title: Device-associated infection rates in 398 intensive care units in Shanghai, China: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine device-associated healthcare-associated infection (DA-HAI) rates and the microorganism profile in 398 intensive care units (ICUs) of 70 hospitals in Shanghai, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open-label, prospective, cohort, active DA-HAI surveillance study was conducted on patients admitted to 398 tertiary-care ICUs in China from September 2004 to December 2009, implementing the methodology developed by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). The data were collected in the participating ICUs, and uploaded and analyzed at the INICC headquarters on proprietary software. DA-HAI rates were registered by applying the definitions of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). We analyzed the rates of DAI-HAI, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), and their microorganism profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 5 years and 4 months of the study, 391 527 patients hospitalized in an ICU for an aggregate of 3,245,244 days, acquired 20,866 DA-HAIs, an overall rate of 5.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.3-5.4) and 6.4 (95% CI 6.3-6.5) infections per 1000 ICU-days. VAP posed the greatest risk (20.8 per 1000 ventilator-days, 95% CI 20.4-21.1), followed by CAUTI (6.4 per 1000 catheter-days, 95% CI 6.3-6.6) and CLABSI (3.1 per 1000 catheter-days, 95% CI 3.0-3.2). The most common isolated microorganism was Acinetobacter baumannii (19.1%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (11.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DA-HAIs in the ICUs of Shanghai pose a far greater threat to patient safety than in ICUs in the USA. This is particularly the case for the VAP rate, which is much higher than the rates found in developed countries. Active infection control programs that carry out infection surveillance and implement prevention guidelines can improve patient safety and must become a priority.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Bijie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Victor D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Lixian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000382:microbiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D003906:Developing Countries; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical / Q000382:microbiology