title: Handling botulinum toxins: an updated literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been in use since the late 1970s, and over the last 20 years, its use has been extended to new indications in various areas of medicine. During these years of clinical use, some of the initial ideas have changed, and others have remained stable along with increasing experience with and knowledge about BoNTs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature and prescribing information on all of the available products and to update the concept of handling toxins (preparations, reconstitution, storage, sterility, and dilution).
  
  
  METHODS
  A review (not Cochrane type analysis) of the medical literature based on relevant databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, specialist textbooks, and manufacturer information) was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many of the precautions around BoNT use, often recommended by the manufacturers, are described in the clinical literature as too restrictive. The literature suggests that toxins may be sturdier and more-resistant to degradation than previously understood.
authors.affiliation: Clínica Dermatológica do Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. artrindal@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Ada R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Trindade De Almeida
authors.forename: Leticia Cardoso
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Secco
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carruthers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D017277:Drug Approval; D004356:Drug Storage; D004421:Dystonia / Q000188:drug therapy; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D006945:Hyperhidrosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007246:Infertility; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; C542869:abobotulinumtoxinA; C545476:incobotulinumtoxinA