title: Pyrazole compound 2-MBAPA as a novel inhibitor of microglial activation and neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Pyrazole derivatives are well documented to possess anti-inflammatory activity but their effects on microglial activation are unknown. We determined the efficacy of the novel pyrazole compound 2-MBAPA (R/S-(±)-2-Methylbenzylamino 2-oxo-N-[4-cyano-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl] acetamide) on activated microglia under conditions relevant to inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. The compound at a non-toxic concentration inhibited secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by activated human microglia and attenuated toxicity of conditioned medium from activated human microglia towards human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro. The 2-MBAPA neuroprotection was further demonstrated in vivo using an animal model of AD. The compound inhibited microgliosis, but not astrogliosis, in amyloid-β peptide (Aβ)(1-42)-injected rat brain. 2-MBAPA also diminished neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus caused by Aβ(1-42) injection. These results indicate that this novel pyrazole compound confers neuroprotection by inhibiting microglial activation. Therefore, further studies with 2-MBAPA and novel analogues based on this lead compound are warranted in an effort to develop new pharmacological agents that may be useful for slowing down progression of AD and other neuroinflammatory disorders associated with activated microglia.
authors.affiliation: Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Sadayuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashioka
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: McLarnon
authors.forename: Jae K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Amal M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: Alaa S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Abd-El-Aziz
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Neeland
authors.forename: Andis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klegeris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: C553153:2-methylbenzylamino 2-oxo-N-(4-cyano-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)acetamide; D011720:Pyrazoles