title: Absolute quantification of the alleles in somatic point mutations by bioluminometric methods based on competitive polymerase chain reaction in the presence of a locked nucleic acid blocker or an allele-specific primer.
abstract: In somatic (acquired) point mutations, the challenge is to quantify minute amounts of the mutant allele in the presence of a large excess of the normal allele that differs only in a single base pair. We report two bioluminometric methods that enable absolute quantification of the alleles. The first method exploits the ability of a locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligonucleotide to bind to and inhibit effectively the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the normal allele while the amplification of the mutant allele remains unaffected. The second method employs allele-specific PCR primers, thereby allowing the amplification of the corresponding allele only. DNA internal standards (competitors) are added to the PCR mixture to compensate for any sample-to-sample variation in the amplification efficiency. The amplification products from the two alleles and the internal standards are quantified by a microtiter well-based bioluminometric hybridization assay using the photoprotein aequorin as a reporter. The methods allow absolute quantification of less than 300 copies of the mutant allele even in samples containing less than 1% of the mutant allele.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Athens University, Athens 15771, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iliadi
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petropoulou
authors.forename: Penelope C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ioannou
authors.forename: Theodore K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Christopoulos
authors.forename: Nikolaos I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulos
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kanavakis
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Traeger-Synodinos
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000737:chemistry*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000379:methods*; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D009841:Oligonucleotides; C477371:locked nucleic acid; D004247:DNA