title: The therapeutic effect of a pulsed electromagnetic field on the reproductive patterns of male Wistar rats exposed to a 2.45-GHz microwave field.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Environmental exposure to man-made electromagnetic fields has been steadily increasing with the growing demand for electronic items that are operational at various frequencies. Testicular function is particularly susceptible to radiation emitted by electromagnetic fields.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field (100 Hz) on the reproductive systems of male Wistar rats (70 days old).
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiments were divided into five groups: microwave sham, microwave exposure (2.45 GHz), pulsed electromagnetic field sham, pulsed electromagnetic field (100 Hz) exposure, and microwave/pulsed electromagnetic field exposure. The animals were exposed for 2 hours/day for 60 days. After exposure, the animals were sacrificed, their sperm was used for creatine and caspase assays, and their serum was used for melatonin and testosterone assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed significant increases in caspase and creatine kinase and significant decreases in testosterone and melatonin in the exposed groups. This finding emphasizes that reactive oxygen species (a potential inducer of cancer) are the primary cause of DNA damage. However, pulsed electromagnetic field exposure relieves the effect of microwave exposure by inducing Faraday currents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electromagnetic fields are recognized as hazards that affect testicular function by generating reactive oxygen species and reduce the bioavailability of androgen to maturing spermatozoa. Thus, microwave exposure adversely affects male fertility, whereas pulsed electromagnetic field therapy is a non-invasive, simple technique that can be used as a scavenger agent to combat oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Kavindra Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kesari
authors.forename: Jitendra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Behari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000032:analysis; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology; D055909:Magnetic Field Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000032:analysis; D008872:Microwaves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D013737:Testis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013739:Testosterone; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D053148:Caspase 3; D008550:Melatonin