title: Risk for suicidal ideation in the U.S. Air Force: an ecological perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Suicidal members of the U.S. military often fail to disclose their suicidal urges and behaviors. Military suicide prevention efforts may therefore be enhanced if they also target less stigmatized psychosocial factors that may decrease risk of suicidality. In keeping with Bronfenbrenner's (1977, 1994) model, this study simultaneously examined 4 ecological levels (i.e., individual, family, workplace, and community) of factors variously associated with increased or decreased risk for suicidal ideation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Active-duty U.S. Air Force members (N = 52,780; 79.3% male; 79.2% non-Hispanic White; mean age = 31.78 years, SD = 7.38) completed the 2006 Community Assessment survey (a biennial, anonymous survey conducted at 82 U.S. Air Force bases worldwide), including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (2008) 5-item measure of past-year suicidality along with scales assessing an array of potential predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-year rate of suicidal ideation, defined as (a) more than rarely thinking about suicide or (b) ever seriously considering suicide, was approximately 4%. In multivariate models, for men and women, individual- (depressive symptoms and alcohol problems), family- (relationship satisfaction and intimate partner victimization), workplace- (hours worked), and community-level (social support) variables were retained in the final model. However, some sex differences in retained predictors were noted (e.g., men: dissatisfaction with the U.S. Air Force way of life; women: workplace relationship satisfaction and financial stressors).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addressing depressive symptoms and alcohol use, facilitating healthy relationship functioning, and increasing job satisfaction and social support may aid military suicide prevention efforts. These findings illustrate the importance of attending to multiple levels of potential influence when designing integrated suicide prevention and intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA. jlr@usouthal.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langhinrichsen-Rohling
authors.forename: Jeffery D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Snarr
authors.forename: Amy M Smith
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Slep
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Foran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology