title: Effects of prolonged expiration breathing on cardiopulmonary responses during incremental exercise.
abstract: This study was designed to clarify the effects of breathing with prolonged expiration on cardiopulmonary responses and autonomic nervous activity during incremental exercise. Eleven healthy men were randomly assigned to breathing mode: a prolonged expiration breathing with a 2-s inspired time and 4-s expired time and a spontaneous breathing without any constraints. Oxygen uptake (V(O2)), ventilation efficiency (V(E)/V(CO2)) and rate pressure product were measured. Low- (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components of blood pressure and heart rate variability were analyzed to assess sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities, respectively. V(E)/V(CO2), rate pressure product and LF were significantly lower, and [Formula: see text] and HF were significantly higher during exercise with prolonged expiration than with spontaneous breathing. Striking effects of prolonged expiration breathing included the improvement of ventilation efficiency, the suppression of sympathetic nervous activity and the activation of parasympathetic one during incremental exercise. Furthermore, prolonged expiration breathing may have suppressed the exercise-induced increase in myocardial V(O2).
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Cardiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kutsuna
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Miyako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Naonobu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahira
authors.forename: Atsuhiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult