title: Emerging and historical brominated flame retardants in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from Canada and Spain.
abstract: Comparisons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) recently collected (2003-2007), are made between Canada (N=12) and Spain (N=13). Overall, concentrations of sum (Σ) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; 16 di-deca-BDE congeners) exceeded Σhexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and were an order of magnitude higher than 2,2'4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153)>hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCBDCO)>1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE)>decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE)>octabromotrimethylphenyllindane (OBIND)>hexabromobenzene (HBB)>bis(2-ethyl-1hexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEHTBP). This is the first report of detectable HBCDCO and BEHTBP concentrations in biota, and the highest in ovo concentration of ∑HBCD (14,617 ng/glw; Montreal, Canada) to date. There were significantly greater egg concentrations of BB-153, ΣHBCD, and ΣPBDE including BDE-153, -99, -100 and -183, in Canadian than Spanish peregrines with a terrestrial diet. HBB, BTBPE, and OBIND were detected in eggs from both countries, but only Canadian peregrine eggs had detectable levels of HCDBCO (25%) and DBDPE (N=1). The in ovo PBDE congener profile was dominated by BDE-153>BDE-99>BDE-47>BDE-183>BDE-100>BDE-209, with the isomeric HBCD pattern being α-HBCD>γ-HBCD (β-HBCD undetected). The Canadian peregrine eggs had lower enantiomeric HBCD values consistent with their higher fractions of (-) α-HBCD, suggesting selective enantiomeric enrichment or that the (+) α-isomer is more readily metabolized and so deposited in the egg through maternal transfer. Continental differences in egg burdens of peregrines are discussed relative to BFR usage patterns and exposure of peregrines on their breeding grounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6.
authors.forename: Grazina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacepavicius
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marvin
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6.
authors.forename: Gordia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: MacInnis
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ethel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eljarrat
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Pic de Peguera 15, 17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4H5.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Champoux
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6. Electronic address: kim.fernie@ec.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fernie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000378:metabolism*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000378:metabolism; D010063:Ovum / Q000378:metabolism*; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000378:metabolism; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: C477694:2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; C517828:hexabrominated diphenyl ether 153; C517827:pentabrominated diphenyl ether 100; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; C483839:2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether; C010902:decabromobiphenyl ether