title: How useful is preoperative imaging for tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging of gastric cancer? A meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery is the fundamental curative option for gastric cancer patients. Imaging scans are routinely prescribed in an attempt to stage the disease prior to surgery. Consequently, the correlation between radiology exams and pathology is crucial for appropriate treatment planning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic searches were conducted using Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from January 1, 1998 to December 1, 2009. We calculated the accuracy, overstaging rate, understaging rate, Kappa statistic, sensitivity, and specificity for abdominal ultrasound (AUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) with respect to the gold standard (pathology). We also compared the performance of CT by detector number and image type. A meta-analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For pre-operative T staging MRI scans had better performance accuracy than CT and AUS; CT scanners using ≥ 4 detectors and multi-planar reformatted (MPR) images had higher staging performances than scanners with <4 detectors and axial images only. For pre-operative N staging PET had the lowest sensitivity, but the highest specificity among modalities; CT performance did not significantly differ by detector number or addition of MPR images. For pre-operative M staging performance did not significantly differ by modality, detector number, or MPR images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The agreement between pre-operative TNM staging by imaging scans and post-operative staging by pathology is not perfect and may affect treatment decisions. Operator dependence and heterogeneity of data may account for the variations in staging performance. Physicians should consider this discrepancy when creating their treatment plans.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Rajini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seevaratnam
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.forename: Laercio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lourenco
authors.forename: Alyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahar
authors.forename: Rinku
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutradhar
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paszat
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Coburn
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods