title: Quarantine, exports and animal disease in Australia 1901-2010.
abstract: The Constitution forming the Australian Commonwealth Government on 1 January 1901 provided that animal and animal products imported into and exported from Australia would be under the authority of the national government. By mutual agreement, the Quarantine Act 1908 provided for the states to continue the delivery of services under contract until 1995 when the Commonwealth took back full responsibility for quarantine services. In the 1940s, 50s and 60s there were world pandemics of livestock diseases and Australia ceased the import of many species. By the 1970s, the livestock industries sought relaxation of import restrictions to gain access to diversified genetic stock. By the use of new technologies, many species can now be imported into Australia through tight importation protocols. With the advent of the World Trade Organization and implementation of the Sanitary Phytosanitary Agreement, Australia has developed a risk-based framework to support the development of import conditions for animals and animal products. Australia's 'Acceptable Level of Protection' has been set to provide a low likelihood of disease entry. Being an island continent, Australia can apply strong controls over imports and exports of all commodities and relatively few outbreaks of exotic animal diseases have occurred by breach of quarantine, but the outbreaks of rinderpest in 1923 and equine influenza in 2007 were notable exceptions.
authors.affiliation: Victoria, Australia. ajturner@bigpond.net.au
authors.forename: Aj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D003132:Commerce; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D007391:International Cooperation; D011790:Quarantine / Q000662:veterinary*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012308:Risk Management; D014186:Transportation