title: Using detergent to enhance detection sensitivity of African trypanosomes in human CSF and blood by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, with its advantages of simplicity, rapidity and cost effectiveness, has evolved as one of the most sensitive and specific methods for the detection of a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms including African trypanosomes. While many LAMP-based assays are sufficiently sensitive to detect DNA well below the amount present in a single parasite, the detection limit of the assay is restricted by the number of parasites present in the volume of sample assayed; i.e. 1 per µL or 10(3) per mL. We hypothesized that clinical sensitivities that mimic analytical limits based on parasite DNA could be approached or even obtained by simply adding detergent to the samples prior to LAMP assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For proof of principle we used two different LAMP assays capable of detecting 0.1 fg genomic DNA (0.001 parasite). The assay was tested on dilution series of intact bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood with or without the addition of the detergent Triton X-100 and 60 min incubation at ambient temperature. With human CSF and in the absence of detergent, the LAMP detection limit for live intact parasites using 1 µL of CSF as the source of template was at best 10(3) parasites/mL. Remarkably, detergent enhanced LAMP assay reaches sensitivity about 100 to 1000-fold lower; i.e. 10 to 1 parasite/mL. Similar detergent-mediated increases in LAMP assay analytical sensitivity were also found using DNA extracted from filter paper cards containing blood pretreated with detergent before card spotting or blood samples spotted on detergent pretreated cards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This simple procedure for the enhanced detection of live African trypanosomes in biological fluids by LAMP paves the way for the adaptation of LAMP for the economical and sensitive diagnosis of other protozoan parasites and microorganisms that cause diseases that plague the developing world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. dgrab1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Grab
authors.forename: Olga V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Nikolskaia
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Oriel M M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Thekisoe
authors.forename: Liam J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: J Stephen
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dumler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017931:DNA Primers; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D003902:Detergents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D006801:Humans; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016833:Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D003902:Detergents