title: Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of cardiovascular disease prevention in whole populations: modelling study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the potential cost effectiveness of a population-wide risk factor reduction programme aimed at preventing cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Economic modelling analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  England and Wales. Population Entire population. Model Spreadsheet model to quantify the reduction in cardiovascular disease over a decade, assuming the benefits apply consistently for men and women across age and risk groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiovascular events avoided, quality adjusted life years gained, and savings in healthcare costs for a given effectiveness; estimates of how much it would be worth spending to achieve a specific outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A programme across the entire population of England and Wales (about 50 million people) that reduced cardiovascular events by just 1% would result in savings to the health service worth at least £30m (€34m; $48m) a year compared with no additional intervention. Reducing mean cholesterol concentrations or blood pressure levels in the population by 5% (as already achieved by similar interventions in some other countries) would result in annual savings worth at least £80m to £100m. Legislation or other measures to reduce dietary salt intake by 3 g/day (current mean intake approximately 8.5 g/day) would prevent approximately 30,000 cardiovascular events, with savings worth at least £40m a year. Legislation to reduce intake of industrial trans fatty acid by approximately 0.5% of total energy content might gain around 570,000 life years and generate NHS savings worth at least £230m a year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Any intervention that achieved even a modest population-wide reduction in any major cardiovascular risk factor would produce a net cost saving to the NHS, as well as improving health. Given the conservative assumptions used in this model, the true benefits would probably be greater.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, Public Health Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. p.m.barton@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Pelham
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: Lazaros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andronis
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: Klim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capewell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017046:Cost Savings; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D019649:Food Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D006973:Hypertension / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D007881:Legislation, Food; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012307:Risk Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics; D014852:Wales
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary