title: A generic model of real-world non-ideal behaviour of FES-induced muscle contractions: simulation tool.
abstract: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) applications are frequently evaluated in simulation prior to testing in human subjects. Such simulations are usually based on the typical muscle responses to electrical stimulation, which may result in an overly optimistic assessment of likely real-world performance. We propose a novel method for simulating FES applications that includes non-ideal muscle behaviour during electrical stimulation resulting from muscle fatigue, spasms and tremors. A 'non-idealities' block that can be incorporated into existing FES simulations and provides a realistic estimate of real-world performance is described. An implementation example is included, showing how the non-idealities block can be incorporated into a simulation of electrically stimulated knee extension against gravity for both a proportional-integral-derivative controller and a sliding mode controller. The results presented in this paper illustrate that the real-world performance of a FES system may be vastly different from the performance obtained in simulation using nominal muscle models. We believe that our non-idealities block should be included in future simulations that involve muscle response to FES, as this tool will provide neural engineers with a realistic simulation of the real-world performance of FES systems. This simulation strategy will help engineers and organizations save time and money by preventing premature human testing. The non-idealities block will become available free of charge at www.toronto-fes.ca in late 2011.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. clynch@ieee.org
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Geoff M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Milos R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Popovic
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013035:Spasm / Q000503:physiopathology; D014202:Tremor / Q000503:physiopathology