title: Genetic associations with metabolic syndrome and its quantitative traits by race/ethnicity in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated insulin resistance (IR), triglycerides (TG), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) are features of the metabolic syndrome. Although several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with these traits have been reported, no study has reported their risk allele frequencies and effect sizes among the major U.S. race/ethnic groups in a nationally representative sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the risk allele frequencies of eight SNPs previously associated with IR, TG, BMI, or WC by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American) in 3,030 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study III (NHANES III). In regression models predicting IR, TG, BMI, WC, and metabolic syndrome, we tested whether the SNP effect sizes on these traits varied by race/ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk allele frequencies varied by race/ethnicity for all eight loci (P<0.0001). The directionality of effects of the variants on IR, TG, WC, and BMI was generally consistent with previous observations and did not differ by race/ethnicity (P>0.001), although our study had low power for this test. No SNP predicted metabolic syndrome in any of the three groups (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significance of racial/ethnic differences in risk allele frequencies merits consideration if genetic discoveries are to have clinical and public health applicability.
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. jvassy@partners.org
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vassy
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shrader
authors.forename: Quanhe
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tiebin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yesupriya
authors.forename: Man-Huei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Nicole F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.forename: Renée M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ned
authors.forename: Josée
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Florez
authors.forename: Muin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015995:Prevalence; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology