title: Toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic modeling of quantal and graded sublethal endpoints: a brief discussion of concepts.
abstract: We report on the advantages and problems of using toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models for the analysis, understanding, and simulation of sublethal effects. Only a few toxicodynamic approaches for sublethal effects are available. These differ in their effect mechanism and emphasis on linkages between endpoints. We discuss how the distinction between quantal and graded endpoints and the type of linkage between endpoints can guide model design and selection. Strengths and limitations of two main approaches and possible ways forward are outlined.
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland. roman.ashauer@eawag.ch
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ashauer
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agatz
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ducrot
authors.forename: Nika
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galic
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Tjalling
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kretschmann
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Mascha Nadine
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Rubach
authors.forename: Anna-Maija
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Julita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stadnicka
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: van den Brink
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Preuss
mesh_terms: D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D008954:Models, Biological; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D018570:Risk Assessment