title: Permeability of rosmarinic acid in Prunella vulgaris and ursolic acid in Salvia officinalis extracts across Caco-2 cell monolayers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rosmarinic acid (RA), a caffeic acid-related compound found in high concentrations in Prunella vulgaris (self-heal), and ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpene acid concentrated in Salvia officinalis (sage), have been traditionally used to treat inflammation in the mouth, and may also be beneficial for gastrointestinal health in general.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the permeabilities of RA and UA as pure compounds and in Prunella vulgaris and Salvia officinalis ethanol extracts across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The permeabilities and phase II biotransformation of RA and UA as pure compounds and in herbal extracts were compared using Caco-2 cells with HPLC detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The apparent permeability coefficient (P(app)) for RA and RA in Prunella vulgaris extracts was 0.2 ± 0.05 × 10(-6)cm/s, significantly increased to 0.9 ± 0.2 × 10(-6)cm/s after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase treatment. P(app) for UA and UA in Salvia officinalis extract was 2.7 ± 0.3 × 10(-6)cm/s and 2.3 ± 0.5 × 10(-6)cm/s before and after β-glucuronidase/sulfatase treatment, respectively. Neither compound was affected in permeability by the herbal extract matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RA and UA in herbal extracts had similar uptake as that found using the pure compounds, which may simplify the prediction of compound efficacy, but the apparent lack of intestinal glucuronidation/sulfation of UA is likely to further enhance the bioavailability of that compound compared with RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. qiangzhy@iastate.edu
authors.forename: Zhiyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qiang
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Joe-Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Widrlechner
authors.forename: Manju B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hendrich
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D001711:Biotransformation; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D053630:Depsides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D031347:Prunella / Q000737:chemistry; D027543:Salvia officinalis / Q000737:chemistry; D013429:Sulfatases / Q000378:metabolism; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid; D000097245:Ursolic Acid
chemical_list: D002934:Cinnamates; D053630:Depsides; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D005966:Glucuronidase; D020719:Glucuronides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013429:Sulfatases; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; D014315:Triterpenes; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid; D000097245:Ursolic Acid