title: Independently evolved virulence effectors converge onto hubs in a plant immune system network.
abstract: Plants generate effective responses to infection by recognizing both conserved and variable pathogen-encoded molecules. Pathogens deploy virulence effector proteins into host cells, where they interact physically with host proteins to modulate defense. We generated an interaction network of plant-pathogen effectors from two pathogens spanning the eukaryote-eubacteria divergence, three classes of Arabidopsis immune system proteins, and ~8000 other Arabidopsis proteins. We noted convergence of effectors onto highly interconnected host proteins and indirect, rather than direct, connections between effectors and plant immune receptors. We demonstrated plant immune system functions for 15 of 17 tested host proteins that interact with effectors from both pathogens. Thus, pathogens from different kingdoms deploy independently evolved virulence proteins that interact with a limited set of highly connected cellular hubs to facilitate their diverse life-cycle strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: M Shahid
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
authors.forename: Anne-Ruxandra
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Carvunis
authors.forename: Matija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dreze
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Epple
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinbrenner
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tasan
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Marc T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pevzner
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Lila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ghamsari
authors.forename: Balaji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Santhanam
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Poulin
authors.forename: Fana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gebreab
authors.forename: Bryan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monachello
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boxem
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Harbort
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Lantian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.forename: Huaming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yijian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandenhaute
authors.forename: Frederick P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ecker
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beynon
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Jeffery L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dangl
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D057865:Plant Immunity; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D037521:Virulence Factors