title: Does antiretroviral therapy improve HIV-associated cognitive impairment? A quantitative review of the literature.
abstract: The development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved survival for those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but whether ART improves cognitive functioning remains unclear. The aim of the present review was to examine systematically the extent to which ART improves cognition among individuals with HIV using meta-analytic methods. Twenty-three studies were included in the quantitative review. ART was associated with modest improvements in attention (mean d = .17; p < .001; 95% confidence interval [CI], .09/.25), executive function (mean d = .18; p < .001; 95% CI, .10/.26), and motor function (mean d = .24; p < .001; 95% CI, .16/.32). ART did not improve language, verbal memory, visual memory or visuospatial function. The extent to which cognition improved was correlated with the change in CD4 cell count following ART, suggesting a link between cognitive outcome and immune system integrity. Together, the present findings indicate that the neuropsychological test performance of most HIV patients taking ART is comparable to those not taking ART. Development of pharmaceutical treatments and rehabilitation strategies that target the cognitive effects of HIV infection is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Timour
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Al-Khindi
authors.forename: Konstantine K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Zakzanis
authors.forename: Wilfred G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: van Gorp
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents