title: The association between obstructive sleep apnea and dietary choices among obese individuals during middle to late childhood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine whether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with the dietary choices of obese individuals during middle- to late-childhood. It was hypothesized that OSA would be associated with increased caloric content of a dinner order, particularly with high carbohydrate food choices. Secondarily, we examined the relationships between sleep duration and dietary choices.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 obese subjects aged 10-16.9 years participated in a cross-sectional study that involved systematic collection of sleep duration (based on actigraphy), presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (obstructive apnea+hypopnea index [AHI] from inpatient polysomnography) and the macronutrient content of dinners ordered from a standardized hospital menu the evening before the polysomnogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary analyses using Spearman rank-order correlations found that AHI was significantly associated with total calories, as well as grams of fat and carbohydrate, but not protein. These macronutrient variables did not correlate with sleep duration across a week, nor the night before the meal. Findings were unchanged after correcting for age- and sex-adjusted BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More severe OSA appears to be associated with an increased preference for calorie-dense foods that are high in fat and carbohydrates in a manner that is independent of degree of obesity. Although this novel finding awaits replication, it has potential implications for the clinical care of obese youth and individuals with OSA, adds to the limited data that relate sleep to dietary choices and may have implications for OSA-related morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. dean.beebe@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Dean W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Beebe
authors.forename: Nate
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Raouf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amin
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D017286:Polysomnography; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins