title: Acaricidal effect of essential oils from Lippia graveolens (Lamiales: Verbenaceae), Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and Allium sativum (Liliales: Liliaceae) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).
abstract: Acaricidal effects of three essential oils extracted from Mexican oregano leaves (Lippia graveolens Kunth), rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.) on 10-d-old Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) tick larvae were evaluated by using the larval packet test bioassay. Serial dilutions of the three essential oils were tested from a starting concentration of 20 to 1.25%. Results showed that both Mexican oregano and garlic essential oils had very similar activity, producing high mortality (90-100%) in all tested concentrations on 10-d-old R. microplus tick larvae. Rosemary essential oil produced >85% larval mortality at the higher concentrations (10 and 20%), but the effect decreased noticeably to 40% at an oil concentration of 5%, and mortality was absent at 2.5 and 1.25% of the essential oil concentration. Chemical composition of the essential oils was elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Mexican oregano essential oil included thymol (24.59%), carvacrol (24.54%), p-cymene (13.6%), and y-terpinene (7.43%) as its main compounds, whereas rosemary essential oil was rich in a-pinene (31.07%), verbenone (15.26%), and 1,8-cineol (14.2%), and garlic essential oil was rich in diallyl trisulfide (33.57%), diallyl disulfide (30.93%), and methyl allyl trisulfide (11.28%). These results suggest that Mexican oregano and garlic essential oils merit further investigation as components of alternative approaches for R. microplus tick control.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. moisesmartinezv@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez-Velazquez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosario-Cruz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castillo-Herrera
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flores-Fernandez
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lugo-Cervantes
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D032411:Lippia / Q000737:chemistry*; D008800:Mexico; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000187:drug effects*; D027542:Rosmarinus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils