title: Lack of activation of renal functional reserve predicts the risk of significant renal involvement in systemic sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if defective activation of renal functional reserve (RFR) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) without clinical signs of renal involvement predicts the risk of developing clinically relevant renal damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight normotensive SSc patients with normal renal function and no urinary abnormalities were submitted to an intravenous amino acid load to activate RFR. Nineteen patients (six with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc)) had an RFR activation defect, while nine (two with dcSSc) showed normal RFR. All patients were followed up for 5 years, with periodic evaluation of renal function, urinary protein excretion and systemic blood pressure (BP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At admission, patients with normal RFR had lower BP than those with abnormal RFR; no age, disease duration or creatinine clearance (CCr) differences were found. Five years later, patients with abnormal RFR showed, with respect to basal values, a significantly higher CCr reduction than patients with normal RFR (mean percent decrease 15.4 ± 9.5 vs 2.6 ± 3.8, p<0.001). Among patients with abnormal RFR, 13 (68.4%) showed a CCr reduction of ≥ 2 ml/min/year, with a final CCr of ≤ 70 ml/min in eight cases; two patients developed microalbuminuria and 10 grade 1 or 2 systemic hypertension. Significant CCr reduction rates were found in eight patients with high BP and in five patients who remained normotensive. No patient with normal RFR had proteinuria or high BP during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of RFR activation is an early sign of renal involvement in SSc, and is a harbinger of an increased risk of developing renal insufficiency and systemic hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 18, I-50139 Firenze, Italy. rlivi@unifi.it
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Livi
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guiducci
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perfetto
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciuti
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grifoni
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galluccio
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moggi Pignone
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matucci Cerinic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*