title: Hypocretinergic neurons are activated in conjunction with goal-oriented survival-related motor behaviors.
abstract: Hypocretinergic neurons are located in the area of the lateral hypothalamus which is responsible for mediating goal-directed, survival-related behaviors. Consequently, we hypothesize that the hypocretinergic system functions to promote these behaviors including those patterns of somatomotor activation upon which they are based. Further, we hypothesize that the hypocretinergic system is not involved with repetitive motor activities unless they occur in conjunction with the goal-oriented behaviors that are governed by the lateral hypothalamus. In order to determine the veracity of these hypotheses, we examined Fos immunoreactivity (as a marker of neuronal activity) in hypocretinergic neurons in the cat during: a) Exploratory Motor Activity; b) Locomotion without Reward; c) Locomotion with Reward; and d) Wakefulness without Motor Activity. Significantly greater numbers of hypocretinergic neurons expressed c-fos when the animals were exploring an unknown environment during Exploratory Motor Activity compared with all other paradigms. In addition, a larger number of Hcrt+Fos+neurons were activated during Locomotion with Reward than during Wakefulness without Motor Activity. Finally, very few hypocretinergic neurons were activated during Locomotion without Reward and Wakefulness without Motor Activity, wherein there was an absence of goal-directed activities. We conclude that the hypocretinergic system does not promote wakefulness per se or motor activity per se but is responsible for mediating specific goal-oriented behaviors that take place during wakefulness. Accordingly, we suggest that the hypocretinergic system is responsible for controlling the somatomotor system and coordinating its activity with other systems in order to produce successful goal-oriented survival-related behaviors that are controlled by the lateral hypothalamus.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torterolo
authors.forename: Oscar V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sampogna
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chase
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D006040:Goals; D007026:Hypothalamic Area, Lateral / Q000166:cytology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D016761:Oncogene Proteins v-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D000068797:Orexins; D012201:Reward; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D016761:Oncogene Proteins v-fos; D000068797:Orexins