title: Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association of chocolate consumption with the risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, CINAHL, IPA, Web of Science, Scopus, Pascal, reference lists of relevant studies to October 2010, and email contact with authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials and cohort, case-control, and cross sectional studies carried out in human adults, in which the association between chocolate consumption and the risk of outcomes related to cardiometabolic disorders were reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted by two independent investigators, and a consensus was reached with the involvement of a third. The primary outcome was cardiometabolic disorders, including cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease and stroke), diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. A meta-analysis assessed the risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders by comparing the highest and lowest level of chocolate consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 4576 references seven studies met the inclusion criteria (including 114,009 participants). None of the studies was a randomised trial, six were cohort studies, and one a cross sectional study. Large variation was observed between these seven studies for measurement of chocolate consumption, methods, and outcomes evaluated. Five of the seven studies reported a beneficial association between higher levels of chocolate consumption and the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. The highest levels of chocolate consumption were associated with a 37% reduction in cardiovascular disease (relative risk 0.63 (95% confidence interval 0.44 to 0.90)) and a 29% reduction in stroke compared with the lowest levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on observational evidence, levels of chocolate consumption seem to be associated with a substantial reduction in the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Further experimental studies are required to confirm a potentially beneficial effect of chocolate consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buitrago-Lopez
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warnakula
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Angelantonio
authors.forename: Oscar H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D002099:Cacao; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004435:Eating; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors