title: Mechanisms of gap gene expression canalization in the Drosophila blastoderm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extensive variation in early gap gene expression in the Drosophila blastoderm is reduced over time because of gap gene cross regulation. This phenomenon is a manifestation of canalization, the ability of an organism to produce a consistent phenotype despite variations in genotype or environment. The canalization of gap gene expression can be understood as arising from the actions of attractors in the gap gene dynamical system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In order to better understand the processes of developmental robustness and canalization in the early Drosophila embryo, we investigated the dynamical effects of varying spatial profiles of Bicoid protein concentration on the formation of the expression border of the gap gene hunchback. At several positions on the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo, we analyzed attractors and their basins of attraction in a dynamical model describing expression of four gap genes with the Bicoid concentration profile accounted as a given input in the model equations. This model was tested against a family of Bicoid gradients obtained from individual embryos. These gradients were normalized by two independent methods, which are based on distinct biological hypotheses and provide different magnitudes for Bicoid spatial variability. We showed how the border formation is dictated by the biological initial conditions (the concentration gradient of maternal Hunchback protein) being attracted to specific attracting sets in a local vicinity of the border. Different types of these attracting sets (point attractors or one dimensional attracting manifolds) define several possible mechanisms of border formation. The hunchback border formation is associated with intersection of the spatial gradient of the maternal Hunchback protein and a boundary between the attraction basins of two different point attractors. We demonstrated how the positional variability for hunchback is related to the corresponding variability of the basin boundaries. The observed reduction in variability of the hunchback gene expression can be accounted for by specific geometrical properties of the basin boundaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We clarified the mechanisms of gap gene expression canalization in early Drosophila embryos. These mechanisms were specified in the case of hunchback in well defined terms of the dynamical system theory.
authors.affiliation: Theoretical Department, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St, Petersburg, 194021 Russia. gursky@math.ioffe.ru
authors.forename: Vitaly V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Gursky
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Panok
authors.forename: Ekaterina M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Myasnikova
authors.lastname: Manu
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Samsonova
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinitz
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Samsonov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001756:Blastoderm / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017344:Genes, Insect / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D013997:Time Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C056478:bcd protein, Drosophila; C061245:hb protein, Drosophila