title: An international perspective on peritoneal dialysis among indigenous patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review utilization rates, outcomes, and barriers to peritoneal dialysis (PD) in indigenous peoples from an international perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were obtained from Medline and EMBASE and from author name and reference searches. Data from census bureaus and renal registries in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States were used. Studies were included if they contained information on utilization of, outcomes of, or barriers to PD in indigenous populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2007, of all prevalent PD patients, 7.0%, 5.1%, 28.2%, and 1.3% in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States respectively were of indigenous background. The proportions of prevalent renal replacement therapy patients on PD reflected the national rates-New Zealand being the highest at 0.29, and the United States the lowest at 0.05. Mortality was generally higher in indigenous than in non-indigenous PD patients. Variations in mortality study results likely reflect differences in the definitions of explanatory variables such as rurality and in the availability of local specialty care services. Technique failure and peritonitis rates were higher among indigenous than among non-indigenous patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The less favorable outcomes in indigenous PD patients across countries may, in part, be a manifestation of reduced access to resources. Understanding the effects of socio-economic, geographic, cultural, and language issues, and of health literacy discrepancies on various aspects of PD education, training, and outcomes can potentially identify ways in which outcomes might be improved among indigenous patients on PD.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. suma.prakash@case.edu
authors.forename: Suma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prakash
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044382:Population Groups