title: Ganoderma lucidum ameliorate mitochondrial damage in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats by enhancing the activities of TCA cycle enzymes and respiratory chain complexes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decreased mitochondrial function has been suggested to be one of the important pathological events in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity. In this communication, we have evaluated the protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum against ISO induced cardiac toxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac toxicity was assessed by determining the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) after subcutaneous injection of ISO (85 mg/kg) at an interval of 24h for 2 days. The animals were sacrificed 24h after last ISO administration. G. lucidum (100 and 250 mg/kg, p.o.) was given to the rats once daily for 15 days prior to the ISO challenge. Similarly, α-Tocopherol (100mg/kg, p.o) was kept as the standard. To assess the extent of cardiac mitochondrial damage, the activities of Krebs cycle dehydrogenases and mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, and IV as well as the level of ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmt) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of G. lucidum and α-tocopherol significantly protected the elevated activities of CK and LDH. Further, the activities of mitochondrial enzymes and the level of ΔΨmt were significantly enhanced and the level of ROS was significantly declined in the G. lucidum and α-tocopherol treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study concluded that the cardiac mitochondrial enzymes are markedly declined by the ISO challenge and the administration G. lucidum and α-Tocopherol significantly protected mitochondria by preventing the decline of antioxidant status and ΔΨmt or by directly scavenging the free radicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala 680 555, India.
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Sudheesh
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ajith
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Janardhanan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D062610:Fungal Polysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000633:toxicity*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020940:Reishi / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D062610:Fungal Polysaccharides; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D007545:Isoproterenol