title: Hypoxia but not inflammation augments glucose uptake in human macrophages: Implications for imaging atherosclerosis with 18fluorine-labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the regulation of glucose uptake in cells that participate in atherogenesis by stimuli relevant to this process, to gain mechanistic insight into the origin of the (18)fluorine-labeled 2-deoxy-D-glucose (FdG) uptake signals observed clinically.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patient studies suggest that positron emission tomography (PET) using FdG can detect "active" atherosclerotic plaques, yet the mechanism giving rise to FdG signals remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We exposed cells to conditions thought to operate in atheroma and determined rates of glucose uptake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypoxia, but not pro-inflammatory cytokines, potently stimulated glucose uptake in human macrophages and foam cells. Statins attenuated this process in vitro, suggesting that these agents have a direct effect on human macrophages. Immunohistochemical study of human plaques revealed abundant expression of proteins regulating glucose utilization, predominantly in macrophage-rich regions of the plaques-regions previously proved hypoxic. Smooth-muscle cells and endothelial cells markedly increased rates of glucose uptake when exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucose uptake and, probably, FdG uptake signals in atheroma may reflect hypoxia-stimulated macrophages rather than mere inflammatory burden. Cytokine-activated smooth-muscle cells also may contribute to the FdG signal.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Eduardo J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Folco
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sheikine
authors.forename: Viviane Z
authors.initials: VZ
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Christen
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shvartz
authors.forename: Galina K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Sukhova
authors.forename: Marcelo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Di Carli
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Libby
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D000860:Hypoxia; D007249:Inflammation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose