title: Calculation of electron and isotopes dose point kernels with FLUKA Monte Carlo code for dosimetry in nuclear medicine therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The calculation of patient-specific dose distribution can be achieved by Monte Carlo simulations or by analytical methods. In this study, FLUKA Monte Carlo code has been considered for use in nuclear medicine dosimetry. Up to now, FLUKA has mainly been dedicated to other fields, namely high energy physics, radiation protection, and hadrontherapy. When first employing a Monte Carlo code for nuclear medicine dosimetry, its results concerning electron transport at energies typical of nuclear medicine applications need to be verified. This is commonly achieved by means of calculation of a representative parameter and comparison with reference data. Dose point kernel (DPK), quantifying the energy deposition all around a point isotropic source, is often the one.
  
  
  METHODS
  FLUKA DPKS have been calculated in both water and compact bone for monoenergetic electrons (10-3 MeV) and for beta emitting isotopes commonly used for therapy (89Sr, 90Y, 131I 153Sm, 177Lu, 186Re, and 188Re). Point isotropic sources have been simulated at the center of a water (bone) sphere, and deposed energy has been tallied in concentric shells. FLUKA outcomes have been compared to PENELOPE v.2008 results, calculated in this study as well. Moreover, in case of monoenergetic electrons in water, comparison with the data from the literature (ETRAN, GEANT4, MCNPX) has been done. Maximum percentage differences within 0.8.RCSDA and 0.9.RCSDA for monoenergetic electrons (RCSDA being the continuous slowing down approximation range) and within 0.8.X90 and 0.9.X90 for isotopes (X90 being the radius of the sphere in which 90% of the emitted energy is absorbed) have been computed, together with the average percentage difference within 0.9.RCSDA and 0.9.X90 for electrons and isotopes, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concerning monoenergetic electrons, within 0.8.RCSDA (where 90%-97% of the particle energy is deposed), FLUKA and PENELOPE agree mostly within 7%, except for 10 and 20 keV electrons (12% in water, 8.3% in bone). The discrepancies between FLUKA and the other codes are of the same order of magnitude than those observed when comparing the other codes among them, which can be referred to the different simulation algorithms. When considering the beta spectra, discrepancies notably reduce: within 0.9.X90, FLUKA and PENELOPE differ for less than 1% in water and less than 2% in bone with any of the isotopes here considered. Complete data of FLUKA DPKS are given as Supplementary Material as a tool to perform dosimetry by analytical point kernel convolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FLUKA provides reliable results when transporting electrons in the low energy range, proving to be an adequate tool for nuclear medicine dosimetry.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Botta
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mairani
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Battistoni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cremonesi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Dia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fassò
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paganelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pedroli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valente
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes