title: Different influenza vaccine formulations and adjuvants for childhood influenza vaccination.
abstract: Pediatric influenza is a very common disease: attack rates range from 23% to 48% during interpandemic years and are significantly higher during pandemics. Influenza-related complications seem to be more common in children at risk because of an underlying chronic severe disease, but recently collected data clearly demonstrate that otherwise healthy children can also suffer from severe influenza and that the annual number of deaths is no different between the two groups. The aim of this review is to discuss the characteristics of all influenza vaccines in order to evaluate the real likelihood of prevention, as well as the safety and tolerability of the different formulations and adjuvants. The data indicate that further studies collecting efficacy and effectiveness data and evaluating the immunogenicity and safety of the different formulations and adjuvants should lead to the identification of more ideal influenza vaccines that could be used with significant advantage in the entire pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122 Milan, Italy. susanna.esposito@unimi.it
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Principi
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D022721:Vaccines, Virosome / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D022721:Vaccines, Virosome