title: Medication knowledge, certainty, and risk of errors in health care: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication errors are often involved in reported adverse events. Drug therapy, prescribed by physicians, is mostly carried out by nurses, who are expected to master all aspects of medication. Research has revealed the need for improved knowledge in drug dose calculation, and medication knowledge as a whole is poorly investigated. The purpose of this survey was to study registered nurses' medication knowledge, certainty and estimated risk of errors, and to explore factors associated with good results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses from hospitals and primary health care establishments were invited to carry out a multiple-choice test in pharmacology, drug management and drug dose calculations (score range 0-14). Self-estimated certainty in each answer was recorded, graded from 0 = very uncertain to 3 = very certain. Background characteristics and sense of coping were recorded. Risk of error was estimated by combining knowledge and certainty scores. The results are presented as mean (±SD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-hundred and three registered nurses participated (including 16 males), aged 42.0 (9.3) years with a working experience of 12.4 (9.2) years. Knowledge scores in pharmacology, drug management and drug dose calculations were 10.3 (1.6), 7.5 (1.6), and 11.2 (2.0), respectively, and certainty scores were 1.8 (0.4), 1.9 (0.5), and 2.0 (0.6), respectively. Fifteen percent of the total answers showed a high risk of error, with 25% in drug management. Independent factors associated with high medication knowledge were working in hospitals (p < 0.001), postgraduate specialization (p = 0.01) and completion of courses in drug management (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication knowledge was found to be unsatisfactory among practicing nurses, with a significant risk for medication errors. The study revealed a need to improve the nurses' basic knowledge, especially when referring to drug management.
authors.affiliation: Dept, of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway. bjorg.simonsen@sykehuset-innlandet.no
authors.forename: Bjoerg O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Gro K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Daehlin
authors.forename: Lene Merete
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Osvik
authors.forename: Per G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Farup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000523:psychology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020377:Self Efficacy