title: Differential diagnosis generators: an evaluation of currently available computer programs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differential diagnosis (DDX) generators are computer programs that generate a DDX based on various clinical data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We identified evaluation criteria through consensus, applied these criteria to describe the features of DDX generators, and tested performance using cases from the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM©) and the Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP©).
  
  
  METHODS
  We first identified evaluation criteria by consensus. Then we performed Google® and Pubmed searches to identify DDX generators. To be included, DDX generators had to do the following: generate a list of potential diagnoses rather than text or article references; rank or indicate critical diagnoses that need to be considered or eliminated; accept at least two signs, symptoms or disease characteristics; provide the ability to compare the clinical presentations of diagnoses; and provide diagnoses in general medicine. The evaluation criteria were then applied to the included DDX generators. Lastly, the performance of the DDX generators was tested with findings from 20 test cases. Each case performance was scored one through five, with a score of five indicating presence of the exact diagnosis. Mean scores and confidence intervals were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty three programs were initially identified and four met the inclusion criteria. These four programs were evaluated using the consensus criteria, which included the following: input method; mobile access; filtering and refinement; lab values, medications, and geography as diagnostic factors; evidence based medicine (EBM) content; references; and drug information content source. The mean scores (95% Confidence Interval) from performance testing on a five-point scale were Isabel© 3.45 (2.53, 4.37), DxPlain® 3.45 (2.63-4.27), Diagnosis Pro® 2.65 (1.75-3.55) and PEPID™ 1.70 (0.71-2.69). The number of exact matches paralleled the mean score finding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consensus criteria for DDX generator evaluation were developed. Application of these criteria as well as performance testing supports the use of DxPlain® and Isabel© over the other currently available DDX generators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, USA. william.bond@lvhn.org
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levick
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Graber
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D012984:Software / Q000592:standards*