title: Clinical features of congenital retinal folds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of congenital retinal folds without systemic associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective observational case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  The characteristics, clinical course, ocular complications, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of eyes with congenital retinal folds were studied during the follow-up periods. The affected and fellow eyes were examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, and fundus fluorescein angiography. The parents and siblings of each patient also underwent ophthalmoscopic examinations. The BCVA was measured using a Landolt ring VA chart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty-seven eyes of 121 patients with congenital retinal folds were examined. Fifty-five patients (45.5%) were female. The fold was unilateral in 95 patients (78.5%), and 69 of those patients (72.6%) had retinal abnormalities in the fellow eye. The meridional distribution of folds was temporal in 136 eyes (92.5%). The family history was positive in 32 patients (26.4%). Secondary fundus complications, including fibrovascular proliferation and tractional, rhegmatogenous, and exudative retinal detachments, developed in 44 eyes (29.9%). The BCVAs could be measured in 119 eyes and ranged from 20/100 to 20/20 in 5 eyes (4.2%), 2/100 to 20/200 in 45 eyes (37.8%), and 2/200 or worse in 69 eyes (58.0%). The follow-up periods ranged from 4 to 243 months (mean, 79.7 ± 58.9 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These clinical features suggested that most congenital retinal folds may result from insufficient retinal vascular development, as in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, rather than persistent fetal vasculature. Adequate management of active retinopathy and late-onset complications, especially retinal detachment, is required.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishina
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Eiichiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Azuma
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D011379:Prognosis; D012160:Retina / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000601:surgery; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012591:Scleral Buckling; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014821:Vitrectomy