title: Assessment of global and regional left ventricular volume and shape by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular (LV) remodeling occurs in response to chronic volume overload. Real-time 3-dimensional (RT3D) echocardiography offers new modalities for LV assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate LV changes in shape and volume in response to different severities of naturally acquired myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs by RT3D echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five client-owned dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively recruited dogs were classified by standard echocardiography into healthy, mild, moderate, and severe MMVD groups. Endocardial border tracking of LV RT3D dataset was performed, from which global and regional (automatically acquired basal, mid, and apical segments based on LV long-axis length) end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volumes (ESV), LV long-axis length, and sphericity index were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Global and regional EDV and ESV (indexed to body weight) were most prominently increased in dogs with severe MMVD. All 3 regional LV segments contributed to increased global EDV and ESV with increasing MMVD severity, but mid-EDV contributed the most to the global EDV increase. Furthermore, LV long-axis length and LV sphericity index increased with increasing MMVD severity. Basal and apical EDV segments displayed the strongest association with sphericity index (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most prominent LV volume expansion was found in dogs with severe MMVD. Increased EDV, primarily in the mid-segment, leads to rounding of LV apical and basal segments in response to increasing MMVD severity. Assessment of LV volume and shape potentially could allow early detection of dogs at risk for rapid progression into congestive heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. ingrid.ljungvall@slu.se
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ljungvall
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Höglund
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carnabuci
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tidholm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Häggström
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology