title: Corticosterone microinjected into nucleus pontis oralis increases tonic immobility in rats.
abstract: Tonic immobility (TI) is also known as "immobility response", "immobility reflex", "animal hypnosis", etc. It is an innate antipredatory behavior characterized by an absence of movement, varying degrees of muscular activity, and a relative unresponsiveness to external stimuli. Experimentally, TI is commonly produced by manually forcing an animal into an inverted position and restraining it in that position until the animal becomes immobile. Part of the neural mechanism(s) of TI involves the medullo-pontine reticular formation, with influence from other components of the brain, notably the limbic system. It has been observed that TI is more prolonged in stressed animals, and systemic injection of corticosterone (CORT) also potentiates this behavior. At present, the anatomical brain regions involved in the CORT modulation of TI are unknown. Thus, our study was made to determine if some pontine areas could be targets for the modulation of TI by CORT. A unilateral nucleus pontis oralis (PnO) microinjection of 1 μL of CORT (0.05 μg/1 μL) in rats resulted in clear behavioral responses. The animals had an increased duration of TI caused by clamping the neck (in this induction, besides of body inversion and restraint, there is also clamping the neck), with an enhancement in open-field motor activity, which were prevented by pretreatment injection into PnO with 1 μL of the mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist spironolactone (0.5 μg/1 μL) or 1 μL of the glucocorticoid-receptor antagonist mifepristone (0.5 μg/1 μL). In contrast, these behavioral changes were not seen when CORT (0.05 μg/1 μL) was microinjected into medial lemniscus area or paramedian raphe. Our data support the idea that, in stressful situations, glucocorticoids released from adrenals of the prey reach the PnO to produce a hyper arousal state, which in turn can prolong the duration of TI.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340, México D. F., Mexico. chenzo60@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sandoval-Herrera
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Trujillo-Ferrara
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda-Páez
authors.forename: Fidel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De La Cruz
authors.forename: Sergio R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zamudio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D003345:Corticosterone