title: Effects of dairy products on crohn's disease symptoms are influenced by fat content and disease location but not lactose content or disease activity status in a New Zealand population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dairy products have been perceived as having the potential to cause adverse effects in individuals with Crohn's disease (CD) and are often avoided, potentially increasing the risk of osteoporosis and related morbidity associated with inadequate dietary calcium intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the self-reported effects of dairy products on CD symptoms and to determine whether these effects differed between types of dairy products consumed and disease state or location.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of dietary survey and clinical data from participants in the Genes and Diet in Inflammatory Bowel Disease study based in Auckland, New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty-five men and women diagnosed with CD for which both dietary survey data and clinical information were available.
  
  
  METHODS
  χ(2) analysis was conducted to assess whether significant differences in the proportions of responses relating to a worsening of CD symptoms from individual dairy products were evident between individuals with active or quiescent CD, or ileal or colonic disease locations. Odds ratios with confidence interval were calculated to determine whether CD location was associated with risk of any type of adverse reaction to milk products. Logit scales were utilized to depict self-reported CD symptoms associated with individual dairy product consumption for ileal and colonic CD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dairy products had no effect on self-reported CD symptoms for most people. Dairy products with a high fat content were most frequently reported to worsen perceived CD symptoms. Clinically, self-reported CD activity status did not influence responses to dairy products; however, colonic inflammation was more frequently associated with adverse CD effects in comparison to ileal CD involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research outcomes question the necessity of dairy product avoidance in CD patients and illustrate the highly individual nature of dairy product tolerance in this clinical population.
authors.affiliation: Smart Foods Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. djn297@uow.edu.au
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nolan-Clark
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tapsell
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Dug Yeo
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Lynnette R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000473:pathology; D007785:Lactose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007785:Lactose