title: Sesquiterpene lactones from Gynoxys verrucosa and their anti-MRSA activity.
abstract: Because of its virulence and antibiotic resistance, Staphylococcus aureus is a more formidable pathogen now than at any time since the pre-antibiotic era. In an effort to identify and develop novel antimicrobial agents with activity against this pathogen, we have examined Gynoxys verrucosa Wedd (Asteraceae), an herb used in traditional medicine in southern Ecuador for the treatment and healing of wounds.
  
  
  
  The sesquiterpene lactones leucodine (1) and dehydroleucodine (2) were extracted and purified from the aerial parts of Gynoxys verrucosa, and their structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray analysis. The in vitro anti-microbial activity of Gynoxys verrucosa extracts and its purified constituents was determined against six clinical isolates including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains with different drug-resistance profiles, using the microtiter broth method.
  
  
  
  Compound 1 has very low activity, while compound 2 has moderate activity with MIC(50)s between 49 and 195 μg/mL. The extract of Gynoxys verrucosa has weak activity with MIC(50)s between 908 and 3290 μg/mL.
  
  
  
  We are reporting the full assignment of the (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR of both compounds, and the crystal structure of compound 2, for the first time. Moreover, the fact that compound 2 has antimicrobial activity and compound 1 does not, demonstrates that the exocyclic conjugated methylene in the lactone ring is essential for the antimicrobial activity of these sesquiterpene lactones. However, the weak activity observed for the plant extracts, does not explain the use of Gynoxys verrucosa in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds and skin infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Paola E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Ordóñez
authors.forename: Cassandra L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Quave
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Kottayil I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Varughese
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Malagón
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.lastname: Vidari
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Smeltzer
authors.forename: Cesar M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Compadre
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007783:Lactones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D016106:Methicillin Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007783:Lactones; D012717:Sesquiterpenes