title: Gum resin of Boswellia serrata inhibited human monocytic (THP-1) cell activation and platelet aggregation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stem bark gum resin extract of Boswellia serrata is traditionally used in India for its hemostatic, antiinflammatory and cardiovascular health effects and it is named as Śallakī in Ayurvedic medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative and antithrombotic properties of stem bark gum resin extracts of Boswellia serrata (BS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The inhibitory activity of the BSWE and BSAE on FeCl(3) induced lipid peroxidation (in vitro) in rat liver and heart homogenates was measured spectrophotometrically. Their effect on H(2)O(2) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human monocytic (THP-1) cells was investigated by tracking intensity of a cell permeable fluorescent dye, H(2)DCFDA and subjecting the cell samples to confocal microscopy. Further, the effect of BSAE and BSWE on ADP-induced platelet aggregation was assessed using a multimode detection plate reader, plasma coagulation times using an automated blood coagulation analyzer and on human blood clotting factors Xa and XIa using chromogenic substrate. Phytomarker analysis of the water (BSWE) and hydroalcoholic (BSAE) extracts of BS-gum resin was done through HPLC using a standard compound AKβBA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BSAE and BSWE inhibited, to varied extents, the lipid peroxidation in liver (80%) and heart (50%) tissue homogenates of male Wistar rats. Further, BSAE (30 μg dwt/mL) and BSWE (300 μg dwt/mL) attenuated ≥ 60% of H(2)O(2) mediated ROS generation in THP-1 cells. In case of standard compounds, ascorbate (20 μg dwt/mL) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (10 μg dwt/mL) completely scavenged ROS in the cells. BSAE and BSWE at 3 mg dwt/mL completely inhibited ADP induced platelet aggregation and activities were comparable to 20 μg/mL of heparin. The extracts also showed very high activity in prolonging coagulation time periods. Both types of extracts extended prothrombin time (PT) from ∼13 to >60s and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) from ∼32s to >90s. BSAE inhibited clotting factors Xa and XIa remarkably at 6 μg of dwt where as BSWE did not show much effect on FXa and showed 30% inhibition on FXIa at 120 μg. 10 μg of heparin was required to inhibit about 30% activity of the above factors. HPLC analyses suggested that BSAE and BSWE had AKβBA of 9% (w/w) and 7.8% (w/w) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present study demonstrated antioxidant and antithrombotic anticoagulant activities of water and hydroalcoholic extracts of Boswellia serrata's gum resin. We suggest that BS-gum resin as a good source for lead/therapeutic compounds possessing antioxidant, antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
authors.forename: Praveen K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kokkiripati
authors.forename: Lepakshi Md
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bhakshu
authors.forename: Swathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marri
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Padmasree
authors.forename: Anupama T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Row
authors.forename: Agepati S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Raghavendra
authors.forename: Sarada D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Tetali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D029743:Boswellia / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008515:Medicine, Ayurvedic; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D024301:Plant Bark; D053149:Plant Gums / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010979:Platelet Function Tests; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000975:Antioxidants; D002712:Chlorides; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D053149:Plant Gums; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012116:Resins, Plant; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol; C024555:ferric chloride