title: Apparent life-threatening events in infants and homeopathy: an alternative explanation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent report showed increased frequency of apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) in infants treated with the homeopathic medication GaliCol-Baby (GCB). The premise was that the ALTEs resulted from toxic effects of the drug's components. We examine an alternative explanation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The toxicological literature was searched for known reactions to the various GCB components, noting doses and reported symptoms. Dosage quantities and severity of reaction to the GCB were ranked independently by two groups of physicians, and a dose-response curve was generated. Reported toxic doses and symptoms were compared with those of the GCB series. The homeopathic literature was searched as well to determine the propensity of the GCB components to cause ALTE symptoms, when given in homeopathic doses to healthy volunteers (proving).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Doses ingested in the GCB series were 10-13 orders of magnitude smaller than those reported to cause toxic reactions in humans. There was poor correlation between symptoms with GCB and toxic profiles of the components. A nonsignificant, inverse relationship between dose and severity of reaction was observed. Conversely, four GCB components (in homeopathic doses) had a high propensity to produce at least one of five symptoms which define ALTE, two of which had intermediate to high propensity to produce three symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unlikely that the ALTE following ingestion of GCB was a toxic reaction to any of the drug's component. Homeopathic theory may explain this linkage, though further research is needed to understand the pathogenic effects of highly diluted homeopathic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Complementary Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oberbaum
authors.forename: Noah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ben-Arye
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Amitai
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Singer
mesh_terms: D001049:Apnea / Q000209:etiology*; D057768:Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Event / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008419:Materia Medica / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: C547435:Gali-col Baby; D008419:Materia Medica; D028321:Plant Preparations