title: Blood plasma sample preparation method for the assessment of thyroid hormone-disrupting potency in effect-directed analysis.
abstract: A sample preparation method combining solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was developed to be used in Effect-Directed Analysis (EDA) of blood plasma. Until now such a method was not available. It can be used for extraction of a broad range of thyroid hormone (TH)-disruptors from plasma with high recoveries. Validation of the method using spiked cow plasma showed good recoveries for hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs; 93.8 ± 19.5%), hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs; 93.8 ± 15.5%), other halogenated phenols (OHPs; 107 ± 8.1%), and for short-chain (<8 C-atoms) perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs; 85.2 ± 24.6%). In the same extracts, the potency of the compound classes spiked to the cow plasma to competitively bind to transthyretin (TTR) was recovered by 84.9 ± 8.8%. Furthermore, the SPE-LLE method efficiently removed endogenous THs from the extracts, thereby eliminating their possible contribution to the binding assay response. The SPE-LLE method was applied to polar bear plasma samples to investigate its applicability in future EDA studies focusing on TH-disrupting compounds in this top predator species that is exposed to relatively high levels of bioaccumulating pollutants. A first screening revealed TTR-binding potency in the polar bear plasma extracts, which could be explained for 60-85% by the presence of OH-PCBs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eszter
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bytingsvik
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: Pim E G
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Leonards
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Bjørn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jenssen
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aars
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.forename: Marja H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lamoree
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000378:metabolism; D013975:Thyroxine-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001503:Ursidae / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010636:Phenols; D013975:Thyroxine-Binding Proteins; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D013974:Thyroxine