title: Intensity, perception, and descriptive characteristics of chronic pain in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with cerebral palsy (CP) experience bodily pain, leading to functional impairment and decreased quality of life. The purpose of this study is to characterize subjective descriptors of chronic pain in children with CP.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-seven children were invited to participate in a quantitative pilot survey. Parents were mailed the Varni-Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire, designed to assess three dimensions of pain: sensory (physical aspects), affective (emotional response), and evaluative (the combined intensity of the emotional and physical responses). Parents assessed their child's pain using non-verbal and verbal cues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two families responded (33% return rate). Thirty-eight children ages 6-8 years with CP and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-V were included. Ninety percent of families reported that their child was experiencing some pain at the time of the survey. At the time of assessment the children's pain was mild. Their pain, at its worst, was in the distressing range. The two largest GMFCS groups of children, levels I and IV, were compared in both severity and intensity of pain experienced. Increasing intensity of pain was reported in children in the level IV group compared to children classified as level I. Pain severity in all dimensions was reported as increasing in Level IV children compared to Level I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with CP experience frequent pain, which increases with worsening impairment. Descriptive qualifiers of pain help to elucidate the etiology of various types of pain which would lead to the development of more effective approaches to pain management and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Houlihan
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Quinlan
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Puryear
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stevenson