title: Anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-shogaol: potential roles of HDAC inhibition and HSP70 induction.
abstract: Ginger extracts have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects. [6]-shogaol is one of the most bioactive components of ginger rhizomes. This study assessed the [6]-shogaol's ability to protect cultured primary rat astrocytes against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. [6]-shogaol was shown to suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased the level of inducible nitric oxide syntheses (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and phospho-NF-kB in LPS-treated astrocytes. Furthermore, [6]-shogaol treatment markedly up-regulated histone H3 acetylation and suppressed histone deacetylase (HDAC)1 expression. In addition, [6]-shogaol treatment also increased the expression of heat-shock protein (HSP)70. The neuroprotective, neurotrphic, and anti-inflammatory properties of [6]-shogaol may be translated to improvements in neurological performance. [6]-Shogaol's ability to inhibit HDAC was comparable to that of commonly used HDAC inhibitors Trichostatin A and MS275. Taken together, our results suggest that [6]-shogaol can significantly attenuate a variety of neuroinflammatory responses by inducing HSP70, that is associated with HDAC inhibition in cortical astrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sehwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Sokho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dea-Seung
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Young-Bae
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Jungkee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D002396:Catechols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002396:Catechols; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014157:Transcription Factors; C040115:shogaol; D006655:Histone Deacetylases