title: Histone deacetylase inhibitor treatment attenuates MAP kinase pathway activation and pulmonary inflammation following hemorrhagic shock in a rodent model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhagic shock activates cellular stress signals and can lead to systemic inflammatory response, organ injury, and death. We have previously shown that treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) significantly improves survival in lethal models (60% blood loss) of hemorrhage. The aim of the current study was to examine whether these protective effects were due to attenuation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which are known to promote inflammation and apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar-Kyoto rats (250-300 g) were subjected to 40% blood loss and randomized to treatment with: (1) HDACI valproic acid (VPA 300 mg/kg i.v.; volume = 0.75 mL/kg), or (2) vehicle control (0.75 mL/kg of 0.9% saline). Animals were sacrificed at 1, 4, and 20 h (n = 3-4/group/timepoint), and lung samples were analyzed by Western blotting for expression of active (phosphorylated) and inactive forms of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured in lung tissue 20 h after hemorrhage as a marker of neutrophil infiltration. Normal animals (n = 3) served as shams.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemorrhaged animals demonstrated significant increases in phosphorylated p38 at 1 h, phosphorylated JNK at 4 h, and increased MPO activity at 20 h (P < 0.05 compared with sham). VPA treatment significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated all of these changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemorrhagic shock activates pro-inflammatory MAPK signaling pathways and promotes pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, affects that are significantly attenuated by VPA treatment. This may represent a key mechanism through which HDACIs decrease organ damage and promote survival in hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kochanek
authors.forename: Eugene Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Fukudome
authors.forename: Yongqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Eleanor J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Baoling
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Velmahos
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: deMoya
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Hasan B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Alam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D014635:Valproic Acid; D009195:Peroxidase; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases