title: Differences in verbal memory performance in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy: 17β-estradiol versus conjugated equine estrogens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Much controversy exists and many questions remain unanswered about the effects of hormone therapy (HT) on cognition in postmenopausal women. There is growing evidence suggesting that HT compounds containing conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) have negative effects on cognition whereas 17β-estradiol (17β-E) either has positive or neutral effects. The present study sought to further examine this issue in a sample of postmenopausal women with risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional neuropsychological evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  68 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 49-68) receiving either 17β-E or CEE for at least one year with increased risk for AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neuropsychological test battery of the cognitive domains of attention/working memory/processing speed, verbal memory, visual memory, and executive functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) showed significantly better verbal memory performance in women receiving 17β-E compared to women receiving CEE regardless of age, IQ, years of education, risk factors for AD (including APOE-ε4 carriership), duration of endogenous and exogenous estrogen exposure, concurrent progesterone use, or natural versus surgical menopause status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verbal memory performance was better in postmenopausal women receiving 17β-E compared to CEE in a sample population of women with risk factors for AD. Genetic risk for AD as well as other confounds did not affect this finding. The results suggest a differential effect of HT type on verbal memory, with 17β-E being a preferential compound. Further evaluation of HT types, regimens and duration of use on cognitive performance in postmenopausal women in a controlled longitudinal design is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Center for Neuroscience in Women's Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94303-5723, USA.
authors.forename: Tonita E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wroolie
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kenna
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Bevin N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holcomb
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khaylis
authors.forename: Natalie L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Rasgon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004958:Estradiol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056344:Executive Function / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D004958:Estradiol