title: Flo11p, drug efflux pumps, and the extracellular matrix cooperate to form biofilm yeast colonies.
abstract: Much like other microorganisms, wild yeasts preferentially form surface-associated communities, such as biofilms and colonies, that are well protected against hostile environments and, when growing as pathogens, against the host immune system. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal development and environmental resistance of biofilms and colonies remain largely unknown. In this paper, we show that a biofilm yeast colony is a finely tuned, complex multicellular organism in which specialized cells jointly execute multiple protection strategies. These include a Pdr1p-regulated mechanism whereby multidrug resistance transporters Pdr5p and Snq2p expel external compounds solely within the surface cell layers as well as developmentally regulated production by internal cells of a selectively permeable extracellular matrix. The two mechanisms act in concert during colony development, allowing growth of new cell generations in a well-protected internal cavity of the colony. Colony architecture is strengthened by intercellular fiber connections.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic. vachova@biomed.cas.cz
authors.forename: Libuse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Váchová
authors.forename: Vratislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stovícek
authors.forename: Otakar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hlavácek
authors.forename: Oleksandr
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chernyavskiy
authors.forename: Ludĕk
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stĕpánek
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kubínová
authors.forename: Zdena
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Palková
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology*; D005686:Galactokinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005690:Galactose / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D051304:Profilins / Q000235:genetics; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D003300:Copper; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005686:Galactokinase; D005690:Galactose; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006903:Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008668:Metallothionein; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D010078:Oxazines; D051304:Profilins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C086662:CDC3 protein, S cerevisiae; C500769:CUP1-1 protein, S cerevisiae; C110690:FLO11 protein, S cerevisiae; C085480:PDR1 protein, S cerevisiae; C092438:PDR5 protein, S cerevisiae; C101797:SNQ2 protein, S cerevisiae; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; C524219:GAL1 protein, S cerevisiae; C044808:nile red