title: Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption and the risk of depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whereas the relationship between some components of diet, such as n-3 fatty acids and B-vitamins, and depression risk has been extensively studied, the role of fast-food or processed pastries consumption has received little attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consumption of fast food (hamburgers, sausages, pizza) and processed pastries (muffins, doughnuts, croissants) was assessed at baseline through a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Participants were classified as incident cases of depression if they reported a physician diagnosis of depression or the use of antidepressant medication in at least one of the follow-up questionnaires. Cox regression models were fit to assess the relationship between consumption of fast food and commercial baked goods and the incidence of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra - University of Navarra Follow-up) Project, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n 8964) from a Spanish cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median follow-up of 6·2 years, 493 cases of depression were reported. A higher risk of depression was associated with consumption of fast food (fifth (Q5) v. first quintile (Q1): hazard ratio (HR) = 1·36; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·81; P trend = 0·003). The results did not change after adjustment for the consumption of other food items. No linear relationship was found between the consumption of commercial baked goods and depression. Participants belonging to consumption quintiles Q2-Q5 showed an increased risk of depression compared with those belonging to the lowest level of consumption (Q1; HR = 1·38; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption may have a detrimental effect on depression risk.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, PO Box 550, CP 35080, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. asanchez@dcc.ulpgc.es
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Villegas
authors.forename: Estefania
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: Jokin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Irala
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Canela
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pla-Vidal
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003132:Commerce; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates