title: Early-life stress produces muscle hyperalgesia and nociceptor sensitization in the adult rat.
abstract: Chronic pain in adults has been associated with early-life stress. To examine the pronociceptive effect of early-life stress, we evaluated cutaneous and muscle nociception and activity in muscle nociceptors in an animal model of neonatal stress, limited bedding, in the rat. In this neonatal limited bedding (NLB) model, litters are exposed to limited bedding between postnatal days 2 and 9, and controls to standard bedding. In adult NLB-treated rats, mechanical nociceptive threshold in skeletal muscle was significantly lower (~22%) than in controls. Furthermore, administration of prostaglandin E(2) in skin as well as muscle produced markedly prolonged hyperalgesia, an effect prevented by spinal intrathecal injection of oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to protein kinase Cε (PKCε), a second messenger in nociceptors that has been implicated in the induction and maintenance of chronic pain. In electrophysiological studies, mechanical threshold of muscle nociceptors was reduced by ~31% and conduction velocity significantly increased (~28%). These findings indicate that neonatal stress induces a persistent hyperalgesia and nociceptor sensitization manifest in the adult and that the second messenger PKCε may be a target against which therapies might be directed to treat a chronic pain syndrome that is associated with early-life traumatic stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Luiz F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*