title: Official Positions for FRAX® clinical regarding smoking from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX®.
abstract: The worldwide prevalence of smoking has been estimated at about 50% in men, and 10% in women, with larger variations among different populations studied. Smoking has been shown to affect many organ systems resulting in severe morbidity and increased mortality. In addition, smoking has been identified as a predictor of ten-year fracture risk in men and women, largely independent of an individual's bone mineral density. This finding has eventually lead to incorporation of this risk factor into FRAX®, an algorithm that has been developed to calculate an individual's ten-year fracture risk. However, only little, or conflicting data is available on a possible association between smoking dose, duration, length of time after cessation, type of tobacco and fracture risk, limiting this risk factor's applicability in the context of FRAX®.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Graz, Department of Internal Medicine, Graz, Austria. hans.dimai@medunigraz.at
authors.forename: Hans P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Dimai
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandran
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000465:Algorithms; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation