title: Differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules using ⁹⁹mTc-3P₄-RGD₂ scintigraphy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Targeting of integrin α(ν)β(3) with molecular imaging agents offers great potential in early detection and monitoring of tumour angiogenesis. Recently, an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) tracer, (99m)Tc-3P(4)-RGD(2), with high affinity to integrin α(ν)β(3) and in vivo tumour uptake was developed. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility of this novel radiotracer in the noninvasive differentiation of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one patients with SPNs on CT were studied scintigraphically after administration of (99m)Tc-3P(4)-RGD(2) with a dose of 939 ±  118 MBq. Image interpretation using a 5-point scale was performed by one thoracic radiologist for CT and three nuclear medicine radiologists for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Scintigraphic images were also analysed semiquantitatively by calculating tumour to normal tissue ratio (T/N). The "gold standard" was based on the histopathological diagnosis of the surgical samples from all recruited patients. A fraction of the samples were analysed immunohistochemically for integrin α(v)β(3) expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 21 SPNs, 15 (71%) were diagnosed as malignant and 6 (29%) were benign. The mean size for SPNs was 2.2 ±  0.6 cm. The sensitivity and specificity for CT interpretation, SPECT visual and semiquantitative analysis were 80/67%, 100/67% and 100/67%, respectively. All SPNs classified as indeterminate by CT were correctly diagnosed by (99m)Tc-3P(4)-RGD(2) scintigraphy. The empirical receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) areas were 0.811 [95% confidence interval (CI) 58-95%] for CT, 0.833 (95% CI 61-96%) for SPECT and 0.844 (95% CI 62-96%) for T/N ratios, respectively. Immunohistochemistry confirmed α(ν)β(3) expression in malignant and benign nodules with uptake in (99m)Tc-3P(4)-RGD(2) scintigraphy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this first-in-human study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using (99m)Tc-3P(4)-RGD(2) scintigraphy in differentiating SPNs. This procedure appears to be highly sensitive in detection of malignant SPNs. SPECT visual analysis seems to be sufficient for characterization of SPNs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China.
authors.forename: Qingjie
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Tiefeng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Xueju
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhenguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Guoqing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009842:Oligopeptides; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals