title: The effectiveness of integrated health information technologies across the phases of medication management: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality funded an evidence report to address seven questions on multiple aspects of the effectiveness of medication management information technology (MMIT) and its components (prescribing, order communication, dispensing, administering, and monitoring).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline and 11 other databases without language or date limitations to mid-2010. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing integrated MMIT were selected by two independent reviewers. Reviewers assessed study quality and extracted data. Senior staff checked accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the 87 RCTs focused on clinical decision support and computerized provider order entry systems, were performed in hospitals and clinics, included primarily physicians and sometimes nurses but not other health professionals, and studied process changes related to prescribing and monitoring medication. Processes of care improved for prescribing and monitoring mostly in hospital settings, but the few studies measuring clinical outcomes showed small or no improvements. Studies were performed most frequently in the USA (n=63), Europe (n=16), and Canada (n=6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many studies had limited description of systems, installations, institutions, and targets of the intervention. Problems with methods and analyses were also found. Few studies addressed order communication, dispensing, or administering, non-physician prescribers or pharmacists and their MMIT tools, or patients and caregivers. Other study methods are also needed to completely understand the effects of MMIT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost half of MMIT interventions improved the process of care, but few studies measured clinical outcomes. This large body of literature, although instructive, is not uniformly distributed across settings, people, medication phases, or outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. mckib@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: K Ann
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McKibbon
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lokker
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Handler
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Dolovich
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tamblyn
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hemens
authors.forename: Runki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Troyan
authors.forename: Pavel S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Roshanov
mesh_terms: D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008490:Medical Informatics; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems / Q000458:organization & administration*; D054539:Medication Therapy Management; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018511:Systems Integration