title: Developments in neuroendoscopy: trial of a miniature rigid endoscope with a multidirectional steerable tip camera in the anatomical lab.
abstract: The aim of this study is to assess field of view, usability and applicability of a rigid, multidirectional steerable video endoscope (EndActive) in various intracranial regions relevant to neurosurgical practice. In four cadaveric specimens, frontolateral, pterional, transnasal (to sella and clivus), interhemispheric (transcallosal and retrocallosal) and retrosigmoid approaches as well as precoronal burr holes for ventriculoscopy were performed. Anatomical target structures were defined in each region. We assessed field of view as well as optical and ergonomic features of the prototype. The EndActive is a 4-mm-diameter rigid video (endo)scope with an integral image sensor comprising an embedded light source. The viewing direction in a range of 160° can either be controlled by the computer keyboard or a four-way joystick mounted to the handle section of the endoscope. The endoscopic imaging system allows the operator to simultaneously see both a 160° wide-angle view of the site and an inset of a specific region of interest. The surgeon can hold the device like a microsurgical instrument in one hand and control movements precisely due to its reduced weight and ergonomic shape. The multiplanar variable-view rigid endoscope proved to be useful for following anatomical structures (cranial nerves I-XII). The device is effective in narrow working spaces where movements jeopardize the delicate surrounding structures. The multiplanar variable viewing mechanism in a compact device offers advantages in terms of safety and ergonomics. Improving the usability will probably optimize the applicability of endoscopic techniques in neurosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. florianebner@virgilio.it
authors.forename: Florian H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Ebner
authors.forename: Jakob S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Marquardt
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hirt
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Honegger
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herlan
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatagiba
authors.forename: Martin U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Schuhmann
mesh_terms: D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation; D044582:Neuroendoscopes