title: Diclofenac-enriched artificial sediment induces oxidative stress in Hyalella azteca.
abstract: Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used in Mexico where it is sold over the counter. It enters water bodies through municipal and industrial discharges, posing a risk to water systems and aquatic organisms. Diclofenac-enriched artificial sediment was used to evaluate the toxicity of this pharmaceutical on the sentinel species Hyalella azteca, using oxidative stress biomarkers in order to determine if the set of tests used in this study is a suitable early damage biomarker. The median lethal concentration (72-h LC(50)) was determined and oxidative stress was evaluated using lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content to evaluate oxidized protein content, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. All biomarkers were significantly altered. Diclofenac induces oxidative stress in H. azteca and the set of tests used (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, antioxidant enzyme activities) constitutes an adequate early damage biomarker for evaluating the toxicity of this pharmaceutical group in aquatic species.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Dennis Gloria Carolina
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Oviedo-Gómez
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
authors.forename: Celene
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Razo-Estrada
authors.forename: Leobardo Manuel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Oliván