title: Mini-implants vs fixed functional appliances for treatment of young adult Class II female patients: a prospective clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the treatment effects of maxillary anterior teeth retraction with mini-implant anchorage in young adults with Class II division 1 malocclusion undergoing extraction of the maxillary first premolars with similar patients treated by a fixed functional appliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four young adult female patients (mean age 16.5 ± 3.2 years, overjet ≥ 6 mm) with a Class II division 1 malocclusion were divided into two groups: group 1 (G1), in which overjet correction was obtained with a fixed functional appliance (FFA), and group 2 (G2), in which upper first premolars were extracted, followed by space closure with MIs as anchor units. Dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes were analyzed on lateral cephalograms taken before (T1) and after (T2) correction of the overjet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both methods were useful in improving the overjet and interincisal relationships. Extrusion and mesial movement of the lower molar, together with lower incisor proclination, were noted in G1. G2 showed distalization and intrusion of the upper molar. The nasio-labial angle became more obtuse in G2, while lower lip protrusion was seen for G1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two treatment protocols provided adequate dental compensation for the Class II malocclusion, but did not correct the skeletal discrepancy. There were significant differences in the dental and soft tissue treatment effects between the two treatment protocols.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut, Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. maupadhyay@uchc.edu
authors.forename: Madhur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: Ravindra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nanda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000601:surgery; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008046:Lip / Q000473:pathology; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019516:Orthodontic Space Closure / Q000295:instrumentation; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants