title: Prediction of oxygen distribution in aortic valve leaflet considering diffusion and convection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxygen supply and transport is an important consideration in the development of tissue engineered constructs. Previous studies from our group have focused on the effect of tissue thickness on the oxygen diffusion within a three-dimensional aortic valve leaflet model, and highlighted the necessity for additional transport mechanisms such as oxygen convection. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of interstitial fluid flow within the aortic valve leaflet, induced by the cyclic loading of the leaflet, on oxygen transport.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indentation testing and finite element modelings were employed to derive the biphasic properties of the leaflet tissue. The biphasic properties were subsequently used in the computational modeling of oxygen convection in the leaflet, which was based on the effective interstitial fluid velocity and the tissue deformation. Subsequently, the oxygen profile was predicted within the valve leaflet model by solving the diffusion and convection equation simultaneously utilizing the finite difference method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The compression modulus (E) and hydraulic permeability were determined by adapting a finite element model to the experimental indentation test on valvular tissue, E = 0.05MPa, and k =2.0 mm4/Ns. Finite element model of oxygen convection in valvular tissue incorporating the predicted biphasic properties was developed and the interstitial fluid flow rate was calculated falling in range of 0.025-0.25 mm/s depending on the tissue depth. Oxygen distribution within valvular tissue was predicted using one-dimensional oxygen diffusion model taking into consider the interstitial fluid effect. It was found that convection did enhance the oxygen transport in valvular tissue by up to 68% increase in the minimum oxygen tension within the tissue, depending on the strain level of the tissue as reaction of the magnitude and frequencies of the cardiac loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effective interstitial fluid velocity was found to play an important role in enhancing the oxygen transport within the valve leaflet. Such an understanding is important in the development of valvular tissue engineered constructs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. l.wang@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sotirios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korossis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Zhongmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018481:Convection; D004058:Diffusion; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen