title: The use of research evidence in public health decision making processes: systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of research evidence to underpin public health policy is strongly promoted. However, its implementation has not been straightforward. The objectives of this systematic review were to synthesise empirical evidence on the use of research evidence by public health decision makers in settings with universal health care systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  To locate eligible studies, 13 bibliographic databases were screened, organisational websites were scanned, key informants were contacted and bibliographies of included studies were scrutinised. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed methodological quality. Data were synthesised as a narrative review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18 studies were included: 15 qualitative studies, and three surveys. Their methodological quality was mixed. They were set in a range of country and decision making settings. Study participants included 1063 public health decision makers, 72 researchers, and 174 with overlapping roles. Decision making processes varied widely between settings, and were viewed differently by key players. A range of research evidence was accessed. However, there was no reliable evidence on the extent of its use. Its impact was often indirect, competing with other influences. Barriers to the use of research evidence included: decision makers' perceptions of research evidence; the gulf between researchers and decision makers; the culture of decision making; competing influences on decision making; and practical constraints. Suggested (but largely untested) ways of overcoming these barriers included: research targeted at the needs of decision makers; research clearly highlighting key messages; and capacity building. There was little evidence on the role of research evidence in decision making to reduce inequalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To more effectively implement research informed public health policy, action is required by decision makers and researchers to address the barriers identified in this systematic review. There is an urgent need for evidence to support the use of research evidence to inform public health decision making to reduce inequalities.
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom. l.c.orton@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Orton
authors.forename: Ffion
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Williams
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taylor-Robinson
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Flaherty
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capewell
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE; D011634:Public Health; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012106:Research