title: Using an on-line microdialysis/HPLC system for the simultaneous determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in non-dairy creamer.
abstract: The recent revelation of melamine (MEL) contamination in foodstuffs in China has rocked the international public health community. Many food categories have been involved in this scandal, including non-dairy creamer (NDC). In this study, we investigated the use of hollow-fiber microdialysis (MD) sampling coupled on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as an alternative to sample pretreatment for the direct determination of MEL and its analogue cyanuric acid (CYA) in NDC. After MD sampling, the dialysate was injected on-line into the chromatographic system for analysis of MEL and CYA with UV detection at 203 nm. We monitored the effects of various parameters affecting the MD efficiency, namely the characteristics of the MD probe membrane, the flow-rate and the nature of the polarity modifier in the perfusion stream, and the addition of salt in the sample solution. The optimal enrichment efficiency for collecting MEL and CYA from aqueous NDC samples occurred with MD sampling using a hollow polysulfone MD fiber and MeOH as the perfusate at a flow rate of 10 μL min(-1). The optimized chromatographic conditions involved using a reversed-phase phenyl column and a mobile phase of 5 mM phosphate buffer in 10% (v/v) MeOH, buffered at pH 6.5. Detection was linear in the concentration range from 0.02 to 5 ppm for MEL and from 2 to 100 ppm for CYA, with detection limits of 1 ppb for MEL and 30 ppb for CYA. The volume of perfusate required to extract MEL and CYA from the NDC solution was only 21 μL. The total MD sampling time was 2.1 min. This method allows the sensitive, eco-friendly, and rapid determination of MEL and CYA in NDC-a risk food for economically motivated adulteration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Cheuch-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yu-Tzu
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Hwang-Shang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kou
authors.forename: Yeou-Lih
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019358:Fat Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018511:Systems Integration; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019358:Fat Substitutes; D014227:Triazines; D014867:Water; C004632:cyanuric acid; C011907:melamine; D000432:Methanol