title: Deformation and degradation of polymers in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography.
abstract: Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) using columns packed with sub-2 μm particles has great potential for separations of many types of complex samples, including polymers. However, the application of UHPLC for the analysis of polymers meets some fundamental obstacles. Small particles and narrow bore tubing in combination with high pressures generate significant shear and extensional forces in UHPLC systems, which may affect polymer chains. At high stress conditions flexible macromolecules may become extended and eventually the chemical bonds in the molecules can break. Deformation and degradation of macromolecules will affect the peak retention and the peak shape in the chromatogram, which may cause errors in the obtained results (e.g. the calculated molecular-weight distributions). In the present work we explored the limitations of UHPLC for the analysis of polymers. Degradation and deformation of macromolecules were studied by collecting and re-injecting polymer peaks and by off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Polystyrene standards with molecular weight of 4 MDa and larger were found to degrade at UHPLC conditions. However, for most polymers degradation could be avoided by using low linear velocities. No degradation of 3-MDa PS (and smaller) was observed at linear velocities up to 7 mm/s. The column frits were implicated as the main sources of polymer degradation. The extent of degradation was found to depend on the type of the column and on the column history. At high flow rates degradation was observed without a column being installed. We demonstrated that polymer deformation preceded degradation. Stretched polymers eluted from the column in slalom chromatography mode (elution order opposite to that in SEC or HDC). Under certain conditions we observed co-elution of large and small PS molecules though a convolution of slalom chromatography and hydrodynamic chromatography.
authors.affiliation: Analytical-Chemistry Group, Faculty of Science, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e.uliyanchenko@uva.nl
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uliyanchenko
authors.forename: Sjoerd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schoenmakers
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005663:Furans; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D011137:Polystyrenes; C018674:tetrahydrofuran