title: Sex differences in auditory subcortical function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sex differences have been demonstrated in the peripheral auditory system as well as in higher-level cognitive processing. Here, we aimed to determine if the subcortical response to a complex auditory stimulus is encoded differently between the sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using electrophysiological techniques, we assessed the auditory brainstem response to a synthesized stop-consonant speech syllable [da] in 76 native-English speaking, young adults (38 female). Timing and frequency components of the response were compared between males and females to determine which aspects of the response are affected by sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dissimilarity between males and females was seen in the neural response to the components of the speech stimulus that change rapidly over time; but not in the slower changing, lower frequency information in the stimulus. We demonstrate that, in agreement with the click-evoked brainstem response, females have earlier peaks relative to males in the subcomponents of the response representing the onset of the speech sound. In contrast, the response peaks comprising the frequency-following response, which encode the fundamental frequency (F(0)) of the stimulus, as well as the spectral amplitude of the response to the F(0), is not affected by sex. Notably, the higher-frequency elements of the speech syllable are encoded differently between males and females, with females having greater representation of spectrotemporal information for frequencies above the F(0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide a baseline for interpreting the higher incidence of language impairment (e.g. dyslexia, autism, specific language impairment) in males, and the subcortical deficits associated with these disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results parallel the subcortical encoding patterns that are documented for good and poor readers in that poor readers differ from good readers on encoding fast but not slow components of speech. This parallel may thus help to explain the higher incidence of reading impairment in males compared to females.
authors.affiliation: Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krizman
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skoe
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kraus
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*