title: Cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum in 3 patients with 2009 Influenza A(H1N1)v severe pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1)v pneumonia has led to a notable increase of admissions to intensive care units. A cytokine-mediated inflammatory response has been well documented in pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, few studies have focused on the role of these inflammatory mediators in infections caused by the Influenza A (H1N1)v. In this study, we assess the inflammatory response mediated by cytokines at the local and systemic levels in three cases of severe pneumonia caused by Influenza A (H1N1) virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were obtained from three mechanically ventilated patients diagnosed with Influenza A (H1N1) virus pneumonia by bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage.  Levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) were meassured in these samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  High levels of C Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin below 1 ng/ml and absence of leukocytosis were common findings in all patients. TNFα and IL-1ß were not detected in the serum. IL-6 levels in serum were (94, pg/ml, 77 pg/ml and 84 pg/ml) respectively in the three patients, while IL-8 levels were (30,2 pg/ml, 128 pg/ml and 40,5 pg/ml). In the BAL samples, only one of the analysed cytokines, IL-1ß was present at detectable levels in two patients (21 pg/ml and 11 pg/ml respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support previous findings which suggest that high levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in serum somehow participate in the inflammatory response in severe cases of pandemic influenza pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Jerez, Spain. litoestella@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines