title: Immune activation by combination human lymphokine-activated killer and dendritic cell therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal cellular immunotherapy for cancer should ideally harness both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAKs) can trigger early innate killing of tumour targets, whereas long-term adaptive-specific tumour control requires priming of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) following acquisition of tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). As DCs stimulate both innate and adaptive effectors, combination cell therapy using LAKs and DCs has the potential to maximise anti-tumour immune priming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reciprocal activation between human clinical grade LAKs and DCs on co-culture, and its immune consequences, was monitored by cell phenotype, cytokine release and priming of both innate and adaptive cytotoxicity against melanoma targets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-culture of DCs and LAKs led to phenotypic activation of natural killer (NK) cells within the LAK population, which was associated with increased production of inflammatory cytokines and enhanced innate cytotoxicity against tumour cell targets. The LAKs reciprocally matured DCs, and the combination of LAKs and DCs, on addition of melanoma cells, supported priming of specific anti-tumour CTLs better than DCs alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical-grade LAKs/DCs represents a practical, effective combination cell immunotherapy for stimulation of both innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity in cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Melcher
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D015979:Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated / Q000276:immunology*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines