title: Effect of inspired air conditions on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and urinary CC16 levels in athletes.
abstract: Injury to the airway epithelium has been proposed as a key susceptibility factor for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Our goals were to establish whether airway epithelial cell injury occurs during EIB in athletes and whether inhalation of warm humid air inhibits this injury. Twenty-one young male athletes (10 with a history of EIB) performed two 8-min exercise tests near maximal aerobic capacity in cold dry (4°C, 37% relative humidity) and warm humid (25°C, 94% relative humidity) air on separate days. Postexercise changes in urinary CC16 were used as a biomarker of airway epithelial cell perturbation and injury. Bronchoconstriction occurred in eight athletes in the cold dry environment and was completely blocked by inhalation of warm humid air [maximal fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s = 18.1 ± 2.1% (SD) in cold dry air and 1.7 ± 0.8% in warm humid air, P < 0.01]. Exercise caused an increase in urinary excretion of CC16 in all subjects (P < 0.001), but this rise in CC16 was blunted following inhalation of warm humid air [median CC16 increase pre- to postchallenge = 1.91 and 0.35 ng/μmol in cold dry and warm humid air, respectively, in athletes with EIB (P = 0.017) and 1.68 and 0.48 ng/μmol in cold dry and warm humid air, respectively, in athletes without EIB (P = 0.002)]. The results indicate that exercise hyperpnea transiently disrupts the airway epithelium of all athletes (not only in those with EIB) and that inhalation of warm moist air limits airway epithelial cell perturbation and injury.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bolger
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tufvesson
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Devereux
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bjermer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sue-Chu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kippelen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D000389:Air Conditioning; D056352:Athletes; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014598:Uteroglobin / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: C556389:SCGB1A1 protein, human; D014598:Uteroglobin