title: Effects of training of processing speed on neural systems.
abstract: Processing speed (PS) training improves performance on untrained PS tasks in the elderly. However, PS training's effects on the PS of young adults and on neural mechanisms are still unknown. In humans, we investigated this issue using psychological measures, voxel-based morphometry, the n-back task [a typical task for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies with conditions of 0-back (simple cognitive processes) and 2-back tasks (working memory; WM)], resting-state fMRI for the analysis of functional connectivity between brain regions during rest (resting-FC), and intensive adaptive training of PS. PS training was associated with (1) significant or substantial improvement in the performance of PS measures, (2) changes in the gray matter structures of the left superior temporal gyrus and the bilateral regions around the occipitotemporal junction, (3) changes in functional activity that are related to simple cognitive processes (but not those of WM) in the left perisylvian region, and (4) increased resting-FC between the left perisylvian area and the area that extends to the lingual gyrus and calcarine cortex. These results confirm the PS-training-induced plasticity in PS and the training-induced plasticity of functions and structures that are associated with speeded cognitive processes. The observed neural changes caused by PS training may give us new insights into how PS training, and possibly other cognitive training, can improve PS.
authors.affiliation: Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan. takehi@idac.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sassa
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagase
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nouchi
authors.forename: Ryuta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawashima
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult