title: Major and minor depression after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine minor as well as major depression at 1 year posttraumatic brain injury (TBI), with particular attention to the contribution of depression severity to levels of societal participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational prospective study with a 2-wave longitudinal component.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient rehabilitation centers, with 1-year follow up conducted primarily by telephone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons with TBI (N=1570) enrolled in the TBI Model System database and followed up at 1-year postinjury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  FIM, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, and the Satisfaction With Life Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two percent of the sample reported minor depression, and 26% reported major depression at 1-year post-TBI. Both levels of depression were associated with sex (women), age (younger), preinjury mental health treatment and substance abuse, and cause of injury (intentional). There was a monotonic dose-response relationship between severity of depression and all 1-year outcomes studied, including level of cognitive and physical disability, global outcome, and satisfaction with life. With other predictors controlled, depression severity remained significantly associated with the level of societal participation at 1-year post-TBI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minor depression may be as common as major depression after TBI and should be taken seriously for its association to negative outcomes related to participation and quality of life. Findings suggest that, as in other populations, minor and major depression are not separate entities, but exist on a continuum. Further research should determine whether people with TBI traverse between the 2 diagnoses as in other patient groups.
authors.affiliation: Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, 50 Township Line Rd., Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA. thart@einstein.edu
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Allison N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Novack
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chervoneva
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakase-Richardson
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arango-Lasprilla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors