title: Acute toxicity and hepatotoxicokinetic studies of Tamarindus indica extract.
abstract: Tamarindus indica is widely used as a food and beverage and in traditional medicine. The apparent lack of dose standardization in herbal medicine necessitates the evaluation of the lethality T. indica on Artemia salina nauplii and chicken embryos via in vitro and in vivo techniques. Furthermore, hepatotoxicokinetics of the crude extract and fractions on Wister rats was also assessed. At concentrations of 200, 20 and 2 µg/mL, crude extract and fractions showed brine shrimp death percentages ranging from 86.70% to 3.30% and the sub-fractions showed death percentage ranges of 46.70% to 3.30%. Calculated LD₅₀ values ranged from 832 µg/mL to 5,019 µg/mL. Dosing Wister rats with 25% and 50% concentration of LD₅₀ determined for crude extract and fractions on chicken embryos showed an elevation in the ALT and AST levels in the serum. Brine shrimps and chicken embryos showed a positive correlation, with R² values of 0.541 and 0.588 (P ≤ 0.05) for fractions and subfractions, respectively, as media for the lethality assay. Dose standardization in folk herbal medicine is imperative as T. indica used as food and medicine has been shown to be toxic at high doses. Brine shrimp and chicken embryos may be comparably used as medium for toxicity assay.
authors: Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa. uchenwodo@gmail.com
authors: Uchechukwu U
authors: UU
authors: Nwodo
authors: Augustine A
authors: AA
authors: Ngene
authors: Aruh O
authors: AO
authors: Anaga
authors: Vincent N
authors: VN
authors: Chigor
authors: Igbinosa I
authors: II
authors: Henrietta
authors: Anthony I
authors: AI
authors: Okoh
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002845:Chromatography; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D029861:Tamarindus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase