title: Perspectives on current tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging of cancers of the colon and rectum.
abstract: Improvements in classifications of cancers based on discovery and validation of important histopathological parameters and new molecular markers continue unabated. Though still not perfect, recent updates of classification schemes in gastrointestinal oncology by the American Joint Commission on Cancer (tumor-node-metastasis [TNM] staging) and the World Health Organization further stratify patients and guide optimization of treatment strategies and better predict patient outcomes. These updates recognize the heterogeneity of patient populations with significant subgrouping of each tumor stage and use of tumor deposits to significantly "up-stage" some cancers; change staging parameters for subsets of IIIB and IIIC cancers; and introduce of several new subtypes of colon carcinomas. By the nature of the process, recent discoveries that are important to improving even routine standards of patient care, especially new advances in molecular medicine, are not incorporated into these systems. Nonetheless, these classifications significantly advance clinical standards and are welcome enhancements to our current methods of cancer reporting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Huankai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krasinskas
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willis
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D012042:Registries; D012107:Research Design