title: Long-term raloxifene for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the chronic nature of osteoporosis and the risk of invasive breast cancer, raloxifene 60 mg/day (raloxifene) is intended to be used for long-term treatment (treatment >3 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  We review available information concerning long-term use of raloxifene, present several new analyses, and report new data from patients who underwent iliac crest bone biopsies after 8 years of raloxifene therapy. The most important studies were the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) followed by the Continued Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (CORE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary endpoint in MORE was incidence of vertebral fracture, and the difference between the raloxifene and placebo groups for this endpoint widened during 4 years of therapy, with the relative risk reduction during the fourth year of the study being similar to the relative risk reduction during years 0 to 3 of the study. Continued raloxifene treatment is necessary to preserve bone mineral density (BMD). In MORE, raloxifene lowered markers of bone turnover to a premenopausal reference interval. Biopsies from three patients treated with raloxifene for 8 years showed normal bone and bone cells and double label in all specimens. Invasive breast cancer risk is a clinical consideration in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, and invasive breast cancer risk reduction was the primary endpoint in CORE. In MORE and CORE, the benefit of raloxifene versus placebo in incidence of invasive breast cancer increased with greater duration of therapy up to 8 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term use of raloxifene has been evaluated through changes in fracture risk reduction, BMD, markers of bone turnover, iliac crest bone biopsies, and invasive breast cancer risk reduction.
authors.affiliation: Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Recker
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Mitlak
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Krege
mesh_terms: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride