title: Using the NEMA NU 4 PET image quality phantom in multipinhole small-animal SPECT.
abstract: Several commercial small-animal SPECT scanners using multipinhole collimation are presently available. However, generally accepted standards to characterize the performance of these scanners do not exist. Whereas for small-animal PET, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU 4 standards have been defined in 2008, such standards are still lacking for small-animal SPECT. In this study, the image quality parameters associated with the NEMA NU 4 image quality phantom were determined for a small-animal multipinhole SPECT scanner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple whole-body scans of the NEMA NU 4 image quality phantom of 1-h duration were performed in a U-SPECT-II scanner using (99m)Tc with activities ranging between 8.4 and 78.2 MBq. The collimator contained 75 pinholes of 1.0-mm diameter and had a bore diameter of 98 mm. Image quality parameters were determined as a function of average phantom activity, number of iterations, postreconstruction spatial filter, and scatter correction. In addition, a mouse was injected with (99m)Tc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate and was euthanized 6.5 h after injection. Multiple whole-body scans of this mouse of 1-h duration were acquired for activities ranging between 3.29 and 52.7 MBq.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in the number of iterations was accompanied by an increase in the recovery coefficients for the small rods (RC(rod)), an increase in the noise in the uniform phantom region, and a decrease in spillover ratios for the cold-air- and water-filled scatter compartments (SOR(air) and SOR(wat)). Application of spatial filtering reduced image noise but lowered RC(rod). Filtering did not influence SOR(air) and SOR(wat). Scatter correction reduced SOR(air) and SOR(wat). The effect of total phantom activity was primarily seen in a reduction of image noise with increasing activity. RC(rod), SOR(air), and SOR(wat) were more or less constant as a function of phantom activity. The relation between acquisition and reconstruction settings and image quality was confirmed in the (99m)Tc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate mouse scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although developed for small-animal PET, the NEMA NU 4 image quality phantom was found to be useful for small-animal SPECT as well, allowing for objective determination of image quality parameters and showing the trade-offs between several of these parameters on variation of acquisition and reconstruction settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anita A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Harteveld
authors.forename: Antoi P W
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Meeuwis
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Disselhorst
authors.forename: Cornelis H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Slump
authors.forename: Wim J G
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Oyen
authors.forename: Otto C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Boerman
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Visser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004164:Diphosphonates; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013667:Technetium; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C029285:hydroxymethanediphosphonic acid; D013667:Technetium