title: Laparoscopic entry: a review of Canadian general surgical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic surgery has gained popularity over open conventional surgery as it offers benefits to both patients and health care practitioners. Although the overall risk of complications during laparoscopic surgery is recognized to be lower than during laparotomy, inadvertent serious complications still occur. Creation of the pneumoperitoneum and placement of laparoscopic ports remain a critical first step during endoscopic surgery. It is estimated that up to 50% of laparoscopic complications are entry-related, and most injury-related litigations are trocar-related. We sought to evaluate the current practice of laparoscopic entry among Canadian general surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a national survey to identify general surgeon preferences for laparoscopic entry. Specifically, we sought to survey surgeons using the membership database from the Canadian Association of General Surgeons (CAGS) with regards to entry methods, access instruments, port insertion sites and patient safety profiles. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was used as a representative general surgical procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey was completed by 248 of 1000 (24.8%) registered members of CAGS. Respondents included both community and academic surgeons, with and without formal laparoscopic fellowship training. The demographic profile of respondents was consistent nationally. A substantial proportion of general surgeons (> 80%) prefer the open primary entry technique, use the Hasson trocar and cannula and favour the periumbilical port site, irrespective of patient weight or history of peritoneal adhesions. One-third of surgeons surveyed use Veress needle insufflation in their surgical practices. More than 50% of respondents witnessed complications related to primary laparoscopic trocar insertion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  General surgeons in Canada use the open primary entry technique, with the Hasson trocar and cannula applied periumbilically to establish a pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery. This surgical approach is remarkably consistent nationally, although considerably variant across other surgical subspecialties. Peritoneal entry remains an important patient safety issue that requires ongoing evaluation and study to ensure translation into safe contemporary clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. compeau@rogers.com
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Compeau
authors.forename: Natalie T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: Artin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ternamian
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D013502:General Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D012955:Societies, Medical