title: Pyrrolizidine alkaloid variation in shoots and roots of segregating hybrids between Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica.
abstract: Hybridization can lead to novel qualitative or quantitative variation of secondary metabolite (SM) expression that can have ecological and evolutionary consequences. We measured pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) expression in the shoots and roots of a family including one Jacobaea vulgaris genotype and one Jacobaea aquatica genotype (parental genotypes), two F(1) hybrid genotypes, and 102 F(2) hybrid genotypes using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We detected 37 PAs in the roots and shoots of J. vulgaris, J. aquatica and the hybrids. PA concentrations and compositions differed between genotypes, and between roots and shoots. Three otosenine-like PAs that only occurred in the shoots of parental genotypes were present in the roots of F(2) hybrids; PA compositions were sometimes novel in F(2) hybrids compared with parental genotypes, and in some cases transgressive PA expression occurred. We also found that PAs from within structural groups covaried both in the roots and in the shoots, and that PA expression was correlated between shoots and roots. Considerable and novel variation present among F(2) hybrids indicates that hybridization has a potential role in the evolution of PA diversity in the genus Jacobaea, and this hybrid system is useful for studying the genetic control of PA expression.
authors.affiliation: Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.|School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Lumo Road 388, 430074, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.|Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 7B8.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.affiliation: RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Patrick P J
authors.initials: PPJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.affiliation: Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vrieling
authors.affiliation: Plant Ecology & Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter G L
authors.initials: PGL
authors.lastname: Klinkhamer
mesh_terms: D019659:Asteraceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005838:Genotype; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism*; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000378:metabolism*; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; C432462:otosenine