title: Seroprevalence and distribution of arboviral infections among rural Kenyan adults: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arthorpod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause wide-spread morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, but little research has documented the burden and distribution of these pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a population-based, cross-sectional study design, we administered a detailed questionnaire and used ELISA to test the blood of 1,141 healthy Kenyan adults from three districts for the presence of anti-viral Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the following viruses: dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV), yellow fever (YFV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), and Rift Valley fever (RVFV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of these, 14.4% were positive for DENV, 9.5% were WNV positive, 9.2% were YFV positive, 34.0% were positive for CHIKV and 0.7% were RVFV positive. In total, 46.6% had antibodies to at least one of these arboviruses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For all arboviruses, district of residence was strongly associated with seropositivity. Seroprevalence to YFV, DENV and WNV increased with age, while there was no correlation between age and seropositivity for CHIKV, suggesting that much of the seropositivity to CHIKV is due to sporadic epidemics. Paradoxically, literacy was associated with increased seropositivity of CHIKV and DENV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave,, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. luke.mease@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Luke E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Mease
authors.forename: Rodney L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Coldren
authors.forename: Lillian A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Musila
authors.forename: Trish
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prosser
authors.forename: Fredrick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ogolla
authors.forename: Victor O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Ofula
authors.forename: Randal J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schoepp
authors.forename: Cindy A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adungo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001102:Arbovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G