title: Pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of macular edema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for the treatment of various types of macular edema has been widespread, particularly for the last decade. Currently, there is a scant amount of evidence-based literature evaluating the pharmacokinetic profile of TA despite clinical data showing the efficacy of intravitreal TA for multiple forms of macular edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper is an extensive review of human and experimental studies published on the pharmacokinetics of TA for the treatment of macular edema. The literature search was conducted via OVID, TRIP Database and EMBASE, up to April 2011.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetic profile of TA is unpredictable and the agent has a time-limited therapeutic action due to its relatively short half-life. This has led to the need for repeated injections. Future research should investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of TA when administered intravitreally, as well as through alternate routes in more robust studies.
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, Department of Ophthalmology, 33 Research Way, East Setauket, NY 11733, USA. Taygan.yilmaz@gmail.com
authors.forename: Taygan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cordero-Coma
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Federici
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide