title: Tumor expression of human growth hormone and human prolactin predict a worse survival outcome in patients with mammary or endometrial carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that human GH (hGH) and human prolactin (hPRL) possess an autocrine or paracrine oncogenic role in mammary and endometrial carcinoma. However, especially for hGH, the prognostic relevance of tumor expression of these hormones is not well defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the potential association of tumor mRNA and protein expression of hGH and hPRL with the clinicopathological features of mammary and endometrial carcinoma. The prognostic relevance of the individual or combined expression of hGH and hPRL in mammary and endometrial carcinoma was also determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of hGH and hPRL was analyzed in histopathological samples of mammary and endometrial carcinoma, and the respective normal tissues, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the association of tumor hGH and hPRL expression with relapse-free survival and overall survival of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hGH expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status, and proliferative index in mammary carcinoma and with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade, myometrial invasion, and ovarian metastases in endometrial carcinoma. hPRL expression was associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor grade, and tumor stage in mammary carcinoma and with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage and myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma. Both hGH and hPRL expression, individually and combined, are associated with worse relapse-free survival and overall survival in patients with mammary or endometrial carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tumor expression of both hGH or hPRL in mammary or endometrial carcinoma is associated with a large and significant difference in survival outcome for patients with these tumors.
authors.affiliation: Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Sheng
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Peng-Xu
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Jo K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: Hichem C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Mertani
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lobie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004076:Digoxigenin; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D010928:Placental Lactogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011388:Prolactin / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D013534:Survival; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004076:Digoxigenin; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D010928:Placental Lactogen; D011388:Prolactin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human