title: An ultrasonically powered implantable micro-oxygen generator (IMOG).
abstract: In this paper, we present an ultrasonically powered implantable micro-oxygen generator (IMOG) that is capable of in situ tumor oxygenation through water electrolysis. Such active mode of oxygen generation is not affected by increased interstitial pressure or abnormal blood vessels that typically limit the systemic delivery of oxygen to hypoxic regions of solid tumors. Wireless ultrasonic powering (2.15 MHz) was employed to increase the penetration depth and eliminate the directional sensitivity associated with magnetic methods. In addition, ultrasonic powering allowed for further reduction in the total size of the implant by eliminating the need for a large area inductor. IMOG has an overall dimension of 1.2 mm × 1.3 mm × 8 mm, small enough to be implanted using a hypodermic needle or a trocar. In vitro and ex vivo experiments showed that IMOG is capable of generating more than 150 μA which, in turn, can create 0.525 μL/min of oxygen through electrolytic disassociation. In vivo experiments in a well-known hypoxic pancreatic tumor models (1 cm (3) in size) also verified adequate in situ tumor oxygenation in less than 10 min.
authors.affiliation: Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA. tmalekij@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Teimour
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maleki
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Seung Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Chinghai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Song-Chu Arthur
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ziaie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D004572:Electrolysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000628:therapy*; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D055616:Microtechnology / Q000295:instrumentation; D008954:Models, Biological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000502:physiology; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D049408:Luminescent Agents; D014867:Water; D010100:Oxygen