title: Transcriptomic analysis supports similar functional roles for the two thymuses of the tammar wallaby.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The thymus plays a critical role in the development and maturation of T-cells. Humans have a single thoracic thymus and presence of a second thymus is considered an anomaly. However, many vertebrates have multiple thymuses. The tammar wallaby has two thymuses: a thoracic thymus (typically found in all mammals) and a dominant cervical thymus. Researchers have known about the presence of the two wallaby thymuses since the 1800s, but no genome-wide research has been carried out into possible functional differences between the two thymic tissues. Here, we used pyrosequencing to compare the transcriptomes of a cervical and thoracic thymus from a single 178 day old tammar wallaby.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that both the tammar thoracic and the cervical thymuses displayed gene expression profiles consistent with roles in T-cell development. Both thymuses expressed genes that mediate distinct phases of T-cells differentiation, including the initial commitment of blood stem cells to the T-lineage, the generation of T-cell receptor diversity and development of thymic epithelial cells. Crucial immune genes, such as chemokines were also present. Comparable patterns of expression of non-coding RNAs were seen. 67 genes differentially expressed between the two thymuses were detected, and the possible significance of these results are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study comparing the transcriptomes of two thymuses from a single individual. Our finding supports that both thymuses are functionally equivalent and drive T-cell development. These results are an important first step in the understanding of the genetic processes that govern marsupial immunity, and also allow us to begin to trace the evolution of the mammalian immune system.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Emily S W
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Papenfuss
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heger
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chris P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ponting
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fenelon
authors.forename: Marilyn B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Renfree
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Belov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007614:Macropodidae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics; D013909:Thorax; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D022661:RNA, Untranslated