title: Radiated radiofrequency immunity testing of automated external defibrillators--modifications of applicable standards are needed.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied the worst-case radiated radiofrequency (RF) susceptibility of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) based on the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements of a current standard for cardiac defibrillators, IEC 60601-2-4. Square wave modulation was used to mimic cardiac physiological frequencies of 1-3 Hz. Deviations from the IEC standard were a lower frequency limit of 30 MHz to explore frequencies where the patient-connected leads could resonate. Also testing up to 20 V/m was performed. We tested AEDs with ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib) and normal sinus rhythm signals on the patient leads to enable testing for false negatives (inappropriate "no shock advised" by the AED).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed radiated exposures in a 10 meter anechoic chamber using two broadband antennas to generate E fields in the 30-2500 MHz frequency range at 1% frequency steps. An AED patient simulator was housed in a shielded box and delivered normal and fibrillation waveforms to the AED's patient leads. We developed a technique to screen ECG waveforms stored in each AED for electromagnetic interference at all frequencies without waiting for the long cycle times between analyses (normally 20 to over 200 s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five of the seven AEDs tested were susceptible to RF interference, primarily at frequencies below 80 MHz. Some induced errors could cause AEDs to malfunction and effectively inhibit operator prompts to deliver a shock to a patient experiencing lethal fibrillation. Failures occurred in some AEDs exposed to E fields between 3 V/m and 20 V/m, in the 38 - 50 MHz range. These occurred when the patient simulator was delivering a V-Fib waveform to the AED. Also, we found it is not possible to test modern battery-only-operated AEDs for EMI using a patient simulator if the IEC 60601-2-4 defibrillator standard's simulated patient load is used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AEDs experienced potentially life-threatening false-negative failures from radiated RF, primarily below the lower frequency limit of present AED standards. Field strengths causing failures were at levels as low as 3 V/m at frequencies below 80 MHz where resonance of the patient leads and the AED input circuitry occurred. This plus problems with the standard's' prescribed patient load make changes to the standard necessary.
authors.affiliation: Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umberger
authors.forename: Howard I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Bassen
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D047548:Defibrillators / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D016544:Patient Simulation; D011846:Radio Waves; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation