title: Effects of palladium nanoparticles on the cytokine release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of palladium-sensitized women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles on cytokine release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of control or Pd-sensitized nonatopic women.
  
  
  METHODS
  TNF-α, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ release and/or expression from PBMCs incubated in presence of 5 to 10 nm Pd nanoparticles or Pd salt (potassium hexachloropalladate) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Transmission electronmicroscopy was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated PBMCs from controls, Pd salt inhibited IFN-γ and IL-10 release, whereas Pd nanoparticles enhanced IFN-γ release and inhibited TNF-α secretion. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated PBMCs from Pd-sensitized women showing high IFN-γ release, Pd nanoparticles inhibited TNF-α release and Pd salt IL-10 release. TNF-α and IFN-γ release and messenger RNA expression were correlated. Transmission electronmicroscopy demonstrated uptake of nanoparticles in the endocytic compartment and activation of autophagy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palladium ions and nanoparticles exert different effects in vitro on the expression and release of cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reale
authors.forename: Giovina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vianale
authors.forename: Lavinia Vittoria
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lotti
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mariani-Costantini
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perconti
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cristaudo
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leopold
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonucci
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Giampaolo
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iavicoli
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Gioacchino
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boscolo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010165:Palladium / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015848:Interleukin-5; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C532828:potassium hexachloropalladate(IV); D016753:Interleukin-10; D010165:Palladium; D007371:Interferon-gamma