title: Evaluation of preservation methods for improving biogas production and enzymatic conversion yields of annual crops.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of energy crops and agricultural residues is expected to increase to fulfil the legislative demands of bio-based components in transport fuels. Ensiling methods, adapted from the feed sector, are suitable storage methods to preserve fresh crops throughout the year for, for example, biogas production. Various preservation methods, namely ensiling with and without acid addition for whole crop maize, fibre hemp and faba bean were investigated. For the drier fibre hemp, alkaline urea treatment was studied as well. These treatments were also explored as mild pretreatment methods to improve the disassembly and hydrolysis of these lignocellulosic substrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The investigated storage treatments increased the availability of the substrates for biogas production from hemp and in most cases from whole maize but not from faba bean. Ensiling of hemp, without or with addition of formic acid, increased methane production by more than 50% compared to fresh hemp. Ensiling resulted in substantially increased methane yields also from maize, and the use of formic acid in ensiling of maize further enhanced methane yields by 16%, as compared with fresh maize. Ensiled faba bean, in contrast, yielded somewhat less methane than the fresh material. Acidic additives preserved and even increased the amount of the valuable water-soluble carbohydrates during storage, which affected most significantly the enzymatic hydrolysis yield of maize. However, preservation without additives decreased the enzymatic hydrolysis yield especially in maize, due to its high content of soluble sugars that were already converted to acids during storage. Urea-based preservation significantly increased the enzymatic hydrolysability of hemp. Hemp, preserved with urea, produced the highest carbohydrate increase of 46% in enzymatic hydrolysis as compared to the fresh material. Alkaline pretreatment conditions of hemp improved also the methane yields.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present work show that ensiling and alkaline preservation of fresh crop materials are useful pretreatment methods for methane production. Improvements in enzymatic hydrolysis were also promising. While all three crops still require a more powerful pretreatment to release the maximum amount of carbohydrates, anaerobic preservation is clearly a suitable storage and pretreatment method prior to production of platform sugars from fresh crops.
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. annukka.z.pakarinen@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Annukka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maijala
authors.forename: Seija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Maritta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kymäläinen
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Viikari