title: Comparative radiopacity of ceramics and metals with human and bovine dental tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ceramics should be radiopaque enough to be seen on radiographs and to be distinguishable from tooth structures. Information on the radiopacity of different ceramics used in restorative dentistry is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the radiopacity of ceramics in comparison with human and bovine dental hard tissues and metals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 128 disk-shaped specimens, 6 × 1 mm (n=8), were prepared from dental ceramic materials and metals. The optical densities of each material, along with 2 tooth sections (canine and molar teeth), bovine dentin and enamel specimens, and 2 different aluminum step wedges, were measured from radiographic images using a transmission densitometer. The optical densities of the specimens were used to determine the equivalent aluminum thicknesses. The data were analyzed by nonparametric 1-way ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis) and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range tests for post hoc comparison (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among ceramic materials, Cercon Zirconia had the highest and the Cergo Pressable Ceramic had the lowest radiopacity values. Cergo Pressable Ceramic, Noritake Super Porcelain EX3 dentin, IPS Empress e.max Press, Cercon Kiss dentin, IPS Empress 2, Cercon Ceram dentin, bovine dentin, human canine, and molar tooth dentin radiopacity measurements were not significantly different. The radiopacity measurements of In-Ceram Alumina, In-Ceram Spinell, Celay Alumina, Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), Celay Zirconia, In-Ceram Zirconia, NiCr alloy, Wieland Zirconia, Cercon Zirconia, and 22-carat gold were significantly higher than that of bovine enamel (P<.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences in radiopacity were found among ceramic materials, when compared to metals, bovine enamel and human and bovine dentin. Cercon and Wieland Zirconia had high radiopacity values, which were similar to metals.
authors.affiliation: Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey. gurelp@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gurel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pekkan
authors.forename: Keriman
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pekkan
authors.forename: Mujgan Gungor
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hatipoglu
authors.forename: Suleyman Hakan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tuna
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003287:Contrast Media; D003720:Densitometry; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D000535:Aluminum