title: Growing backwards: an inverted role for the shrimp ortholog of vertebrate myostatin and GDF11.
abstract: Myostatin (MSTN) and growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF11) are closely related proteins involved in muscle cell growth and differentiation as well as neurogenesis of vertebrates. Both MSTN and GDF11 negatively regulate their functions. Invertebrates possess a single ortholog of the MSTN/GDF11 family. In order to understand the role of MSTN/GDF11 in crustaceans, the gene ortholog was identified and characterized in the penaeid shrimp Penaeus monodon. The overall protein sequence and specific functional sites were highly conserved with other members of the MSTN/GDF11 family. Gene transcripts of pmMstn/Gdf11, assessed by real-time PCR, were detected in a variety of tissue types and were actively regulated in muscle across the moult cycle. To assess phenotypic function in shrimp, pmMstn/Gdf11 gene expression was downregulated by tail-muscle injection of sequence-specific double-stranded RNA. Shrimp with reduced levels of pmMstn/Gdf11 transcripts displayed a dramatic slowing in growth rate compared with control groups. Findings from this study place the MSTN/GDF11 gene at the centre of growth regulation in shrimp, but suggest that, compared with higher vertebrates, this gene has an opposite role in invertebrates such as shrimp, where levels of gene expression may positively regulate growth.
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Genetics Research Program, School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Santis
authors.forename: Nicholas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Dean R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jerry
authors.forename: Nigel P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Brett D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Glencross
authors.forename: Melony J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sellars
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D003445:Crustacea / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018978:Molting / Q000235:genetics; D055435:Myostatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors; D055435:Myostatin