title: Use of a radiopaque localizer grid to reduce radiation exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minimally invasive spine surgery requires placement of the skin incision at an ideal location in the patient's back by the surgeon. However, numerous fluoroscopic x-ray images are sometimes required to find the site of entry, thereby exposing patients and Operating Room personnel to additional radiation. To minimize this exposure, a radiopaque localizer grid was devised to increase planning efficiency and reduce radiation exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The radiopaque localizer grid was utilized to plan the point of entry for minimally invasive spine surgery. Use of the grid allowed the surgeon to accurately pinpoint the ideal entry point for the procedure with just one or two fluoroscopic X-ray images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reusable localizer grid is a simple and practical device that may be utilized to more efficiently plan an entry site on the skin, thus reducing radiation exposure. This device or a modified version may be utilized for any procedure involving the spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street Suite 3740, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA. kee.kim@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Kee D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Wentao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Caren L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Galloway