title: Changes of saccadic eye movements in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether or not the dynamics of saccadic eye movements are significantly changed in patients with different stages of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) and, subsequently, if analysis of saccades could serve as an additional diagnostic tool for early detection of inflammatory activity in TAO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven patients with TAO and 10 age- and gender-matched control subjects were investigated. The patients were divided into four groups according to the stage of the disease: (i) early mild disease (n = 10), (ii) early severe disease (n = 11), (iii) long-standing restrictive disease (n = 10) and (iv) proven auto-immune hyperthyroidism without any signs of TAO (n = 6). Horizontal and vertical saccades with amplitudes of 10°, 20°, 30° and 40° were recorded binocularly using the induction scleral search coil technique. The two main sequence constants V(max) and C were calculated for each eye. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was carried out to test for differences between different gaze directions, eyes and groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In horizontal saccades, significant differences were found between groups but not between abduction and adduction. In vertical saccades, differences between groups and the interaction between groups and up- and down-gaze saccades were significant. Compared with the control group, analysis of the main sequence curves revealed larger differences in patients of group 3 and 4 than in those of group 1 and 2. Whereas in the control group down-gaze saccades were faster than up-gaze saccades, the opposite behaviour was found in all patient groups. The largest differences were detected among those patients who had no signs of TAO (group 4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, significant saccade differences were detected in all patients with TAO. In contrast to our earlier studies where evaluation of multiple individual saccade parameters did not reveal significant differences, analysis of the main sequence constants and mathematical reconstruction of the main sequence curves turned out to be a sensitive technique for reliable detection of subtle ocular motility changes. Significant differences were detected even in patients with auto-immune thyroiditis where no clinical signs of TAO were apparent.
authors.affiliation: Eye Hospital Herzog-Carl-Theodor, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann Dieter
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Schworm
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bolzani
authors.forename: Mariagrazia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benassi
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tallstedt
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rydberg
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lennerstrand
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ygge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005260:Female; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult