title: Effect of failed initial closure on bladder growth in children with bladder exstrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Failed initial bladder exstrophy closure may hinder the natural course of bladder growth compared to successful primary reconstruction. By measuring successive bladder capacities within the first 5 years of life, we compared the rate of bladder growth in children with failed vs successful initial closure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an approved bladder exstrophy database to identify and review retrospectively patients with classic bladder exstrophy who underwent repeat cystograms between ages 1 and 6 years. Two groups of patients were identified--those with successful neonatal closure (group 1) and those with successful reclosure after an initial failed procedure (group 2). A generalized linear mixed model was fit to evaluate the impact of treatment group and age on bladder growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 48 patients in group 1 (75% male) and 62 in group 2 (71% male). Initial pelvic osteotomy was done in 60% of group 1 and 34% of group 2. Patients in group 1 had significantly larger cystographic capacity at 2, 4, 5 and 6 years after successful bladder closure compared to those in group 2 (p <0.05). The bladder tended to grow at a significantly slower rate in group 2 (9.38 cc yearly) compared to group 1 (14.76 cc yearly, p = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with initial failed bladder exstrophy closure showed significantly smaller cystographic capacities and slower bladder growth compared to those who underwent successful neonatal bladder closure. These data clearly underscore the importance of a secure, successful primary closure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baradaran
authors.forename: Raimondo M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cervellione
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orosco
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Trock
authors.forename: Ranjiv I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gearhart
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004842:Epispadias / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010027:Osteotomy; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D017211:Treatment Failure; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery