title: Detection of HIV-1 dual infections in highly exposed treated patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic characterization of HIV-1 in Argentina has shown that BF recombinants predominate among heterosexuals and injecting drug users, while in men who have sex with men the most prevalent form is subtype B.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of HIV dual infections in HIV-infected individuals with high probability of reinfection
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from 23 HIV positive patients with the risk of reinfection from Buenos Aires. A fragment of the HIV gene pol was amplified and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Antiretroviral drug resistance patterns of all the sequences were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five dual infections were detected with four patients coinfected with subtype B and BF recombinants and one patient was coinfected with two BF recombinants presenting different recombination patterns. Prolonged infection with a stable clinical condition was observed in the five individuals. Resistance mutation patterns were different between the predominant and the minority strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that HIV dual infection can occur with closely related subtypes, and even with different variants of the same recombinant form in certain populations. Clinical observations showed neither aggressive disease progression nor impact on the resistance patterns in the dually-infected patients.
authors.affiliation: National Reference Center for AIDS, Microbiology Department, (Paraguay 2155), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, (C1121ABG), Argentina.
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andreani
authors.forename: Constanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Espada
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceballos
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ambrosioni
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petroni
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pugliese
authors.forename: María Belén
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bouzas
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernandez Giuliano
authors.forename: Mercedes C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Weissenbacher
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Losso
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benetucci
authors.forename: Jean K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martínez Peralta
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001118:Argentina; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus