title: Meat-cooking mutagens and risk of renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-temperature cooked meat contains two families of carcinogens, heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Given the kidneys' role in metabolism and urinary excretion of these compounds, we investigated meat-derived mutagens, as well as meat intake and cooking methods, in a population-based case-control study conducted in metropolitan Detroit and Chicago.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the renal parenchyma (renal cell carcinoma (RCC)) cases (n=1192) were frequency matched on age, sex, and race to controls (n=1175). The interviewer-administered Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) included queries for meat-cooking methods and doneness with photographic aids. Levels of meat mutagens were estimated using the DHQ in conjunction with the CHARRED database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of RCC increased with intake of barbecued meat (P(trend)=0.04) and the PAH, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, highest vs lowest quartile: 1.50 (1.14, 1.95), P(trend)=0.001). With increasing BaP intake, the risk of RCC was more than twofold in African Americans and current smokers (P(interaction)<0.05). We found no association for HCAs or overall meat intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BaP intake, a PAH in barbecued meat, was positively associated with RCC. These biologically plausible findings advocate further epidemiological investigation into dietary intake of BaP and risk of RCC.
authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. Carrie.Daniel@nih.hhs.gov
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Daniel
authors: K L
authors: KL
authors: Schwartz
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Colt
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Dong
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Ruterbusch
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Purdue
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Cross
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Rothman
authors: F G
authors: FG
authors: Davis
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Wacholder
authors: B I
authors: BI
authors: Graubard
authors: W H
authors: WH
authors: Chow
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D003296:Cooking; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens