title: Communication patterns in a psychotherapy following traumatic brain injury: a quantitative case study based on symbolic dynamics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of psychotherapy in the treatment of traumatic brain injury is receiving increased attention. The evaluation of psychotherapy with these patients has been conducted largely in the absence of quantitative data concerning the therapy itself. Quantitative methods for characterizing the sequence-sensitive structure of patient-therapist communication are now being developed with the objective of improving the effectiveness of psychotherapy following traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The content of three therapy session transcripts (sessions were separated by four months) obtained from a patient with a history of several motor vehicle accidents who was receiving dialectical behavior therapy was scored and analyzed using methods derived from the mathematical theory of symbolic dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of symbol frequencies was largely uninformative. When repeated triples were examined a marked pattern of change in content was observed over the three sessions. The context free grammar complexity and the Lempel-Ziv complexity were calculated for each therapy session. For both measures, the rate of complexity generation, expressed as bits per minute, increased longitudinally during the course of therapy. The between-session increases in complexity generation rates are consistent with calculations of mutual information. Taken together these results indicate that there was a quantifiable increase in the variability of patient-therapist verbal behavior during the course of therapy. Comparison of complexity values against values obtained from equiprobable random surrogates established the presence of a nonrandom structure in patient-therapist dialog (P = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While recognizing that only limited conclusions can be based on a case history, it can be noted that these quantitative observations are consistent with qualitative clinical observations of increases in the flexibility of discourse during therapy. These procedures can be of particular value in the examination of therapies following traumatic brain injury because, in some presentations, these therapies are complicated by deficits that result in subtle distortions of language that produce significant post-injury social impairment. Independently of the mathematical analysis applied to the investigation of therapy-generated symbol sequences, our experience suggests that the procedures presented here are of value in training therapists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. prapp@usuhs.mil
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cellucci
authors.forename: Adele M K
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Montaño
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Korslund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014705:Verbal Behavior