title: Safety strategies in an academic radiation oncology department and recommendations for action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Safety initiatives in the United States continue to work on providing guidance as to how the average practitioner might make patients safer in the face of the complex process by which radiation therapy (RT), an essential treatment used in the management of many patients with cancer, is prepared and delivered. Quality control measures can uncover certain specific errors such as machine dose miscalibration or misalignments of the patient in the radiation treatment beam. However, they are less effective at uncovering less common errors that can occur anywhere along the treatment planning and delivery process, and even when the process is functioning as intended, errors still occur. PRIORITIZING RISKS AND IMPLEMENTING RISK-REDUCTION STRATEGIES: Activities undertaken at the radiation oncology department at the Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore) include Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), risk-reduction interventions, and voluntary error and near-miss reporting systems. A visual process map portrayed 269 RT steps occurring among four subprocesses-including consult, simulation, treatment planning, and treatment delivery. Two FMEAs revealed 127 and 159 possible failure modes, respectively. Risk-reduction interventions for 15 "top-ranked" failure modes were implemented. Since the error and near-miss reporting system's implementation in the department in 2007, 253 events have been logged. However, the system may be insufficient for radiation oncology, for which a greater level of practice-specific information is required to fully understand each event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The "basic science" of radiation treatment has received considerable support and attention in developing novel therapies to benefit patients. The time has come to apply the same focus and resources to ensuring that patients safely receive the maximal benefits possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. sterezak@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Terezakis
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pronovost
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deweese
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D004282:Documentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D016522:Oncology Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012308:Risk Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D057188:Workflow