title: Structure, cell wall elasticity and polysaccharide properties of living yeast cells, as probed by AFM.
abstract: Although the chemical composition of yeast cell walls is known, the organization, assembly, and interactions of the various macromolecules remain poorly understood. Here, we used in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) in three different modes to probe the ultrastructure, cell wall elasticity and polymer properties of two brewing yeast strains, i.e.  Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and S. cerevisiae. Topographic images of the two strains revealed smooth and homogeneous cell surfaces, and the presence of circular bud scars on dividing cells. Nanomechanical measurements demonstrated that the cell wall elasticity of S. carlsbergensis is homogeneous. By contrast, the bud scar of S. cerevisiae was found to be stiffer than the cell wall, presumably due to the accumulation of chitin. Notably, single molecule force spectroscopy with lectin-modified tips revealed major differences in polysaccharide properties of the two strains. Polysaccharides were clearly more extended on S. cerevisiae, suggesting that not only oligosaccharides, but also polypeptide chains of the mannoproteins were stretched. Consistent with earlier cell surface analyses, these findings may explain the very different aggregation properties of the two organisms. This study demonstrates the power of using multiple complementary AFM modalities for probing the organization and interactions of the various macromolecules of microbial cell walls.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Chimie des Interfaces, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/18, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alsteens
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dupres
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mc Evoy
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wildling
authors.forename: Hermann J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Yves F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Dufrêne