title: Primary care providers advising smokers to quit: comparing effectiveness between those with and without alcohol, drug, or mental disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with alcohol, drug, or mental (ADM) disorders combined make up over 40% of all smokers in the U.S. Primary care providers (PCPs) play an important role in smoking cessation counseling, but their effectiveness with this population is unclear. This study evaluated the effectiveness of PCP smoking cessation counseling for smokers with ADM disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Probit regressions conducted in 2009-2010 examined the relationship between past year PCP smoking cessation counseling and successful quitting among 1,356 adults who reported smoking in the 1998-1999 Community Tracking Study survey and who reported seeing a PCP in the past year in the follow-up 2000-2001 Healthcare for Communities Survey. Past year PCP exercise counseling was used as an instrumental variable for past year PCP smoking cessation counseling to account for potential hidden bias between smoking status and receipt of smoking cessation counseling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers with and without ADM disorders were equally likely to receive smoking cessation counseling (72.9% vs. 69.9%). Using the instrumental variable approach, smoking cessation counseling by PCPs was significantly associated (p < .01) with quitting among both groups. Predicted probabilities of quitting without smoking cessation counseling were 6.0% for smokers with ADM disorders and 10.5% for smokers without ADM disorders. Predicted probabilities of quitting with smoking cessation counseling were 31.3% for smokers with ADM disorders and 34.9% for smokers without ADM disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that PCPs can help smokers with ADM disorders successfully quit. These smokers should be targeted for smoking cessation counseling to reduce the health burden of tobacco.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 911 Broxton Avenue, First Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. michael.ong@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Hai-Yen
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015331:Cohort Studies; D037001:Directive Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult