title: Korean mistletoe enriched diet enhances innate immune response in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Philasterides dicentrarchi.
abstract: The present study investigated the immunostimulatory effect of Korean mistletoe Viscum album extract (KM-E) on innate immune response in kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus against Philasterides dicentrarchi. Kelp grouper were divided into four groups of 25 each and fed with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% enriched diets with Korean mistletoe extract (KM-E). After feeding for 30 days, the fish were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100 μl of P. dicentrarchi (4.2 × 10(7)ciliates/ml) to study the immune responses at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The respiratory burst activity did not significantly enhance when fed with 0.5% and 1.0% supplementation diets on week 1 when compared to control diet. On weeks 2 and 4, the respiratory burst activity significantly increased with 1.0% and 2.0% diets. The phagocytic activity significantly enhanced with 1.0% and 2.0% diets, but not with 0.5% diet at any time. When fed with 1.0% KM-E-diet the lysozyme activity did not significantly vary at any week whereas with 1.0% and 2.0% diets it was significantly enhanced. The total protein level significantly increased with 1.0% and 2.0% KM-E-diets from weeks 1 to 4 as compared to control. The present study suggests that 1.0% or 2.0% KM-E-supplementation diet positively enhances the innate immune response in E. bruneus against P. dicentrarchi infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, College of Ocean Sciences & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea. rhari123@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harikrishnan
authors.forename: Chellam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balasundaram
authors.forename: Moon-Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Heo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D001492:Bass / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D016770:Ciliophora Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal / Q000662:veterinary; D009113:Muramidase / Q000187:drug effects; D016802:Oligohymenophorea / Q000276:immunology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D028182:Viscum album / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009113:Muramidase