title: The clinical and laboratory effects of bracket type during canine distalization with sliding mechanics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the extent of canine movement with sliding mechanics between a self-ligating (SC) bracket and a modified twin design (MT) bracket. To test the in vitro coefficient of friction (COFs) of these two metal brackets on 0.019- × 0.025-inch, stainless-steel arch wires.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the clinical portion of this study, a split-mouth design was used to bond the brackets of 19 patients. Canine distalization was achieved on a 0.019- × 0.025-inch, stainless-steel arch wire with a nickel-titanium, closed-coil spring strained between a mini-screw and a canine bracket. The linear and angular measurements were performed using lateral cephalometric radiographs taken before and after canine distalization. A tribometer was also used to measure the COFs of the bracket types in vitro. For comparisons, Student's t-tests for paired and unpaired samples were used at the 95% confidence level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extent of canine movement and the changes in the canine and molar teeth angles were not significantly different between the SC and MT brackets. After 8 weeks, the mean canine movements were 1.83 and 1.89 mm in the maxilla and 1.79 mm and 1.70 mm in the mandible with the SC and MT brackets, respectively. The mean COF of the MT brackets (0.21) was significantly lower than that of the SC brackets (0.37) during in vitro testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that the rate of canine distalization was not different between the two groups, although in vitro COFs of the SC bracket was higher.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey. alperoz@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A Alper
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Oz
authors.forename: Nursel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arici
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arici
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology*; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D015921:Dental Implants; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005260:Female; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008422:Materials Testing; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000145:classification*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium