title: Evans blue as a selective dye marker for white-light diagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a diagnostic method relying on the preferential accumulation of a dye in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) that is visible in conjunction with white-light cystoscopy (WLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated in detail the permeation of Evans blue in urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) spheroids prepared from T24, J82 and RT-112 human cell lines and spheroids composed of normal human urothelial (NHU) cells. To gain more insight into the differential accumulation, all spheroids were investigated ultrastructurally using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that, after exposure to Evans blue for 2 h, UCC spheroids accumulated dramatically more dye than spheroids composed of NHU cells. Using TEM it was found that the malignant spheroids contain similar ultrastructural characteristics, i.e. a wide intercellular space and a decreased number of desmosome-like cell attachments, to those from clinical samples of non-papillary carcinoma in situ of the bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe the present findings could be important for future developments in clinical diagnostics for early bladder cancer detection, staging and grading involving WLC.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Biologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roelants
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huygens
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Crnolatac
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Cleynenbreugel
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lerut
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Poppel
authors.forename: Peter A M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: de Witte
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods*; D005070:Evans Blue; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019459:Urothelium / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005070:Evans Blue