title: Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, gender and smoking status. The Tromsø Staph and Skin Study.
abstract: Vitamin D induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides with activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, we studied the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and S. aureus nasal colonization and carriage. Nasal swabs, blood samples and clinical data from 2,115 women and 1,674 men, aged 30-87 years, were collected in the Tromsø Staph and Skin Study 2007-08, as part of the population-based sixth Tromsø Study. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were stratified by recognized risk factors for S. aureus carriage: sex, age and smoking. In non-smoking men, we observed a 6.6% and 6.7% decrease in the probability of S. aureus colonization and carriage, respectively, by each 5 nmol/l increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001), and serum 25(OH)D > 59 nmol/l and ≥75 nmol/l as thresholds for ~30% and ~50% reduction in S. aureus colonization and carriage. In non-smoking men aged 44-60 years, the odds ratio for S. aureus colonization was 0.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.69) in the top tertile of serum 25(OH)D versus the bottom tertile. In women and smokers there were no such associations. Our study supports that serum vitamin D is a determinant of S. aureus colonization and carriage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway. karina.olsen@unn.no
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Falch
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Danielsen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johannessen
authors.forename: J U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Ericson Sollid
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thune
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grimnes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jorde
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: A-S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Furberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D