title: Cognitive styles in hypomanic episodes of bipolar I disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive vulnerability-stress theories have recently been extended to bipolar disorder by suggesting that an activation of negative cognition might lead to depressive mood episodes and an activation of positive cognition might lead to manic mood episodes. Alternatively, the manic defense hypothesis claims that hypomanic and manic states are not the opposite of depression but rather contain similar underlying negative cognitions. The objective of this study was to further evaluate these theories by examining the cognitive patterns in bipolar I hypomania.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 15 hypomanic bipolar I disorder patients, 26 remitted bipolar I disorder patients, and 21 healthy individuals in a cross-sectional study. All participants completed the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Emotional Stroop Task, and the Emotional Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypomanic bipolar disorder individuals showed cognitions associated with depressive states as well as cognitions associated with manic states. The results for the remitted bipolar disorder patients paralleled those for the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dysfunctional cognition in bipolar disorder seems to relate to state rather than to trait. Hypomania includes depression-related as well as mania-related cognitions and can therefore not be considered as the mere opposite of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. clex@iit.edu
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lex
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hautzinger
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires