title: Depression and smoking: mediating role of vagal tone and inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressed adults are more likely to become nicotine dependent and smokers are at increased risk for depression. Smoking and depression are each associated with inflammation and vagal tone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to determine as to what extent the association between depression and smoking is mediated by inflammation and/or vagal tone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a cross-sectional occupational sample (n = 647) with information on the number of cigarettes smoked per day and depression (as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Heart rate variability, an indicator of vagal tone, was measured by electrocardiographic recordings. Inflammatory markers included C-reactive protein, white blood cells, and fibrinogen. Linear regression was employed along with the Freedman-Schatzkin test to assess mediation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a positive association between depression and smoking (p < 0.05). Vagal tone and fibrinogen were found to weakly attenuate this association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These are the first data to demonstrate that the association between depression and smoking may partially be mediated by vagal tone and fibrinogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
authors.forename: Laine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loerbroks
authors.forename: Raphael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Joachim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Julian F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Thayer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000401:Aircraft; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D007962:Leukocytes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein