title: Accommodation: its relation to refractive errors, amblyopia and biometric parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study accommodation in relation to different refractive errors, amblyopia and to measure the anatomical changes in the accommodating eye
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the amplitude of accommodation (AA) in 150 patients in the age group 11 ± 30 years which included emmetropes, myopes, hypermetropes and hypermetropic amblyopes using the Royal Air Force (RAF) rule. The anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AxL) and lens thickness (LT) changes during accommodation were measured using an A-scan. Myopes and hypermetropes were further divided based on the amount of refractive error : less than 2D, 2 -4D and greater than 4D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corrected low myopes had the highest accommodation amplitude (p less than 0.05) followed by emmetropes. Corrected hypermetropes were found to have the lowest amplitude of accommodation (p less than 0.05). The amblyopic eye had a significantly low AA compared to the non-amblyopic eye (p less than 0.05). ACD decreased (p less than 0.05) and LT increased (p less than 0.05) during accommodation. The AxL increase was maximum in myopes (p less than 0.05) followed by hypermetropes but the change was not significant in hypermetropes (p greater than 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amblyopic eye has low amplitudes of accommodation proving the benefit of near adds in amblyopic patients. Prolonged near work might induce myopia in susceptible eyes by increasing the axial length.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Sukul
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phougat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dikshit
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000867:Anterior Chamber / Q000473:pathology; D058452:Axial Length, Eye / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D058453:Emmetropia / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult