title: Traumatic spinal cord injuries in horseback riding: a 35-year review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a potentially disabling neurologic injury that can occur in horseback riding. To date, no published study has examined the epidemiology of SCI from horseback riding in the United States, and few international studies exist on this topic. Several studies have described traumatic brain injuries, spine fractures, and extremity injuries; however, SCI patterns and outcomes in horseback riders are poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to characterize the demographics, SCI patterns, and neurologic outcomes of persons with SCIs related to horseback riding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive epidemiologic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of 121 SCI cases from horseback riding in the National SCI Statistical Center database from 1973 to 2008. The treatment setting was 26 U.S. SCI Model Systems of Care. The number of injuries, gender, age, and SCI type for horseback riding were compared with other sports and activities. The level of preserved neurologic function, SCI completeness, American Spinal Injury Association classification, and mechanical ventilation use at discharge were examined in the horseback riding group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of injury was 37.8 years (standard deviation, 15.2). The majority of patients were white (88%) and female (50.4%). Compared with diving, motorcycle riding, football, and gymnastics, horseback riding involved a significantly higher number of women (P < .005), a higher mean age of injury, and an equal likelihood of resulting in paraplegia and tetraplegia. The most common levels of preserved neurologic function were C4-C6, T12, and L1. Spinal cord injury from horseback riding most commonly resulted in incomplete tetraplegia (41%) followed by complete paraplegia (24%). Only 4 patients required mechanical ventilation on discharge from acute inpatient rehabilitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal cord injury from horseback riding affects an equal proportion of women and men, has a wide age range, and most commonly results in incomplete tetraplegia followed by complete paraplegia. Study findings improve awareness of the demographics and neurologic outcomes of individuals with SCI from horseback riding and can help guide future studies evaluating SCI mechanisms in horseback riders to improve injury prevention and management.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Spine & Sports Rehabilitation Center, 1030 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA. cindy.lin@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Cindy Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushnik
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013177:Sports; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult