title: Altering pyrroloquinoline quinone nutritional status modulates mitochondrial, lipid, and energy metabolism in rats.
abstract: We have reported that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) improves reproduction, neonatal development, and mitochondrial function in animals by mechanisms that involve mitochondrial related cell signaling pathways. To extend these observations, the influence of PQQ on energy and lipid relationships and apparent protection against ischemia reperfusion injury are described herein. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a nutritionally complete diet with PQQ added at either 0 (PQQ-) or 2 mg PQQ/Kg diet (PQQ+). Measurements included: 1) serum glucose and insulin, 2) total energy expenditure per metabolic body size (Wt(3/4)), 3) respiratory quotients (in the fed and fasted states), 4) changes in plasma lipids, 5) the relative mitochondrial amount in liver and heart, and 6) indices related to cardiac ischemia. For the latter, rats (PQQ- or PQQ+) were subjected to left anterior descending occlusions followed by 2 h of reperfusion to determine PQQ's influence on infarct size and myocardial tissue levels of malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Although no striking differences in serum glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid levels were observed, energy expenditure was lower in PQQ- vs. PQQ+ rats and energy expenditure (fed state) was correlated with the hepatic mitochondrial content. Elevations in plasma di- and triacylglyceride and β-hydroxybutryic acid concentrations were also observed in PQQ- rats vs. PQQ+ rats. Moreover, PQQ administration (i.p. at 4.5 mg/kg BW for 3 days) resulted in a greater than 2-fold decrease in plasma triglycerides during a 6-hour fast than saline administration in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Cardiac injury resulting from ischemia/reperfusion was more pronounced in PQQ- rats than in PQQ+ rats. Collectively, these data demonstrate that PQQ deficiency impacts a number of parameters related to normal mitochondrial function.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bauerly
authors.forename: Calliandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Winyoo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chowanadisai
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Havel
authors.forename: Eskouhie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tchaparian
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satre
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Karliner
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rucker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009752:Nutritional Status; D045542:PQQ Cofactor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D045542:PQQ Cofactor; D005947:Glucose