title: Optofluidic fluorescent imaging cytometry on a cell phone.
abstract: Fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry are widely used tools in biomedical sciences. Cost-effective translation of these technologies to remote and resource-limited environments could create new opportunities especially for telemedicine applications. Toward this direction, here we demonstrate the integration of imaging cytometry and fluorescent microscopy on a cell phone using a compact, lightweight, and cost-effective optofluidic attachment. In this cell-phone-based optofluidic imaging cytometry platform, fluorescently labeled particles or cells of interest are continuously delivered to our imaging volume through a disposable microfluidic channel that is positioned above the existing camera unit of the cell phone. The same microfluidic device also acts as a multilayered optofluidic waveguide and efficiently guides our excitation light, which is butt-coupled from the side facets of our microfluidic channel using inexpensive light-emitting diodes. Since the excitation of the sample volume occurs through guided waves that propagate perpendicular to the detection path, our cell-phone camera can record fluorescent movies of the specimens as they are flowing through the microchannel. The digital frames of these fluorescent movies are then rapidly processed to quantify the count and the density of the labeled particles/cells within the target solution of interest. We tested the performance of our cell-phone-based imaging cytometer by measuring the density of white blood cells in human blood samples, which provided a decent match to a commercially available hematology analyzer. We further characterized the imaging quality of the same platform to demonstrate a spatial resolution of ~2 μm. This cell-phone-enabled optofluidic imaging flow cytometer could especially be useful for rapid and sensitive imaging of bodily fluids for conducting various cell counts (e.g., toward monitoring of HIV+ patients) or rare cell analysis as well as for screening of water quality in remote and resource-poor settings.
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mavandadi
authors.forename: Ahmet F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Coskun
authors.forename: Oguzhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yaglidere
authors.forename: Aydogan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozcan
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008904:Miniaturization
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes