title: In vitro assessment of the pulmonary toxicity and gastric availability of lead-rich particles from a lead recycling plant.
abstract: Epidemiological studies in urban areas have linked increasing respiratory and cardiovascular pathologies with atmospheric particulate matter (PM) from anthropic activities. However, the biological fate of metal-rich PM industrial emissions in urban areas of developed countries remains understudied. Lead toxicity and bioaccessibility assessments were therefore performed on emissions from a lead recycling plant, using complementary chemical acellular tests and toxicological assays, as a function of PM size (PM(10-2.5), PM(2.5-1) and PM(1)) and origin (furnace, refining and channeled emissions). Process PM displayed differences in metal content, granulometry, and percentage of inhalable fraction as a function of their origin. Lead gastric bioaccessibility was relatively low (maximum 25%) versus previous studies; although, because of high total lead concentrations, significant metal quantities were solubilized in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Regardless of origin, the finest PM(1) particles induced the most significant pro-inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, this biological response correlated with pro-oxidant potential assay results, suggesting some biological predictive value for acellular tests. Pulmonary effects from lead-rich PM could be driven by thiol complexation with either lead ions or directly on the particulate surface. Finally, health concern of PM was discussed on the basis of pro-inflammatory effects, accellular test results, and PM size distribution.
authors.affiliation: Université de Toulouse, UPS (OMP), LA (Laboratoire d'Aérologie), 14 Av Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France CNRS, LA, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Uzu
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sauvain
authors.forename: Armelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baeza-Squiban
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riediker
authors.forename: Magdalena Sánchez Sandoval
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hohl
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Val
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tack
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denys
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pradère
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dumat
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008669:Metallurgy; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D059027:Recycling; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007854:Lead