title: Contrasting behavioral effects of acute nicotine and chronic smoking in detoxified alcoholics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current literature suggests that acute nicotine administration provides a compensatory mechanism by which alcoholics might alleviate attentional deficits. In contrast, chronic smoking is increasingly recognized as negatively affecting neurobehavioral integrity. These opposing effects have not been simultaneously examined. Thus, we sought to a) extend previous work by exploring the effects of acute nicotine effects on vigilance components of attention and replicate previous findings suggesting that treatment-seeking alcoholics experience benefit to a greater extent than do other groups; and b) to examine the impact of chronic smoking on these tasks and across subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Substance abusing participants (N=86) were recruited and subgrouped on the basis of dependency criteria as either alcoholics, alcoholics with co-morbid stimulant dependence, or stimulant dependent individuals. Groups of cigarette-smoking (N=17) and non-smoking (N=22) community controls were recruited as comparison groups. Smoking subjects were assigned a placebo, low, or high dose nicotine patch in a double-blind placebo controlled fashion. Non-smoking controls were administered either a placebo or low dose. Testing occurred after dose stabilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General linear models indicated greater sensitivity to acute nicotine administration among alcoholics than other groups when controlling for the effect of intensity of smoking history, as reflected by pack-years. Pack-years correlated negatively with performance measures in alcoholics but not stimulant abusing subgroups or smoking controls. Finally, regression analyses demonstrated that pack-years predicted poorer performance only for the alcoholic subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support previous work finding a compensatory effect of acute nicotine administration on attentional performance in alcoholics and reinforce the consideration of recent nicotine use as a confound in neurocognitive studies of alcoholics. Of particular interest is the finding that smoking history as reflected in pack-years predicted poorer performance, but only among alcoholics. Further systematic study of these opposing effects among alcoholics and other groups using a broader array of tasks is needed.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. jboissoneault@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boissoneault
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prather
authors.forename: Sara Jo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nixon
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D007629:Kentucky; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine