title: Prevalence and factors associated with depressive disorders in an HIV+ rural patient population in southern Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive disorders are estimated to occur in nearly half of HIV-infected individuals worldwide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence and cardinal demographic, psychosocial and clinical features associated with having any depressive disorder, sub-clinical depression, current and lifetime depressive disorders among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in southern Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred HIV+ individuals were screened for depression using a 20 item self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20) and evaluated with the mini neuropsychiatric interview(MINI) that assessed current and lifetime depressive disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence estimates of any depressive disorder, subclinical depression, both current and lifetime major depression, and bipolar depression were 46.4%, 17.8%, 25% and 3.6% respectively. In comparison to non-depressed patients, those with sub-clinical depression were less likely to have high levels of self-efficacy, more likely to be using ART for less than one year, have advanced HIV disease and current alcohol use disorders (AUD's). Those with both current and lifetime depressive disorders were less likely to be 85% adherent to antiretroviral therapy (ART), have social support and high levels of self-efficacy, more likely to have tuberculosis and past manic episodes. Those with only lifetime depressive disorders were more likely to have current AUD's and past manic episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information concerning exposures and outcomes was collected simultaneously, thus causal relationships are difficult to establish.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sub-clinical depression, major depression and bipolar depression are widespread among HIV patients receiving ART. Integration of mental health services into HIV Care is desperately needed.
authors.affiliation: Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Butabika Hospital, P.O. Box 7017 Butabika road, Kampala, Uganda. enakimul@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakimuli-Mpungu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Musisi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Katabira
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nachega
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bass
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult