title: The association between depression and parental ethnic affiliation and socioeconomic status: a 27-year longitudinal US community study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the extent to which parental SES and ethnic affiliation during adolescence are associated with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scores compatible with depression during adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were extracted from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) conducted in 1979 on several ethnic groups (African-Americans, Hispanics and Others). These data included paternal socio-economic status (SES) when respondents (N = 8,331) were on average aged 18. The CES-D was re-administered 27 years later to assess the presence of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted for age, binary logistic regression modeling showed that parental low SES increased the risk of CES-D of scores compatible with depression across ethnic groups for both genders. A gradient was observed of an increased likelihood of depression scores with lower parental SES levels: among African-American respondents, depression scores were highest at the lowest parental SES levels (OR = 3.25, 95% CI 2.19-4.84) and the risk dropped at medium (OR = 3.00, 95% CI 1.96-4.59), and highest SES levels (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.12-3.07). An analogous pattern was generally found for each ethnic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low parental SES during adolescence significantly increases the likelihood of CES-D scores compatible with depression during adulthood across US ethnic groups and in both genders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: Sophie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Stephen Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Levav
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012923:Social Class; D012933:Social Identification; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult