title: Can we assess the age of bruises? An attempt to develop an objective technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were (A) to investigate whether the number of years of forensic experience affected the accuracy with which forensic experts (FEs) were able to age bruises and (B) to identify the properties and colours of a bruise that were utilized by FEs in their assessment of bruise age. The study then investigated the possibility of using a more objective technique. It was decided to use readily available digital photography and software to objectively assess changes in bruise colouration and to investigate if this can be used to age bruises.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three FEs were shown 25 photographs of bruises of varying but known ages and asked to estimate the ages. In part two of the study, bruises were inflicted on volunteers using a vacuum pump and photographs taken of the bruise daily from infliction to resolution. The images were analysed using Adobe Photoshop. Red, green and blue (RGB) values were recorded for each bruise and analyses carried out comparing the values over time between subjects and within subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study both enhanced and supported a previous conclusion that visual assessment of photographs is an unreliable method for ageing bruises. Additionally, it found that the degree of forensic experience had no effect on accuracy. It also identified that colour (particularly yellow, red and purple) and intensity of colour were the most commonly used properties of a bruise in the assessment of its age. The RGB method proved to be a reliable technique with which to measure bruise colour, but its validity in the assessment of bruise age was poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual assessment of bruises is unreliable and the accuracy of ageing was not improved by the degree of forensic experience. The RGB method gave highly reproducible results, but did not accurately assess bruise age. However, results within subjects suggested that there may be individual variation in haemoglobin metabolism.
authors: Cameron Forensic Medical Sciences, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
authors: Sophie E
authors: SE
authors: Grossman
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Johnston
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Vanezis
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Perrett
mesh_terms: D003288:Contusions / Q000473:pathology*; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015588:Observer Variation; D010781:Photography; D013997:Time Factors