title: Bispectral index reveals death-feigning behavior in a red kite (Milvus milvus).
abstract: Red kites (Milvus milvus) are birds of prey known to feign death in the presence of humans. An adult wild red kite was anesthetized with isoflurane for coelioscopy. During surgery, heart rate and respiratory rate ranged from 240 to 260 beats per minute and from 16 to 28 breaths rates per minute, respectively. Pupil and corneal reflexes remained present, and body temperature was maintained at 40.4 degrees C (104.7 degrees F). Suppression ratio was 0 during the anesthetic episode. The bispectral index was 44 immediately after intubation, ranged from 44 to 57 during maintenance of anesthesia, and was 59 at the moment of extubation. The index increased to 85 while the kite remained immobile, which was suggestive of feigning death in sternal recumbency. Once the bird was perched upright, it immediately kept the upright position, which confirmed the correspondence of the bispectral index value (85) with a fully conscious patient. Although behavioral or cardiorespiratory variables remained unchanged, the degree of hypnosis was indicated by the bispectral index, which anticipated a possible sudden awakening episode of this bird.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets, and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstr 260, 8057, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Martin-Jurado
authors.forename: Stefka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simova-Curd
authors.forename: Regula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettschart-Wolfensberger
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hatt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors