title: Inferior field loss increases rate of falls in older adults with glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the visual predictors of falls and injurious falls among older adults with glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective falls data were collected for 71 community-dwelling adults with primary open-angle glaucoma (mean age, 73.9 ± 5.7 years) for 1 year using monthly falls diaries. Baseline assessment of central visual function included high-contrast visual acuity and Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity. Binocular integrated visual fields were derived from monocular Humphrey Field Analyzer plots. Rate ratios (RR) for falls and injurious falls with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were based on negative binomial regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 1-year follow-up, 31 (44%) participants experienced at least one fall and 22 (31%) experienced falls that resulted in an injury. Greater visual impairment was associated with increased falls rate, independent of age and gender. In a multivariate model, more extensive field loss in the inferior region was associated with higher rate of falls (RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.32) and falls with injury (RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.12 to 2.98), adjusted for all other vision measures and potential confounding factors. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and superior field loss were not associated with the rate of falls; topical beta-blocker use was also not associated with increased falls risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Falls are common among older adults with glaucoma and occur more frequently in those with greater visual impairment, particularly in the inferior field region. This finding highlights the importance of the inferior visual field region in falls risk and assists in identifying older adults with glaucoma at risk of future falls, for whom potential interventions should be targeted.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. aa.black@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lovie-Kitchin
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014794:Visual Fields