title: Clinical prediction rules for children: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The degree to which clinical prediction rules (CPRs) for children meet published standards is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the quality, performance, and validation of published CPRs for children, compare them with adult CPRs, and suggest pediatric-specific changes to CPR methodology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline was searched from 1950 to 2011. Studies were selected if they included the development of a CPR involving children younger than 18 years. Two investigators assessed study quality, rule performance, and rule validation as methodologic standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 7298 titles and abstracts assessed, 137 eligible studies were identified. They describe the development of 101 CPRs addressing 36 pediatric conditions. Quality standards met in fewer than half of the studies were blind assessment of predictors (47%), reproducibility of predictors (18%), blind assessment of outcomes (42%), adequate follow-up of outcomes (36%), adequate power (43%), adequate reporting of results (49%), and 95% confidence intervals reported (36%). For rule performance, 48% had a sensitivity greater than 0.95, and 43% had a negative likelihood ratio less than 0.1. For rule validation, 76% had no validation, 17% had narrow validation, 8% had broad validation, and none had impact analysis performed. Compared with CPRs for adult health conditions, quality and rule validation seem to be lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many CPRs have been derived for children, but few have been validated. Relative to adult CPRs, several quality indicators demonstrated weaknesses. Existing performance standards may prove elusive for CPRs that involve children. CPRs for children that are more assistive and less directive and include patients' values and preferences in decision-making may be helpful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. jonathon.maguire@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Jonathon L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: Dina M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kulik
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laupacis
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuppermann
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Uleryk
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Parkin
mesh_terms: D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic