title: Tardive dyskinesia and deficit schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite comparable antipsychotic exposure, some patients experience involuntary movements yet others do not. Negative symptoms have been associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD), but it is not certain whether this is an association with primary negative symptoms or the effects of medications. The aim of the present study was to determine whether patients with deficit schizophrenia (who have primary negative symptoms) are more likely to experience TD than those with non-deficit schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2006, all the people with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia in Nithsdale, Southwest Scotland, were identified using the 'key informant' method. These patients were categorized into those with and without the deficit syndrome and assessed for the presence of TD. Patients were also assessed for akathisia and extrapyramidal side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 131 people assessed, 31 were categorized as having deficit schizophrenia (23.7%) and 100 people (76.3%) as non-deficit. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to age, antipsychotic exposure, and duration of illness. There was a significant association between deficit features and TD with an odds ratio = 2.97 [95% CI 1.128-6.88, P = 0.009].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the proposal that the pathological process underlying deficit schizophrenia can predispose to the development of TD.
authors.affiliation: Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow, UK. s.telfer@nhs.net
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Telfer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shivashankar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krishnadas
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: McCreadie
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents