title: Effects of enamel matrix derivative and transforming growth factor-β1 on human osteoblastic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracellular matrix proteins are key factors that influence the regenerative capacity of tissues. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), TGF-β1, and the combination of both factors (EMD+TGF-β1) on human osteoblastic cell cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were obtained from alveolar bone of three adult patients using enzymatic digestion. Effects of EMD, TGF-β1, or a combination of both were analyzed on cell proliferation, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) immunodetection, total protein synthesis, ALP activity and bone-like nodule formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All treatments significantly increased cell proliferation compared to the control group at 24 h and 4 days. At day 7, EMD group showed higher cell proliferation compared to TGF-β1, EMD + TGF-β1 and the control group. OPN was detected in the majority of the cells for all groups, whereas fluorescence intensities for ALP labeling were greater in the control than in treated groups; BSP was not detected in all groups. All treatments decreased ALP levels at 7 and 14 days and bone-like nodule formation at 21 days compared to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exposure of human osteoblastic cells to EMD, TGF-β1 and the combination of factors in vitro supports the development of a less differentiated phenotype, with enhanced proliferative activity and total cell number, and reduced ALP activity levels and matrix mineralization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av, do Café s/n, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. dpalioto@forp.usp.br
authors.forename: Daniela B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Palioto
authors.forename: Thaisângela L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Julie T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Marchesan
authors.forename: Márcio M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Beloti
authors.forename: Paulo T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Adalberto L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rosa
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000166:cytology; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053495:Osteopontin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine