title: Imaging of congenital spine and spinal cord malformations.
abstract: This article reviews normal embryologic development of the spine and spinal cord and the imaging features of congenital abnormalities of the spine and spinal cord, with particular focus on magnetic resonance imaging. The authors discuss spinal dysraphisms, a heterogeneous group of congenital abnormalities of the spine and spinal cord, and provide information to expand understanding of these complex entities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rufener
authors.forename: Mohannad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Hemant A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Parmar
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology*; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000473:pathology*; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology*