title: A nationwide outbreak of Salmonella bovismorbificans associated with sprouted alfalfa seeds in Finland, 2009.
abstract: Salmonella enterica serotype Bovismorbificans is a rare serotype in Finland. In June 2009, a nationwide outbreak of S. Bovismorbificans infections occurred, and 42 clinical isolates were identified. We conducted a case-control study enrolling 28 cases and 48 matched controls, and found ready-to-eat alfalfa sprouts associated with the infection (odds ratio = 35.2, 95% confidence interval 2.8-435). The sprouts were traced back to a domestic producer, with the seeds originating in Italy. Although finding microbiological evidence for sprouts as a source of this outbreak was very challenging, S. Bovismorbificans was finally found in sprouts germinated in the laboratory, and in soaking and rinse waters during the germination process. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed that these isolates were identical to the human outbreak isolates. Before sampling, it is important to mix the seeds well and to take several large-size samples from different seed lots. Instead of analysing seeds, the analysis should be targeted to soaking or rinse water samples and to the sprouts germinated in a laboratory. Accordingly, the sprout producers should only buy seeds that have been analysed for Salmonella. The producers have to include Salmonella testing in their internal quality control to ensure that Salmonella is absent from sprouts placed on the market during their shelf-life. In order to reduce the health hazard caused by sprouts, an effective and safe decontamination procedure should also be developed for the seeds.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. fasihi@kmu.ac.ir
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rimhanen-Finne
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lienemann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guedes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuronen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mäkinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokinen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siitonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuusi
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005506:Food Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012639:Seeds / Q000382:microbiology*; D012703:Serotyping