title: Importance of Toll-like receptor 9 in host defense against M1T1 group A Streptococcus infections.
abstract: Timely recognition and elimination of invasive group A Streptococcus (GAS) by innate immunity is crucial to control infection. The intracellular pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) promotes macrophage hypoxia-inducible factor-1α levels, oxidative burst and nitric oxide production in response to GAS. TLR9 contributes to GAS clearance in vivo in both localized cutaneous and systemic infection models.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Calif., USA. annelies.zinkernagel @ usz.ch
authors.forename: Annelies S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Zinkernagel
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hruz
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Köckritz-Blickwede
authors.forename: Reto A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schuepbach
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nizet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000276:immunology; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D009569:Nitric Oxide