title: Low risk prostate cancer in men ≥ 70 years old: to treat or not to treat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer (CaP) in the aging male will become an increasingly important and controversial health care issue. We evaluated the outcomes between a variety of treatments for low-risk CaP in patients 70 years of age and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3,650 men diagnosed with CaP between 1989 and 2009 were identified in the Center for Prostate Disease Research database to be 70 years of age or older at time of diagnosis. Of these patients, 770 men met the D'Amico criteria ([13]) for low-risk disease and were treated with radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or watchful waiting. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare clinicopathologic features across treatment groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare biochemical recurrence-free, progression-free, and overall survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 770 patient cohort, 194 (25%) chose radical prostatectomy, 252 (33%) chose external beam radiation therapy, and 324 (42%) were initially managed by watchful waiting with 110 (34%) of this subset ultimately undergoing secondary treatment. The median follow-up was 6.4 years. There were no significant differences in distributions of race/ethnicity, number of medical comorbidities, or clinical stage across the treatment groups. Patients managed on watchful waiting without secondary treatment had the poorest overall survival on Kaplan-Meier analysis (P = 0.0001). Additionally, multivariate analysis confirmed this result for watchful waiting without secondary treatment as being a statistically significant predictor of overall mortality (HR 1.938, P = 0.0084).
authors.affiliation: Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, CD 20307, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Monica L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wingate
authors.forename: Yongmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brassell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057832:Watchful Waiting
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen