title: Association of blood pressure with decline in renal function and time until the start of renal replacement therapy in pre-dialysis patients: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate whether high blood pressure accelerates renal function decline in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), we studied the association of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with decline in renal function and time until the start of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with CKD stages IV-V on pre-dialysis care.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the PREPARE-1 cohort 547 incident pre-dialysis patients, referred as part of the usual care to outpatient clinics of eight Dutch hospitals, were included between 1999 and 2001 and followed until the start of RRT, mortality, or end of follow-up (January 1st 2008). Main outcomes were rate of decline in renal function, estimated as the slope of available eGFR measurements, and time until the start of RRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 508 patients, 57% men and median (IQR) age of 63 (50-73) years, were available for analyses. Mean (SD) decline in renal function was 0.35 (0.75) ml/min/1.73 m2/month. Every 10 mmHg increase in SBP or DBP resulted in an accelerated decline in renal function (adjusted additional decline 0.04 (0.02;0.07) and 0.05 (0.00;0.11) ml/min/1.73 m2/month respectively) and an earlier start of RRT (adjusted HR 1.09 (1.04;1.14) and 1.16 (1.05;1.28) respectively). Furthermore, patients with SBP and DBP above the BP target goal of < 130/80 mmHg experienced a faster decline in renal function (adjusted additional decline 0.31 (0.08;0.53) ml/min/1.73 m2/month) and an earlier start of RRT (adjusted HR 2.08 (1.25;3.44)), compared to patients who achieved the target goal (11%). Comparing the decline in renal function and risk of starting RRT between patients with only SBP above the target (≥ 130 mmHg) and patients with both SBP and DBP below the target (< 130/80 mmHg), showed that the results were almost similar as compared to patients with both SBP and DBP above the target (adjusted additional decline 0.31 (0.04;0.58) ml/min/1.73 m2/month and adjusted HR 2.24 (1.26;3.97)). Therefore, it seems that especially having SBP above the target is harmful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In pre-dialysis patients with CKD stages IV-V, having blood pressure (especially SBP) above the target goal for CKD patients (< 130/80 mmHg) was associated with a faster decline in renal function and a later start of RRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, the Netherlands. M.C.M.de_Goeij@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Moniek C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Goeij
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Voormolen
authors.forename: Nynke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Halbesma
authors.forename: Dinanda J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: de Jager
authors.forename: Elisabeth W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Boeschoten
authors.forename: Yvo W J
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Sijpkens
authors.forename: Friedo W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Diana C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Grootendorst
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors