title: Complete urethral duplication: description of surgical approach mimicking distal epispadias repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present two cases of type IIA urethral duplication and propose a reproducible surgical approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cases are presented in this report. The first was a male child with a type IIA1 urethral duplication with two urethral channels arising from the bladder through separate bladder necks coursing to the glans penis. The second infant had a type IIA2 urethral duplication with a single bladder neck. Both children were repaired using a surgical approach that joined both urethral openings into a single orthopic meatus. This was accomplished by incising the common septum and utilizing techniques similar to that of a distal epispadias repair.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At six months of follow-up both infants are voiding from a single stream without complication. Long-term outcomes remain to be determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The technique presented in this report both functionally and cosmetically unites the two urethral meatuses while eliminating the risk of damage to the sphincter.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, University of Minnesota Amplatz Children's Hospital, 420 Delaware Street, SE, MMC 394, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Shaheen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alanee
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gleich
authors.forename: Aseem R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shukla
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004842:Epispadias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D056888:Patient Positioning; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000379:methods*