title: An overview of triple infection with hepatitis B, C and D viruses.
abstract: Viral hepatitis is one of the major health problems worldwide, particularly in South East Asian countries including Pakistan where hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are highly endemic. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is also not uncommon world-wide. HCV, HBV, and HDV share parallel routes of transmission due to which dual or triple viral infection can occur in a proportion of patients at the same time. HBV and HCV are important factors in the development of liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition to LC and HCC, chronic HDV infection also plays an important role in liver damage with oncogenic potential.The current article reviews the available literature about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, replication, disease outcome, treatment and preventive measures of triple hepatitis infection by using key words; epidemiology of triple infection, risk factors, awareness status, treatment and replication cycle in PubMed, PakMediNet, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Google Scholar. Total data from 74 different studies published from 1983 to 2010 on triple hepatitis infections were reviewed and included in this study. The present article briefly describes triple infection with HCV, HBV and HDV.
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig Lahore-53700, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mehwish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.forename: Muhamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Idrees
authors.forename: Hifza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanwal
authors.forename: Firoz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kabir
mesh_terms: D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods; D015897:Comorbidity; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission; D003699:Hepatitis D / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission; D003698:Hepatitis Delta Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology