title: Spinal blocks.
abstract: Every anesthetist should have the expertise to perform lumbar puncture that is the prerequisite to induce spinal anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia is easy and effective technique: small amount of local anesthetic injected in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid provides highly effective anesthesia, analgesia, and sympathetic and motor block in the lower part of the body. The main limitation of spinal anesthesia is a variable and relatively short duration of the block with a single-injection of local anesthetic. With appropriate use of adjuvant or combining spinal anesthesia with epidural anesthesia, the analgesic action can be controlled in case of early recovery of initial block or in patients with prolonged procedures. Contraindications are rare. Bleeding disorders and any major dysfunction in coagulation system are rare in children, but spinal anesthesia should not be used in children with local infection or increased intracranial pressure. Children with spinal anesthesia may develop the same adverse effects as has been reported in adults, but in contrast to adults, cardiovascular deterioration is uncommon in children even with high blocks. Most children having surgery with spinal anesthesia need sedation, and in these cases, close monitoring of sufficient respiratory function and protective airway reflexes is necessary. Postdural puncture headache and transient neurological symptoms have been reported also in pediatric patients, and thus, guardians should be provided instructions for follow-up and contact information if symptoms appear or persist after discharge. Epidural blood patch is effective treatment for prolonged, severe headache, and nonopioid analgesic is often sufficient for transient neurological symptoms.
authors: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. hannu.kokki@kuh.fi
authors: Hannu
authors: H
authors: Kokki
mesh_terms: D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D000075202:Contraindications; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013129:Spinal Puncture
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local