title: Some considerations for excess zeroes in substance abuse research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Count data collected in substance abuse research often come with an excess of "zeroes," which are typically handled using zero-inflated regression models. However, there is a need to consider the design aspects of those studies before using such a statistical model to ascertain the sources of zeroes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to illustrate hurdle models as alternatives to zero-inflated models to validate a two-stage decision-making process in situations of "excess zeroes."
  
  
  METHODS
  We use data from a study of 45 cocaine-dependent subjects where the primary scientific question was to evaluate whether study participation influences drug-seeking behavior. The outcome, "the frequency (count) of cocaine use days per week," is bounded (ranging from 0 to 7). We fit and compare binomial, Poisson, negative binomial, and the hurdle version of these models to study the effect of gender, age, time, and study participation on cocaine use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hurdle binomial model provides the best fit. Gender and time are not predictive of use. Higher odds of use versus no use are associated with age; however once use is experienced, odds of further use decrease with increase in age. Participation was associated with higher odds of no-cocaine use; once there is use, participation reduced the odds of further use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age and study participation are significantly predictive of cocaine-use behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two-stage decision process as modeled by a hurdle binomial model (appropriate for bounded count data with excess zeroes) provides interesting insights into the study of covariate effects on count responses of substance use, when all enrolled subjects are believed to be "at-risk" of use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA. bandyopd@gmail.com
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: Stacia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: DeSantis
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Korte
authors.forename: Kathleen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Brady
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D035842:Research Subjects; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult