title: Caffeine challenge test and panic disorder: a systematic literature review.
abstract: This systematic review aimed to examine the results of studies that have investigated the induction of panic attacks and/or the anxiogenic effect of the caffeine challenge test in patients with panic disorder. The literature search was performed in PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde and the ISI Web of Knowledge. The words used for the search were caffeine, caffeine challenge test, panic disorder, panic attacks and anxiety disorder. In total, we selected eight randomized, double-blind studies where caffeine was administered orally, and none of them controlled for confounding factors in the analysis. The percentage of loss during follow-up ranged between 14.3% and 73.1%. The eight studies all showed a positive association between caffeine and anxiogenic effects and/or panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology Translational Medicine-INCT-TM (CNPq), Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Alberto Rocha, 200, Vila Dagmar, Belford Roxo, Rio de Janeiro, 26130-170, Brazil. marinavilarim@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marina Machado
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vilarim
authors.forename: Daniele Marano
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rocha Araujo
authors.forename: Antonio Egidio
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nardi
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological; D006801:Humans; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine