title: Solar UV doses of young Americans and vitamin D3 production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sunlight contains ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation (290-315 nm) that affects human health in both detrimental (skin cancers) and beneficial (vitamin D3) ways. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from young Americans (≤ 19 years) show that many have deficient (< 50 nmol/L, 20 ng/mL) or insufficient (< 75 nmol/L, 30 ng/mL) vitamin D levels, indicating that they are not getting enough sun exposure. Those findings are in conflict with some calculated, published values that suggest people make "ample" vitamin D3 (~ 1,000 IU/day) from their "casual," or everyday, outdoor exposures even if they diligently use sunscreens with sun protection factor (SPF) 15.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We estimated how much vitamin D3 young Americans (n = ~ 2,000) produce from their everyday outdoor ultraviolet doses in the North (45°N) and South (35°N) each season of the year with and without vacationing.
  
  
  METHODS
  For these vitamin D3 calculations, we used geometric conversion factors that change planar to whole-body doses, which previous calculations did not incorporate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our estimates suggest that American children may not be getting adequate outdoor UVB exposures to satisfy their vitamin D3 needs all year, except some Caucasians during the summer if they do not diligently wear sunscreens except during beach vacations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These estimates suggest that most American children may not be going outside enough to meet their minimal (~ 600 IU/day) or optimal (≥ 1,200 IU/day) vitamin D requirements.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA. Dianne.Godar@FDA.HHS.GOV
authors.forename: Dianne Eyvonn
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Godar
authors.forename: Stanley James
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: William Burgess
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Michael Francis
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Holick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D013472:Sunlight; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D002762:Cholecalciferol