title: Assessment of smokeless tobacco use in the history and physical examination by primary healthcare providers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following a simple descriptive research design, we examined how and to what extent primary healthcare providers in rural southern regions of the United States ask patients about the use of smokeless tobacco as indicated in the document used for the patient history.
  
  
  METHODS
  Copies of blank history and physical forms used in offices of primary care providers in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee were examined to identify items related specifically to tobacco use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-nine providers returned history and physical forms, which revealed 24% showed no item related to tobacco use. Others included questions related to smoking, but only 7% mentioned any sort of smokeless tobacco use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a few studies have suggested the use of smokeless tobacco to be less harmful than smoking, all forms of smokeless tobacco are recognized carcinogens and dangerous for health. It is not sufficient to simply ask patients about smoking behaviors. Primary care providers, especially nurse practitioners, have the unique opportunity to assess use of smokeless tobacco and to offer treatment and counsel to help patients to stop the behavior.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Talley
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mary Gee
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Elaine S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Kendall
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Encinas
authors.forename: Sokny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000407:Alabama; D005845:Georgia; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013022:South Carolina; D013714:Tennessee; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless