title: Virtual elastic sphere processing enables reproducible quantification of vessel stenosis at CT and MR angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate a user-friendly tool to enable efficient, accurate, and reproducible quantification of blood vessel stenosis in computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic data sets.
  
  
  METHODS
  All clinical experiments were approved by the institutional review board, and informed patient consent was acquired. Animal experiments were approved by the governmental review committee on animal care. A virtual elastic sphere passes through a blood vessel specified by user-provided start and end points, and the adapting diameter over the course of the vessel is recorded. The program was tested in phantoms to determine the accuracy of diameter estimation, and it was applied in micro-CT data sets of mice with induced vessel stenosis. Dual-energy CT angiography and MR angiography were performed in 16 patients with carotid artery stenosis, and reproducibility and required reader time of this automated technique were compared with manual measurements. Additionally, the effect of dual-energy CT-based discrimination between iodine- and calcium-based enhancement was investigated. Differences between carotid artery diameters of mice and between automated and manual measurement durations were assessed with a paired t test. Reproducibility of stenosis scores was evaluated with the Fisher z test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phantom diameters were determined with an average error of 0.094 mm. Diameters of normal and injured carotid arteries of mice were significantly different (P < .01). For patient data, automated interreader variability was significantly (P < .01) lower than manual intra- and interreader variability, while time efficiency was improved (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The virtual elastic sphere tool is applicable to CT, dual-energy CT, and MR angiography, and it improves reproducibility and efficiency over that achieved with manual stenosis measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH-Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gremse
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grouls
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palmowski
authors.forename: Twan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grüll
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mühlenbruch
authors.forename: Shamima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schober
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kiessling
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*