title: Antiphospholipid antibodies and atherosclerosis: insights from rheumatoid arthritis--a five-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Life expectancy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is reduced by 3-10 years, probably due to cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases associated with atherosclerosis. In the present study, we wanted to verify if previously reported IgA anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I (2GPI) antibodies possibly represented an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in RA patients during a longer period of follow up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The follow-up study (after 5.5 years) comprised all initially included patients and controls (premenopausal women, non-diabetic, normotensive at the start of the study), except for two RA patients (one died and one not available). The same clinical, laboratory and ultrasound assessments were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients and controls were divided into three categories: Intima-media thickness (IMT) progressors, plaque progressors, IMT and plaque progressors. In controls, 55% represented IMT progressors and 5% IMT and plaque progressors. No statistically significant differences were detected comparing the progressors with delta (Δ=difference between follow-up and baseline study for each group in a time span of 5.5 years) LDL cholesterol, homocysteine and IgA anti-β2GPI. In patients, there were 48.5% IMT progressors, 5.8% plaque progressors and 19.1% IMT and plaque progressors. The progression was statistically significant associated with the levels of Δ homocysteine and Δ apolipoprotein B but not with LDL cholesterol and IgA anti-β2GPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The follow-up study showed advanced atherosclerosis in RA patients compared to sex and age matched controls. However, we were not able to confirm our initial impression that IgA anti-β2GPI might represent an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Slovenia. iztok.holc@guest.arnes.si
authors.forename: Iztok
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Holc
authors.forename: Radovan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hojs
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cikeš
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ambrožič
authors.forename: Saša
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cučnik
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kveder
authors.forename: Blaž
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rozman
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pahor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D001053:Apolipoproteins; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I; D006710:Homocysteine