title: Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual purpose cattle herds in Ecuador.
abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds from Ecuador. A total of 2,367 serum samples from 346 herds were collected from June 2008 through February 2009. A questionnaire, which included variables related to cattle, health, management measures, and the environment, was filled out in each herd. A commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test was used to determine the seropositivity. A logistic regression model was used to determine risk factors at herd level. The individual seroprevalence for BVDV in non-vaccinated herds in Ecuador was 36.2% (857/2,367; CI(95%), 34.3-38.1%). The herd prevalence was 74% (256/346; CI(95%), 69.4-78.6%) and the intra-herd prevalence ranged between 11.1% and 100% (mean = 51.6%). The logistic regression model showed that the density of cattle farms in the area (more than 70%; OR, 1.94; CI(95%), 1.21-3.2) and the altitude (higher than 2,338 m above sea level; 2.33; CI(95%), 1.4-3.9) are potential risk factors associated with BVDV infection.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación, Transferencia de Tecnología, Extensión y Servicios Agropecuarios, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n 1101608, Loja, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Luis Rodrigo
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Saa
authors.forename: Anselmo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perea
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: García-Bocanegra
authors.forename: Antonio José
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Arenas
authors.forename: Diego Vinicio
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carbonero
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011156:Population Density; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral