title: Upstream and downstream signals of nitric oxide in pathogen defence.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is now recognised as a crucial player in plant defence against pathogens. Considerable progress has been made in defining upstream and downstream signals of NO. Recently, MAP kinases, cyclic nucleotide phosphates, calcium and phosphatidic acid were demonstrated to be involved in pathogen-induced NO-production. However, the search for inducers of NO synthesis is difficult because of the still ambiguous enzymatic source of NO. Accumulation of NO triggers signal transduction by other second messengers. Here we depict NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as central redox switches translating NO redox signalling into cellular responses. Although the exact position of NO in defence signal networks is unresolved at last some NO-related signal cascades are emerging.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Munich/Neuherberg, Germany. frank.gaupels@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaupels
authors.forename: Gitto Thomas
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kuruthukulangarakoola
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Durner
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015538:Nitrosation; D010944:Plants / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate