title: Metal-induced artifacts in MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to review some of the basic principles of imaging and how metal-induced susceptibility artifacts originate in MR images. We will describe common ways to reduce or modify artifacts using readily available imaging techniques, and we will discuss some advanced methods to correct readout-direction and slice-direction artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of metallic implants in MRI can cause substantial image artifacts, including signal loss, failure of fat suppression, geometric distortion, and bright pile-up artifacts. These cause large resonant frequency changes and failure of many MRI mechanisms. Careful parameter and pulse sequence selections can avoid or reduce artifacts, although more advanced imaging methods offer further imaging improvements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Lucas Center for Imaging, Rm P270, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA 94305-5488, USA. bah@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.forename: Pauline W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Worters
authors.forename: Kim Butts
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Garry E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008670:Metals; D019736:Prostheses and Implants
chemical_list: D008670:Metals