title: Effect of smoking and ABO blood groups on maternal age at child bearing and on birth weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The negative effects of cigarette smoking on human reproduction and on birth weight are well documented. On the other hand ABO system, encoding for glycosyltransferases, contributes to biosynthesis of antigens and oligosaccharide structures involved in blastocyst adhesion and intrauterine selection. In this paper we have searched for possible interaction between ABO system and smoking concerning their effects on maternal age at child bearing and on birth weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have studied 395 consecutive healthy puerperae from the White Caucasian population of Rome. ABO blood group was determined by standard laboratory methods. Three-way contingency table analysis was performed according to Sokal and Rohlf and Chi square test of independence by SPSS programs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of smokers is higher in A phenotype than in other ABO types among young puerperae (≤ 24 years) while it is lower in A phenotype than in other types among older women. The negative effects of smoke on birth weight is much more evident in women with A blood group than in women carrying other ABO phenotypes. The interaction between smoking and ABO blood groups concerning their effects on birth weight is influenced by gender of newborn and by maternal age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ABO blood groups and smoking could have a joint influence on maternal age at child bearing and on birth weight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopathology and Imaging Diagnostics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. gloria@med.uniroma2.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gloria-Bottini
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cozzoli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bottini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magrini
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D057566:Self Report; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System