title: Trends in vitamin D intake from food sources among adults in the Minneapolis-St Paul, MN, metropolitan area, 1980-1982 through 2007-2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in eating habits could potentially be contributing to vitamin D insufficiency among US adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe secular trends in vitamin D intake from food sources during the past 25 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trends in dietary vitamin D intake from 1980-1982 to 2007-2009 were examined using data collected from the Minnesota Heart Survey, a surveillance study of trends in risk factors for cardiovascular disease among probability samples of adults aged 25 to 74 years in the Minneapolis-St Paul, MN, metropolitan area. Surveys were conducted in 1980-1982, 1985-1987, 1990-1992, 1995-1997, 2000-2002, and 2007-2009. One 24-hour recall was collected from survey participants during each survey period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin D intake from food sources decreased between 1980-1982 and 2007-2009 among men, with age-adjusted mean vitamin D intake decreasing from 7.24 μg/day in 1980-1982 to 6.15 μg/day in 2007-2009 (P for trend <0.001). A decrease was also observed among women (4.77 μg/day in 1980-1982 in comparison to 4.53 μg/day in 2007-2009; P for trend <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that vitamin D intake from food sources has been on the decline during the past 25 years among men and women, potentially contributing to vitamin D insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: Divison of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. harnack@epi.umn.edu
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Harnack
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Russell V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Luepker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D