title: ¹¹C-labeled analogs of indomethacin esters and amides for brain cyclooxygenase-2 imaging: radiosynthesis, in vitro evaluation and in vivo characteristics in mice.
abstract: There is great potential in the use of positron emission tomography (PET) and suitable radiotracers for the study of cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2) enzyme in living subjects. In the present study, we prepared and evaluated five ¹¹C-labeled ester and amide analogs derived from indomethacin as potential PET imaging agents for the in vivo visualization of the brain COX-2 enzyme. Five ¹¹C-labeled COX-2 inhibitors, with different lipophilicities and moderate COX-2 inhibitory activity, were prepared by treatment of the corresponding O-desmethyl precursors with [¹¹C]methyl triflate and purified by HPLC (radiochemical yields of 55-71%, radiochemical purity of >93%, and the specific activities of 22-331 GBq/µmol). In mice, radioactivity in the brain for all radiotracers was low, with very low brain-to-blood ratios. A clear inverse relationship was observed between brain uptake at 1 min postinjection and the lipophilicity (experimental log P₇.₄) of the studied ¹¹C-radiotracers. Pretreatment of mice with cyclosporine A to block P-glycoproteins caused a significant increase in brain uptake of radioactivity following injection of the ¹¹C-radiotracer compared to control. HPLC analysis showed that each radiotracer was rapidly metabolized, and a few metabolites, which were more polar than the original radiotracers, were found in both plasma and brain. No specific binding of the tracers towards the COX-2 enzyme in the brain was clearly revealed by in vivo blocking study. Further structural refinement of the tracer agent is necessary for better enhancement of brain uptake and for sufficient metabolic stability.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toyohara
authors.forename: Kiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishiwata
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011485:Protein Binding; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D004952:Esters; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D007213:Indomethacin