title: Early visual cues associated with a directional place kick in soccer.
abstract: The purpose of this paper was to establish postural cues in kicking that may be of use to goalkeepers. Eight male soccer players (age 20.5 +/- 1.1 yrs; height 1.78 +/- 0.053 m; mass 75.18 +/- 9.66 kg) performed three types of kick: a low side-foot kick to the left hand corner of the goal, a low side-foot kick straight ahead, and a low instep kick straight ahead. Kicks were recorded by an optoelectronic motion analysis system at 240 Hz. At kicking foot take-off (about 200 ms before ball contact) the variables which were significantly different and could act as cues were support foot progression angle, pelvis rotation, and kicking hip and ankle flexion. The support foot progression angle was considered to be the most valuable of these variables as its angle coincided with the direction of ball projection. The other variables were less clear in their interpretation and so less valuable for a goalkeeper to use for decision making. Cues appearing after support foot contact were thought unlikely to be of value to a goalkeeper in their decision making. These include kicking leg knee flexion angle, and support leg shank and thigh angles.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. a.lees@ljmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003463:Cues; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult