title: Calorie and macronutrients intake in people with spinal cord injuries: an analysis by sex and injury-related variables.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current studies suggest that two of every three persons with spinal cord injury are at risk for the metabolic consequences of obesity. The objective of this study was to assess the dietary intakes in people with spinal cord injury based on sex- and injury-related variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total 162 people with spinal cord injury participated in this cross-sectional study. Their dietary intakes were assessed by a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of total energy intake derived from macronutrients were 53% carbohydrate, 10% protein, and 37% fat for men and 52% carbohydrate, 11% protein, and 39% fat for women. There was excessive consumption of simple carbohydrates (102.17 ± 40.83). The participants with longer times since injury had lower cholesterol intakes (P = 0.02). The individuals with an incomplete injury consumed significantly more monounsaturated fatty acids (n = 114, 27.2 ± 12.01 g) than those with a complete injury (n = 48, 23.6 ± 8.08 g, P = 0.03). There was a significant positive correlation of age and time since injury with fiber intake (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The balance of macronutrients shifted toward intakes of fat and simple carbohydrates at the expense of complex carbohydrates, fiber, and protein in these participants. Mean amounts of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in these participants were above the recommended intakes. Older participants and those with a longer time since injury tended to have lower calorie, fat, carbohydrate, saturated fat, and cholesterol intakes and higher fiber intakes.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadis
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sabour
authors.forename: Abbas Noroozi
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Javidan
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vafa
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shidfar
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazari
authors.forename: Hooshang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saberi
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Emami Razavi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber