title: Variability of INR and its relationship with mortality, stroke, bleeding and hospitalisations in patients with atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND - RATIONALE FOR STUDY: Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of stroke and mortality which is reduced by treatment with warfarin. The most commonly used tool to assess the effectiveness of warfarin therapy is the time in therapeutic range (TTR) of International Normalised Ratio (INR) 2.0-3.0. Our aim was to study whether INR variability, as assessed by the standard deviation of transformed INR (SDT(INR)) is more prognostically important than the TTR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 19,180 patients with atrial fibrillation on warfarin therapy to evaluate the association of TTR and that of SDT(INR) with all-cause mortality, stroke, bleeding and hospitalisation. The SDT(INR) was more prognostically important than the TTR. One standard deviation (SD) higher of SDT(INR) had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.59 (95% CI 1.52-1.66) of mortality compared with 1.18 (95% CI 1.13-1.24) for one SD lower of TTR. For the other 3 events the HR was also higher for the SDT(INR) than for the TTR (stroke 1.30 (95% CI 1.22-1.39) vs. 1.06 (95% CI 1.00-1.13), bleeding 1.27 (95% CI 1.20-1.35) vs. 1.07 (95% CI 1.01-1.14) , hospitalisation 1.47 (95% CI 1.45-1.49) vs. 1.13 (95% CI 1.10-1.15). When both metrics were included in the same analysis only the SDT(INR) was of significant predictive value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SDT(INR) is a better predictor of mortality, stroke, bleeding and hospitalisation than the TTR in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving warfarin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. lind.marcus@telia.com
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fahlén
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosiborod
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odén
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin