title: Factors affecting exposure to nicotine and carbon monoxide in adult cigarette smokers.
abstract: Exposure to cigarette smoke among smokers is highly variable. This variability has been attributed to differences in smoking behavior as measured by smoking topography, as well as other behavioral and subjective aspects of smoking. The objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting smoke exposure as estimated by biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO). In a multi-center cross-sectional study of 3585 adult smokers and 1077 adult nonsmokers, exposure to nicotine and CO was estimated by 24h urinary excretion of nicotine and five of its metabolites and by blood carboxyhemoglobin, respectively. Number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) was determined from cigarette butts returned. Puffing parameters were determined through a CreSS® micro device and a 182-item adult smoker questionnaire (ASQ) was administered. The relationship between exposure and demographic factors, smoking machine measured tar yield and CPD was examined in a statistical model (Model A). Topography parameters were added to this model (Model B) which was further expanded (Model C) by adding selected questions from the ASQ identified by a data reduction process. In all the models, CPD was the most important and highest ranking factor determining daily exposure. Other statistically significant factors were number of years smoked, questions related to morning smoking, topography and tar yield categories. In conclusion, the models investigated in this analysis, explain about 30-40% of variability in exposure to nicotine and CO.
authors.affiliation: Altria Client Services Inc., 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
authors.forename: Raheema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muhammad-Kah
authors.forename: Qiwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frost-Pineda
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Roethig
authors.forename: Mohamadi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarkar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013638:Tars / Q000032:analysis; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000963:Antimetabolites; D015415:Biomarkers; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D012906:Smoke; D013638:Tars; C024746:tobacco tar; D009538:Nicotine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin