title: Modeling the truebeam linac using a CAD to Geant4 geometry implementation: dose and IAEA-compliant phase space calculations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create an accurate 6 MV Monte Carlo simulation phase space for the Varian TrueBeam treatment head geometry imported from CAD (computer aided design) without adjusting the input electron phase space parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  GEANT4 v4.9.2.p01 was employed to simulate the 6 MV beam treatment head geometry of the Varian TrueBeam linac. The electron tracks in the linear accelerator were simulated with Parmela, and the obtained electron phase space was used as an input to the Monte Carlo beam transport and dose calculations. The geometry components are tessellated solids included in GEANT4 as GDML (generalized dynamic markup language) files obtained via STEP (standard for the exchange of product) export from Pro/Engineering, followed by STEP import in Fastrad, a STEP-GDML converter. The linac has a compact treatment head and the small space between the shielding collimator and the divergent are of the upper jaws forbids the implementation of a plane for storing the phase space. Instead, an IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) compliant phase space writer was implemented on a cylindrical surface. The simulation was run in parallel on a 1200 node Linux cluster. The 6 MV dose calculations were performed for field sizes varying from 4 x 4 to 40 x 40 cm2. The voxel size for the 60 x 60 x 40 cm3 water phantom was 4 x 4 x 4 mm3. For the 10 x 10 cm2 field, surface buildup calculations were performed using 4 x 4 x 2 mm3 voxels within 20 mm of the surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the depth dose curves, 98% of the calculated data points agree within 2% with the experimental measurements for depths between 2 and 40 cm. For depths between 5 and 30 cm, agreement within 1% is obtained for 99% (4 x 4), 95% (10 x 10), 94% (20 x 20 and 30 x 30), and 89% (40 x 40) of the data points, respectively. In the buildup region, the agreement is within 2%, except at 1 mm depth where the deviation is 5% for the 10 x 10 cm2 open field. For the lateral dose profiles, within the field size for fields up to 30 x 30 cm2, the agreement is within 2% for depths up to 10 cm. At 20 cm depth, the in-field maximum dose difference for the 30 x 30 cm2 open field is within 4%, while the smaller field sizes agree within 2%. Outside the field size, agreement within 1% of the maximum dose difference is obtained for all fields. The calculated output factors varied from 0.938 +/- 0.015 for the 4 x 4 cm2 field to 1.088 +/- 0.024 for the 40 x 40 cm2 field. Their agreement with the experimental output factors is within 1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have validated a GEANT4 simulated IAEA-compliant phase space of the TrueBeam linac for the 6 MV beam obtained using a high accuracy geometry implementation from CAD. These files are publicly available and can be used for further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Physics Division, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA. magdalena.constantin@varian.com
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Constantin
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perl
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: LoSasso
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salop
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whittum
authors.forename: Anisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narula
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Svatos
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keall
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software