title: Relationship between Temperament, Depression, Anxiety, and Hopelessness in Adolescents: A Structural Equation Model.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the validity of affective temperaments for predicting psychiatric morbidity and suicide risk, using a two-factor model to explain the relationships between temperament, anxiety, depression, and hopelessness. We investigated 210 high school students, 103 males and 107 females, 18-19 years old, who were administered self-report questionnaires to assess temperament (TEMPS-A), depression (BDI-II), anxiety (STAI) and hopelessness (BHS). The final structural model had a good fit with the data, with two factors significantly correlated, the first labeled unstable cyclothymic temperament including Dysthymic/Cyclothymic/Anxious temperament, Irritable temperament and Depression, and the second labeled Demoralization including Anxiety (State/Trait) and Hopelessness. Depression, anxiety and hopelessness are in a complex relationship partly mediated by temperament.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Functions, Suicide Prevention Center, Department of Psychiatry, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 1035 Via di Grottarossa, 00189 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iliceto
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Niolu
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rihmer
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Candilera
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi