title: OXA beta-lactamase-mediated carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant pathogen in health care settings. In recent years, an increase in carbapenem resistance among A. baumannii due to Ambler class B metallo-beta-lactamases or class D OXA carbapenamases has been reported. In this study we detected the presence of OXA carbapenamases and coproduction of metallo-beta-lactamases (blaVIM and blaIMP ) by phenotypic and genotypic methods in carbapenem resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 116 consecutive, non-duplicate carbapenem resistant A. baumannii isolated from various clinical specimens were included in the study. The modified Hodge test and inhibitor potentiated disk diffusion tests were done for the screening of carbapenamase and metallo-beta-lactamase production, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the detection of OXA (blaOXA 23 like, blaOXA 24 like, blaOXA-51 like and blaOXA-58 like genes) and metallo-beta-lactamases (blaVIM and blaIMP ) genes. Gene sequencing was performed for representative isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 116 A. baumannii, OXA genes were detected in 106 isolates. BlaOXA 51 like (n = 99) and blaOXA -23 like (n = 95) were the most common and they coexisted in 89 isolates. blaOXA-24 like gene was detected in two isolates of which one also carried blaOXA-51 like and blaOXA-58 like genes. The modified Hodge test was positive in 113 isolates. The metallo-beta-lactamase screening test was positive in 92 isolates. blavim was detected in 54 isolates of which 1 also carried the blaIMP gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  blaOXA-23 like and bla OXA 51 like genes are the most common types of OXA carbapenamases while the blaVIM type is the most common type of metallo-beta-lactamase contributing to carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of A. baumannii. The coproduction of OXA and metallo-beta-lactamases is not an uncommon phenomenon in A. baumannii.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Amudhan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sekar
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arunagiri
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sekar
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015780:Carbapenems; D001618:beta-Lactamases