title: Quantitative radiologic criteria for the diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beside symptoms and clinical signs radiological findings are crucial in the diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). We investigate which quantitative radiological signs are described in the literature and which radiological criteria are used to establish inclusion criteria in clinical studies evaluating different treatments in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed in Medline, Embase and the Cochrane library to identify papers reporting on radiological criteria to describe LSS and systematic reviews investigating the effects of different treatment modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  25 studies reporting on radiological signs of LSS and four systematic reviews related to the evaluation of different treatments were found. Ten different parameters were identified to quantify lumbar spinal stenosis. Most often reported measures for central stenosis were antero-posterior diameter (< 10 mm) and cross-sectional area (< 70 mm(2)) of spinal canal. For lateral stenosis height and depth of the lateral recess, and for foraminal stenosis the foraminal diameter were typically used. Only four of 63 primary studies included in the systematic reviews reported on quantitative measures for defining inclusion criteria of patients in prognostic studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for consensus on well-defined, unambiguous radiological criteria to define lumbar spinal stenosis in order to improve diagnostic accuracy and to formulate reliable inclusion criteria for clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Horten Centre for patient oriented research and knowledge transfer, University Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. johann.steurer@usz.ch
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steurer
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roner
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gnannt
authors.forename: Juerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodler
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed