title: Reproductive and menstrual factors and risk of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in a cohort of postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The contribution of menstrual and reproductive factors to risk of ductal carcinoma (DCIS) of the breast is poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association between menstrual and reproductive factors and subsequent DCIS risk was examined in Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial participants, in which mammography was protocol mandated. The cohort consisted of 64,060 women, among whom 664 cases of DCIS were ascertained over a median follow-up of 12.0 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for covariates, only older age at menopause (HR ≥ 55 vs. 45-54 : 1.39, 95% CI 1.08-1.79) was significantly associated with risk; however, greater parity (HR ≥ 5 live births vs. 0: 0.70, 95% CI 0.47-1.03), among parous women, and age at first live birth (HR ≥ 30 years relative to <20 years: 1.32, 95% CI 0.92-1.90) were of borderline significance. Age at menarche and months of breast-feeding were not associated with risk. Associations did not differ between high- and low-/moderate-grade DCIS, or by level of body mass index or family history of breast cancer; however, there was a suggestion that the associations of age at menopause, parity, and age at first live birth were limited to women who had ever used hormone therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this large cohort of postmenopausal women suggest that age at menopause, and possibly, age at first live birth, and parity are associated with risk of DCIS, whereas age at menarche and duration of breast-feeding are not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. geoffrey.kabat@einstein.yu.edu
authors.forename: Geoffrey C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kabat
authors.forename: Mimi Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Nancy F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Laurel A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Habel
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wactawski-Wende
authors.forename: Marcia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stefanick
authors.forename: Rowan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Chlebowski
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wassertheil-Smoller
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D044584:Carcinoma, Ductal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008572:Menarche; D008593:Menopause; D008598:Menstruation; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017584:Reproductive History; D012307:Risk Factors; D016387:Women's Health