title: Salmonella carriage in adopted children from Mali: 2001-08.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Salmonella spp. are among the most frequently encountered bacterial pathogens in children adopted abroad, especially from developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the carriage of Salmonella in international adoptees over an 84 month period. This screening programme was initiated after serious infections occurred in adopted children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stool samples taken at the first visit to the outpatient adoption practice and subsequently every month from children adopted from an orphanage in Bamako (Mali) and from all members of their adoptive families were screened for Salmonella. Bacteria were characterized by standard biochemical methods, serotyping, disc diffusion antibiograms and PFGE. β-Lactamase genes were sought by PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the study period, 55 families that adopted 61 children from the state orphanage of Bamako were surveyed. Ninety-two Salmonella spp. were isolated from faecal samples from 30 families that had adopted a child. The isolates were all identified as Salmonella enterica of different serovars, Babelsberg and Enteritidis being the most prevalent. PFGE classified the Salmonella isolates into nine genotypic profiles matching with their serovar. Of the 41 non-duplicate isolates, 8 were susceptible to all tested antibiotics and 26 Salmonella isolates produced an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). PCR and DNA sequencing revealed that all the ESBL-producing isolates harboured the bla(TEM-1) gene, 21 isolates harboured in addition the bla(SHV-12) gene and the 5 remaining isolates harboured the bla(CTX-M-15) gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  International adoption may contribute to the global emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella.
authors.affiliation: EA no. 3882-IFR148, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boisramé-Gastrin
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tandé
authors.forename: Marie-Reine
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Münck
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gouriou
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordmann
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naas
mesh_terms: D000300:Adoption; D001483:Base Sequence; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008302:Mali / Q000208:ethnology; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012703:Serotyping; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C473109:beta-lactamase CTX-M-15; C107198:beta-lactamase SHV-12; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C034413:beta-lactamase TEM-1