title: A biofeedback cycling training to improve locomotion: a case series study based on gait pattern classification of 153 chronic stroke patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The restoration of walking ability is the main goal of post-stroke lower limb rehabilitation and different studies suggest that pedaling may have a positive effect on locomotion. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of a biofeedback pedaling treatment and its effects on cycling and walking ability in chronic stroke patients. A case series study was designed and participants were recruited based on a gait pattern classification of a population of 153 chronic stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to optimize participants selection, a k-means cluster analysis was performed to subgroup homogenous gait patterns in terms of gait speed and symmetry.The training consisted of a 2-week treatment of 6 sessions. A visual biofeedback helped the subjects in maintaining a symmetrical contribution of the two legs during pedaling. Participants were assessed before, after training and at follow-up visits (one week after treatment). Outcome measures were the unbalance during a pedaling test, and the temporal, spatial, and symmetry parameters during gait analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three clusters, mainly differing in terms of gait speed, were identified and participants, representative of each cluster, were selected.An intra-subject statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that all patients significantly decreased the pedaling unbalance after treatment and maintained significant improvements with respect to baseline at follow-up. The 2-week treatment induced some modifications in the gait pattern of two patients: one, the most impaired, significantly improved mean velocity and increased gait symmetry; the other one reduced significantly the over-compensation of the healthy limb. No benefits were produced in the gait of the last subject who maintained her slow but almost symmetrical pattern. Thus, this study might suggest that the treatment can be beneficial for patients having a very asymmetrical and inefficient gait and for those that overuse the healthy leg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that the treatment is feasible and it might be effective in translating progresses from pedaling to locomotion. If these results are confirmed on a larger and controlled scale, the intervention, thanks to its safety and low price, could have a significant impact as a home- rehabilitation treatment for chronic stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: NearLab, Bioengineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy. simona.ferrante@polimi.it
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrante
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ambrosini
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravelli
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guanziroli
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Molteni
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pedrocchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D055815:Young Adult