title: Correlates of anxiety and depression among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has established the relation between diabetes and depression. Both diabetes and anxiety/depression are independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims at assessing the prevalence of anxiety/depression among outpatients receiving treatment for type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in the endocrinology outpatient department of an urban tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The instruments used included a semi-structured questionnaire, HbA1c levels, fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose, Brief Patient Health Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 16.0. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to find out the correlations. ANOVA was carried out for the in between group comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant correlation between the HADS-Anxiety scale and Body Mass Index (BMI) with a correlation coefficient of 0.34 (P = 0.008). Also, a significant correlation existed between HADS-Depression scale and BMI (correlation coefficient, 0.36; P = 0.004). Significant correlation were observed between the duration of daily physical exercise and HADS-Anxiety (coefficient of correlation, -0.25; P = 0.04) scores. HADS-Anxiety scores were found to be related to HbA1c levels (correlation-coefficient, 0.41; P = 0.03) and postprandial blood glucose levels (correlation-coefficient, 0.51; P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monitoring of biochemical parameters like HbA1c and postprandial blood glucose levels and BMI could be a guide to development of anxiety in these patients. Also, physical exercise seems to have a protective effect on anxiety in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry, Lady Harding Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Yatan Pal Singh
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Balhara
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sagar