title: Valproic acid induces monoamine oxidase A via Akt/forkhead box O1 activation.
abstract: Valproic acid (VPA) has been widely used in clinics for the treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy and bipolar disorder. One of the mechanisms by which VPA exerts its effect is through regulating the brain levels of serotonin. However, the molecular basis of this VPA action is not fully understood. Here, we report for the first time that VPA activates monoamine oxidase (MAO) A catalytic activity, mRNA level, and promoter activity. MAO A is a key enzyme that degrades a number of monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin. Our results show that VPA increased the phosphorylation of both Akt and Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), whereas pretreatment of cells with 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one hydrochloride (LY294002) (a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor) reduced the VPA activation of MAO A. Overexpression of FoxO1 dramatically repressed both the basal and VPA-induced MAO A catalytic and promoter activities to 30 to 60%. Small interfering RNA knockdown of FoxO1 attenuated the stimulating effect of VPA on MAO A. Moreover, introduction of a constitutively active form of FoxO1 abolished the activation of MAO A by VPA and Akt. These results suggest that FoxO1 is a repressor for MAO A transcription, and its phosphorylation is involved in VPA activation of MAO A. Sequence analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further showed the presence of a functional FoxO1-binding site in MAO A core promoter. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MAO A is a novel target for VPA via Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway. This information provides new insights into the pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic implications of VPA action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Jason Boyang
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jean C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C085126:FOXO1 protein, human; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt