title: Shared genetic influences on negative emotionality and major depression/conduct disorder comorbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether genetic contributions to major depressive disorder and conduct disorder comorbidity are shared with genetic influences on negative emotionality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary caregivers of 2,022 same- and opposite-sex twin pairs 6 to 18 years of age comprised a population-based sample. Participants were randomly selected across five regions in Tennessee, with stratification by age and geographic location. Face-to-face structured interviews were conducted with the primary caregiver of a representative sample of twins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After accounting for genetic influences on negative emotionality, genetic influences on major depressive disorder/conduct disorder comorbidity were nonsignficant, but only in male twins. Specifically, 19% of the variance in the two disorders was accounted for by genetic factors shared with negative emotionality in male twins. Although the full hypothesis could not be tested in female twins, 10% to 11% of the variance in the two disorders was also accounted for by genetic factors shared with negative emotionality. Common shared environmental and nonshared environmental influences were found for major depressive disorder/conduct disorder comorbidity in male and female twins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Negative emotionality represents an important dispositional trait that may explain genetic influences on major depressive disorder/conduct disorder comorbidity, at least for boys. Models of major depressive disorder/conduct disorder comorbidity must simultaneously measure common and specific genetic and environmental factors for a full understanding of this phenomenon. Gender differences require specific research attention in dispositional factors and developmental progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. tackett@psych.utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tackett
authors.forename: Irwin D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Waldman
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Van Hulle
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lahey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology