title: [Performance of students with dyslexia, learning disabilities and learning difficulties in metaphonological abilities tests (PROHFON)].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elaborate a procedure of metaphonological evaluation, and to characterize the performance of students with developmental dyslexia, learning disabilities and learning difficulties and good readers in this evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metaphonological abilities tests were elaborated based on the necessary skills for reading and writing development. Participants were 134 students from 3rd to 5th grades of elementary school of both genders, with ages between 7 and 13 years, divided into GI (20 students with developmental dyslexia), GII (20 students with learning disabilities), GIII (20 students with learning difficulties) and GIV (74 good readers). The assessment of metaphonological abilities - PROHFON - was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students from GI and GII differed from GIV in most of the tests; GI differed from GII only in the phonemic synthesis and analysis test, and from GIII in abilities of deletion and combination of phonemes. GIII differed from GIV in counting, identification, rhyming, deletion, and combination abilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students with developmental dyslexia, learning disabilities and learning difficulties, and good readers showed similar performances in identification, counting and combining phonemes, rhyme and alliteration abilities. The groups differed from each other regarding syllabic (counting, identification, synthesis and analysis, deletion, combination) and phonemic (deletion, synthesis and analysis) abilities. The PROHFON contributed to characterize the metaphonological profile of students with different learning deficits.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Investigação dos Desvios da Aprendizagem, Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho – UNESP – Marília (SP), Brasil. giseliger@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Giseli Donadon
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Germano
authors.forename: Simone Aparecida
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Capellini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics