title: Protective effects of hydrogen saline on diabetic retinopathy in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in the working population of the developed countries and also a significant cause of blindness in the elderly. This study aimed at examining the protective effect of H(2) saline on diabetic retinopathy in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 groups as follows: (1) nondiabetic control group (non-DM control); (2) diabetic control group (DM control); and (3) diabetic rats receiving H(2) saline therapy (DM H(2) saline). Rats in DM H(2) saline group were intraperitoneally injected with H(2) saturated saline (5 mL/kg) every day for 4 weeks. Retinal vascular permeability was assessed by measuring Evans blue leakage into the retina. Retinal apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and measuring caspase-3 activity. Retinal thickness was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that H(2) saline treatment could depress the caspase activity, reduce the retinal apoptosis, and vascular permeability. The H(2) saline could also prominently attenuate the retinal parenchyma thickening that resulted from diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary studies indicated that H(2) saline may have potentials in the clinical treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Scientific Research, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jiajun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ruobing
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jianmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Weigang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Runping
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013311:Streptozocin
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013311:Streptozocin; D006859:Hydrogen; D053148:Caspase 3