title: Orbit and orbital apex.
abstract: Pathology affecting the orbit and orbital apex is diverse and heterogeneous. Many of the differential pathologies require management in a multidisciplinary team involving both otolaryngology and ophthalmology. This article discusses the differential pathologies. Emphasis has been placed on Graves orbitopathy, traumatic optic neuropathy, and the indications for decompression in each. The differential diagnosis for a lesion within the orbit and orbital apex is diverse. The presentation, investigation, and appropriate management of these conditions is discussed with emphasis on traumatic optic neuropathy and Graves orbitopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, 50 Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilcsek
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sacks
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D004724:Endoscopy; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones