title: Illicit use of buprenorphine/naloxone among injecting and noninjecting opioid users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the use, procurement, and motivations for the use of diverted buprenorphine/naloxone among injecting and noninjecting opioid users in an urban area.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was self-administered among 51 injecting opioid users and 49 noninjecting opioid users in Providence, RI. Participants were recruited from a fixed-site syringe exchange program and a community outreach site between August and November 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority (76%) of participants reported having obtained buprenorphine/naloxone illicitly, with 41% having done so in the previous month. More injection drug users (IDUs) than non-IDUs reported the use of diverted buprenorphine/naloxone (86% vs 65%, P = 0.01). The majority of participants who had used buprenorphine/naloxone reported doing so to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms (74%) or to stop using other opioids (66%) or because they could not afford drug treatment (64%). More IDUs than non-IDUs reported using diverted buprenorphine/naloxone for these reasons. Significantly more non-IDUs than IDUs reported ever using buprenorphine/naloxone to "get high" (69% vs 32%, P < 0.01). The majority of respondents, both IDUs and non-IDUs, were interested in receiving treatment for opioid dependence, with greater reported interest in buprenorphine/naloxone than in methadone. Common reasons given for not being currently enrolled in a buprenorphine/naloxone program included cost and unavailability of prescribing physicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of diverted buprenorphine/naloxone was common in our sample. However, many opioid users, particularly IDUs, were using diverted buprenorphine/naloxone for reasons consistent with its therapeutic purpose, such as alleviating opioid withdrawal symptoms and reducing the use of other opioids. These findings highlight the need to explore the full impact of buprenorphine/naloxone diversion and improve the accessibility of buprenorphine/naloxone through licensed treatment providers.
authors.affiliation: The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bazazi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokell
authors.forename: Jeannia J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Josiah D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Nickolas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Zaller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009270:Naloxone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012237:Rhode Island / Q000453:epidemiology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009270:Naloxone; D002047:Buprenorphine