title: Colonic contribution to uremic solutes.
abstract: Microbes in the colon produce compounds, normally excreted by the kidneys, which are potential uremic toxins. Although p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate are well studied examples, few other compounds are known. Here, we compared plasma from hemodialysis patients with and without colons to identify and further characterize colon-derived uremic solutes. HPLC confirmed the colonic origin of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate, but levels of hippurate, methylamine, and dimethylamine were not significantly lower in patients without colons. High-resolution mass spectrometry detected more than 1000 features in predialysis plasma samples. Hierarchical clustering based on these features clearly separated dialysis patients with and without colons. Compared with patients with colons, we identified more than 30 individual features in patients without colons that were either absent or present in lower concentration. Almost all of these features were more prominent in plasma from dialysis patients than normal subjects, suggesting that they represented uremic solutes. We used a panel of indole and phenyl standards to identify five colon-derived uremic solutes: α-phenylacetyl-l-glutamine, 5-hydroxyindole, indoxyl glucuronide, p-cresol sulfate, and indoxyl sulfate. However, compounds with accurate mass values matching most of the colon-derived solutes could not be found in standard metabolomic databases. These results suggest that colonic microbes may produce an important portion of uremic solutes, most of which remain unidentified.
authors.affiliation: Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Pavel A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Aronov
authors.forename: Frank J-G
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Natalie S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hostetter
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003106:Colon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood*