title: Impact of a multipronged education strategy on antibiotic prescribing in Quebec, Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotic overuse and resistance have become a major threat in the last 2 decades. Many programs tried to optimize antibiotic consumption in the inpatient setting, but the outpatient environment that represents the bulk of antibiotic use has been challenging. Following a significant rise of Clostridium difficile infections, all the health care stakeholders in the province of Quebec, Canada initiated a global education program targeting physicians and pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  A bundle approach was used; 11 user-friendly guidelines were produced by a group of experts and sent to all physicians and pharmacists in Quebec in January 2005. Downloadable versions of guidelines were posted on a dedicated Web site. They were promoted by professional organizations, universities, and experts during educational events, and there was strong acceptance by the pharmaceutical industry with a willingness to follow the recommendations in their marketing. The Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS) database was used to analyze and compare Quebec's total outpatient prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants with those in the other Canadian provinces for 2 time periods: preintervention (January 2003 to December 2004), and postintervention (February 2005 to December 2007).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2004, antibiotic consumption per capita was 23.3% higher in Canada generally than in Quebec. After the guidelines dissemination, the gap between Quebec and the other Canadian provinces increased by 4.1 prescriptions/1000 inhabitants (P = .0002), and the trend persisted 36 months later. Antibiotic costs fell $134.5/1000 inhabitants in Quebec compared with the rest of Canada (P = .054).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation of guidelines significantly reduced antibiotic prescriptions in Quebec compared with the rest of the country, and there was a strong trend toward significant cost reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. weisscan@aol.com
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lantin
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gaudet
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D004513:Education, Pharmacy, Continuing; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D010045:Outpatients; D010595:Pharmacists; D010820:Physicians; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000191:economics; D011792:Quebec; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents