title: Management of facial paralysis in the 21st century.
abstract: Facial paralysis is a clinical entity associated with significant morbidity, which has a treatment paradigm that is continually evolving. Surgical management of the paralyzed face poses significant challenges to achieve the goal of returning patients to their premorbid states. Here we attempt to review the advances in facial reanimation, in particular with regards to chronic facial paralysis. These include recent developments in static and dynamic rehabilitation including advances like artificial muscles for eyelid reconstruction, dynamic muscle transfer for the eye, and orthodromic temporalis tendon transfer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Jason Y K
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D019882:Blepharoplasty; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000601:surgery; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A