title: Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and prostate cancer risk in a large nested case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D compounds inhibit prostate tumorigenesis experimentally, but epidemiologic data are inconsistent with respect to prostate cancer risk, with some studies suggesting nonsignificant positive associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D]-prostate cancer relation was examined in a nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study of 50- to 69-year-old Finnish men. We matched 1,000 controls to 1,000 cases diagnosed during up to 20 years of follow-up on the basis of age (±1 year) and fasting blood collection date (±30 days). Conditional multivariate logistic regression models estimated ORs and 95% CIs. All statistical significance testing was 2-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases had nonsignificantly 3% higher serum 25(OH)D levels (P = 0.19). ORs (95% CIs) for increasing season-specific quintiles of 25(OH)D concentrations were 1.00 (reference), 1.29 (0.95-1.74), 1.34 (1.00-1.80), 1.26 (0.93-1.72), and 1.56 (1.15-2.12), with P(trend) = 0.01. Analyses based on prespecified clinical categories and season-adjusted values yielded similar results. These findings seemed stronger for aggressive disease [OR (95% CI) for fifth quintile of serum 25(OH)D [1.70 (1.05-2.76), P(trend) = 0.02], among men with greater physical activity [1.85 (1.26-2.72), P(trend) = 0.002], higher concentrations of serum total cholesterol [2.09 (1.36-3.21), P(trend) = 0.003] or α-tocopherol [2.00 (1.30-3.07), P(trend) = 0.01] and higher intakes of total calcium [1.82 (1.20-2.76), P(trend) = 0.01] or vitamin D [1.69 (1.04-2.75), P(trend) = 0.08], or among those who had received the trial α-tocopherol supplements [1.74 (1.15-2.64), P(trend) = 0.006].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that men with higher vitamin D blood levels are at increased risk of developing prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater caution is warranted with respect to recommendations for high-dose vitamin D supplementation and higher population target blood levels.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Suite 320, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA. daa@nih.gov
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mondul
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Dominick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Weinstein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D