title: Are nitrogen-containing intravenous bisphosphonates implicated in osteonecrosis of appendicular bones and bones other than the jaws? A survey and literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of osteonecrosis of appendicular bones due to nitrogen-containing intravenous bisphosphonates and the incidence of adverse effects in bones other than the jaws.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed search of the professional medical and dental literature was conducted. In addition, a questionnaire was mailed to all known orthopedic surgery training programs in the United States. Programs were queried as to clinical findings and other various scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a great paucity of literature that addressed the issue. Of the 154 questionnaires mailed, 29 (19%) were returned. Identification was optional; therefore, it was impossible to determine the geographic origin of the returned questionnaires. No orthopedic surgery training program indicated positive findings of osteonecrosis in the long bones due to nitrogen-containing intravenous bisphosphonates. There were rare reports in the literature of osteonecrosis in other areas of the bony skeleton.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of literature searches and national orthopedic questionnaires, there is only a rare incidence of osteonecrosis of the appendicular bones and bones other than the jaws due to nitrogen-containing intravenous bisphosphonates. There were no reports of adverse long bone effects, based on the questionnaires. There were rare reports in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Residency Program Director, and Section Chief, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Christiana Care Health Services, Wilmington, DE, USA. egranite@christianacare.org
authors.forename: Edwin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Granite
mesh_terms: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050281:Bones of Lower Extremity / Q000187:drug effects; D001133:Bones of Upper Extremity / Q000187:drug effects; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates