title: Cryptic diversity within the major trypanosomiasis vector Glossina fuscipes revealed by molecular markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes s.l. is responsible for the transmission of approximately 90% of cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness. Three G. fuscipes subspecies have been described, primarily based upon subtle differences in the morphology of their genitalia. Here we describe a study conducted across the range of this important vector to determine whether molecular evidence generated from nuclear DNA (microsatellites and gene sequence information), mitochondrial DNA and symbiont DNA support the existence of these taxa as discrete taxonomic units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nuclear ribosomal Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) provided support for the three subspecies. However nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data did not support the monophyly of the morphological subspecies G. f. fuscipes or G. f. quanzensis. Instead, the most strongly supported monophyletic group was comprised of flies sampled from Ethiopia. Maternally inherited loci (mtDNA and symbiont) also suggested monophyly of a group from Lake Victoria basin and Tanzania, but this group was not supported by nuclear loci, suggesting different histories of these markers. Microsatellite data confirmed strong structuring across the range of G. fuscipes s.l., and was useful for deriving the interrelationship of closely related populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose that the morphological classification alone is not used to classify populations of G. fuscipes for control purposes. The Ethiopian population, which is scheduled to be the target of a sterile insect release (SIT) programme, was notably discrete. From a programmatic perspective this may be both positive, given that it may reflect limited migration into the area or negative if the high levels of differentiation are also reflected in reproductive isolation between this population and the flies to be used in the release programme.
authors.affiliation: Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Naomi A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravel
authors.forename: Kwang-Shik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Alistair C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Causse
authors.forename: Berisha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kapitano
authors.forename: Martin J R
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lutumba
authors.forename: Joules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madinga
authors.forename: Steve J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Torr
authors.forename: Loyce M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Okedi
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lehane
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donnelly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005002:Ethiopia; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013636:Tanzania; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer