title: Viral weapons of membrane destruction: variable modes of  membrane penetration by non-enveloped viruses.
abstract: Significant progress has recently been obtained in our understanding of cellular entry by nonenveloped viruses (NEVs). A key step in the entry process involves the disruption or remodeling of the limiting cell membrane allowing the virus to gain access to the cellular replication machinery. Biochemical, genetic and structural data from diverse virus groups have shed light on the process of membrane penetration thereby revealing both the conservation and divergence of the mechanisms and principles governing this process. In general, membrane breach is achieved via the highly regulated spatiotemporal exposure of a virally encoded membrane lytic factor, resulting in the transfer of the viral genome or nucleocapsid into the cytosol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Crystal L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Moyer
authors.forename: Glen R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Nemerow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014771:Virion / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D053586:Virus Internalization; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014764:Viral Proteins