title: Neurofeedback in autism spectrum disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review current studies on the effectiveness of neurofeedback as a method of treatment of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were selected based on searches in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, and CINAHL using combinations of the following keywords: 'Neurofeedback' OR 'EEG Biofeedback' OR 'Neurotherapy' OR 'Mu-Rhythm' OR 'SMR' AND 'Autism' OR 'Autism Spectrum Disorder' OR 'Pervasive Developmental Disorder'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The existing evidence does not support the use of neurofeedback in the treatment of ASD. Studies with outcomes in favour of neurofeedback might be showing an improvement in comorbid attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder symptoms rather than a true improvement in core ASD symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations of this review are those inherent in the studies available, including small sample size, short duration, variable diagnostic criteria, and insufficient control interventions, all causing a lack of generalizability.
authors.affiliation: LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holtmann
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hohmann
authors.forename: Luise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poustka
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bölte
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*