title: The seasonal and spatial patterns of ingestion of polyfilament nylon fragments by estuarine drums (Sciaenidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Artisanal fisheries in tropical estuaries are an important economic activity worldwide. However, gear (e.g. ropes, nets, buoys, crates) and vessels are often in use under dangerous conditions. Polyfilament nylon ropes are used until they are well beyond human and environmental safety limits. Severe wear and tear results in the contamination of the environment with micro-fragments. The spread of these fragments in the marine environment and their ingestion by the biota are documented in the scientific literature and are increasing concerns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ingestion of plastic fragments by two fish (drum) species in relation to seasonal, habitat and fish size-class variation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stomach contents of 569 individuals of Stellifer brasiliensis and Stellifer stellifer from the main channel of the Goiana Estuary were examined to identify variation in the number and the weight of plastic fragments and relate this variation to differences among the seasons (early dry, late dry, early rainy and late rainy), the habitats within the estuary (upper, middle and lower) and the size classes of the fish (juveniles, sub-adults and adults).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plastic fragments were found in 7.9% of the individuals of these two drum species captured from December 2005 to August 2008. Nylon fragments occurred in 9.2% of S. stellifer and 6.9% of S. brasiliensis stomachs. The highest number of nylon fragments ingested was observed in adults during the late rainy season in the middle estuary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blue polyfilament nylon ropes are used extensively in fisheries and can be lost, inappropriately discarded or damaged during use in the estuary. These fragments were the only type of plastic detected during this study. The ingestion of nylon fragments by fish probably occurred during the animals' normal feeding activities. During the rainy season, the discharge of freshwater transports nylon fragments to the main channel and makes the fragments more available to fish. Fishery activities are responsible for a significant amount of the marine debris found in the estuary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ingestion of fragments of nylon threads by fish is a demonstrated form of pollution in the Goiana Estuary. The physiological and toxicological consequences of the ingestion of this type of debris are unknown, as is the actual extent of the problem worldwide. The solutions to the problem are in the hands of authorities and communities alike because the good care and timely replacement of gear requires education, investment and effective policies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-550, Brazil.
authors.forename: David V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Dantas
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barletta
authors.forename: Monica Ferreira
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: da Costa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004435:Eating; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry; D009757:Nylons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010473:Perciformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D013020:South America; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D009757:Nylons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical