title: Injectable polyHIPEs as high-porosity bone grafts.
abstract: Polymerization of high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) is a relatively new method for the production of high-porosity scaffolds. The tunable architecture of these polyHIPE foams makes them attractive candidates for tissue engineered bone grafts. Previously studied polyHIPE systems require either toxic diluents or high cure temperatures which prohibit their use as an injectable bone graft. In contrast, we have developed an injectable polyHIPE that cures at physiological temperatures to a rigid, high-porosity foam. First, a biodegradable macromer, propylene fumarate dimethacrylate (PFDMA), was synthesized that has appropriate viscosity and hydrophobicity for emulsification. The process of surfactant selection is detailed with particular focus on the key structural features of both polymer (logP values, hydrogen bond acceptor sites) and surfactant (HLB values, hydrogen bond donor sites) that enable stable HIPE formation. Incubation of HIPEs at 37 °C was used to initiate radical cross-linking of the unsaturated double bond of the methacrylate groups to polymerize the continuous phase and lock in the emulsion geometry. The resulting polyHIPEs exhibited ~75% porosity, pore sizes ranging from 4 to 29 μm, and an average compressive modulus and strength of 33 and 5 MPa, respectively. These findings highlight the great potential of these scaffolds as injectable, tissue engineered bone grafts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3120, United States.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Moglia
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.forename: Caitlin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cosgriff-Hernandez
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004655:Emulsions; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005650:Fumarates / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011126:Polypropylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D013343:Styrenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004655:Emulsions; D005650:Fumarates; D008689:Methacrylates; D011108:Polymers; D011126:Polypropylenes; D013343:Styrenes; C493734:polyHIPE