title: Bioaccessibility of lead and arsenic in traditional Indian medicines.
abstract: Arsenic and lead have been found in a number of traditional Ayurvedic medicines, and the practice of Rasa Shastra (combining herbs with metals, minerals and gems), or plant ingredients that contain these elements, may be possible sources. To obtain an estimate of arsenic and lead solubility in the human gastrointestinal tract, bioaccessibility of the two elements was measured in 42 medicines, using a physiologically-based extraction test. The test consisted of a gastric phase at pH 1.8 containing organic acids, pepsin and salt, followed by an intestinal phase, at pH 7 and containing bile and pancreatin. Arsenic speciation was measured in a subset of samples that had sufficiently high arsenic concentrations for the X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis used. Bioaccessible lead was found in 76% of samples, with a large range of bioaccessibility results, but only 29% of samples had bioaccessible arsenic. Lead bioaccessibility was high (close to 100%) in a medicine (Mahayograj Guggulu) that had been compounded with bhasmas (calcined minerals), including naga (lead) bhasma. For the samples in which arsenic speciation was measured, bioaccessible arsenic was correlated with the sum of As(V)-O and As(III)-O and negatively correlated with As-S. These results suggest that the bioaccessible species in the samples had been oxidized from assumed As-S raw medicinal ingredients (realgar, As(4)S(4), added to naga (lead) bhasma and As(III)-S species in plants). Consumption at recommended doses of all medicines with bioaccessibile lead or arsenic would lead to the exceedance of at least one standard for acceptable daily intake of toxic elements.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Canada.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Maeve
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moriarty
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Saper
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Reimer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007194:India; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008419:Materia Medica / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008515:Medicine, Ayurvedic; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D008419:Materia Medica; D010936:Plant Extracts; D007854:Lead; D001151:Arsenic