title: Dietary micronutrient intake in peritoneal dialysis patients: relationship with nutrition and inflammation status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare dietary intake of micronutrients by peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients according to their nutrition and inflammatory statuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study evaluated 73 patients using subjective global assessment, 24-hour dietary recall, and markers of inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Half the patients had an inadequate micronutrient intake. Compared with dietary reference intakes, malnourished patients had lower intakes of iron (11 mg) and of vitamins C (45 mg) and B6 (0.8 mg). Malnourished and well-nourished patients both had lower intakes of sodium (366 mg, 524 mg respectively), potassium (1555 mg, 1963 mg), zinc (5 mg, 7 mg), calcium (645 mg, 710 mg), magnesium (161 mg, 172 mg), niacin (8 mg, 9 mg), folic acid (0.14 mg, 0.19 mg), and vitamin A (365 μg, 404 μg). Markers of inflammation were higher in malnourished than in well-nourished subjects. Compared with patients in lower quartiles, patients in the highest CRP quartile had lower intakes (p < 0.05) of sodium (241 mg vs 404 mg), calcium (453 mg vs 702 mg), vitamin B2 (0.88 mg vs 1.20 mg), and particularly vitamin A (207 μg vs 522 μg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among PD patients, half had inadequate dietary intakes of iron, zinc, calcium and vitamins A, B6, C, niacin, and folic acid. Lower micronutrient intakes were associated with malnutrition and inflammation. Patients with inflammation had lower intakes of sodium, calcium, and vitamins A and B2. Micronutrient intake must be investigated in various populations so as to tailor adequate supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit for Renal Diseases, Hospital de Especialidades, CMNO, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martín-del-Campo
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Batis-Ruvalcaba
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González-Espinoza
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rojas-Campos
authors.forename: Juan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Angel
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pazarín
authors.forename: Alfonso M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cueto-Manzano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018977:Micronutrients; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein