title: The skill of summary in clinician-patient communication: a case study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the use and impact of the micro-skill of summary in clinical encounters, a core skill that has little empirical investigation of its use and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This exploratory study used a mixed method design. Video recordings of ten consultations between simulated patients and medical-students were analysed to identify types of summary used. Two contrasting cases were then micro-analysed and follow up interviews held with the 2 students and simulated patients, involved in the consultations, using the video recording as a trigger.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-nine summaries were identified and grouped into six types: reflective, screening, clarifying, paraphrasing, interim and full. Summary appeared to aid accuracy. However, summaries about the patient's perspective were summarised less frequently than the biomedical perspective. When summaries were repeatedly incorrect they made the simulated patient feel they were not being listened to.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use and effect of summary appears more complex than the medical literature suggests and may have both positive and negative attributes. Further research is needed to investigate whether these preliminary findings are replicated within doctor-patient consultations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When teaching use of summary we need to address: type, purpose, accuracy, effect on patient and flexible use to suit the patient.
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK. saq23@medschl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quilligan
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003142:Communication; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology; D014743:Videotape Recording