title: Sulfinylated azadecalins act as functional mimics of a pollen germination stimulant in Arabidopsis pistils.
abstract: Polarized cell elongation is triggered by small molecule cues during development of diverse organisms. During plant reproduction, pollen interactions with the stigma result in the polar outgrowth of a pollen tube, which delivers sperm cells to the female gametophyte to effect double fertilization. In many plants, pistils stimulate pollen germination. However, in Arabidopsis, the effect of pistils on pollen germination and the pistil factors that stimulate pollen germination remain poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that stigma, style, and ovules in Arabidopsis pistils stimulate pollen germination. We isolated an Arabidopsis pistil extract fraction that stimulates Arabidopsis pollen germination, and employed ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization (ESI), Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) and MS/MS techniques to accurately determine the mass (202.126 Da) of a compound that is specifically present in this pistil extract fraction. Using the molecular formula (C10H19NOS) and tandem mass spectral fragmentation patterns of the m/z (mass to charge ratio) 202.126 ion, we postulated chemical structures, devised protocols, synthesized N-methanesulfinyl 1- and 2-azadecalins that are close structural mimics of the m/z 202.126 ion, and showed that they are sufficient to stimulate Arabidopsis pollen germination in vitro (30 μm stimulated approximately 50% germination) and elicit accession-specific response. Although N-methanesulfinyl 2-azadecalin stimulated pollen germination in three species of Lineage I of Brassicaceae, it did not induce a germination response in Sisymbrium irio (Lineage II of Brassicaceae) and tobacco, indicating that activity of the compound is not random. Our results show that Arabidopsis pistils promote germination by producing azadecalin-like molecules to ensure rapid fertilization by the appropriate pollen.
authors.affiliation: The School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wysocki
authors.forename: Arpad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Somogyi
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feinstein
authors.forename: Jessica Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.forename: Damayanthi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunatunga
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gang
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ravishankar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palanivelu
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013045:Species Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013454:Sulfoxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011804:Quinolines; D013454:Sulfoxides