title: Injectable bone-graft substitutes: current products, their characteristics and indications, and new developments.
abstract: More than a decade has passed since the first injectable bone substitutes were introduced for use in orthopaedic trauma, and over recent years the number of commercial products has increased dramatically. Despite the fact that these bone substitutes have been on the market for many years, knowledge amongst potential users on how and when they might be useful is still fairly limited. Most injectable bone substitutes belong to one of two major groups: by far the largest group contains products based on various calcium phosphate (CP) mixtures, whilst the smaller group consists of calcium sulphate (CS) compounds. Following mixing, the CP or CS paste can be injected into--for instance--a fracture space for augmentation as an alternative to bone graft, or around a screw for augmentation if the bone is weak. Within minutes an in situ process makes the substitute hard; the mechanical strength in compression resembles that of cancellous bone, whereas the strength in bending and shear is lower. Over time, CP products undergo remodelling through a cell-mediated process that seems to mimic the normal bone remodelling, whilst CS products are dissolved through a faster process that is not cell-mediated. For CP, a number of clinical studies have shown that it can be useful for augmentation of metaphyseal fractures when a space is present. Randomised studies have verified that CP works especially well in tibial plateau fractures when compared with conventional bone grafting. So far the number of clinical studies on CS products is very low. Development at present seems to be heading towards premixed or directly mixed products as well as new compounds that contain fibres or other components to enhance bending and shear strength. Products that are based on combinations of CP and CS are also being developed to combine the fast-dissolving CS with the stronger and more slowly remodelling CP. Injectable bone substitutes, and especially CS, have also been targeted as potentially good carriers for antibiotics and growth factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. sune.larsson@ortopedi.uu.se
authors.forename: Sune
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Gerjon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hannink
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002133:Calcium Sulfate