title: The Patient Reported Outcomes in Lupus (PATROL) study: role of depression in health-related quality of life in a Southern California lupus cohort.
abstract: This study examines the relationship between psychosocial factors, ethnicity, disease activity and quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-five adult Caucasian and Hispanic lupus patients were recruited from four Southern California medical centers. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation of ethnicity, socioeconomic factors (age, income), and disease activity (patient and physician reported), as well as psychological (depression, internality, helplessness) variables with quality of life (QOL) as measured by the Short Form (SF)-36. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was then used to determine the stepwise contribution of the above determinants on the eight domains of the SF-36 questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression negatively correlated with QOL in both Caucasians (r -0.488 to -0.660) and Hispanics (r -0.456 to -0.723). Patient-reported disease activity was moderately related (r -0.456 to -0.698) to seven of the eight SF-36 domains in Hispanics, and none in Caucasians. Physician-reported disease activity, measured by SLEDAI, did not correlate with QOL among Hispanics or Caucasians. When linear and hierarchical regression was used, depression significantly correlated (p  <  0.0001) with the majority of the SF-36 domains, except general health, while age had a significant effect in only one domain of the SF-36, physical functioning (p  <  0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression, and not disease activity, appears to have a major influence on quality of life in both Hispanic and Caucasian patients in this lupus cohort.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University, California, USA. ioanamold@yahoo.com
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Moldovan
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Katsaros
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooray
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torralba
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinada
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ishimori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Weisman
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nicassio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People