title: Multimodality molecular imaging of apoptosis in oncology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this review are to describe the signaling pathways of and the cellular changes that occur with apoptosis and other forms of cell death, summarize tracers and modalities used for imaging of apoptosis, delineate the relation between apoptosis and inhibition of protein translation, and describe spectroscopic technologies that entail high-frequency ultrasound and infrared and midinfrared light in characterizing the intracellular events of apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apoptosis is a highly orchestrated set of biochemical and morphologic cellular events. These events present many potential targets for the imaging of apoptosis in vivo. Imaging of apoptosis can facilitate early assessment of anticancer treatment before tumor shrinkage, which may increase the effectiveness of delivery of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and speed drug development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, 725 Welch Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. blankenb@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Francis G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Blankenberg
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Norfray
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C499320:PARP1 protein, human; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D020169:Caspases; D002794:Choline