title: Biological sex and panic-relevant anxious reactivity to abrupt increases in bodily arousal as a function of biological challenge intensity.
abstract: An emerging pattern of results from panic-relevant biological challenge studies suggests women respond with greater subjective anxiety than men, but only to relatively abrupt and intense challenge procedures. The current investigation examined the relation between biological sex and self-reported anxious reactivity following biological challenges of varying durations and intensity. Participants were 285 (152 females; M(age) = 21.38; SD = 5.92) nonclinical adults who completed one of three protocols: a 3-min voluntary hyperventilation challenge (VH), a 5-min 10% carbon dioxide-enriched air (CO(2)) challenge, or a 25-s 20% CO(2) challenge. As predicted, results indicated that the 20% CO(2) challenge elicited greater self-reported anxiety than the VH and 10% CO(2) challenges. Moreover, women endorsed greater anxious reactivity than men, but only following the 20% CO(2) challenge. Results are discussed in terms of processes likely to account for sex differences in anxious reactivity following relatively abrupt and intense biological challenges.
authors.affiliation: Intervention Sciences Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Department of Psychology, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA. lbunaciu@uark.edu
authors.forename: Liviu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bunaciu
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Feldner
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Babson
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
authors.forename: Georg H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Eifert
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010200:Panic / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide