title: Factors contributing to speech perception scores in long-term pediatric cochlear implant users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this report are to (1) describe the speech perception abilities of long-term pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients by comparing scores obtained at elementary school (CI-E, 8 to 9 yrs) with scores obtained at high school (CI-HS, 15 to 18 yrs); (2) evaluate speech perception abilities in demanding listening conditions (i.e., noise and lower intensity levels) at adolescence; and (3) examine the relation of speech perception scores to speech and language development over this longitudinal timeframe.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 112 teenagers were part of a previous nationwide study of 8- and 9-yr-olds (N = 181) who received a CI between 2 and 5 yrs of age. The test battery included (1) the Lexical Neighborhood Test (LNT; hard and easy word lists); (2) the Bamford Kowal Bench sentence test; (3) the Children's Auditory-Visual Enhancement Test; (4) the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language at CI-E; (5) the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test at CI-HS; and (6) the McGarr sentences (consonants correct) at CI-E and CI-HS. CI-HS speech perception was measured in both optimal and demanding listening conditions (i.e., background noise and low-intensity level). Speech perception scores were compared based on age at test, lexical difficulty of stimuli, listening environment (optimal and demanding), input mode (visual and auditory-visual), and language age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All group mean scores significantly increased with age across the two test sessions. Scores of adolescents significantly decreased in demanding listening conditions. The effect of lexical difficulty on the LNT scores, as evidenced by the difference in performance between easy versus hard lists, increased with age and decreased for adolescents in challenging listening conditions. Calculated curves for percent correct speech perception scores (LNT and Bamford Kowal Bench) and consonants correct on the McGarr sentences plotted against age-equivalent language scores on the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test achieved asymptote at similar ages, around 10 to 11 yrs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On average, children receiving CIs between 2 and 5 yrs of age exhibited significant improvement on tests of speech perception, lipreading, speech production, and language skills measured between primary grades and adolescence. Evidence suggests that improvement in speech perception scores with age reflects increased spoken language level up to a language age of about 10 yrs. Speech perception performance significantly decreased with softer stimulus intensity level and with introduction of background noise. Upgrades to newer speech processing strategies and greater use of frequency-modulated systems may be beneficial for ameliorating performance under these demanding listening conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. davidsonl@ent.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Geers
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Blamey
authors.forename: Emily A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tobey
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D032882:Comprehension; D003638:Deafness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D013060:Speech; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception