title: Expression of immune-inflammatory markers in sites of chronic periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the gene expression of immune-inflammatory markers in gingival biopsies of patients with type 2 diabetes with chronic periodontitis (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Gingival biopsies were harvested from systemically and periodontally healthy patients (SPH), systemically healthy patients with CP (SHCP), and patients with better-controlled and poorly controlled diabetes and CP. The levels of mRNA of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, IL-23, IL-10, IL-4, interferon-γ, toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, transcription factor forkhead box p3, transcription factor orphan nuclear receptor C2 (RORC2), and receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All CP groups presented higher levels of mRNA of TLR-2, TLR-4, IL-17, RANKL, and RAGE and a higher frequency of IL-17 and TLR-2 mRNA-positive biopsies when compared to SPH (P <0.05). There was a higher frequency of detection of RORC2 in the biopsies from both groups with diabetes compared to the other groups (P <0.05). The frequency of IL-4 mRNA-positive tissues was lower in patients with diabetes compared to SHCP (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CP, but not type 2 diabetes mellitus, significantly affected the expressions of the evaluated genes related to the innate and adaptive immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil. pduarte@ung.br
authors.forename: Poliana Mendes
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Tamires Szeremeske
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Jadson Almeida
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Tiago Eduardo
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Dias Gonçalves
authors.forename: Vanessa Renata
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Marta Ferreira
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.forename: Fernanda Vieira
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis; D005881:Gingiva / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D018664:Interleukin-12; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057132:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3 / Q000032:analysis; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000032:analysis; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000032:analysis; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000032:analysis; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000032:analysis; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000032:analysis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C573415:IFNG protein, human; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020381:Interleukin-17; D015850:Interleukin-6; D057132:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma