title: Styrax japonica supplementation diet enhances the innate immune response in Epinephelus bruneus against bacterial and protozoan infections.
abstract: Kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus, fed for 30 days with 0% (control), 0.1%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of Styrax japonica supplementation diets, led to reductions in mortality after being challenged with a bacterium (Vibrio harveyi) and a ciliate protozoan (Uronema marinum). The enriched diets significantly increased the survival rate as compared to the controls. The phagocytic and respiratory activities were significantly increased in kelp groupers given 1.0% and 2.0% enriched diets. The complement activity, lysozyme activity, serum bactericidal activity, and total protein level significantly increased with any enriched diet against the pathogens; however antiprotease activity and myeloperoxidase levels significantly increased only with 1.0% and 2.0% enriched diets while the α2-macroglobulin level was significantly enhanced with 1.0% enriched diet. The study suggests that incorporation of S. japonica at 1.0% and 2.0% level in the diet significantly enhances the immune responses in the kelp grouper E. bruneus against V. harveyi and U. marinum.
authors.affiliation: Marine Applied Microbes and Aquatic Organism Disease Control Lab, Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea. rhari123@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harikrishnan
authors.forename: Ju-Sang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Man-Chul
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chellam
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balasundaram
authors.forename: Moon-Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Heo
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001492:Bass / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity; D016770:Ciliophora Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D016802:Oligohymenophorea; D010587:Phagocytosis; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000662:veterinary; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D032362:Styrax / Q000737:chemistry; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts