title: Intraoperative ultrasound in malformations of cortical development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are a common cause of medically refractory focal epilepsy. However, the intraoperative definition of MCD can be challenging. In this study we assess the feasibility of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) for the intraoperative localization of MCD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five epilepsy patients with at least one suspected lesion of MCD were operated with the aid of IOUS. IOUS was compared to preoperative MRI and histopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In three cases of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type IIB and one case of periventricular heterotopia, the lesions could be delineated well on IOUS and the configuration of the lesion corresponded to the appearance on MRI. However, only one of two FCD type I lesions could be detected on IOUS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IOUS can be helpful in defining FCD IIB as well as periventricular heterotopia intraoperatively, but this seems to be more difficult in FCD type I.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany. dorothea.miller@uk-essen.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knake
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Menzler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krakow
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosenow
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sure
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014159:Transducers; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult