title: Human meiotic progression and recombination are affected by Bisphenol A exposure during in vitro human oocyte development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bisphenol A (BPA) is a 'weak' endocrine disruptor. The effect of BPA on human reproduction is controversial but has been related to meiotic anomalies, recurrent miscarriages and abnormal karyotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the effects of BPA on survival, pairing-synapsis and meiotic recombination of human fetal oocytes, 21 510 oocytes from 12 cultured fetal ovaries were analyzed. Ovaries were cultured for 7, 14 or 21 days in control medium, dimethylsulfoxide-medium, BPA-medium and estradiol (E(2))-medium. Meiotic pairing-synapsis and recombination were studied by immunofluorescence against lateral element protein, central element protein of the synaptonemal complex and chromosome axis cohesin REC8. Mismatch repair protein, MLH1, was used as a crossover (CO) marker. Meiotic progression was analyzed following the number of surviving oocytes at different meiotic stages found in each culture time and condition, and the total number of MLH1 foci found in oocytes from cultured ovaries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oocyte survival in vitro decreased with the addition of BPA to the medium (1 µM or greater). Oocyte degeneration was up to five times higher when BPA was added to culture medium. Moreover, oocytes exposed to BPA concentrations of 10 µM or higher presented approximately two times more MLH1 foci than unexposed cultured oocytes (P = 0.01). This was also observed in chromosome 21 from BPA-exposed oocytes, which had double the average number of MLH1 foci found in control oocytes (P = 0.001). E(2) was used as a positive control of estrogen receptors activity, and E(2) addition to the medium had similar effects on meiotic progression of oocytes from cultured ovaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that BPA concentrations of 1 µM or higher decrease the survival of human fetal oocytes in vitro, and concentrations of 10 µM or higher increase MLH1 foci number. MLH1 is considered a CO marker, and thus an increase in MLH1 foci could indicate an increase in COs in BPA-exposed oocytes. These data suggest that BPA can act as a toxic substance, which has particular implications for human females and the critical events of meiotic prophase, such as pairing-synapsis and recombination processes, as well as oocyte survival.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brieño-Enríquez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robles
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Camats-Tarruella
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Cruz
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roig
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cabero
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: M Garcia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Caldés
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002891:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 / Q000378:metabolism; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007621:Karyotyping; D008540:Meiosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds