title: Flaxseed dietary fibers suppress postprandial lipemia and appetite sensation in young men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary fibers (DF) are linked to a reduced risk of life-style diseases, which relate to their physiological effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim was to examine whether flaxseed DF-enriched meals suppress postprandial lipemia and reduce appetite.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four different iso-caloric meals were tested in 18 young men in a double-blind randomized crossover design. Test meals were served after an overnight fast. DF content and source were: control (C): 1.4 g/MJ; whole flaxseed (WF): 2.4 g/MJ from whole flaxseeds; low-mucilage dose (LM): 2.4 g/MJ from flaxseed DF; high-mucilage dose (HM): 3.4 g/MJ from flaxseed DF. During the 7 h test day, subjective appetite sensation was assessed using visual analogue scales and appetite-regulating hormones, and lipemia and glycemia were measured, after which ad libitum energy intake was recorded. There was a significant time × meal effect on triacylglycerols (TG) (p = 0.02) and an 18% smaller area under the curve (AUC) for TG after meal HM compared to meal C was observed (p < 0.01). AUC for insulin was smaller after both LM and HM meals compared to C and WF meals. Higher mean ratings of satiety (p < 0.01) and fullness (p = 0.03) was seen following the HM meal compared to meal C. AUC for ghrelin, CCK and GLP-1 and ad libitum energy intake did not differ between meals, but ghrelin response exhibited a different response pattern after the mucilage-containing meals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that flaxseed DF may suppress postprandial lipemia and appetite although subsequent energy intake was not affected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. mekr@life.ku.dk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Savorani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Engelsen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bügel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toubro
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tetens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects*; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1