title: What is orthographic knowledge?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orthographic knowledge refers to the information that is stored in memory that tells us how to represent spoken language in written form. Unfortunately, terms used to talk about orthographic knowledge and the two individual components that contribute to it have varied widely in the literature. Thus, consensus on the term, its meaning, and the tasks used to assess orthographic knowledge is needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this tutorial, the problems and inconsistencies in terms and tasks used to define and measure orthographic knowledge are reviewed, and suggestions for using specific terms are offered. Additionally, orthographic knowledge development, considerations of its role in literacy development, and its independence from other factors that contribute to literacy development are discussed. Finally, ideas for overcoming current obstacles in discussions of orthographic knowledge and suggestions for future research endeavors are offered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With consensus on what orthographic knowledge is and how it should be measured, practitioners should be better prepared for assessing orthographic knowledge and implementing instructional practices accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. kenn.apel@cci.fsu.edu
authors.forename: Kenn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Apel
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004493:Education; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007804:Language Development; D011939:Mental Recall; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D012660:Semantics; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014956:Writing