title: Donor testing and risk: current prevalence, incidence, and residual risk of transfusion-transmissible agents in US allogeneic donations.
abstract: Over the past 20 years, there has been a major increase in the safety of the blood supply, as demonstrated by declining rates of posttransfusion infection and reductions in estimated residual risk for such infections. Reliable estimates of residual risk have been possible within the American Red Cross system because of the availability of a large amount of reliable and consistent data on donations and infectious disease testing results. Among allogeneic blood donations, the prevalence rates of infection markers for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus have decreased over time, although rates for markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus did not. The incidence (/100 000 person-years) of HIV and HCV among repeat donors showed apparent increases from 1.55 and 1.89 in 2000 through 2001 to 2.16 and 2.98 in 2007 through 2008. These observed fluctuations confirm the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation. The residual risk of HIV, HCV, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus among all allogeneic donations is currently below 1 per 1 million donations, and that of hepatitis B surface antigen is close to 1 per 300 000 donations.
authors.affiliation: American Red Cross Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD 20892, USA. shimian.zou@nih.gov
authors.forename: Shimian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Stramer
authors.forename: Roger Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Dodd
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001782:Blood Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058731:Blood Safety / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012011:Red Cross; D012306:Risk; D013587:Syphilis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014210:Treponema pallidum / Q000276:immunology; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000276:immunology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000914:Antibodies, Viral