title: Cognitive behaviour therapy in medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is not fully treated by psychopharmacological treatment alone. The main aim of the current study was to evaluate a newly developed cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) based group programme, the Reasoning and Rehabilitation for ADHD Youths and Adults (R&R2ADHD), using a randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  54 adults with ADHD already receiving psychopharmacological treatment were randomly allocated to an experimental (CBT/MED) treatment condition (n = 27) and a 'treatment as usual' (TAU/MED) control condition (n = 27) that did not receive the CBT intervention. The outcome measures were obtained before treatment (baseline), after treatment and at three month follow-up and included ADHD symptoms and impairments rated by independent assessors, self-reported current ADHD symptoms, and comorbid problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings suggested medium to large treatment effects for ADHD symptoms, which increased further at three month follow-up. Additionally, comorbid problems also improved at follow-up with large effect sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings give support for the effectiveness of R&R2ADHD in reducing ADHD symptoms and comorbid problems, an improving functions associated with impairment. The implications are that the benefits of R&R2ADHD are multifaceted and that combined psychopharmacological and CBT based treatments may add to and improve pharmacological interventions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ACTRN12611000533998 (http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12611000533998.aspx).
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
authors.forename: Brynjar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Emilsson
authors.forename: Gisli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gudjonsson
authors.forename: Jon F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.forename: Gisli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baldursson
authors.forename: Emil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Einarsson
authors.forename: Halldora
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olafsdottir
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057566:Self Report
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants