title: MRI of trabecular bone using a decay due to diffusion in the internal field contrast imaging sequence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the DDIF (Decay due to Diffusion in the Internal Field) method using intact animal trabecular bone specimens of varying trabecular structure and porosity, under ex vivo conditions closely resembling in vivo physiological conditions. The DDIF method provides a diffusion contrast which is related to the surface-to-volume ratio of the porous structure of bones. DDIF has previously been used successfully to study marrow-free trabecular bone, but the DDIF contrast hitherto had not been tested in intact specimens containing marrow and surrounded by soft tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  DDIF imaging was implemented on a 4.7 Tesla (T) small-bore, horizontal, animal scanner. Ex vivo results on fresh bone specimens containing marrow were obtained at body temperature. Control measurements were carried out in surrounding tissue and saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant DDIF effect was observed for trabecular bone samples, while it was considerably smaller for soft tissue outside the bone and for lipids. Additionally, significant differences were observed between specimens of different trabecular structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DDIF contrast is feasible despite the reduction of the diffusion constant and of T(1) in such conditions, increasing our confidence that DDIF imaging in vivo may be clinically viable for bone characterization.
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA. dionyssi@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Dionyssios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mintzopoulos
authors.forename: Jerome L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: Yi-Qiao
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D002417:Cattle; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004058:Diffusion; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media