title: Static ocular counterroll reflex in skew deviation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The static ocular counterroll (OCR) reflex generates partially compensatory torsional eye movements during head roll. It is mediated by the utricle in the inner ear. Skew deviation is a vertical strabismus thought to be caused by imbalance in the utriculo-ocular pathway. We hypothesized that if skew deviation is indeed caused by damage to this reflex pathway, patients with skew deviation would show abnormal OCR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen patients with skew deviation caused by brainstem or cerebellar lesions and 18 normal participants viewed a target at 1 m. Ocular responses to static passive head roll-tilts of approximately 20° were recorded using search coils. Static OCR gain was calculated as the change in torsional eye position divided by the change in head position during sustained head roll. Perception of the subjective visual vertical (SVV) was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group mean OCR gain was reduced by 45% in patients. At an individual level, OCR gains were asymmetric between eyes and between torsional directions in 90% of patients. In addition, the hypotropic eye incyclotorting gain was lower than the hypertropic eye excyclotorting gain during head roll toward the hypotropic eye in 94% of patients. No consistent pattern of gain asymmetry was found during head roll toward the hypertropic eye. The SVV was tilted toward the hypotropic eye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Static OCR gain is significantly reduced in skew deviation. Interocular and directional gain asymmetries are also prevalent. The asymmetries provide further evidence that disruption of the utriculo-ocular pathway is a mechanism for skew deviation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, the University Health Network-Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandrakumar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blakeman
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Goltz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: A M F
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology