title: Roxatidine suppresses inflammatory responses via inhibition of NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: Roxatidine is a novel, specific, competitive H(2) -receptor antagonist that is used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, and which is known to suppress the growth of several tumors by reducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether roxatidine has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we the authors investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of roxatidine in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. It was found that roxatidine dose-dependently inhibited the productions of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), nitric oxide (NO), and histamine, and the protein and mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and histidine decarboxylase (HDC). In addition, roxatidine reduced the productions and expressions of VEGF-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including those of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and reporter gene assays revealed that treatment with roxatidine attenuated the LPS-induced DNA-binding and transcriptional activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In addition, it was found that pretreatment with roxatidine significantly inhibited the nuclear translocations of the p65 and p50 subunits of NF-κB, and these inhibitions were not found to be associated with decreases in the phosphorylation or degradation of inhibitory kappa B-α (IκBα). Furthermore, roxatidine suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, but not of IκB kinase-α/β (IKKα/β), c-Jun NH(2) -terminal kinase (JNK), or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Taken together, these results indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of roxatidine in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages are mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activity and the p38 MAP kinase pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eu-Jin
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Hyo-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Ji-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Hye-Eun
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Young-Wuk
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Hyung-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Kyung-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010880:Piperidines; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C053742:roxatidine acetate