title: [A historical perspective on the health of boys and male adolescents (1780-2010)].
abstract: In the discourse on health, boys are emerging as a problem group. In contrast to girls who tended to be seen as fragile if not sickly, boys used to be thought of as strong and healthy. Gender-specific concepts stipulated much more exercise for boys, the masturbation discourse prevented a relaxed relationship to the own body. The paper first describes specific problems in the biography (babies, child labour, tuberculosis, school, fitness for military service) and their solutions up to the time of the Weimar Republic. During and after the two world wars school boys tended to be of poorer health than girls. The consequences of war affect the mental health of (half-) orphans gender-non-specifically up to the third generation. After 1945, attention to health concerns is rather restricted to the professional aptitude of mining trainees, health-related risk behaviour tends to be interpreted in terms of gender. Mothers sought medical advice slightly more frequently on behalf of boys up to puberty. Concerning the time between 1780 and 2010 inferior health is often noticeable in boys and male adolescents. This used to, and still does, apply to babies, child labour, industrial work and occupational accidents, conscription and direct consequences of war. It was mostly due to gender-specific separation of labour, but partly also to a higher risk preference. The gender-specific wider scope for exercise and sports up to the 1960s, in contrast, had a health-promoting effect.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Geschichte der Medizin der Robert Bosch Stiftung, Stuttgart. martin.dinges@igm-bosch.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dinges
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000295:Adolescent Medicine / Q000266:history*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005783:Gender Identity; D005858:Germany; D006304:Health Status; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000266:history*; D013240:Stereotyping