title: Effect of passive repetitive isokinetic training on cytokines and hormonal changes.
abstract: It is well known that muscle strength and power are important factors in exercise. Plyometrics is designed to gain muscle strength and power in a shock method. The passive repetitive isokinetic (PRI) machine is developed for plyometrics. The present study aims to understand the effect of ten-week PRI training in different intensities on human plasma concentration cytokines as well as hormonal changes. Thirty young male subjects were enrolled into the ten-week PRI training program and were divided randomly into traditional, low- and high-intensity PRI training groups. Blood samples were obtained before, during, after and 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- and 7-day (D) post-training. The plasma concentrations of cytokines and hormones were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Elevated plasma IL-2 was found in the subjects in all the training programs. Significant increases of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were observed at post 7 D in the high-intensity PRI training (29.5 +/- 4.4 and 515.8 +/- 127.1 pg/ml, respectively). No significance in differences in the plasma concentration of IL-6 was observed in the traditional and low-intensity PRI training. Significant elevation of IL-6 was found at post 5 D in high-intensity PRI training. Higher plasma IL-6 concentration was observed at post 3 and 5 D in high-intensity PRI training compared to low-intensity PRI training (P < 0.05). Significant elevation of plasma IL-15 during (week 6) and after (post 0 D) was observed in low-intensity PRI training. Also, there were differences between low-intensity PRI training and traditional training at post 0, 2, 3, and 5 D. The plasma concentration of cortisol was decreased to the lowest value (118.0 +/- 17.3 ng/ml) at post 0 D in traditional training, then returned to the baseline (220.5 +/- 19.1 ng/ml). In the high-intensity PRI training, but not in the low-intensity PRI training, the cortisol level dropped from 224.9 +/- 25.8 ng/ml at post 0 D down to the 123.2 +/- 22.6 ng/ml at post 1 D. Significant differences were found at post 1 and 5 D between low- and high-intensity PRI training, and post 0, 1, 2, and 3 D between traditional and high-intensity PRI training. Significant increased testosterone was found post 0, 1, 2, and 3 D in traditional training. Higher plasma testosterone was observed during and the recovery period in low-intensity, but not in high-intensity, PRI training. In conclusion, high-intensity PRI training could induce the proinflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, and decrease plasma cortisol in the recovery period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Chung Chou Institute of Technology, Yuanlin, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shu-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kenny Wen-Chyuan
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Szu-Tah
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Po-Ju
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Chuan-Show
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mei-Chich
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Tzyy-Yuang
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Shiang
authors.forename: Mao-Kuan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Mu-San
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ying-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shyi-Wu
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D013177:Sports; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone