title: [Free gracilis muscle flap with plantar intermediate thickness skin graft: case report, review of anatomy and functional reconstruction of the palm].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin and soft-tissue architecture of the palm are unique. Coverage of extensive soft-tissue defects restoring the functional capacity of the palm remains a challenging task. Anatomic restoration with skin from another area is hardly possible. In manual labourers, reconstruction of mechanical soft-tissue stability is required in addition to sensation, range of motion and grip strength. Sensate fasciocutaneous flaps bear disadvantages of tissue mobility, shifting and bulkiness. Published criteria for defect-related flap selection are sparse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Defect analysis (anatomy, units of tactile gnosis, individual parameters) provides information to weigh needs for sensation or tissue stability, influencing selection of most appropriate procedures. We distinguished 4 units: hypothenar (H), thenar (T) and central palm (Z). (Z) consists of a central palmar unit (c') and the distal palm (d'). Individual parameters (age, profession, dominant hand, psychosocial aspects) were also considered. Units (T) and (H), regions of secondary touch, demand protective sensation by applying sensate fasciocutaneous flaps. In labourers tactile gnosis in (Z) is of less, tissue stability of greater value. An extensive palmar defect (9×13 cm, affecting unit (Z), partially affecting units (T) and (H), of the dominant hand) with combined vessel, nerve, tendon injuries (male labourer, 21 years) was covered after defect analysis with a free gracilis muscle flap and a glabrous intermediate (0.5 mm) thickness skin graft from the instep region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  29 months postoperatively anatomic conditions of palmar soft tissue (Vancouver scar scale: 1), high mechanical soft-tissue stability including normal hand function were evident. Semmes Weinstein testing showed positive pressure sensation. Professional reintegration after 5 months was possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defect coverage of the palm must not consist of merely providing sensate vascularised tissue. The most appropriate procedure can be derived from careful defect analysis focusing on the affection of units of tactile gnosis to achieve near to anatomic reconstruction. In labourers, patient- and defect-related demands need close correlation with the value of the selected flaps regarding the sensation and mechanical stability to be expected. In selected cases (mechanical irritation, affection of unit (Z), younger age) by combining microvascular muscle flaps with plantar intermediate thickness skin grafts promising functional results with early professional reintegration can be achieved by reconstructing like with like.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Austria. timm.engelhardt@i-med.ac.at
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baltaci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pierer
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Schwabegger
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D006225:Hand / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult