title: Association analysis of canonical Wnt signalling genes in diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have provided compelling evidence implicating the Wnt signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Gene expression profiles associated with renal fibrosis have been attenuated through Wnt pathway modulation in model systems implicating Wnt pathway members as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. We assessed tag and potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; n = 31) in four key Wnt pathway genes (CTNNB1, AXIN2, LRP5 and LRP6) for association with diabetic nephropathy using a case-control design.
  
  
  METHODS
  SNPs were genotyped using Sequenom or Taqman technologies in 1351 individuals with type 1 diabetes (651 cases with nephropathy and 700 controls without nephropathy). Cases and controls were white and recruited from the UK and Ireland. Association analyses were performed using PLINK, to compare allele and haplotype frequencies in cases and controls. Adjustment for multiple testing was performed by permutation testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following logistic regression analysis adjusted by collection centre, duration of T1D, and average HbA1c as covariates, a single SNP in LRP6 (rs1337791) was significantly associated with DN (OR = 0.74; CI: 0.57-0.97; P = 0.028), although this was not maintained following correction for multiple testing. Three additional SNPs (rs2075241 in LRP6; rs3736228 and rs491347 both in LRP5) were marginally associated with diabetic nephropathy, but none of the associations were replicated in an independent dataset. Haplotype and subgroup analysis (according to duration of diabetes, and end-stage renal disease) also failed to reveal an association with diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that analysed common variants in CTNNB1, AXIN2, LRP5 and LRP6 are not strongly associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes among white individuals. Our findings, however, cannot entirely exclude these genes or other members of the Wnt pathway, from involvement in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy as our study had limited power to detect variants with small effect size.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Amy Jayne
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Crean
authors.forename: Alexander P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Gareth J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: McKay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics*; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000235:genetics*