title: Cutaneous granulomas in ataxia telangiectasia and other primary immunodeficiencies: reflection of inappropriate immune regulation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-infective cutaneous granulomas with unknown pathogenesis occur in various primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) including ataxia telangiectasia (A-T).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To find a common immunological denominator in these cutaneous granulomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dermatological and immunological features of 4 patients with A-T and cutaneous granulomas were described. The literature on skin granulomas in A-T and in other PIDs is reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 4 A-T patients had progressive granulomas on their limbs and showed decreased IgG and IgA concentrations with normal IgM levels. They had a marked decrease in B cells and naïve T cells coinciding with the appearance of the cutaneous granulomas. Similar B- and T-cell abnormalities were described in patients with other PIDs with skin granulomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We hypothesize that the pathogenesis of these skin granulomas is related to immune dysregulation of macrophages due to the absence of naïve T cells with an appropriate T-cell receptor repertoire and the unopposed activity of γδ T cells and/or natural killer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L Y T
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chiam
authors.forename: M M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Verhagen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haraldsson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wulffraat
authors.forename: G-J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Driessen
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
authors.forename: C M R
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Weemaes
authors.forename: M M B
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Seyger
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Deuren
mesh_terms: D001260:Ataxia Telangiectasia / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000378:metabolism; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D007868:Leg Dermatoses / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G