title: Effect of oxygen and temperature on the dynamic of the dominant bacterial populations of pig manure and on the persistence of pig-associated genetic markers, assessed in river water microcosms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim is to evaluate the dynamic of Bacteroides-Prevotella and Bacillus-Streptococcus-Lactobacillus populations originating from pig manure and the persistence of pig-associated markers belonging to these groups according to temperature and oxygen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  River water was inoculated with pig manure and incubated under microaerophilic and aerobic conditions, at 4 and 20°C over 43 days. The diversity of bacterial populations was analysed by capillary electrophoresis-single-strand conformation polymorphism. The persistence of the pig-associated markers was measured by real-time PCR and compared with the survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci. Decay was characterized by the estimation of the time needed to produce a 1-log reduction (T90). The greatest changes were observed at 20°C under aerobic conditions, leading to a reduction in the diversity of the bacterial populations and in the concentrations of the Pig-1-Bac, Pig-2-Bac and Lactobacillus amylovorus markers with a T90 of 10·5, 8·1 and 17·2 days, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxygen and temperature were found to have a combined effect on the persistence of the pig-associated markers in river waters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The persistence profiles of the Pig-1-Bac, Pig-2-Bac and Lact. amylovorus markers in addition to their high specificity and sensitivity support their use as relevant markers to identify pig faecal contamination in river waters.
authors.affiliation: Cemagref, UR GERE, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mieszkin
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Solecki
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pourcher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hervio-Heath
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gourmelon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005819:Genetic Markers; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005819:Genetic Markers; D008372:Manure; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D010100:Oxygen