title: Outcomes research in rhinoplasty: body image and quality of life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hundreds of quality-of-life (QOL) studies are available in the literature, very few were designed that include both a global and a procedure-specific evaluation of QOL and an inventory for the assessment of body image. The purpose of this study was to use condition-specific and global measures as well as psychological evaluations in a case series of rhinoplasties for a more comprehensive assessment of patient-reported outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 225 patients aged 18-57 years who underwent rhinoplasty were prospectively included in the study. Study participants completed both a baseline questionnaire before the rhinoplasty operation and a postsurgical patient questionnaire 12 months after the operation, including the European QOL Questionnaire (EQ), Rhinoplasty Outcomes Evaluation Questionnaire (ROE), and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values corresponding to the EQ VAS results except for discomfort and anxiety domains increased after treatment compared with baseline. Both male and female patients experienced significant improvement in ROE scores, with larger differences between pre- and postoperative ROE scores in male patients compared with female patients. The analyses of variance in the MBSRQ results revealed significant postsurgical improvements on the appearance orientation subscale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development, standardization, and use of validated procedure-specific QOL tools are essential components for accurately measuring patient-reported outcomes of facial plastic surgery procedures. To measure patient satisfaction in a more objective and standardized manner, specific questionnaires or instruments should be used that can determine the QOL changes associated with each procedure of interest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey. ccingi@ogu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cingi
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Songu
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome