title: Detailed clinical models: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to the increasing use of electronic patient records and other health care information technology, we see an increase in requests to utilize these data. A highly level of standardization is required during the gathering of these data in the clinical context in order to use it for analyses. Detailed Clinical Models (DCM) have been created toward this purpose and several initiatives have been implemented in various parts of the world to create standardized models. This paper presents a review of DCM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two types of analyses are presented; one comparing DCM against health care information architectures and a second bottom up approach from concept analysis to representation. In addition core parts of the draft ISO standard 13972 on DCM are used such as clinician involvement, data element specification, modeling, meta information, and repository and governance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SIX INITIATIVES WERE SELECTED: Intermountain Healthcare, 13606/OpenEHR Archetypes, Clinical Templates, Clinical Contents Models, Health Level 7 templates, and Dutch Detailed Clinical Models. Each model selected was reviewed for their overall development, involvement of clinicians, use of data types, code bindings, expressing semantics, modeling, meta information, use of repository and governance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using both a top down and bottom up approach to comparison reveals many commonalties and differences between initiatives. Important differences include the use of or lack of a reference model and expressiveness of models. Applying clinical data element standards facilitates the use of conceptual DCM models in different technical representations.
authors.affiliation: ICT Innovations in Healthcare, Christelijke Hogeschool Windesheim, Windesheim University, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Goossen
authors.forename: Anneke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goossen-Baremans
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Zel