title: Butterfly proboscis: combining a drinking straw with a nanosponge facilitated diversification of feeding habits.
abstract: The ability of Lepidoptera, or butterflies and moths, to drink liquids from rotting fruit and wet soil, as well as nectar from floral tubes, raises the question of whether the conventional view of the proboscis as a drinking straw can account for the withdrawal of fluids from porous substrates or of films and droplets from floral tubes. We discovered that the proboscis promotes capillary pull of liquids from diverse sources owing to a hierarchical pore structure spanning nano- and microscales. X-ray phase-contrast imaging reveals that Plateau instability causes liquid bridges to form in the food canal, which are transported to the gut by the muscular sucking pump in the head. The dual functionality of the proboscis represents a key innovation for exploiting a vast range of nutritional sources. We suggest that future studies of the adaptive radiation of the Lepidoptera take into account the role played by the structural organization of the proboscis. A transformative two-step model of capillary intake and suctioning can be applied not only to butterflies and moths but also potentially to vast numbers of other insects such as bees and flies.
authors.affiliation: School of Material Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monaenkova
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lehnert
authors.forename: Taras
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andrukh
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: Binyamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tokarev
authors.forename: Wah-Keat
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Konstantin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Kornev
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000648:ultrastructure