title: Capillary malformation of port-wine stain: differentiation from early arteriovenous malformation by histopathological clues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cutaneous arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of stage I may mimic port-wine stains (PWSs) clinicopathologically; therefore, it may be misdiagnosed and mistreated as being PWS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To suggest the clinicopathological differential clues between early AVMs and PWSs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A set of 10 radiologically proven AVMs of stage I was selected in conjunction with a set of 10 age-/sex-matched PWSs as a control. Their clinical features, hematoxylin and eosin, CD31, and smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry were then compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four pathological clues for differential diagnosis with statistical significance (P < 0.05) were found: the vessel density (CD31), presence of vascular luminal red blood cells, elongation and haphazard branching of vessels, and thickened vessel walls highlighted by smooth muscle actin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, 4 differential clues with respect to stage I AVM and PWS in their earlier developmental stages have been proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Vascular Anomaly Clinic, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea. seokjong@knu.ac.kr
authors.forename: Seok-Jong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ho Youn
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Do Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ho Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Jong Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.forename: Han Ik
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Bae
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000737:chemistry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis; D019339:Port-Wine Stain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D015415:Biomarkers; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1