title: Calculation of exit dose for conformal and dynamically-wedged fields, based on water-equivalent path length measured with an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device.
abstract: In this study, we use the quadratic calibration method (QCM), in which an EPID image is converted into a matrix of equivalent path lengths (EPLs) and, therefore, exit doses, so as to model doses in conformal and enhanced dynamic wedge (EDW) fields. The QCM involves acquiring series of EPID images at a reference field size for different thicknesses of homogeneous solid water blocks. From these, a set of coefficients is established that is used to compute the EPL of any other irradiated material. To determine the EPL, the irradiated area must be known in order to establish the appropriate scatter correction. A method was devised for the automatic calculation of areas from the EPID image that facilitated the calculation of EPL for any field and exit dose. For EDW fields, the fitting coefficients were modified by utilizing the linac manufacturer's golden segmented treatment tables (GSTT) methodology and MU fraction model. The nonlinear response of the EPL with lower monitor units (MUs) was investigated and slight modification of the algorithm performed to account for this. The method permits 2D dose distributions at the exit of phantom or patient to be generated by relating the EPL with an appropriate depth dose table. The results indicate that the inclusion of MU correction improved the EPL determination. The irradiated field areas can be accurately determined from EPID images to within ± 1% uncertainty. Cross-plane profiles and 2D dose distributions of EPID predicted doses were compared with those calculated with the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) and those measured directly with MapCHECK 2 device. Comparison of the 2D EPID dose maps to those from TPS and MapCHECK shows that more than 90% of all points passed the gamma index acceptance criteria of 3% dose difference and 3 mm distance to agreement (DTA), for both conformal and EDW study cases. We conclude that the EPID QCM is an accurate and convenient method for in vivo dosimetry and may, therefore, complement existing techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, Radiotherapy Physics, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. kavuma.awusi@ggc.scot.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Awusi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavuma
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glegg
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metwaly
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D012825:Silicon