title: Exposure to antipsychotic medications over a 4-year period among children who initiated antipsychotic treatment before their sixth birthday.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims the following: (i) to describe the exposure to antipsychotic medications over a 4-year period experienced by a cohort of children who initiated antipsychotic treatment before their sixth birthday; and (ii) to identify variables associated with the risk of antipsychotic exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were identified who initiated an index episode of antipsychotic treatment before their sixth birthday in Florida's fee for service Medicaid program. With the use of claims data, the medication utilization of these children was tracked during the year before and the 4 years following the start of their index episodes (pre-index and four post-index periods). Generalized estimating equations were used to identify variables associated with the risk of additional days of antipsychotic exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred twenty-eight children were included in the cohort. The mean total number of days of exposure was 821.9 (± 431.9), representing 56.3% of all days during the four post-index periods. The mean days of exposure to combinations of antipsychotics and other classes of psychotherapeutic medications were 623.8 ± 447.6 days. Children with primary diagnoses of pervasive developmental disorders and affective disorders were at greater risk of additional days of exposure than children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Exposure tended to be greater among children with indicators of clinical complexity including the presence of secondary diagnoses and the use of other classes of psychotherapeutic medications in addition to antipsychotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to antipsychotic mediations was extensive. Although these children may have had complex and severe problems, additional research is urgently needed on the benefits and risks of long-term antipsychotic exposure among very young children.
authors.affiliation: Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida, FL 33612, USA. rconstantine@fmhi.usf.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Constantine
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jentz
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bengtson
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andel
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents