title: Ultrasonication--a complementary 'green chemistry' tool to biocatalysis: a laboratory-scale study of lycopene extraction.
abstract: Lycopene is bequeathed with multiple bio-protective roles, primarily attributed to its unique molecular structure. The concomitant exploitation of two of the green chemistry tools viz., sonication and biocatalysis is reported here for the laboratory scale extraction of lycopene from tomato peel. The coupled system improved the extraction by 662%, 225% and 150% times over the unaided, only cellulase 'Onozuka R-10' treated and only sonication treated samples respectively. The sonication parameters (duration, cycle and amplitude) during the coupled operation were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Derivative UV-visible spectra (i.e., dA/dλ and d(2)A/dλ(2) against λ), FTIR analysis, and DPPH scavenging test suggested that the reported extraction protocol did not affect the molecular structure and bioactivity of the extracted lycopene. The influence of sonication on the probable structural modulation (through UV-visible spectral analysis) and activity of the enzyme were also analyzed. A plausible mechanism is proposed for the enhanced extraction achieved via the coupled system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur-784028, Assam, India.
authors.forename: Rocktotpal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Konwarh
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kalita
authors.forename: Charu Lata
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mahanta
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karak
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002480:Cellulase / Q000378:metabolism; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D007753:Laboratories; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010851:Picrates; D002338:Carotenoids; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D002480:Cellulase; D000077276:Lycopene