title: Psychological status as a function of residual scarring and facial asymmetry after surgical repair of cleft lip and palate.
abstract: Objective : Objective measure of scarring and three-dimensional (3D) facial asymmetry after surgical correction of unilateral cleft lip (UCL) and unilateral cleft lip (UCLP). It was hypothesized that the degree of scarring or asymmetry would be correlated with poorer psychological function. Design : In a cross-sectional design, children underwent 3D imaging of the face and completed standardized assessments of self-esteem, depression, and state and trait anxiety. Parents rated children's adjustment with a standard scale. Setting : Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences. Patients : Fifty-one children aged 10 years with UCLP and 43 with UCL were recruited from the cohort treated with the surgical protocol of the CLEFTSIS managed clinical network in Scotland. Methods : Objective assessment to determine the luminance and redness of the scar and facial asymmetry. Depression, anxiety, and a self-esteem assessment battery were used for the psychological analysis. Results : Cleft cases showed superior psychological adjustment when compared with normative data. Prevalence of depression matched the population norm. The visibility of the scar (luminance ratio) was significantly correlated with lower self-esteem and higher trait anxiety in UCLP children (P  =  .004). Similar but nonsignificant trends were seen in the UCL group. Parental ratings of poorer adjustment also correlated with greater luminance of the scar. Conclusions : The objectively defined degree of postoperative cleft scarring was associated with subclinical symptoms of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: Aileen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Tsz-Wai
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayoub
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002921:Cicatrix; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005146:Facial Asymmetry; D006801:Humans; D009666:Nose / Q000601:surgery