title: Clinical and molecular prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma: what we know so far.
abstract: The current treatment paradigm for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) includes agents that target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Because these agents have revolutionized RCC over the past five years, new clinical and molecular predictive and prognostic tools are required. These are potentially important for therapy selection, patient counseling, and clinical trial stratification. This review examines clinical prognostic models and molecular biomarkers in RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, 1331-29th Street North West, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Daniel Y C
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Heng
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases