title: Characterization of Fasciola spp. in Myanmar on the basis of spermatogenesis status and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers.
abstract: Fasciola spp. in Myanmar were characterized on the basis of spermatogenesis status and DNA markers of nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1). We collected 88 adult flukes from Yangon, Lashio, and Myitkyina. Spermatogenesis status was analyzed by the presence of sperm in the seminal vesicles, and 8 aspermic and 80 spermic flukes were detected. The flukes were identified on the basis of spermatogenesis status and ITS1 types which were analyzed by a PCR-RFLP method, and 80 spermic flukes were identified as F. gigantica. A very low detection rate of aspermic Fasciola sp. indicated that they are not established in Myanmar. In phylogenetic analyses, the 7 aspermic Fasciola sp. from Myitkyina displayed a haplotype in nad1 sequence, which was identical to that of aspermic Fasciola sp. from other Asian countries including China. Therefore, they were probably introduced from China through an infected domestic ruminant. On the other hand, 17 nad1 haplotypes detected in F. gigantica belonged to 2 clades unique to Myanmar, each with a distinct founder haplotype in a network analysis. This indicated a unique history of F. gigantica introduction into Myanmar involving ancient artificial movements of domestic ruminants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Japan.
authors.forename: Madoka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Saw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bawn
authors.forename: Ni Ni
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Maw
authors.forename: Lat Lat
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Htun
authors.forename: Myint
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thein
authors.forename: Aung
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gyi
authors.forename: Kyaw
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunn
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katakura
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itagaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D005209:Fasciola / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D006239:Haplotypes; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D002052:Myanmar; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018509:DNA, Helminth; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D021122:Protein Subunits; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase