title: Civil conflicts are associated with the global climate.
abstract: It has been proposed that changes in global climate have been responsible for episodes of widespread violence and even the collapse of civilizations. Yet previous studies have not shown that violence can be attributed to the global climate, only that random weather events might be correlated with conflict in some cases. Here we directly associate planetary-scale climate changes with global patterns of civil conflict by examining the dominant interannual mode of the modern climate, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Historians have argued that ENSO may have driven global patterns of civil conflict in the distant past, a hypothesis that we extend to the modern era and test quantitatively. Using data from 1950 to 2004, we show that the probability of new civil conflicts arising throughout the tropics doubles during El Niño years relative to La Niña years. This result, which indicates that ENSO may have had a role in 21% of all civil conflicts since 1950, is the first demonstration that the stability of modern societies relates strongly to the global climate.
authors.affiliation: School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. shsiang@princeton.edu
authors.forename: Solomon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hsiang
authors.forename: Kyle C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cane
mesh_terms: D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D059000:El Nino-Southern Oscillation / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors / Q000266:history; D013997:Time Factors; D014329:Tropical Climate; D014507:Urbanization / Q000266:history; D014754:Violence / Q000266:history / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014857:Warfare