title: Affective temperaments in general population: a review and combined analysis from national studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of affective temperaments in general non-clinical population in different countries
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a detailed search of published studies (one unpublished) investigating affective temperaments in non-clinical populations by administering the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) in its 110-items version. We have included a total of six studies published from different countries (Argentina, Germany, Hungary, Korea, Lebanon, and Portugal) and one unpublished with preliminary data from Spain. We analyzed the combined data from the collected studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant gender differences, with men scoring higher in irritable and hyperthymic, and women in anxious, depressive and cyclothymic temperaments. Age had a significant effect in women with depressive temperament. Correlations among temperament scores have shown positive associations between depressive and anxious, and cyclothymic and irritable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a similarity in gender differences and the association between different affective temperaments. Our results indicate that affective temperaments show both universal and distinctive characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sample populations in different countries were not homogeneous for age and socio-economic composition. In the Korean study of Kang et al. the version of the TEMPS was not validated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. gvazquez@palermo.edu
authors.forename: Gustavo H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tondo
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzarini
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gonda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001118:Argentina; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012737:Sex Factors; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult