title: Influence of bleaching on flavor of 34% whey protein concentrate and residual benzoic acid concentration in dried whey proteins.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that bleaching negatively affects the flavor of 70% whey protein concentrate (WPC70), but bleaching effects on lower-protein products have not been established. Benzoyl peroxide (BP), a whey bleaching agent, degrades to benzoic acid (BA) and may elevate BA concentrations in dried whey products. No legal limit exists in the United States for BP use in whey, but international concerns exist. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of hydrogen peroxide (HP) or BP bleaching on the flavor of 34% WPC (WPC34) and to evaluate residual BA in commercial and experimental WPC bleached with and without BP. Cheddar whey was manufactured in duplicate. Pasteurized fat-separated whey was subjected to hot bleaching with either HP at 500 mg/kg, BP at 50 or 100 mg/kg, or no bleach. Whey was ultrafiltered and spray dried into WPC34. Color [L*(lightness), a* (red-green), and b* (yellow-blue)] measurements and norbixin extractions were conducted to compare bleaching efficacy. Descriptive sensory and instrumental volatile analyses were used to evaluate bleaching effects on flavor. Benzoic acid was extracted from experimental and commercial WPC34 and 80% WPC (WPC80) and quantified by HPLC. The b* value and norbixin concentration of BP-bleached WPC34 were lower than HP-bleached and control WPC34. Hydrogen peroxide-bleached WPC34 displayed higher cardboard flavor and had higher volatile lipid oxidation products than BP-bleached or control WPC34. Benzoyl peroxide-bleached WPC34 had higher BA concentrations than unbleached and HP-bleached WPC34 and BA concentrations were also higher in BP-bleached WPC80 compared with unbleached and HP-bleached WPC80, with smaller differences than those observed in WPC34. Benzoic acid extraction from permeate showed that WPC80 permeate contained more BA than did WPC34 permeate. Benzoyl peroxide is more effective in color removal of whey and results in fewer flavor side effects compared with HP and residual BA is decreased by ultrafiltration and diafiltration.
authors.affiliation: Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: M A D
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Listiyani
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Miracle
authors.forename: L O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019817:Benzoic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D001585:Benzoyl Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057886:Bleaching Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D003116:Color; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013649:Taste; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D057886:Bleaching Agents; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D002338:Carotenoids; D019817:Benzoic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C099823:norbixin; D001585:Benzoyl Peroxide