title: Traumatic dental injuries and their association with malocclusion in the primary dentition of Irish children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to establish the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition of Irish children and to investigate the relationship between dental trauma and non-nutritive sucking habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following ethical approval, a variety of schools and crèches in an urban setting were identified and parents of over 1000 children were contacted. Consent was obtained, and parental questionnaires were completed prior to a clinical examination of the children by one operator in a non-dental setting. Signs of previous dental trauma were noted, and overbite and overjet were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight hundred and thirty-nine children were examined. The prevalence of dental trauma was 25.6%, with boys more frequently affected. The most commonly observed dental injury was fracture of enamel (39.4%), followed by crown discolouration (20.2%). Only 38.8% of the children with a reported history of trauma sought dental care. Non-nutritive sucking habits were reported in 63.5% of the sample, and these habits, if prolonged, were significantly associated with anterior open bites and increased overjet (P<0.001). Using regression analysis, it was established that the risk of dental injury is 2.99 times greater if the child has an overjet >6mm and 2.02 times greater if the child has an anterior open bite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-nutritive sucking habits are associated with the establishment of anterior open bite and increased overjet in the primary dentition. These malocclusions are, in turn, significantly associated with an increased prevalence of dental trauma in the primary dentition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public and Child Dental Health, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. eimear.norton@dental.tcd.ie
authors.forename: Eimear
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: O'Connell
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000293:injuries; D003804:Dentin / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005386:Fingersucking; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000453:epidemiology*; D024343:Open Bite / Q000453:epidemiology; D057887:Overbite / Q000453:epidemiology; D041361:Pacifiers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D013391:Sucking Behavior; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000293:injuries; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000453:epidemiology; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000293:injuries*; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data