title: A novel method for quantifying the in-vivo mechanical effect of material injected into a myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infarcted regions of myocardium exhibit functional impairment ranging in severity from hypokinesis to dyskinesis. We sought to quantify the effects of injecting a calcium hydroxyapatite-based tissue filler on the passive material response of infarcted left ventricles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional finite element models of the left ventricle were developed using three-dimensional echocardiography data from sheep with a treated and untreated anteroapical infarct, to estimate the material properties (stiffness) in the infarct and remote regions. This was accomplished by matching experimentally determined left ventricular volumes, and minimizing radial strain in the treated infarct, which is indicative of akinesia. The nonlinear stress-strain relationship for the diastolic myocardium was anisotropic with respect to the local muscle fiber direction, and an elastance model for active fiber stress was incorporated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that the passive stiffness parameter, C, in the treated infarct region is increased by nearly 345 times the healthy remote value. Additionally, the average myofiber stress in the treated left ventricle was significantly reduced in both the remote and infarct regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, injection of tissue filler into the infarct was found to render it akinetic and reduce stress in the left ventricle, which could limit the adverse remodeling that leads to heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wenk
authors.forename: Parastou
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuhl
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: J Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Julius M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guccione
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017886:Durapatite / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017886:Durapatite