title: Investigating dietary acculturation and intake among US-born and Thailand/Laos-born Hmong-American children aged 9-18 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Hmong are a growing population of South-East Asian immigrants with increasing rates of obesity and diabetes, yet little is known about their dietary consumption patterns. The present study aimed to investigate the dietary intake of Hmong children and whether acculturation and/or time lived in the USA influences dietary intake, BMI and nutritional status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two 24 h dietary recalls were collected on non-consecutive days using the multiple-pass interviewing method and were averaged. Heights and weights were measured, from which BMI was calculated. An acculturation score was computed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schools, churches, Hmong organizations, and community centres.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and thirty-five Hmong children aged 9-18 years from Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately half of our participants were either overweight or obese. US-born children were significantly heavier, taller, had a higher BMI, and in general consumed more energy, saturated fat and Na than those who were born in Thailand/Laos and were living in the USA for <5 years. Children who were more acculturated to US norms including language use, social connections and dietary habits had higher BMI-for-age and consumed significantly more saturated fat, trans fatty acids, Na and Ca compared with their less acculturated counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diets of most Hmong children appear below the recommendations for fibre, vitamins A, D and E, Ca, P, Mg and K, and are higher in fats, sugars and Na. Living in an obesogenic US environment is a probable reason for poor dietary quality of Hmong and may be a contributing factor to the rising rates of obesity and diabetes in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 225 FScN, 1334 Eckles Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108-6099, USA.
authors.forename: Urvashi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mulasi-Pokhriyal
authors.forename: Chery
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franzen-Castle
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D001213:Asian; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007812:Laos / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013785:Thailand / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D012982:Sodium, Dietary