title: Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the various extracts of Verbascum pinetorum Boiss. O. Kuntze (Scrophulariaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was performed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of various extracts of Verbascum (V.) pinetorum, a member of Scrophulariaceae family. While the antimicrobial activity of various extracts of V. pinetorum was determined with agar-well diffusion method, the antioxidant activity was examined with two complementary test systems, namely 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and beta-carotene/linoleic acid test systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hexane extract exhibits antimicrobial activity against few microorganisms. However, dichloromethane, direct methanol and methanol/chloroform extracts are effective on a broad range of microorganisms. Among the tested bacteria Haemophilus influenzae was found to be the most sensitive bacterium. The 50% (IC50) inhibition activity of the methanolic extract of V. pinetorum on the free radical DPPH was determined as 13.04 mg/ml. In the case of the linoleic acid system, oxidation of linoleic acid was inhibited by methanolic extract of V. pinetorum, which showed 89.39% inhibition that is quite close to the value of the synthetic antioxidant reagent butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), 92.46%. Iridoid glycosides, flavonoids and saponins were determined as the major natural compounds in the methanolic extracts. The total phenolic components of V. pinetorum were found as 42.45 mg/g gallic acid equivalent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide evidence that the extracts of V. pinetorum contained iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and phenolic compounds which may be responsible for the substantial antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey. birgulozcan@gmail.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caliskan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mothana
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cihan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yolcu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032265:Verbascum / Q000737:chemistry*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D006586:Hexanes; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019207:beta Carotene; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D019787:Linoleic Acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D000432:Methanol