title: Orally active multi-functional antioxidants are neuroprotective in a rat model of light-induced retinal damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progression of age-related macular degeneration has been linked to iron dysregulation and oxidative stress that induce apoptosis of neural retinal cells. Since both antioxidants and chelating agents have been reported to reduce the progression of retinal lesions associated with AMD in experimental animals, the present study evaluates the ability of multi-functional antioxidants containing functional groups that can independently chelate redox metals and quench free radicals to protect the retina against light-induced retinal degeneration, a rat model of dry atrophic AMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proof of concept studies were conducted to evaluate the ability of 4-(5-hydroxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dioxopiperazine-1-sulfonamide (compound 4) and 4-(5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dioxopiperazine-1-sulfonamide (compound 8) to reduce retinal damage in 2-week dark adapted Wistar rats exposed to 1000 lx of light for 3 hours. Assessment of the oxidative stress markers 4- hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine modified proteins and Thioredoxin by ELISA and Western blots indicated that these compounds reduced the oxidative insult caused by light exposure. The beneficial antioxidant effects of these compounds in providing significant functional and structural protection were confirmed by electroretinography and quantitative histology of the retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that multi-functional compounds may be effective candidates for preventive therapy of AMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Randazzo
authors.forename: Zifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawada
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kador
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004596:Electroretinography; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000975:Antioxidants; D013449:Sulfonamides; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D013879:Thioredoxins; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal