title: Combination of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in melanoma.
abstract: The treatment of human melanoma has progressed markedly in recent years. Building on the observation that immune recognition is a frequent event in melanoma, a series of immunotherapeutic approaches have been evaluated in clinical trials, culminating in the first phase III study improving overall survival of melanoma patients since 20 years. However, the response rates seen upon immunotherapeutic interventions such as anti-CTLA4 treatment are often low. Furthermore, clinical responses can take several weeks to develop, during which time stage IV melanoma patients often deteriorate. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetic lesions in human melanoma now also allow the specific targeting of the signaling pathway alterations in this disease. Such targeted therapies can lead to high response rates, although the duration of these responses is thus far relatively short. We suggest that the combination of immuno and targeted therapy offers potential for synergy for both conceptual and practical reasons. In this review, we will discuss the potential and possible limitations for such combination therapy, and we describe the most promising combinations of targeted therapy and immunotherapy that can be tested in the clinic in the coming years. The concept of induction therapy by small molecule administration and consolidation by immunotherapeutics also has potential for the treatment of other human cancers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. c.blank@nki.nl
authors.forename: Christian U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.forename: Anna I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hooijkaas
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Haanen
authors.forename: Ton N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Schumacher
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*