title: Family recurrence and oligo-anuria predict uremic restless legs syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinical and laboratory predictors of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) undergoing long-term hemodialysis (HD).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty-two consecutive patients were assessed. History of sleep disturbances, neurological examination, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Patients with and without RLS were compared, and a logistic regression model described the relations between independent predictors and RLS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one patients (32%) currently had RLS (RLS+). RLS+ vs RLS- patients were more frequently women (49% vs 29%, P = 0.012), had first-degree relative with RLS (22% vs 6%, P = 0.004), insomnia (59% vs 36%, P = 0.007), peripheral neuropathy (41% vs 21%, P = 0.006), and low residual diuresis (92% vs 68% with below 500 ml/24 h, P = 0.001). Low (OR = 8.71, CI = 2.27-33.41; P = 0.002) and absent (OR = 4.96, CI = 1.52-16.20; P = 0.008) residual diuresis, peripheral neuropathy (OR = 4.00, CI = 1.44-11.14; P = 0.008), and first-degree relative with RLS (OR = 3.82, CI = 1.21-12.13; P = 0.023) significantly predicted RLS in ESKD patients undergoing HD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive family history for RLS together with reduced/absent residual renal function and peripheral neuropathy predicts the risk for RLS in ESKD patients undergoing HD. Longitudinal studies are warranted to correlate RLS occurrence with genetic and environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy. fabio.pizza@unibo.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pizza
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Persici
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Manna
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campieri
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plazzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carretta
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cappuccilli
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stefoni
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montagna
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001002:Anuria / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014511:Uremia / Q000150:complications*