title: A novel method for more accurately mapping the surface temperature of ultrasonic transducers.
abstract: This paper introduces a novel method for measuring the surface temperature of ultrasound transducer membranes and compares it with two standard measurement techniques. The surface temperature rise was measured as defined in the IEC Standard 60601-2-37. The measurement techniques were (i) thermocouple, (ii) thermal camera and (iii) novel infra-red (IR) "micro-sensor." Peak transducer surface measurements taken with the thermocouple and thermal camera were -3.7 ± 0.7 (95% CI)°C and -4.3 ± 1.8 (95% CI)°C, respectively, within the limits of the IEC Standard. Measurements taken with the novel IR micro-sensor exceeded these limits by 3.3 ± 0.9 (95% CI)°C. The ambiguity between our novel method and the standard techniques could have direct patient safety implications because the IR micro-sensor measurements were beyond set limits. The spatial resolution of the measurement technique is not well defined in the IEC Standard and this has to be taken into consideration when selecting which measurement technique is used to determine the maximum surface temperature.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering Department, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. richard.axell@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Axell
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Jarritt
authors.forename: Chris H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Oxley
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006358:Hot Temperature; D061214:Patient Safety; D013696:Temperature; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*