title: Morphology engineering--osmolality and its effect on Aspergillus niger morphology and productivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is a widely used strain in a broad range of industrial processes from food to pharmaceutical industry. One of the most intriguing and often uncontrollable characteristics of this filamentous organism is its complex morphology, ranging from dense spherical pellets to viscous mycelia depending on culture conditions. Optimal productivity correlates strongly with a specific morphological form, thus making high demands on process control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In about 50 2L stirred tank cultivations the influence of osmolality on A. niger morphology and productivity was investigated. The specific productivity of fructofuranosidase producing strain A. niger SKAn 1015 could be increased notably from 0.5 to 9 U mg(-1) h(-1) around eighteen fold, by increasing the culture broth osmolality by addition of sodium chloride. The specific productivity of glucoamylase producing strain A. niger AB1.13, could be elevated using the same procedure. An optimal producing osmolality was shown to exist well over the standard osmolality at about 3.2 osmol kg(-1) depending on the strain. Fungal morphology of all cultivations was examined by microscope and characterized by digital image analysis. Particle shape parameters were combined to a dimensionless Morphology number, which enabled a comprehensive characterization of fungal morphology correlating closely with productivity. A novel method for determination of germination time in submerged cultivations by laser diffraction, introduced in this study, revealed a decelerated germination process with increasing osmolality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through the introduction of the versatile Morphology number, this study provides the means for a desirable characterization of fungal morphology and demonstrates its relation to productivity. Furthermore, osmolality as a fairly new parameter in process engineering is introduced and found to affect fungal morphology and productivity. Osmolality might provide an auspicious and reliable approach to increase the productivity in industrial processes. Because of the predictable behavior fungal morphology showed in dependence of osmolality, a customization of morphology for process needs seems feasible.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wucherpfennig
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hestler
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krull
mesh_terms: D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005087:Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008853:Microscopy; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D005087:Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase