title: Pet ownership and cardiovascular risk reduction: supporting evidence, conflicting data and underlying mechanisms.
abstract: 1. It is widely believed that pet ownership is beneficial to humans and that some of this benefit is through favourable effects on cardiovascular risk. In the present review, we critically examine the evidence in support of this hypothesis and present the available data with respect to major cardiovascular risk factors. 2. There is evidence that dog owners are less sedentary and have lower blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, attenuated responses to laboratory-induced mental stress and improved survival following myocardial infarction compared with non-pet owners. However, conflicting data exist with regard to the association between pet ownership and each of these risk factors. 3. Numerous non-cardiovascular effects of pet ownership have been reported, largely in the psychosocial domain, but the relationship is complex and can vary with demographic and social factors. 4. A unifying hypothesis is presented, linking improved mood and emotional state to decreased central and regional autonomic activity, improved endothelial function and, thus, lower blood pressure and reduced cardiac arrhythmias. 5. Overall, ownership of domestic pets, particularly dogs, is associated with positive health benefits.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Technology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford             Leland High School, San José, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kanish
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arhant-Sudhir
authors.forename: Rish
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arhant-Sudhir
authors.forename: Krishnankutty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sudhir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D004285:Dogs; D001841:Human-Animal Bond; D006801:Humans; D057805:Pets / Q000523:psychology*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior