title: Acquisition of MV-scatter-free kilovoltage CBCT images during RapidArc™ or VMAT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform kilovoltage (kV) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging concomitant with the delivery of megavoltage (MV) RapidArc treatment, and demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining MV-scatter-free kV CBCT images.
  
  
  METHODS
  RapidArc/CBCT treatment and imaging plans are designed, and delivered on the Varian TrueBeam, using its Developer Mode. The plan contains 250 control points for MV-radiation delivery, each over an arc of 0.4-0.7(o). Interlaced between successive MV delivery control points are imaging control points, each over an arc of 0.7-1.1(o). During the 360(o) gantry rotation for the RapidArc delivery, CBCT projections of a phantom are acquired at 11 frames per second. The kV projections with minimal MV-scatter are selected, based on gantry angle, and the CBCT(s) image reconstructed. For comparison, a reference CBCT(r) image is acquired in the normal way. In addition, to examine the effect of MV-scatter we acquire CBCT(c) using the same treatment plan without the imaging control points, i.e. with continuous MV delivery during the 360(o) rotation. Quantitative evaluation of image qualities is performed based on the concepts of CNR (contrast-to-noise ratio) and NSTD (normalized standard deviation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The different types of CBCT images were reconstructed, evaluated, and compared. Visual comparison indicates that the image quality of CBCT(s) is similar to that of the reference CBCT(r), and that the quality of CBCT(c) is significantly degraded by the MV-scatter. Quantitative evaluation of the image quality indicates that MV-scatter significantly decreases the CNR of CBCT (from ∼7 to ∼3.5 in one comparison). Similarly, MV-scatter significantly increases the inhomogeneity of image intensity, e.g. from ∼0.03 to ∼0.06 in one comparison.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a method to acquire MV-scatter-free kV CBCT images concomitant with the delivery of RapidArc treatment. Engineering development is necessary to improve the process, e.g. by synchronization of the MV and kV beams.
authors.affiliation: Varian Medical Systems, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA. lingc@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Clifton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Pengpeng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Thanos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Etmektzoglou
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Star-Lack
authors.forename: Mingshan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Margie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation