title: The baseline pressure of intracranial pressure (ICP) sensors can be altered by electrostatic discharges.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) has a crucial role in the surveillance of patients with brain injury. During long-term monitoring of ICP, we have seen spontaneous shifts in baseline pressure (ICP sensor zero point), which are of technical and not physiological origin. The aim of the present study was to explore whether or not baseline pressures of ICP sensors can be affected by electrostatics discharges (ESD's), when ESD's are delivered at clinically relevant magnitudes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed bench-testing of a set of commercial ICP sensors. In our experimental setup, the ICP sensor was placed in a container with 0.9% NaCl solution. A test person was charged 0.5-10 kV, and then delivered ESD's to the sensor by touching a metal rod that was located in the container. The continuous pressure signals were recorded continuously before/after the ESD's, and the pressure readings were stored digitally using a computerized system
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 57 sensors were tested, including 25 Codman ICP sensors and 32 Raumedic sensors. When charging the test person in the range 0.5-10 kV, typically ESD's in the range 0.5-5 kV peak pulse were delivered to the ICP sensor. Alterations in baseline pressure ≥ 2 mmHg was seen in 24 of 25 (96%) Codman sensors and in 17 of 32 (53%) Raumedic sensors. Lasting changes in baseline pressure > 10 mmHg that in the clinical setting would affect patient management, were seen frequently for both sensor types. The changes in baseline pressure were either characterized by sudden shifts or gradual drifts in baseline pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The baseline pressures of commercial solid ICP sensors can be altered by ESD's at discharge magnitudes that are clinically relevant. Shifts in baseline pressure change the ICP levels visualised to the physician on the monitor screen, and thereby reveal wrong ICP values, which likely represent a severe risk to the patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. per.kristian.eide@ous-hf.no
authors.forename: Per K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Eide
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakken
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D003199:Computer Systems; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation; D011312:Pressure; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D055672:Static Electricity; D014160:Transducers, Pressure