title: Elevated cystatin C levels predict the incidence of vasospastic angina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystatin C, a marker for early stage chronic kidney disease, has been shown to be involved in cardiovascular disease. The relationship between serum cystatin C levels and coronary vasospastic angina (VSA), however, remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether elevated cystatin C levels predict the incidence of VSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and ten patients were referred to hospital due to suspected VSA. VSA was evoked in 59 patients by a vasospasm provocation test with administration of acetylcholine into the coronary arteries. The patients with VSA had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a higher history of cigarette smoking, higher levels of triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and higher cystatin C levels compared with those without VSA. There were no differences in serum creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate between patients with and without VSA. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that history of smoking (odds ratio, 2.956 P<0.05) and cystatin C levels (odds ratio, 2.285; P<0.01) were independently associated with the incidence of VSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated cystatin C levels were associated with higher incidence of VSA, suggesting that mild renal dysfunction may be implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Funayama
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamabuchi
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Otaki
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Netsu
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishino
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arimoto
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shishido
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nitobe
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kubota
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003329:Coronary Vasospasm / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C