title: Economic evaluation of policy options for prevention and control of cervical cancer in Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Thai healthcare setting has seen patients with cervical cancer experience an increasing burden of morbidity and mortality, a stagnation in the performance of cervical screening programmes and the introduction of a vaccine for the prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to identify the optimum mix of interventions that are cost effective, from societal and healthcare provider perspectives, for the prevention and control of cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computer-based Markov model of the natural history of cervical cancer was used to simulate an age-stratified cohort of women in Thailand. The strategy comparators, including both control and prevention programmes, were (i) conventional cytology screening (Pap smears); (ii) screening by visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA); and (iii) HPV-16, -18 vaccination. Input parameters (e.g. age-specific incidence of HPV infection, progression and regression of the infection, test performance of screening methods and efficacy of vaccine) were synthesized from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Costs (year 2007 values) and outcomes were evaluated separately, and compared for each combination. The screening strategies were started from the age of 30-40 years and repeated at 5- and 10-year intervals. In addition, HPV vaccines were introduced at age 15-60 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the screening strategies showed certain benefits due to a decreased number of women developing cervical cancer versus 'no intervention'. Moreover, the most cost-effective strategy from the societal perspective was the combination of VIA and sequential Pap smear (i.e., VIA every 5 years for women aged 30-45 years, followed by Pap smear every 5 years for women aged 50-60 years). This strategy was dominant, with a QALY gain of 0.01 and a total cost saving of Baht (Bt) 800, compared with doing nothing. From the societal perspective, universal HPV vaccination for girls aged 15 years without screening resulted in a QALY gain of 0.06 at an additional cost of Bt 8,800, based on the cost of Bt 15,000 for a full immunization schedule. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, comparing HPV vaccinations for girls aged 15 years with the current national policy of Pap smears for women aged 35-60 years every 5 years, was approximately Bt 18,1000 per QALY gained. This figure was relatively high for the Thai setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that controlling cervical cancer by increasing the numbers of women accepting the VIA and Pap smear screening as routine and by improving the performance of the existing screening programmes is the most cost-effective policy option in Thailand.
authors.affiliation: Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand. naiyana.p@hitap.net
authors.forename: Naiyana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Praditsitthikorn
authors.forename: Yot
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Teerawattananon
authors.forename: Sripen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tantivess
authors.forename: Supon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Limwattananon
authors.forename: Arthorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riewpaiboon
authors.forename: Saibua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chichareon
authors.forename: Nantakan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ieumwananonthachai
authors.forename: Viroj
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tangcharoensathien
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013785:Thailand; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D019342:Acetic Acid