title: Non-invasive in vitro sensing of D-glucose in pig blood.
abstract: We have developed an electromagnetic resonant spiral sensor and have measured the glycemia in pig blood and the concentration of D-glucose in aqueous solution by using a real-time electromagnetic interaction phenomenon between the microwave sensor and the liquid. We could determine the concentration of glucose with a minimal resolution of 5 mg/dl in the 100-600 mg/dl concentration range at operating frequencies of about 7.65 GHz (for the glucose aqueous solution) and 7.77 GHz (for the pig blood sample). The change in the glucose concentration brings the changes of the microwave reflection coefficient due to the electromagnetic interaction between the resonator and the glucose solution. The in vitro results show the measured signal-to-noise ratio of about 34 dB, and the minimum detectible signal level of about 0.022 dB/(mg/dl). Our proposed system provides a unique approach for non-invasive and non-contact glucose monitoring, and it may serve as a bloodless glucometer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Basic Science Institute for Cell Damage Control, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Harutyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Melikyan
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Danielyan
authors.forename: Seungwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jongchel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Arsen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Babajanyan
authors.forename: Jungha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Kiejin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057005:Bioengineering; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003199:Computer Systems; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D008872:Microwaves; D023421:Models, Animal; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose