title: Head impact exposure in collegiate football players.
abstract: In American football, impacts to the helmet and the resulting head accelerations are the primary cause of concussion injury and potentially chronic brain injury. The purpose of this study was to quantify exposures to impacts to the head (frequency, location and magnitude) for individual collegiate football players and to investigate differences in head impact exposure by player position. A total of 314 players were enrolled at three institutions and 286,636 head impacts were recorded over three seasons. The 95th percentile peak linear and rotational acceleration and HITsp (a composite severity measure) were 62.7g, 4378rad/s(2) and 32.6, respectively. These exposure measures as well as the frequency of impacts varied significantly by player position and by helmet impact location. Running backs (RB) and quarter backs (QB) received the greatest magnitude head impacts, while defensive line (DL), offensive line (OL) and line backers (LB) received the most frequent head impacts (more than twice as many than any other position). Impacts to the top of the helmet had the lowest peak rotational acceleration (2387rad/s(2)), but the greatest peak linear acceleration (72.4g), and were the least frequent of all locations (13.7%) among all positions. OL and QB had the highest (49.2%) and the lowest (23.7%) frequency, respectively, of front impacts. QB received the greatest magnitude (70.8g and 5428rad/s(2)) and the most frequent (44% and 38.9%) impacts to the back of the helmet. This study quantified head impact exposure in collegiate football, providing data that is critical to advancing the understanding of the biomechanics of concussive injuries and sub-concussive head impacts.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crisco
authors.forename: Bethany J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Beckwith
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Ann-Christine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Duhaime
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rowson
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Duma
authors.forename: Arthur C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Maerlender
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenwald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005538:Football; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods