title: Cytotoxic activity of secondary metabolites derived from Artemisia annua L. towards cancer cells in comparison to its designated active constituent artemisinin.
abstract: Artemisia annua L. (sweet wormwood, qinhao) has traditionally been used in Chinese medicine. The isolation of artemisinin from Artemisia annua and its worldwide accepted application in malaria therapy is one of the showcase success stories of phytomedicine during the past decades. Artemisinin-type compounds are also active towards other protozoal or viral diseases as well as cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Nowadays, Artemisia annua tea is used as a self-reliant treatment in developing countries. The unsupervised use of Artemisia annua tea has been criticized to foster the development of artemisinin resistance in malaria and cancer due to insufficient artemisinin amounts in the plant as compared to standardized tablets with isolated artemisinin or semisynthetic artemisinin derivatives. However, artemisinin is not the only bioactive compound in Artemisia annua. In the present investigation, we analyzed different Artemisia annua extracts. Dichloromethane extracts were more cytotoxic (range of IC₅₀: 1.8-14.4 μg/ml) than methanol extracts towards Trypanosoma b. brucei (TC221 cells). The range of IC₅₀ values for HeLa cancer cells was 54.1-275.5 μg/ml for dichloromethane extracts and 276.3-1540.8 μg/ml for methanol extracts. Cancer and trypanosomal cells did not reveal cross-resistance among other compounds of Artemisia annua, namely the artemisinin-related artemisitene and arteanuine B as well as the unrelated compounds, scopoletin and 1,8-cineole. This indicates that cells resistant to one compound retained sensitivity to another one. These results were also supported by microarray-based mRNA expression profiling showing that molecular determinants of sensitivity and resistance were different between artemisinin and the other phytochemicals investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany. efferth@uni-mainz.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Efferth
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tahrani
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wink
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D031172:Artemisia annua / Q000737:chemistry*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor / Q000379:methods*; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D006367:HeLa Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012603:Scopoletin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D037621:Artemisinins; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; C568784:arteanuine B; C105118:artemisitene; D012603:Scopoletin; D000077591:Eucalyptol