title: Transforming growth factor-β signaling in tumor initiation, progression and therapy in breast cancer: an update.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a ubiquitous cytokine playing an essential role in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion and invasion, as well as in cellular microenvironment. In malignant diseases, TGF-β signaling features a growth inhibitory effect at an early stage but aggressive oncogenic activity at the advanced malignant state. Here, we update the current understanding of TGF-β signaling in cancer development and progression with a focus on breast cancer. We also review the current approaches of TGF-β signaling-targeted therapeutics for human malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Institution, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xuyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zu
authors.forename: Qinghai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Renxian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Jianghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Gebo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Deliang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta