title: Auditory feedback control of vocal pitch during sustained vocalization: a cross-sectional study of adult aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Auditory feedback has been demonstrated to play an important role in the control of voice fundamental frequency (F(0)), but the mechanisms underlying the processing of auditory feedback remain poorly understood. It has been well documented that young adults can use auditory feedback to stabilize their voice F(0) by making compensatory responses to perturbations they hear in their vocal pitch feedback. However, little is known about the effects of aging on the processing of audio-vocal feedback during vocalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, we recruited adults who were between 19 and 75 years of age and divided them into five age groups. Using a pitch-shift paradigm, the pitch of their vocal feedback was unexpectedly shifted ±50 or ±100 cents during sustained vocalization of the vowel sound/u/. Compensatory vocal F(0) response magnitudes and latencies to pitch feedback perturbations were examined. A significant effect of age was found such that response magnitudes increased with increasing age until maximal values were reached for adults 51-60 years of age and then decreased for adults 61-75 years of age. Adults 51-60 years of age were also more sensitive to the direction and magnitude of the pitch feedback perturbations compared to younger adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that the pitch-shift reflex systematically changes across the adult lifespan. Understanding aging-related changes to the role of auditory feedback is critically important for our theoretical understanding of speech production and the clinical applications of that knowledge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhaocong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jeffery A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Dongfeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Hanjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult