title: Alginate microspheres encapsulated with autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) and CpG-ODN induced partial protection and enhanced immune response against murine model of leishmaniasis.
abstract: A suitable adjuvant and delivery system are needed to enhance efficacy of vaccines against leishmaniasis. In this study, alginate microspheres as an antigen delivery system and CpG-ODN as an immunoadjuvant were used to enhance immune response and induce protection against an experimental autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) vaccine. Alginate microspheres were prepared by an emulsification technique and the characteristics of the preparation such as size, encapsulation efficiency and release profile of encapsulates were studied. Mean diameter of microspheres was determined using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and particle size analyzer. The encapsulation efficiency was determined using Lowry protein assay method. The integrity of ALM antigens was assessed using SDS-PAGE. Mean diameter of microspheres was 1.8±1.0μm. BALB/c mice were immunized three times in 3-weeks intervals with ALM+CpG-ODN loaded microspheres [(ALM+CpG)(ALG)], ALM encapsulated alginate microspheres [(ALM)(ALG)], (ALM)(ALG)+CpG, ALM+CpG, ALM alone or PBS. The intensity of infection induced by L. major challenge was assessed by measuring size of footpad swelling. The strongest protection was observed in group of mice immunized with (ALM+CpG)(ALG). The groups of mice received (ALM+CpG)(ALG), (ALM)(ALG)+CpG, (ALM)(ALG) and ALM+CpG were also showed a significantly (P<0.05) smaller footpad swelling compared with the group that received either ALM alone or PBS. The mice immunized with (ALM+CpG)(ALG) or ALM+CpG showed the significantly (P<0.05) highest IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. The IFN-γ level was significantly (P<0.0001) highest in group of mice immunized with either (ALM)(ALG)+CpG or ALM+CpG. It is concluded that alginate microspheres and CpG-ODN adjuvant when are used simultaneously induced protection and enhanced immune response against ALM antigen.
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tafaghodi
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eskandari
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khamesipour
authors.forename: Mahmoud R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jaafari
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000276:immunology*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000276:immunology; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000464:Alginates; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D004655:Emulsions; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma