title: [Skin tests for diagnostics of allergic immediate-type reactions. Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology].
abstract: Skin tests in patients with IgE-mediated immediate type allergy are performed with the intention to establish a contact between allergens and skin mast cells. The latter carry specific IgE antibodies on their surface. If mast cells get activated, mediators (mainly histamine) are released which induce a visible skin reaction (wheal and erythema).[nl]Skin tests are indicated, if an immediate type allergic disease is suspected. Systemic anaphylactic reactions at skin testing are very rare. However, it is necessary to take them into account and to provide emergency treatment. Relative contraindications comprise skin diseases in the test area, poor general condition and insufficiently treated severe asthma. If tests are used, which have a higher risk for a systemic anaphylactic reaction, pregnancy or beta-blocker therapy, are further contraindications.[nl]Skin test application does not depend on patient age. However, in pre-school age tests are reluctantly performed. It is essential to consider the half-life of drugs which may interfere with the test result, and which have to be discontinued early enough before testing. After anaphylactic reactions there may be a refractory period. Therefore, tests should not be done within the first week after such reactions. Skin prick tests are the procedures of first choice, intradermal tests are more sensitive than prick tests. Skin tests are performed at the flexor side of the forearm. As intradermal tests are more inconvenient, testing can be also done at a less susceptible site of the body (upper back).[nl]It is recommended to use standardized test extracts. However, if standardised extracts are not available or do not yield suitable test results, one may switch to other preparations. If the patient shows a positive reaction to a non-standardized substance, control tests should be performed in healthy subjects in order to exclude an unspecific reaction.[nl]The reaction is read after 15 to 20 min. Skin tests are regarded positive if the mean wheal diameter is ≥ 3 mm at the prick test, and ≥ 5 mm at the intradermal test.[nl]Skin test results may be negative although patients are allergic. If a skin test is positive, one will have to distinguish reactions, which are clinically relevant, from those, which are not. History and/or challenge tests help to clarify the relevance of a sensitization. Usually, a clinically irrelevant sensitization does not lead to practical consequences.
authors.affiliation: AllergieZentrum, Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany. Franziska.Rueff@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ruëff
authors.forename: K-C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brockow
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grübl
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klimek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Müsken
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pfaar
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Przybilla
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sitter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wehrmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000918:Antibody Specificity / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007428:Intradermal Tests / Q000379:methods*; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E