title: Depression and psychological distress in tobacco smokers and people with cannabis dependence in the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine changes in the prevalence of affective disorders and psychological distress among smokers and people with cannabis dependence between 1997 and 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of the 1997 and 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Composite International Diagnostic Interview generated diagnoses of cannabis dependence and affective disorders based on criteria of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Logistic regressions examined the relationship between affective disorders, psychological distress and (i) smoking status (current, former and never-smoker) and (ii) cannabis dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Affective disorders and psychological distress were more common among smokers than non-smokers and among cannabis-dependent participants in both years. The prevalence of affective disorders and psychological distress among smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers did not change between 1997 and 2007. Psychological distress and affective disorders were more common in cannabis-dependent participants in 2007 than in 1997.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Affective disorders were more common in current than never-smokers and in people with cannabis dependence than without. We did not find strong evidence that the prevalence of these disorders changed in smokers between 1997 and 2007, but we did find such evidence in cannabis-dependent people.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. r.mathews@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Rebecca R S
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Coral E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gartner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult