title: Hard to swallow: a systematic review of deliberate foreign body ingestion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deliberate foreign body ingestion (DFBI) is often impulsively driven, repetitive and refractory to intervention and frequently necessitates multiple medical interventions. As such, the frustrations among health care providers are great, and the financial toll on health care is significant. Nevertheless, the literature on DFBI is sparse, and suggestions for treatment planning and management are limited. The authors sought to investigate and uncover efficacious treatments and strategies for preventing reoccurrence in DFBI. We build on earlier work by offering both broad and diagnosis-specific management strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed addressing the presentation, management and prevention of reoccurrences of DFBI. Four cases of DFBI are presented illustrating those psychiatric diagnoses (psychosis, malingering, obsessive-compulsive disorder and borderline personality disorder) most frequently encountered in hospital practice. Both broad and specific treatment approaches are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients engaging in DFBI are best managed through a multidisciplinary approach, following acute medical management. Successful strategies for the prevention of reoccurrences of DFBI are inconclusive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the function of this behavior is critical in developing treatment for patients who engage in these dangerous, potentially life-threatening, self-injurious behaviors. An amalgam of medical, pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral interventions is recommended, as is additional research.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8. brittany_poynter@camh.net
authors.forename: Brittany A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Poynter
authors.forename: Jon J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Coverdale
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kempinsky
mesh_terms: D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000523:psychology*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome