title: Near-real time oculodynamic MRI: a feasibility study for evaluation of diplopia in comparison with clinical testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate feasibility of near-real-time oculodynamic magnetic resonance imaging (od-MRI) in depicting extraocular muscles and correlate quantitatively the motion degree in comparison with clinical testing in patients with diplopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 30 od-MRIs eye movements were tracked in the horizontal and sagittal plane using a a TrueFISP sequence with high temporal resolution. Three physicians graded the visibility of extraocular muscles by a qualitative scale. In 12 cases, the maximal monocular excursions in the horizontal and vertical direction of both eyes were measured in od-MRIs and a clinical test and correlated by the Pearson test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The medial and lateral rectus muscles were visible in the axial plane in 93% of the cases. The oblique, superior and inferior rectus muscles were overall only in 14% visible. Horizontal (p = 0,015) and vertical (p = 0,029) movements of the right eye and vertical movement of the left eye (p = 0,026) measured by od-MRI correlated positively to the clinical measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Od-MRI is a feasible technique. Visualization of the horizontal/vertical rectus muscles is better than for the superior/inferior oblique muscle. Od-MRI correlates well with clinical testing and may reproduce the extent of eye bulb motility and extraocular muscle structural or functional deteriorations. Key Points • Oculodynamic MRI technique helps clinicians to assess eye bulb motility disorders • MRI evaluation of eye movement provides functional information in cases of diplopia • Oculodynamic MRI reproduces excursion of extraocular muscles with good correlation with clinical testing • Dynamic MRI sequence supplements static orbital protocol for evaluation of motility disorders.
authors.affiliation: Hightech Research Center of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery and Dept. of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palmowski-Wolfe
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwenzer-Zimmerer
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.forename: Ernst-Wilhelm
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Radue
authors.forename: Hans-Florian
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Zeilhofer
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scheffler
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buitrago-Tellez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004172:Diplopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D005133:Eye Movements; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009068:Movement; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results