title: Isolation of gentiopicroside from Gentianae Radix and its pharmacokinetics on liver ischemia/reperfusion rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gentiopicroside (GPS) is a secoiridoid glucoside isolated from the ethanol extract of Gentianae Radix with a content of 13%, which has been used for centuries in Chinese as a digestive aid.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the pharmacokinetics of GPS and its metabolic pathway for the liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental animals were anesthetized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a mixture of urethane (1.0 g/kg) and α-chloralose (0.1 g/kg). A midline laparatomy was performed and the liver hilum was gently exposed. All structures in the portal triad (hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct) to the left and median liver lobes were occluded with silk thread for 30 min. Ischemia was followed by a sudden reperfusion after removing the occluding threads. After 60 min reperfusion, the rats received a single intravenous 5 mg/kg dose of GPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under concentration curve (AUC) was significantly increased; however, the clearance (Cl) was significantly decreased in the liver I/R rats. Furthermore, after pretreated with SKF-525A (50 mg/kg, i.p.), a cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor, AUC, elimination half-life (t(1/2)) and the mean residence time (MRT) of GPS in rat blood were significantly increased, suggesting that CYP was involved in the metabolism of GPS. For the group without liver I/R, GPS was administered at doses of 5 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg intravenously and orally, respectively. The pharmacokinetic results indicated that the AUC was 565±95.1 and 1163±273 min μg/mL and the t(1/2) of GPS was 71±9 and 106±17 min after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. The oral bioavailability of GPS was 10.3±2.4% in the rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The status of I/R might prolong the disposition of GPS, and the plasma concentration of GPS in the liver I/R injury rats was significantly increased. The increased body exposure of GPS in the treatment of liver I/R may result from the decreased metabolism of GPS mediated by CYP in the liver.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wan-Ling
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chang-Liao
authors.forename: Chao-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Lie-Chwen
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tung-Hu
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D030012:Gentiana / Q000737:chemistry; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011335:Proadifen / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; C012997:gentiopicroside; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D011335:Proadifen