title: Mapping the motor point in the human tibialis anterior muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous electrical stimulation of the motor point permits selective activation of a muscle. However, the definition and number of motor points reported for a given muscle varies. Our goal was to address these problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The area, location and number of motor points in human tibialis anterior were examined, using isometric dorsiflexion torque responses to electrical stimuli. Three methods were used: lowest electrical threshold, maximum muscle response, and approximate motor point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single motor point was identified in 39/40 subjects regardless of method. The area of the site of lowest electrical threshold was smaller (median, 35 mm(2)) than those using the maximum muscle response (144 mm(2)) and approximate motor point (132 mm(2)). There was substantial, but not significant, between-subject variation in motor point location. Fifty three percent of motor points would have been missed if located only by reference to anatomical landmarks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that the motor point's location cannot be determined a priori and that the identification method will affect both area and location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If it is important to maximally activate a single muscle in isolation, the motor point is best represented by the site producing a maximal but isolated muscle response at the lowest stimulation intensity.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McNulty
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult