title: Cellular uptake mechanisms and toxicity of quantum dots in dendritic cells.
abstract: Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoparticles with strong fluorescent emission and are novel tools used in biomedical applications, but the toxicity and mechanism of cellular uptake are poorly understood. QD655-COOH (negative charge, 18 nm) consist of a cadmium/selenide core and a zinc sulfide shell with a carboxylic acid coating with an emission wavelength of 655 nm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from porcine blood by gradient centrifugation, and monocytes, which are CD14 positive, were purified. Monocytes were differentiated into dendritic cells (DCs) with GM-CSF and IL-4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monocytes showed cellular uptake of QD655-COOH, while lymphocytes did not. Monocyte differentiation into DCs increased the cellular uptake by sixfold when dosed with 2 nM of QD655-COOH. Transmission electron microscopy depicted QD655-COOH in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of DCs. Twelve endocytic inhibitors demonstrated QD655-COOH endocytosis in DCs, which was recognized by clathrin and scavenger receptors and regulated by F-actin and phospholipase C. In addition, DC maturation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused an increase in QD655-COOH uptake compared with DCs without LPS stimulation. Viability assays, including 96AQ, CCK-8, alamar blue and ApoTox, exhibited minimal toxicity in DCs dosed with QD655-COOH at 24 h. However, glutathione levels showed a significant decrease with 10 nM of QD655-COOH. Finally, QD655-COOH exposure was associated with a decrease in CD80/CD86 expression after LPS stimulation, suggesting suppression with DC maturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings shed light on the mechanism of QD655-COOH uptake in DCs and that cellular uptake pathways are dependent on cell type and cell differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Chemical Toxicology Research & Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Leshuai W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bäumer
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Monteiro-Riviere
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D004705:Endocytosis; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D045663:Quantum Dots; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor