title: Carbon dioxide as an intravascular imaging agent: review.
abstract: Patients with renal impairment and/or contrast allergies pose a challenge with regard to diagnostic evaluations. CO(2) may serve as a suitable alternative intravascular contrast agent in these patients with arteriographic applications, including evaluation of peripheral vascular disease, and venographic applications, such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure, to name a few. Unique properties of CO(2), such as low viscosity, lack of an allergic reaction, and renal toxicity, have afforded it its diagnostic capabilities. However, certain properties of CO(2) also pose a technical challenge in terms of its delivery. Although it remains a relatively safe alternative contrast agent, potential adverse effects have been reported and exist.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Radiology, Birmingham, AL, USA. Bpatel@uabmc.edu
authors.forename: Bhavik N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Baljendra S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: Peyman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borghei
authors.forename: Nemil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lockhart
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide