAM-1, -2, PSEL, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels were higher in the middle zone than in the rupture zone and periplacental zone (P < .021). Interleukin-1beta and CXCL8 levels were higher in the rupture zone than in the middle zone and periplacental zone (P = .018 and P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During labor specific immunologic microenvironments are created in the zones of the fetal membrane that may be involved in their rupture at the end of gestation.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico. gomezlop@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Nardhy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gomez-Lopez
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vadillo-Perez
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Carbajal
authors.forename: Myrna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Godines-Enriquez
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vadillo-Ortega
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment / Q000502:physiology*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D047929:Term Birth
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9