title: A modification of flattening filter free linac for IMRT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the benefits of a modified flattening filter free (FFF) linac over the standard (STD) linac equipped with the flattening filter. Energy and angular spread of the electron beam of the FFF linac were modified. Modification of FFF beam parameters is explored to maximize the monitor unit efficiency and to minimize the head scatter in IMRT delivery for large target volumes or targets lying away from the central axis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EGSnrc code is used to model FFF and STD linacs and study basic beam properties for both linac types in various beam configurations. Increasing energy of FFF linac results in similar beam attenuation properties and maximized dose rate compared to STD linac. Matching beam attenuation properties allows a more direct exploration of beam flatness of FFF linac in regard to IMRT delivery, especially away from the central axis where the effective dose rate is considerably smaller than the one at the central axis. Flatness of open beam dose profile of FFF linac is improved by increasing the angular spread of the electron beam. The resulting dose rate within the treatment field and outside of the field (peripheral dose) are characterized and compared to the unmodified FFF and STD linacs,
  
  
  RESULTS
  In order to match beam penetration properties, the energy of FFF is adjusted from 6.5 to 8.0 MeV for small to medium field sizes and from 6.5 to 8.5 MeV for larger ones. Dose rate of FFF vs STD linac increased by a factor of 1.9 (6.5 MeV) and 3.4-4.1 (8.0-8.5 MeV). Adjusting the mean angular spread of the electron beam from 0 degrees to 5 degrees-10 degrees resulted in complete flattening of photon beam for field sizes between 10 x 10 cm2 and 15 x 15 cm2 and partial flattening for field sizes from 15 x 15 cm2 to 30 x 30 cm2. Values of angular spread > or =14 degrees are not recommended as they exceed the opening of the primary collimator, affecting the area at the edges of the field. FFF fields of sizes smaller than 6 x 6 cm2 are already flat and beam flattening is not necessary. Overall, the angular spread of 5 degrees-10 degrees is sufficient and can satisfactorily flatten open beam dose profiles even for larger field sizes. Increasing the electron beam angular spread amounts to a slight decrease of dose rate of FFF linac. However, for angular spread, 5 degrees-10 degrees dose rate factor of FFF vs STD is still about 1.6-2.6, depending on the field size (and the adjusted energy). Similarly, in case of peripheral dose, a moderate increase in dose can be observed for angular spread of 5 degrees-10 degrees and for field sizes 10 x 10 cm2 to 30 x 30 cm2. Lastly, beam flatness of not modified FFF linac can be conveniently described by an analytical function representing a ratio of STD vs FFF doses: 1 + b|r|(n).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A modified FFF beamline with increased energy and electron beam angular spread results in satisfactory flattened beam and high dose rate within the field. Peripheral dose remaining at similar (or smaller) level than that of STD linac for the same delivered dose within the treatment field.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsiamas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seco
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhagwat
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maddox
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kappas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Theodorou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makrigiorgos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zygmanski
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation*