title: Differences in osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells from murine, canine, and human sources in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the diversity of species from which adipose-derived stromal cells are derived and studied, the authors set out to delineate the differences in the basic cell biology that may exist across species. Briefly, the authors found that significant differences exist with regard to proliferation and osteogenic potentials of adipose-derived stromal cells across species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adipose-derived stromal cells were derived from human, mouse, and canine sources as previously described. Retinoic acid, insulin-like growth factor-1, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 were added to culture medium; proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were assessed by standardized assays. In vivo methods included seeding 150,000 adipose-derived stromal cells on a biomimetic scaffold and analyzing healing by micro-computed tomography and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adipose-derived stromal cells from all species had the capability to undergo osteogenic differentiation. Canine adipose-derived stromal cells were the most proliferative, whereas human adipose-derived stromal cells were the most osteogenic (p < 0.05). Human cells, however, had the most significant osteogenic response to osteogenic media. Retinoic acid stimulated osteogenesis in mouse and canine cells but not in human adipose-derived stromal cells. Insulin-like growth factor-1 enhanced osteogenesis across all species, most notably in human- and canine-derived cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adipose-derived stromal cells derived from human, mouse, and canine all have the capacity to undergo osteogenic differentiation. Canine adipose-derived stromal cells appear to be the most proliferative, whereas human adipose-derived stromal cells appear to be the most osteogenic. Different cytokines and chemicals can be used to modulate this osteogenic response. These results are promising as attempts are made to optimize tissue-engineered bone using adipose-derived stromal cells.
authors.affiliation: Stanford and Los Angeles, Calif. From the Hagey Pediatric Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, and the Department of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, and the Department of Bioengineering and the Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials, and Hospital Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Emily R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Aaron W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dunlevie
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Commons
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vistnes
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Longaker
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media