title: Flow cytometry evaluation of red blood cells mimicking naturally occurring ABO subgroups after modification with variable amounts of function-spacer-lipid A and B constructs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kodecytes bearing synthetic blood group A and B antigens are increasingly being used in transfusion laboratories as serologic mimics of red blood cell (RBC) A(weak) and B(weak) subtypes. The aim of this study was to compare the flow cytometry profile of kodecytes with native ABO subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of A/B kodecytes, each with decreasing A or B antigen expression, were prepared from group O RBCs that were modified with dilutions of function-spacer-lipid KODE technology (FSL) constructs representing a wide serologic range. Using an established flow cytometry method designed for the detection of low levels of A/B antigens, kodecyte profiles were compared with those of native subgroup cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kodecytes with positive tube serology from 4+ to 1+ were created with 15 to 2 µg/mL FSL-A or 78 to 10 µg/mL FSL-B transformation solutions. The kodecytes created with higher concentrations of FSL constructs revealed a uniform and/or even distribution of antigens as seen by a single flow cytometry peak more narrow than the broader peaks produced with lower FSL concentrations similar to those found in native A(x) and most B(weak) subgroups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although kodecytes are created artificially, they can be designed to mimic the serologic and flow cytometric profiles of native ABO subgroup RBCs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annika K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hult
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frame
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chesla
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008050:Lipid A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D012698:Serologic Tests
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D001802:Blood Substitutes; D008050:Lipid A; D008055:Lipids