title: Expressions of individual PHDs associate with good prognostic factors and increased proliferation in breast cancer patients.
abstract: Tumor hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) overexpression often associates with a poor prognosis. Stability of the HIF-α subunits is regulated by HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases, PHD1-3. We assessed here immunohistochemical expression of PHD1-3 and HIF-1α and 2α in patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma (n = 102) and correlated their expression levels with main clinical prognostic factors and survival. PHD1 expression correlated with high proliferation, and these tumors were mainly estrogen receptor-negative. PHD3 expression declined in tumors of large size, poor differentiation, and high proliferation. There was a tendency for increased breast cancer-specific survival and longer disease-free survival among patients with high tumor PHD2 expression. Surprisingly, PHD1-3 expression did not correlate with HIF-1α or HIF-2α downregulation. However, HIF-2α expression correlated independently with low tumor stage and HIF-1α expression had a tendency for decreased breast cancer-specific survival. PHD1 and 3 appear to be HIF-independent factors in breast cancer. Not all PHD1 associated proliferation is estrogen-dependent and it is associated with a poor prognosis of cancer. PHD3 may be an important regulator of apoptosis and it is mainly found in tumors with good prognosis. PHD2 expression is likely to be involved in increased survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5b, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Emmi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peurala
authors.forename: Peppi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koivunen
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bloigu
authors.forename: Kirsi-Maria
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Haapasaari
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jukkola-Vuorinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D049308:Dioxygenases; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C490190:EGLN1 protein, human; C447780:EGLN2 protein, human; C488894:EGLN3 protein, human