title: Critical closing pressure during midazolam-induced sleep.
abstract: The critical closing pressure (Pcrit) is the airway pressure at which the airway collapses and reflects the anatomical contribution to the genesis of obstructive sleep apnea. Pcrit is usually determined during non-rapid eye movement sleep at night, but has been determined under midazolam sedation during the day in the absence of sleep stage monitoring. Indeed, little is known about the effects of midazolam on sleep architecture. Moreover, deeper sedation with midazolam can decrease upper airway muscle activity and increase collapsibility compared with natural sleep. Pcrit under sedation has not been systematically compared with the usual method performed during natural sleep. Therefore, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that Pcrit following low doses of midazolam during the day would be comparable to Pcrit measured during natural sleep in the same patient. Fifteen men (age 54 ± 10 yr, body mass index 30 ± 4 kg/m(2)) with obstructive sleep apnea underwent a baseline standard overnight polysomnogram (apnea-hypopnea index 38 ± 22 events/h, range: 8-66 events/h), and Pcrit was determined during natural sleep and following midazolam. Sleep induction was obtained with low doses of midazolam (2.4 mg, range 2.0-4.4 mg), and sleep architecture was comparable to natural sleep. Natural sleep and induced sleep Pcrit were similar (-0.82 ± -3.44 and -0.97 ± 3.21 cmH(2)O, P = 0.663) and closely associated (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.97, P < 0.001). Natural and midazolam-induced Pcrit correlated with obstructive sleep apnea severity, indicating that both Pcrit measures provided meaningful physiological information. Pcrit determined during the day with sleep induction is similar to natural overnight sleep and is a valid alternative approach in which to determine Pcrit.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil. prgenta@usp.br
authors.forename: Pedro R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Genta
authors.forename: Danny J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: Marcelo G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.forename: Naury J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Danzi
authors.forename: Henrique T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Geraldo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lorenzi-Filho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods; D011312:Pressure; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D008874:Midazolam