title: Evaluation of the natural product antifoulant, zosteric acid, for preventing the attachment of quagga mussels--a preliminary study.
abstract: The effectiveness of zosteric acid, a natural antifoulant from the marine seagrass Zostera marina, in preventing the attachment of quagga mussels, a biofouling bivalve, was investigated. Animals were exposed to water containing zosteric acid ranging from 0 to 1000 ppm, and their attachment to the container glass walls was tracked with time. 500 ppm zosteric acid was not effective at detaching animals that had already attached, but was able to prevent the attachment of most unattached animals for two days. The anti-fouling effect increased with higher concentration. Low concentrations (250 ppm and below) were not effective at preventing attachment; however, 1000 ppm zosteric acid prevented attachment of mussels for the first three days of zosteric acid exposure, and only 20% of the mussels were attached by day 4. In contrast, animals in control (no zosteric acid) solutions began to attach within one day. In conclusion, zosteric acid is an effective natural product deterrent of attachment of a biofouling bivalve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: Sonal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Purohit
authors.forename: Bi-Min Zhang
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.forename: Teresa J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cutright
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects*; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002934:Cinnamates; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; C503399:zosteric acid