title: Long-term surveillance and treatment of subclinical cryptococcosis and nasal colonization by Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii species complex in captive koalas (Phascolarctes cinereus).
abstract: Cryptococcosis is an important systemic mycosis caused by members of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. This disease is potentially fatal in various animals, including koalas. We describe the long-term surveillance and treatment of subclinical cryptococcosis and nasal colonization of koalas by Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii. Of the 15 animals investigated through the use of samples obtained by nasal swabs, antigen titer measurements, and pathologic examination, C. neoformans was found associated with nine koalas and C. gattii with one animal. Nine koalas showed subclinical disease and one clinical infections and antigenemia. Treatment with fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B upon detection of C. neoformans or C. gattii was not effective. The results of the present study showed that C. neoformans was the predominant species isolated from the nasal swab samples and the fungus might have naturally become associated with the koalas' nasal cavities at Kanazawa Zoological Gardens. The unclear treatment effectiveness might have been caused by a shorter treatment period that is routinely used and unstable itraconazole absorption. This investigation also underscores the need for identifying effective treatment regimens for subclinical cryptococcosis and efficient measures for eradicating C. neoformans and C. gattii in koalas.
authors.affiliation: Nogeyama Zoological Gardens, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. nobukido1977@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Nobuhide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makimura
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamegaya
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shindo
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Omiya
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002353:Carrier State / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D056285:Cryptococcus gattii / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016469:Fungemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D048368:Phascolarctidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017964:Itraconazole; D000666:Amphotericin B; D015725:Fluconazole