title: Mixed methods research in mental health nursing.
abstract: Mixed methods research is becoming more widely used in order to answer research questions and to investigate research problems in mental health and psychiatric nursing. However, two separate literature searches, one in Scotland and one in the USA, revealed that few mental health nursing studies identified mixed methods research in their titles. Many studies used the term 'embedded' but few studies identified in the literature were mixed methods embedded studies. The history, philosophical underpinnings, definition, types of mixed methods research and associated pragmatism are discussed, as well as the need for mixed methods research. Examples of mental health nursing mixed methods research are used to illustrate the different types of mixed methods: convergent parallel, embedded, explanatory and exploratory in their sequential and concurrent combinations. Implementing mixed methods research is also discussed briefly and the problem of identifying mixed methods research in mental and psychiatric nursing are discussed with some possible solutions to the problem proposed.
authors.affiliation: Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, UK. alyson.kettles@nhs.net
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kettles
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Creswell
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000451:nursing*; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000145:classification* / Q000379:methods*; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design