title: Standardizing procedures to study sensitization of human spinal nociceptive processes: comparing parameters for temporal summation of the nociceptive flexion reflex (TS-NFR).
abstract: Temporal summation of pain (TS-pain) is the progressive increase in pain ratings during a series of noxious stimulations. TS-pain has been used to make inferences about sensitization of spinal nociceptive processes; however, pain report can be biased thereby leading to problems with this inference. Temporal summation of the nociceptive flexion reflex (TS-NFR, a physiological measure of spinal nociception) can potentially overcome report bias, but there have been few attempts (generally with small Ns) to standardize TS-NFR procedures. In this study, 50 healthy participants received 25 series of noxious electric stimulations to evoke TS-NFR and TS-pain. Goals were to: 1) determine the stimulation frequency that best elicits TS-NFR and reduces electromyogram (EMG) contamination from muscle tension, 2) determine the minimum number of stimulations per series before NFR summation asymptotes, 3) compare NFR definition intervals (90-150ms vs. 70-150ms post-stimulation), and 4) compare TS-pain and TS-NFR when different stimulation frequencies are used. Results indicated TS-NFR should be elicited by a series of three stimuli delivered at 2.0Hz and TS-NFR should be defined from a 70-150ms post-stimulation scoring interval. Unfortunately, EMG contamination from muscle tension was greatest during 2.0Hz series. Discrepancies were noted between TS-NFR and TS-pain which raise concerns about using pain ratings to infer changes in spinal nociceptive processes. And finally, some individuals did not have reliable NFRs when the stimulation intensity was set at NFR threshold during TS-NFR testing; therefore, a higher intensity is needed. Implications of findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: The University of Tulsa, Department of Psychology, Tulsa, OK, United States.
authors.forename: Ellen L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: France
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bartley
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Delventura
authors.forename: Kara L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rhudy
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult