title: Functional artificial free-standing yeast biofilms.
abstract: Here we report fabrication of artificial free-standing yeast biofilms built using sacrificial calcium carbonate-coated templates and layer-by-layer assembly of extracellular matrix-mimicking polyelectrolyte multilayers. The free-standing biofilms are freely floating multilayered films of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and live cells incorporated in the polyelectrolyte layers. Such biofilms were initially formed on glass substrates of circular and ribbon-like shapes coated with thin layers of calcium carbonate microparticles. The templates were then coated with cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes to produce a supporting multilayered thin film. Then the yeast alone or mixed with various micro- and nanoparticle inclusions was deposited onto the multilayer composite films and further coated with outer polyelectrolyte multilayers. To detach the biofilms from the glass substrates the calcium carbonate layer was chemically dissolved yielding free-standing composite biofilms. These artificial biofilms to a certain degree mimic the primitive multicellular and colonial species. We have demonstrated the added functionality of the free-standing artificial biofilms containing magnetic, latex and silver micro- and nanoparticles. We have also developed "symbiotic" multicellular biofilms containing yeast and bacteria. This approach for fabrication of free-standing artificial biofilms can be potentially helpful in development of artificial colonial microorganisms composed of several different unicellular species and an important tool for growing cell cultures free of supporting substrates.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Nanomaterials Group, Department of Biochemistry, Kazan (Idel buye) Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420008, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Svetlana A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Konnova
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kahraman
authors.forename: Alsu I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Zamaleeva
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Culha
authors.forename: Vesselin N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Paunov
authors.forename: Rawil F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Fakhrullin
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D002119:Calcium Carbonate