title: Fine-grained facial phenotype-genotype analysis in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome.
abstract: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome is caused by anomalies of the short arm of chromosome 4. About 55% of cases are due to de novo terminal deletions, 40% from unbalanced translocations and 5% from other abnormalities. The facial phenotype is characterized by hypertelorism, protruding eyes, prominent glabella, broad nasal bridge and short philtrum. We used dense surface modelling and pattern recognition techniques to delineate the milder facial phenotype of individuals with a small terminal deletion (breakpoint within 4p16.3) compared to those with a large deletion (breakpoint more proximal than 4p16.3). Further, fine-grained facial analysis of several individuals with an atypical genotype and/or phenotype suggests that multiple genes contiguously contribute to the characteristic Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome facial phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK. p.hammond@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Femke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hannes
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suttie
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Devriendt
authors.forename: Joris Robert
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vermeesch
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faravelli
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forzano
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McMullan
authors.forename: Sarah T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: South
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Quarrell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D006972:Hypertelorism / Q000235:genetics; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D010641:Phenotype; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D051500:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 5 / Q000235:genetics; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D054877:Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C417531:FGFRL1 protein, human; D051500:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 5