title: Global epidemiology and demographics of commotio cordis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The commotio cordis literature has largely focused on events occurring in the United States. However, with enhanced public awareness, commotio cordis has been increasingly recognized internationally as a cause of cardiac arrest and sudden death due to blunt nonpenetrating chest blows.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to characterize the demographics of commotio cordis globally in comparison to the U.S. experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used interrogation of the Commotio Cordis Registry (Minneapolis, Minnesota).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report 60 cases of commotio cordis occurring outside the United States from 19 countries (most commonly the United Kingdom and Canada) on 5 continents and compared these events to 2:3 occuring in the U.S. In the 2 groups, events were largely similar demographically, including frequency of survival (26% in U.S. vs 25%; P = .84), and the striking male predominance evident in both groups (i.e., 95%), although non-U.S. victims were somewhat older (19 ± 13 vs 15 ± 9; P = .002). Not unexpectedly, the groups differed with baseball/softball and football predominant in the United States (55% of events) and soccer, cricket, and hockey most common internationally (47% of events). Notably, the frequency with which soccer participation caused commotio cordis was much more common than expected, particularly in non-U.S. athletes (20% vs 3% U.S.; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Commotio cordis demonstrates a global occurrence, very similar demographically in the United States and internationally. However, the frequency with which chest blows from soccer balls caused commotio cordis events (particularly during sports played internationally) seems to contradict the prevailing notion that air-filled projectiles convey less risk for ventricular fibrillation than do those with solid cores (e.g., baseball or lacrosse balls).
authors.affiliation: The Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55407, USA. hcm.maron@mhif.org
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Maron
authors.forename: Aneesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.forename: Tammy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Semsarian
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: N A Mark
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Estes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056104:Commotio Cordis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology