title: Dietary restriction of mice on a high-fat diet induces substrate efficiency and improves metabolic health.
abstract: High energy intake and, specifically, high dietary fat intake challenge the mammalian metabolism and correlate with many metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. However, dietary restriction (DR) is known to prevent the development of metabolic disorders. The current western diets are highly enriched in fat, and it is as yet unclear whether DR on a certain high-fat (HF) diet elicits similar beneficial effects on health. In this research, we report that HF-DR improves metabolic health of mice compared with mice receiving the same diet on an ad libitum basis (HF-AL). Already after five weeks of restriction, the serum levels of cholesterol and leptin were significantly decreased in HF-DR mice, whereas their glucose sensitivity and serum adiponectin levels were increased. The body weight and measured serum parameters remained stable in the following 7 weeks of restriction, implying metabolic adaptation. To understand the molecular events associated with this adaptation, we analyzed gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) with whole genome microarrays. HF-DR strongly influenced gene expression in WAT; in total, 8643 genes were differentially expressed between both groups of mice, with a major role for genes involved in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial functioning. This was confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and substantiated by increase in mitochondrial density in WAT of HF-DR mice. These results provide new insights in the metabolic flexibility of dietary restricted animals and suggest the development of substrate efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 GP Wageningen, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Loes P M
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Duivenvoorde
authors.forename: Evert M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van Schothorst
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bunschoten
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keijer
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004822:Epididymis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006262:Health; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009929:Organ Size; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D002784:Cholesterol; D005947:Glucose