title: Outcomes of contemporary management of gangrenous and non-gangrenous acute cholecystitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gangrenous cholecystitis (GC) is considered a more severe form of acute cholecystitis. The risk factors associated with this condition and its impact on morbidity and mortality compared with those of non-gangrenous acute cholecystitis (NGAC) are poorly defined and based largely on findings from older studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with histologically confirmed acute cholecystitis treated in specialized units in a tertiary hospital between 2005 and 2010 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Data were reviewed retrospectively and patients with GC were compared with those with NGAC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 184 patients with NGAC and 106 with GC were identified. The risk factors associated with GC included older age (69 years vs. 57 years; P= 0.001), diabetes (19% vs. 10%; P= 0.049), temperature of >38 °C (36% vs. 16%; P < 0.001), tachycardia (31% vs. 15%; P= 0.002), detection of muscle rigidity on examination (27% vs. 12%; P= 0.01) and greater elevations in white cell count (WCC) (13.4 × 10⁹/l vs. 10.7 × 10⁹/l; P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (94 mg/l vs. 17 mg/l; P= 0.001), bilirubin (19 µmol/l vs. 17 µmol/l; P= 0.029), urea (5.3 mmol/l vs. 4.7 mmol/l; P= 0.016) and creatinine (82 µmol/l vs. 74 µmol/l; P= 0.001). The time from admission to operation in days was greater in the GC group (median = 1 day, range: 0-14 days vs. median = 1 day, range: 0-10 days; P= 0.029). There was no overall difference in complication rates between the GC and NGAC groups (22% vs. 14%; P= 0.102). There was a lower incidence of common bile duct stones in the GC group (5% vs. 13%; P= 0.017). Gangrenous cholecystitis was associated with increased mortality (4% vs. 0%; P= 0.017), but this was not an independent risk factor on multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gangrenous cholecystitis has certain clinical features and associated laboratory findings that may help to differentiate it from NGAC. It is not associated with an overall increase in complications when treated in a specialized unit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Vic., Australia. mehrdad.nikfarjam@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikfarjam
authors.forename: Vachara
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Niumsawatt
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sethu
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Vijayaragavan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Muralidharan
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Starkey
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christophi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005734:Gangrene; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014739:Victoria; D055815:Young Adult