title: Evaluation of the in vitro cell-material interactions and in vivo osteo-integration of a spinal acrylic bone cement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymethylmethacrylate bone cements have proven performance in arthroplasty and represent a common bone filler, e.g. in vertebroplasty. However, acrylic cements are still subject to controversy concerning their exothermic reaction and osteo-integration potential. Therefore, we submitted a highly filled acrylic cement to a systematic investigation on the cell-material and tissue-implant response in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cured Vertecem V+ Cements were characterized by electron microscopy. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell morphology, growth and differentiation on the cured cement were followed for 28 days in vitro. The uncured cement was injected in an ovine cancellous bone defect and analysed 4 and 26 weeks post-implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rough surface of the cement allowed for good stem cells adhesion in vitro. Up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase was detected after 8 days of incubation. No adverse local effects were observed macroscopically and microscopically following 4 and 26 weeks of implantation of the cement into drill-hole defects in ovine distal femoral epiphysis. Direct bone apposition onto the implant surface was observed resulting in extended signs of osteo-integration over time (35.2 ± 24.2% and 88.8 ± 8.8% at week 4 and 26, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to the established opinion concerning bony tissue response to implanted acrylic bone cements, we observed an early cell-implant in vitro interaction leading to cell growth and differentiation and significant signs of osteo-integration for this acrylic cement using standardized methods. Few outlined limitations, such as the use of low cement volumes, have to be considered in the interpretation of the study results.
authors.affiliation: AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos Platz, Switzerland. sophie.verrier@aofoundation.org
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verrier
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peroglio
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alini
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005269:Femur / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate