title: Epidermal electronics.
abstract: We report classes of electronic systems that achieve thicknesses, effective elastic moduli, bending stiffnesses, and areal mass densities matched to the epidermis. Unlike traditional wafer-based technologies, laminating such devices onto the skin leads to conformal contact and adequate adhesion based on van der Waals interactions alone, in a manner that is mechanically invisible to the user. We describe systems incorporating electrophysiological, temperature, and strain sensors, as well as transistors, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, radio frequency inductors, capacitors, oscillators, and rectifying diodes. Solar cells and wireless coils provide options for power supply. We used this type of technology to measure electrical activity produced by the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles and show that the resulting data contain sufficient information for an unusual type of computer game controller.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Dae-Hyeong
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Nanshu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yun-Soung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Rak-Hwan
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shuodao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Ki Jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Tae-il
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Raeed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Lizhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hyun-Joong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hohyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Keum
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yong-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fiorenzo G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Omenetto
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D020405:Dermis; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D020724:Elastomers; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D004568:Electrodiagnosis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004817:Epidermis; D006801:Humans; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D049329:Nanostructures; D012666:Semiconductors
chemical_list: D020724:Elastomers