title: The effect of regular walks on various health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical activity has proven to be beneficial for physical functioning, cognition, depression, anxiety, rest-activity rhythm, quality of life (QoL), activities of daily living (ADL) and pain in older people. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of walking regularly on physical functioning, the progressive cognitive decline, level of depression, anxiety, rest-activity rhythm, QoL, ADL and pain in older people with dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a longitudinal randomized controlled, single blind study. Ambulatory older people with dementia, who are regular visitors of daily care or living in a home for the elderly or nursing home in the Netherlands, will be randomly allocated to the experimental or control condition. Participants of the experimental group make supervised walks of 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week, as part of their daily nursing care. Participants of the control group will come together three times a week for tea or other sedentary activities to control for possible positive effects of social interaction. All dependent variables will be assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks, and 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months of intervention. The dependent variables include neuropsychological tests to assess cognition, physical tests to determine physical functioning, questionnaires to assess ADL, QoL, level of depression and anxiety, actigraphy to assess rest-activity rhythm and pain scales to determine pain levels. Potential moderating variables at baseline are: socio-demographic characteristics, body mass index, subtype of dementia, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype, medication use and comorbidities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study evaluates the effect of regular walking as a treatment for older people with dementia. The strength of this study is that 1) it has a longitudinal design with multiple repeated measurements, 2) we assess many different health aspects, 3) the intervention is not performed by research staff, but by nursing staff which enables it to become a routine in usual care. Possible limitations of the study are that 1) only active minded institutions are willing to participate creating a selection bias, 2) the drop-out rate will be high in this population, 3) not all participants will be able to perform/understand all tests.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NTR1482.
authors.affiliation: Department of clinical neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k.m.volkers@vu.nl
authors.forename: Karin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Volkers
authors.forename: Erik J A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Scherder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006304:Health Status; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009735:Nursing Homes; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*