title: A minimally-invasive rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed ischemic injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Double-injection models of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats are the most effective in producing vasospasm, delayed neurological deficits and infarctions. However, they require two large surgeries to expose the femoral artery and the atlanto-occipital membrane. We have developed a minimally-invasive modification that prevents confounding effects of surgical procedures, leakage of blood from the subarachnoid space and minimizes risk of infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats are anesthetized and the ventral tail artery is exposed through a small (5 mm), midline incision, 0.2 mL of blood is taken from the artery and gentle pressure is applied for hemostasis. The rat is flipped prone, and with the head flexed to 90 degrees in a stereotactic frame, a 27G angiocath is advanced in a vertical trajectory, level with the external auditory canals. Upon puncturing the atlanto-occipital membrane, the needle is slowly advanced and observed for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A syringe withdraws 0.1 mL of CSF and the blood is injected into the subarachnoid space. The procedure is repeated 24 hours later by re-opening the tail incision. At 8 days, the rats are euthanized and their brains harvested, sectioned, and incubated with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rats develop neurological deficits consistent with vasospasm and infarction as previously described in double-injection models. Cortical and deep infarctions were demonstrated by TTC staining and on histopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A minimally invasive, double-injection rat model of SAH and vasospasm is feasible and produces neurological deficits and infarction. This model can be used to study neuroprotective treatments for vasospasm and delayed neurological deficits following SAH, reducing the confounding effects of surgical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dusick
authors.forename: Brandon C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Azim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laiwalla
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krahl
authors.forename: Nestor R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Gonzalez