title: Evidence-based recommendations for monitoring safety of second generation antipsychotics in children and youth.
abstract: The use of antipsychotics, especially second generation antipsychotics (SGAs), for children with mental health disorders in Canada has increased dramatically over the past five years. These medications have the potential to cause major metabolic and neurological complications with chronic use.
  
  
  
  Our objective was to synthesize the evidence for specific metabolic and neurological side effects associated with the use of SGAs in children and make evidence-based recommendations for the monitoring of these side effects.
  
  
  
  We performed a systematic review of controlled clinical trials of SGAs in children. Recommendations for monitoring SGA safety were made according to a classification scheme based on the GRADE system. When there was inadequate evidence to make recommendations, recommendations were based on consensus and expert opinion. A multi-disciplinary consensus group reviewed all relevant evidence and came to consensus on recommendations.
  
  
  
  Evidence-based recommendations for monitoring SGA safety are provided in the guideline. The strength of recommendations for specific physical examination maneuvers and laboratory tests are provided for each SGA medication at specific time points.
  
  
  
  Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have established the efficacy of many of the SGAs in pediatric mental health disorders. These benefits however do not come without risk; both metabolic and neurological side effects occur in children treated with these SGAs. The risk of weight gain, increased BMI and abnormal lipids appears greatest with olanzapine, followed by clozapine and quetiapine. The risk of neurological side effects of treatment appears greatest with risperidone, olanzapine and aripiprazole. Appropriate monitoring procedures for adverse effects will improve the quality of care of children treated with these medications.
authors.affiliation: The Canadian Alliance for Monitoring Effectiveness and Safety of Antipsychotics in Children (CAMESA) Guideline Project. tmprings@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pringsheim
authors.forename: Constadina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panagiotopoulos
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ho