title: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography as a screening technique for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) as a screening tool for the evaluation of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective, case-control study. Subject eyes were divided into four groups (group I = eyes with bull's eye maculopathy, group II = eyes with early changes of toxicity, group III = eyes with exposure but no signs of toxicity, and group IV = eyes of age-matched controls). Retinal thickness was measured via SD-OCT 0.5 and 1.0 mm from the foveal center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean retinal thickness 1.0 mm from the fovea in group I eyes was significantly thinner when compared to group IV. Eyes in group II also showed retinal thinning 1.0 mm from the foveal center when compared to both groups III and IV. Mean retinal thickness 0.5 mm from the foveal center did not differ significantly between any groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant retinal thinning occurred 1.0 mm, but not 0.5 mm, from the foveal center in patients with early and late chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine toxicity. Measuring retinal thickness 1.0 mm from the foveal center in patients receiving these medications may help screen for early toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Ilyse D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Haberman
authors.forename: Shantan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003317:Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008268:Macular Degeneration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D002738:Chloroquine