title: Direct effect of morphine on breast cancer cell function in vitro: role of the NET1 gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental data suggest that postoperative analgesia in general and opioids in particular may affect the risk of metastases after primary cancer surgery. Perioperative single-gene activation may also spark metastatic disease. The NET1 gene promotes migration in adenocarcinoma cells. We investigated opioid receptor expression in both breast cancer cell lines and the direct effect of morphine and NET-1 on breast cancer cell migration in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proliferation and migration of oestrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 and oestrogen receptor-positive MCF7 breast cancer cells were studied after incubation with morphine 10-100 ng ml(-1) and control. NET1 gene expression was determined by polymerase chain reaction. The effect of NET1 on cell migration was determined using gene silencing with siRNA and stimulation with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The effect of morphine on NET1 expression and migration of cells with silenced NET1 was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NET1 gene was expressed in both cell lines and stimulated by LPA (2.9-fold in MCF7 and 78-fold in MDA-MB-231). NET1 expression was decreased by 96% after gene silencing in both cell lines with corresponding changes in migration. Despite the lack of opioid receptor expression, morphine increased the expression of NET1 (by 94% in MCF7 and by 263% in MDA-MB-231 cells). Morphine also increased migration by 17-27% and 7-53% in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Silencing the NET1 gene reversed the effect of morphine on migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NET1 gene, but not opioid receptors, is expressed in breast adenocarcinoma cells and may facilitate their migration. Morphine increased both expression of NET1 and cell migration but not when NET1 was silenced, implying that NET1 contributes to mediating the direct effect of morphine on breast cancer cell migration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia,  Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin,  Ireland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ecimovic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Doran
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Buggy
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; C099763:NET1 protein, human; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D009020:Morphine