title: Associations of serum vitamin A and carotenoid levels with markers of prostate cancer detection among US men.
abstract: Associations of serum vitamin A and carotenoid levels with markers of prostate cancer detection were evaluated among 3,927 US men, 40-85 years of age, who participated in the 2001-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Five recommended definitions of prostate cancer detection were adopted using total and free prostate-specific antigen (tPSA and fPSA) laboratory measurements. Men were identified as high risk based on alternative cutoffs, namely tPSA > 10 ng/ml, tPSA > 4 ng/ml, tPSA > 2.5 ng/ml, %fPSA < 25%, and %fPSA < 15%. %fPSA was defined as (fPSA÷tPSA)× 100%. Serum levels of vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters) and carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene) were defined as quartiles and examined as risk/protective factors for PSA biomarkers. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using binary logistic models. After adjustment for known demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle confounders, high serum levels of retinyl esters (tPSA > 10 ng/ml: Q4 vs. Q1 → OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.14-1.00) and α-carotene (%fPSA < 15%: Q4 vs. Q1 → OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.32-0.76) were associated with a lower odds, whereas high serum level of lycopene (tPSA > 2.5 ng/ml: Q4 vs. Q1 → OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.01-2.14) was associated with a greater odds of prostate cancer detection. Apart from the three significant associations observed, no other exposure-outcome association was significant. Monitoring specific antioxidant levels may be helpful in the early detection of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Public Health, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA. baydouha@evms.edu
authors.forename: Hind A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Beydoun
authors.forename: Monal R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shroff
authors.forename: Ravinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: May A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beydoun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D014801:Vitamin A; D002338:Carotenoids; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen