title: Towards a functional-structural plant model of cut-rose: simulation of light environment, light absorption, photosynthesis and interference with the plant structure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The production system of cut-rose (Rosa × hybrida) involves a complex combination of plant material, management practice and environment. Plant structure is determined by bud break and shoot development while having an effect on local light climate. The aim of the present study is to cover selected aspects of the cut-rose system using functional-structural plant modelling (FSPM), in order to better understand processes contributing to produce quality and quantity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model describes the production system in three dimensions, including a virtual greenhouse environment with the crop, light sources (diffuse and direct sun light and lamps) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors. The crop model is designed as a multiscaled FSPM with plant organs (axillary buds, leaves, internodes, flowers) as basic units, and local light interception and photosynthesis within each leaf. A Monte-Carlo light model was used to compute the local light climate for leaf photosynthesis, the latter described using a biochemical rate model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model was able to reproduce PAR measurements taken at different canopy positions, different times of the day and different light regimes. Simulated incident and absorbed PAR as well as net assimilation rate in upright and bent shoots showed characteristic spatial and diurnal dynamics for different common cultivation scenarios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model of cut-rose presented allowed the creation of a range of initial structures thanks to interactive rules for pruning, cutting and bending. These static structures can be regarded as departure points for the dynamic simulation of production of flower canes. Furthermore, the model was able to predict local (per leaf) light absorption and photosynthesis. It can be used to investigate the physiology of ornamental plants, and provide support for the decisions of growers and consultants.
authors.affiliation: Biometris, Wageningen UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands. gerhard.buck-sorlin@wur.nl
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buck-Sorlin
authors.forename: Pieter H B
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: de Visser
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.forename: Vaia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sarlikioti
authors.forename: Gerie W A M
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: Leo F M
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Marcelis
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vos
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D003198:Computer Simulation; D035263:Flowering Tops / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D027826:Rosa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects