title: Occurrence of adenovirus and other enteric viruses in limited-contact freshwater recreational areas and bathing waters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to characterize enteric virus concentrations and their infectivity in a variety of limited-contact recreation and bathing waters, including Great Lakes beaches, inland lakes, rivers, and an effluent-dominated urban waterway. Additionally, we evaluated associations between point sources of human faecal pollution and enterovirus and adenovirus presence and concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and two cell culture lines were used to identify and quantify viruses in water samples. The presence of human adenoviruses F was strongly associated with effluent-dominated waters (odds ratio 6·1, confidence interval 2·3, 15·7), as was adenovirus concentration; though, neither enterovirus presence nor concentration was associated with an effluent source. Samples with high concentrations of qPCR targets all tested positive by cell culture on both cell lines, although qPCR target concentrations were not correlated with culture values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenovirus was strongly associated with point sources of human faecal pollution while enterovirus was not, indicating that adenovirus measured by qPCR is a better target than enterovirus for identifying wastewater discharges in recreational freshwaters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of monitoring for enteric human viral pathogens at recreational waters should include adenovirus testing. Further research is needed to interpret the results of qPCR testing in relationship to the presence of infectious viruses using cell culture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 13 Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Xagoraraki
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dorevitch
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000818:Animals; D001493:Bathing Beaches; D002460:Cell Line; D002641:Chicago; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D060106:Lakes / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011998:Recreation; D045483:Rivers / Q000821:virology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis