title: The effects of periodized concurrent and aerobic training on oxidative stress parameters, endothelial function and immune response in sedentary male individuals of middle age.
abstract: The vascular endothelium plays a key role in arterial wall homeostasis by preventing atherosclerotic plaque formation. A primary causal factor of endothelial dysfunction is the reactive oxygen species. Aerobic exercise is ascribed as an important adjuvant therapy in endothelium-dependent cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the effects of concurrent (aerobic + strength) training on that. For a comparison of the effects of aerobic and concurrent physical training on endothelial function, oxidative stress parameters and the immunoinflammatory activity of monocytes/macrophages, 20 adult male volunteers of middle age were divided into a concurrent training (CT) programme group and an aerobic training group. The glutathione disulphide to glutathione ratio (GSSG/GSH) and plasma lipoperoxide (LPO) levels, as well as flow-mediated dilation (FMD), monocyte/macrophage functional activity (zymosan phagocytosis), body lipid profiles, aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen uptake) and strength parameters (one-repetition maximum test), were measured before and after the exercise training programmes. The CT exhibited reduced acute effects of exercise on the GSSG/GSH ratio, plasma LPO levels and zymosan phagocytosis. The CT also displayed improved lipid profiles, glycaemic control, maximal oxygen uptake and one-repetition maximum test values. In both the aerobic training and the CT, training improved the acute responses to exercise, as inferred from a decrease in the GSSG/GSH ratios. The aerobic sessions did not alter basal levels of plasma LPO or macrophage phagocytic activity but improved FMD values as well as lipid profiles and glycaemic control. In summary, both training programmes improve systemic redox status and antioxidant defences. However, the aerobic training was more efficient in improving FMD in the individuals studied.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo 175, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maximiliano Isoppo
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Schaun
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dipp
authors.forename: Juliane da Silva
authors.initials: Jda S
authors.lastname: Rossato
authors.forename: Eurico Nestor
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Ronei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Anderson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rech
authors.forename: Rodrigo Della Méa
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Plentz
authors.forename: Paulo I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Homem de Bittencourt
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reischak-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000097:blood; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010807:Physical Endurance; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015054:Zymosan / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D015054:Zymosan; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide