title: Mortality among substance-using mothers in California: a 10-year prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine mortality rates and causes of death among a cohort of substance-using mothers and to identify risk factors that predict mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study of a cohort of 4447 substance-using mothers (pregnant or parenting) who were enrolled during 2000-02 in 40 drug abuse treatment programs across California.
  
  
  METHODS
  All mothers were assessed at baseline using the Addiction Severity Index. Mortality data were obtained from the National Death Index and causes of death were coded using ICD-10. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated relative to women in the general population adjusted for age. Proportional hazard (Cox) regression was used to identify risk factors predicting death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of 2010, 194 deaths were confirmed, corresponding to a crude mortality rate of 4.47 per 1000 person-years and SMR of 8.4 (95% confidence interval: 7.2-9.6). Drug overdose (28.8%), cardiovascular disease (10%), and alcohol or drug disorders (8.9%) were the leading causes of death. Baseline factors associated with higher mortality included older age, being white (relative to African American or Hispanic), heroin, alcohol, cocaine or marijuana (relative to methamphetamine) as the primary drug problem, drug injection and greater severity of employment, medical/health and psychiatric problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substance-using mothers have 8.4 times the mortality than that observed among US women of similar age. Greater severity of employment, medical/health and psychiatric problems contributed to the elevated mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. yhser@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Yih-Ing
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Hser
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kagihara
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Nena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Messina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003710:Demography; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry) / Q000401:mortality*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D055815:Young Adult