title: Carotid artery dissection:  three cases and a review of the literature.
abstract: Carotid artery dissections are potentially disabling, probably underdiagnosed, and mainly affect young-aged and middle-aged people. We present three consecutive cases illustrating different clinical presentations and thereby emphasizing the diagnostic challenge of carotid artery dissections for the emergency physician. Neck and facial pain, headache, unilateral pulsatile tinnitus, partial Horner's syndrome (or oculosympathetic palsy), amaurosis fugax, retinal infarction, and anterior circulation brain ischemia may all occur in isolation or in various combinations. Medical imaging plays a pivotal role in making the right diagnosis. Clinical vigilance is of utmost importance as early diagnosis and timely treatment favor long-term prognosis and even prevent ischemic complications. We review the literature and discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, imaging techniques, treatment, and prognosis of carotid dissections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schelfaut
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dhondt
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Raedt
authors.forename: Koenraad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nieboer
authors.forename: Ives
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hubloue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation; D016896:Treatment Outcome