title: Epistaxis as the reason for premature discontinuation of clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary angioplasty with stent implantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haemorrhagic complications, including epistaxis, are the main reason for discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy in patients after stent implantation which increases risk of in-stent thrombosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence of bleeding complications leading to premature discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3250 patients (males 64%, mean age 62 ± 10 years) after PCI with stent implantation and without indications for chronic anticoagulation or the use of low molecular weight heparin participated in the survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antiplatelet therapy after discharge from hospital was continued by 98.5% of patients. Antiplatelet therapy, according to the current standards (clopidogrel with acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]), was used by 86.3% of the respondents and 8.4% of patients used clopidogrel without ASA. A 90.0% of patients after bare metal stent (BMS) implantation and 94.9% after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation (p < 0.001) continued clopidogrel therapy for more than a month. The 12-month period of clopidogrel treatment was completed by 52.4% of patients after BMS implantation and by 68.9% after DES implantation (p < 0.001). Epistaxis occurred in 6.2% of patients. The incidence of epistaxis was similar in patients taking clopidogrel (4.7%) or ASA (4.6%) alone and in patients taking both drugs (5.8%). Episodes of epistaxis generally did not occur during the first month of antiplatelet therapy after DES implantation and were followed by discontinuation of clopidogrel therapy by 20.9% of patients with this bleeding complication. Factors favouring the occurrence of epistaxis included hypertension (OR = 2.22), chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.85) and liver cirrhosis (OR = 2.53). Epistaxis occurred in 12.1% of the patients who prematurely discontinued clopidogrel (OR = 2.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. The occurrence of epistaxis is followed by premature discontinuation of clopidogrel therapy by one fifth of patients after coronary angioplasty and DES implantation. 2. Nosebleeds are more common in subjects with hypertension, chronic kidney disease and liver cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laryngology, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jura-Szołtys
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chudek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D013997:Time Factors; D028761:Withholding Treatment
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine