title: Reduced memory CD4+ T-cell generation in the circulation of young children may contribute to the otitis-prone condition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An explanation for the immunologic dysfunction that causes children to be prone to repeated episodes of acute otitis media (AOM) has long been sought. Poor antibody response has been associated with the otitis-prone condition; however, there is no precise mechanistic explanation for this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-otitis-prone and otitis-prone children with AOM or nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization caused by either Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae were compared for pathogen-specific CD4(+) T-helper memory responses by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells using 6 vaccine candidate S. pneumoniae and 3 H. influenzae protein antigens. Samples were analyzed by multi-parameter flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly reduced percentages of functional CD45RA(Low) memory CD4(+) T cells producing specific cytokines (interferon γ, interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4 and IL-17a) were observed in otitis-prone children following AOM and NP colonization with either S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G responses to the studied protein antigens were reduced, which suggests that antigen-specific B-cell function may be compromised as a result of poor T-cell help. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulated similar cytokine patterns in memory CD4(+)T cells in both groups of children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Otitis-prone children have suboptimal circulating functional T-helper memory and reduced IgG responses to S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae after colonization and after AOM; this immune dysfunction causes susceptibility to recurrent AOM infections.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York 14621, USA.
authors.forename: Sharad K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Janet R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pichichero
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000276:immunology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000276:immunology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial