title: Low-surfactant microemulsions for enhanced topical delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and characterize low-surfactant microemulsion (ME) gels to enhance topical delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five low surfactant ME formulations were manufactured following the construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. The MEs were screened for their ability to dissolve a poorly soluble new chemical entity (Model Drug X). Various viscosity imparting agents like Carbopol 934, Colloidal Silica, HPMC K100M, Lubrajel NP, and Xanthan Gum were evaluated for the manufacture of these ME gels. Each ME gel was then further evaluated for physical stability, including assessing rheological profiles. In vitro release profiles were also determined and compared to a conventional ointment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of the five low surfactant MEs developed (ME1, ME4 and ME5) were capable of dissolving Model Drug X up to 14 fold higher than the conventional ointment formulation. ME1 and ME4 gels comprising Xanthan gum or Carbopol 934 were physically stable, while ME5 gel was stable only with Colloidal Silica. The ME5 gel with Colloidal Silica showed an irreversible increase in its elastic modulus when exposed to high temperature, indicating that the formulation would be less suitable for commercial use. The Xanthan Gum and Colloidal Silica gels yielded significantly higher release rates (8 - 10 fold) compared to a conventional ointment and formulations containing Carbopol 934. The significant difference in drug release rates between Xanthan Gum and Carbopol 934 indicated that choice of viscosity imparting agent played an important role in governing drug release from ME gels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ME gels were developed with low surfactant concentrations and improved formulation characteristics, which increased the solubility and subsequent release of a poorly soluble drug. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shalviri
authors.forename: Avinash C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Dipak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Amyn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sayani
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D004339:Drug Compounding; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D008956:Models, Chemical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients; D005782:Gels; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D013501:Surface-Active Agents