title: Preliminary assessment of a neuropathic pain treatment and referral algorithm for patients with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this case series study was to pilot test an evidence-based neuropathic pain (NP) treatment and referral algorithm for use by oncology nurses when managing cancer-related NP.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary study objective was to assess patient-reported outcomes (pain severity, changes in activities of daily living, and satisfaction) resulting from algorithm use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients (n=20) with cancer-related NP scores ≥4 on a 0-10 numeric rating scale participated in the study. NP assessment, treatment, and referral to ancillary providers were guided by an evidence-based NP algorithm that was implemented by oncology nurse practitioners. Based on efficacy evidenced through randomized clinical trials published at the time of study implementation, the following drugs were included in the algorithm: lidocaine patch, gabapentin, oxycodone, tramadol, morphine, methadone, duloxetine, pregabalin, and nortriptyline. Recommendations for starting dose, dose escalation, drug combinations, treatment duration, and contraindications were included for first-tier drugs. Patient-reported outcomes (pain severity, functional capacity, and satisfaction) were assessed monthly over 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average NP severity (P=0.001), general activity (P<0.001), mood (P=0.002), walking ability (P=0.01), ability to perform normal work (P=0.002), relationships (P=0.002), sleep (P=0.01), life enjoyment (P<0.001), and patient satisfaction (P=0.003) all improved by 12 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from this pilot study suggests that NP evidence-based treatment may result in improved symptoms, function, and patient satisfaction. A randomized controlled trial is needed to further assess algorithm efficacy.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen M Lavoie
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Marie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bakitas
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Homel
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piehl
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kingman
authors.forename: Camilo E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Fadul
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bookbinder
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D010045:Outpatients; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents