title: Carvedilol ameliorates low-turnover bone disease in non-obese type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic bone disease is a major complication in diabetes mellitus and is characterized by low-turnover bone formation. Recent studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress could be associated with diabetic bone disease and that β-adrenergic antagonists could increase bone formation. Our study investigated the effect of carvedilol (β-blocker), possessing an antioxidant effect, on diabetic bone disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the non-obese, type 2 diabetes model Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats in this study. Sprague-Dawley rats were used as controls (control, n = 6). SDT rats were divided into four groups: diabetic (DM, n = 8), DM+insulin (DM+I, n = 7), DM+carvedilol (DM+C, n = 8), and DM+N-acetylcysteine (DM+N, n = 10) at 20 weeks. The rats were sacrificed at 30 weeks, after which blood and urine samples, bone mineral density, histomorphometry, and oxidative stress were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine-positive cells in bone tissue was significantly lower in the DM+C and DM+N groups than in the DM group. Mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate per bone surface in the DM+C and DM+N groups were significantly higher than those in the DM group, and these parameters were better in the DM+C group than in the DM+N group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that carvedilol has stronger effects on diabetic low-turnover bone disease beyond that which can be attributed to its antioxidative stress mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamato
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Riko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
authors.forename: Sohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukagawa
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol