title: A national study of out-of-pocket expenditures for mammography screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify variations in screening mammography expenditures, primarily out-of-pocket and total expenditures, of women 40-64 years of age in the United States and factors associated with variations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of data collected from the 2007 and 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The sample included 2020 women 40-64 years of age who received one mammogram in 2007 or 2008. Ordinary least squares regression was used to describe relationships among out-of-pocket mammography expenditures, total mammography expenditures, and out-of-pocket mammography expenditures as a percentage of total mammography expenditures and such independent variables as insurance status and type, income, region of the United States, and type of facility where a mammogram was received.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average out-of-pocket expenditure for a mammogram in 2007 or 2008 was $33, representing 14.1% of the total mammogram expenditure ($266). After controlling for demographic and health factors, women who were uninsured, were from the Midwest, and had a mammogram at an office-based facility had greater out-of-pocket mammography expenditures. Women who were uninsured, lived in the South, and received their mammogram at an office-based facility had out-of-pocket mammography expenditures that represented a greater proportion of the total mammography expenditures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large variations in out-of-pocket expenditures were observed among women with and without insurance and between insurance types, geographic regions of the United States, and types of facilities where mammograms were received. A higher financial burden of mammography screening among some subgroups of women may act as a barrier to future mammography screening.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9510, USA. tlemasters@hsc.wvu.edu
authors.forename: Traci
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: LeMasters
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sambamoorthi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008327:Mammography / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D016387:Women's Health / Q000191:economics*