title: Limb remote postconditioning alleviates cerebral reperfusion injury through reactive oxygen species-mediated inhibition of delta protein kinase C in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Remote ischemic postconditioning (RPostC) is an emerging concept for cerebral infarction protection, and its potential protective mechanisms have not been well established. We attempted to investigate the implications of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and δ protein kinase C (δPKC) in neuroprotection induced by RPostC in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia, and also to explore a possible relationship between ROS and εPKC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion using the intraluminal filament technique in male rats. RPostC was generated by 3 10-minute cycles of femoral artery occlusion/reperfusion on the right limb at the onset of middle cerebral artery reperfusion. RPostC was performed alone or with pretreatment of N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger. In separate group, TAT-δV1-1, a δPKC-selective peptide inhibitor, was administered at the onset of reperfusion. Brain ischemic injury was evaluated by neurologic scores, infarction volumes, and TUNEL staining. Moreover, the activation of δPKC in the ischemic penumbra was investigated by Western blot after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RPostC improved neurologic outcome, reduced infarct size, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis as well as suppressed the activation of δPKC after reperfusion. Moreover, systemic delivery of TAT-δV1-1 conferred neuroprotection against cerebral reperfusion injury at the onset of reperfusion. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine not only completely prevented all aspects of RPostC-induced neuroprotection, but also reversed RPostC-induced inhibition of δPKC activation after reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that RPostC performed in one limb alleviated reperfusion injury after focal cerebral ischemia through ROS-mediated inhibition of endogenous δPKC activation signaling cascade in an in vivo rat model of focal cerebral ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032 Shaanxi Province, China. wangqiang@fmmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yaning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Xuying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qianzi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lize
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000503:physiopathology; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000628:therapy*; D014178:Translocation, Genetic
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C477270:Ser-Phe-Asn-Ser-Tyr-Glu-Leu-Gly-Glu-Ser-Leu; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta