title: Mink farms predict Aleutian disease exposure in wild American mink.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infectious diseases can often be of conservation importance for wildlife. Spillover, when infectious disease is transmitted from a reservoir population to sympatric wildlife, is a particular threat. American mink (Neovison vison) populations across Canada appear to be declining, but factors thus far explored have not fully explained this population trend. Recent research has shown, however, that domestic mink are escaping from mink farms and hybridizing with wild mink. Domestic mink may also be spreading Aleutian disease (AD), a highly pathogenic parvovirus prevalent in mink farms, to wild mink populations. AD could reduce fitness in wild mink by reducing both the productivity of adult females and survivorship of juveniles and adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the seroprevalence and geographic distribution of AD infection in free-ranging mink in relation to the presence of mink farms, we conducted both a large-scale serological survey, across the province of Ontario, and a smaller-scale survey, at the interface between a mink farm and wild mink.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibodies to AD were detected in 29% of mink (60 of 208 mink sampled); however, seroprevalence was significantly higher in areas closer to mink farms than in areas farther from farms, at both large and small spatial scales. Our results indicate that mink farms act as sources of AD transmission to the wild. As such, it is likely that wild mink across North America may be experiencing increased exposure to AD, via disease transmission from mink farms, which may be affecting wild mink demographics across their range. In light of declining mink populations, high AD seroprevalence within some mink farms, and the large number of mink farms situated across North America, improved biosecurity measures on farms are warranted to prevent continued disease transmission at the interface between mink farms and wild mink populations.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. larissanituch@trentu.ca
authors.forename: Larissa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nituch
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Kaela B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Beauclerc
authors.forename: Albrecht I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Schulte-Hostedde
mesh_terms: D000453:Aleutian Mink Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D016015:Logistic Models; D008907:Mink / Q000821:virology; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies