title: Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398-t571 harbouring the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance gene erm(T) in Belgian hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), collected from 109 Belgian acute-care hospitals during a national survey in 2008, were investigated for macrolide-lincosamide (ML) resistance with particular emphasis on the analysis of erm(T)-carrying isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 314 MRSA and 212 MSSA were collected and characterized by spa typing. The SCCmec type of MRSA was determined. Resistance to ML antibiotics was detected by agar dilution and resistant strains were screened by PCR for erm(A), erm(C) and msr(A). Five ML-resistant MSSA isolates, negative by PCR for the aforementioned genes, were further characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Half of all MRSA isolates (n = 157; 50.0%) were resistant to erythromycin and harboured the gene erm(A) (n = 112), erm(C) (n = 41), erm(A) + erm(C) (n = 3) or msr(A) (n = 1). The erm(A) gene was mainly present in MRSA spa-CC002-ST5-SCCmec II and spa-CC008-ST8-SCCmec IV (where CC stands for clonal complex and ST stands for sequence type); the distribution of erm(C) was more diverse. Thirty-five of the 40 erythromycin-resistant MSSA (18.9%) carried the gene erm(A) (n = 17), erm(C) (n = 9) or msr(A) (n = 9). The remaining five MSSA were ST398-t571 isolates, which exhibited closely related ApaI PFGE patterns, harboured the gene erm(T) in the chromosomal DNA and did not exhibit additional resistances. These isolates were from severe infections in patients, of whom four had no contact and one had only indirect contact with livestock via a family member working in animal husbandry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ML-streptogramin B ('MLS(B)') resistance genes erm(A) or erm(C) were detected in the majority of ML-resistant MRSA and MSSA isolates. The erm(T) gene was identified in MSSA ST398 isolates from five independent patients who lacked direct contact with livestock.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylocoques, Service de Microbiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium. stien.vandendriessche@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: Stien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandendriessche
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadlec
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Denis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001530:Belgium; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055231:Lincosamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008780:Methyltransferases; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D025381:Streptogramin B / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D055231:Lincosamides; D018942:Macrolides; D025381:Streptogramin B; D008780:Methyltransferases; C431709:ErmA protein, Bacteria