title: Pollution dilemma in Asian population: CNG and wound healing.
abstract: Automobile exhaust constituents contribute significantly to air pollution in urban areas and compressed natural gas (CNG) is considered one of the most promising fuel alternatives for the future. CNG-powered four-stroke engine auto-rickshaws are ubiquitous in South Asian cities as taxi and for commercial transportation. Automotive exhaust contains several toxins, which are overwhelmingly toxic to the processes of wound healing. By utilizing the in vivo mouse model of wound healing, this report analyzes the effects of CNG-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws smoke solution (4SARSS) on different events of wound healing; dermal matrix regeneration, re-epithelialization and neovascularization. A total of 72 adult mice, divided in eight groups were exposed to 4SARSS for 12 days. A highly significant reduction (P<0.001) in wound closure was observed among all 4SARSS treated groups, at each time point of the experiment. An immature development in both the neoepidermis and the neodermis was observed among all 4SARSS treated wounds with defective re-epithelialization, dermal matrix regeneration and maturation of collagen bundles. Abbott curve, angular spectrum, 3D surface topographies, and histological investigations of wounds explicated highly significant activation (P<0.001) of delayed-neovascularization among 4SARSS treated wounds. All these annotations advocate excessive toxicity of emission from CNG-powered auto-rickshaws to the process of wound healing and people occupationally exposed to this toxic emissions may suffer varying degree of delayed wound healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, R3 Stroke Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Angiogenesis and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ejaz
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chekarova
authors.forename: Mukhtar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.forename: Chae Woong
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lim