title: Prescription drug use during pregnancy in developed countries: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature describing patterns of outpatient prescription drug use during pregnancy by therapeutic category, potential for fetal harm, and overall.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published from 1989 to 2010. We included studies evaluating individual-level exposures to prescription medicines during pregnancy. We selected only studies conducted in developed (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries and published in English.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Published drug utilization studies reveal wide variation in estimates of overall prescription drug use in pregnancy (27-93% of pregnant women filling at least one prescription excluding vitamins and minerals). Among studies of similar design, estimates were lowest in Northern European countries (44-47%) and highest in France (93%) and Germany (85%). Measured rates of use of contraindicated medicines in pregnancy ranged from 0.9% (Denmark, 1991-1996) to 4.6% (USA, 1996-2000). The use of medicines with positive evidence of risk ranged from 2.0% (Italy, 2004) to 59.3% (France, 1996).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Avoidable inconsistencies in study design and reporting attenuate conclusions that can be drawn from the literature on antenatal drug utilization. Nevertheless, the body of published research shows that antenatal prescription drug use is common, with many studies finding that a majority of women use one or more prescription medicine during pregnancy. Similarly, studies consistently report the use of drugs recognized as having potential risks in pregnancy. Given this widespread use, it is particularly important to develop standards for calculating and reporting antenatal exposures to improve the value of future research in this area.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. jdaw@chspr.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Jamie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Daw
authors.forename: Gillian E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Devon L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Greyson
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs