title: Tendon phenotype should dictate tissue engineering modality in tendon repair: a review.
abstract: Advancements in the technical aspects of tendon repair have significantly improved the treatment of tendon injuries. Arthroscopic techniques, suture material, and improved rehabilitation have all been contributing factors. Biological augmentation and tissue engineering appear to have the potential to improve clinical outcomes as well. After review of the physiology of tendon repair, three critical components of tissue engineering can be discerned: the cellular component, the carrier vehicle (matrix or scaffold), and the bioactive component (growth factors, platelet rich plasma). These three components are discussed with regard to each of three tendon types: Intra-synovial (flexor tendon), extra-synovial (Achilles tendon), and extra-synovial tendon under compression (rotator cuff). Scaffolds, biologically enhanced scaffolds, growth factors, platelet rich plasma, gene therapy, mesenchymal stem cells, and local environment factors in combination or alone may contribute to tendon healing. In the future it may be beneficial to differentiate these modes of healing augmentation with regard to tendon subtype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, North Shore University Hospital-LIJ, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gott
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ast
authors.forename: Lewis B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catanzano
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Razzano
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Grande
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D010641:Phenotype; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014945:Wound Healing