title: Randomised double-blind trial of megestrol acetate vs placebo in treatment-naive advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. We tested megestrol acetate (MA) against placebo in the treatment of advanced HCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2002 through 2007, this randomised double-blind trial enrolled 204 patients with treatment-naive advanced HCC (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance rating of 0-3) from specialist care centres in six Asia-Pacific nations. Patients received placebo or MA (320 mg day(-1)). End points were overall survival (OS) and quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An adverse but not statistically significant difference in OS was found for MA vs placebo: median values 1.88 and 2.14 months, respectively (hazard ratio (HR)=1.25, 95% CI=0.92-1.71, P=0.16). However, OS was similar among patients of good functional status (Child-Pugh A and ECOG 0, 1 or 2) (44.3%) in both treatment groups, with the adverse effect of MA confined to those of poor status. Megestrol acetate patients had a worse global health status (not statistically significant) but reduced levels of appetite loss and nausea/vomiting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Megestrol acetate has no role in prolonging OS in advanced treatment-naive HCC. Overall survival with placebo differed markedly from that in similar trials conducted elsewhere, suggesting therapeutic outcomes may be strongly dependent on ECOG status and Child-Pugh score.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608 Singapore. pierce.chow@duke-nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: P K H
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Machin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: K-M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Win
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: B-D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: M-Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: S-B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: K-C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Soo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D019290:Megestrol Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011788:Quality of Life; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D019290:Megestrol Acetate