title: Comparative efficacy of two poeciliid fish in indoor cement tanks against chikungunya vector Aedes aegypti in villages in Karnataka, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2006, severe outbreaks of Aedes aegypti-transmitted chikungunya occurred in villages in Karnataka, South India. We evaluated the effectiveness of combined information, education and communication (IEC) campaigns using two potential poeciliid larvivorous fish guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), in indoor cement tanks for Aedes larval control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were conducted in two villages (Domatmari and Srinivaspura) in Tumkur District from March to May 2006 for Poecilia and one village (Balmanda) in Kolar District from July to October 2006 for Gambusia. A survey on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on chikungunya was initially conducted and IEC campaigns were performed before and after fish release in Domatmari (IEC alone, followed by IEC + Poecilia) and Balmanda (IEC + Gambusia). In Srinivaspura, IEC was not conducted. Larval surveys were conducted at the baseline followed by one-week and one-month post-intervention periods. The impact of fish on Aedes larvae and disease was assessed based on baseline and post-intervention observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 18% of respondents knew of the role of mosquitoes in fever outbreaks, while almost all (n = 50 each) gained new knowledge from the IEC campaigns. In Domatmari, IEC alone was not effective (OR 0.54; p = 0.067). Indoor cement tanks were the most preferred Ae. aegypti breeding habitat (86.9%), and had a significant impact on Aedes breeding (Breteau Index) in all villages in the one-week period (p < 0.001). In the one-month period, the impact was most sustained in Domatmari (OR 1.58, p < 0.001) then Srinivaspura (OR 0.45, p = 0.063) and Balmanda (OR 0.51, p = 0.067). After fish introductions, chikungunya cases were reduced by 99.87% in Domatmari, 65.48% in Srinivaspura and 68.51% in Balmanda.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poecilia exhibited greater survival rates than Gambusia (86.04 vs.16.03%) in cement tanks. Neither IEC nor Poecilia alone was effective against Aedes (p > 0.05). We conclude that Poecilia + IEC is an effective intervention strategy. The operational cost was 0.50 (US$ 0.011, 1 US$= 47) per capita per application. Proper water storage practices, focused IEC with Poecilia introductions and vector sanitation involving the local administration and community, is suggested as the best strategy for Aedes control.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Poojanahalli, KannamangalaPost, Devanahalli, Bangalore-562110, Karnataka, India. ghoshmrc@vsnl.net
authors.forename: Susanta K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Preethi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chakaravarthy
authors.forename: Sandhya R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Panch
authors.forename: Pushpalatha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krishnappa
authors.forename: Satyanarayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Vijay P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Ojha
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manjushree
authors.forename: Aditya P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dash
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000821:virology; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000818:Animals; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D065632:Chikungunya Fever; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011036:Poecilia; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014881:Water Supply; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents