title: Multilocus genotyping reveals a polyphyletic pattern among naturally antimony-resistant Leishmania braziliensis isolates from Peru.
abstract: In order to understand the epidemiological dynamics of antimonial (Sb(V)) resistance in zoonotic tegumentary leishmaniasis and its link with treatment outcome, we analyzed the population structure of 24 Peruvian Leishmania braziliensis clinical isolates with known in vitro antimony susceptibility and clinical phenotype by multilocus microsatellite typing (14 microsatellite loci). The genetic variability in the Peruvian isolates was high and the multilocus genotypes were strongly differentiated from each other. No correlation was found between the genotypes and in vitro drug susceptibility or clinical treatment outcome. The finding of a polyphyletic pattern among the Sb(V)-resistant L. braziliensis might be explained by (i) independent events of drug resistance emergence, (ii) sexual recombination and/or (iii) other phenomena mimicking recombination signals. Interestingly, the polyphyletic pattern observed here is very similar to the one we observed in the anthroponotic Leishmania donovani (Laurent et al., 2007), hereby questioning the role of transmission and/or chemotherapeutic drug pressure in the observed population structure.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Adaui
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huyse
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van den Broeck
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talledo
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuhls
authors.forename: Simonne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Doncker
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llanos-Cuentas
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schönian
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dujardin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000965:Antimony / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007892:Leishmania braziliensis / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010568:Peru; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D000965:Antimony