title: A mark-resight survey method to estimate the roaming dog population in three cities in Rajasthan, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dog population management is required in many locations to minimise the risks dog populations may pose to human health and to alleviate animal welfare problems. In many cities in India, Animal Birth Control (ABC) projects have been adopted to provide population management. Measuring the impact of such projects requires assessment of dog population size among other relevant indicators.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper describes a simple mark-resight survey methodology that can be used with little investment of resources to monitor the number of roaming dogs in areas that are currently subject to ABC, provided the numbers, dates and locations of the dogs released following the intervention are reliably recorded. We illustrate the method by estimating roaming dog numbers in three cities in Rajasthan, India: Jaipur, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer. In each city the dog populations were either currently subject to ABC or had been very recently subject to such an intervention and hence a known number of dogs had been permanently marked with an ear-notch to identify them as having been operated. We conducted street surveys to record the current percentage of dogs in each city that are ear-notched and used an estimate for the annual survival of ear-notched dogs to calculate the current size of each marked population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dividing the size of the marked population by the fraction of the dogs that are ear-notched we estimated the number of roaming dogs to be 36,580 in Jaipur, 24,853 in Jodhpur and 2,962 in Jaisalmer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mark-resight survey methodology described here is a simple way of providing population estimates for cities with current or recent ABC programmes that include visible marking of dogs. Repeating such surveys on a regular basis will further allow for evaluation of ABC programme impact on population size and reproduction in the remaining unsterilised dog population.
authors.affiliation: Conservation Research Ltd,, 110 Hinton Way, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB22 5AL, UK. lexhiby@googlemail.com
authors.forename: Lex R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Hiby
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Rajan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaisinghani
authors.forename: Baldev
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Elly F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Hiby
mesh_terms: D000823:Animal Identification Systems / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D003625:Data Collection; D004285:Dogs / Q000601:surgery*; D004423:Ear / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D011156:Population Density; D012621:Seasons; D014505:Urban Population