title: Effects of space spray application methods on fenitrothion efficacy and development of resistance in Culex pipiens.
abstract: Efficacy of fenitrothion as thermal fogging (TF) or ultra-low volume (ULV) applications against 6 successive generations of caged adult Culex pipiens and subsequent development of resistance in both adults and larvae were investigated in this study. In addition, larval acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in each generation. Results indicated that the ULV application method was significantly more effective (P < 0.05) than TF against the adults in all treated generations. Selection pressure of TF and ULV applications on the adults after 5 generations resulted in larval resistance by ratios of 30.92- and 28.18-fold, respectively. A gradual decrease in the larval AChE activity was observed with increasing resistance as generations progressed. The AChE activity of susceptible larvae was higher than that of the F5 resistant generation in TF and ULV treatments by 6- and 8-fold, respectively. The results indicated that both the biological efficacy of fenitrothion and the rapidity of resistance development were affected by the application methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ali S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Al-Sarar
authors.forename: Abdulwahab M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Hafiz
authors.forename: Yasser Abo
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Bakr
authors.forename: Alaa E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bayoumi
authors.forename: Hamdi I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Hussein
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005278:Fenitrothion / Q000633:toxicity*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000378:metabolism; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D005278:Fenitrothion