title: Acute asthma in children: treatment in emergency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases, leading to an increased rate of hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this report is to review the current concepts and treatment of asthmatic children, focusing our attention on the treatment of children in a Department of Pediatric Emergency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent respiratory infections, personal or familial allergy, disease severity and young age are important factors leading to hospitalization. However, regular clinical follow-up and use of inhaled corticosteroids, the IgE levels and O2 saturation may reduce the probability of hospitalization during asthma attacks. The diagnosis of asthma in children is based on recognizing a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms and signs, in the absence of an alternative explanation for them. The presence of these factors increases the probability that a child with respiratory symptoms will have asthma. These factors include age at presentation; sex; severity and frequency of previous wheezing episodes; coexistence of atopic disease; family history of atopy; and abnormal lung function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asthma is a chronic condition that often remains uncontrolled for reasons that may be related to the disease process itself, the management decisions of clinicians, the patient's perceptions of disease control or self-management behaviors, the cost of medications, or a combination of all of these factors. To this end, patients with asthma should be educated not to accept a certain level of symptoms or activity limitations as an inevitable consequence of asthma. Both the levels of current impairment and the future risks (of asthma exacerbations or adverse medication effects) should be used to inform decisions about appropriate levels of asthma therapy, and physicians should be aware of the new medication recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy. ppavone@unict.it
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavone
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taibi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nunnari
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Passaniti
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Falsaperla
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000367:Age Factors; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D010100:Oxygen