title: Neurocognitive outcomes in young adults with early-onset type 1 diabetes: a prospective follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to reexamine the neurocognitive function of a cohort of young adults with early-onset type 1 diabetes and compare their cognitive function to a matched control group. We also examined whether cognitive function was related to prospectively obtained severe hypoglycemia history, long-term glycemic control, or severe diabetic ketoacidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Testing included Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Adults, Wechsler Memory Scale, Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CCFIT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), youth and adult self-report, and Beck Depression Inventory. We tested 34 control subjects (mean ± SE, age 19.5 ± 0.5 years) and 33 type 1 diabetic subjects (age 19.3 ± 0.5 years, age at type 1 diabetes onset 3.3 ± 0.3 years, A1C from diagnosis 8.7 ± 0.1%, and diabetes duration 16.0 ± 0.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in full-scale IQ scores in type 1 diabetic and control subjects (100.7 ± 2.0 vs. 102.5 ± 1.4). There was no difference between groups in memory subtests or in reporting of emotional and behavioral difficulties. The type 1 diabetes group scored lower on the CCFIT for fluid intelligence compared with control subjects (P = 0.028) and also scored lower on WCST with more perseverative errors (P = 0.002) and fewer categories completed (P = 0.022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest no difference in general intellectual ability, memory, and emotional difficulties in our cohort of young adults with early-onset type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects and no deterioration over time. There were, however, findings to suggest subtle changes leading to poorer performance on complex tasks of executive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Trang.Ly@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: Trang T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Kaitrin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin