title: Changes in markers of inflammation, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in smokers following consumption of milk, and milk supplemented with fruit and vegetable extracts and vitamin C.
abstract: Two milk-based beverages delivering twice the average daily antioxidant intake were formulated, based on synergistic combinations of fruit and vegetable extracts, and containing vitamin C (1.00 mg/ml) for shelf stability. Smokers (n = 42) consumed prototype milk A, B or non-supplemented milk (no extracts or vitamin C; 200 ml) twice daily for 6 weeks. Fasting and post-prandial (2 h after milk consumption) blood samples were collected at baseline and the end of each treatment. Non-supplemented milk significantly reduced fasting inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α) compared to baseline. Both supplemented milk-based beverages significantly increased fasting plasma vitamin C concentrations and antioxidant potential and decreased serum uric acid, compared to non-supplemented milk. The beverages did not induce post-prandial oxidative stress or inflammation. Therefore, regular consumption of the supplemented milks may confer health benefits because of increased antioxidant potential or through mechanisms resulting from increased vitamin C or decreased uric acid concentrations.
authors.affiliation: The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand. denise.hunter@plantandfood.co.nz
authors.forename: Denise C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skeaff
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McGhie
authors.forename: Jingli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rippon
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Margot A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001628:Beverages; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014527:Uric Acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid