title: Do sphenoidal electrodes aid in surgical decision making in drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The utility of sphenoidal electrodes (SPh) in analyzing interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and ictal electrography remains controversial, despite its widespread use.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-two consecutive patients with presumed temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent presurgical evaluation were prospectively studied. SPh and Silverman's electrodes were placed, in addition to routine electrodes in 10-20 international system. IEDs and ictal electroencephalography (EEG) were analyzed separately in bipolar and referential montages. The proportion of patients selected for surgery after adjusting for SPh placement based on the earlier ictal onset and IEDs were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 8701 IEDs in SPh, only 65% were seen over the scalp bipolar montage; 1392 (16%) IEDs were confined to SPh electrodes, and were not seen at scalp bipolar montage (p<0.001). Spike amplitudes were highest at SPh (p<0.001). Of the 592 seizures analyzed, 62 (61%) had simultaneous SPh and scalp onset, while in 26 (25%) SPh onset preceded the scalp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Out of the 35 patients with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) with additional neocortical changes and/or non-lateralized bitemporal IEDs and/or diffuse ictal onset (group 1), 27 were selected for surgery (77%). About 7% was selected for surgery in this group by SPh placement. Also, in patients with bilateral MTS (group 2), 25% (5/20) were chosen for anterior temporal lobectomy, SPh provided an additional benefit in 11% (p<0.001). Patients with normal magnetic resonance imaging (group 3) and temporal plus epilepsy (group 4) had a lower surgical yield, only 12% and 9.5% could undergo surgery. They were denied surgical candidacy with SPh (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One-third of patients after SPh placement were selected for resective surgery obviating the need for invasive monitoring. The maximum yield was noted in unilateral MTS (associated with additional neocortical features or non-lateralized bilateral temporal interictal IEDs or diffuse ictal onset in scalp EEG) and in bilateral MTS. Those with normal MRI/temporal plus epilepsy could be excluded from direct resective surgery.
authors.affiliation: R. Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India.
authors.forename: Ajith
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cherian
authors.forename: Ashalatha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: Sajeesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parameswaran
authors.forename: Raviprasad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: Kurupath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D038481:Anterior Temporal Lobectomy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012535:Scalp; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013100:Sphenoid Bone