title: How do low/high height and weight variation affect upper limb movements during manual material handling of industrial boxes?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of surface height and load weight on upper limb movements and electromyographic (EMG) recordings during manual handling performed by both experienced and inexperienced lifter subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen experienced and sixteen inexperienced lifters handled a box (both 7 and 15 kg) from an intermediate height (waist level) to either a high or low surface. Electromyography and video images were recorded during the tasks. The 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles were calculated for the deltoid and biceps muscles, shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, and elbow flexion movements. Groups, right/left sides, weights and heights were compared. There were no differences between either groups or sides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weight and height variations affected EMG and posture, although weight had more impact on EMG. Shoulder abduction and flexion movements higher than 60º occurred, particularly for the higher surface. Shoulder flexion was also higher when the box was moved to the low height. This study provides new evidence as shoulder postures during boxes handling on low surfaces had not previously been evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high demand of upper limb in manual material handling tasks is clear, particularly for the shoulder. This knowledge can be used by physical therapists to plan better rehabilitation programs for manual material handling-related disorders, particularly focusing on return to work.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Luciana C C B
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Helenice J C G
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Coury
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016272:Occupational Health; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult