title: Septic shock and hypofibrinogenemia predict a fatal outcome in childhood acute acalculous cholecystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the etiology, clinical presentation, and risk factors for poor prognosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children younger than 18 years diagnosed as having AAC were analyzed retrospectively from 2000 to 2009. The demographic and clinical characteristics, etiology, and outcomes were recorded. AAC was defined as a gallbladder wall thickness of >3.5 mm in sonogram with a duration of symptoms <1 month. The severity of sonographic findings was scored, with 1 point each given for wall thickness >3.5 mm, gallbladder distention, sludge, and pericholecystic fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 109 children (boys:girls 1:2, median age 4.9 years) were diagnosed. The most common clinical presentation was fever (88%), followed by hepatomegaly (72%). The rates of elevated alanine aminotransferase and thrombocytopenia were 72% and 65%, respectively. The most common causative etiology was infectious diseases (74%). All of the patients were treated nonoperatively. Sixteen (15%) patients died. Children with mortality had a significantly higher rate of septic shock (P < 0.001), anemia (P = 0.01), thrombocytopenia (P = 0.04), hypofibrinogenemia (P = 0.002), the presence of pericholecystic fluid (P = 0.04), and higher sonographic scores (P = 0.04) than those with survival. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed that the presence of septic shock (P = 0.004) and hypofibrinogenemia (P = 0.014) were independent risk factors that predict mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood AAC is usually secondary to a variety of etiologies, especially during the course of infectious diseases. The presence of septic shock and a low value of fibrinogen determine a fatal outcome in childhood AAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kuo General Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Ching
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yao-Jong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000410:Alanine Transaminase