title: Does cytokine profiling of aspirate from jaw cysts and tumors have a role in diagnosis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study was twofold: first, to assess aspirates for use in cytokine profiling and second, to initiate pilot analyses to determine whether the cytokine profiling can serve as an aid in the diagnosis of jaw lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aspirates from 12 benign odontogenic cysts and tumors of the jaw were collected and randomized, and a formal incisional biopsy was performed to establish the tissue diagnosis. The biopsies revealed keratocystic odontogenic tumor, ameloblastoma, and dentigerous cyst. The cystic aspirate was analyzed using the Q-Plex Human Cytokine Screen to detect cytokine expression and determine the level of expression for each pathologic entity. An array of 16 cytokines was investigated, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and TNF-β. Tables were developed to determine the ratio of expression for the candidate cytokine pairs that were differentially expressed among the 3 pathologic entities encountered. One-way analysis of variance was used to search for significant differences in the ratio of expression of the candidate pairs among the 3 entities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytokines expressed by the 3 distinct jaw lesions were detected in the aspirate without the need for tissue biopsy. Cytokine profiling of these entities is possible owing to differential expression of the various cytokines studied. The ratio of expression was significant (P < .05) for 15 pairs of cytokines: IL-5/IL-1α, IL-4/IL-2, IL-8/IL-4, TNF-β/IL-6, IL-23/IL-6, TNF-α/IL-23, TNF-α/TNF-β, TNF-α/IL-8, TNF-β/IL-5, TNF-β/TNF-α, TNF-β/IL-13, IL-12/IL-23, IL-13/IL-15, IL-15/IL-2, and IL-6/IL-2. A comparison of the mean values indicated a "high/low" expression value for each lesion type for the 15 cytokine pairs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokines, expressed by the 3 groups of jaw lesions, can be detected in the cystic aspirate, and a comparison of the ratio of the expression of the aspirates demonstrated a differential expression pattern of cytokines among the 3 groups. These ratios could assist in establishing a prompt and accurate diagnosis of lesions that might be difficult to discern clinically and radiographically. The use of a simple, minimally invasive aspiration procedure can help to establish an accurate diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. akolokythas@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolokythas
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karas
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sarna
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Flick
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miloro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000564:Ameloblastoma / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D020420:Cyst Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D003803:Dentigerous Cyst / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000032:analysis; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000032:analysis; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D053759:Interleukin-23 / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D007573:Jaw Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009808:Odontogenic Tumors / Q000276:immunology*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018793:Interleukin-13; D019409:Interleukin-15; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053759:Interleukin-23; D015848:Interleukin-5; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma