title: Identification of three distinct groups of patients with both epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
abstract: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) can be observed in patients with or without epilepsy (mixed and pure PNES). Patients with mixed PNES are usually considered to be a homogeneous group characterized by the coexistent epilepsy. Our study found that patients with mixed PNES were not homogeneous, but could be divided into three groups based on epilepsy type, mental level, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and history of traumatic experiences. Group 1 patients have pharmacoresistant epilepsy, normal cognition, and comorbid anxiety and/or depressive disorders. Here, PNES etiology is the epilepsy-related problems. In group 2 patients, the epilepsy is associated with mental retardation and dependent personality traits. PNES etiology is represented by the reduction or cessation of seizures. The PNES allow patients to continue receiving attention from caregivers. Group 3 patients have epilepsy, normal cognition, comorbid cluster B personality disorders and anxiety disorders, and psychic trauma. Here, PNES etiology is not related to the epilepsy, but to the psychic trauma.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Neuroscience Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. amagaudda@unime.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magaudda
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gugliotta
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tallarico
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buccheri
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alfa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laganà
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult