title: Clinical toxicology and drug regulation: a United Kingdom perspective.
abstract: The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Authority (MHRA) is the government body with responsibility for regulating new and existing medicines and medical devices in the United Kingdom. The Yellow Card scheme is a well-established pharmacovigilance system that collects voluntary reports of adverse effects associated with therapeutic drug use. In contrast, data concerning clinical toxicological effects are more poorly characterised. No comparable surveillance processes exist in the United Kingdom or elsewhere in Europe that might allow systematic collection of clinical data and outcomes after drug overdose. Toxicological effects are normally ascertained from individual patient reports or small case series from a few specialised poisons units, so that these data are generally under-represented in post-marketing consideration of risks and benefits. Safety concerns may lead to withdrawal of the Marketing Authorisation or restricted prescribing conditions, which are conveyed to health care professionals by means of safety warnings. These may have a variable impact, and three selected examples are presented to illustrate the complex interaction between drug regulation and clinical toxicology. First, the effects of the withdrawal of rofecoxib in 2004 shows that regulatory responses may reduce the prescribing of drugs across a particular class, and this has resulted in fewer enquiries to Poisons Control Centres regarding all cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors. Secondly, data concerning the impact of safety warnings about antipsychotic medications illustrate that regulatory decisions may have a variable impact due to other factors that influence prescribing, including clinical guidelines, marketing pressures, and lack of alternative safe medications. Finally, the recent withdrawal of co-proxamol serves as an example of how clinical toxicology data can inform the drug regulation process and improve safety by minimising the risk of death associated with overdose. Greater reliance on clinical toxicology data could better inform the drug regulation process, perhaps through coordinated data collection systems that already exist in certain national poisons centres. Routine collection of high quality data concerning the effects of drug overdose could allow a more comprehensive review of risk and benefit by the regulatory authorities.
authors.affiliation: Acute Medical Unit, York Hospital, York, UK. stephen.waring@york.nhs.uk
authors.forename: W Stephen
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Waring
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGettigan
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000506:poisoning; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000506:poisoning; D000996:Antitussive Agents / Q000506:poisoning; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene / Q000506:poisoning; D004338:Drug Combinations; D062787:Drug Overdose; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects; D007880:Legislation, Drug / Q000639:trends*; D011039:Poison Control Centers; D057051:Product Recalls and Withdrawals; D013450:Sulfones / Q000009:adverse effects; D014116:Toxicology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000639:trends*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000996:Antitussive Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D000082:Acetaminophen; C011800:acetaminophen, dextropropoxyphene, drug combination; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene