title: Influence of both a static magnetic field and penetratin on magnetic nanoparticle delivery into fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With regards to nanoparticles, all biomedical applications require cellular uptake, which to date remains a hurdle to further progress. This study aims to compare both the attractive force of a static magnetic field and the cell penetrating capability of penetratin; two techniques currently employed to enhance cell uptake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles were functionalized with penetratin and cells were challenged with or without the particles in the presence/absence of a static magnetic field (350 mT). Following analysis of the magnetic field applied, cellular uptake and behavior was assessed in terms of fluorescence microscopy, clathrin and caveolin levels, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modeling of the field applied demonstrated varying field patterns across the cell culture area, reflected by higher particle uptake at higher field strengths. Both penetratin and the magnetic field increased cell uptake with penetratin proving more efficient. Interestingly, the magnetic field stimulated clathrin-mediated endocytosis and subsequent particle uptake.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cell Engineering, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow University, G12 8QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Theophile
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dejardin
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: del Pino
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Furlani
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mullin
authors.forename: C-A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Berry
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D022461:Caveolins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002966:Clathrin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D022461:Caveolins; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D002966:Clathrin; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide; C414409:penetratin