title: Development, problem behavior, and quality of life in a population based sample of eight-year-old children with Down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with Down syndrome (DS) have delayed psychomotor development. We investigated levels of development, problem behavior, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in a population sample of Dutch eight-year-old children with DS. Developmental outcomes were compared with normative data of eight-year-old children from the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a three-year-period all parents with an eight-year-old child with DS were approached by the national parent organization. Developmental skills were assessed by means of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Ability. To measure emotional and behavioral problems we used the Child Behavior Checklist. HRQoL was assessed with the TNO-AZL Children's Quality of Life questionnaire. Analyses of variance were applied to compare groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 337 children participated. Mean developmental age was substantially lower than mean calendar age (3.9 years, SD 0.87 and 8.1 years, SD 0.15 respectively). Mean developmental age was significantly lower among boys than girls (3.6 (SD 0.85) and 4.2 years (SD 0.82) respectively; p<0.001). Compared with the general population, children with DS had more emotional and behavioral problems (p<0.001). However on the anxious/depressed scale, they scored significantly more favorably (p<0.001). Significantly lower HRQoL scores for the scales gross motor skills, autonomy, social functioning and cognitive functioning were found (p-values<0.001). Hardly any differences were observed for the scales physical complaints, positive and negative emotions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eight-year-old children with DS have an average developmental delay of four years, more often have emotional and behavioral problems, and have a less favorable HRQoL compared with children from the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands. helma.vangameren@tno.nl
authors.forename: Helma B M
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: van Gameren-Oosterom
authors.forename: Minne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fekkes
authors.forename: Simone E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Buitendijk
authors.forename: Ashna D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mohangoo
authors.forename: Jeanet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruil
authors.forename: Jacobus P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Van Wouwe
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires