title: Physical-chemical characteristics of whitening toothpaste and evaluation of its effects on enamel roughness.
abstract: This in vitro study evaluated the physical-chemical characteristics of whitening toothpastes and their effect on bovine enamel after application of a bleaching agent (16% carbamide peroxide). Physical-chemical analysis was made considering mass loss by desiccation, ash content and pH of the toothpastes. Thirty bovine dental enamel fragments were prepared for roughness measurements. The samples were subjected to bleaching treatments and simulated brushing: G1. Sorriso Dentes Brancos (Conventional toothpaste), G2. Close-UP Whitening (Whitening toothpaste), and G3. Sensodyne Branqueador (Whitening toothpaste). The average roughness (Ra) was evaluated prior to the bleaching treatment and after brushing. The results revealed differences in the physical-chemical characteristics of the toothpastes (p < 0.0001). The final Ra had higher values (p < 0.05) following the procedures. The mean of the Ra did not show significant differences, considering toothpaste groups and bleaching treatment. Interaction (toothpaste and bleaching treatment) showed significant difference (p < 0.0001). The whitening toothpastes showed differences in their physical-chemical properties. All toothpastes promoted changes to the enamel surface, probably by the use of a bleaching agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Ponta Grossa State University, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio Paulo
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hilgenberg
authors.forename: Shelon Cristina Souza
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Paulo Vitor
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Farago
authors.forename: Fábio André
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Denise Stadler
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wambier
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D002417:Cattle; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010545:Peroxides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D009566:Nitrates; D010545:Peroxides; D010710:Phosphates; C097427:Sensodyne; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents; D014100:Toothpastes; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea; D005459:Fluorides