title: Validation of a three-factor measurement model of dyspnea in hospitalized adults with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to validate a 3-factor measurement model of dyspnea sensory quality (WORK-EFFORT, TIGHTNESS, SMOTHERING-AIR HUNGER) originally derived in patients with exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this validation study, adult patients with heart failure were enrolled after hospital admission (median hospital day 1) and asked to rate the intensity of dyspnea sensory quality descriptors on the day of enrollment (study day 1; N = 119) and in a recall version for the day of admission (study day 0; n = 97).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit for both days. Cronbach's α for each factor was greater than .87 for both study days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to validate a previously specified measurement model of dyspnea sensory quality in an independent sample. Results indicate that measurement of dyspnea sensory quality in exacerbated cardiopulmonary disease does not necessarily require disease-specific questionnaires.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. mparshall@salud.unm.edu
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Parshall
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Carle
authors.forename: Unchalee
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ice
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powers
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires