title: Evaluation of plasma activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether plasma activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 was associated with severity of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs and to assess potential associations between MMP activity and dog characteristics, echocardiographic variables, systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), heart rate, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration, and C-reactive protein concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  75 client-owned dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severity of MMVD was assessed by use of echocardiography. Plasma activity of latent (pro-MMP) and active MMP-2 and -9 was analyzed via zymography. Plasma concentration of cTnI was analyzed with a high-sensitivity cTnI assay, and C-reactive protein concentration was analyzed with a canine-specific ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pro-MMP-9, active MMP-9, and pro-MMP-2 were detected, but active MMP-2 was not. No significant differences were found in MMP concentrations among the 4 MMVD severity groups. Activity of pro-MMP-9 decreased with decreases in SAP and was higher in male dogs than in female dogs. Activity of MMP-9 decreased with increases in left ventricular end-systolic dimension and with decreases in SAP and cTnI concentration. Left ventricular end-systolic dimension was the variable most strongly associated with MMP-9 activity. No associations were found between the activity of pro-MMP-2 and investigated variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma MMP-9 activity decreased with increases in the end-systolic left ventricular internal dimension and decreases in SAP. Hence, evaluation of MMP-9 activity has the potential to provide unique information about the myocardial remodeling process in dogs with MMVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Ingrid.Ljungvall@slu.se
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ljungvall
authors.forename: Minna M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rajamäki
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crosara
authors.forename: Lisbeth H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Clarence
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kvart
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borgarelli
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Höglund
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Häggström
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000662:veterinary; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000473:pathology; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013045:Species Specificity; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D019210:Troponin I; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C120487:pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9