title: Spontaneous pneumothorax from cryptococcal pneumonia in systemic sclerosis: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spontaneous pneumothorax is usually found in people with systemic sclerosis who have extensive pulmonary fibrosis with enlarged sub-pleural blebs. We report a case of spontaneous pneumothorax caused by cryptococcal pneumonia in a patient with systemic sclerosis with minimal sub-pleural emphysema.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 49-year-old Thai man with underlying limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis presented with acute low-grade fever, progressive dyspnea and right pleuritic chest pain for five days. Our patient had pulmonary fibrosis with bronchiectasis of both lower lungs related to this underlying disease. He received only low-dose steroid therapy, without any immunosuppressant. A chest radiograph revealed right lung pneumothorax with cloudy yellow color pleural fluid. Cryptococcal pneumonia was diagnosed by positive identification of the cryptococcal antigen in the serum and pleural fluid. His symptoms improved after intercostal drainage and fluconazole therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection can exacerbate symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis with sub-pleural emphysema, thereby triggering a spontaneous pneumothorax. Pleural fluid--present but not initially seen because of the pneumothorax--could be a clue to a pre-existing pulmonary infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. fching@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Kwanreuthai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sripavatakul
authors.forename: Chingching
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foocharoen