title: Questions asked and answered in pilot and feasibility randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the last decade several authors have reviewed the features of pilot and feasibility studies and advised on the issues that should be addressed within them. We extend this literature by examining published pilot/feasibility trials that incorporate random allocation, examining their stated objectives, results presented and conclusions drawn, and comparing drug and non-drug trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of EMBASE and MEDLINE databases for 2000 to 2009 revealed 3652 papers that met our search criteria. A random sample of 50 was selected for detailed review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the papers focused on efficacy: those reporting drug trials additionally addressed safety/toxicity; while those reporting non-drug trials additionally addressed methodological issues. In only 56% (95% confidence intervals 41% to 70%) were methodological issues discussed in substantial depth, 18% (95% confidence interval 9% to 30%) discussed future trials and only 12% (95% confidence interval 5% to 24%) of authors were actually conducting one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite recent advice on topics that can appropriately be described as pilot or feasibility studies the large majority of recently published papers where authors have described their trial as a pilot or addressing feasibility do not primarily address methodological issues preparatory to planning a subsequent study, and this is particularly so for papers reporting drug trials. Many journals remain willing to accept the pilot/feasibility designation for a trial, possibly as an indication of inconclusive results or lack of adequate sample size.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Milensu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shanyinde
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weatherall
mesh_terms: D004341:Drug Evaluation; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic