title: The management of tumor motions in the stereotactic irradiation to lung cancer under the use of Abches to control active breathing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breathing control is crucial to ensuring the accuracy of stereotactic irradiation for lung cancer. This study monitored respiration in patients with inoperable nonsmall-cell lung cancer using a respiration-monitoring apparatus, Abches, and investigated the reproducibility of tumor position in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects comprised 32 patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer who were administered stereotactic radiotherapy under breath-holding conditions monitored by Abches. Computed tomography (CT) was performed under breath-holding conditions using Abches (Abches scan) for treatment planning. A free-breathing scan was performed to determine the range of tumor motions in a given position. After the free-breathing scan, Abches scan was repeated and the tumor position thus defined was taken as the intrafraction tumor position. Abches scan was also performed just before treatment, and the tumor position thus defined was taken as the interfraction tumor position. To calculate the errors, tumor positions were compared based on Abches scan for the initial treatment plan. The error in tumor position was measured using the BrainSCAN treatment-planning device, then compared for each lung lobe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Displacements in tumor position were calculated in three dimensions (i.e., superior-inferior (S-I), left-right (L-R), and anterior-posterior (A-P) dimensions) and recorded as absolute values. For the whole lung, average intrafraction tumor displacement was 1.1 mm (L-R), 1.9 mm (A-P), and 2.0 mm (S-I); the average interfraction tumor displacement was 1.1 mm (L-R), 2.1 mm (A-P), and 2.0 mm (S-I); and the average free-breathing tumor displacement was 2.3 mm (L-R), 3.5 mm (A-P), and 7.9 mm (S-I). The difference between using Abches and free breathing could be reduced from approximately 20 mm at the maximum to approximately 3 mm in the S-I direction for both intrafraction and interfraction positions in the lower lobe. In addition, maximum intrafraction tumor displacement with the use of Abches was 4.5 mm (S-I) in the lingular segment. These results suggest that use of the Abches system can reduce deviations in tumor position to levels below those achieved under free breathing, irrespective of the tumor location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiratory control with high accuracy and reproducibility is required for high-precision radiotherapy of inoperable nonsmall-cell lung cancer and was achieved using Abches in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Asanogawa General Hospital, 83 Kosaka-naka, Kanazawa 920-8621, Japan. novalis-rs@asanogawa-gh.or.jp
authors.forename: Tohru I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Tarohda
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.forename: Kouhei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Yukihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohda
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onishi
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takanaka
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D009038:Motion; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity