title: Pediatric maxillary fractures.
abstract: Pediatric craniofacial structures differ from those of adults in many ways. Because of these differences, management of pediatric craniofacial fractures is not the same as those in adults. The most important differences that have clinical relevance are the mechanical properties, craniofacial anatomy, healing capacity, and dental morphology. This article will review these key differences and the management of pediatric maxillary fractures. From the mechanical properties' perspective, pediatric bones are much more resilient than adult bones; as such, they undergo plastic deformation and ductile failure. From the gross anatomic perspective, the relative proportion of the cranial to facial structures is much larger for the pediatric patients and the sinuses are not yet developed. The differences related to dentition and dental development are more conical crowns, larger interdental spaces, and presence of permanent tooth buds in the pediatric population. The fracture pattern, as a result of all the above, does not follow the classic Le Fort types. The maxillomandibular fixation may require circum-mandibular wires, drop wires, or Ivy loops. Interfragmentary ligatures using absorbable sutures play a much greater role in these patients. The use of plates and screws should take into consideration the future development with respect to growth centers and the location of the permanent tooth buds. Pediatric maxillary fractures are not common, require different treatments, and enjoy better long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Section of Plastic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA. Jyu@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dinsmore
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mar
authors.forename: Kirit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhatt
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019248:Jaw Fixation Techniques; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000145:classification* / Q000628:therapy; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D014083:Tooth Germ / Q000033:anatomy & histology