title: The anthelmintic effect of plant extracts on Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides venezuelensis.
abstract: The indiscriminate use of anthelmintics has resulted in the establishment of parasite resistance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiparasitic effect of plant extracts on Haemonchus contortus in sheep and the in vivo effect on Strongyloides venezuelensis in Rattus norvegicus. The plant extracts from Piper tuberculatum, Lippia sidoides, Mentha piperita, Hura crepitans and Carapa guianensis, produced at different research institutions, were chemically analyzed and evaluated through the egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT) in H. contortus. P. tuberculatum (150 and 250 mg kg(-1) of body weight) was evaluated for its anthelmintic action on R. norvegicus experimentally infected with S. venezuelensis. In the EHT, the LC(50) and LC(90) of the extracts were respectively as follows: 0.031 and 0.09 mg mL(-1) for P. tuberculatum, 0.04 and 0.13 mg mL(-1) for L. sidoides, 0.037 and 0.10 mg mL(-1) for M. piperita, 2.16 and 17.13 mg mL(-1) for H. crepitans and 2.03 × 10(-6) and 1.22 × 10(-12) mg mL(-1) for C. guianensis. In the LDT, the LC(50) and LC(90) were respectively: 0.02 and 0.031 mg mL(-1) for P. tuberculatum, 0.002 and 0.04 mg mL(-1) for L. sidoides, 0.018 and 0.03 mg mL(-1) for M. piperita, 0.36 and 0.91 mg mL(-1) for H. crepitans and 17.65 and 1890 mg mL(-1) for C. guianensis. The extract of P. tuberculatum showed the following substances: piperamides as (Z)-piplartine, (E)-piplartine, 8,9-dihydropiplartine, piperine, 10,11-dihydropiperine, 5,6 dihydropiperlongumine and pellitorine. The major compounds of the oils were thymol (76.6%) for L. sidoides, menthol (27.5%) for M. piperita and oleic acid (46.8%) for C. guianensis. Regarding the in vivo test, neither dose of P. tuberculatum caused any significant reduction (P>0.05) in worm burden and fecal egg counts compared with the control group. We conclude that the extracts of P. tuberculatum, L. sidoides and M. piperita have effective activity when tested in vitro, but the doses of the extract of P. tuberculatum have no effect when employed in in vivo tests.
authors.affiliation: UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Caixa Postal 510, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-000, Brazil. cocarvalho@ibb.unesp.br
authors.forename: Camila O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Ana Carolina S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chagas
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cotinguiba
authors.forename: Maysa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furlan
authors.forename: Luciana G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Francisco C M
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: Marília P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: Humberto R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Bizzo
authors.forename: Alessandro F T
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Amarante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004586:Electrophoresis; D005260:Female; D005410:Flame Ionization; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D013045:Species Specificity; D013321:Strongyloides / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts