title: Effect of loading force on the dissolution behavior and surface properties of nickel-titanium orthodontic archwires in artificial saliva.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For orthodontic applications, equiatomic nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires are used to level and align the teeth under bending conditions in the oral environment for long periods. The aim of study was to investigate the influence of bending stress on the nickel release of commercial NiTi orthodontic wires in vitro, simulating the intraoral environment as realistically as possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two types of as-received orthodontic NiTi wires, free of performed internal stress, were immersed in artificial saliva. Half of the NiTi wires were exposed to continuous bending stress throughout the 14-day experimental period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stressed NiTi wires exhibited substantial increases in the nickel release compared with the unstressed specimens during all experimental periods. The highest dissolution rate during the 0 to 1 day incubation period was observed for all stressed specimens. However, a slight increase of nickel released as a function of time was observed in the 3 groups of stressed specimens after 3 days of immersion. For the stressed specimens, it was hypothesized that the bending stress would induce buckling or cracking of the protective oxide film of the NiTi wires. In this study, the mechanism of nickel release was the underlying metal surface reacting with the surrounding environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that bending stress influences the nickel release of NiTi wires. The factor of loading condition with respect to corrosion behavior and passive film should be considered in view of the widespread use of NiTi wires for dental devices.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Jia-Kuang
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tzer-Min
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: I-Hua
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001732:Bite Force; D003343:Corrosion; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D018583:Pliability; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D012995:Solubility; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003722:Dental Alloys; D010087:Oxides; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C040654:titanium nickelide; C013616:nitinol; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium