title: Elevation of angiogenic factor Cysteine-rich 61 levels in vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61) is one of the angiogenic factors involved in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). To further investigate its role, we measure and compare the vitreous levels of Cyr61 and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with PDR and to localize Cyr61 expression in associated proliferative epiretinal membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitreous obtained from 56 patients with active PDR, 16 patients with active PDR pretreated with bevacizumab, 19 patients with quiescent PDR, 15 non-PDR patients with diabetic macular edema, and 25 patients with non-diabetic-related eye diseases were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Cyr61 and vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Epiretinal membranes from 18 patients were stained immunohistochemically for Cyr61.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitreous Cyr61 levels were significantly higher in active PDR patients, quiescent PDR patients, and diabetic macular edema patients compared with non-diabetic control patients (P < 0.01). Pretreatment of bevacizumab significantly suppressed vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor levels; however, it did not inhibit vitreous Cyr61 levels in active PDR patients. Cysteine-rich 61 was strongly detected in endothelial cells and myofibroblasts within active PDR membranes but not in idiopathic epiretinal membrane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitreous Cyr61 levels were related to different states of PDR and correlated with vascular endothelial growth factor levels in PDR patients. Pretreatment of bevacizumab did not inhibit vitreous Cyr61 levels in active PDR patients. Cysteine-rich 61 might mediate angiogenesis and post-angiogenic fibrosis in PDR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Keelung General Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jian Jang
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Chung May
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Muh Shy
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chang-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055515:Cysteine-Rich Protein 61 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C501848:CCN1 protein, human; D055515:Cysteine-Rich Protein 61; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000068258:Bevacizumab