title: Nephrologists' perspectives on waitlisting and allocation of deceased donor kidneys for transplant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deceased donor kidneys are a scarce resource and there is debate about how to maximize the benefit from each donated kidney while ensuring equity of access to transplants. Allocation of kidneys to waitlisted patients is determined by a computer algorithm, but the decision to waitlist patients or accept the kidneys offered is largely at the discretion of nephrologists. This study aims to elicit nephrologists' perspectives on waitlisting patients for kidney transplant and the allocation of deceased kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted semistructured face-to-face interviews with adult and pediatric nephrologists from 15 Australian nephrology or transplant centers. Transcripts were analyzed for descriptive and analytical themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  25 nephrologists participated. 5 major themes on waitlisting and deceased donor kidney allocation were identified: patient advocacy (championing their own patients, empowering patients, giving hope, individualizing judgments, patient preferences, and limited autonomy), professional and moral integrity (transparency, avoiding value judgments, and eliminating bias), protecting center reputation (gatekeeping), achieving equity (uniformity, avoiding discrimination, and fairness for specific populations), and maximizing societal benefit (prioritizing best use of kidney, resource implications, favoring social contribution, and improving efficiency of the allocation process). In making individual patient assessments, estimates about outcomes for a patient had to be resolved with whether it was reasonable from a broader societal perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nephrologists expressed their primary responsibility in terms of giving their own patients access to a transplant and upholding professional integrity by maintaining transparency and avoiding value judgments and bias. However, nephrologists perceived an obligation to protect their center's reputation through the selection of "good" patients, and this caused some frustration. Despite having personal preferences for optimizing the balance between societal benefit and equity, nephrologists did not want direct responsibility for ensuring societal benefit in clinical practice. Rather, they placed the onus on policy makers and the community to reconcile such tensions and advocate for societal benefit.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia. allisont@health.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Germaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cass
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology; D018579:Patient Selection; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement; D014850:Waiting Lists