title: The effect of robo-horseback riding therapy on spinal alignment and associated muscle size in MRI for a child with neuromuscular scoliosis: an experimenter-blind study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This case study was conducted to highlight the clinical and radiological features of a patient with progressive neuromuscular scoliosis before and after robo-horseback riding therapy (HBRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical, laboratory, and radiological analysis of a single case.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 11-year-old child, dignosed right thoracolumbar neuromuscular scoliosis secondary to cerebral palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The child received a 5-week course of robo-HBRT, comprising of 60-minute periods a day, five times a week. Postural alignment was determined by Cobb's method. A real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to determine the robo-HBRT-induced changes in cross-sectional area (CSA) of bilateral thoracic (T2) and lumbar (L2) paraspinalis. Clinical tests including the standard Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) and manual muscle testing (MMT) with the Lafayette Manual Muscle Tester were used to compare the intervention-related changes in motor performance and power. The surface EMG was also used to examine therapy-induced changes in muscle activity amplitude for bilateral T2 and L2 paraspinalis and rectus abdominis muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical motor and strength scores increased after the intervention. Radiographic Cobb's angle, MRI, and electromyographic amplitude data demonstrated notably enhanced spinal alignment and muscle fiber CSA and symmetry, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to provide evidence of the therapeutic efficacy of a novel form of robo-HBRT on motor function and associated structural and motor control improvements, thus suggesting a method of augmenting therapy in neuromuscular scoliosis.
authors.affiliation: Sprots and Fitness Center for Children with Disabilities, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Ryul
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nam Gi
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyun Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yun Sung
authors.forename: Sung Joshua Hyun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Jin Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Hyo Seong
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bang
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004576:Electromyography; D056147:Equine-Assisted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome