title: Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD/CD independently of ADHD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) have shown deficits in 'cool' abstract-cognitive, and 'hot' reward-related executive function (EF) tasks. However, it is currently unclear to what extent ODD/CD is associated with neuropsychological deficits, independently of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine adolescents with a history of early-onset oppositional problems, 28 with pure ODD/CD symptoms and 31 with ADHD with or without ODD/CD, and 34 healthy controls were administered a task battery measuring motor response inhibition, sustained attention, cognitive flexibility and reward-related decision-making. Findings were analysed using dimensional and group analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group analyses both groups with and without ADHD were impaired in EF measures. Dimensional analyses, however, showed that ODD/CD but not ADHD was related to hot EF based on increased risky decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task. ODD/CD was also independently related to aspects of cool EF independently of ADHD, namely slower speeds of inhibitory responding and increased intra-subject variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show EF deficits associated with ODD/CD independently of ADHD, and implicate reward-related abnormalities in theories of antisocial behaviour development.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London. chobson@partnershipsincare.co.uk
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rubia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*