title: The effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor M344 on BRCA1 expression in breast and ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inhibition of Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) expression sensitizes breast and ovarian cancer cells to platinum chemotherapy. However, therapeutically relevant agents that target BRCA1 expression have not been identified. Our recent report suggested the potential of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, M344, to inhibit BRCA1 expression. In this study, we further evaluated the effect of M344 on BRCA1 mRNA and protein expression, as well as its effect on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in various breast (MCF7, T-47D and HCC1937) and ovarian (A2780s, A2780cp and OVCAR-4) cancer cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the addition of M344, the platinum-sensitive breast and ovarian cancer cell lines that displayed relatively high BRCA1 protein levels demonstrated significant potentiation of cisplatin cytotoxicity in association with a reduction of BRCA1 protein. The cisplatin-resistant cell lines, T-47D and A2780s, elicited increased cytotoxicity of cisplatin with M344 and down regulation of BRCA1 protein levels. A2780s cells subjected to combination platinum and M344 treatment, demonstrated increased DNA damage as assessed by the presence of phosphorylated H2A.X foci in comparison to either treatment alone. Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, A2780s and MCF7 cells exposed to M344 alone and in combination with cisplatin, did not demonstrate enhanced acetylated Histone 4 at the BRCA1 promoter, suggesting an indirect effect on this promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhanced sensitivity of HDAC inhibition to platinum may be mediated through a BRCA1-dependent mechanism in breast and ovarian cancer cells. The findings of this study may be important in the future design of clinical trials involving HDAC inhibitors using BRCA1 as a tumour biomarker.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada. jweberpals@toh.on.ca.
authors.forename: Johanne I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Weberpals
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Niknejad
authors.forename: Kyla D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Garbuio
authors.forename: Katherine V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Clark-Knowles
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dimitroulakos