title: Reappraising the surface anatomy of the pterion and its relationship to the middle meningeal artery.
abstract: Despite its clinical importance, the surface anatomy of the pterion is inconsistently reported. This study reappraises the surface marking of the pterion and its relationship to the middle meningeal artery (MMA). The position and morphology of the pterion were analyzed in the Frankfurt plane in 76 adult skulls and 50 adult cranial cone beam CT scans. Relationship to the anterior branch of the MMA was examined in the skulls. Measurement reproducibility was assessed in a 20% randomly selected sample. In the skulls, the majority of pteria were sphenoparietal (78%), followed by epipteric (16%) and frontotemporal (5%). The center of the pterion was a mean of 26 ± 4 mm behind and 11 ± 4 mm above the posterolateral margin of the frontozygomatic suture; measurements were reproducible and consistent between sides and genders. Distances from the frontozygomatic suture were slightly greater (29 and 16 mm, respectively) in cranial CTs. A one centimeter circle centered on the midpoint of the pterion overlapped the anterior branch of the MMA in 68% of skulls; the artery was a few millimeters posterior in the remainder. Mean skull thickness at the midpoint of the pterion was 4.4 mm compared to 1 mm at its thinnest point in the squamous temporal bone. In conclusion, in most adults, the pterion lies within a one centimeter diameter circle 2.6 cm behind and 1.3 cm above the posterolateral margin of the frontozygomatic suture (which is easily palpable in vivo). This region overlaps the anterior branch of the MMA in two-thirds of cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Siyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Louisa J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Baillie
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008576:Meningeal Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult