title: Food composition of the diet in relation to changes in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary factors such as low energy density and low glycemic index were associated with a lower gain in abdominal adiposity. A better understanding of which food groups/items contribute to these associations is necessary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the association of food groups/items consumption on prospective annual changes in "waist circumference for a given BMI" (WC(BMI)), a proxy for abdominal adiposity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 48,631 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 5.5 years. WC(BMI) was defined as the residuals of waist circumference regressed on BMI, and annual change in WC(BMI) (ΔWC(BMI), cm/y) was defined as the difference between residuals at follow-up and baseline, divided by follow-up time. The association between food groups/items and ΔWC(BMI) was modelled using centre-specific adjusted linear regression, and random-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher fruit and dairy products consumption was associated with a lower gain in WC(BMI) whereas the consumption of white bread, processed meat, margarine, and soft drinks was positively associated with ΔWC(BMI). When these six food groups/items were analyzed in combination using a summary score, those in the highest quartile of the score--indicating a more favourable dietary pattern--showed a ΔWC(BMI) of -0.11 (95% CI -0.09 to -0.14) cm/y compared to those in the lowest quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A dietary pattern high in fruit and dairy and low in white bread, processed meat, margarine, and soft drinks may help to prevent abdominal fat accumulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom. d.romaguera-bosch@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romaguera
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ängquist
authors.forename: Huaidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Marianne Uhre
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Nita G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Forouhi
authors.forename: Jytte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjær
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.forename: Daphne L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: van der A
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masala
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
authors.forename: Thorkild I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003611:Dairy Products; D003718:Denmark; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005638:Fruit; D005858:Germany; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D006113:United Kingdom; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology*