title: Role-modelling in the operating room: medical student observations of exemplary behaviour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Training future doctors to develop an appropriate professional persona is an important goal of medical student education and residency training. Most medical education research paradigms on professionalism have focused largely on lapses (e.g. yelling as an example of communication failure) and tend to emphasise behaviour that should be avoided. The assumption is that, if left unchecked, students will see these negative behaviours exhibited by their role models and possibly emulate them, allowing the potential reinforcement of the inappropriate behaviours.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Identifying and characterising exemplary, or positive, behaviours can be similarly valuable to both medical students and residents as tangible examples of behaviours to strive towards. The goal of the present research was to determine and thematically define the exemplary professional actions that medical students observe in the intense and patient-focused environment of the operating room (OR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using qualitative methodology of content analysis and theme identification, we systematically documented the type of exemplary professional behaviours reported by medical students (n=263) when observing health care teams on an anaesthesia rotation in the OR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis generated a taxonomy of exemplary OR behaviour that included six overarching themes (e.g. teamwork), 15 sub-themes (e.g. collegial) and numerous exemplars (e.g. showed mutual respect). These themes and sub-themes were then conceptually 'matched'--through the use of antonyms --to complement an existing framework focused on medical student reports of professional lapses witnessed during medical school.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Year 3 medical students in the USA reported observing very positive, exemplary health care provider interactions that were diverse in focus. Themes were identified regarding the OR team members' interactions with patients (calm, communication, comforting), with one another (teamwork, respect) and with the medical students (teaching). This classification of exemplary OR behaviour contributes to our understanding of how professional behaviour is viewed and potentially emulated by medical students on surgical rotations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.sc42@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Saundra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: Clarissa I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Cortland
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003142:Communication; D004645:Empathy; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D017145:Models, Educational; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000592:standards; D010819:Physician's Role; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians / Q000592:standards; D011361:Professional Competence / Q000592:standards*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D012938:Social Perception; D013337:Students, Medical; D013663:Teaching / Q000592:standards