title: Substrate use and biochemical response to a 3,211-km bicycle tour in trained cyclists.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the physiological adaptations in physically fit individuals to a period of intensified training. Ten trained males cycled outdoors ~170 km day(-1) on 19 out of 21 days. Expired gas was collected on days 1 and 21 during maximal graded exercise and used for the determination of gross efficiency and whole body substrate use. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after exercise on days 2 and 22 for the determination of mtDNA/gDNA ratio, gene expression, metabolic enzyme activity and glycogen use. Muscle glycogen before and after exercise, fat oxidation, and gross efficiency increased, carbohydrate oxidation decreased (p < 0.05), and VO(2max) did not change over the 21 days of training. Citrate synthase (CS), β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) enzyme activity did not change with training. CS and β-HAD mRNA did not change with acute exercise or training. COX (subunit IV) mRNA increased with acute exercise (p < 0.05) but did not change over the 21 days. PGC-1α mRNA increased with acute exercise, but did not increase to the same degree on day 22 as it did on day 2 (p < 0.05). UCP3 mRNA decreased with training (p < 0.05). Acute exercise caused an increase in mitofusin2 (MFN2) mRNA (p < 0.05) and a trend for an increase in mtDNA/gDNA ratio (p = 0.057). However, training did not affect MFN2 mRNA or mtDNA/gDNA ratio. In response to 3,211 km of cycling, changes in substrate use and gross efficiency appear to be more profound than mitochondrial adaptations in trained individuals.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Physical Education and Recreation, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA. dslivka@unomaha.edu
authors.forename: Dustin R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Slivka
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dumke
authors.forename: Walter S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hailes
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cuddy
authors.forename: Brent C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Ruby
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001642:Bicycling; D001823:Body Composition; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006003:Glycogen