title: The pattern of learned visual improvements in adult amblyopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although amblyopia is diagnosed in terms of a monocular letter acuity loss, individuals typically present with deficits on a wide range of spatial tasks. Many of these deficits can be collapsed along two basic visual dimensions (visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) that together account for most of the variability in performance of the amblyopic visual system. In this study, this space was exploited, to target the main deficits and fully characterize the pattern of learned visual improvements in adult amblyopic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six amblyopic subjects (mean age, 39 ±12 years) were trained on one of four tasks, categorized as either visual acuity (letter or grating acuity) or contrast sensitivity (letter or grating contrast) tasks. Performance was measured on all tasks before and after training, to quantify learning along each dimension and generalization to the other dimension. Performance in 35 visually normal subjects (mean, age 24 ± 5 years) was used to establish normal variation in visual performance along each dimension, against which the learned improvements in amblyopic subjects was compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Training on the contrast sensitivity tasks produced substantial within-task learning and generalization to measures of visual acuity. The learned improvements in performance after training on the letter acuity task were also substantial, but did not generalize to contrast sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mapping the pattern of learning onto the known deficit space for amblyopia enabled the identification of tasks and stimulus configurations that optimized learning, guiding further development of learning-based interventions in this clinical group.
authors.affiliation: Visual Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom. andrew.astle@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Astle
authors.forename: Ben S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Paul V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: McGraw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult