title: Radiation exposure during pediatric videourodynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Videourodynamics is useful for evaluating and treating neurological disorders in children. Traditional urodynamic parameters can be obtained while simultaneous visualization of the urinary system can reveal anatomical anomalies. This additional information comes at the cost of radiation exposure to the child. We characterized radiation exposure from videourodynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all recent videourodynamic studies and recorded patient demographics, urological diagnoses, physical attributes, total fluoroscopy time, total radiation exposure in mGy, bladder capacity and the number of filling cycles performed. Multivariate linear regression was used to identify patient factors that independently influenced total radiation exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 64 videourodynamic studies were performed in 34 female and 28 male patients with a mean age of 8.6 years (95% CI 7.2-10.0). The most common diagnosis was neurogenic bladder in 40 patients, although 49 had multiple diagnoses. Mean total fluoroscopy time was 1.8 minutes (95% CI 1.4-2.1) and mean total radiation exposure was 10 mGy (95% CI 7.5-13.3). On multivariate linear regression patient weight and bladder capacity were the only independent predictors of total radiation exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Videourodynamics entail significant radiation exposure. Patient weight and bladder capacity were independent predictors of total radiation exposure. Physician awareness of radiation exposure may result in the judicious use of fluoroscopy and aid in counseling parents on the risk of videourodynamics. Further research is needed to quantify organ specific doses of radiation due to medical imaging in children and the associated cancer risks.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Tin C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Curtis J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wynne
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014741:Video Recording