title: The role of managed care in improving outcomes in epilepsy.
abstract: The burden of epilepsy for patients and payers is large and onerous. The heterogeneous nature of the condition and the lack of diagnostic or treatment biomarkers present considerable clinical challenge. Despite expansion of the treatment armamentarium, selection of maximally appropriate therapy for individual patients remains a challenge, especially in those with treatment-refractory epilepsy. While numerous factors play a role in resolving these uncertainties, 3 key factors stand out. An overwhelming quantity of clinical data support the notion that the most effective therapies-measured by the ability to control seizures while minimizing adverse effects-are typically the most cost-effective. A second consideration is maximizing adherence to prescribed therapies, which has been an ongoing dilemma in the treatment of epilepsy because the condition occurs episodically. Poor adherence has a profound effect on treatment and costs, and several strategies for improving adherence have been identified. If properly observed, these can improve outcomes and lower expenditures. The third consideration is the monitoring of therapeutic response. This is essentially through ongoing care by the prescriber with careful assessment of seizures, patient satisfaction with treatment, dose-related adverse effects, and the subjective aspects of idiosyncratic toxicity; however, laboratory testing can also have a role. The resources needed to provide this monitoring vary across treatments. From a systemic point of view, engagement of all stakeholders-patients, payers, and physicians-in overseeing the effective and efficient use of healthcare resources will benefit all parties involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jstern@ucla.edu
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics; D055118:Medication Adherence; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants