title: Time motion analysis of football (soccer) referees during official matches in relation to the type of fluid consumed.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of volume and composition of fluid replacement on the physical performance of male football referees. Ten referees were evaluated during three official matches. In one match the participants were asked to consume mineral water ad libitum, and in the others they consumed a pre-determined volume of mineral water or a carbohydrate electrolyte solution (6.4% carbohydrate and 22 mM Na+) equivalent to 1% of their baseline body mass (half before the match and half during the interval). Total water loss, sweat rate and match physiological performance were measured. When rehydrated ad libitum (pre-match and at half time) participants lost 1.97 ± 0.18% of their pre-match body mass (2.14 ± 0.19 L). This parameter was significantly reduced when they consumed a pre-determined volume of fluid. Sweat rate was significantly reduced when the referees ingested a pre-determined volume of a carbohydrate electrolyte solution, 0.72 ± 0.12 vs 1.16 ± 0.11 L/h ad libitum. The high percentage (74.1%) of movements at low speed (walking, jogging) observed when they ingested fluid ad libitum was significantly reduced to 71% with mineral water and to 69.9% with carbohydrate solution. An increase in percent movement expended in backward running was observed when they consumed a pre-determined volume of carbohydrate solution, 7.7 ± 0.5 vs 5.5 ± 0.5% ad libitum. The improved hydration status achieved with the carbohydrate electrolyte solution reduced the length of time spent in activities at low-speed movements and increased the time spent in activities demanding high-energy expenditure.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D003681:Dehydration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D015532:Rehydration Solutions / Q000378:metabolism*; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D008900:Mineral Waters; D015532:Rehydration Solutions