title: Atlas of the muscle motor points for the lower limb: implications for electrical stimulation procedures and electrode positioning.
abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the uniformity of the muscle motor point location for lower limb muscles in healthy subjects. Fifty-three subjects of both genders (age range: 18-50 years) were recruited. The muscle motor points were identified for the following ten muscles of the lower limb (dominant side): vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis of the quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus of the hamstring muscles, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, lateral and medial gastrocnemius. The muscle motor point was identified by scanning the skin surface with a stimulation pen electrode and corresponded to the location of the skin area above the muscle in which an electrical pulse evoked a muscle twitch with the least injected current. For each investigated muscle, 0.15 ms square pulses were delivered through the pen electrode at low current amplitude (<10 mA) and frequency (2 Hz). 16 motor points were identified in the 10 investigated muscles of almost all subjects: 3 motor points for the vastus lateralis, 2 motor points for rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior, 1 motor point for the remaining muscles. An important inter-individual variability was observed for the position of the following 4 out of 16 motor points: vastus lateralis (proximal), biceps femoris (short head), semimembranosus, and medial gastrocnemius. Possible implications for electrical stimulation procedures and electrode positioning different from those commonly applied for thigh and leg muscles are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Botter
authors.forename: Gianmosè
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oprandi
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lanfranco
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allasia
authors.forename: Nicola A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Maffiuletti
authors.forename: Marco Alessandro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Minetto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000716:Anatomy, Artistic; D001271:Atlases as Topic; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult