title: Polymeric nanoparticles for increased oral bioavailability and rapid absorption using celecoxib as a model of a low-solubility, high-permeability drug.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate drug/polymer nanoparticles can increase the rate and extent of oral absorption of a low-solubility, high-permeability drug.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amorphous drug/polymer nanoparticles containing celecoxib were prepared using ethyl cellulose and either sodium caseinate or bile salt. Nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Drug release and resuspension studies were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in dogs and humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A physical model is presented describing the nanoparticle state of matter and release performance. Nanoparticles dosed orally in aqueous suspensions provided higher systemic exposure and faster attainment of peak plasma concentrations than commercial capsules, with median time to maximum drug concentration (Tmax) of 0.75 h in humans for nanoparticles vs. 3 h for commercial capsules. Nanoparticles released celecoxib rapidly and provided higher dissolved-drug concentrations than micronized crystalline drug. Nanoparticle suspensions are stable for several days and can be spray-dried to form dry powders that resuspend in water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug/polymer nanoparticles are well suited for providing rapid oral absorption and increased bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs.
authors.affiliation: Bend Research Inc., 64550 Research Road, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA. mike.morgen@bendresearch.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgen
authors.forename: Corey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beyerinck
authors.forename: Akintunde
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steenwyk
authors.forename: Sheri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shamblin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010539:Permeability; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012995:Solubility; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; C013517:ethyl cellulose; D002482:Cellulose; D000068579:Celecoxib