title: Factors predicting depression among persons with spinal cord injury 1 to 5 years post injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estimate changes in prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 1 to 5 years post spinal cord injury (SCI); Identify demographic, injury, and discharge factors associated with MDD at 1 and 5 years post-injury; Identify modifiers of changes in MDD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model Spinal Cord Injury System.
  
  
  METHODS
  2,256 adult participants enrolled in the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center between 1999 and 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  MDD as determined by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of MDD was 11.9% at 1 year and 9.7% at 5 years post SCI. Odds of MDD decreased significantly 1 to 5 years post-injury (odds ratio=1.26, 95% confidence interval=1.02, 1.56). At 1 year post-injury, the odds of MDD was greater for persons 35-55 years old at injury, unemployed, having an indwelling catheter or voiding bladder management at discharge, and higher scores on ASIA motor index. At 5 years post-injury, the odds of MDD were greater for females, persons 35-55 years old at injury, those with a high school education or less, those having an indwelling catheter, voiding, and no bladder management at discharge, and higher scores on ASIA motor index. Sex was the only significant modifier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDD occurs commonly 1 to 5 years post SCI. Sociodemographic, injury, and discharge factors are associated with the development and changes in depression. Future research should expand upon current findings in order to identify, prevent, and reduce the prevalence of MDD after SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Psychology and Neuropsychology, School of Medicine, MCV Campus, West Hospital, 3rd Floor Room 3-102, 730 E. Broad Street, 4th Floor, Room4320a, Richmond, VA 23298-0542, USA. jcarangolasp@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arango-Lasprilla
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ketchum
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Starkweather
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nicholls
authors.forename: Amber R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wilk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult