title: Role of oxidative stress in hypoxia preconditioning of cells transplanted to the myocardium: a molecular imaging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cell-based therapies are a potential therapeutic alternative for the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, transplanted cells undergo significant death in the living subject. Hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) is a potential intervention to increase transplanted cell survival. However, the biological mechanisms of this benefit remain unclear. We hypothesize that the beneficial effect of HPC on stem cell survival is in part due to preservation of oxidant status, an effect that will be monitored using state-of-the-art molecular imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts expressing the construct CMV-firefly luciferase (h9c2-fluc), with and without HPC, were exposed to hypoxia, and oxidative stress and cell survival were measured. Subsequently, H9c2-fluc cells, with and without HPC, were injected into the myocardium of rats and cell survival was monitored daily with Bioluminescence (BLI) using a CCD camera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to controls, cells exposed to hypoxia had increased amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS, control: 14.1±0.9 vs. hypoxia: 19.5 ± 2.0 RFU/µg protein, P=0.02) and decreased cell survival (control: 0.29 ± 0.005 vs. hypoxia: 0.24 ± 0.005 OD, P<0.001). HPC treatment decreased the amount of hypoxia-induced ROS (HPC: 11.5 ± 0.7RFU/µg protein, P=0.002 vs. hypoxia and P=0.11 vs. control), associated with improved survival (HPC: 0.27 ± 0.004OD/µg protein, P=0.002 vs. hypoxia and P=0.005 vs. control). Most importantly, compared to un-conditioned cells, HPC-cells had increased cell survival after transplantation to the myocardium (C: 34.7 ± 6.7% vs. HPC: 83.4 ± 17.5% at day 5 compared to day 1, P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The beneficial effect of HPC is in part due to preservation of oxidant status. Molecular imaging can assess changes in cell survival in the living subject and has the potential to be applied clinically.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Porcel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly