title: Wristbands as aids to reduce misidentification: an ethnographically guided task analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wristbands are recommended in the UK as a means of verifying patient identity but have been little studied. We aimed to document how wristbands are used in practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  and participants Task analysis of wristband application and use, drawing on qualitative analysis of workplace observation of, and interviews with, clinical and non-clinical staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two acute district general hospitals in northern England.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings indicate high levels of awareness amongst clinical staff of local and national policies on wristband use, but some ambiguity about the details therein. In contrast, non-clinical staff such as ward clerks and porters were less aware of policy, although their actions also expose patients to risks resulting from misidentification. Of seven subtasks identified by the task analysis of wristband application and use, three appeared to offer particular opportunity for error. Making the decision to apply, especially in emergency patients, is important because delay in application can delay correct identification. Advance preparation of wristbands for elective admission without the patient being present can risk erroneous data or misapplication. Lastly, utilization of wristbands to verify patient identity was greater in some clinical circumstances (blood transfusion and medication administration) than in others (before transferring patients around the hospital and during handovers of care).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wristbands for patient identification are not being used to their full potential. Attention to detail in application and use, especially during handover and transfer, and an appreciation of the role played by 'non-clinical' staff, may offer further gains in patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Patient Safety Research Unit, Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Ashton Road, Lancaster LA1 4RP, UK. andrew.f.smith@mbht.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fischbacher-Smith
mesh_terms: D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D004739:England; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019370:Observation; D010355:Patient Identification Systems / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000592:standards; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis