title: A comparison of Epidural Butorphanol and Tramadol for Postoperative Analgesia Using CSEA Technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post operative analgesia in patients undergoing lower limb surgery is very essential for immediate postoperative pain relief which can be provided by oral or parentral medication, epidural analgesia, local blocks etc.The study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of epidural butorphanol and tramadol for postoperative pain relief. PATIENTS #ENTITYSTARTX00026;
  
  
  METHODS
  This was randomized, prospective, double blind study was conducted on 60 patients, ASA grade I&II, age 18-60 undergoing lower limb surgeries after approval from hospital ethics committee. Group allocation - Group I I (n=30) received 2 mg butorphanol as bolus epidurally, 1 mg for top up dose. Group II (n=30) received 100mg tramadol as bolus, 50 mg for top up. All the drugs were diluted to 10 ml normal saline & the observer was blinded to the drugs given. Postoperatively VAS, sedation score, vitals & side effects were observed. Top ups were given on achieving VAS>4. Diclofenac 75mg was given as rescue analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of analgesia was 5.35±0.29 hr and 6.25±1.58 hrs in Butorphanol and Tramadol groups respectively and the difference was found to be statistically significant. Pain scores were also significantly lower statistically in Group I as compared to Group II. Sedation scores were significantly higher in butorphanol group, whereas nausea vomiting was seen in tramadol group only (4 patients).No other side effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both butorphanol and tramadol were effective for relieving postoperative pain, however quality of analgesia & patient satisfaction was more with butorphanol.
authors.affiliation: Professor & Head, Dept. of Anaesthesia, SGRDIMS & R, Amritsar - 143001, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Simmerpreet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Saru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Aujla