title: Skewed riskscapes and gentrified inequities: environmental exposure disparities in Seattle, Washington.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have considered the sociohistorical intersection of environmental injustice and gentrification; a gap addressed by this case study of Seattle, Washington. This study explored the advantages of integrating air toxic risk screening with gentrification research to enhance proximity and health equity analysis methodologies. It was hypothesized that Seattle's industrial air toxic exposure risk was unevenly dispersed, that gentrification stratified the city's neighborhoods, and that the inequities of both converged.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spatial characterizations of air toxic pollution risk exposures from 1990 to 2007 were combined with longitudinal cluster analysis of census block groups in Seattle, Washington, from 1990 to 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cluster of air toxic exposure inequality and socioeconomic inequity converged in 1 area of south central Seattle. Minority and working class residents were more concentrated in the same neighborhoods near Seattle's worst industrial pollution risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not all pollution was distributed equally in a dynamic urban landscape. Using techniques to examine skewed riskscapes and socioeconomic urban geographies provided a foundation for future research on the connections among environmental health hazard sources, socially vulnerable neighborhoods, and health inequity.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Spatial Information and Analysis, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA. troy.abel@wwu.edu
authors.forename: Troy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Jonah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D044469:Racial Groups; D012306:Risk; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000639:trends; D014861:Washington