title: Retroviral delivery of platelet-derived growth factor to spinal cord progenitor cells drives the formation of intramedullary gliomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-grade gliomas of the spinal cord are poorly understood tumors that are very commonly associated with bad outcomes. The transforming effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on spinal cord glial progenitor cells may play an important role in the development of these tumors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the possible tumor-initiating effects of PDGF overexpression in the spinal cord, we delivered a PDGF retrovirus directly into the substance of the spinal cord.
  
  
  METHODS
  The spinal cords of wild-type adult rats were surgically exposed and injected with 10⁶ colony-forming units of a green fluorescent protein-tagged, PDGF-expressing retrovirus. A control virus was injected to assess the cell types that become infected during retroviral delivery to the spinal cord.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was observed that PDGF overexpression in the spinal cord causes morbidity from high-grade intramedullary glioma formation between 27 and 49 days after PDGF retrovirus injection. Retroviral transduction was highly efficient with 100% of injected animals displaying the tumor phenotype. The tumors produced were highly proliferative, were locally invasive, and displayed the immunophenotype of virus-targeted glial progenitor cells (Olig2+PDGFR+NG2+GFAP-).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDGF is capable of driving glial progenitor cells within the adult spinal cord to form high-grade gliomas. Further investigation of PDGF signaling in the spinal cord is needed to better understand and treat these devastating tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. jae2109@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castelli
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Canoll
authors.forename: Alfred T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ogden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000076104:Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D000099216:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000076104:Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D011509:Proteoglycans; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha; D000099216:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4; C522729:Olig2 protein, rat