title: Adverse effects of fullerenes (nC60) spiked to sediments on Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta).
abstract: Effects of fullerene-spiked sediment on a benthic organism, Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta), were investigated. Survival, growth, reproduction, and feeding rates were measured to assess possible adverse effects of fullerene agglomerates produced by water stirring and then spiked to a natural sediment. L. variegatus were exposed to 10 and 50 mg fullerenes/kg sediment dry mass for 28 d. These concentrations did not impact worm survival or reproduction compared to the control. Feeding activities were slightly decreased for both concentrations indicating fullerenes' disruptive effect on feeding. Depuration efficiency decreased in the high concentration only. Electron and light microscopy and extraction of the worm fecal pellets revealed fullerene agglomerates in the gut tract but not absorption into gut epithelial cells. Micrographs also indicated that 16% of the epidermal cuticle fibers of the worms were not present in the 50 mg/kg exposures, which may make worms susceptible to other contaminants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland. kukka.tervonen@uef.fi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Leppänen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akkanen
authors.forename: J V K
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Kukkonen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical