title: Rapid and sensitive detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chlorinated water and aerosols targeting gyrB gene using real-time PCR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For the rapid detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from chlorinated water and aerosols, gyrB gene-based real-time PCR assay was developed and investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two novel primer sets (pa722F/746MGB/899R and pa722F/746MGB/788R) were designed using the most updated 611 Pseudomonas and 748 other bacterial gyrB genes for achieving high specificity. Their specificity showed 100% accuracy when tested with various strains including clinical isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. The assay was tested with Ps. aeruginosa-containing chlorinated water and aerosols to simulate the waterborne and airborne transmission routes (detection limit 3·3 × 10² CFU per PCR-2·3 × 10³ CFU per PCR). No chlorine interference in real-time PCR was observed at drinking water level (c. 1 mg l⁻¹), but high level of chorine (12 mg l⁻¹) interfered the assay, and thus neutralization was needed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in aerosol was successfully detected after capturing with gelatin filters with minimum 2 min of sampling time when the initial concentration of 10⁴ CFU ml⁻¹ bacteria existed in the nebulizer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A highly specific and rapid assay (2-3 h) was developed by targeting gyrB gene for the detection of Ps. aeruginosa in chlorinated water and aerosols, combined with optimized sample collection methods and sample processing, so the direct DNA extraction from either water or aerosol was possible while achieving the desired sensitivity of the method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new assay can provide timely and accurate risk assessment to prevent Ps. aeruginosa exposure from water and aerosol, resulting in reduced disease burden, especially among immune-compromised and susceptible individuals. This approach can be easily utilized as a platform technology for the detection of other types of micro-organisms, especially for those that are transmitted via water and aerosol routes, such as Legionella pneumophila.
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. jlee@cph.osu.edu
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wetzel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wozniak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D054879:Halogenation; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D060766:Drinking Water; D027081:DNA Gyrase