title: Anti-inflammatory activities of cucurbitacin E isolated from Citrullus lanatus var. citroides: role of reactive nitrogen species and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition.
abstract: The in vivo and in vitro mechanistic anti-inflammatory actions of cucurbitacin E (CE) (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) were examined. The results showed that LPS/INF-γ increased NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages, whereas L-NAME and CE curtailed it. CE did not reveal any cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 and WRL-68 cells. CE inhibited both COX enzymes with more selectivity toward COX-2. Intraperitoneal injection of CE significantly suppressed carrageenan-induced rat's paw edema. ORAC and FRAP assays showed that CE is not a potent ROS scavenger. It could be concluded that CE is potentially useful in treating inflammation through the inhibition of COX and RNS but not ROS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. siddigroa@um.edu.my
authors.forename: Siddig Ibrahim
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Abdelwahab
authors.forename: Loiy Elsir Ahmed
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Hasnah Mohd
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sirat
authors.forename: Sakina M Ahmed
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Waleed S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Koko
authors.forename: Syam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Manal Mohamed Elhassan
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.forename: Syahida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Cheah Shiau
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chuen
authors.forename: Putri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Narrima
authors.forename: Mohd Mustafa
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rais
authors.forename: A Hamid A
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hadi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002351:Carrageenan; D002460:Cell Line; D029773:Citrullus / Q000737:chemistry*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051379:Mice; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D014315:Triterpenes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002351:Carrageenan; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; C102326:cucurbitacin E