title: Cigarette smoking, proteinuria, and renal function in middle-aged Japanese men from an occupational population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the renal effects of cigarette smoking in a middle-aged occupational population because the effects have previously been demonstrated mainly in community populations that included many elderly people who are thought to be vulnerable to such effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 990 middle-aged men recruited from a chemical plant, proteinuria was measured by a dipstick method and the glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) using a formula proposed by the Japanese Society of Nephrology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proteinuria was found in 4.6% of the current smokers and 1.5% of the never-smokers. It was found in 4.8% of the subjects having a Brinkman index (BI) of 400-599 and 6.3% of those having a BI of 600 or above. The odds ratio for proteinuria in them was 2.94 (CI: 1.01-8.55) and 3.61 (CI: 1.29-10.1), respectively, adjusting for possible confounders. The mean eGFR was higher in smokers than in nonsmokers throughout middle age up to 64 years. Normal but high eGFR was found in 6.7% of the current heavy smokers and subnormal eGFR in 5.7% of the largest cumulative cigarette consumers in contrast to 3.0% or less of the never-smokers. Proteinuria was found in 13.3% of the subjects showing subnormal eGFR, specifically in 16.7% of the smokers and 8.3% of the nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking causes proteinuria in working middle-aged men. Smokers tend to have a high eGFR, but those with subnormal eGFR showed proteinuria most frequently. Whether the high eGFR in smokers will eventually decrease and cause proteinuria remains an important focus for further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. hygiene@kanazawa-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Noborisaka
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: Minori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Ryumon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyao
authors.forename: Masaji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology