title: Recent advances in cytokines in cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: Lupus erythematosus (LE) includes a broad spectrum of diseases from a cutaneous-limited type to a systemic type. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease which affects multiple organs. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) includes skin symptoms seen in SLE and cutaneous-limited LE. Although immune abnormalities, as well as heritable, hormonal and environmental factors, are involved in the pathology of LE, the actual pathogenesis is still unclear. Recently, the involvement of various cytokines has been shown in the pathogenesis of LE. Moreover, some trials with biological agents targeted specific cytokines are also ongoing for SLE. In this article, we review the contributions of major cytokines such as interferon, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-18 to LE, especially SLE and CLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama Department of Dermatology, Hashimoto Municipal Hospital, Hashimoto, Japan. naoya@wakayama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mikita
authors.forename: Takaharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: Fukumi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Furukawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D018448:Models, Immunological; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D020381:Interleukin-17; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma