title: Restricted application of insecticides: a promising tsetse control technique, but what do the farmers think of it?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restricted application of insecticides to cattle is a cheap and safe farmer-based method to control tsetse. In Western Africa, it is applied using a footbath, mainly to control nagana and the tick Amblyomma variegatum. In Eastern and Southern Africa, it might help controlling the human disease, i.e., Rhodesian sleeping sickness as well. The efficiency of this new control method against ticks, tsetse and trypanosomoses has been demonstrated earlier. The invention, co-built by researchers and farmers ten years ago, became an innovation in Burkina Faso through its diffusion by two development projects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this research, we studied the process and level of adoption in 72 farmers inhabiting the peri-urban areas of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso. Variables describing the livestock farming system, the implementation and perception of the method and the knowledge of the epidemiological system were used to discriminate three clusters of cattle farmers that were then compared using indicators of adoption. The first cluster corresponded to modern farmers who adopted the technique very well. The more traditional farmers were discriminated into two clusters, one of which showed a good adoption rate, whereas the second failed to adopt the method. The economic benefit and the farmers' knowledge of the epidemiological system appeared to have a low impact on the early adoption process whereas some modern practices, as well as social factors appeared critical. The quality of technical support provided to the farmers had also a great influence. Cattle farmers' innovation-risk appraisal was analyzed using Rogers' adoption criteria which highlighted individual variations in risk perceptions and benefits, as well as the prominent role of the socio-technical network of cattle farmers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results are discussed to highlight the factors that should be taken into consideration, to move discoveries from bench to field for an improved control of trypanosomoses vectors.
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Sub-humide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. bouyer@cirad.fr
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bouyer
authors.forename: Seyni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamadou
authors.forename: Hassane
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adakal
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lancelot
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stachurski
authors.forename: Adrien M G
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Belem
authors.forename: Jérémy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouyer
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D002050:Burkina Faso; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides