title: Analysis of diesel particulate matter health risk disparities in selected US harbor areas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People near major transportation emissions sources experience higher exposure to hazardous pollutants. We present population size and demographic composition estimates for exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM) exhaust from US harbor activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 43 US marine harbor areas to determine outdoor, ambient concentrations from port-related DPM emissions and then determined intake fractions of those emissions in each harbor area. We estimated the distribution of health risk by combining ambient concentrations with exposure and carcinogenic risk factors. We assessed demographic differences by stratifying the health risks by race/ethnicity and income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intake fractions for 42 of the harbor areas ranged from 0.02 × 10(-6) to 3.66 × 10(-6). A DPM-affected population of more than 4 million has a risk level greater than 100 per million; a population of 41 million, a risk level greater than 10 per million. Most exposures occur in a small number of marine harbor areas. Low-income households and both Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks are overrepresented in the affected populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most important factor for predicting DPM intake fractions for harbor activities is the proximate population density. The largest uncertainty in predicting DPM carcinogenic health risk is the carcinogenic inhalation unit risk factor.
authors.affiliation: ICF International, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA. ARosenbaum@icfi.com
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holder
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005006:Ethnicity; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011156:Population Density; D044469:Racial Groups; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014186:Transportation; D014481:United States; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions