title: The role of serum non-cholesterol sterols as surrogate markers of absolute cholesterol synthesis and absorption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the whole-body cholesterol metabolism in man, cholesterol synthesis and absorption need to be measured. Because of the complicated methods of the measurements, new approaches were developed including the analysis of serum non-cholesterol sterols. In current lipidologic papers and even in intervention studies, serum non-cholesterol sterols are frequently used as surrogate markers of cholesterol metabolism without any validation to the absolute metabolic variables. The present review compares serum non-cholesterol sterols with absolute measurements of cholesterol synthesis and absorption in published papers to find out whether the serum markers are valid indicators of cholesterol metabolism in various conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During statin treatment, during interventions of dietary fat, and in type 2 diabetes the relative and absolute variables of cholesterol synthesis and absorption were frequently but not constantly correlated with each other. In some occasions, especially in subjects with apolipoprotein E3/4 and E4/4 phenotypes, the relative metabolic markers were even more sensitive than the absolute ones to reflect changes in cholesterol metabolism during dietary interventions. Even in general population at very high absorption the homeostasis of cholesterol metabolism is disturbed damaging the validity of the serum markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is worth using several instead of only one precursor and absorption sterol marker for making conclusions of altered synthesis or absorption of cholesterol, and even then the presence of at least some absolute measurement is valuable. During consumption of plant sterol-enriched diets and in situations of interfered cholesterol homeostasis the relative markers do not adequately reflect cholesterol metabolism. Accordingly, the validity of the relative markers of cholesterol metabolism should not be considered as self-evident.
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. tatu.a.miettinen@helsinki.fi
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Miettinen
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Gylling
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Nissinen
mesh_terms: D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013261:Sterols / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D015415:Biomarkers; D004041:Dietary Fats; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D013261:Sterols; D002784:Cholesterol