title: Long-term outcome of hypospadias surgery:  current dilemmas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To list the main questions and dilemmas raised by hypospadias management and its long-term evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Criteria of evaluation of hypospadias have changed in terms of anatomical description and biological screening. A better understanding of the causative and epidemiological aspects of the development anomalies of the genital tubercle has led to a more adjusted biological and surgical approach. The place of preoperative biological screening, preoperative hormonal stimulation and the choice of urethroplasty are the three main fields of discussion between hypospadiologists. Evaluation of outcome is the critical point as there are no current consensual protocols, and long-term results are often lacking as well as psychological evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efforts are made to coordinate the management and evaluation of disorders of sex development (DSD) patients and more specifically hypospadias patients. National, European (EuroDSD) and international (consensus conferences) aim at finding common tracks to improve the quality of treatment and follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Claude-Bernard University - Lyon 1, Lyon, France. pierre.mouriquand@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: Pierre D E
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mouriquand
authors.forename: Daniela B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gorduza
authors.forename: Marie-Emmanuelle
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Noché
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Targnion
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000009:adverse effects