title: Comparison of quantitative real time PCR with Sequencing and ribosomal RNA-FISH for the identification of fungi in formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of the causative agents of invasive fungal infections (IFI) is critical for guiding antifungal therapy. Cultures remain negative in a substantial number of IFI cases. Accordingly, species identification from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens by molecular methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and PCR provides an appealing approach to improve management of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed FISH probes targeting the 28S rRNA of Aspergillus and Candida and evaluated them with type strains. Fluorescence microscopy (FM), using FISH probes and quantitative broad-range fungal PCR targeting the rRNA gene were applied to FFPE tissue specimens from patients with proven IFI in order to explore benefits and limitations of each approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR followed by sequencing identified a broad spectrum of pathogenic fungi in 28 of 40 evaluable samples (70%). Hybridisation of FISH probes to fungal rRNA was documented in 19 of 40 tissue samples (47.5%), including 3 PCR negative samples with low fungal burden. The use of FISH was highly sensitive in invasive yeast infections, but less sensitive for moulds. In samples with hyphal elements, the evaluation of hybridisation was impaired due to autofluorescence of hyphae and necrotic tissue background.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While PCR appears to be more sensitive in identifying the causative agents of IFI, some PCR negative and FISH positive samples suggest that FISH has some potential in the rapid identification of fungi from FFPE tissue samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University hospital, Frankfurt, Germany. RickertsV@rki.de
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rickerts
authors.forename: Prasanna D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Khot
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Myerson
authors.forename: Daisy L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lambrecht
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Fredricks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005404:Fixatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009172:Mycology / Q000379:methods*; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D057089:Pathology, Molecular / Q000379:methods*; D012331:RNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D012331:RNA, Fungal; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; D005557:Formaldehyde