title: Laparoscopic management of impalpable testes: comparison of different techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopy is an important modality for management of impalpable testes. We present long-term outcomes of intra-abdominal testes managed by either single stage orchidopexy or two-stage Fowler Stephen's orchidopexy (FSO) over 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed on patients who underwent laparoscopy for impalpable testes between 1998 and 2010. Demographic data, intra-operative findings, management, histology and follow-up findings were collected and analyzed. Fisher's Exact test was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laparoscopy was performed for 168 impalpable testes (78 left, 58 right and 16 bilateral). Patients were between 8 months and 15 years of age (median 1 year 10 months). Ninety-three testes were found to have cord structures entering the inguinal ring (canalicular), 65 were intra-abdominal and 10 had blind ending vas and/or vessel. Fifty-seven (34%) testes were atrophic and underwent orchidectomy; 100 (60%) testes underwent orchidopexy: either two-stage FSO (48) or single stage orchidopexy (52) and 10 (7%) had findings consistent with 'vanishing testes'. Histopathologically, the excised remnants (34%) showed no viable testicular tissue. The follow-up was a median of 8 months (3 months to 6 years). Four patients were lost to follow-up (two each after FSO and single stage orchidopexy) while, two FSO are awaiting follow-up. At follow-up, 36/44 testes (FSO) and 13/13 testes (single stage orchidopexy) are in the scrotum and of good size. Eight testes had atrophied after two-staged FSO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Canalicular testes are often difficult to palpate (55%). Laparoscopy allows direct visualization and definitive management. There is no statistically significant difference between the results following single stage orchidopexy or two-stage FSO for impalpable testes.
authors: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK. rashmi.roshan@yahoo.co.uk
authors: Rashmi R
authors: RR
authors: Singh
authors: Ashok
authors: A
authors: Rajimwale
authors: Shawqui
authors: S
authors: Nour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006061:Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D056126:Orchiopexy / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013737:Testis / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome