title: Formulation development and optimization of a novel Cremophore EL-based nanoemulsion using ultrasound cavitation.
abstract: In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the influence of main emulsion composition variables, namely drug loading, oil content, emulsifier content as well as the effect of the ultrasonic operating parameters such as pre-mixing time, ultrasonic amplitude, and irradiation time on the properties of aspirin-loaded nanoemulsions. The two main emulsion properties studied as response variables were: mean droplet size and polydispersity index. The ultimate goal of the present work was to determine the optimum level of the six independent variables in which an optimal aspirin nanoemulsion with desirable properties could be produced. The response surface analysis results clearly showed that the variability of two responses could be depicted as a linear function of the content of main emulsion compositions and ultrasonic processing variables. In the present investigation, it is evidently shown that ultrasound cavitation is a powerful yet promising approach in the controlled production of aspirin nanoemulsions with smaller average droplet size in a range of 200-300 nm and with a polydispersity index (PDI) of about 0.30. This study proved that the use of low frequency ultrasound is of considerable importance in the controlled production of pharmaceutical nanoemulsions in the drug delivery system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siah Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Sivakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manickam
authors.forename: Tan Khang
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Billa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nashiru
mesh_terms: D001241:Aspirin / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D009821:Oils; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; C000515:cremophor EL; D005990:Glycerol; D001241:Aspirin