title: N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization as the primary treatment of acute hemodynamically unstable lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) embolization as the primary treatment for patients with severe and acute hemodynamically unstable lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients with acute, unstable hemodynamics caused by lower gastrointestinal bleeding underwent therapeutic NBCA microcatheter embolization over a period of 27 months. The inclusion criteria were hematochezia or melena and hypotension refractory to conservative treatment and requiring blood transfusion. Bleeding was localized to the rectum, colon, or small intestine in all nine such cases. Fifteen patients had severe underlying comorbidities, including sepsis, respiratory failure, malignancy, or renal failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was technically successful in all patients. Twenty-six patients were treated solely with NBCA, and one required microcoil embolization. Embolization was performed at the level of the arteria recta or as close as possible to the point of bleeding. Immediate hemostasis occurred in all cases. Four patients experienced repeat hemorrhage, one of whom died. The other three were treated successfully with repeat NBCA embolization. None of the surviving patients had evidence of bowel ischemia. In addition, none of the patients with severe underlying disease died during the follow-up period (range, 3 mo to 2 y).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that NBCA embolization may be a safe alternative treatment for the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Further studies are warranted to confirm the findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chung-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jong-Kai
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.forename: Po-Chin
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Kao-Lang
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yuk-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Hon-Man
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057785:Catheters; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008904:Miniaturization; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013624:Taiwan; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004659:Enbucrilate