title: Cardiovascular biomarkers and vascular function during childhood in the offspring of mothers with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is uncertain if the higher blood pressure (BP) observed in the offspring of hypertensive pregnancies is an isolated abnormality or one that is accompanied by impaired vascular function and alterations in lipid and inflammation markers that would be indicative of a more general cardiometabolic disturbance of the type observed in the mother during pre-eclampsia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a large UK cohort of maternal-offspring pairs (n = 3537-4654), assessed at age 9-12 years, we examined the associations of maternal gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia with offspring BP, endothelial function assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation; arterial stiffness assessed by carotid to radial pulse wave velocity; brachial artery distensibility and BP (vascular outcomes); as well as markers of inflammation, lipids and apolipoproteins A1 and B. Offspring of women with pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension had higher systolic blood pressure by 2.04 mmHg (95% CI: 1.33, 2.76) and 1.82 mmHg (95% CI: 0.03, 3.62), respectively, and higher diastolic blood pressure by 1.10 mmHg (95% CI: 0.47, 1.73) and 1.26 mmHg (95% CI: -0.32, 2.85), respectively, in analyses adjusted for maternal and offspring body mass index (BMI), offspring dietary sodium intake and other potential confounders. However, we found no associations of either hypertensive disorder of pregnancy with the other vascular outcomes or with inflammatory markers, lipids, and apolipoproteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension are associated with higher offspring BP in childhood in the absence of other vascular alterations or metabolic derangements. The findings support the existence of shared mother-offspring risk factors that are specific for higher BP, rather than the additional cardiometabolic abnormalities of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy having long-term consequences for offspring.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Debbie Anne
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: Corrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macdonald-Wallis
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Aroon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deanfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers