title: A generalized LSTM-like training algorithm for second-order recurrent neural networks.
abstract: The long short term memory (LSTM) is a second-order recurrent neural network architecture that excels at storing sequential short-term memories and retrieving them many time-steps later. LSTM's original training algorithm provides the important properties of spatial and temporal locality, which are missing from other training approaches, at the cost of limiting its applicability to a small set of network architectures. Here we introduce the generalized long short-term memory(LSTM-g) training algorithm, which provides LSTM-like locality while being applicable without modification to a much wider range of second-order network architectures. With LSTM-g, all units have an identical set of operating instructions for both activation and learning, subject only to the configuration of their local environment in the network; this is in contrast to the original LSTM training algorithm, where each type of unit has its own activation and training instructions. When applied to LSTM architectures with peephole connections, LSTM-g takes advantage of an additional source of back-propagated error which can enable better performance than the original algorithm. Enabled by the broad architectural applicability of LSTM-g, we demonstrate that training recurrent networks engineered for specific tasks can produce better results than single-layer networks. We conclude that LSTM-g has the potential to both improve the performance and broaden the applicability of spatially and temporally local gradient-based training algorithms for recurrent neural networks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. dmonner@cs.umd.edu
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monner
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Reggia
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D013997:Time Factors