title: Cytokines and neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if selected pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and/or mediators of inflammation reported to be related to the development of cerebral palsy (CP) predict neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely low birth weight infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants with birth weights ≤1000 g (n = 1067) had blood samples collected at birth and on days 3 ± 1, 7 ± 1, 14 ± 3, and 21 ± 3 to examine the association between cytokines and neurodevelopmental outcomes. The analyses were focused on 5 cytokines (interleukin [IL] 1β; IL-8; tumor necrosis factor-α; regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES); and IL-2) reported to be most predictive of CP in term and late preterm infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-8 was higher on days 0-4 and subsequently in infants who developed CP compared with infants who did not develop CP in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Other cytokines (IL-12, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-β, soluble IL rα, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β) were found to be altered on days 0-4 in infants who developed CP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CP in former preterm infants may, in part, have a late perinatal and/or early neonatal inflammatory origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233-7335, USA. wcarlo@peds.uab.edu
authors.forename: Waldemar A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Carlo
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tyson
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ehrenkranz
authors.forename: Seetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: Ronald N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Abhik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schendel
authors.forename: Poul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thorsen
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skogstrand
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hougaard
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Abbot R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Laptook
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duara
authors.forename: Avroy A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fanaroff
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Sheldon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Korones
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Lu-Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Papile
authors.forename: Neil N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Finer
authors.forename: T Michael
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: Brenda B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Poindexter
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Namasivayam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ambalavanan
authors.forename: Rosemary D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000097:blood; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D052577:Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight / Q000097:blood*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009420:Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines