title: Novel adenoviruses in wild primates: a high level of genetic diversity and evidence of zoonotic transmissions.
abstract: Adenoviruses (AdVs) broadly infect vertebrate hosts, including a variety of nonhuman primates (NHPs). In the present study, we identified AdVs in NHPs living in their natural habitats, and through the combination of phylogenetic analyses and information on the habitats and epidemiological settings, we detected possible horizontal transmission events between NHPs and humans. Wild NHPs were analyzed with a pan-primate AdV-specific PCR using a degenerate nested primer set that targets the highly conserved adenovirus DNA polymerase gene. A plethora of novel AdV sequences were identified, representing at least 45 distinct AdVs. From the AdV-positive individuals, 29 nearly complete hexon genes were amplified and, based on phylogenetic analysis, tentatively allocated to all known human AdV species (Human adenovirus A to Human adenovirus G [HAdV-A to -G]) as well as to the only simian AdV species (Simian adenovirus A [SAdV-A]). Interestingly, five of the AdVs detected in great apes grouped into the HAdV-A, HAdV-D, HAdV-F, or SAdV-A clade. Furthermore, we report the first detection of AdVs in New World monkeys, clustering at the base of the primate AdV evolutionary tree. Most notably, six chimpanzee AdVs of species HAdV-A to HAdV-F revealed a remarkably close relationship to human AdVs, possibly indicating recent interspecies transmission events.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wevers
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Babweteera
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bieberbach
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boesch
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Couacy-Hymann
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cranfield
authors.forename: Maryke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Laurie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knauf
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lankester
authors.forename: Siv Aina J
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Leendertz
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lonsdorf
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mugisha
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nitsche
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Dominic A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: Zinta
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zommers
authors.forename: Fabian H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Leendertz
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ehlers
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018419:Primate Diseases / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D011323:Primates / Q000821:virology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; C018315:hexon capsid protein, Adenovirus; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase