title: Sunlight-exposed biofilm microbial communities are naturally resistant to chernobyl ionizing-radiation levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Chernobyl accident represents a long-term experiment on the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation at the ecosystem level. Though studies of these effects on plants and animals are abundant, the study of how Chernobyl radiation levels affect prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial communities is practically non-existent, except for a few reports on human pathogens or soil microorganisms. Environments enduring extreme desiccation and UV radiation, such as sunlight exposed biofilms could in principle select for organisms highly resistant to ionizing radiation as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To test this hypothesis, we explored the diversity of microorganisms belonging to the three domains of life by cultivation-independent approaches in biofilms developing on concrete walls or pillars in the Chernobyl area exposed to different levels of radiation, and we compared them with a similar biofilm from a non-irradiated site in Northern Ireland. Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Deinococcales were the most consistently detected bacterial groups, whereas green algae (Chlorophyta) and ascomycete fungi (Ascomycota) dominated within the eukaryotes. Close relatives to the most radio-resistant organisms known, including Rubrobacter species, Deinococcales and melanized ascomycete fungi were always detected. The diversity of bacteria and eukaryotes found in the most highly irradiated samples was comparable to that of less irradiated Chernobyl sites and Northern Ireland. However, the study of mutation frequencies in non-coding ITS regions versus SSU rRNA genes in members of a same actinobacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTU) present in Chernobyl samples and Northern Ireland showed a positive correlation between increased radiation and mutation rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that biofilm microbial communities in the most irradiated samples are comparable to non-irradiated samples in terms of general diversity patterns, despite increased mutation levels at the single-OTU level. Therefore, biofilm communities growing in sunlight exposed substrates are capable of coping with increased mutation rates and appear pre-adapted to levels of ionizing radiation in Chernobyl due to their natural adaptation to periodical desiccation and ambient UV radiation.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution - CNRS UMR8079, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ragon
authors.forename: Gwendal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Restoux
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Anders Pape
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: Purificación
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: López-García
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000528:radiation effects*; D047852:Chernobyl Nuclear Accident; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015723:Gene Library; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009660:Northern Ireland; D010802:Phylogeny; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D054680:Ribosome Subunits, Small, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D013472:Sunlight
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal