title: Association of sodium and potassium intake with left ventricular mass: coronary artery risk development in young adults.
abstract: High salt intake may affect left ventricular mass (LVM). We hypothesized that urinary sodium (UNa) and sodium/potassium ratio (UNa/K) are associated with LVM in a predominantly normotensive cohort of young adults. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study is a multicenter cohort of black and white men and women aged 30±3.6 years at the time of baseline echocardiographic examination (1990-1991). 2D guided M-mode LVM indexed to body size (grams per meter(2.7)) was calculated, and UNa and potassium excretion assessed (average of three 24-hour urinary samples, n=1042). Linear and logistic regression analysis was used. Participants were 57% women and 55% black. Only 4% were hypertensive. UNa, urinary potassium, and UNa/K ratios were (mean±SD) 175.6±131.0, 56.4±46.3, and 3.4±1.4 mmol/24 h, respectively. Participants in the highest versus the lowest UNa excretion quartile had the greatest LVM (37.5 versus 34.0 g/m(2.7); P<0.001). Adjusted for age, sex, education, and race, LVM averaged 0.945 g/m(2.7) higher per SD of UNa/K (P=0.001). The relationship between UNa/K and LVM persisted among 399 participants with repeat echocardiographic measures 5 years later. In logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, education, and race, each SD higher baseline UNa/K was associated with 23% and 38% greater chances of being in the highest quartile of LVM at baseline (odds ratio: 1.23; P=0.005) and 5 years later (odds ratio: 1.38; P=0.02). A higher sodium/potassium excretion ratio is significantly related to cardiac structure, even among healthy young adults.
authors.affiliation: Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. crodrigu@wakehealth.edu
authors.forename: Carlos J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bibbins-Domingo
authors.forename: Zhezhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daviglus
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000652:urine; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium