title: Growth factors and myometrium: biological effects in uterine fibroid and possible clinical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growth factors are proteins secreted by a number of cell types that are capable of modulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation. It is well accepted that uterine cellular events such as proliferation and differentiation are regulated by sex steroids and their actions in target tissues are mediated by local production of growth factors acting through paracrine and/or autocrine mechanisms. Myometrial mass is ultimately modified in pregnancy as well as in tumour conditions such as leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. Leiomyomas, also known as fibroids, are benign tumours of the uterus, considered to be one of the most frequent causes of infertility in reproductive years in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this review, we searched the database MEDLINE and Google Scholar for articles with content related to growth factors acting on myometrium; the findings are hereby reviewed and discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and TGF-β perform actions in myometrium and in leiomyomas. In addition to these growth factors, activin and myostatin have been recently identified in myometrium and leiomyoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growth factors play an important role in the mechanisms involved in myometrial patho-physiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Tronto 10/a, 60020 Ancona, Italy. p.ciarmela@univpm.it
authors.forename: Pasquapina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciarmela
authors.forename: Md Soriful
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Enrrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bloise
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petraglia
authors.forename: Wylie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castellucci
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009215:Myometrium / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D006133:Growth Substances