title: Update on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and tic disorders: a review of the current literature.
abstract: Tic disorders impact quality of life, but when they are co-occurring with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the combined impact takes a toll on psychosocial functioning and adds another layer of complexity to treatment approaches. A review of the current literature supports evidence of a unique relationship between comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and tic disorders, emphasizing the intricate phenotype and impairment associated with these co-occurring conditions. The complexity of these symptoms requires careful diagnosis and appropriate treatment as determined by the level of impairment and can include pharmacotherapy, behavioral interventions, or a combination of therapies. To achieve the greatest benefits in improving quality of life and eliminating further comorbidity, an ideal treatment plan would include a comprehensive evaluation as well as a hierarchical treatment approach involving education of the child, family, and teachers; careful medication management; and cognitive and behavioral training.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Rothman Center for Pediatric Neuropsychiatry, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Tanya K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life; D013981:Tic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy