title: Analysis of data collected by RDS among sex workers in 10 Brazilian cities, 2009: estimation of the prevalence of HIV, variance, and design effect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a chain-referral method that is being widely used to recruit most at-risk populations. Because the method is respondent driven, observations are dependent. However, few publications have focused on methodological challenges in the analysis of data collected by RDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this article, we propose a method for estimating the variance of the HIV prevalence rate, based on the Markov transition probabilities and within recruitment cluster variation. The method was applied to a female commercial sex workers study carried out in 10 Brazilian cities in 2008. Both the inverse of network size and the size of the city were considered in the estimation of overall sampling weights. The study included a behavior questionnaire and rapid tests for HIV and syphilis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 2523 interviews were conducted successfully, excluding the seeds. Results show a positive homophily between recruits for those HIV+; HIV- recruiters selected HIV+ recruits 4% of the time; HIV+ recruiters selected other HIV+ recruits 19.6% of the time, about 5 times higher. The prevalence rate was estimated at 4.8% (95% confidence interval: 3.4 to 6.1), and a design effect of 2.63.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using statistical methods for complex sample designs, it was possible to estimate HIV prevalence, standard error, and the design effect analytically. Additionally, the proposed analysis lends itself to logistic regression, permitting multivariate models. The stratification in cities has proved suitable for reducing the effect of design and can be adopted in other RDS studies, provided the weights of the strata are known.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Communication and Information Science and Technology in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil. celials@icict.fiocruz.br
authors.forename: Célia Landmann
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Szwarcwald
authors.forename: Paulo Roberto Borges
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: de Souza Júnior
authors.forename: Giseli Nogueira
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Damacena
authors.forename: Aristides Barbosa
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Junior
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kendall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003625:Data Collection / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011477:Sex Work; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult