title: Questionnaires for assessment of female sexual dysfunction: a review and proposal for a standardized screener.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are many methods to evaluate female sexual function and dysfunction (FSD) in clinical and research settings, including questionnaires, structured interviews, and detailed case histories. Of these, questionnaires have become an easy first choice to screen individuals into different categories of FSD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to review the strengths and weaknesses of different questionnaires currently available to assess different dimensions of women's sexual function and dysfunction, and to suggest a simple screener for FSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of relevant databases, books, and articles in journals was used to identify questionnaires that have been used in basic or epidemiological research, clinical trials, or in clinical settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures were grouped in four levels based on their purposes and degree of development, and were reviewed for their psychometric properties and utility in clinical or research settings. A Sexual Complaints Screener for Women (SCS-W) was then proposed based on epidemiological methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although many questionnaires are adequate for their own purposes, our review revealed a serious lack of standardized, internationally (culturally) acceptable questionnaires that are truly epidemiologically validated in general populations and that can be used to assess FSD in women with or without a partner and independent of the partner's gender. The SCS-W is proposed as a 10-item screener to aid clinicians in making a preliminary assessment of FSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The definition of FSD continues to change and basic screening tools are essential to help advance clinical diagnosis and treatment, or to slate patients adequately into the right diagnostic categories for basic and epidemiological research or clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sexological Research, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. annamaria@giraldi.dk
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giraldi
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rellini
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pfaus
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bitzer
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laan
authors.forename: Emmanuele A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jannini
authors.forename: Axel R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fugl-Meyer
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007989:Libido; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*