title: Regular endurance exercise improves the diminished hepatic carnitine status in mice fed a high-fat diet.
abstract: METHODS
  Metabolic stress induced by chronic high-fat (HF) diet feeding or genetically induced diabetes impairs carnitine status. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that regular endurance exercise (EE) improves the HF diet-induced impairment of carnitine status through stimulating the expression of hepatic genes involved in carnitine synthesis and uptake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to three groups: group S received a standard diet, group HF received a HF diet, and group HF+EE received an HF diet and was regularly exercised on a treadmill. After 10 wk, mice of the HF and the HF+EE groups were highly obese and insulin resistant compared with mice of the S group (p<0.05), but mice of the HF+EE group were less insulin resistant than those of the HF group (p<0.05). The HF group had lower carnitine concentrations and mRNA and protein levels of genes involved in carnitine synthesis and uptake in the liver than the S group (p<0.05), whereas these parameters did not differ between the S group and the HF+EE group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that regular EE reverses an HF diet-induced impairment of hepatic carnitine content by stimulating hepatic carnitine synthesis and uptake.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. robert.ringseis@ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ringseis
authors.forename: Frank-Christoph
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Mooren
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couturier
authors.forename: Gaiping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirche
authors.forename: Gabriele I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Stangl
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krüger
mesh_terms: D000108:Acetylcarnitine / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002331:Carnitine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018149:Glucose Intolerance; D006706:Homeostasis; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012333:RNA, Messenger
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D047493:PPAR alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000108:Acetylcarnitine; D002331:Carnitine