title: Development of the PICMIN (picture of mental illness in newspapers): instrument to assess mental illness stigma in print media.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to report on the development and applicability of a standardised and objective measure of stigma of mental illness in print media. Picture of mental illness in newspapers (PICMIN) instrument consists of eleven descriptive and five analytical categories. It is intended to allow comparison among countries and different studies over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research team conducted a three-phase study to develop the instrument based on the principles of content analysis and test its inter-coder reliability (ICR). In the first phase, keyword search and ICR assessment was performed on articles from Croatia (75), Czech Republic (203), and Slovakia (172). The second phase consisted of instrument revision and training, along with ICR reassessment on 40 articles from USA and UK. In the third, main phase articles from Croatia (238), Czech Republic (226), and Slovakia (158) were analysed with the final version of the PICMIN instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across three countries, ICR was found acceptable to assess mental illness representations related to stigma in print media. Print media representations of the mental illness in Croatia, Czech Republic, and Slovakia significantly differed in the type of media distribution, whether headline of the article was positioned on the media cover, in the use of a sensationalistic style of writing, in the association of aggressive behaviour with persons with mental illness and in the distribution of the global impression of the headline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PICMIN instrument allows comparison among countries and different studies over time.
authors.affiliation: Andrija Štampar School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 4, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia. tvukusic@snz.hr
authors.forename: Tea Vukušić
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Rukavina
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nawka
authors.forename: Ognjen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brborović
authors.forename: Nikolina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jovanović
authors.forename: Martina Rojnić
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kuzman
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nawková
authors.forename: Bibiána
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bednárová
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zuchová
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hrodková
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lattová
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D017523:Croatia; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D009524:Newspapers as Topic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011639:Public Opinion; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013240:Stereotyping