title: Outcomes of research biopsies in phase I clinical trials: the MD anderson cancer center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research biopsies are crucial for exploring the impact of novel agents on putative targets. The current study assesses the safety and success rate associated with performing such biopsies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of 155 consecutive patients who had one or more research biopsies as part of a phase I trial from September 2004 to October 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 281 research biopsies performed, 118 were paired before and after treatment biopsies (total = 236 biopsies). The most common sites of biopsy were superficial lymph node (19.9%), followed by liver (16.4%), and then soft tissue (15.7%). Ultrasound-guided biopsies were the most frequent type (53.7%). Among 142 patients who consented for mandatory biopsy, 86.6% had the biopsy performed, compared with 4.4% of 911 patients offered a biopsy on an optional basis (p < .0001). Biopsy was obtained most frequently on industry-sponsored trials; lack of funding on nonindustry trials was the most common reason that biopsies were not obtained. Of 281 single biopsies, only 4 (1.4%) had complications: pneumothorax requiring chest tube placement (n = 2), infection requiring admission (n = 1), and arrhythmia with hypotension (n = 1). All but one biopsy was successful in obtaining tissue. No deaths were attributable to biopsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience demonstrates that research biopsies in early phase clinical trials are safe (1.4% risk of serious complications), and a higher percentage of patients underwent mandatory biopsies (86.6%) compared with that of the patients with optional biopsies (4.4%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Investigational Therapeutics, (Phase 1 Program)-Unit 455, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Hazem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Osta
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wheler
authors.forename: Siqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Aung
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naing
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Falchook
authors.forename: Marshall
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.forename: Sijin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Apostolia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tsimberidou
authors.forename: Razelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurzrock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult