title: Executive function skills are associated with reading and parent-rated child function in children born prematurely.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preterm children are at risk for executive function (EF) problems, which have been linked to behavior and learning problems in full term children. In this study, we examine the relationship between EF and functional outcomes in preterm children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate (1) EF skills of 9- to 16-year-old children born across the spectrum of gestational age (GA), (2) relationship of degree of prematurity to EF skills, and (3) contributions of EF skills to two functional outcomes - reading scores and parent-rated child function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preterm children <36 weeks gestation (n=72) were compared to full term children (n=42) of similar age, gender and SES, on measures of EF, reading, and parent-ratings of child function. Multiple regression models evaluated contributions to EF skills and functional outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to full term controls, preterm children had poorer EF performance on a complex planning and organization task and did not increase planning time as task difficulty increased. Their spatial memory capacity was not different. GA contributed to EF skills, but was mediated by IQ. EF contributed to the variance in reading skills but did not add to the variance in reading when IQ was considered. EF skills significantly contributed to the variance in parent-rated child function, but IQ did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EF skills contribute to measures of functional outcome in this high-risk population. The use of EF skills as an early marker for learning and functional problems and as a target for intervention in children born preterm warrants future study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. iloe@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Irene M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Loe
authors.forename: Eliana S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011932:Reading; D012107:Research Design