title: Baseline prostate-specific antigen testing at a young age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer screening is highly controversial, including the age to begin prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Several studies have evaluated the usefulness of baseline PSA measurements at a young age.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Review the literature on baseline PSA testing at a young age (≤60 yr) for the prediction of prostate cancer risk and prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed was searched for English-language publications on baseline PSA and prostate cancer for the period ending April 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most published series, median PSA levels in the general male population range from approximately 0.4 to 0.7 ng/ml in men in their 40s and from approximately 0.7 to 1.0 ng/ml in men in their 50s. Evidence from both nonscreening and screening populations has demonstrated the predictive value of a single baseline PSA measurement for prostate cancer risk assessment. Specifically, men with baseline PSA levels above the age-group-specific median have a greater risk of prostate cancer diagnosis during the next 20-25 yr. Additional studies confirmed that higher baseline PSA levels at a young age are also associated with a greater risk of aggressive disease, metastasis, and disease-specific mortality many years later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline PSA measurements at a young age are significant predictors of later prostate cancer diagnosis and disease-specific outcomes. Thus baseline PSA testing may be used for risk stratification and to guide screening protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. stacyloeb@gmail.com
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: H Ballentine
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Catalona
authors.forename: Judd W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Moul
authors.forename: Fritz H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Schroder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen