title: Prevalence and characteristics of choroidal nevi: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence of choroidal nevi in 4 racial or ethnic groups (white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese) in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants of the second examination of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), involving 6176 persons 44 to 84 years of age without clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline selected from 6 United States communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fundus images were taken using a 45° digital camera through dark-adapted pupils and were graded for choroidal nevi using the modified Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System and the Blue Mountains Eye Study protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Choroidal nevi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of choroidal nevi in the whole cohort was 2.1%, with prevalences higher in whites (4.1%) than blacks (0.7%), Hispanics (1.2%), and Chinese (0.4%; P<0.001 for any differences among groups). The lowest prevalence of choroidal nevi occurred in those 75 to 84 years of age. The nevi were subfoveal in 4% of eyes with nevi and were not associated with a decrease in visual acuity. Characteristics of the nevi (size, shape, location, color, drusen on surface) did not differ among racial or ethnic groups. With the exception of associations with higher C-reactive protein levels (odds ratio [OR] per mg/dl on the logarithmic scale, 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.43; P = 0.01) and lower systolic blood pressure (OR per 10 mmHg, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99; P = 0.04), choroidal nevi were not associated with other potential risk factors (e.g., gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption, lipid levels, coagulation factors, or kidney disease).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low prevalences of choroidal nevi were found in the 4 groups participating in the MESA cohort, with whites having higher prevalence than the other racial or ethnic groups. The higher prevalence in whites than in other groups was not explained by any of the factors studied. When choroidal nevi were present, their characteristics did not differ among racial or ethnic groups.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-2397, USA.
authors.forename: Max B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Greenstein
authors.forename: Chelsea E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Stacy M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Meuer
authors.forename: Barbara E K
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Mary Frances
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Cotch
authors.forename: Tien Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000208:ethnology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002830:Choroid Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009508:Nevus, Pigmented / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010781:Photography; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein