title: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) and depression: cause or effect?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both nausea and vomiting and depression are common conditions affecting women during pregnancy. Several studies have linked depression with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP); however, researchers were unable to determine whether depression was caused by NVP or by a pre-existing condition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether NVP is associated with depression in women with no history of depression prior to pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, observational, longitudinal study. Women with no diagnosis of depression who contacted The Motherisk Program prior to becoming pregnant or were at < 6 weeks gestation were enrolled in the study. Each woman was interviewed at 8, 11, 18, 30 weeks gestation and at 6-18 weeks post-partum. At each interview, we administered the EDPS, Wellbeing and PUQE questionnaires and analyzed the data for correlation between depression and NVP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were analyzed obtained from 57 women. There were five EPDS scores ≥13 (one at baseline and two each at weeks 8 and 11) considered indicative of depression and 11 cases with PUQE scores ≥7, indicative of moderate-high severity of NVP. We did not find an association between high PUQE scores and high EPDS scores and conversely, there was no relationship between high EPDS scores and high PUQE scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No association between depressive symptoms and NVP was observed; however, our sample size was very small and further studies could be done with a larger population of pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: The Motherisk Program, The Hospital forSick Children, Toronto, Canada. einarson@sickkids.ca
authors.forename: Pina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bozzo
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Einarson
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koren
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Einarson
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009325:Nausea / Q000196:embryology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*