title: Molecular biomineralization: toward an understanding of the biogenic origin of polymetallic nodules, seamount crusts, and hydrothermal vents.
abstract: Polymetallic nodules and crusts, hydrothermal vents from the Deep Sea are economically interesting, since they contain alloying components, e.g., manganese or cobalt, that are used in the production of special steels; in addition, they contain rare metals applied for plasma screens, for magnets in hard disks, or in hybrid car motors. While hydrothermal vents can regenerate in weeks, polymetallic nodules and seamount crusts grow slowly. Even though the geochemical basis for the growth of the nodules and crusts has been well studied, the contribution of microorganisms to the formation of these minerals remained obscure. Recent HR-SEM (high-resolution scanning electron microscopy) analyses of nodules and crusts support their biogenic origin. Within the nodules, bacteria with surface S-layers are arranged on biofilm-like structures, around which Mn deposition starts. In crusts, coccoliths represent the dominant biologically formed structures that act as bio-seeds for an initial Mn deposition. In contrast, hydrothermal vents have apparently an abiogenic origin; however, their minerals are biogenically transformed by bacteria. In turn, strategies can now be developed for biotechnological enrichment as well as selective dissolution of metals from such concretions. We are convinced that the recent discoveries will considerably contribute to our understanding of the participation of organic matrices in the enrichment of those metals and will provide the basis for feasibility studies for biotechnological applications.
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Geoanalysis, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, Beijing, CHN-100037, China, wxh0408@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiens
authors.forename: Heinz C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schloßmacher
authors.forename: Werner E G
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D003035:Cobalt; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D060086:Hydrothermal Vents; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry; D008670:Metals; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals; D000069497:Origin of Life
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D008903:Minerals; D003035:Cobalt; D008345:Manganese