title: Racial differences in arterial stiffness among adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African-American adults demonstrate a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications including myocardial infarction and stroke. Whether similar racial disparities are present to suggest African-Americans adolescents are at higher risk to develop cardiovascular disease is not known. Thus, we compared arterial stiffness, an early marker of cardiovascular disease, in African-American and Caucasian adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, anthropometric, laboratory data, and arterial stiffness measures including pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) were collected in a cross-sectional study of 215 adolescents (average age 18 yr) with type 2 diabetes (55% African-American and 65% female).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to Caucasians, African-Americans had increased PWV (6.21 ± 0.87 vs. 6.96 ± 1.30, p < .01) and AIx (4.44 ± 11.17 vs. 7.64 ± 12.02, p = 0.05). Regression modeling demonstrated age, lipids, blood pressure, and duration of diabetes were differently associated with arterial stiffness in each race group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African-American adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes have increased vascular stiffness than age-matched Caucasians. This process is mediated by different cardiovascular risk factors. These results suggest race-specific risk factor modification may be helpful to prevent early cardiovascular disease in this high risk population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. amy.shah@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: Zhiqian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kimball
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Urbina
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human