title: Assessment of differences between repeated pulse wave velocity measurements in terms of 'bias' in the extrapolated cardiovascular risk and the classification of aortic stiffness: is a single PWV measurement enough?
abstract: Currently, there is no recommendation regarding the minimum number of pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements to optimize individual's cardiovascular risk (CVR) stratification. The aim of this study was to examine differences between three single consecutive and averaged PWV measurements in terms of the extrapolated CVR and the classification of aortic stiffness as normal. In 60 subjects who referred for CVR assessment, three repeated measurements of blood pressure (BP), heart rate and PWV were performed. The reproducibility was evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and mean±s.d. of differences. The absolute differences between single and averaged PWV measurements were classified as: ≤0.25, 0.26-0.49, 0.50-0.99 and ≥1 m s(-1). A difference ≥0.5 m s(-1) (corresponding to 7.5% change in CVR, meta-analysis data from >12 000 subjects) was considered as clinically meaningful; PWV values (single or averaged) were classified as normal according to respective age-corrected normal values (European Network data). Kappa statistic was used to evaluate the agreement between classifications. PWV for the first, second and third measurement was 7.0±1.9, 6.9±1.9, 6.9±2.0 m s(-1), respectively (P=0.319); BP and heart rate did not vary significantly. A good reproducibility between single measurements was observed (ICC>0.94, s.d. ranged between 0.43 and 0.64 m s(-1)). A high percent with difference ≥0.5 m s(-1) was observed between: any pair of the three single PWV measurements (26.6-38.3%); the first or second single measurement and the average of the first and second (18.3%); any single measurement and the average of three measurements (10-20%). In only up to 5% a difference ≥0.5 m s(-1) was observed between the average of three and the average of any two PWV measurements. There was no significant agreement regarding PWV classification as normal between: the first or second measurement and the averaged PWV values. There was significant agreement in classification made by the average of the first two and the average of three PWV measurements (κ=0.85, P<0.001). Even when high reproducibility in PWV measurement is succeeded single measurements provide quite variable results in terms of the extrapolated CVR and the classification of aortic stiffness as normal. The average of two PWV measurements provides similar results with the average of three.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Unit, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. thepap@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Protogerou
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Nasothimiou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tzamouranis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skliros
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Achimastos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papadogiannis
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology*; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D015982:Bias; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D059289:Vascular Stiffness