title: The mechanism of antioxidant activity of IRFI005 as a synthetic hydrophilic analogue of vitamin E.
abstract: Developing a rational strategy to control intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) requires understanding the mechanism of antioxidant activity. In this investigation the properties of a novel synthetic analog of vitamin E (IRFI005) with potent antioxidant activity are described. A mechanism is proposed for its efficient radical-scavenging effects. Cellular antioxidant and antitoxicity assays showed IRFI005 to freely permeate across cellular membranes, enabling it to be an effective suppressor of intracellular ROS and to protect cells against toxicity induced by free radical generating compounds. The free radical-scavenging activity of IRFI005 examined by UV-Vis and electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques clearly confirmed a "two electrons and/or H-atom" donation mechanism for each molecule of IRFI005. Reducing power assay as well as semi-empirical calculations revealed that under physiological conditions (pH∼7) almost all IRFI005 molecules are in the anionic state (IRFI005(-)). Data indicated that the electron donating ability of IRFI005(-) was dominant at physiological pH because of higher stability of quinine-IRFI005(-) and less barrier energy of IRFI005(-) than neutral IRFI005. Consequently, the efficient cellular protection of IRFI005 against toxic free radicals can be explained by a two electron-transfer process, because of reduced inter-frontier molecular orbital energy gap barrier at physiological pH. Our findings suggest that hydrophilic vitamin E-like antioxidants are good candidates in designing novel therapeutic strategies for inhibition of oxidative stress associated with different human diseases.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. barzegar@tabrizu.ac.ir
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barzegar
authors.forename: Jens Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Incerpi
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Moosavi-Movahedi
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001572:Benzofurans; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C073918:IRFI 005; D014810:Vitamin E