title: Cost-effectiveness of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor pairs in efavirenz-based regimens for treatment-naïve adults with HIV infection in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cost-effectiveness of once-daily tenofovir/emtricitabine compared with twice-daily zidovudine/lamivudine and once-daily abacavir/lamivudine in treatment-naïve adults with HIV-1 infection in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model with four therapy lines and six health states based on CD4(+) cell-count ranges was developed to estimate lifetime costs and health outcomes. Efficacy data (virologic response and CD4(+) cell-count changes) for first-line therapy were from 144-week results of Study 934 comparing tenofovir/emtricitabine with zidovudine/lamivudine and 48-week results of Study CNA30024 comparing abacavir/lamivudine with zidovudine/lamivudine, all in combination with efavirenz. Data from Study CNA30024 for abacavir/lamivudine were adjusted to allow for an indirect comparison with tenofovir/emtricitabine. Subsequent therapy lines were based on likely baskets of antiretroviral therapy recommended by US treatment guidelines. Utility values, mortality rates, and costs (2009 US dollars) were obtained from published sources. Base-case results were tested in sensitivity and variability analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average discounted results showed that individuals using tenofovir/emtricitabine were predicted to remain on first-line therapy for 7.7 years, accrue lifetime costs of $747,327, and experience 15.75 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), compared with 6.0 years, $777,090, and 15.68 QALYs for individuals using abacavir/lamivudine and 5.8 years, $778,287, and 15.44 QALYs for individuals using zidovudine/lamivudine. Tenofovir/emtricitabine was cost-effective compared with the other two first-line regimens in more than 75% of all probabilistic sensitivity analysis simulation runs for every willingness-to-pay threshold between $0 and $250,000 per QALY gained. Results were robust in variability and one-way sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tenofovir/emtricitabine was predicted to be more effective and cost-saving compared with abacavir/lamivudine and zidovudine/lamivudine in treatment-naïve adults with HIV-1 infection in the United States.
authors.affiliation: RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. abrogan@rti.org
authors.forename: Anita J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Brogan
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Talbird
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000191:economics; D000328:Adult; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000191:economics; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D018803:Models, Economic; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000191:economics; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068698:Tenofovir; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000191:economics; D000099227:Abacavir
chemical_list: D000225:Adenine; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D019259:Lamivudine; D063065:Organophosphonates; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D000068698:Tenofovir; D015215:Zidovudine; D000099227:Abacavir; C098320:efavirenz