title: A preliminary evaluation of the DDT contamination of sediments in lakes Natron and Bogoria (Eastern Rift Valley, Africa).
abstract: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is still used in Africa for the indoor control of malaria and it may represent a potential hazard for wildlife. The littoral sediments of two alkaline-saline lakes, Natron (Tanzania) and Bogoria (Kenya), in the Eastern Rift Valley, supporting large populations of lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor), were analysed for DDT residues. Physical-chemical analyses (temperature, conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen) were also performed on the water of the two lakes and in the tributaries of Lake Natron, to evaluate the influence of the environmental variables on pollutant occurrence. At Lake Natron, around 1 km from the sediment collection sites, tree leaves of Acacia tortilis were also collected. The main metabolite found in all sediment samples was pp'DDE, whilst equal concentrations of pp'DDT and pp'DDE were measured in acacia leaves. The levels of DDTs measured in the sediments were within 5.9-30.9 ng g(-1) d.w., reaching the maximum value in a tributary of Lake Natron. On the whole, the contamination of Lake Natron and Lake Bogoria basins seems to be quite moderate. Nevertheless, the pp'DDE/pp'DDT ratio equals 1 in the Acacia tortilis leaves, which makes one suppose that the input of the parent compound was rather recent and could have been from aerial transport or dust from relatively close-by old pesticides storage sites.
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy. roberta.bettinetti@uninsubria.it
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettinetti
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quadroni
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crosa
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dickie
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kyalo
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mavuti
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galassi
mesh_terms: D000045:Acacia / Q000737:chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity; D007630:Kenya; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D013636:Tanzania; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D003634:DDT