title: Psychometric properties of the community integration questionnaire in a heterogeneous sample of adults with physical disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the psychometric properties of the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) in a mixed sample of adults with physical disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, survey study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic and community medical clinics, national registry, and self-referral.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling adults with spinal cord injury (n=146), multiple sclerosis (n=174), limb loss (n=158), or muscular dystrophy (n=273).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  CIQ, General Health item from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, and Mental Health Scale from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the original scoring procedures, the CIQ Total scale and Home Integration subscale demonstrated acceptable internal consistency; however, reliability indices for the Social Integration and Productive Activities subscales were suboptimal. The exploratory factor analysis yielded a 4-factor solution (accounting for approximately 63% of the variance) that did not replicate the original factor structure of the CIQ. The results of the confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a modified 3-factor solution provided the best fit to the data from our samples. Using a revised scoring system based on these findings, the CIQ demonstrated improved reliability relative to the original scoring and good concurrent validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide general support for the validity of the CIQ as a measure of participation in adults with physical disabilities. However, our results indicate that some small modifications to the original scoring system are needed to optimize its use in this patient group. Additional research is needed to refine the measurement of participation in these and other populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA. huisinga@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Adam T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hirsh
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Braden
authors.forename: Jason G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Craggs
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012919:Social Behavior; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires