title: Breast pump suction patterns that mimic the human infant during breastfeeding: greater milk output in less time spent pumping for breast pump-dependent mothers with premature infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness, efficiency, comfort and convenience of newly designed breast pump suction patterns (BPSPs) that mimic sucking patterns of the breastfeeding human infant during the initiation and maintenance of lactation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 105 mothers of premature infants ≤34 weeks of gestation were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups within 24 h post-birth. Each group tested two BPSPs; an initiation BPSP was used until the onset of lactogenesis II (OOL-II) and a maintenance BPSP was used thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers who used the experimental initiation and the standard 2.0 maintenance BPSPs (EXP-STD group) demonstrated significantly greater daily and cumulative milk output, and greater milk output per minute spent pumping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BPSPs that mimic the unique sucking patterns used by healthy-term breastfeeding infants during the initiation and maintenance of lactation are more effective, efficient, comfortable and convenient than other BPSPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women, Children and Family Nursing, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Paula_Meier@rush.edu
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Engstrom
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Janes
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Jegier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loera
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000379:methods; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000379:methods; D061186:Breast Milk Expression / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D008893:Milk Ejection / Q000502:physiology; D008895:Milk, Human; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors