title: Neurobiological correlates of cognitions in fear and anxiety: a cognitive-neurobiological information-processing model.
abstract: We review likely neurobiological substrates of cognitions related to fear and anxiety. Cognitive processes are linked to abnormal early activity reflecting hypervigilance in subcortical networks involving the amygdala, hippocampus, and insular cortex, and later recruitment of cortical regulatory resources, including activation of the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex to implement avoidant response strategies. Based on this evidence, we present a cognitive-neurobiological information-processing model of fear and anxiety, linking distinct brain structures to specific stages of information processing of perceived threat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA. shofmann@bu.edu
authors.forename: Stefan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Kristen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ellard
authors.forename: Greg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Siegle
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology