title: Education, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and IL-2 and IL-6 gene polymorphisms in the survival of head and neck cancer.
abstract: The association of education, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and interleukin-2 (IL-2 +114 and -384) and -6 (IL-6 -174) DNA polymorphisms with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was investigated in a cohort study of 445 subjects. IL-2 and IL-6 genotypes were determined by real-time PCR. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of disease-specific survival according to anatomical sites of the head and neck. Mean age was 56 years and most patients were males (87.6%). Subjects with 5 or more years of schooling had better survival in larynx cancer. Smoking had no effect on HNSCC survival, but alcohol consumption had a statistically significant effect on larynx cancer. IL-2 gene +114 G/T (HR = 0.52; 95%CI = 0.15-1.81) and T/T (HR = 0.22; 95%CI = 0.02-3.19) genotypes were associated with better survival in hypopharynx cancer. IL-2 +114 G/T was a predictor of poor survival in oral cavity/oropharynx cancer and larynx cancer (HR = 1.32; 95%CI = 0.61-2.85). IL-2 -384 G/T was associated with better survival in oral cavity/oropharynx cancer (HR = 0.80; 95%CI = 0.45-1.42) and hypopharynx cancer (HR = 0.68; 95%CI = 0.21-2.20), but an inverse relationship was observed for larynx cancer. IL-6 -174 G/C was associated with better survival in hypopharynx cancer (HR = 0.68; 95%CI = 0.26-1.78) and larynx cancer (HR = 0.93; 95%CI = 0.42-2.07), and C/C reduced mortality in larynx cancer. In general, our results are similar to previous reports on the value of education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and IL-2 and IL-6 genetic polymorphisms for the prognosis of HNSCC, but the risks due to these variables are small and estimates imprecise.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. rossana@usp.br
authors.forename: R V M
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zago
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eluf-Neto
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Curado
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Daudt
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: da Silva-Junior
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Zanette
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahão
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: de Góis-Filho
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wünsch-Filho
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6