title: Biomechanical evaluation of bone-cement augmented Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation blades in a polyurethane foam model with low density.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helically shaped cephalic implants have proven their benefit to provide an improved stabilization of unstable hip fractures. However, cut out ratios up to 3.6% still occur. This in vitro study evaluated the biomechanical performance of a novel cement augmentation technique of the Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation in surrogate femora.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four study groups were formed out of 24 polyurethane foam specimens with low density. Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation blades were implanted, either non-augmented, or augmented using 3ml of injectable Polymethylmethacrylate bone-cement. The influence of implant mal-positioning was investigated by placing the blade either centered in the femoral head or off-centric in an anteroposterior direction. All specimens underwent cyclic loading under physiological conditions. Starting at 1000 N, the load was monotonically increased by 0.1N/cycle until construct failure. Movement of the head was identified by means of optical motion tracking. Non-parametric test statistics were carried out on the cycles to failure, to compare between study groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to control samples; augmented samples showed a significantly increased number of cycles to failure (P=0.012). In the groups with centric position of the Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation blade, cement augmentation led to an increase in loading cycles of 225%. In the groups with off-centric positioning of the blade, this difference was even more accentuated (933%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cement augmentation of the Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation blade with small amounts of bone-cement for treatment of osteoporotic hip fractures clearly enhances fixation stability and carries high potential for clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Services AO Research Institute, Davos Platz, Switzerland. an.sermon@uzleuven.be
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sermon
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwieger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boger
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boonen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Broos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Windolf
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D040761:Biomimetic Materials; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001858:Bone Nails; D002484:Cementation / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D011140:Polyurethanes; D011474:Prosthesis Design
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D011140:Polyurethanes