title: Network meta-analysis for evaluating interventions in implant dentistry: the case of peri-implantitis treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence from head-to-head comparison trials on peri-implantitis treatment is limited, and it is therefore impossible to conduct a direct meta-analysis. We propose an alternative statistical method, network meta-analysis, for evidence synthesis, which enables to compare the results of multiple treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched, in triplicate, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled trials in the PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases up to and including August 2010. We also conducted a manual search of the reference lists regarding published systematic reviews and searched for gray literature in OpenSIGLE. We assessed changes in clinical attachment level (CAL) and pocket probing depth (PPD) after nonsurgical and surgical treatments of peri-implantitis. The risk of bias of selected studies was determined by the use of specific criteria, and it was performed in triplicate and independently. We used multilevel mixed modeling to perform the network meta-analysis and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation to obtain confidence intervals for the fixed and random effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies were included in the review. All RCTs are at unclear or high risk of bias. Surgical therapy in conjunction with bone grafts and non-resorbable membranes achieved 3.52 mm greater PPD reduction than nonsurgical therapy alone, 95% high-probability density (HPD) intervals: -0.19, 6.81. Surgical treatment in conjunction with bone grafts and resorbable membranes achieved 2.80 mm greater CAL gain than nonsurgical therapy alone, 95% HPD intervals: -0.18, 5.59.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical procedures in peri-implantitis treatment achieve more PPD reduction and CAL gain than nonsurgical approaches. Nevertheless, these results should be interpreted with caution because of the limited number of studies included and their low methodological quality. Network meta-analysis is a useful statistical methodology for evidence synthesis and to summarize the strength and limitation in the current evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. clovisfaggion@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Clovis Mariano
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Faggion
authors.forename: Leandro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chambrone
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Listl
authors.forename: Yu-Kang
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tu
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015982:Bias; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D015921:Dental Implants; D008390:Markov Chains; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants