title: Chemical mixture toxicology: from descriptive to mechanistic, and going on to in silico toxicology.
abstract: Because of the pioneering vision of certain leaders in the biomedical field, the last two decades witnessed rapid advances in the area of chemical mixture toxicology. Earlier studies utilized conventional toxicology protocol and methods, and they were mainly descriptive in nature. Two good examples might be the parallel series of studies conducted by the U.S. National Toxicology Program and TNO in The Netherlands, respectively. As a natural course of progression, more and more sophistication was incorporated into the toxicology studies of chemical mixtures. Thus, at least the following seven areas of scientific achievements in chemical mixture toxicology are evident in the literature: (a) the application of better and more robust statistical methods; (b) the exploration and incorporation of mechanistic bases for toxicological interactions; (c) the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling; (d) the studies on more complex chemical mixtures; (e) the use of science-based risk assessment approaches; (f) the utilization of functional genomics; and (g) the application of technology. Examples are given for the discussion of each of these areas. Two important concepts emerged from these studies and they are: (1) dose-dependent toxicologic interactions; and (2) "interaction thresholds". Looking into the future, one of the most challenging areas in chemical mixture research is finding the answer to the question "when one tries to characterize the health effects of chemical mixtures, how does one deal with the infinite number of combination of chemicals, and other possible stressors?" Undoubtedly, there will be many answers from different groups of researchers. Our answer, however, is first to focus on the finite (biological processes) rather than the infinite (combinations of chemical mixtures and multiple stressors). The idea is that once we know a normal biological process(es), all stimuli and insults from external stressors are merely perturbations of the normal biological process(es). The next step is to "capture" the biological process(es) by integrating the recent advances in computational technology and modern biology. Here, the computer-assisted Reaction Network Modeling, linked with PBPK modeling, offers a ray of hope to dealing with the complex biological systems.
authors.affiliation: Quantitative and Computational Toxicology Group, Center for Environmental Toxicology and Technology, Colorado State University, Foothills Campus, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1690, USA; Departments of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond S H
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hisham A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: El-Masri
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Ivan D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Dobrev
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: Dong-Soon
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Campain
authors.forename: Kai H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reisfeld
authors.forename: Melvin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Moiz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mumtaz