title: Distribution and absorption of local anesthetics in inferior alveolar nerve block: evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and absorption of local anesthetic solutions in inferior alveolar nerve block using magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy volunteers were divided into 4 groups and injected with 1.5 mL for inferior alveolar nerve block and 0.3 mL for lingual nerve block. The solutions used for the different groups were 2% lidocaine, 2% lidocaine with 0.125 mg/mL epinephrine, 4% articaine with 0.006 mg/mL epinephrine, and 4% articaine with 0.012 mg/mL epinephrine. All subjects had axial T2-weighted and fat-suppressed images at 0, 60, and 120 minutes after injection. The localization, area, and intensity (signal characteristics) of the solutions were analyzed and onset and duration times of the anesthesia were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between groups with regard to the intensity and area of the solutions at 0, 60, and 120 minutes after injection, but differences were found within each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No between-group differences were found on magnetic resonance imaging in the distribution and absorption of lidocaine with or without epinephrine and articaine with 0.006 and 0.012 mg/mL epinephrine. All solutions were noticeably absorbed at 120 minutes after injection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ay
authors.forename: Dervisşhan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Küçük
authors.forename: Cesur
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gümüş
authors.forename: M Isa
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Kara
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002355:Carticaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008036:Lingual Nerve / Q000187:drug effects; D008046:Lip / Q000187:drug effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000187:drug effects; D009407:Nerve Block; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014059:Tongue / Q000187:drug effects; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D002355:Carticaine; D004837:Epinephrine