title: Antimicrobial activity of gallium nitrate against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in neonatal calves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the agent of Johne's disease in cattle, is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is dependent on ferric iron for its survival and replication. Gallium (Ga), a trivalent semimetal that shares many similarities with ferric iron and functions as an iron mimic has been shown to have in vitro antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms, including MAP.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Ga in calves experimentally infected with MAP; and (2) to monitor for potential adverse effects of Ga on calf health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve Holstein calves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized blind controlled experiment. Beginning at 10 days of age (study day 1), the experimental calves (n = 6) were treated with 20 mg/kg gallium nitrate daily for 45 days. On study days 4 and 5, all calves were challenged with a PO dose of a live field strain MAP. Treated calves were monitored daily for adverse effects. Calves were euthanized on study day 100, and 29 tissue samples and 1 fecal sample were collected from each calf. Samples were cultured for MAP by MGIT liquid culture system, Herrold's Egg Yolk Medium culture, or both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No adverse effects were observed in the treated calves. Treatment was associated with a significant reduction in MAP tissue burden when compared with control calves (P = .017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemoprophylactic treatment of calves with Ga before and during the period of high susceptibility decreased MAP tissue colonization in experimentally infected neonatal calves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA. mfecteau@vet.upenn.edu
authors.forename: M-E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fecteau
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Whitlock
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fyock
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: McAdams
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Boston
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000382:microbiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005708:Gallium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005708:Gallium; C027235:gallium nitrate