title: Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-expressing endothelial cells co-express AGE and S100 in human periapical granulomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The engagement of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) by AGE or S100 perturbs homeostatic mechanisms and provides a basis for cellular dysfunction in pathological situations. To assess the mechanism of vascular immune reactions in chronic periapical periodontitis, we analysed co-expression of RAGE and AGE or S100 in periapical granulomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgically removed periapical lesions, which had been diagnosed as chronic periodontitis, were inspected histologically using paraffin-embedded sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Cryostat sections of the tissues, which were identified histologically as periapical granulomas, were then examined by double immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibodies raised against human CD34 and monoclonal antibodies specific for human RAGE, AGE or S100. Dual-colour immunofluorescence image analysis was also performed to assess the co-expression of RAGE and AGE or RAGE and S100 by endothelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked expression of RAGE, AGE, and S100 by CD34(+) endothelial cells was noted. Dual-colour immunofluorescence image analysis revealed that the RAGE-expressing endothelial cells co-expressed AGE and S100; however, the number of RAGE-AGE-expressing endothelial cells was significantly higher than that of RAGE-S100-expressing endothelial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-expression of RAGE and AGE by endothelial cells in periapical granulomas is more relevant than that of RAGE and S100. The possible engagement of RAGE and AGE may trigger cellular activation and mediate tissue injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Dental Research Centre, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Japan. takeichi@dent.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takeichi
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatori
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamimoto
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Bunnai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ogiso
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000276:immunology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010484:Periapical Granuloma / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D009418:S100 Proteins