title: Risk of coronary heart disease events over 15 years among older adults with depressive symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether depression status is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) events, defined as CHD death or nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (MI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  An urban primary care practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand seven hundred twenty-eight adults (71.4% women, 65.5% black), age 60 years and older, who were screened for depression between 1991 and 1993.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressive symptom severity at baseline was assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Data regarding baseline demographic and clinical variables, as well as laboratory evidence of acute MI, were obtained from an electronic medical record system. All-cause mortality and CHD death were determined from the National Death Index through 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 423 (15.5%) participants reported elevated symptoms of depression (CES-D score ≥16). During the 13 to 16 years of follow-up, 1,646 (60.3%) individuals died from any cause, and 727 (26.6%) died from CHD or suffered an acute MI. Cox proportional hazards models revealed that individuals with elevated depressive symptoms were more likely to experience a CHD event, even after adjustment for demographics and comorbid health conditions (relative risk = 1.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-1.77). Depression status was also a significant predictor of all-cause mortality in adjusted models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the longest prospective study to date to examine depression status as an independent risk factor for CHD among a cohort of older adults including large numbers of women and underrepresented minorities. The present findings underscore the need to consider depression as a common and modifiable risk factor for CHD events among older adults.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Indiana University, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jesse C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Stump
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Callahan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report