title: Relationship between oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in lymphocytes of diabetic patients with chronic non healing wound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia causes generation of free radicals which leads to oxidative stress and apoptosis in various cells. The present study was undertaken to investigate the correlation between oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in lymphocytes of diabetic patients with chronic non healing wounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy, thirty uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and thirty uncontrolled T2DM with chronic, non healing, neuropathic diabetic foot patients were included in this study. Indices of oxidative stress inside the lymphocyte lysate were estimated by measuring content of superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione and malonaldialdehyde (MDA). Protein expression studies of pro and anti apoptotic markers were carried out to elucidate their possible involvement in diabetic context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SOD and MDA activity was significantly higher in the lymphocytes of diabetic patients having chronic, non healing diabetic wound as compared with healthy (p<0.001); whereas catalase and GSH activity was significantly reduced (p<0.001) in the same group. Expressions of pro apoptotic markers (Caspase-3, Fas and Bax) were significantly higher whereas reduced expression of anti-apoptotic marker (Bcl-2) were obtained in lymphocytes of diabetic and non diabetic individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperglycemia confers pro apoptotic manifestations which are mostly through altered indices of oxidative stress within lymphocytic milieu.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Awadhesh K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pokharia
authors.forename: Kamlakar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tripathi
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D053148:Caspase 3; D005978:Glutathione