title: Evaluation of a novel index by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with advanced heart failure: relation to functional class and prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the ability of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) to detect left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic myocardial functions in patients with heart failure, the added value of TDI to clinical variables and conventional echocardiography in predicting the symptoms and outcome of advanced heart failure has not been clearly defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and thirty adult patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure were assigned to study groups based on the New York Heart Association functional classes. Pulsed-wave TDI (PWTDI), including average of peak systolic (Sm), early (Em) and late diastolic (Am) velocities from six mitral annular sites was evaluated. PWTDI was also calculated to create a combined index (EAS index) of diastolic and systolic performances. All patients were followed up for cardiac-related death and hospitalisation as a result of heart failure. Patients with functional class III-IV had a significantly higher EAS index (0.21 ± 0.19 vs. 0.13 ± 0.08, p < 0.05) than those with class I-II and the control (0.10 ± 0.04, p < 0.05). Except for Sm and Em, all conventional echocardiographic Doppler parameters and TDI variables significantly correlated with functional class. Moreover, according to multiple stepwise analysis, EAS index and percentage of chronic renal insufficiency (CRF) were the only two independent predictors of functional class (EAS index, p = 0.006; CRF, p = 0.019). During follow-up (median, 30 months), 93 participants had cardiac events. EAS index, LV mass index and CRF were significant predictors of cardiac mortality and hospitalisation [EAS index, hazard ratio (HR) 4.962, p = 0.006; LV mass index, HR 1.007, p = 0.003; CRF, HR 1.616, p = 0.040].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EAS index, which reflects systolic and diastolic performances, is a highly effective means of differentiating between patients with functional class I-II and those with III-IV. The index also correlates with cardiac mortality and hospitalisation for worsening heart failure, thus providing additional value to conventional echocardiographic measures.
authors.affiliation: Second Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: F-C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: P-C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: I-C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: M-S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: K-C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D003971:Diastole; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013599:Systole