title: Forensic quest for age determination of bloodstains.
abstract: Bloodstains at crime scenes are among the most important types of evidence for forensic investigators. They can be used for DNA-profiling for verifying the suspect's identity or for pattern analysis in order to reconstruct the crime. However, until now, using bloodstains to determine the time elapsed since the crime was committed is still not possible. From a criminalistic point of view, an accurate estimation of when the crime was committed enables to verify witnesses' statements, limits the number of suspects and assesses alibis. Despite several attempts and exploration of many technologies during a century, no method has been materialized into forensic practice. This review gives an overview of an extensive search in scientific literature of techniques that address the quest for age determination of bloodstains. We found that most techniques are complementary to each other, in short as well as long term age determination. Techniques are compared concerning their sensitivity for short and long term ageing of bloodstains and concerning their possible applicability to be used on a crime scene. In addition, experimental challenges like substrate variation, interdonor variation and environmental influences are addressed. Comparison of these techniques contributes to our knowledge of the physics and biochemistry in an ageing bloodstain. Further improvement and incorporation of environmental factors are necessary to enable age determination of bloodstains to be acceptable in court.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.h.bremmer@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Rolf H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bremmer
authors.forename: Karla G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.forename: Martin J C
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Gemert
authors.forename: Ton G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Maurice C G
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aalders
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000473:pathology; D001801:Blood Stains; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; D004777:Environment; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000473:pathology; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008027:Light; D008839:Microelectrodes; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D012313:RNA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020871:RNA Stability; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D012313:RNA; D010100:Oxygen