title: Depression and outcomes in hospitalized Japanese patients with cardiovascular disease. - Prospective single-center observational study-.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have suggested that depression poses a risk in cardiovascular patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of depression and its effect on cardiovascular events and mortality in Japanese inpatients with cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 505 patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disease (28% female; mean age, 61 ± 14 years; 31% ischemic heart disease; 47% New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II-IV; 25% implantation of pacing devices) were enrolled in the present prospective observational study. The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) was used to screen for depression. The primary outcome was the time to death or cardiovascular event, and the secondary outcome was death. In total, 109 patients (22%) were diagnosed with depression (Zung SDS index score ≥ 60). NYHA class III/IV, defibrillator implantation, and being unmarried were independently associated with depression. During an average follow-up period of 38 ± 15 months, 92 patients (18%) reached the primary outcome. There was a higher incidence of the primary outcome in patients with depression than in those who were not depressed (P<0.01). Depressed patients had a significantly higher rate of mortality than non-depressed patients (P<0.01). Depression was an independent predictor of the primary outcome (hazard ratio, 2.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.30-3.92, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression was not uncommon in Japanese inpatients with cardiovascular disease and was associated with cardiovascular outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiga
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Katsuji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hisako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Omori
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishigooka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasanuki
authors.forename: Nobuhisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome