title: Effects of relative humidity and substrate on the spatial association between glyphosate and ethoxylated seed oil adjuvants in the dried deposits of sessile droplets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, several studies have shown the impact of adjuvants on the characteristics of herbicide deposits on leaf surfaces. Until now, most studies have addressed the distribution of active ingredients (AIs), whereas few experiments have focused on the location of the adjuvants. The objective of this study was a systematic examination of the particle distribution profile of both the AI (glyphosate, Gly) and the adjuvants after the application of sessile microdroplets on hydrophobic (Teflon) and hydrophilic (glass and aluminium) model surfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association degree (AD) was surface dependent and specific for the tested adjuvants. In general, the rather hydrophobic adjuvant RSO 5 showed decreasing AD with Gly at increasing relative humidity (RH) levels. The rather hydrophilic RSO 60 adjuvant displayed higher AD between the compounds at a higher RH. A high concentration of the adjuvant reduced the AD for both of the RSO adjuvants evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of surface properties, the type of adjuvant and the relative humidity determines the degree of association between Gly and the adjuvants. The present results suggest that the interaction between the AI and an adjuvant determines whether spatial separation occurs, whereas physical processes (e.g. capillary particle movement, inward and outward Marangoni flows and the evaporation rate) are decisive for the extent of the separation. Coffee-ring structures were formed exclusively with the adjuvant+Gly mixtures, whereas Gly alone formed either one big deposit or several small islands distributed within the droplet footprint.
authors.affiliation: University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Horticultural Sciences, Bonn, Germany. MHunsche@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hunsche
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noga
mesh_terms: D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006813:Humidity; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010574:Pesticide Synergists / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D000097797:Glyphosate