title: Improving the linkages between air pollution epidemiology and quantitative risk assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air pollution epidemiology plays an integral role in both identifying the hazards of air pollution as well as supplying the risk coefficients that are used in quantitative risk assessments. Evidence from both epidemiology and risk assessments has historically supported critical environmental policy decisions. The extent to which risk assessors can properly specify a quantitative risk assessment and characterize key sources of uncertainty depends in part on the availability, and clarity, of data and assumptions in the epidemiological studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We discuss the interests shared by air pollution epidemiology and risk assessment communities in ensuring that the findings of epidemiological studies are appropriately characterized and applied correctly in risk assessments. We highlight the key input parameters for risk assessments and consider how modest changes in the characterization of these data might enable more accurate risk assessments that better represent the findings of epidemiological studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We argue that more complete information regarding the methodological choices and input data used in epidemiological studies would support more accurate risk assessments-to the benefit of both disciplines. In particular, we suggest including additional details regarding air quality, demographic, and health data, as well as certain types of data-rich graphics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatively modest changes to the data reported in epidemiological studies will improve the quality of risk assessments and help prevent the misinterpretation and mischaracterization of the results of epidemiological studies. Such changes may also benefit epidemiologists undertaking meta-analyses. We suggest workshops as a way to improve the dialogue between the two communities.
authors.affiliation: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA. Fann.Neal@epa.gov
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fann
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hubbell
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data