title: Automated detection of external ventricular and lumbar drain-related meningitis using laboratory and microbiology results and medication data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Monitoring of healthcare-associated infection rates is important for infection control and hospital benchmarking. However, manual surveillance is time-consuming and susceptible to error. The aim was, therefore, to develop a prediction model to retrospectively detect drain-related meningitis (DRM), a frequently occurring nosocomial infection, using routinely collected data from a clinical data warehouse.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the hospital infection control program, all patients receiving an external ventricular (EVD) or lumbar drain (ELD) (2004 to 2009; n = 742) had been evaluated for the development of DRM through chart review and standardized diagnostic criteria by infection control staff; this was the reference standard. Children, patients dying <24 hours after drain insertion or with <1 day follow-up and patients with infection at the time of insertion or multiple simultaneous drains were excluded. Logistic regression was used to develop a model predicting the occurrence of DRM. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation. Bootstrapping was applied to increase generalizability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  537 patients remained after application of exclusion criteria, of which 82 developed DRM (13.5/1000 days at risk). The automated model to detect DRM included the number of drains placed, drain type, blood leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count and culture result, number of antibiotics started during admission, and empiric antibiotic therapy. Discriminatory power of this model was excellent (area under the ROC curve 0.97). The model achieved 98.8% sensitivity (95% CI 88.0% to 99.9%) and specificity of 87.9% (84.6% to 90.8%). Positive and negative predictive values were 56.9% (50.8% to 67.9%) and 99.9% (98.6% to 99.9%), respectively. Predicted yearly infection rates concurred with observed infection rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A prediction model based on multi-source data stored in a clinical data warehouse could accurately quantify rates of DRM. Automated detection using this statistical approach is feasible and could be applied to other nosocomial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.s.m.vanmourik-2@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Maaike S M
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: van Mourik
authors.forename: Rolf H H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Groenwold
authors.forename: Jan Willem
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Berkelbach van der Sprenkel
authors.forename: Wouter W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: van Solinge
authors.forename: Annet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Troelstra
authors.forename: Marc J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bonten
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001331:Automation; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006739:Hospital Administration; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008581:Meningitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged