title: Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation over the supplementary motor area decreases variability of temporal estimates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Supplementary motor area (SMA) was suggested to have a dominant role in the temporal control of behavior by many neuroimaging studies. The aim of this study was to support this hypothesis by influencing time estimates with theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the SMA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen healthy volunteers with a mean age 25.9±3 (SD) years performed the time reproduction task (TRT) before and after 190 seconds of intermittent theta-burst TMS over SMA and the precuneus (total 600 pulses). The TRT consisted of an encoding phase (during which visual stimuli with durations of 5, 10 and 16.82 seconds were presented pseudorandomly) and a reproduction phase (during which interval durations were reproduced by pressing a button). Mean subjects' interval estimates as a measure of accuracy and standard deviation as a measure of variability pre-TMS and post-TMS were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Theta-burst TMS over both areas had no effect on the accuracy of duration estimates. An increased variability of interval reproduction was present after stimulation of the precuneus (p<0.01) with the biggest effect on the five second interval. Stimulation of SMA caused a decrease of variability in the ten second interval only (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is likely that increased variability of time estimates is a non-specific result of impaired attention and working memory after theta-burst TMS. Decreased variability after stimulation over the SMA could be explained in terms of enhanced activity of the physiological oscillator with a frequency close to 0.1 Hz.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dusek
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jech
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Havrankova
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vymazal
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wackermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013826:Theta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult