title: IRon Overload screeNing tool (IRON): development of a tool to guide screening in primary care.
abstract: Iron overload is associated with significant morbidity and mortality yet is easily treated. The objective of this study was to create a tool that could be easily adapted to clinical practice that indicates the likelihood of a patient having undetected iron overload. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002 for US adults aged 20 years and older to build a model (unweighted n=8,779). We chose potential variables for inclusion that could be gathered by self-report or measured without laboratory data and were suggested by past literature on hemochromatosis and iron overload. We computed logistic regressions to create the scores by initially evaluating the variables' relationship with elevated ferritin and elevated transferrin saturation and then using odds ratios to correspond to scores. The resulting score on the IRon Overload ScreeNing Tool (IRON) was then validated with data on 13,844 adults in the NHANES III, 1988-94. Predictors in the final tool were age, gender, previous diagnoses of liver condition, osteoporosis or thyroid disease. The IRON score yielded an area under the curve (AUC) in the NHANES 1999-02 of 0.720 and an AUC of 0.685 in the NHANES III validation sample. The IRON score is a tool to assist in identification of patients with iron overload that has several qualities that make it attractive for use in clinical practice with an undifferentiated patient population including brevity, easily collected information and predictive ability comparable to other tools that help in directing screening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. mainouag@musc.edu
authors.forename: Arch G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mainous
authors.forename: Vanessa A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Everett
authors.forename: Michele E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hulihan
authors.forename: Althea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: Gordon D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: McLaren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014168:Transferrin; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron