title: Clinical characteristics of refractory melamine-related renal calculi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The melamine urinary stones are uric acid-based and amenable to alkalization and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL). However, a significant percentage of stones failed in alkalization and ESWL. To predict it before a likely deemed failed treatment, we attempt to confirm their clinical characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6 refractory- and 9 sensitive-melamine-related renal calculi were included from 15 children (age 6-51 months, mean 14). Renal function, and blood calcium and uric acid level were measured before treatment. Stone composition was determined qualitatively using Fourier transform infrared. Stone computed tomography (CT)-attenuation value, stone melamine and cyanuric acid level, and stone calcium level were performed quantitatively using spiral CT, high-performance liquid chromatography, and flame atomic absorption spectrum, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood biochemical parameters in all children within the normal reference range and no difference was observed between refractory melamine stones and sensitive melamine stones (P >.05). Compared with sensitive melamine stones, stone calcium level and stone CT-attenuation value in refractory melamine stones were significantly higher (21.58 ± 5.76% vs 1.37 ± 1.47%, P = .000; 1037 ± 341HU vs 156 ± 61HU, P = 0.000). Multivariate regression analysis indicated stone calcium level had more impact on alkalization failure than other factors (P(children's age) = .670, P(feedingtime) = .826, P(stonesize) = .376, and P(stonecalcium level) = .000, and P(regressionmodel) = .000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher stone calcium level is the essential change of refractory melamine stones. The stones from children older than 2 years or stones with in vivo CT-attenuation value >700 Hounsfield units in clinical setting should be strong suspected for alkalization- and ESWL-resistance because they most likely contain >10.88% calcium level.
authors.affiliation: Center Laboratory, the People's Hospital in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China. ly4139@163.com
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: YiRong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: XiaoRui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ru
authors.forename: WenHui
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: XiaoGang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; C011907:melamine