title: Effects of increased milking frequency for the first 21 days post partum on selected measures of mammary gland health, milk yield and milk composition.
abstract: Somatic cell count (SCC) is a widely used marker of udder health and a predictor of inflammation caused by an immune response. The objective of this study was to determine whether selected measures of mammary gland health as well as milk fatty acid profile were altered by an increase in milking frequency using a unilateral frequent milking (UFM) model. Holstein cows at parturition were assigned to UFM, in which the left udder half of each cow was milked four-times daily (4X) and the right udder half was milked twice daily (2X) for the first 21 days in milk (DIM). Milk yields from each udder half were measured from 1-21 DIM and samples were collected on days 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 for determination of SCC and milk composition. Flow cytometric analysis with bovine monoclonal antibodies was used to identify milk immune cell populations and milk fatty acid (FA) composition was determined using gas chromatography. Gene expression analysis was used to determine whether there was an alteration in mRNA expression of genes involved in milk fat production including lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and FA-binding protein 3 (FABP3) with ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9) as a house-keeping gene. No difference was detected for milk SCC or cell populations between the udder halves milked 4X as compared with the udder halves milked 2X. In addition, no difference was detected for any FA in milk from the udder half milked 4X as compared with the udder half milked 2X. Overall, using a UFM model, increased milking frequency for the first 21 DIM did not affect selected measures of mammary gland health or milk FA, but was associated with greater milk yield, milk fat percent and yield, and milk protein and lactose yields.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal & Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rezamand
authors.forename: Dallace L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sevier
authors.forename: Keun S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McGuire
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D008894:Milk Proteins; D007785:Lactose