title: Sugar cane burning pollution and respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren in Monte Aprazível, Southeastern Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and to analyze associated factors as well as peak expiratory flow measurements in schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with schoolchildren aged 10-14 from the city of Monte Aprazível (Southeastern Brazil). Questionnaires containing the asthma and rhinitis components of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood were administered. The questionnaires also approached sociodemographic characteristics, predisposing factors, and family and personal medical history. Repeated measures of peak expiratory flow in the children, and of black carbon and particulate matter (PM2,5) concentration levels were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of asthma and rhinitis symptoms was 11% and 33.2%, respectively. Among asthmatic children, 10.6% presented four or more wheezing attacks in the past 12 months. Past family history of bronchitis and rhinitis was associated with presence of asthma (p=0.002 and p <0.001) and rhinitis (p <0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Regarding rhinitis, there was association with presence of mold or cracks on the house (p=0.009). Rhinitis was most frequent from June to October, a period that matches the sugarcane harvest season. Daily prevalence of peak expiratory flow below 20% of the median of each child's measurements was higher in days with greater PM2,5 concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of asthma symptoms is below and that of rhinitis is above the national average. Although within acceptable levels, pollution in the cane trash burn season may contribute to the exacerbation of asthma and rhinitis episodes.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riguera
authors.forename: Paulo Afonso
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Dirce Maria Trevisan
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zanetta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005390:Fires; D006801:Humans; D017745:Incineration; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D015995:Prevalence; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D031786:Saccharum; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter