title: Arthroscopic-assisted Broström-Gould for chronic ankle instability: a long-term follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lateral ankle sprains account for 85% of ankle lesions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Combined open and arthroscopic procedures could improve the diagnosis and management of intra-articular lesions and allow surgeons to perform minimally invasive anatomic reconstruction of the lateral ligament complex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series; Level of evidence, 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty consecutive patients underwent ankle arthroscopy for recurrent (2 or more episodes) lateral ankle instability unresponsive to nonoperative measures. The clinical diagnosis of mechanical instability was confirmed at imaging (plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and arthroscopic assessment. All patients underwent arthroscopic Broström-Gould repair for management of lateral ankle instability; secondary lesions were also managed. Postoperatively, the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was administered to assess the functional status; clinical examination and conventional radiographs were performed in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients were reviewed at an average postoperative follow-up of 9.8 years. The mean AOFAS score was 90 (range, 44-100) at the last follow-up. No significantly different outcomes were found in patients who had undergone microfractures for management of grade III to IV cartilage lesions compared with patients with no cartilage lesions. Postoperative AOFAS scores were graded as excellent and good in almost all patients (94.7%). Concerning failure rate, 2 patients (5.3%) reported a low AOFAS score: one patient underwent soft tissue removal for anterior impingement, and one received simultaneous medial ankle instability repair.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The arthroscopic Broström-Gould-assisted technique could be a viable alternative to the gold-standard Broström-Gould procedure for anatomic repair of chronic lateral ankle instability and management of intra-articular lesions. Prospective randomized controlled trials are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nery
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raduan
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Buono
authors.forename: Inacio Diogo
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Asaumi
authors.forename: Moises
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017844:Lateral Ligament, Ankle / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult