title: Anal HPV prevalence and associated factors among HIV-seropositive men under antiretroviral treatment in Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of anal cancer has increased in developed countries. There is evidence that high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer are both linked to some human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. There are scarce data on anal cancer or male anal HPV infection in Brazil.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of anal HPV infection and associated risk factors, stratified by oncogenic and nononcogenic types, in a sample of HIV-seropositive men in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter cross-sectional study of HIV-seropositive male patients attending public AIDS clinics in urban Brazil. Participants were interviewed for sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Anal HPV specimens were collected with a moistened Dacron swab inserted into the anal and stored in ThinPrep solution. HPV DNA-positive samples were typed by dot-blot hybridization. The prevalences of oncogenic and nononcogenic HPV types were calculated and multinomial logistic regression was used to assess independent predictors of HPV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Among 445 men, 65.6% were positive for HPV DNA in the anal canal. Oncogenic types were detected in 40.7%. Logistic regression indicated that lifetime history of sexual intercourse only with men or with men and women; receptive anal intercourse in the last 12 months; and CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells per cubic millimeter were independently associated with the detection of anal HPV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of anal HPV infection in this cross-sectional study underscores the need for studying and implementing screening programs of high-risk groups in Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. drew@medicina.ufmg.br
authors.forename: Mark Drew Crosland
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grinsztejn
authors.forename: Victor Hugo
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Gustavo Machado
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Lorenza Nogueira
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: José Henrique
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pilotto
authors.forename: Ricardo Andrade
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Carmo
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Palefsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000821:virology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058889:Molecular Typing; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral