title: Development of a large animal model of cirrhosis and portal hypertension using hepatic transarterial embolization: a study in swine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a clinically relevant porcine model of liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension by means of hepatic transarterial embolization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional animal care and use committee approval was obtained for all experiments. Pigs received transcatheter arterial infusion of a 3:1 mixture of iodized oil and ethanol into the hepatic artery in volumes of 16 mL in group 1 (n = 4), 28 mL in group 2 (n = 4), and 40 mL in group 3 (n = 4) with intent of bilobar distribution. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement, liver function tests, and volumetry were performed at baseline, at 2 weeks, and before necropsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cirrhosis was successfully induced in three animals that received 16 mL of the embolic mixture and in all four animals that received 28 mL. The animals in the 40-mL group did not recover from the procedure and were euthanized within 48 h. Increases in HVPG after 6-8 weeks versus baseline reached statistical significance (P < .05). Correlation between degree of fibrosis and volume of embolic agent did not reach statistical significance, but there was a trend toward increased fibrosis in the 28-mL group compared with the 16-mL group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization can be used to create a reliable and reproducible porcine model of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Interventional Radiology Section, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Rony
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Avritscher
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Javadi
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uthamanthil
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Mihai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gagea
authors.forename: Roland L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bassett
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Madoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006499:Hepatic Artery; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007459:Iodized Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008106:Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D009929:Organ Size; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013997:Time Factors; D014690:Venous Pressure
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D007459:Iodized Oil