title: Embryology and anatomy of the vesicoureteric junction with special reference to the etiology of vesicoureteral reflux.
abstract: Concerning the ureterovesical junction - the region most important for the anti-reflux mechanism - there is still a lot of misunderstanding and misinterpretation with regard to normal fetal development. Data are scarce on possible causes of primary vesicoureteral reflux and on involved mechanisms of the so-called maturation process of refluxing ureteral endings. The ratio of the intravesical ureteral length to the ureteral diameter is obviously lower than assumed so far, as clearly revealed by some studies. Therefore it can be doubted that the length and course of the intravesical ureter is of sole importance in the prevention of reflux. Additionally refluxing intravesical ureteral endings present with dysplasia, atrophy, and architectural derangement of smooth muscle fibers. Besides, a pathologically increased matrix remodeling combined with deprivation of the intramural nerve supply has been confirmed. Consequently, symmetrical narrowing of the very distal ureteral smooth muscle coat creating the active valve mechanism to defend reflux is not achievable. It is apparent that primary congenital vesicoureteral reflux seems to be the result of an abnormality within the ureterovesical junction with an insufficient muscular wrap. Nature is believed to establish much more sophisticated mechanisms than the so-called passive anti-reflux mechanism. Remodeling processes within the ureterovesical junction of refluxing ureteral endings support that maturation itself is nothing else than wound or defect healing and not a restitution of a morphological normal ureterovesical junction. Lacking the nerve supply a restoration of any muscular structure can not be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Urology, Pediatric Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Radmayr
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwentner
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lunacek
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karatzas
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oswald