title: Patient-reported body image and cosmesis outcomes following kidney surgery: comparison of laparoendoscopic single-site, laparoscopic, and open surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) is reported to result in superior cosmesis versus alternative surgical approaches, based solely on surgeon assessment or anecdotal evidence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate patient-reported body image and cosmesis outcomes following kidney surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective and retrospective observational cohort study involving patients who underwent kidney surgery (n=114) via LESS (n=35), laparoscopic (n=52), or open (n=27) approaches. Cosmesis was evaluated using a comprehensive survey administered ≥3 mo postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey components were a body image questionnaire (BIQ) consisting of body image and cosmesis subscales, a photo-series questionnaire (PSQ) assessing scar preferences after knowledge of scar outcomes for alternative surgical approaches, and query of preference for future surgical approach using a trade-off method. Body image, cosmesis, and PSQ scales ranged from 5 to 20, 3 to 24, and 1 to 10, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Median BIQ component scores did not significantly differ across surgical approaches. Median ratings for the LESS, laparoscopy, and open scar photographs were 8, 5, and 5, respectively (p=0.0001). Before viewing photographs, median self-scar ratings for LESS, laparoscopy, and open approaches were 9, 5, and 6.5, respectively (p=0.02); after photographs, ratings were 9, 7, and 7, respectively (p=0.008). Assuming equivalent surgical risk among the approaches, overall preference for future LESS, laparoscopy, or open surgery was 39%, 33%, or 4%, respectively. As theoretical risk of LESS was raised, preference for LESS decreased, whereas preference for laparoscopy and open surgery increased. Study limitations are a nonrandomized design and the use of a nonvalidated scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urologic patients favor LESS cosmesis outcomes over those for laparoscopy or open surgery. Considering the superior scar satisfaction among LESS patients, who were younger and more likely to be undergoing surgery for benign disease, we infer that this demographic most values the cosmetic advantages of LESS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ephrem O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Olweny
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Chad R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Saad A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mir
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
mesh_terms: D001828:Body Image; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D057240:Patient Preference; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013781:Texas; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery