title: Effects of exposure to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy in diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cigarette smoke exposure before pregnancy on diabetic rats and their offspring development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin and cigarette smoke exposure was conducted by mainstream smoke generated by a mechanical smoking device and delivered into a chamber. Diabetic female Wistar rats were randomly distributed in four experimental groups (n minimum = 13/group): nondiabetic (ND) and diabetic rats exposed to filtered air (D), diabetic rats exposed to cigarette smoke prior to and into the pregnancy period (DS) and diabetic rats exposed to cigarette smoke prior to pregnancy period (DSPP). At day 21 of pregnancy, rats were killed for maternal biochemical determination and reproductive outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association of diabetes and cigarette smoke in DSPP group caused altered glycemia at term, reduced number of implantation and live fetuses, decreased litter and maternal weight, increased pre and postimplantation loss rates, reduced triglyceride and VLDL-c concentrations, increased levels of thiol groups and MDA. Besides, these dams presented increased SOD and GSH-Px activities. However, the increased antioxidant status was not sufficient to prevent the lipid peroxidation observed in these animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the benefits stemming from smoking interruption during the pregnancy of diabetic rats, such improvement was insufficient to avoid metabolic alterations and provide an adequate intrauterine environment for embryofetal development. Therefore, these results suggest that it is necessary to cease smoking extensive time before planning pregnancy, since stopping smoking only when pregnancy is detected may not contribute effectively to fully adequate embryofetal development.
authors.affiliation: Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil. damasceno@fmb.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Débora C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Damasceno
authors.forename: Yuri K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Sinzato
authors.forename: Paula H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Maricelma S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Kleber E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dallaqua
authors.forename: Iracema M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.forename: Marilza V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.forename: Gustavo T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Volpato