title: Sexual behaviour research using the survey method: a critique of the literature over the last six years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The survey method is often used to identify trends in sexual behaviour and attitudes. In order for research conclusions to be valid, however, data gathered from surveys must be unambiguous. For the current paper we reviewed survey research of sexual behaviour published in recent years. Our objective was to identify common methodological issues and provide recommendations for how to address them.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 62 articles, published in four prominent sexual health journals over the past six years. We evaluated each article based on how adequately its authors addressed four recurring methodological issues: ambiguous terminology, heterosexual bias, procedures that compromise honesty in responses, and survey language/literacy considerations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review revealed some recurring issues: 47% of the studies failed to address the question of sexual orientation, sexual behaviour terminology was explicitly defined in only 32% of questionnaires, fewer than 5% of surveys clarified whether the sexual encounters in question were consensual, and 21% of the articles contained no mention of anonymity or confidentiality for participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reveal common issues with survey data that compromise the validity of findings. In order to have confidence in research conclusions and recommendations, it is important that these issues be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. brea.malacad@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Brea L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Malacad
authors.forename: Gretchen C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires