title: Psychological stress induces alterations in temporomandibular joint ultrastructure in a rat model of temporomandibular disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of psychological stress on temporomandibular disorder (TMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A communication box was used to induce psychological stress (PS) in rats. Then, the ultrastructure of temporomandibular was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 were measured with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PS group showed evidence of ultrastructural changes in the condyle and articular disk after stimulation, i.e., incomplete gelatinlike material was observed on the condyle after 1 week of PS, wider waves on the articular disk and exposed condylar collagen were observed after 3 weeks of PS, and cracks were apparent on the surface of the condyle. The expression of IL-1 and IL-6 in the condyle cartilage significantly increased after exposure to psychological stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that psychological stress induces ultrastructure alterations in the temporomandibular joint and plays an important role in TMD.
authors: Department of Stomatology, Jinan General Military Hospital, Jinan, China.
authors: Gaoyi
authors: G
authors: Wu
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: Guoxiong
authors: G
authors: Zhu
authors: Yucheng
authors: Y
authors: Su
authors: Yongjin
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Sun
authors: Yanliang
authors: Y
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003094:Collagen / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D019224:Temporomandibular Joint Disc / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003094:Collagen; D003975:Diazepam; D006854:Hydrocortisone