title: Oxidation by-products and ecotoxicity assessment during the photodegradation of fenofibric acid in aqueous solution with UV and UV/H2O2.
abstract: The degradation of an aqueous solution of fenofibric acid was investigated using ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and UV/H(2)O(2) with a low-pressure mercury lamp. We obtained quantum yields at different temperatures and the rate constant for the reaction of fenofibric acid with hydroxyl radicals. The maximum radical exposure per fluence ratio obtained was 1.4 × 10(-10)ML(-1)mW(-1). Several reaction intermediates were detected by means of exact mass measurements performed by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS). UV and UV/H(2)O(2) pathways involve the decarboxylation of fenofibric acid to 4-chloro-4'-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzophenone and other minor products, predominantly chlorinated aromatics. We detected several intermediates from reactions with hydroxyl radicals and some lower molecular weight products from the scission of the carbonyl carbon-to-aromatic-carbon bond. We recorded high toxicity in UV irradiated samples for the growth of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata even after the total depletion of fenofibric acid; this was probably due to the presence of chlorinated aromatics. A degree of toxicity reappeared in highly irradiated UV/H(2)O(2) samples, probably because of the formation of ring-opening products. The degree of mineralization was closely related to that of dechlorination and reached values of over 50% after 3-4 min before stabilizing thereafter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28771 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agüera
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: del Mar Gómez-Ramos
authors.forename: Amadeo R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fernández Alba
authors.forename: Eloy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Calvo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosal
mesh_terms: D011345:Fenofibrate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010777:Photochemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C006012:fenofibric acid; D011345:Fenofibrate