title: Escaping the tragedy of the commons via directed investments.
abstract: Cooperation is ubiquitous in the world surrounding us, from bacteria to Human interactions. In Humans, cooperation is often associated with various group decisions, resulting from their complex web of interrelated interests, associations or preferences. The existence of such social structures not only opens the opportunity of having diverse behaviors depending on the individuals' social position, but also for a dynamical allocation of contributions depending on the returns obtained from each group. Here, we address these issues by studying the evolution of cooperation under Public Goods Games in the framework of Evolutionary Game Theory where cooperative players are able to distribute their donations to their liking. As a result, cooperation is greatly enhanced when the community structure is described by homogeneous graphs, as cooperators become able to support cooperative groups and retaliate against those with poor achievements by withdrawing donations from them. Whenever the underlying network becomes complex enough to add diversity to the distribution of group sizes, directed investments do not optimize the emergence of cooperation, but they do enhance its robustness against the invasion of a minority of free-riders. We define a robustness index and show that directed investments expand the robustness of cooperation by about 50%.
authors.affiliation: ATP-group, Centro de Matemática e Aplicações Fundamentais, Instituto para a Investigação Interdisciplinar da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 2, 1649-003 Lisboa-Codex, Portugal. jvukov@cii.fc.ul.pt
authors.forename: Jeromos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vukov
authors.forename: Francisco C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Jorge M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pacheco
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005716:Game Theory; D037921:Gift Giving; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations