title: O2 delivery and CO2 production during cardiopulmonary bypass as determinants of acute kidney injury: time for a goal-directed perfusion management?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common after cardiac operations. There are different risk factors or determinants of AKI, and some are related to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In this study, we explored the association between metabolic parameters (oxygen delivery (DO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2)) during CPB with postoperative AKI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data at two different institutions. The study population included 359 adult patients. The DO2 and VCO2 levels of each patient were monitored during CPB. Outcome variables were related to kidney function (peak postoperative serum creatinine increase and AKI stage 1 or 2). The experimental hypothesis was that nadir DO2 values and nadir DO2/VCO2 ratios during CPB would be independent predictors of AKI. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to detect the independent predictors of AKI and any kind of kidney function damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A nadir DO2 level < 262 mL/minute/m2 and a nadir DO2/VCO2 ratio < 5.3 were independently associated with AKI within a model including EuroSCORE and CPB duration. Patients with nadir DO2 levels and nadir DO2/VCO2 ratios below the identified cutoff values during CPB had a significantly higher rate of AKI stage 2 (odds ratios 3.1 and 2.9, respectively). The negative predictive power of both variables exceeded 90%. The most accurate predictor of AKI stage 2 postoperative status was the nadir DO2 level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nadir DO2 level during CPB is independently associated with postoperative AKI. The measurement of VCO2-related variables does not add accuracy to the AKI prediction. Since DO2 during CPB is a modifiable factor (through pump flow adjustments), this study generates the hypothesis that goal-directed perfusion management aimed at maintaining the DO2 level above the identified critical value might limit the incidence of postoperative AKI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional and Surgical Cardiology, Heart Centre, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Somer
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: Megan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aloisio
authors.forename: Guido J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Van Nooten
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranucci
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007558:Italy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010477:Perfusion; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide