title: High incidence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria recovered from Afghan patients at a deployed US military hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate potential sources and risks associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in a deployed US military hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of factors associated with recovery of MDR bacteria, supplemented by environmental sampling.
  
  
  METHODS
  The largest US military hospital in Afghanistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  US and Afghan patients with positive bacterial culture results, from September 2007 through August 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microbiologic, demographic, and clinical data were analyzed. Potential risk factors included admission diagnosis or mechanism of injury, length of stay, gender, age, and nationality (US or Afghan). Environmental sampling of selected hospital high-touch surfaces and equipment was performed to help elucidate whether environmental MDR bacteria were contributing to nosocomial spread.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 266 patients had 411 bacterial isolates that were identified during the study period, including 211 MDR bacteria (51%). Gram-negative bacteria were common among Afghan patients (241 [76%] of 319), and 70% of these were classified as MDR. This included 58% of bacteria recovered from Afghan patients within 48 hours of hospital admission. The most common gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli (53% were MDR), Acinetobacter (90% were MDR), and Klebsiella (63% were MDR). Almost one-half of potential extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers were community acquired. Of 100 environmental swab samples, 18 yielded MDR bacteria, including 10 that were Acinetobacter, but no potential ESBL-producing bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gram-negative bacteria from Afghan patients had high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Patients experiencing complex trauma and prolonged hospital stays likely contribute to the presence of MDR bacteria in this facility. However, many of these patients had community-acquired cases, which implies high rates of colonization prior to hospital admission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, TX, USA. deena.sutter@amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Deena E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: Linda U
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.forename: Lucas H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Simkins
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atha
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Elwood
authors.forename: Janelle L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Clinton K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Glenn W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Wortmann
authors.forename: Duane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hospenthal
mesh_terms: D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D000346:Afghanistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006772:Hospitals, Military / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases