title: Prolonged grief among traumatically bereaved relatives exposed and not exposed to a tsunami.
abstract: Numerous studies on the mental health consequences of traumatic exposure to a disaster compare those exposed to those not exposed. Relatively few focus on the effect of the death of a close relative caused by the disaster-suffering a traumatic bereavement. This study compared the impact on 345 participants who lost a close relative in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, but who were themselves not present, to 141 who not only lost a relative, but also were themselves exposed to the tsunami. The focus was on psychological distress assessed during the second year after the sudden bereavement. Findings were that exposure to the tsunami was associated with prolonged grief (B = 3.81) and posttraumatic stress reactions (B = 6.65), and doubled the risk for impaired mental health. Loss of children increased the risk for psychological distress (prolonged grief: B = 6.92; The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: B = 6.10; General Health Questionnaire-12: OR = 2.34). Women had a higher frequency of prolonged grief. For men, loss of children presented a higher risk for prolonged grief in relation to other types of bereavement (B = 6.36 vs. loss of partner). Further long-term follow-up could deepen the understanding of how recovery after traumatic loss is facilitated.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disaster Psychiatry, Uppsala, Sweden. kerstin.bergh.johannesson@neuro.uu.se
authors.forename: Kerstin Bergh
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Johannesson
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lundin
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hultman
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fröjd
authors.forename: Per-Olof
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Michel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D003643:Death; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D019156:Indian Ocean; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors; D057192:Tsunamis; D055815:Young Adult