title: Prescription patterns of Chinese herbal products for menopausal syndrome: analysis of a nationwide prescription database.
abstract: ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Chinese herbal products (CHP) are commonly used for menopausal syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because menopausal syndrome is a common issue among women worldwide, this study analyzed the prescription patterns and frequencies of CHP in relieving menopausal syndrome in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescriptions of CHP for menopausal syndrome were obtained from the nationwide prescription database (National Health Insurance Research Database) of Taiwan. Every prescription with a leading diagnosis of menopausal syndrome made in the year 2002 for women out-patients aged 45-55 years was analyzed. Descriptive statistics and data mining method (association rule mining) were applied to the pattern of co-prescription.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 54456 prescriptions were made for 15486 subjects in clinical visits. Salvia miltiorrhiza and Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san were the most commonly prescribed single herb (SH) and herbal formula (HF), respectively. For combinations of two CHP, Salvia miltiorrhiza with Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san, Zhi-bai-di-huang-wan with Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san, and Ligustrum lucidum with Eclipta prostrata were the most frequently co-prescribed CHP couplets as SH-HF, HF-HF, and SH-SH, respectively. The most commonly used combination of three CHP was Eclipta prostrata with Ligustrum lucidum and Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san. The core formula for menopausal syndrome was Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combinations of CHP are widely used for menopausal syndrome. Data mining analysis demonstrates the core formula and the commonly combined CHP in prescriptions. Further studies are needed to evaluate their efficacy for menopausal syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Chinese Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsing-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jau-Ching
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yu-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sien-Hung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jiun-Liang
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tzeng-Ji
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D057225:Data Mining; D019992:Databases as Topic; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013577:Syndrome; D013624:Taiwan; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal