title: Biofeedback improves activities of the lower limb after stroke: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is biofeedback during the practice of lower limb activities after stroke effective in improving performance of those activities, and are any benefits maintained after intervention ceases?
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  People who have had a stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofeedback during practice of sitting, standing up, standing, or walking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Continuous measures of activity congruent with the activity trained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  22 trials met the inclusion criteria and 19 contained data suitable for analysis. Effect sizes were calculated as standardised mean differences because different outcome measures were used. Since inclusion of all trials produced substantial statistical heterogeneity, only trials with a PEDro score >4 (11 trials) were included in the final analysis (mean PEDro score 5.7). In the short-term, biofeedback improved lower limb activities compared with usual therapy/placebo (SMD=0.49, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.75). Lower limb activities were still improved compared with usual therapy/placebo 1 to 5 months after the cessation of intervention (SMD=0.41, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Augmenting feedback through the use of biofeedback is superior to usual therapy/placebo at improving lower limb activities in people following stroke. Furthermore, these benefits are largely maintained in the longer term. Given that many biofeedback machines are relatively inexpensive, biofeedback could be utilised more widely in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Rosalyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ada
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Preston
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome