title: Influence of extra virgin olive oil diet enriched with hydroxytyrosol in a chronic DSS colitis model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent epidemiological studies have shown that habitual consumption of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), the characteristic culinary fat of the Mediterranean area, is effective in the prevention of diverse types of digestive disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. Many of these benefits are, in addition to its high proportion of oleic acid, due to the high content of phenolic compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six-week-old mice were randomized into three dietary groups: standard, EVOO and hydroxytyrosol-enriched EVOO. After 30 days, mice that were exposed to 3% DSS for 5 days developed acute colitis that progressed to severe chronic inflammation during a regime of 21 days of water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diets enriched with EVOO significantly attenuated the clinical and histological signs of damage, improving results from disease activity index and reducing about 50% the mortality caused by DSS. Moreover, hydroxytyrosol supplement showed better results. Cytokines study showed that TNF-α was maintained near to sham control and IL-10 levels were significantly improved in EVOO and EVOO plus hydroxytyrosol diet-DSS groups. In the same way, COX-2 and iNOS were downregulated, and the activation of p38 MAPK was reduced. We also observed a higher significant reduction in iNOS in hydroxytyrosol-enriched EVOO compared with EVOO alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EVOO diets exerted a noteworthy beneficial effect in chronic DSS-induced colitis by cytokine modulation and COX-2 and iNOS reduction via downregulation of p38 MAPK. In addition to the beneficial effect by EVOO, supplementation of the diet with hydroxytyrosol may improve chronic colitis through iNOS downregulation plus its antioxidant capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain. fidalgo@us.es
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Fidalgo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sánchez de Ibargüen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cárdeno
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alarcón de la Lastra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol