title: PD-1 and autoimmunity.
abstract: An initiating T cell response requires both costimulatory signaling and T cell receptor/MHC binding. The immune system balances positive and negative costimulatory signal pathways to activate and deactivate T cells. This review focuses primarily on PD-1 and its ligands, which form a crucial inhibitory costimulatory pathway for maintaining peripheral tolerance, and their contribution to autoimmunity. Since 1992, when PD-1 was isolated, many studies have described the physiological roles of PD-1 signaling, reported relationships between Pdcd-1 gene polymorphism and autoimmune diseases, and applied PD-1/PD-1 ligand modulation to clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances and future therapeutic applications of PD-1 and its ligands to autoimmune diseases.
authors: Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. kobe470@med.kobe-u.ac.jp
authors: Shimpei
authors: S
authors: Kasagi
authors: Seiji
authors: S
authors: Kawano
authors: Shunichi
authors: S
authors: Kumagai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell