title: Substance use disorders in forensic psychiatry: differences among different types of offenders.
abstract: This is the first study that compared different types of offenders in forensic outpatient treatment (i.e., offenders of general violence [GV], intimate partner violence [IPV], sex crimes, and "other offenses" such as drug smuggling and property crimes) regarding the prevalence of substance use disorders at the time of the offense. In total, 35.8% of participants (n = 187) were diagnosed with any substance use disorder. Specifically, 61.5% of GV perpetrators, 30.9% of IPV perpetrators, 9.1% of sex offenders, and 26.7% of "other offenders" were diagnosed with substance abuse or dependence. More GV offenders and less sex offenders fulfilled diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder. Furthermore, 29.9% of the offenders were intoxicated by substances at the moment they committed the offense (48.5% of GV perpetrators, 25.0% of IPV perpetrators, 17.4% of sex offenders, and 21.0% of other offenders). More GV perpetrators were intoxicated during the offense. As there is a clear association between substance abuse and criminal behavior, substance abuse in offenders should be assessed and, if present, be treated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Forensic Outpatient Clinic De Waag, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands. F.L.Kraanen@uva.nl
authors.forename: Fleur L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Kraanen
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scholing
authors.forename: Paul M G
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Emmelkamp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs