title: HIV infection associated post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth--a systematic review.
abstract: The phenomenon of post-traumatic stress has been well documented in the literature as a lasting mental health condition associated with exposure to traumatic life events. The diagnosis and experience of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease may be such a trauma. On the other hand, the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth (PTG) has been described, whereby people show positive mental health growth in the face of such trauma. This systematic review was set out to explore post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTG in people with HIV to monitor prevalence, measurement and efficacy of interventions to reduce stress and/or promote growth. Standardised review techniques were used to track reports on both PTSD and PTG. A total of 206 papers were retrieved from the PTSD and HIV searches, and 13 from the PTG and HIV searches. After reviewing the papers for inclusion according to adequacy and relevance criteria and to remove duplicates, 33 PTSD papers and three PTG were available for full coding. Prevalence of PTSD in HIV ranged from 5% to 74%, which were much greater than the 7-10% in the general population. Seven studies showed a relation between trauma and PTSD, while six showed a link between PTSD diagnosis and reduced antiretroviral treatment adherence. Women were more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD. Only three intervention reports were identified that fitted our inclusion criteria. All of these reported on psychological interventions for HIV+ individuals with trauma. The interventions utilised HIV education, training in coping techniques and support groups. Only coping interventions were shown to be effective. PTG was under researched but showed a promising avenue of study. There needs to be harmonised measurement and the evidence base would need strengthening in order to build on the understanding of the impact of PTSD and PTG over the course of HIV disease. There is good evidence to associate HIV diagnosis and experiences during the course of illness as traumatic. PTSD has been shown to be prevalent and there seems to be good evidence to incorporate standardised measures to track the course of the disorder. There is extremely limited evidence that interventions may affect the course of symptom experience. The evidence and insight into PTG show promise but is currently inadequate.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Infection & Population Health, Royal Free and UCL Medical School, University College London, London, UK. l.sherr@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sherr
authors.forename: Navneet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagra
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kulubya
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Catalan
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clucas
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harding
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy