title: Extraction of urethral calculi by transabdominal cystoscopy and urethroscopy in nine dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a minimally invasive technique for treating urethral obstructions in male dogs and to review the postoperative results.
  
  
  METHODS
  All dogs (n=9) had urethral obstruction due to calculi. Obstructions were verified by radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations. Dogs with impaired kidney function were not included in the study. A 5-mm diameter trocar and cannula were placed in the ventral midline, 2 cm cranial to the umbilicus, allowing placement of a 10-mm diameter cannula under visual guidance, adjacent to the apex of the bladder. The bladder was then partially exteriorised and sutured to the skin. A 5-mm diameter cystoscopy sheath was introduced into the bladder lumen and advanced into the urethra. Continuous retrograde flushing was used to dislodge the calculi from the site of obstruction and collect them upstream.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nine dogs were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. No major postoperative complications were identified. One dog exhibited transient macroscopic haematuria (for 3 weeks postoperatively). All urethral calculi were removed in the nine dogs. No recurrence was found during the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A minimally invasive approach is used to treat urethral obstructions resulting from calculi in the male dogs.
authors: Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire des Cordeliers, 29, avenue Joffre, 77100 Meaux, France.
authors: S V
authors: SV
authors: Libermann
authors: I C
authors: IC
authors: Doran
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Bille
authors: E G
authors: EG
authors: Bomassi
authors: E P
authors: EP
authors: Rattez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*