title: Researching routine immunization-do we know what we don't know?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), launched in 1974, has developed and implemented a range of strategies and practices over the last three decades to ensure that children and adults receive the vaccines they need to help protect them against vaccine-preventable diseases. Many of these strategies have been implemented, resulting in immunization coverage exceeding 80% among children one year of age in many countries. Yet millions of infants remain under-immunized or unimmunized, particularly in poorer countries. In November 2009, a panel of external experts met at the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to review and identify areas of research required to strengthen routine service delivery in developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research opportunities were identified utilizing presentations emphasizing existing research, gaps in knowledge and key questions. Panel members prioritized the topics, as did other meeting participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several hundred research topics covering a wide range were identified by the panel members and participants. However there were relatively few topics for which there was a consensus that immediate investment in research is warranted. The panel identified 28 topics as priorities. 18 topics were identified as priorities by at least 50% of non-panel participants; of these, five were also identified as priorities by the panel. Research needs included identifying the best ways to increase coverage with existing vaccines and introduce new vaccines, integrate other services with immunizations, and finance immunization programmes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an enormous range of research that could be undertaken to support routine immunization. However, implementation of strategic plans, rather than additional research will have the greatest impact on raising immunization coverage and preventing disease, disability, and death from vaccine-preventable diseases. The panel emphasized the importance of tying operational research to programmatic needs, with a focus on efforts to scale up proven best practices in each country, facilitating the full implementation of immunization strategies.
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Australia. john@clem.com.au
authors.forename: C John
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Quadros
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biellik
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hadler
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steinglass
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Luman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hennessey
authors.forename: Vance
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dietz
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D003906:Developing Countries; D006284:Health Plan Implementation; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*