title: The effects of titanium nitride-coating on the topographic and biological features of TPS implant surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Titanium nitride (TiN) coating has been proposed as an adjunctive surface treatment aimed to increase the physico-mechanical and aesthetic properties of dental implants. In this study we investigated the surface characteristics of TiN-coated titanium plasma sprayed (TiN-TPS) and uncoated titanium plasma sprayed (TPS) surfaces and their biological features towards both primary human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) and bacterial cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 mm×1 mm TPS and TiN-TPS disks (P.H.I. s.r.l., San Vittore Olona, Milano, Italy) were topographically analysed by confocal optical profilometry. Primary human BM-MSC were obtained from healthy donors, isolated and expanded. Cells were seeded on the titanium disks and cell adhesion, proliferation, protein synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation in terms of alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin synthesis and extracellular mineralization, were evaluated. Furthermore, adhesion and proliferation of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus sanguinis on both surfaces were also analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TiN-TPS disks showed a decreased roughness (about 50%, p < 0.05) and a decreased bacterial adhesion and proliferation compared to TPS ones. No difference (p > 0.05) in terms of BM-MSC adhesion, proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation between TPS and TiN-TPS surfaces was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TiN coating showed to modify the topographical characteristics of TPS titanium surfaces and to significantly reduce bacterial adhesion and proliferation, although maintaining their biological affinity towards bone cell precursors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Odontostomatological, Orthodontic and Surgical Disciplines, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio, 6 - 80138 Naples, Italy. marco.annunziata@unina2.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Annunziata
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: Maria Assunta
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Nello
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guida
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D058626:Plasma Gases; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000502:physiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D058626:Plasma Gases; D015675:Osteocalcin; C041500:titanium nitride; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase