title: Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Having cancer may result in extensive emotional, physical and social suffering. Music interventions have been used to alleviate symptoms and treatment side effects in cancer patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of music therapy or music medicine interventions and standard care with standard care alone, or standard care and other interventions in patients with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 10), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, LILACS, Science Citation Index, CancerLit, www.musictherapyworld.net, CAIRSS, Proquest Digital Dissertations, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, and the National Research Register. All databases were searched from their start date to September 2010. We handsearched music therapy journals and reference lists and contacted experts. There was no language restriction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized trials of music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in patients with cancer. Participants undergoing biopsy and aspiration for diagnostic purposes were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Where possible, results were presented in meta analyses using mean differences and standardized mean differences. Post-test scores were used. In cases of significant baseline difference, we used change scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 30 trials with a total of 1891 participants. We included music therapy interventions, offered by trained music therapists, as well as listening to pre-recorded music, offered by medical staff. The results suggest that music interventions may have a beneficial effect on anxiety in people with cancer, with a reported average anxiety reduction of 11.20 units (95% confidence interval (CI) -19.59 to -2.82, P = 0.009) on the STAI-S scale and -0.61 standardized units (95% CI -0.97 to -0.26, P = 0.0007) on other anxiety scales. Results also suggested a positive impact on mood (standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.42, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.81, P = 0.03), but no support was found for depression.Music interventions may lead to small reductions in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. A moderate pain-reducing effect was found (SMD = -0.59, 95% CI -0.92 to -0.27, P = 0.0003), but no strong evidence was found for enhancement of fatigue or physical status. The pooled estimate of two trials suggested a beneficial effect of music therapy on patients' quality of life (QoL) (SMD = 1.02, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.47, P = 0.00001).No conclusions could be drawn regarding the effect of music interventions on distress, body image, oxygen saturation level, immunologic functioning, spirituality, and communication outcomes.Seventeen trials used listening to pre-recorded music and 13 trials used music therapy interventions that actively engaged the patients. Not all studies included the same outcomes and due to the small number of studies per outcome, we could not compare the effectiveness of music medicine interventions with that of music therapy interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review indicates that music interventions may have beneficial effects on anxiety, pain, mood, and QoL in people with cancer. Furthermore, music may have a small effect on heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Most trials were at high risk of bias and, therefore, these results need to be interpreted with caution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Creative Arts Therapies, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, 1505 Race Street, rm 1041, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19102.
authors.forename: Joke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bradt
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dileo
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grocke
authors.forename: Lucanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magill
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D001828:Body Image; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy; D005221:Fatigue / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D059408:Pain Management; D059039:Standard of Care; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome