title: Sampling-rate calibration for rapid and nonlethal monitoring of organic contaminants in fish muscle by solid-phase microextraction.
abstract: Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a promising technique for determining organic contaminants within biotic systems. Existing in vivo SPME-kinetic calibration (SPME-KC) approaches are unwieldy due to the necessity of predetermining a distribution coefficient for the analyte of interest in the tissue and the preloading of a calibrating compound to the fiber. In this study, a rapid and convenient SPME alternative calibration method for in vivo analysis, termed SPME-sampling rate (SPME-SR) calibration, was developed and validated under both laboratory and field conditions to eliminate such presampling requirements. Briefly, the SPME probe is inserted into tissue, in this study fish dorsal-epaxial muscle, for 20 min allowing the concentrations of target analytes in the fish muscle to be determined by the extracted amount of analyte and the predetermined sampling rates. Atrazine, carbamazepine, and fluoxetine were detected nonlethally in the low ppb levels within fish muscle, with both laboratory and field-derived results obtained by in vivo SPME-KC comparable (within a factor of 1.27) to those obtained by lethal sampling followed by tissue liquid extraction. The technique described in this study represents an important advance which broadens the application of SPME in vivo sampling technology.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China. cesoygf@mail.sysu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Gangfeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Ken D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bragg
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shufen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Servos
authors.forename: D George
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pawliszyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002138:Calibration; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000378:metabolism*; D010471:Perches / Q000378:metabolism*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005473:Fluoxetine; D002220:Carbamazepine; D001280:Atrazine