title: Hypogonadism as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in men: a meta-analytic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether hypogonadism represents a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and to verify whether testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) improves CV parameters in subjects with known CV diseases (CVDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive Medline search was performed using the following words 'testosterone, CVD, and males'. The search was restricted to data from January 1, 1969, up to January 1, 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1178 retrieved articles, 70 were included in the study. Among cross-sectional studies, patients with CVD have significantly lower testosterone and higher 17-β estradiol (E(2)) levels. Conversely, no difference was observed for DHEAS. The association between low testosterone and high E(2) levels with CVD was confirmed in a logistic regression model, after adjusting for age and body mass index (hazard ratio (HR)=0.763 (0.744-0.783) and HR=1.015 (1.014-1.017), respectively, for each increment of total testosterone and E(2) levels; both P<0.0001). Longitudinal studies showed that baseline testosterone level was significantly lower among patients with incident overall- and CV-related mortality, in comparison with controls. Conversely, we did not observe any difference in the baseline testosterone and E(2) levels between case and controls for incident CVD. Finally, TRT was positively associated with a significant increase in treadmill test duration and time to 1 mm ST segment depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower testosterone and higher E(2) levels correlate with increased risk of CVD and CV mortality. TRT in hypogonadism moderates metabolic components associated with CV risk. Whether low testosterone is just an association with CV risk, or an actual cause-effect relationship, awaits further studies.
authors.affiliation: Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corona
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rastrelli
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monami
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guay
authors.forename: Jaques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buvat
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sforza
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forti
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mannucci
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol