title: Ethanol-induced loss-of-righting response during ethanol withdrawal in male and female rats: associations with alterations in Arc labeling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing evidence for relevant sex differences in responses to ethanol. Several investigations have found differences in expression and recovery from ethanol withdrawal (EW) in people and across various animal models. We have found that female rats recover more quickly than male rats and show differential responses to various behavioral assessments and pharmacological challenges during withdrawal. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sex differences in EW behaviors extend to the hypnotic effects of acute ethanol administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a repeated measures design to assess duration and latency for loss-of-righting reflex following an acute injection of ethanol (4.2 g/kg; 20% w/v) to pair-fed control or ethanol-withdrawn animals at 1 and 3 days EW in male, female, and ovariectomized female (OVX) rats. We determined protein levels of the activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein (Arc), used as a marker for synaptic activity in glutamatergic synapses, in the motor cortex and prefrontal cortex across these same treatment conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethanol-withdrawn animals had a reduced ethanol-induced sleep time compared to controls at 1 day EW. Sleep time remained shortened at 3 days EW for males and OVX, but not females. Arc protein levels in motor cortex and preoptic nuclei significantly increased at 1 day EW across all sex conditions, suggestive of an association with the reduced ethanol-induced sleep times during EW. Arc levels increased further for males and OVX, but not females, at the 3 days EW time point.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings add further support to sex differences in effects of and responses to ethanol. They suggest that the more rapid recovery from EW for females than males also includes expression of tolerance to the hypnotic effects of ethanol. These sex differences may involve some differential neuroadaptations in glutamatergic signaling.
authors: Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA.
authors: Shawn A
authors: SA
authors: Walls
authors: Zachary L
authors: ZL
authors: Macklin
authors: Leslie L
authors: LL
authors: Devaud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C092069:activity regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein; D000431:Ethanol; D018698:Glutamic Acid