title: Exclusive breastfeeding, maternal HIV disease, and the risk of clinical breast pathology in HIV-infected, breastfeeding women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between breastfeeding patterns, markers of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, and woman's breast pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data analysis from a randomized breastfeeding trial including 947 HIV-infected women (n = 5982 visits) from breastfeeding initiation until 6 months postpartum; 1 month after breastfeeding cessation; or loss to follow-up or death. Generalized estimating equations assessed the effects of breastfeeding pattern and maternal HIV status on breast pathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred ninety women (20.1%) had a breast problem; 86 (9.1%) had mastitis; and 31 (3.3%) had abscess. After confounder adjustment, nonexclusively breastfeeding women had an increased risk of breast problems (odds ratio, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-2.95) and mastitis (odds ratio, 2.87, 95% confidence interval, 1.69-4.88) compared with exclusive breastfeeders. Women with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/μL tended to have an increased risk of abscess.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonexclusive breastfeeding significantly increased the risk of breast pathology. Exclusive breastfeeding is not only optimal for infant health but it also benefits mothers by reducing breast problems.
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA. ksemrau@bu.edu
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Semrau
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sinkala
authors.forename: Chipepo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kankasa
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thea
authors.forename: Grace M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Aldrovandi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors