title: Validation of reference genes for estimating wound age in contused rat skeletal muscle by quantitative real-time PCR.
abstract: Gene expression profiling by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a valuable tool in forensic science for estimating the age of a wound. To accurately assess gene expression levels over time in injured tissue, the genes used as internal reference standards must be carefully validated for transcriptional stability. This study examined the transcriptional stability of nine potential reference genes (β-actin, GAPDH, RPL32, PGK1, SDHA, RPL13, HPRT, Tbp, and Ywhaz) in contused rat skeletal muscle by RT-qPCR. The raw Ct values were determined for each candidate gene at different time points following contusion, and the data were analyzed by the NormFinder, geNorm, and BestKeeper validation programs. The reference genes RPL13 and RPL32 were the most stably expressed genes in contused skeletal muscle, whereas PGK1 was the least stable. The commonly used reference genes β-actin and GAPDH appeared to be too unstable for normalization of RT-qPCR expression profiling in contused muscle. The reference genes RPL13 and RPL32 were also the best combination for multianalysis. The use of RPL13 and RPL32 as internal standards may improve the accuracy of gene expression studies aimed at determining the age of early wounds in forensic investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun-hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Liang-huan
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Nan
authors.forename: Cai-rong
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ying-yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003288:Contusions / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006614:Hindlimb; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors