title: Toxicological evaluation of the effects of 2-stroke auto-rickshaw smoke solutions on wound healing.
abstract: Vehicle exhaust from traffic is a widespread air pollutant. The use of 3-wheel auto-rickshaws powered by a 2-stroke engine is widespread in south Asia; exhaust from these vehicles may cause different types of toxicities resulting in different pathologies. The aim of this study was to explore the association between exposure to 2-stroke auto-rickshaw smoke solution (2SARSS) and wound healing. The in vivo model of wound healing was customized to evaluate different stages of wound healing: dermal matrix regeneration, re-epithelialization, and neovascularization. A total of 72 adult mice were divided into 8 groups and exposed to 2SARSS for 12 days. A highly significant reduction (p<0.001) in wound closure was observed among all 2SARSS-treated groups at day 8 post-wounding. Histological examination revealed a significant delay in the outcome of re-epithelialization, dermal matrix regeneration, and maturation of collagen bundles among all 2SARSS-exposed wounds. Delayed activation of neovascularization was seen in the 2SARSS-treated groups at day 12 post-wounding. The Abbot curve, angular spectrum, and several other 3D surface parameters of reverse wound topographies revealed a highly significant reduction (p<0.001) in angiogenesis. These results demonstrate that application of 2SARSS causes a substantial delay in the progression of angiogenesis, resulting in delayed onset of wound healing. These observations validate the damaging effects of 2SARSS on wound healing. Thus, people who are directly or indirectly exposed to this toxic exhaust are expected to have delayed wound healing, which could result in chronic wounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Angiogenesis and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ejaz
authors.forename: Aqeela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Sidra Abdul
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bari
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.forename: Chae Woong
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Bumseok
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kim