title: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and change in estimated glomerular filtration rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mounting evidence suggests that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D prevents the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is not clear whether "nutritional" forms of vitamin D affect GFR.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (25(OH)D), a measure of total vitamin D intake from cutaneous synthesis and dietary consumption, is associated with loss of estimated GFR among 1705 older adults with predominantly normal baseline kidney function participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Baseline 25(OH)D was measured by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. GFR was estimated at baseline and 4 years later using the CKD-EPI formula, with rapid GFR loss defined as 12 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) or more over 4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapid GFR loss was observed for 207 participants (12%). Each 10 ng/ml lower 25(OH)D was associated with a 25% greater risk of rapid GFR loss (95% confidence interval [CI] 5%, 49%, P = 0.01), adjusting for potential confounding characteristics. Compared with 25(OH)D ≥30 ng/ml, 25(OH)D concentrations 15 to 29 ng/ml and <15 ng/ml were associated with 29% (95% CI -13%, 91%) and 68% (95% CI 1%, 177%) greater adjusted risks of rapid GFR loss, respectively. Magnitudes of association were largest among participants with diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  were similar evaluating a composite outcome of rapid GFR loss, end stage renal disease, and death. Conclusions Insufficient 25(OH)D may be a modifiable risk factor for early GFR loss. We recommend clinical trials to determine whether vitamin D supplementation prevents the development and progression of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Tele deboer@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Ronit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chonchol
authors.forename: Joachim H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ix
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sarnak
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shlipak
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Siscovick
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kestenbaum
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D