title: Individual differences in the biomechanical effect of loudness and tempo on upper-limb movements during repetitive piano keystrokes.
abstract: The present study addressed the effect of loudness and tempo on kinematics and muscular activities of the upper extremity during repetitive piano keystrokes. Eighteen pianists with professional music education struck two keys simultaneously and repetitively with a combination of four loudness levels and four tempi. The results demonstrated a significant interaction effect of loudness and tempo on peak angular velocity for the shoulder, elbow, wrist and finger joints, mean muscular activity for the corresponding flexors and extensors, and their co-activation level. The interaction effect indicated greater increases with tempo when eliciting louder tones for all joints and muscles except for the elbow velocity showing a greater decrease with tempo. Multiple-regression analysis and K-means clustering further revealed that 18 pianists were categorized into three clusters with different interaction effects on joint kinematics. These clusters were characterized by either an elbow-velocity decrease and a finger-velocity increase, a finger-velocity decrease with increases in shoulder and wrist velocities, or a large elbow-velocity decrease with a shoulder-velocity increase when increasing both loudness and tempo. Furthermore, the muscular load considerably differed across the clusters. These findings provide information to determine muscles with the greatest potential risk of playing-related disorders based on movement characteristics of individual pianists.
authors.affiliation: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan. auditory.motor@gmail.com
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005384:Finger Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D007551:Isotonic Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008144:Loudness Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009146:Music; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000502:physiology