title: Modulating human proteinase activated receptor 2 with a novel antagonist (GB88) and agonist (GB110).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many cells express proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on their plasma membrane. PAR2 is activated by proteolytic enzymes, such as trypsin and tryptase that cleave the receptor N-terminus, inititating signalling to intracellular G proteins. Studies on PAR2 have relied heavily upon activating effects of proteases and peptide agonists that lack stability and bioavailability in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel small molecule agonist GB110 and an antagonist GB88 were characterized in vitro against trypsin, peptide agonists, PAR2 antibody, PAR1 agonists and flow cytometry,in seven cell lines using intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and examined in vivo against PAR2- and PAR1-induced rat paw oedema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GB110 is a potent non-peptidic agonist activating PAR2-mediated Ca(2+) release in HT29 cells (EC(50) ∼200 nM) and six other human cell lines, inducing PAR2 internalization. GB88 is a unique PAR2 antagonist, inhibiting PAR2 activated Ca(2+) release (IC(50) ∼2 µM) induced by native (trypsin) or synthetic peptide and non-peptide agonists. GB88 was a competitive and surmountable antagonist of agonist 2f-LIGRLO-NH(2), a competitive but insurmountable antagonist of agonist GB110, and a non-competitive insurmountable antagonist of trypsin. GB88 was orally active and anti-inflammatory in vivo, inhibiting acute rat paw oedema elicited by agonist GB110 and proteolytic or peptide agonists of PAR2 but not by corresponding agonists of PAR1 or PAR4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel PAR2 agonist and antagonist modulate intracellular Ca(2+) and rat paw oedema, providing novel molecular tools for examining PAR2-mediated diseases.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Suen
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lohman
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Halili
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cotterell
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Fairlie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004487:Edema / Q000378:metabolism; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C553267:5-isoxazoyl-cyclohexylalanyl-isoleucyl-(3-(aminomethyl)phenyl)-(4-(aminomethyl)piperidin-1-yl)methanone; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004151:Dipeptides; C581100:GB88 compound; D007555:Isoxazoles; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010455:Peptides; D010880:Piperidines; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D013141:Spiro Compounds; D014357:Trypsin; D002118:Calcium