title: Reactivation of latent tuberculosis in rhesus macaques by coinfection with simian immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS together present a devastating public health challenge. Over 3 million deaths every year are attributed to these twin epidemics. Annually, ∼11 million people are coinfected with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). AIDS is thought to alter the spontaneous rate of latent TB reactivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macaques are excellent models of both TB and AIDS. Therefore, it is conceivable that they can also be used to model coinfection. Using clinical, pathological, and microbiological data, we addressed whether latent TB infection in rhesus macaques can be reactivated by infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A low-dose aerosol infection of rhesus macaques with Mtb caused latent, asymptomatic TB infection. Infection of macaques exhibiting latent TB with a rhesus-specific strain of SIV significantly reactivated TB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhesus macaques are excellent model of TB/AIDS coinfection and can be used to study the phenomena of TB latency and reactivation.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
authors.forename: Smriti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehra
authors.forename: Nadia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: Noton K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.forename: Cecily C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Midkiff
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Lara A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Majdouline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.forename: Kasi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Russell-Lodrigue
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monjure
authors.forename: Chad J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Didier
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Veazey
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lackner
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaushal
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D001835:Body Weight; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D055985:Latent Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein