title: Applying the theory of planned behaviour to explain HIV testing in antenatal settings in Addis Ababa - a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To facilitate access to the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services, HIV counselling and testing are offered routinely in antenatal care settings. Focusing a cohort of pregnant women attending public and private antenatal care facilities, this study applied an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to explain intended- and actual HIV testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sequential exploratory mixed methods study was conducted in Addis Ababa in 2009. The study involved first time antenatal attendees from public- and private health care facilities. Three Focus Group Discussions were conducted to inform the TPB questionnaire. A total of 3033 women completed the baseline TPB interviews, including attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intention with respect to HIV testing, whereas 2928 completed actual HIV testing at follow up. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, Fisher's Exact tests, Internal consistency reliability, Pearson's correlation, Linear regression, Logistic regression and using Epidemiological indices. P-values < 0.05 was considered significant and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used for the odds ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TPB explained 9.2% and 16.4% of the variance in intention among public- and private health facility attendees. Intention and perceived barriers explained 2.4% and external variables explained 7% of the total variance in HIV testing. Positive and negative predictive values of intention were 96% and 6% respectively. Across both groups, subjective norm explained a substantial amount of variance in intention, followed by attitudes. Women intended to test for HIV if they perceived social support and anticipated positive consequences following test performance. Type of counselling did not modify the link between intended and actual HIV testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TPB explained substantial amount of variance in intention to test but was less sufficient in explaining actual HIV testing. This low explanatory power of TPB was mainly due to the large proportion of low intenders that ended up being tested contrary to their intention before entering the antenatal clinic. PMTCT programs should strengthen women's intention through social approval and information that testing will provide positive consequences for them. However, women's rights to opt-out should be emphasized in any attempt to improve the PMTCT programs.
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Overlege Danielsens Hus, Årstav. 21, Postbox 7804, Bergen 5020, Norway. alemmirkuzie@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Alemnesh H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mirkuzie
authors.forename: Mitike M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sisay
authors.forename: Karen Marie
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Moland
authors.forename: Anne N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Astrøm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D033182:Intention; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult