title: Detection of cerebral compromise with multimodality monitoring in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies in traumatic brain injury suggest that monitoring techniques such as brain tissue oxygen (P(BTO₂)) and cerebral microdialysis may complement conventional intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) measurements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study of poor-grade (Hunt and Hess grade IV and V) subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients, we examined the prevalence of brain hypoxia and brain energy dysfunction in the presence of normal and abnormal ICP and CPP.
  
  
  METHODS
  SAH patients who underwent multimodal neuromonitoring and cerebral microdialysis were studied. We examined the frequency of brain hypoxia and energy dysfunction in different ICP and CPP ranges and the relationship between P(BTO₂) and the lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2394 samples from 19 patients were analyzed. There were 149 samples with severe brain hypoxia (P(BTO₂) ≤10 mm Hg) and 347 samples with brain energy dysfunction (LPR >40). The sensitivities of abnormal ICP or CPP for elevated LPR and reduced P(BTO₂) were poor (21.2% at best), and the LPR or P(BTO₂) was abnormal in many instances when ICP or CPP was normal. Severe brain hypoxia was often associated with an LPR greater than 40 (86% of samples). In contrast, mild brain hypoxia (≤20 mm Hg) and severe brain hypoxia were observed in only 53% and 36% of samples with brain energy dysfunction, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that ICP and CPP monitoring may not always detect episodes of cerebral compromise in SAH patients. Our data suggest that several complementary monitors may be needed to optimize the care of poor-grade SAH patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106, USA.
authors.forename: H Isaac
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Stiefel
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oddo
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Milby
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maloney-Wilensky
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frangos
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: W Andrew
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kofke
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: LeRoux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000209:etiology*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010808:Physical Examination; D011312:Pressure; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen