title: Computer-aided identification of prostatic adenocarcinoma: Segmentation of glandular structures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of individual prostatic glandular structures is an important prerequisite to quantitative histological analysis of prostate cancer with the aid of a computer. We have developed a computer method to segment individual glandular units and to extract quantitative image features, for computer identification of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  TWO SETS OF DIGITAL HISTOLOGY IMAGES WERE USED: database I (n = 57) for developing and testing the computer technique, and database II (n = 116) for independent validation. The segmentation technique was based on a k-means clustering and a region-growing method. Computer segmentation results were evaluated subjectively and also compared quantitatively against manual gland outlines, using the Jaccard similarity measure. Quantitative features that were extracted from the computer segmentation results include average gland size, spatial gland density, and average gland circularity. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to combine quantitative image features. Classification performance was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and the area under the ROC curve (AUC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Jaccard similarity coefficients between computer segmentation and manual outlines of individual glands were between 0.63 and 0.72 for non-cancer and between 0.48 and 0.54 for malignant glands, respectively, similar to an interobserver agreement of 0.79 for non-cancer and 0.75 for malignant glands, respectively. The AUC value for the features of average gland size and gland density combined via LDA was 0.91 for database I and 0.96 for database II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a computer, we are able to delineate individual prostatic glands automatically and identify prostatic adenocarcinoma accurately, based on the quantitative image features extracted from computer-segmented glandular structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Yahui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Yulei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eisengart
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.forename: Francis H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Straus
authors.forename: Ximing J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yang