title: Emergency operation for penetrating thoracic trauma in a metropolitan surgical service in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This audit examines our total experience with penetrating thoracic trauma. It reviews all the patients who were brought alive to our surgical service and all who were taken directly to the mortuary. The group of patients who underwent emergency operation for penetrating thoracic trauma is examined in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective trauma registry is maintained by the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Complex. This database was retrospectively interrogated for all patients requiring an emergency thoracic operation for penetrating injury from July 2006 till July 2009. A retrospective review of mortuary data for the same period was undertaken to identify patients with penetrating thoracic trauma who had been taken to the forensic mortuary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 3-year period July 2006 to July 2009, a total of 1186 patients, 77 of whom were female, were admitted to the surgical services in Pietermaritzburg with penetrating thoracic trauma. There were 124 gunshot wounds and 1062 stab wounds. A total of 108 (9%) patients required emergency operation during the period under review. The mechanism of trauma in the operative group was stab wounds (n = 102), gunshot wound (n = 4), stab with compass (n = 1), and impalement by falling on an arrow (n = 1). Over the same period 676 persons with penetrating thoracic trauma were taken to the mortuary. There were 135 (20%) gunshot wounds of the chest in the mortuary cohort. The overall mortality for penetrating thoracic trauma was 541 (33%) of 1603 for stab wounds and 135 (52%) of 259 for gunshot wounds of the chest. Among the 541 subjects with stab wounds from the mortuary cohort, there were 206 (38%) with cardiac injuries. In the emergency operation group there were 11 (10%) deaths. In 76 patients a cardiac injury was identified. The other injuries identified were lung parenchyma bleeding (n = 12) intercostal vessels (n = 10), great vessels of the chest (n = 6), internal thoracic vessel (n = 2), and pericardial injury with no myocardial injury (n = 2). Most patients reached the hospital within 60 minutes of sustaining their injury. A subset of 12 patients had much longer delays of 12 to 24 hours. Surgical access was via median sternotomy in 56 patients and lateral thoracotomy in 52. The overall mortality for penetrating cardiac trauma in our series was 217 (76%) of 282.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penetrating thoracic trauma has a high mortality rate of 30% for subjects with stab wounds and 52% for those with gunshot wounds. Less than a quarter of patients with a penetrating cardiac injury reach the hospital alive. Of those who do and who are operated on, about 90 percent will survive. Other injuries necessitating emergency operation are lung parenchyma, intercostal vessels and internal thoracic vessels, and great vessels of the thorax. Gunshot wounds of the thorax remain more lethal than stab wounds.
authors.affiliation: Metropolitan Trauma Service Pietermaritzburg, Department of General Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa. nirusha.maharaj@kznhealth.gov.za
authors.forename: Damian Luiz
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Muhammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quazi
authors.forename: Kriban
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Sandie Rutherford
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000293:injuries; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000601:surgery; D013019:South Africa; D056346:Sternotomy; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014505:Urban Population; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D014951:Wounds, Stab / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*