title: A galU mutant of Francisella tularensis is attenuated for virulence in a murine pulmonary model of tularemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of studies have revealed that Francisella tularensis (FT) suppresses innate immune responses such as chemokine/cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment in the lungs following pulmonary infection via an unidentified mechanism. The ability of FT to evade early innate immune responses could be a very important virulence mechanism for this highly infectious bacterial pathogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we describe the characterization of a galU mutant strain of FT live vaccine strain (LVS). We show that the galU mutant was highly attenuated in a murine model of tularemia and elicited more robust innate immune responses than the wild-type (WT) strain. These studies document that the kinetics of chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment into the lungs of mice challenged with the galU mutant strain are significantly more rapid than observed with WT FT, despite the fact that there were no observed differences in TLR2 or TLR4 signaling or replication/dissemination kinetics during the early stages of infection. We also show that the galU mutant had a hypercytotoxic phenotype and more rapidly induced the production of IL-1β following infection either in vitro or in vivo, indicating that attenuation of the galU mutant strain may be due (in part) to more rapid activation of the inflammasome and/or earlier death of FT infected cells. Furthermore, we show that infection of mice with the galU mutant strain elicits protective immunity to subsequent challenge with WT FT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disruption of the galU gene of FTLVS has little (if any) effect on in vivo infectivity, replication, or dissemination characteristics, but is highly attenuating for virulence. The attenuated phenotype of this mutant strain of FT appears to be related to its increased ability to induce innate inflammatory responsiveness, resulting in more rapid recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs following pneumonic infection, and/or to its ability to kill infected cells in an accelerated fashion. These results have identified two potentially important virulence mechanisms used by FT. These findings could also have implications for design of a live attenuated vaccine strain of FT because sublethal infection of mice with the galU mutant strain of FTLVS promoted development of protective immunity to WT FTLVS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, USA.
authors.forename: Himangi R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Jayakar
authors.forename: Jyothi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parvathareddy
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Xiaowen R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Bina
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bina
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Re
authors.forename: Felicia D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology; D014406:Tularemia / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005957:UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase / Q000172:deficiency*; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D037521:Virulence Factors; D005957:UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase