title: TGF-β in transplantation tolerance.
abstract: TGF-β is a cytokine required for the induction and maintenance of transplantation tolerance in animal models. TGF-β mediates anti-inflammatory effects by acting on many immune cell-types. Central for transplantation tolerance is the role for TGF-β in the induction of Foxp3 and regulatory capacity in CD4(+) T cells. Recently, however, the general anti-inflammatory role of TGF-β in CD4(+) T cell polarization was questioned by the discovery that, in the presence of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 or IL-1, TGF-β drives the differentiation of Th17 cells associated with transplant rejection. A better understanding of the factors determining TGF-β production and activation, Foxp3 induction and Treg stability is vital for the development of tolerogenic strategies in transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Frederico S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Regateiro
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howie
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cobbold
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waldmann
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta