title: Infection parameters in the sand fly vector that predict transmission of Leishmania major.
abstract: To identify parameters of Leishmania infection within a population of infected sand flies that reliably predict subsequent transmission to the mammalian host, we sampled groups of infected flies and compared infection intensity and degree of metacyclogenesis with the frequency of transmission. The percentage of parasites within the midgut that were metacyclic promastigotes had the highest correlation with the frequency of transmission. Meta-analysis of multiple transmission experiments allowed us to establish a percent-metacyclic "cutoff" value that predicted transmission competence. Sand fly infections initiated with variable doses of parasites resulted in correspondingly altered percentages of metacyclic promastigotes, resulting in altered transmission frequency and disease severity. Lastly, alteration of sand fly oviposition status and environmental conditions at the time of transmission also influenced transmission frequency. These observations have implications for transmission of Leishmania by the sand fly vector in both the laboratory and in nature, including how the number of organisms acquired by the sand fly from an infection reservoir may influence the clinical outcome of infection following transmission by bite.
authors: Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Lisa W
authors: LW
authors: Stamper
authors: Rachel L
authors: RL
authors: Patrick
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Fay
authors: Phillip G
authors: PG
authors: Lawyer
authors: Dia-Eldin A
authors: DE
authors: Elnaiem
authors: Nagila
authors: N
authors: Secundino
authors: Alain
authors: A
authors: Debrabant
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Sacks
authors: Nathan C
authors: NC
authors: Peters
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004199:Disease Vectors; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000469:parasitology; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000635:transmission*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000469:parasitology*