title: Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to monovalent 2009 influenza A/H1N1 and seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines in high-risk children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to monovalent 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1/2009) and seasonal trivalent influenza (TIV) vaccines were evaluated in healthy children and children with asthma, sickle cell disease (SCD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and solid organ transplantation (SOT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood was collected from 112 subjects at the time of H1N1/2009 vaccination and 46 ± 15 days later for hemagglutination inhibition titers and γ-interferon ELISPOT responses to H1N1/2009 vaccine and TIV; unvaccinated children also received TIV at enrollment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in the percentage of subjects with seroprotective hemagglutination inhibition titers to both vaccines was observed in all high-risk groups. Children with asthma and SCD were most likely to achieve seroprotective titers to H1N1/2009, whereas <50% of subjects with SOT and SLE had a seroprotective response. Subjects with SOT and SLE also had lower rates of seroprotection after TIV, and subjects with SLE had the lowest ELISPOT responses to both vaccines. Overall, 73% of healthy children exhibited protective responses to TIV; only 35% achieved seroprotection for H1N1/2009.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This evaluation of immune responses to H1N1/2009 in high-risk children suggests suboptimal responses for SOT and SLE subjects, but not for subjects with SCD or asthma. Higher antigen dose, additional dose regimens, or both for immunocompromised children warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manwani
authors.forename: Ginger
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janow
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayers
authors.forename: Betsy C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Herold
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Sesma
authors.forename: Rebecca Pellett
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Madan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines