title: Prolonged breast-feeding protects mothers from later-life obesity and related cardio-metabolic disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the long-term effects of duration of postpartum lactation on maternal body composition and risk for cardio-metabolic disorders in later life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and serum glucose, insulin and lipids were analysed using enzymatic photometric methods 16-20 years after the last pregnancy. Medical history and lifestyle factors were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. Detailed information regarding weight change patterns during each pregnancy was obtained from personal maternity tracking records.
  
  
  METHODS
  City of Jyväskylä and surroundings in Central Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and twelve women (mean age 48, range 36-60 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 16-20 years after their last pregnancy, women who had breast-fed for less than 6 months had higher total body fat mass and fat mass percentage, particularly in the android region (46·5 (sd 8·2) %) than mothers who had breast-fed for longer than 6 months (39·0 (sd 10·2) %) or for longer than 10 months (38·4 (sd 10·9) %, P < 0·01). These differences were independent of pre-pregnancy weight and BMI, menopausal status, smoking status, level of education, participation in past and present leisure-time physical activity, and current dietary energy intake. Higher body fat mass was also associated with higher fasting serum glucose concentration and insulin resistance, TAG, LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol concentrations, as well as higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0·05 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short duration of breast-feeding may induce weight retention and fat mass accumulation, resulting in increased risk of cardio-metabolic disorders in later life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, PO Box 35, LL-122, 40700, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wiklund
authors.forename: Leiting
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyytikäinen
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saltevo
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Eszter
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Völgyi
authors.forename: Eveliina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Munukka
authors.forename: Shumei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alen
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
authors.forename: Sulin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007774:Lactation; D008019:Life Style; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides