title: Potentiation of brain stimulation reward by morphine: effects of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The abuse potential of opioids may be due to their reinforcing and rewarding effects, which may be attenuated by neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) antagonists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to measure the effects of opioid and NK1R blockade on the potentiation of brain stimulation reward (BSR) by morphine using the intracranial self-stimulation method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male C57BL/6J mice (n = 15) were implanted with unipolar stimulating electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus and trained to respond for varying frequencies of rewarding electrical stimulation. The BSR threshold (θ(0)) and maximum response rate (MAX) were determined before and after intraperitoneal administration of saline, morphine (1.0-17.0 mg/kg), or the NK1R antagonists L-733,060 (1.0-17.0 mg/kg) and L-703,606 (1.0-17.0 mg/kg). In morphine antagonism experiments, naltrexone (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) or 10.0 mg/kg L-733,060 or L-703,606 was administered 15 min before morphine (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) or saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphine dose-dependently decreased θ(0) (maximum effect = 62% of baseline) and altered MAX when compared to saline. L-703,606 and L-733,060 altered θ(0); 10.0 mg/kg L-733,060 and L-703,606, which did not affect θ(0) or MAX, attenuated the effects of 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg morphine, and 1.0 and 0.3 mg/kg naltrexone blocked the effects of 10.0 mg/kg morphine. Naltrexone given before saline did not affect θ(0) or MAX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decrease in θ(0) by morphine reflects its rewarding effects, which were attenuated by NK1R and opioid receptor blockade. These results demonstrate the importance of substance P signaling during limbic reward system activation by opioids.
authors: Department of Neurology and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Dr., CB 7025, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, USA.
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Robinson
authors: E W
authors: EW
authors: Fish
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Krouse
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Thorsell
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Heilig
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Malanga
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D064729:Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D011812:Quinuclidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D064729:Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines; D011812:Quinuclidines; C076851:L 703606; C103788:3-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyloxy)-2-phenylpiperidine; D013373:Substance P; D009271:Naltrexone; D009020:Morphine