title: The relation between depression and parkin genotype: the CORE-PD study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in parkin are a known genetic risk factor for early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) but their role in non-motor manifestations is not well established. Genetic factors for depression are similarly not well characterized. We investigate the role of parkin mutations in depression among those with EOPD and their relatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected psychiatric information using the Patient Health Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory II on 328 genotyped individuals including 88 probands with early onset PD (41 with parkin mutations, 47 without) and 240 first and second-degree relatives without PD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genotype was not associated with depression risk among probands. Among unaffected relatives of EOPD cases, only compound heterozygotes (n = 4), and not heterozygotes, had significantly increased risk of depressed mood (OR = 14.1; 95% CI 1.2-163.4), moderate to severe depression (OR = 17.8; 95% CI 1.0-332.0), depression (score ≥ 15) on the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) (OR = 51.9; 95% CI 4.1-657.4), and BDI-II total depression score (β = 8.4; 95% CI 2.4-11.3) compared to those without parkin mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatives of EOPD cases with compound heterozygous mutations and without diagnosed PD may have a higher risk of depression compared to relatives without parkin mutations. These findings support evidence of a genetic contribution to depression and may extend the phenotypic spectrum of parkin mutations to include non-motor manifestations that precede the development of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A
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authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: M-X
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authors.lastname: Tang
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authors.lastname: Mejia-Santana
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authors.lastname: Rosado
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authors.lastname: Comella
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authors.lastname: Colcher
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authors.lastname: Siderowf
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authors.lastname: Jennings
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authors.lastname: Nance
authors.forename: S
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authors.lastname: Bressman
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authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tanner
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authors.lastname: Mickel
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waters
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authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fahn
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cote
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authors.lastname: Frucht
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authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: R N
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authors.lastname: Alcalay
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authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: M
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authors.lastname: Orbe Reilly
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezak
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hiner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Merle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ottman
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D009154:Mutation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C111567:parkin protein