title: Percutaneous sclerotherapy of peripheral venous malformations in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the efficacy of percutaneous puncture and sclerosis using polidocanol in the treatment of venous malformations (VMs) in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 2007 and February 2011, a series of 19 patients with VMs on the upper and lower extremities had undergone a total of 89 sessions of intralesional sclerotherapy using polidocanol. All the procedures were performed in an angiographic suite under general anesthesia in order to maintain sedation for facilitating the procedure. For each injection, approximately 1 ml of 2% polidocanol was injected for each centimeter of the diameter of the lesion, with a maximum of 6 ml. Injection of the sclerosant was guided by real-time sonography and fluoroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the treatment, the symptoms completely resolved in four patients (21%). Clinical symptoms, such as bulging and pain were improved in 12 out of 19 patients (63%). They remained unchanged in three patients (16%). During the procedures, no major complications were encountered. The minor complications (65%) encountered were swelling and pain after treatment which were resolved by taking NSAID within a few days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In pediatric patients, sonographically guided percutaneous puncture and fluoroscopically guided sclerosis using 2% polidocanol is effective, less invasive and safe for the treatment of VMs, with a high success rate and minimal complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gulsen
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cantasdemir
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solak
authors.forename: Gokce
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gulsen
authors.forename: Enes
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozluk
authors.forename: Furuzan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Numan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols