title: Urinary concentrations of dialkylphosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.
abstract: Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides were among the first pesticides that EPA reevaluated as part of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Our goal was to assess exposure to OP insecticides in the U.S. general population over a six-year period. We analyzed 7,456 urine samples collected as part of three two-year cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999-2004. We measured six dialkylphosphate metabolites of OP pesticides to assess OP pesticide exposure. In NHANES 2003-2004, dimethylthiophosphate was detected most frequently with median and 95th percentile concentrations of 2.03 and 35.3 μg/L, respectively. Adolescents were two to three times more likely to have diethylphosphate concentrations above the 95th percentile estimate of 15.5 μg/L than adults and senior adults. Conversely, for dimethyldithiophosphate, senior adults were 3.8 times and 1.8 times more likely to be above the 95th percentile than adults and adolescents, respectively, while adults were 2.1 times more likely to be above the 95th percentile than the adolescents. Our data indicate that the most vulnerable segments of our population-children and older adults-have higher exposures to OP pesticides than other population segments. However, according to DAP urinary metabolite data, exposures to OP pesticides have declined during the last six years at both the median and 95th percentile levels.
authors: Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dbbarr@emory.edu
authors: Dana Boyd
authors: DB
authors: Barr
authors: Lee-Yang
authors: LY
authors: Wong
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Bravo
authors: Gayanga
authors: G
authors: Weerasekera
authors: Martins
authors: M
authors: Odetokun
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Restrepo
authors: Do-Gyun
authors: DG
authors: Kim
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Fernandez
authors: Ralph D
authors: RD
authors: Whitehead
authors: Jose
authors: J
authors: Perez
authors: Maribel
authors: M
authors: Gallegos
authors: Bryan L
authors: BL
authors: Williams
authors: Larry L
authors: LL
authors: Needham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds