title: Dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol promote membrane phase change during cryopreservation.
abstract: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cryomicroscopy were used to study the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol on cell pellets of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells during freezing from 4 degree C to -60 degree C at 1 degree C per min. FTIR analysis showed that membranes undergo a phase change in the presence of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) which was not observed in the absence of CPAs. Cryomicroscopy revealed the formation of intracellular ice and concomitant cell volume changes. Intracellular ice was detected in the majority of the cells both in the presence and absence of CPAs. Membrane phase changes were found to be most pronounced at intermediate concentrations of cryoprotective agents; for dimethyl sulfoxide at around 1 M and for ethylene glycol at around 1.5 M. At those concentrations cell survival after thawing exhibited a maximum. The results indicate that CPAs promote rather than prevent cell dehydration during freezing.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Germany. spindler@imp.uni-hannover.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spindler
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Wolkers
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glasmacher
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice / Q000032:analysis; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008853:Microscopy; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D007053:Ice; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide