title: Serum testosterone levels of HbSS (sickle cell disease) male subjects in Lagos, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infertility is a major problem in sickle cell disease patients, especially in males. In addition to low serum testosterone, other abnormalities involving the accessory sex organs, such as the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland, as well as marked decrease in ejaculate volume may be observed in male HbSS patients. Hence, the need to study the role of sex hormones as a cause of infertility in male HbSS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  An unmatched case-control study was performed using seventy-five consenting subjects from Lagos University Teaching Hospital. These included 47 patients with haemoglobin phenotype SS from the Sickle cell clinic and 28 volunteered medical students and members of staff with haemoglobin phenotype AA. Demographic data were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 5 mls of blood was collected from each subject between 9.00 am & 11.am, and assayed for serum testosterone concentration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of serum testosterone in HbSS patients ranged from 0.2 to 4.3 ng/ml with a mean of 1.28 ± 0.72 ng/ml whilst the values in HbAA controls ranged from 1.2 to 6.9 ng/ml with a mean of 2.63 ± 1.04 ng/ml. Seven (25.0%) of the 28 controls had serum testosterone concentration lower than the quoted reference (normal) range whereas 44 (93.6%) of the 47 HbSS subjects had serum testosterone concentration lower than the reference range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, subjects with HbSS have significantly lower mean serum testosterone than HbAA controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Lagos State University, College of Medicine, Ikeja, Nigeria. ajoke_clinic@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Emmanuel K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Abudu
authors.forename: Sulaiman A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Akanmu
authors.forename: Oyetunji O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Soriyan
authors.forename: Akinsegun A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Akinbami
authors.forename: Adewumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adediran
authors.forename: Titilope A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Adeyemo
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Okany