title: International benchmarking of tertiary trauma centers: productivity and throughput approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Care process in tertiary trauma centers consists of a chain of care phases in different departments from the emergency department (ED) to post-operative rehabilitation. The historical evolution of healthcare systems and organizations has led to variations in trauma patient processes in different countries. The present study is aimed at revealing differences in the throughput and productivity of trauma patient processes between German (UKB) and Finnish (HUS) tertiary trauma centers. Problems related to the comparison of different healthcare systems were also identified. The share of patients discharged was used as a control measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biggest differences between the hospitals were found in the use of resources in the ED and in post-operative care. Despite problems in defining comparable patients and resources, ED productivity was significantly higher in UKB. Post-operative care was, on average, 41% shorter in HUS. However, the share of patients discharged was significantly higher in UKB (96.5% vs. 68.9%). Differences were also found in the pre-operative length of stay of patients with proximal femoral fractures (UKB: 0.97 days, HUS: 1.57 days). The productivity of the operating unit was quite similar in the hospitals. In terms of ED mortality, no statistically significant differences were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study showed significant differences in the use of resources and throughput times in trauma patient processes between Finnish and German hospitals. However, due to system-level differences between German and Finnish healthcare, the results cannot be directly transformed into development proposals for the organizations. On the other hand, in spite of certain differences regarding the healthcare systems, the demographic data of the trauma patients and medical procedures are comparable. Based on the present study, the ED process of severe trauma, pre-operative care, and operating unit processes were the most comparable parts of trauma care between the hospitals. The study also showed that the international benchmarking approach could be used to reveal bottlenecks in system-level policies and practices.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Healthcare Engineering, Management and Architecture, BIT Research Centre, Aalto University, Otaniementie 17, 00076 Aalto, Finland. antti.peltokorpi@tkk.fi.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peltokorpi
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Handolin
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Paulus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torkki
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matthes
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekkernkamp
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirvensalo