title: The midwife and the church: ecclesiastical regulation of midwives in Brie, 1499-1504.
abstract: At the turn of the sixteenth century in Paris, midwifery was an emergent profession regulated by the church. This article analyzes fourteen entries in the Registre de causes from the archdeaconry of Brie, 1499-1504, within the context of midwives' relationship with the church. It suggests that midwives were important appendages of the ecclesiastical bureaucracy. Midwife regulation was one aspect of the French church's attempts to maintain its autonomy against secular powers. Regulation by the ecclesiastical bureaucracy provided midwives with professional advantages and disadvantages. The ecclesiastical bureaucracy played a vital role in creating and sustaining midwifery as a profession, but also circumscribed midwives' practices. Overall, however, bureaucratic control was unsystematically applied, and midwives were often left to negotiate their own professional and social positions.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Tiffany D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Vann Sprecher
authors.forename: Ruth Mazo
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Karras
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005602:France; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D006801:Humans; D008880:Midwifery / Q000266:history*; D010297:Paris; D011247:Pregnancy; D012068:Religion and Medicine