title: Markers of inflammation predict the long-term risk of developing chronic kidney disease: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: In animal models, inflammatory processes have been shown to have an important role in the development of kidney disease. In humans, however, the independent relation between markers of inflammation and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not known. To clarify this, we examined the relationship of several inflammatory biomarker levels (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2, white blood cell count, and interleukin-6) with the risk of developing CKD in a population-based cohort of up to 4926 patients with 15 years of follow-up. In cross-sectional analyses, we found that all these inflammation markers were positively associated with the outcome of interest, prevalent CKD. However, in longitudinal analyses examining the risk of developing incident CKD among those who were CKD-free at baseline, only tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2, white blood cell count, and interleukin-6 levels (hazard ratios comparing highest with the lowest tertile of 2.10, 1.90, and 1.45, respectively), and not C-reactive protein (hazard ratio 1.09), were positively associated with incident CKD. Thus, elevations of most markers of inflammation predict the risk of developing CKD. Each marker should be independently verified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA. ashankar@hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: Anoop
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Barbara E K
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Kristine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muntner
authors.forename: F Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cruickshanks
authors.forename: Carla R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brazy
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers