title: Three-dimensional morphology of heel fat pad: an in vivo computed tomography study.
abstract: Heel fat pad cushioning efficiency is the result of its structure, shape and thickness. However, while a number of studies have investigated heel fat pad (HFP) anatomy, structural behavior and material properties, no previous study has described its three-dimensional morphology in situ. The assessment of the healthy, unloaded, three-dimensional morphology of heel pad may contribute to deepen the understanding of its role and behavior during locomotion. It is the basis for the assessment of possible HFP morphological modifications due to changes in the amount or distribution of the loads normally sustained by the foot. It may also help in guiding the surgical reconstruction of the pad and in improving footwear design, as well as in developing a correct heel pad geometry for finite element models of the foot. Therefore the purpose of this study was to obtain a complete analysis of HFP three-dimensional morphology in situ. The right foot of nine healthy volunteers was scanned with computed tomography. A methodological approach that maximizes reliability and repeatability of the data was developed by building a device to lock the foot in a neutral position with respect to the scan planes during image acquisition. Scan data were used to reconstruct virtual three-dimensional models for both the calcaneus and HFP. A set of virtual coronal and axial sections were extracted from the three-dimensional model of each HFP and processed to extract a set of one- and two-dimensional morphometrical measurements for a detailed description of heel pad morphology. The tissue exhibited a consistent and sophisticated morphology that may reflect the biomechanics of the foot support. HFP was found to be have a crest on its anterior dorsal surface, flanges on the sides and posteriorly, and a thick portion that reached and covered the posterior surface of the calcaneus and the achilles tendon insertion. Its anterior internal portion was thinner and a lump of fat was consistently present in this region. Finally, HFP was found to be thicker in males than in females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. valentina.campanelli@univr.it
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Campanelli
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fantini
authors.forename: Niccolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faccioli
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cangemi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pozzo
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sbarbati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006365:Heel / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016474:Weight-Bearing