title: The Toronto epidemiology glaucoma survey: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of undetected glaucoma in a Toronto population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Toronto residents aged 50 years or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telephone calls were randomly made to Toronto residents. Those who indicated they did not have glaucoma were invited to the Toronto Western Hospital for a comprehensive ophthalmic assessment, including best corrected visual acuity testing, applanation tonometry, pachymetry, gonioscopy, disc assessment, frequency doubling technology, and Heidelberg retinal tomography. Patient suspected to have glaucoma were asked to return for further evaluation, including a 24-2 Humphrey automated visual field test, repeat Heidelberg retinal tomography, repeat disc assessment, and possibly a diurnal tension curve. The diagnosis of glaucoma was made based on standardized criteria modified from those used by the Rotterdam Study and Foster and associates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 975 eligible respondents, 73 (7.5%) stated that they had glaucoma. Of the remaining 902 negative respondents, 271 booked clinical appointments, and 180 completed the clinical assessment; their mean age was 61.6 years. Of the participants, 7 (3.9%) were diagnosed with glaucoma: 5 (2.8%) had primary open-angle glaucoma (3 with low-pressure and 2 with high-pressure glaucoma); 1 had (0.6%) chronic angle-closure glaucoma; and 1 (0.6%) had pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. A further 8 (4.4%) participants were classified as probably having open-angle glaucoma and 33 (18.3%) as being suspected to have glaucoma. Narrow angles were found in 27 participants (15%), and 37 (20.6%) had family histories of glaucoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of undetected glaucoma appears to be high in Toronto. Further studies involving larger numbers of participants are required to confirm this finding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anraku
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Butty
authors.forename: Delan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jinapriya
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alasbali
authors.forename: Zaid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mammo
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: Graham E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Trope
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D017889:Exfoliation Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology