title: Model-based economic evaluation in Alzheimer's disease: a review of the methods available to model Alzheimer's disease progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To consider the methods available to model Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression over time to inform on the structure and development of model-based evaluations, and the future direction of modelling methods in AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of the health care literature was undertaken to identify methods to model disease progression in AD. Modelling methods are presented in a descriptive review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search identified 42 studies presenting methods or applications of methods to model AD progression over time. The review identified 10 general modelling frameworks available to empirically model the progression of AD as part of a model-based evaluation. Seven of these general models are statistical models predicting progression of AD using a measure of cognitive function. The main concerns with models are on model structure, around the limited characterization of disease progression, and on the use of a limited number of health states to capture events related to disease progression over time. None of the available models have been able to present a comprehensive model of the natural history of AD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although helpful, there are serious limitations in the methods available to model progression of AD over time. Advances are needed to better model the progression of AD and the effects of the disease on peoples' lives. Recent evidence supports the need for a multivariable approach to the modelling of AD progression, and indicates that a latent variable analytic approach to characterising AD progression is a promising avenue for advances in the statistical development of modelling methods.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Group, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. colin.green@pms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zajicek
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003071:Cognition; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D018450:Disease Progression; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome