title: Mitochondrial antioxidants alleviate oxidative and nitrosative stress in a cellular model of sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a sepsis model of human endothelial cells (HUVEC) to study mitochondrial function during normoxic (21% O(2)) and hypoxic (1% O(2)) conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When stimulated with a LPS cocktail, HUVEC displayed an increase of nitric oxide (NO) in normoxic and hipoxic conditions, being higher at 21% O(2). LPS-activation for 24 h at 1% O(2) increased ROS production, which was reversed with the mitochondrial antioxidant Mitoquinone (MQ) and Glutathione Ethyl Ester (GEE). Activated cells displayed diminished mitochondrial O(2) consumption with specific inhibition of Complex I, accompanied by increase in tyrosine nitration and Type II NOS protein expression, effects which were recovered by antioxidants and/or with L-NAME. These parameters varied with O(2) environment, namely inhibition of respiration observed in both O(2) environments at 24 h was very similar, whereas O(2) consumption rate fell earlier in 1% O(2)-exposed cells. While no significant differences were detected at earlier time points, at 24 h tyrosine nitration was higher in normoxic vs. hypoxic cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mitochondria are heavily implicated in sepsis. Mitochondrial antioxidants provide a mechanistic model for the development of potential therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Nadezda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Apostolova
authors.forename: Remedios
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Bou
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Mijares
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herance
authors.forename: Milagros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Victor
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009243:NAD / Q000032:analysis; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D015538:Nitrosation / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000032:analysis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004731:Endotoxins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009243:NAD; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C044101:endotoxin, Escherichia coli; D005978:Glutathione; D010100:Oxygen; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester