title: The potential role of brain stimulation in the management of postoperative pain.
abstract: There is limited evidence to date of the effectiveness of minimally-invasive brain stimulation in controlling postoperative pain. Two studies have provided preliminary evidence that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can significantly reduce post-operative pain, and no studies have been published on the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on postoperative pain. The evidence supporting the role of brain stimulation in producing general anesthetic effects is also limited but there is a possibility that appropriately targeted electrical stimulation might have a role in the future if the technology permits such stimulation in a non-invasive manner. The present article provides a brief overview of the available evidence supporting the role of minimally invasive brain stimulation technology in perioperative medicine. More studies and well-controlled trials are needed to establish a clear role for minimally-invasive brain stimulation technologies in the perioperative arena.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Borckardt
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: George