title: Diagnosis and treatment of greenstick and torus fractures of the distal radius in children: a prospective randomised single blind study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management and the diagnostic modalities used in cases of undisplaced greenstick and torus fractures of the distal radius in children vary between different treatment centres. The aim of this study was twofold: firstly, to analyse the sensitivity of X-rays versus ultrasound to diagnose these fractures; secondly, to compare three available treatment options (plaster cast, Futuro splints, and double Tubigrip) in terms of pain, analgesia requirements, grip strength, deformity, stiffness and interference with a child's activities of daily living.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively included 79 patients suffering from undisplaced greenstick and torus fractures of the distal radius. Patients were randomized (single blindly) to the studied treatment groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In terms of diagnosis, the ultrasound was found to be more sensitive than X-rays for diagnosing these fractures. Our results also showed that Tubigrip was superior in terms of interference with a child's ADLs, stiffness and grip strength. However, there was no difference in the levels of pain, analgesia required, and deformity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the idea that ultrasound is an effective and sensitive tool for detecting undisplaced greenstick and torus fractures of the distal radius in children. Treating these fractures with functional nonrigid devices (Tubigrip) results in improved function without increased discomfort or deformity.
authors.forename: Ippokratis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pountos
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.forename: Asim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siddiqui