title: Short communication: reference values for blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows: effects of parity, stage of lactation, and season of production.
abstract: Confidence intervals for blood parameters used for nutritional and metabolic profile testing in cattle were calculated for clinically normal lactating Holstein cows, taking into account the effects of parity, stage of lactation, and season. Blood samples were collected from 740 cows in 33 Italian dairy herds according to a predefined protocol. Herds were visited during summer and the following winter, sampling 12 lactating cows at each visit (4 primiparous and 8 multiparous). Six cows were selected from the early-lactation group (days in milk: 10 to 89) and the other 6 were selected from the mid-lactation group (days in milk: 90 to 215). Cow selection criteria excluded animals clinically exposed to periparturient diseases as well as animals not considered in good health by a veterinary clinical examination. For each blood variable, outliers were identified and discarded. Data were then analyzed for their Gaussian distribution and variables with not normal distribution were log-transformed to adjust for lack of normality. Herd mean values were calculated for each blood parameter according to 3 main classification factors: parity (primiparous vs. multiparous), stage of lactation (early vs. mid) and season of production (summer vs. winter). The resulting data set was statistically analyzed using a mixed model with the fixed effects of these factors, their interactions, and the random effect of herd. General 95% confidence intervals were calculated for blood variables that showed a relevant herd variance component such as albumin, triglycerides, aspartate, urea, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, direct and total bilirubin, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. For the remaining parameters, specific confidence intervals were calculated for each level of the significant main factors. Parity affected blood concentration of total protein, globulin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase, creatinine kinase, and phosphorus. Blood nonesterified fatty acids, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, creatinine kinase and cholesterol were influenced by stage of lactation. The season of production had a significant effect on total protein, globulin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, sodium, and chlorine. The outcomes of this work will improve the accuracy of the biochemical profile as a tool for dairy practitioners to assess the metabolic status of lactating Holstein cows.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy. giulio.cozzi@unipd.it
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cozzi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ravarotto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottardo
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stefani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Contiero
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brscic
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dalvit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D010298:Parity / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins