title: Is brain maturation comparable in fetuses and premature neonates at term equivalent age?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improved knowledge of brain maturation in fetuses and premature neonates is crucial for the early detection of pathologies and would help determine whether MR data from the premature brain might be used to evaluate fetal maturation. Using diffusion-weighted MR imaging and (1)H-MR spectroscopy, we compared cerebral microstructure and metabolism in normal in utero fetuses imaged near term and premature neonates imaged at term equivalent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight subjects were investigated: 24 in utero fetuses (mean gestational age, 37 ± 1 weeks) and 24 premature neonates (mean postconceptional age, 37 ± 1 weeks). ADC values were measured in cerebellum, pons, white matter, brain stem, basal ganglia, and thalamus. MR spectroscopy was performed in deep white matter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean ADC values from fetuses and premature neonates were comparable except for the pons and the parietal white matter. ADC values were lower in the pons of premature neonates, whereas greater values were found in their parietal white matter compared with fetuses. Proton MR spectroscopy showed higher levels of NAA/H(2)O, Glx/H(2)O, tCr/H(2)O, and mIns/H(2)O in premature neonates compared with fetuses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides evidence of subtle anomalies in the parietal white matter of healthy premature neonates. In addition, the reduced ADC values in the pons together with the increased levels of NAA/H(2)O, tCr/H(2)O, and Glx/H(2)O in the centrum semiovale suggest a more advanced maturation in some white matter regions. Our results indicate that MR data from the premature brain are not appropriate for the assessment of the fetal brain maturation.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Confort-Gouny
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Fur
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viout
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chapon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pineau
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cozzone
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Girard
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D005325:Fetal Organ Maturity; D005333:Fetus; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D047929:Term Birth