title: Cognitive function and fine motor speed in older women with diabetes mellitus: results from the women's health initiative study of cognitive aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to determine if type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was associated with accelerated decline in domain-specific measures of cognitive function and fine motor speed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 65-80 years who were enrolled in a clinical trial of postmenopausal hormone therapy were grouped as having T2DM (n=179) or not (n=1984) and followed for an average of 5 years with annual standardized assessments of domain-specific cognitive function. Mean patterns of cognitive measures over time were contrasted between groups using general linear models and Wald tests, with varying levels of covariate adjustment. The influences of age at onset, use of oral medications, and use of insulin were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T2DM was associated with mean deficits of 0.2-0.4 standard deviations (SD) across follow-up in most cognitive domains. Consistent evidence that rates of decline were accelerated among women with T2DM was evident only for verbal knowledge and verbal memory (p<0.05). Decrements in fine motor speed, but no measure of cognitive function, were greater for women with earlier onset T2DM. Use of oral diabetes medications was associated with better relative cognitive function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these women, T2DM was associated with cognitive deficits in most domains. Relative deficits in verbal knowledge and verbal memory may continue to increase after deficits in other domains have stabilized. Relative deficits in fine motor speed may be greater among women with earlier onsets of T2DM. Use of insulin, which may reflect greater T2DM severity, was associated with relatively greater cognitive deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. mespelan@wfubme.edu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Espeland
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Goveas
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Laura H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Coker
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naughton
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Resnick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*