title: Abnormal coactivation of knee and ankle extensors is related to changes in heteronymous spinal pathways after stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abnormal coactivation of leg extensors is often observed on the paretic side of stroke patients while they attempt to move. The mechanisms underlying this coactivation are not well understood. This study (1) compares the coactivation of leg extensors during static contractions in stroke and healthy individuals, and (2) assesses whether this coactivation is related to changes in intersegmental pathways between quadriceps and soleus (Sol) muscles after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen stroke patients and ten healthy individuals participated in the study. Levels of coactivation of knee extensors and ankle extensors were measured in sitting position, during two tasks: maximal isometric voluntary contractions in knee extension and in plantarflexion. The early facilitation and later inhibition of soleus voluntary EMG evoked by femoral nerve stimulation were assessed in the paretic leg of stroke participants and in one leg of healthy participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coactivation levels of ankle extensors (mean ± SEM: 56 ± 7% of Sol EMG max) and of knee extensors (52 ± 10% of vastus lateralis (VL) EMG max) during the knee extension and the ankle extension tasks respectively were significantly higher in the paretic leg of stroke participants than in healthy participants (26 ± 5% of Sol EMG max and 10 ± 3% of VL EMG max, respectively). Early heteronymous facilitation of Sol voluntary EMG in stroke participants (340 ± 62% of Sol unconditioned EMG) was significantly higher than in healthy participants (98 ± 34%). The later inhibition observed in all control participants was decreased in the paretic leg. Levels of coactivation of ankle extensors during the knee extension task were significantly correlated with both the increased facilitation (Pearson r = 0.59) and the reduced inhibition (r = 0.56) in the paretic leg. Measures of motor impairment were more consistently correlated with the levels of coactivation of biarticular muscles than those of monoarticular muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the heteronymous pathways linking quadriceps to soleus may participate in the abnormal coactivation of knee and ankle extensors on the paretic side of stroke patients. The motor impairment of the paretic leg is strongly associated with the abnormal coactivation of biarticular muscles.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain, Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph-Omer
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maupas
authors.forename: Sibele de Andrade
authors.initials: Sde A
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bourbonnais
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Forget
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*