title: Methods for improving efficiency in quality measurement: the example of pain screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Collecting unnecessary data when assessing quality of care wastes valuable resources. We evaluated three approaches for estimating quality-measure adherence and determined minimum visit data required to achieve accurate estimates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We abstracted medical records for calculating physician-level pain screening rates as: visit-specific, using single-visit data for each patient; visit-level average, using data for all patients and visits; and patient-level average, using data from a subset of patients and visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  VA Greater Los Angeles Health-care System, 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and six patients with Stage IV solid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain screening at every medical encounter, measured by a 0-10 numeric rating scale and reported to the national Medicare insurance program under a 'pay-for-reporting' program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amount of visit data needed to reach the smallest 95% confidence interval (CI) and stable pain screening estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain screening occurred at 22% (23/106; 95% CI: 14-30%) of initial visits and 50% (8/16; 95% CI: 25-75%) of single visits. Across all visits, screening adherence averaged 34% when estimated at the visit-level precision and 30% at the patient level. Maximum patient-level precision was reached at visit 4 (95% CI: ± 8%) and visit level at visit 14 (95% CI: ± 6%). Using patient-level and visit-level approaches, estimates stabilized at visits 8 and 11, respectively, and reached within 1 percentage point of the steady-state value at visits 4 and 9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To address low-pain screening among cancer patients, an oncology pain screening measure may be most efficiently evaluated with data from a sample of patients and visits. This approach may be valid for visit-level quality measures in other settings.
authors.affiliation: Partnership for Health Analytic Research, LLC, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA. tbentley@pharllc.com
authors.forename: T G K
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Longino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dy
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lorenz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards