title: Tuberculosis in Birds: Insights into the Mycobacterium avium Infections.
abstract: Tuberculosis, a List B disease of World Organization for Animal Health, caused by M. avium or M. genavense predominantly affects poultry and pet or captive birds. Clinical manifestations in birds include emaciation, depression and diarrhea along with marked atrophy of breast muscle. Unlike tuberculosis in animals and man, lesions in lungs are rare. Tubercular nodules can be seen in liver, spleen, intestine and bone marrow. Granulomatous lesion without calcification is a prominent feature. The disease is a rarity in organized poultry sector due to improved farm practices, but occurs in zoo aviaries. Molecular techniques like polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism and gene probes aid in rapid identification and characterization of mycobacteria subspecies, and overcome disadvantages of conventional methods which are slow, labour intensive and may at times fail to produce precise results. M. avium subsp. avium with genotype IS901+ and IS1245+ causes infections in animals and human beings too. The bacterium causes sensitivity in cattle to the tuberculin test. The paper discusses in brief the M. avium infection in birds, its importance in a zoonotic perspective, and outlines conventional and novel strategies for its diagnosis, prevention and eradication in domestic/pet birds and humans alike.
authors.affiliation: Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India.
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahendran
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Shambhu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dayal Singh
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Shoorvir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Pradeep Mahadev
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sawant