title: Neurostimulation for primary headache disorders, part 1: pathophysiology and anatomy, history of neuromodulation in headache treatment, and review of peripheral neuromodulation in primary headaches.
abstract: Neurostimulation for primary headaches is being increasingly utilized as a treatment modality. Use of neuromoduation has generated multiple case reports as well as some controlled studies. This article is the first of 2 systematic reviews of available data regarding neurostimulation for primary headache conditions. The pathophysiology, relative anatomy, theoretical mechanisms, and history of neurostimulation for primary headache are covered in this section, Part 1 of 2. The literature regarding peripheral neurostimulatory targets is also reviewed in Part 1. These peripheral targets include: percutaneous nerves, transcranial holocephalic, occipital nerves, auriculotemporal nerves, supraorbital nerves, cervical epidural, and sphenopalatine ganglia. Part 2 will focus on central stimulation, covering vagus nerve, and deep brain stimulation. Part 2 also contains an overall analysis of efficacy, safety, cost, patient selection, and suggestions for further study based on available evidence.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Center for Headache and Pain, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Stewart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tepper
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome