title: Target organ identification of jellyfish envenomation using systemic and integrative analyses in anesthetized dogs.
abstract: Proper treatment of jellyfish envenomed patients can be successfully achieved only from an understanding of the overall functional changes and alterations in physiological parameters under its envenomation. The majority of previous investigations on jellyfish venoms have covered only a couple of parameters at a time. Unlike most other fragmentary jellyfish studies, we employed an integrative toxicological approach, including hemodynamics, clinical chemistry and hematology analyses, using N. nomurai jellyfish venom (NnV) in dogs. After the baseline measurements for mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO) and heart rate (HR), NnV was intravenously administered to the dogs at doses of 0.1 or 0.3mg/kg body weight. The dogs showed significant decreases in MAP (-27.4±3.7 and -48.1±9.9 mmHg), CO (-1.1±0.1 L/min and -1.0±0.2 L/min), and HR (-4.5±0.3 and -9.9±3.1 beats/min) comparing with the respective baseline controls. The onset of systemic hypotension and bradycardia occurred within 1 min of NnV injection and they lasted for 1-35 min, depending on the NnV doses. Interestingly, serum biochemical analyses of envenomed dogs exhibited dramatic increases of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), indicating its possible target organs. In conclusion, we have demonstrated simultaneously, for the first time, the multiple organ toxicities (cardiotoxic, myotoxic and hepatotoxic) of a scyphozoan jellyfish venom. Based on these results, an integrative toxinological approach using dogs appears to be effective in predicting jellyfish venom toxicities and designing their therapeutic strategies. We expect this method can be applied to other jellyfish venom research as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Changkeun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Young Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyunkyoung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mijin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Eun-Tae
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Eun-Sun
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Chiyoun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Minkyung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hee Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jong-Shu
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin-Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Won Duk
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Euikyung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000209:etiology*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D037401:Scyphozoa
chemical_list: D003064:Cnidarian Venoms