title: Transcutaneous and intradermal vaccination.
abstract: Most vaccines are administered by intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) routes, however, intradermal (i.d.) and transcutaneous (t.c.) techniques are regaining popularity. We will discuss in this review several factors that strongly justify the use of the cutaneous tissues and development of alternative methods for vaccination. That includes (1) our improved knowledge of skin physiology and better understanding of the barrier role of the horny layer, (2) the rationalization for targeting the different cutaneous layers, i.e. the epidermis, dermis, or hypodermis, (3) our advances in knowledge of the skin immune system, especially the plasticity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (i.e Langerhans cells (LC), dermal dendritic cells (DDC) and dermal macrophages) in the induction of immune responses, (4) the reduction of antigenic dose for some modes of cutaneous administration, (5) the increased need in needlefree vaccination strategies for developing countries to cope with blood contamination issues. Progress in skin immunization methods and better understanding of skin immunity allow proposing innovative and efficient vaccination strategies against infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 945 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC Univ Paris 06), Laboratory of immunity and infection, Paris, France. behazine.combadiere@upmc.fr
authors.forename: Behazine
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Combadiere
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liard
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells; D020405:Dermis / Q000276:immunology; D004817:Epidermis / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007801:Langerhans Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000276:immunology*; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines