title: Baseline brain metabolism in resistant depression and response to transcranial magnetic stimulation.
abstract: Neuroimaging studies of patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have reported abnormalities in the frontal and temporal regions. We sought to determine whether metabolism in these regions might be related to response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in patients with TRD. Magnetic resonance images and baseline resting-state cerebral glucose uptake index (gluMI) obtained using (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography were analyzed in TRD patients who had participated in a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial of prefrontal 10 Hz TMS. Among the patients randomized to active TMS, 17 responders, defined as having 50% depression score decrease, and 14 nonresponders were investigated for prestimulation glucose metabolism and compared with 39 healthy subjects using a voxel-based analysis. In nonresponders relative to responders, gluMI was lower in left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and higher in left amygdala and uncinate fasciculus. OFC and amygdala gluMI negatively correlated in nonresponders, positively correlated in responders, and did not correlate in healthy subjects. Relative to healthy subjects, both responders and nonresponders displayed lower gluMI in right dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC), right anterior cingulate (ACC), and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortices. Additionally, nonresponders had lower gluMI in left DLPFC, ACC, left and right insula, and higher gluMI in left amygdala and uncus. Hypometabolisms were partly explained by gray matter reductions, whereas hypermetabolisms were unrelated to structural changes. The findings suggest that different patterns of frontal-temporal-limbic abnormalities may distinguish responders and nonresponders to prefrontal magnetic stimulation. Both preserved OFC volume and amygdala metabolism might precondition response to TMS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. ml.paillere@cch.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Paillère Martinot
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martinot
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ringuenet
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galinowski
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gallarda
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellivier
authors.forename: Jean-Pascal
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lefaucheur
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lemaitre
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Artiges
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001928:Brain Diseases, Metabolic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*