title: Outcomes from consumer-operated and community mental health services: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hierarchically organized board-and-staff-run consumer-operated service programs (COSPs) are viewed as organizations that promote recovery while working in concert with community mental health agencies (CMHAs). This study's objective was to determine the effectiveness of such combined services for people with serious mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A board-and-staff-run consumer-operated drop-in center and colocated CMHA provided the context for the randomized clinical trial. In a weighted sample, 139 new clients seeking help from the CMHA were randomly assigned to agency-only service or to a combination of COSP and CMHA services. Client-members were assessed at baseline and eight months on a measure of symptom severity and on four recovery-focused outcome measures: personal empowerment, self-efficacy, independent social integration, and hopelessness. All scales used have high reliability and well-established validity. Differences in outcome by service condition were evaluated with multivariate analysis of covariance via dummy variable regression. Change scores on the five outcomes were the dependent variables. The covariates for the multivariate analysis included baseline status on each outcome measure and service condition between-group demographic differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that significant changes in three recovery-focused outcomes were associated with service condition across time: social integration (p<.001), personal empowerment (p<.006), and self-efficacy (p<.001). All changes favored the CMHA-only condition. Neither symptomology nor hopelessness differed by service condition across time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hierarchically organized board-and-staff-run COSPs combined with CMHA service may be less helpful than CMHA service alone.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, 120 Haviland Hall (MC 7400), Berkeley, CA 94720-7400, USA. spsegal@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Tanya L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Temkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003255:Consumer Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D020377:Self Efficacy; D016896:Treatment Outcome