title: Direct-to-consumer personalized genomic testing.
abstract: Over the past 18 months, there have been notable developments in the direct-to-consumer (DTC) genomic testing arena, in particular with regard to issues surrounding governmental regulation in the USA. While commentaries continue to proliferate on this topic, actual empirical research remains relatively scant. In terms of DTC genomic testing for disease susceptibility, most of the research has centered on uptake, perceptions and attitudes toward testing among health care professionals and consumers. Only a few available studies have examined actual behavioral response among consumers, and we are not aware of any studies that have examined response to DTC genetic testing for ancestry or for drug response. We propose that further research in this area is desperately needed, despite challenges in designing appropriate studies given the rapid pace at which the field is evolving. Ultimately, DTC genomic testing for common markers and conditions is only a precursor to the eventual cost-effectiveness and wide availability of whole genome sequencing of individuals, although it remains unclear whether DTC genomic information will still be attainable. Either way, however, current knowledge needs to be extended and enhanced with respect to the delivery, impact and use of increasingly accurate and comprehensive individualized genomic data.
authors.affiliation: Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, Scripps Translational Science Institute, 3344 N. Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
authors.forename: Cinnamon S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bloss
authors.forename: Burcu F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Darst
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Schork
mesh_terms: D003258:Consumer Behavior; D004194:Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D023281:Genomics / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States