title: [Vancomycin-loaded bioactive borate glass for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in rabbits].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bioactive borate glass (BG) has good biocompatibility and biodegradation. To investigate the feasibility of bioactive borate glass as a carrier of the antibiotic controlled-releasing by implanting vancomycin-loaded BG (VBG) into the focus of tibia chronic osteomyelitis after debridement.
  
  
  METHODS
  VBG and vancomycin-loaded calcium sulfate (VCS) were prepared with a vancomycin content of 80 mg/g. Sixty-five New Zealand white rabbits, weighing 2.12-3.91 kg (mean, 2.65 kg), were used. The tibia chronic osteomyelitis rabbit models were established by injecting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, 0.1 mL, 1 x 10(9) cfu/mL) into the right tibia of 65 rabbits. After 3 weeks of injection, 54 rabbits of successful models were randomly divided into groups A (n=11), B (n=11), C (n=16), and D (n=16). Simple debridement was performed in group A; BG, VCS, and VBG were implanted into the infection sites of groups B, C, and D respectively after thorough debridement. A sample of the debrided tissues was harvested for bacterial examination. The vancomycin serum levels were determined in groups C and D at 1, 2, 4, 10, 24, and 48 hours after operation. The boron serum levels were determined in groups B and D at 10, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours after operation. After 8 weeks, the effectiveness was assessed radiographically, bacteriologically, and histopathologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten rabbits died after operation. No vancomycin was detected in group C; the vancomycin level increased gradually, reached the highest level at 4 hours after operation, and then decreased rapidly in group D. No boron was detected in group B; the boron reached the highest serum level at 10 hours after operation, and then decreased gradually in group D. At 8 weeks, calcium sulfate degraded in group C; BG degraded partially in group D; and no obvious degradation was observed in group B. The repair effect was better in group D than in group C. There was no significant difference in radiograph scoring between groups A, B, C and D (P > 0.05) before operation, but there was significant difference between group D and groups A, B, C (P < 0.05) at 8 weeks after operation. The bacterial culture showed that all the MRSA results were positive in 4 groups. At 8 weeks, the negative rates of MRSA examination were 36.36%, 18.18%, 73.33%, and 81.25% respectively in groups A, B, C, and D, showing significant differences between group D and groups A, B (P < 0.05). The histopathological observation showed that a large number of new bones formed and no foreign body reaction occurred in group D. The histopathologic scores of groups A, B, C, and D were 6.45 +/- 3.62, 7.55 +/- 3.36, 4.27 +/- 2.91, and 3.81 +/- 3.04 respectively, showing significant differences between group D and groups A, B, and between group C and group B (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VBG can improve the repair of bone defect in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200233, P.R.China.
authors.forename: Zongping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Weitao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Changqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wenhai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001881:Borates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005898:Glass; D008297:Male; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000628:therapy*; D011817:Rabbits; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001881:Borates; D004337:Drug Carriers; D014640:Vancomycin