title: Guidelines for imaging retinoblastoma: imaging principles and MRI standardization.
abstract: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor in children. The diagnosis is usually established by the ophthalmologist on the basis of fundoscopy and US. Together with US, high-resolution MRI has emerged as an important imaging modality for pretreatment assessment, i.e. for diagnostic confirmation, detection of local tumor extent, detection of associated developmental malformation of the brain and detection of associated intracranial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (trilateral retinoblastoma). Minimum requirements for pretreatment diagnostic evaluation of retinoblastoma or mimicking lesions are presented, based on consensus among members of the European Retinoblastoma Imaging Collaboration (ERIC). The most appropriate techniques for imaging in a child with leukocoria are reviewed. CT is no longer recommended. Implementation of a standardized MRI protocol for retinoblastoma in clinical practice may benefit children worldwide, especially those with hereditary retinoblastoma, since a decreased use of CT reduces the exposure to ionizing radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, Postbox 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.degraaf@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Göricke
authors.forename: Firazia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodjan
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galluzzi
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maeder
authors.forename: Jonas A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Castelijns
authors.forename: Hervé J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Brisse
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000592:standards*; D011871:Radiology / Q000592:standards*; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000473:pathology*