title: Pharmacology of intravenous insulin administration: implications for future closed-loop glycemic control by the intravenous/intravenous route.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our group is attempting to construct an artificial pancreas based on intravenous glucose monitoring and intravenous insulin delivery. To do so, the pharmacology of intravenous insulin administration must be studied. We used a pig model to determine the inherent lag time in the insulin/blood glucose system. The goal was to suggest a method that reduces the blood glucose level in a rapid and yet predictable manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pigs received continuous intravenous insulin infusions at 0.04, 0.08, or 0.4 IU/kg/h for 60 min. Two pigs received short-term intravenous infusions at 0.4 IU/kg/h for 2 min, repeated five times at 60-min intervals. Four animals received five intravenous insulin bolus injections at 60-min intervals, two at 0.01 IU/kg and two 0.02 IU/kg, with a final dose of 0.04 IU/kg. The blood glucose level was measured every 1-5 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high rate of intravenous insulin infusion led to rapid declines in blood glucose levels. The same rapid decline was achieved when the infusion was halted after 2 min. Using the latter method and with intravenous insulin boluses, blood glucose levels started to rise again after approximately 15-20 min. Insulin boluses led to a first detectable decrease in blood glucose level after 2-6 min and to a maximum rate of decrease shortly thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that intravenous bolus injections of insulin lowered blood glucose levels rapidly and predictably. Repetitive small intravenous insulin boluses together with an accurate and fast-responding intravascular continuous glucose monitor should be studied as a method of closed-loop glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. nils.k.skjervold@ntnu.no
authors.forename: Nils K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Skjaervold
authors.forename: Oddveig
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lyng
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Spigset
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aadahl
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019397:Pancreas, Artificial; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin