title: Particle Concentrations and Effectiveness of Free-Standing Air Filters in Bedrooms of Children with Asthma in Detroit, Michigan.
abstract: Asthma can be exacerbated by environmental factors including airborne particulate matter (PM) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We report on a study designed to characterize PM levels and the effectiveness of filters on pollutant exposures of children with asthma. 126 households with an asthmatic child in Detroit, Michigan, were recruited and randomized into control or treatment groups. Both groups received asthma education; the latter also received a free-standing high efficiency air filter placed in the child's bedroom. Information regarding the home, emission sources, and occupant activities was obtained using surveys administered to the child's caregiver and a household inspection. Over a one-week period, we measured PM, carbon dioxide (CO(2)), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) tracers, and air exchange rates (AERs). Filters were installed at midweek. Before filter installation, PM concentrations averaged 28 µg m(-3), number concentrations averaged 70,777 and 1,471 L(-1) in 0.3-1.0 and 1-5 µm size ranges, respectively, and the median CO(2) concentration was 1,018 ppm. ETS tracers were detected in 23 of 38 homes where smoking was unrestricted and occupants included smokers and, when detected, PM concentrations were elevated by an average of 15 µg m(-3). Filter use reduced PM concentrations by an average of 69 to 80%. Simulation models representing location conditions show that filter air flow, room volume and AERs are the key parameters affecting PM removal, however, filters can achieve substantial removal in even "worst" case applications. While PM levels in homes with asthmatic children can be high, levels can be dramatically reduced using filters.
authors.affiliation: Donghua University, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai 201620, China.
authors.forename: Liuliu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batterman
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godwin
authors.forename: Jo-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Robins
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brakefield-Caldwell
authors.forename: Toby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lewis