title: Antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsion on cariogenic planktonic and biofilm organisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nanoemulsions (NE) are a unique class of disinfectants produced by mixing a water immiscible liquid phase into an aqueous phase under high shear forces. NE have antimicrobial properties and are also effective anti-biofilm agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effectiveness of nanoemulsion and its components was determined against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei by live/dead staining. In vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of nanoemulsion against planktonic S. mutans, L. casei, Actinomyces viscosus, Candida albicans and mixed culture was determined by a serial dilution technique to obtain minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC). In addition, efficacy was investigated by kinetics of killing, adherence and biofilm assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to its components, nanoemulsion showed notable antimicrobial activity against biofilm organisms, up to 83.0% kill within 1min. NE dilutions ranging from 243 to 19683 were effective against planktonic S. mutans, L. casei, A. viscosus, C. albicans and mixed culture of these four strains as shown through MIC/MBC assays. NE showed antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells at high dilutions, confirmed by time kill studies. The level of adhesion on glass surface was reduced by 94.2-99.5% in nanoemulsion treated groups (p<0.001). 4-Day-old S. mutans, L. casei, A. viscosus, C. albicans and mixed cultures biofilms treated with NE showed reductions of bacterial counts with decreasing dilutions (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that nanoemulsion has effective anti-cariogenic activity against cariogenic microorganisms and may be a useful medication in the prevention of caries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. ramalingamk@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Karthikeyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramalingam
authors.forename: Bennett T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Amaechi
authors.forename: Rawls H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ralph
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D016924:Actinomyces viscosus / Q000187:drug effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004655:Emulsions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D049329:Nanostructures; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000494:pharmacology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D013024:Soybean Oil; D002594:Cetylpyridinium; D002710:Chlorhexidine