title: Multivariate classification of pigments and inks using combined Raman spectroscopy and LIBS.
abstract: The authenticity of objects and artifacts is often the focus of forensic analytic chemistry. In document fraud cases, the most important objective is to determine the origin of a particular ink. Here, we introduce a new approach which utilizes the combination of two analytical methods, namely Raman spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The methods provide complementary information on both molecular and elemental composition of samples. The potential of this hyphenation of spectroscopic methods is demonstrated for ten blue and black ink samples on white paper. LIBS and Raman spectra from different inks were fused into a single data matrix, and the number of different groups of inks was determined through multivariate analysis, i.e., principal component analysis, soft independent modelling of class analogy, partial least-squares discriminant analysis, and support vector machine. In all cases, the results obtained with the combined LIBS and Raman spectra were found to be superior to those obtained with the individual Raman or LIBS data sets.
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoehse
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gornushkin
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Panne