title: Assessment of usnic acid toxicity in rat primary hepatocytes using ¹³C isotopomer distribution analysis of lactate, glutamate and glucose.
abstract: The lichen metabolite usnic acid (UA) has been promoted as a dietary supplement for weight loss, although cases of hepatotoxicity have been reported. Here we evaluated UA-associated hepatotoxicity in vitro using isolated rat hepatocytes. We measured cell viability and ATP content to evaluate UA induced cytotoxicity and applied (13)C isotopomer distribution measuring techniques to gain a better understanding of glucose metabolism during cytotoxicity. The cells were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 10 μM UA concentrations for 2, 6 or 24h. Aliquots of media were collected at the end of these time periods and the (13)C mass isotopomer distribution determined for CO(2), lactate, glucose and glutamate. The 1 μM UA exposure did not appear to cause significant change in cell viability compared to controls. However, the 5 and 10 μM UA concentrations significantly reduced cell viability as exposure time increased. Similar results were obtained for ATP depletion experiments. The 1 and 5 μM UA doses suggest increased oxidative phosphorylation. Conversely, oxidative phosphorylation and gluconeogenesis were dramatically inhibited by 10 μM UA. Augmented oxidative phosphorylation at the lower UA concentrations may be an adaptive response by the cells to compensate for diminished mitochondrial function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
authors.forename: Bakary J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sonko
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Laszlo G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Boros
authors.forename: Julian E A
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Leakey
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Beger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000633:toxicity*; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; C073339:usnic acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002244:Carbon; D005947:Glucose