title: Contribution of exopeptidases to formation of nonprotein nitrogen during ensiling of alfalfa.
abstract: The experiment was conducted to investigate the exopeptidase classes in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) leaves, and to determine their contribution to the formation of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) components during ensiling. Six classes of inhibitors that included bestatin (aminopeptidase inhibitor), potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI, carboxypeptidase inhibitor), 1,10-phenanthroline (dipeptidase inhibitor), diprotin A (dipeptidyl-peptidase inhibitor), butabindide (tripeptidyl-peptidase inhibitor), and dipeptide Phe-Arg (peptidyl-dipeptidase inhibitor) were used. To determine the contribution of each exopeptidase to the formation of NPN products, aqueous extracts of fresh alfalfa were fermented to imitate the proteolytic process of ensiled alfalfa and to ensure that each class of exopeptidase inhibitor would have immediate contact with the proteases in the alfalfa extract. Five classes of exopeptidases; namely, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase, dipeptidyl-peptidase, and tripeptidyl-peptidase, were shown to be present in alfalfa leaves, each playing a different role in alfalfa protein degradation. Aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, and dipeptidase were the main exopeptidases contributing to the formation of NH(3)-N. Among the 5 exopeptidases, tripeptidyl-peptidase appeared to be the principal exopeptidase in hydrolyzing forage protein into peptides, whereas carboxypeptidase and dipeptidase appeared to be more important in contributing to the formation of amino acid-N. Dipeptidyl-peptidase and tripeptidyl-peptidase did not play a role in the formation of NH(3)-N or amino acid-N. Dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase, and tripeptidyl-peptidase were the principal exopeptidases for hydrolyzing forage protein into NPN during ensilage, and treatment with a mixture of the 5 inhibitors reduced the total NPN concentration in the fermented alfalfa extract to about 45% of that in the control after 21 d of fermentation.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: X S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020689:Exopeptidases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000378:metabolism*; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012820:Silage
chemical_list: D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D020689:Exopeptidases