title: Effects of one-year swimming training on blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in mild hypertensive young patients.
abstract: Swimming is a lifestyle intervention recommended by many clinicians in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Yet, not all studies have agreed that swimming training can reduce blood pressure (BP). Inclusion of normotensive subjects could be a confounder for discrepancies among studies. In this one-year longitudinal study, long-term effects of swimming training on BP were investigated in 7 mild hypertensive patients (systolic BP (SBP) > 140 mmHg) and 16 normotensive controls. At baseline, these subjects (aged 21.5 +/- 0.1 years) did not participate in any form of sport training activity for the previous 3 months before enrollment into the training program. The training distance progressed from 0 (baseline) to 7 kilometers per week. BP and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were determined under fasted condition at baseline and 48 h after the last swimming bout. The hypertensive patients displayed significantly greater HOMA-IR than age-matched normotensive controls. When data of all subjects were pooled, plasma glucose concentration was only slightly lowered after training, but weight, height, body mass index, SBP, diastolic BP (DBP) and HOMA-IR values were not significantly altered. However, when observation was restricted to the hypertensive patients, swimming training significantly lowered SBP by approximately 17 mmHg, concurrent with 41% reduction in HOMA-IR. Intriguingly, SBP in the normotensive subjects was elevated by approximately 6 mmHg after training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study found normalization rather than universal reduction effect of swimming training on BP. Furthermore, the BP-lowering effect of training in hypertensive patients appears to be associated with improvement in insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Hua
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chih-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shin-Da
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shih-Chang
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chia-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose