title: Difficulties with access in percutaneous renal surgery.
abstract: Percutaneous renal surgery provides a minimally invasive approach to the kidney for stone extraction in a number of different clinical scenarios. Certain clinical cases present inherent challenges to percutaneous access to the kidney. Herein, we present scenarios in which obtaining and/or maintaining percutaneous access is difficult along with techniques to overcome the challenges commonly encountered. Also, complications associated with these challenging percutaneous renal surgeries are discussed.
authors.affiliation: North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, The Arthur Smith Institute for Urology, 450 Lakeville Road, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA.
authors.forename: Soroush
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rais-Bahrami
authors.forename: Justin I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Duty
authors.forename: Zeph
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Okeke
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Smith