title: Detection of left ventricular apical thrombus with three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE. Left ventricular (LV) thrombosis persists as a clinical challenge in echocardiographic diagnosis and is an important risk factor for perioperative embolic events in cardiac surgery. Appropriate detection and monitoring when thrombus is suspected is critical in surgical planning and in avoiding catastrophic patient outcomes. CASE PRESENTATION. The authors present a case of a laminated LV apical thrombus, which was discovered intraoperatively by real-time 3-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography. CLINICAL CHALLENGES. The clinical challenges were (a) LV thrombosis impact on surgical management, (b) key echocardiographic challenges in diagnosing LV thrombosis, and (c) role of 3D echocardiography in the diagnostic algorithm. CONCLUSION. Because of the lack of a gold standard, 2D transthoracic echocardiography remains the imaging modality of choice in assessment; however, there is increasing evidence that 3D technology can be more accurate in intracardiac mass detection and should be considered in the diagnostic algorithm.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, USA. ferenc.puskas@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Puskas
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Nathaen S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Weitzel
authors.forename: T Brett
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shull
authors.forename: Ernesto E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Salcedo
authors.forename: Tamas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seres
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D006322:Heart Aneurysm / Q000601:surgery; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*