title: Vehicle effects on in vitro transdermal absorption of sevoflurane in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.
abstract: The experimental objectives were to identify a vehicle which produces a homogenous formulation when combined with the anesthetic solution sevoflurane and understand the dermal absorption of sevoflurane in silastic membranes and amphibian skin in vitro utilizing a flow-through diffusion system. Seven vehicles were evaluated in varying ratios with 5 formulations resulting in the desired homogenous consistency for practical application. Sevoflurane diffusion across silastic membranes was influenced by pluronic/lecithin organogel (PLO), pluronic F 127 20% gel, and sterile lube. Flux and permeability across silastic membranes were significantly greater in sterile lube than in the other formulations. While no significant vehicle effects were observed in bullfrog skin, the flux-time profiles suggest that sevoflurane diffusion in bullfrog skin may be positively influenced by PLO. Future in vivo studies are required to assess sevoflurane retention after removal of these formulations to more accurately control the plane of anesthesia in amphibians.
authors.affiliation: Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ardente
authors.forename: Beth M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Baynes