title: Inflammatory mediator release by Brugia malayi from macrophages of susceptible host Mastomys coucha and THP-1 and RAW 264.7 cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate which life stage of the parasite has the ability to stimulate release of pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators from macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  The human macrophage/monocyte cell line THP-1, the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and naive peritoneal macrophages (PM) from the rodent host Mastomys coucha (M. coucha) were incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO(2) atmosphere with extracts of microfilariae (Mf), third stage infective larvae (L(3)) and adult worms (Ad) of Brugia malayi. After 48 hr post exposure, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 and nitric oxide (NO) in cell-free supernatants were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extracts of all the life stages of the parasite were capable of stimulating pro- (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in both the cell lines and peritoneal macrophages of M. coucha. Mf was the strongest stimulator of pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by L(3) and Ad; however, Ad was a strong stimulator of IL-10 release. Mf was found to have potential to modulate LPS-induced NO release in RAW cells. Ad-induced NO release was concentration dependent with maximum at 20 μg/mL in both RAW and PMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that parasites at all life stages were capable of stimulating pro- (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and NO release from macrophages of susceptible host M. coucha, human and mouse macrophage cell lines. Mf can suppress the LPS-induced NO release in RAW cells. The findings also show that the two cell lines may provide a convenient in vitro system for assaying parasite-induced inflammatory mediator release.
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226001, India.
authors.forename: Shiv Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kushwaha
authors.forename: Vijaya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: Kirti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Aakanksha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Puvvada Kalpana
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Murthy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017178:Brugia malayi / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D051189:Murinae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10