title: Bone health management in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy undergo a rapid decline in bone mineral density during the first 6 to 12 months of initiating therapy. The World Health Organization has developed and implemented the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) to predict the ten year risk of a major fracture & hip fracture. Additionally, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the National Osteoporosis Foundation have developed osteoporosis guidelines. This study aims to characterize the fracture risk (based on the FRAX tool) and the current management of bone health based on national guidelines compliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of patients receiving a LHRH agonist at our institution was conducted. Data collection commenced upon Institutional Review Board approval and included demographics, past medical history, medication regimen, history of androgen deprivation therapy, bone health and its management. The ten year fracture risk calculated with the collected information using the FRAX tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 174 subjects included with a mean age of 65.5 years, 71.8% had stage II prostate cancer, 97.7% received the LHRH agonist leuprolide for a mean of 13.8 ± 18.1 months. In addition to ADT, 57% of patients had ≥ 2 risk factors for developing osteoporosis. The risk of sustaining a major fracture increased from 4% to 5.6% after the initiation of ADT (P = <0.001). The risk for sustaining a hip fracture rose from 1.3% to 2.2% (P = <0.001). National guideline compliance was found to be 9%, 5% and 3% respectively for obtaining Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, calcium supplementation, and vitamin D supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to predisposing risk factors for osteoporosis, ADT significantly increases the fracture risk in the prostate cancer population. There is room for improvement in the management of bone health as some intervention could have been made in over 90% of patients evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. Prabha400@gmail.com
authors.forename: Vishnuprabha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dhanapal
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reeves
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D014807:Vitamin D; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D016729:Leuprolide; D002118:Calcium