title: Antimalarial activity of potential inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme selected by docking studies.
abstract: The Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (PfLDH) has been considered as a potential molecular target for antimalarials due to this parasite's dependence on glycolysis for energy production. Because the LDH enzymes found in P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale (pLDH) all exhibit ∼90% identity to PfLDH, it would be desirable to have new anti-pLDH drugs, particularly ones that are effective against P. falciparum, the most virulent species of human malaria. Our present work used docking studies to select potential inhibitors of pLDH, which were then tested for antimalarial activity against P. falciparum in vitro and P. berghei malaria in mice. A virtual screening in DrugBank for analogs of NADH (an essential cofactor to pLDH) and computational studies were undertaken, and the potential binding of the selected compounds to the PfLDH active site was analyzed using Molegro Virtual Docker software. Fifty compounds were selected based on their similarity to NADH. The compounds with the best binding energies (itraconazole, atorvastatin and posaconazole) were tested against P. falciparum chloroquine-resistant blood parasites. All three compounds proved to be active in two immunoenzymatic assays performed in parallel using monoclonals specific to PfLDH or a histidine rich protein (HRP2). The IC(50) values for each drug in both tests were similar, were lowest for posaconazole (<5 µM) and were 40- and 100-fold less active than chloroquine. The compounds reduced P. berghei parasitemia in treated mice, in comparison to untreated controls; itraconazole was the least active compound. The results of these activity trials confirmed that molecular docking studies are an important strategy for discovering new antimalarial drugs. This approach is more practical and less expensive than discovering novel compounds that require studies on human toxicology, since these compounds are already commercially available and thus approved for human use.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penna-Coutinho
authors.forename: Wilian Augusto
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cortopassi
authors.forename: Aline Alves
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Tanos Celmar Costa
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: França
authors.forename: Antoniana Ursine
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Krettli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy; D051379:Mice; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014230:Triazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D014230:Triazoles; D017964:Itraconazole; C101425:posaconazole; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase