title: Eligibility criteria in private and public coverage policies for BRCA genetic testing and genetic counseling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : Coverage policies for genetic services for hereditary cancers are of interest because the services influence cancer risk reduction for both persons with cancer and their family members. We compared coverage policies for BRCA genetic testing and genetic counseling among selected payers in the United States to illuminate eligibility criteria variation that may explain differential access by insurance type. We compared these policies with policies for breast cancer screening with magnetic resonance imaging to consider whether payers apply a unique policy approach to genetic services.
  
  
  METHODS
  : We conducted a case study of large private and public payers selected on number of covered lives. We examined coverage policies for BRCA genetic testing, genetic counseling, and screening with magnetic resonance imaging and the eligibility criteria for each. We compared eligibility criteria against National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Eligibility criteria for BRCA testing were related to personal history and family history of cancer. Although private payers covered BRCA testing for persons with and without cancer, the local Medicare carrier in our study only covered testing for persons with cancer. In contrast, Arizona's Medicaid program did not cover BRCA testing. Few payers had detailed eligibility criteria for genetic counseling. Private payers have more detailed coverage policies for both genetic services and screening with magnetic resonance imaging in comparison with public payers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Despite clinical guidelines establishing standards for BRCA testing, we found differences in coverage policies particularly between private and public payers. Future research and policy discussions can consider how differences in private and public payer policies influence access to genetic technologies and health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational and Policy Research on Personalized Medicine (TRANSPERS), Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA. wangg@pharmacy.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Ninez A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ponce
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D024682:BRCA2 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D004608:Eligibility Determination; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000191:economics*; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008484:Medicaid; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000191:economics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; C492913:BRCA1 protein, human; D024682:BRCA2 Protein; C551750:BRCA2 protein, human