title: Policies to enhance prescribing efficiency in europe: findings and future implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  European countries need to learn from each other to address unsustainable increases in pharmaceutical expenditures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the influence of the many supply and demand-side initiatives introduced across Europe to enhance prescribing efficiency in ambulatory care. As a result provide future guidance to countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross national retrospective observational study of utilization (DDDs - defined daily doses) and expenditure (Euros and local currency) of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and statins among 19 European countries and regions principally from 2001 to 2007. Demand-side measures categorized under the "4Es" - education engineering, economics, and enforcement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instigating supply side initiatives to lower the price of generics combined with demand-side measures to enhance their prescribing is important to maximize prescribing efficiency. Just addressing one component will limit potential efficiency gains. The influence of demand-side reforms appears additive, with multiple initiatives typically having a greater influence on increasing prescribing efficiency than single measures apart from potentially "enforcement." There are also appreciable differences in expenditure (€/1000 inhabitants/year) between countries. Countries that have not introduced multiple demand side measures to counteract commercial pressures to enhance the prescribing of generics have seen considerably higher expenditures than those that have instigated a range of measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are considerable opportunities for European countries to enhance their prescribing efficiency, with countries already learning from each other. The 4E methodology allows European countries to concisely capture the range of current demand-side measures and plan for the future knowing that initiatives can be additive to further enhance their prescribing efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Pharmacological Research 'Mario Negri' Milan, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Wendykowska
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authors.lastname: Gustafsson