title: Penile cancer: what's new?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the epidemiology, diagnostic modalities and treatment of localized and advanced penile cancer, with special emphasis on most recent findings from the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Penile cancer is a rare disease and its treatment suffers from a paucity of evidence in the literature. Risk factors include phimosis with poor hygiene, human papilloma virus infections, chronic balanitis xerotica obliterans and smoking, among others. Surgical treatment for local disease remains the best option, but organ-preserving procedures provide good aesthetic and functional results with acceptable oncologic control. Regional disease, when present in the form of adenopathy, is best diagnosed with fine-needle aspiration, and treated with radical inguinal lymphadenectomy if resectable. Occult metastatic disease constitutes a challenge and is managed according to primary tumour risk factors. For nonresectable regional disease and metastases, neoadjuvant cisplatinum-based regimens are the best option, and provide a selection of patients who will be optimal candidates to consolidative surgical therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penile cancer at its various stages constitutes a therapeutic challenge. Management should be increasingly confined to high volumes centres of excellence, allowing for clinical trials, which will hopefully provide a better understanding of the disease and the best treatment approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery-Urology, Hospital Center of the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Letendre
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lattouf
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors