title: Investigation on the enantioselectivity of the sulfation of the methylenedioxymethamphetamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine using the substrate-depletion approach.
abstract: Different pharmacokinetic properties are known for the two enantiomers of the entactogen 3,4-methylendioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), most likely due to enantioselective metabolism. The aim of the present work was 1) the investigation of the main sulfotransferases (SULT) isoenzymes involved in the sulfation of the main MDMA phase I metabolites 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (DHMA) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) and 2) the evaluation of a possible enantioselectivity of this phase II metabolic step. Therefore, racemic DHMA and HMMA were incubated with heterologously expressed SULTs, and quantification of the sulfates by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was conducted. Because separation of DHMA and HMMA sulfate could not be achieved by liquid chromatography, enantioselective kinetic parameters were determined using the substrate-depletion approach with enantioselective quantification of substrate consumption by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 catalyzed sulfation of DHMA, and SULT1A3 and SULT1E1 catalyzed sulfation of HMMA. SULT1A1 and SULT1E1 revealed classic Michaelis-Menten kinetics, whereas SULT1A3 kinetics showed deviation from the typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, resulting in a concentration-dependent self-inhibition. SULT1A3 showed the highest affinity and capacity of the SULT isoforms. Marked enantioselectivity could be observed for S-DHMA sulfation by SULT1A3 and in human liver cytosol, whereas no differences were observed for HMMA sulfation. Finally, comparison of K(m) and V(max) values calculated using achiral product formation and chiral substrate depletion showed good correlation within 2-fold of each other. In conclusion, preferences for S-enantiomers were observed for DHMA sulfation, but not for HMMA sulfation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Building 46, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Schwaninger
authors.forename: Markus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D007773:Lactates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D050216:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I; D050217:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism*; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D007773:Lactates; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D013431:Sulfates; C079646:4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine; D008694:Methamphetamine; C005434:atrolactic acid; C000989:3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid; D015238:Sulfotransferases; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine