title: Radio frequency energy for non-invasive and minimally invasive skin tightening.
abstract: This article reviews the non-invasive and minimally invasive options for skin tightening, focusing on peer-reviewed articles and presentations and those technologies with the most proven or promising RF non-excisional skin-tightening results for excisional surgeons. RF has been the mainstay of non-invasive skin tightening and has emerged as the "cutting edge" technology in the minimally invasive skin-tightening field. Because these RF skin-tightening technologies are capital equipment purchases with a significant cost associated, this article also discusses some business issues and models that have proven to work in the plastic surgeon's office for non-invasive and minimally invasive skin-tightening technologies.
authors.affiliation: SpaMedica(®) Clinics, 66 Avenue Road, Suite 4, Toronto, ON M5R 3N8, Canada. mulhollandmd@spamedica.com
authors.forename: R Stephen
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mulholland
mesh_terms: D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy; D012060:Rejuvenation; D012648:Self Care / Q000295:instrumentation; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome