title: Repeated immune and non immune insults to the graft after heart transplantation.
abstract: The clinical transplantation outcome is related to both effects of immunological and non immunological factors degenerating into hyperacute, acute and chronic rejection. Modern immunosuppressive treatments have resolved most events linked to acute rejection while long-term survival still remains the major problem after heart transplantation. The goal of personalized immunosuppressive therapy is to prevent rejection without inducing toxic effects. The aim of future studies could be to clarify the pathogenesis of chronic rejection and develop new and less toxic therapeutic approaches to induce "tolerance" to the graft without major side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Pathology and Excellence Research Centre on Cardiovascular Diseases, Second University of Naples, 1st School of Medicine, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Crudele
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picascia
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Infante
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maiello
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Napoli
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000150:complications; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D046148:Donor Selection; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006648:Histocompatibility / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents