title: Vitamin C modulates the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages.
abstract: METHODS
  Increased adiposity is related with monocyte infiltration into the adipose tissue that accentuates inflammation. Antioxidant treatments emerge as approaches to counteract this phenomenon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cocultures of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated for 24-72 h with/without 100 nM insulin and/or 200 μM vitamin C (VC). Nitric oxide (NO) secretion (24 h) was measured. Also, expression (24 h) and secretion (72 h) of MCP-1, leptin and apelin were analyzed. NO secretion was significantly inhibited by insulin and VC only in cocultures. MCP-1 expression/secretion was enhanced in cocultures. Insulin incubation reduced MCP-1 expression in both cultures and VC only in controls. Both treatments inhibited MCP-1 secretion in cocultures. Apelin gene expression was induced in cocultures. Insulin induced apelin mRNA expression, but VC inhibited its expression in cocultures under insulin treatment. Apelin secretion was notably induced by insulin and inhibited by VC in cocultures. Leptin expression was decreased in coculture, while presented no effects by VC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VC importantly modulates the established pro-inflammatory state in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Diego F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Garcia-Diaz
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campion
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.forename: Fermin I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Milagro
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moreno-Aliaga
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D054392:Adipokines; D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000073861:Apelin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002470:Cell Survival; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D000073861:Apelin; C402826:Apln protein, mouse; C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D007328:Insulin; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020738:Leptin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001205:Ascorbic Acid