title: Dietary flaxseed protects against lung ischemia reperfusion injury via inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation in a murine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hallmark of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the resultant oxidant stress has been implicated in apoptotic cell death as well as subsequent development of inflammation. Dietary flaxseed (FS) is a rich source of naturally occurring antioxidants and has been shown to reduce lung IRI in mice. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of FS in IRI remain to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a mouse model of IRI with 60 min of ischemia followed by 180 min of reperfusion and evaluated the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of 10% FS dietary supplementation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice fed 10% FS undergoing lung IRI had significantly lower levels of caspases and decreased apoptotic activity compared with mice fed 0% FS. Lung homogenates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis demonstrated significantly reduced inflammatory infiltrate in mice fed with 10% FS diet. Additionally, 10% FS treated mice showed significantly increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and decreased markers of lung injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that dietary FS is protective against lung IRI in a clinically relevant murine model, and this protective effect may in part be mediated by the inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10019, USA.
authors.forename: Syed S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Razi
authors.forename: Mohammed J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.forename: Xiaogui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Afthinos
authors.forename: Nikalesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ippagunta
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sagalovich
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Belsley
authors.forename: Cliff P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Connery
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jour
authors.forename: Melpo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christofidou-Solomidou
authors.forename: Faiz Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Bhora
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C505409:Casp3 protein, mouse; D053148:Caspase 3