title: Neuro-QOL: quality of life item banks for adults with neurological disorders: item development and calibrations based upon clinical and general population testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuro-QOL provides a clinically relevant and psychometrically robust health-related quality of life (HRQL) assessment tool for both adults and children with common neurological disorders. We now report the psychometric results for the adult tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive research, survey and consensus process was used to produce a list of 5 priority adult neurological conditions (stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and ALS). We identified relevant health related quality of life (HRQL) domains through multiple methods and data sources including a comprehensive review of the literature and literature search, expert interviews and surveys and patient and caregiver focus groups. The final domain framework consisted of 17 domains of Physical, Mental and Social health. There were five phases of item development: (1) identification of 3,482 extant items, (2) item classification and selection, (3) item review and revision, (4) cognitive interviews with 63 patients to assess their understanding of individual items and (5) field testing of 432 representative items.                                               PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURES:                          Participants were drawn from the US general population and clinical settings, and included both English and Spanish speaking subjects (N = 3,246). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the dimensionality of unidimensional domains. Where the domain structure was previously unknown, the dataset was split and first analyzed with exploratory factor analysis and then CFA. Samejima's graded response model (GRM) was used to calculate IRT parameters. We further evaluated differential item functioning (DIF) on gender, education and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen unidimensional calibrated item banks consisting of 297 items were developed. All of the tested item banks had high reliability and few or no locally dependent items. The range of item slopes and thresholds with good information are reported for each of the item banks. The banks can support CAT and the development of short forms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Neuro-QOL measurement system provides item banks and short forms that enable PRO measurement in neurological research, minimizes patient burden and can be used to create multiple instrument types minimizing standard error. The 17 adult measures include 13 calibrated item banks, 3 item pools available for calibration work by others, and 1 stand-alone scale (index). The Neuro-QOL instruments provide a "common metric" of representative concepts for use across patient groups in different studies.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. gershon@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gershon
authors.forename: Jin Shei
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: Seung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moy
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bleck
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peterman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cella
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002138:Calibration; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires