title: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: diagnostic, pathogenetic, clinical and treatment perspectives.
abstract: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was recently described in multiple sclerosis patients. CCSVI is characterized by impaired brain venous drainage due to outflow obstruction in the extracranial venous system, mostly related to anomalies in the internal jugular and azygos veins. The current CCSVI diagnosis is based on Doppler sonography of extracranial and transcranial venous hemodynamics criteria. To date, prevalence estimates of CCSVI, provided by different groups using various imaging methods of assessment, vary widely from none to 100%. There is an urgent need to define and validate the spectrum of cranial/extracranial venous anomalies and to establish reliable, diagnostic gold-standard test(s). The potential usefulness of endovascular treatment for CCSVI in multiple sclerosis patients is still unknown.
authors.affiliation: Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. rzivadinov@bnac.net
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zivadinov
authors.forename: Murali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.forename: Kresimir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dolic
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marr
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Karmon
authors.forename: Adnan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Ralph Hb
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinstock-Guttman
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy