title: Insomnia and daytime sleepiness are risk factors for depressive symptoms in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have reported that insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) may predict depression in adults. However, these associations have not been investigated in community-dwelling elderly taking into account insomnia symptoms, EDS, and sleep medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-year longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The French Three-City Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  3824 subjects aged ≥ 65 years and free of depressive symptoms at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaires were used to evaluate "insomnia symptoms", EDS, and sleep medication at baseline. Depressive symptoms (DEP-s) were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale at baseline, and at 2-year and 4-year follow-up. Logistic regression models controlling for potential confounders were generated to determine whether sleep disturbances were associated with incident DEP-s and to determine the effect of individual insomnia symptoms. Insomnia symptoms and EDS independently increased the risk of incident DEP-s (OR=1.23, 95% CI=1.01-1.49 and OR=2.05, 95% CI=1.30-3.23, respectively). Poor sleep quality and difficulty in initiating and in maintaining sleep-but not early morning awakening-were identified as risk factors of DEP-s, with risk increasing with the frequency of insomnia symptoms. Sleep medication was not only a risk factor for DEP-s independent of insomnia symptoms (OR=1.62, 95% CI=1.26-2.09), but also independent of EDS (OR=1.71 95%=1.33-2.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insomnia symptoms, EDS, and the use of medication independently increase the risk of subsequent depression in the elderly. In clinical practice, disturbed sleep and prolonged use of sleep medication may be early indicators or potentially reversible risk factors for depression, suggesting the need for further clinical interventional research.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1061, Montpellier, F-34000 France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jaussent
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouyer
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ancelin
authors.forename: Tasnime
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akbaraly
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pérès
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Besset
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dauvilliers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D015984:Causality; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires