title: Duplicated vena cava with tumor thrombus from renal cancer: use of venogram for safer operative planning.
abstract: Renal and adrenal tumors can invade into the inferior vena cava (IVC) in 4%-10% of cases. Consequently, urologists must remain well versed in the anatomy of the IVC. The IVC develops embryologically from the coordinated growth and regression of a series of veins. Occasionally, these veins can persist, creating vena caval abnormalities. A completely duplicated caval system is 1 of these variations. We present a case of renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending into a duplicated IVC and show how understanding of venous drainage and pertinent imaging can aid with a successful outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Ammara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.forename: Timothy V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baumgarten
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Millner
authors.forename: Viraj A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Master
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology*; D009392:Nephrectomy; D010690:Phlebography; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery