title: Real time neutron diffraction and NMR of the Empress II glass-ceramic system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports real time neutron diffraction on the Empress II glass-ceramic system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The commercial glass-ceramics was characterized by real time neutron diffraction, ³¹P and ²⁹Si solid-state MAS-NMR, DSC and XRD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On heating, the as-received glass ceramic contained lithium disilicate (Li₂Si₂O₅), which melted with increasing temperature. This was revealed by neutron diffraction which showed the Bragg peaks for this phase had disappeared by 958°C in agreement with thermal analysis. On cooling lithium metasilicate (Li₂SiO₃) started to form at around 916°C and a minor phase of cristobalite at around 852°C. The unit cell volume of both Li-silicate phases increased linearly with temperature at a rate of +17×10⁻³ Å³.°C⁻¹. Room temperature powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the material after cooling confirms presence of the lithium metasilicate and cristobalite as the main phases and shows, in addition, small amount of lithium disilicate and orthophosphate. ³¹P MAS-NMR reveals presence of the lithiorthophosphate (Li₃PO₄) before and after heat treatment. The melting of lithium disilicate on heating and crystallisation of lithium metasilicate on cooling agree with endothermic and exotermic features respectively observed by DSC. ²⁹Si MAS-NMR shows presence of lithium disilicate phase in the as-received glass-ceramic, though not in the major proportion, and lithium metasilicate in the material after heat treatment. Both phases have significantly long T₁ relaxation time, especially the lithium metasilicate, therefore, a quantitative analysis of the ²⁹Si MAS-NMR spectra was not attempted. Significance. The findings of the present work demonstrate importance of the commercially designed processing parameters in order to preserve desired characteristics of the material. Processing the Empress II at a rate slower than recommended 60°C min⁻¹ or long isothermal hold at the maximal processing temperature 920°C can cause crystallization of lithium metasilicate and cristobalite instead of lithium disilicate as major phase.
authors: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. m.odonnell@imperial.ac.uk
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: O'Donnell
authors: R G
authors: RG
authors: Hill
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Karpukhina
authors: R V
authors: RV
authors: Law
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008422:Materials Testing; D033363:Neutron Diffraction; D053838:Scattering, Small Angle
chemical_list: C118557:Empress 2; D018020:Lithium Compounds; C493120:lithia disilicate; D003776:Dental Porcelain