title: Endoscopic findings and clinical outcomes in ventricular assist device recipients with gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is an important clinical problem in recipients of ventricular assist devices (VAD), although data pertaining to the endoscopic evaluation and management of this complication are limited in the medical literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to identify the most common endoscopic findings in VAD recipients with GIB, and to better define the diagnostic and therapeutic utility of endosopy for this patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six subjects with VAD and overt GIB were retrospectively identified. Clinical and endoscopic data were abstracted for each subject on to standardized forms in duplicate and independent fashion. Raw data and descriptive statistics were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-peptic vascular lesions were the most common cause of GIB. A definitive cause of bleeding was identified by endoscopy in almost 60% of subjects. Endoscopic hemostasis was achieved in 14/15 patients in whom bleeding did not stop spontaneously. Rebleeding occurred in 50% of subjects and was successfully retreated or stopped spontaneously in all cases. Colonoscopy did not establish a definitive diagnosis or deliver hemostatic therapy in any case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascular malformations account for the overwhelming majority of bleeding lesions in VAD patients with GIB. Endoscopy seems to be a safe and effective tool for diagnosing, risk stratifying, and treating this patient population, although multiple endoscopies may be necessary before therapeutic success, and the incidence of rebleeding is high. A prospective multi-center registry is necessary to establish evidence-based management algorithms for VAD recipients with GIB.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 3912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. badihe@umich.edu
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Elmunzer
authors.forename: B Joseph
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Elmunzer
authors.forename: Kunjali T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Padhya
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Amol S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rangnekar
authors.forename: Sameer D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: Shanti L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Eswaran
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scheiman
authors.forename: Francis D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Pagani
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Haft
authors.forename: Akbar K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Waljee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000150:complications*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome