title: Prevention of microemulsion propofol injection pain: a comparison of a combination of lidocaine and ramosetron with lidocaine or ramosetron alone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A microemulsion propofol causes a high incidence of pain during intravenous injection. In this study, we investigated the effect of ramosetron on pain induced by microemulsion propofol injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  After prospective power analysis and institutional review board approval, a total of 200 ASA I and II patients undergoing general anesthesia were divided into 4 groups. They received one of the following intravenously after tourniquet application on the forearm 1 min before induction of anesthesia using microemulsion propofol; normal saline (Group N, n = 50), lidocaine 20 mg (Group L, n = 50), ramosetron 0.3 mg (Group R, n = 50) and lidocaine 20 mg plus ramosetron 0.3 mg (Group LR, n = 50) diluted into a 5 ml solution. The occlusion was released after 30 seconds and microemulsion propofol was injected over 10-15 seconds. The patients were observed and asked immediately if they had pain in the arm, and their responses were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of pain in groups N, L, R and LR was 96%, 76%, 60% and 38%, respectively (P < 0.008). Two patients in Group LR (4.0%) and nine in Group R (18.0%) had moderate to severe pain, which was significantly lower than pain in Groups N (84.0%), L (40.0%) and R (P < 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with ramosetron 0.3 mg with or without lidocaine 20 mg with a tourniquet on the forearm 30 seconds before the injection of microemulsion propofol is more effective than lidocaine 20 mg or normal saline in preventing pain from a microemulsion propofol injection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang-Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Keum-Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: So