title: Detecting cognitive impairment by eye movement analysis using automatic classification algorithms.
abstract: The Visual Paired Comparison (VPC) task is a recognition memory test that has shown promise for the detection of memory impairments associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Because patients with MCI often progress to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the VPC may be useful in predicting the onset of AD. VPC uses noninvasive eye tracking to identify how subjects view novel and repeated visual stimuli. Healthy control subjects demonstrate memory for the repeated stimuli by spending more time looking at the novel images, i.e., novelty preference. Here, we report an application of machine learning methods from computer science to improve the accuracy of detecting MCI by modeling eye movement characteristics such as fixations, saccades, and re-fixations during the VPC task. These characteristics are represented as features provided to automatic classification algorithms such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs). Using the SVM classification algorithm, in tandem with modeling the patterns of fixations, saccade orientation, and regression patterns, our algorithm was able to automatically distinguish age-matched normal control subjects from MCI subjects with 87% accuracy, 97% sensitivity and 77% specificity, compared to the best available classification performance of 67% accuracy, 60% sensitivity, and 73% specificity when using only the novelty preference information. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of applying machine-learning techniques to the detection of MCI, and suggest a promising approach for detection of cognitive impairments associated with other disorders.
authors.affiliation: Emory University, Mathematics & Computer Science Department, 400 Dowman Dr, Suite W401, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lagun
authors.forename: Cecelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manzanares
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zola
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Buffalo
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agichtein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology