title: Cleavage of rRNA ensures translational cessation in sperm at fertilization.
abstract: Intact ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) comprise the majority of somatic transcripts, yet appear conspicuously absent in spermatozoa, perhaps reflecting cytoplasmic expulsion during spermatogenesis. To discern their fate, total RNA retained in mature spermatozoa from three fertile donors was characterized by Next Generation Sequencing. In all samples, >75% of total sequence reads aligned to rRNAs. The distribution of reads along the length of these transcripts exhibited a high degree of non-uniformity that was reiterated between donors. The coverage of sequencing reads was inversely correlated with guanine-cytosine (GC)-richness such that sequences greater than ∼70% GC were virtually absent in all sperm RNA samples. To confirm the loss of sequence, the relative abundance of specific regions of the 28S transcripts in sperm was established by 7-Deaza-2'-deoxy-guanosine-5'-triphosphate RT-PCR. The inability to amplify specific regions of the 28S sequence from sperm despite the abundant representation of this transcript in the sequencing libraries demonstrates that approximately three-quarters of RNA retained in the mature male gamete are products of rRNA fragmentation. Hence, cleavage (not expulsion of the RNA component of the translational machinery) is responsible for preventing spurious translation following spermiogenesis. These results highlight the potential importance of those transcripts, including many mRNAs, which evade fragmentation and remain intact when sperm are delivered at fertilization. Sequencing data are deposited in GEO as: GSE29160.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, C. S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development,  Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201,  USA.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sendler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lalancette
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Krawetz
mesh_terms: D001482:Base Composition; D005298:Fertility / Q000235:genetics; D005306:Fertilization / Q000235:genetics; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D059367:RNA Cleavage / Q000502:physiology*; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S