title: Technical note: estimating absorbed doses to the thyroid in CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a method for estimating absorbed doses to the thyroid in patients undergoing neck CT examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid doses in anthropomorphic phantoms were obtained for all 23 scanner dosimetry data sets in the ImPACT CT patient dosimetry calculator. Values of relative thyroid dose [R(thy)(L)], defined as the thyroid dose for a given scan length (L) divided by the corresponding thyroid dose for a whole body scan, were determined for neck CT scans. Ratios of the maximum thyroid dose to the corresponding CTDI(vol) and [D'(thy)], were obtained for two phantom diameters. The mass-equivalent water cylinder of any patient can be derived from the neck cross-sectional area and the corresponding average Hounsfield Unit, and compared to the 16.5-cm diameter water cylinder that models the ImPACT anthropomorphic phantom neck. Published values of relative doses in water cylinders of varying diameter were used to adjust thyroid doses in the anthropomorphic phantom to those of any sized patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative thyroid doses R(thy)(L) increase to unity with increasing scan length and with very small difference between scanners. A 10-cm scan centered on the thyroid would result in a dose that is, nearly 90% of the thyroid dose from a whole body scan when performed using the constant radiographic techniques. At 120 kV, the average value of D'(thy) for the 16-cm diameter was 1.17 +/- 0.05 and was independent of CT vendor and year of CT scanner, and choice of x-ray tube voltage. The corresponding average value of D'(thy) in the 32-cm diameter phantom was 2.28 +/- 0.22 and showed marked variations depending on vendor, year of introduction into clinical practice as well as x-ray tube voltage. At 120 kV, a neck equivalent to a 10-cm diameter cylinder of water would have thyroid doses 36% higher than those in the ImPACT phantom, whereas a neck equivalent to a 25-cm cylinder diameter would have thyroid doses 35% lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient thyroid doses can be estimated by taking into account the amount of radiation used to perform the CT examination (CTDI(vol)) and accounting for scan length and patient anatomy (i.e., neck diameter) at the thyroid location.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. huda@musc.edu
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huda
authors.forename: Dennise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Magill
authors.forename: Maria V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Spampinato
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009333:Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects*