title: The fully endoscopic supraorbital trans-eyebrow keyhole approach to the anterior and middle skull base.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purely endoscopic eyebrow supraorbital approach is an alternative to both the endoscopic endonasal and eyebrow microsurgical routes to the anterior and middle cranial base. It combines an enhanced visualization provided by the endoscope and the absence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and nasal complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A trans-eyebrow 2-cm craniotomy is designed to allow the placement of a straight endoscope and visualize the skull base from the cribriform plate to the mesiotemporal lobe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visualization is considerably improved, while the keyhole mini-invasive concept is respected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The purely endoscopic eyebrow supraorbital keyhole approach is a valuable and alternative minimally invasive route to anterior and middle skull base lesions.
authors.affiliation: Skull Base Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosurgery A, Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Moncef
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berhouma
authors.forename: Timothée
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacquesson
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jouanneau
mesh_terms: D035262:Cranial Fossa, Anterior / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D035301:Cranial Fossa, Middle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000473:pathology; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*