title: [Interleukins network in rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology: beyond proinflammatory cytokines].
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis and progressive destruction of the joint cartilage and underlying bone, together with diverse extra-articular manifestations. Cytokines act as soluble effector mediators of the inflammatory process. Therapeutic neutralization with monoclonal antibodies against the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and interleukin 1 (IL-1) has shown a clear efficacy on inflammation and clinical manifestations of RA, although a percentage of patients do not respond. This review covers new relevant cytokines in the RA physiopathology and potential biomarkers of inflammation. The current challenge is to develop biomarkers that enable an earlier diagnosis, as well as prognostic markers and new therapeutic candidates. Combined administration of several of these cytokines could eventually address a personalized treatment approach for each patient.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España. ssanchez.hgugm@salud.madrid.org
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Ramón
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: López-Longo
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carreño
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000502:physiology; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor / Q000502:physiology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007378:Interleukins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D057285:Precision Medicine; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D000079424:Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13 / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007378:Interleukins; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine; C109743:TNFSF12 protein, human; C114631:TNFSF13 protein, human; C505719:TNFSF13B protein, human; D000079424:Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors