title: Transboundary spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza through poultry commodities and wild birds: a review.
abstract: The extensive circulation of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in animals and the human health implications which it poses have led to extensive research in unexplored fields and thus a re-assessment of our understanding of this infection. Moreover, widespread infection of poultry has raised concerns about the food safety and trade implications of this infection, necessitating revised international trade regulations. The role of wild birds has been much debated and resources have been invested to clarify the role that they may play in the spread of infection. It is now clear that wild birds may be responsible for primary introduction in a previously free area. To date it is still unclear whether HPAI infection may be maintained in wild bird populations for extended periods of time. This paper reviews existing knowledge on the transboundary spread of HPAI through poultry and poultry commodities and summarises evidence of spread through wild birds.
authors.affiliation: OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, and OIE Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Beato
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Capua
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001717:Birds; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology; D004531:Eggs / Q000821:virology; D005241:Feathers / Q000821:virology; D014943:Global Health; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D008099:Liver / Q000821:virology; D008460:Meat / Q000821:virology; D057805:Pets; D011200:Poultry; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines