title: Effects of housing, perches, genetics, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on keel bone deformities in laying hens.
abstract: Several studies have shown a high prevalence of keel bone deformities in commercial laying hens. The aim of this project was to assess the effects of perch material, a vitamin D feed additive (25-hydroxyvitamin D(3); HyD, DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland), and genetics on keel bone pathology. The study consisted of 2 experiments. In the first experiment, 4,000 Lohmann Selected Leghorn hens were raised in aviary systems until 18 wk of age. Two factors were investigated: perch material (plastic or rubber-coated metal) and feed (with and without HyD). Afterward, the hens were moved to a layer house with 8 pens with 2 aviary systems. Daily feed consumption, egg production, mortality, and feather condition were evaluated. Every 6 wk, the keel bones of 10 randomly selected birds per pen were palpated and scored. In the second experiment, 2,000 Lohmann Brown (LB) hens and 2,000 Lohmann Brown parent stock (LBPS) hens were raised in a manner identical to the first experiment. During the laying period, the hens were kept in 24 identical floor pens but equipped with different perch material (plastic or rubber-coated metal). The same variables were investigated as in the first experiment. No keel bone deformities were found during the rearing period in either experiment. During the laying period, deformities gradually appeared and reached a prevalence of 35% in the first experiment and 43.8% in the second experiment at the age of 65 and 62 wk, respectively. In the first experiment, neither HyD nor the aviary system had any significant effect on the prevalence of keel bone deformities. In the second experiment, LBPS had significantly fewer moderate and severe deformities than LB, and rubber-coated metal perches were associated with a higher prevalence of keel bone deformities compared with plastic perches. The LBPS laid more but smaller eggs than the LB. Again, HyD did not affect the prevalence of keel bone deformities. However, the significant effect of breed affiliation strongly indicates a sizeable genetic component that may provide a basis for targeted selection.
authors.affiliation: Federal Veterinary Office, Centre for Proper Housing of Poultry and Rabbits, CH-3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Käppeli
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gebhardt-Henrich
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fröhlich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pfulg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schäublin
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Stoffel
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002112:Calcifediol