title: Tgf-β1 expression as a biomarker of poor prognosis in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the correlation between transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) expression and prognosis in prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  TGF-β1 expression levels were analyzed using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to amplify RNA that had been isolated from fresh-frozen malignant and benign tissue specimens collected from 89 patients who had clinically localized prostate cancer and had been treated with radical prostatectomy. The control group consisted of li patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. The expression levels of TGF-β1 were compared between the groups in terms of Gleason scores, pathological staging, and prostate-specific antigen serum levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the majority of the tumor samples, TGF-β1 was underexpressed 67.0% of PCa patients. The same expression pattern was identified in benign tissues of patients with prostate cancer. Although most cases exhibited underexpression of TGF-β1, a higher expression level was found in patients with Gleason scores ≥ 7 when compared to patients with Gleason scores < 7(p = 0.002). Among the 26 cases of TGF-β1 overexpression, 92.3% had poor prognostic features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGF-β1 was underexpressed in prostate cancers; however, higher expression was observed in tumors with higher Gleason scores, which suggests that TGF-β1 expression may be a useful prognostic marker for prostate cancer. Further studies of clinical specimens are needed to clarify the role of TGF-β1 in prostate carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM55), Urology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. sasareis@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sabrina Thalita Dos
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pontes-Júnior
authors.forename: Alberto Azoubel
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Juliana Moreira de
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sousa-Canavez
authors.forename: Daniel Kanda
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: José Arnaldo Shiomi da
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Marcos Francisco
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dall'oglio
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.forename: Carlo Camargo
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Passerotti
authors.forename: Leopoldo A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-Filho
authors.forename: Nayara Izabel
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srougi
authors.forename: Kátia Ramos Moreira
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Leite
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002273:Carcinogens; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen