title: The influence of pressure changes on endodontically treated teeth during simulated dives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure and evaluate pressure changes in the pulp chambers of extracted teeth exposed to hyperbaric conditions during root canal treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pressure sensor was inserted and sealed into the pulp chambers of extracted human molars (n = 6). The teeth were subjected to simulated dives to 4.5 bar in a diving chamber. During the simulated ascents and descents, the pressure within the pulp chamber was measured, and the difference between the pressure inside the pulp chamber and the pressure in the diving chamber was calculated. Each tooth underwent two dives with an intact pulp chamber, with a calcium hydroxide dressing, after root canal filling, and after adhesive sealing of the pulp chamber floor with a composite. Differences were analyzed statistically (P < 0.05) using one-way analysis of variance (anova).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant pressure differences in teeth with an intact pulp chamber and teeth with a calcium hydroxide dressing. After root filling, however, the increase in pressure inside the pulp chamber was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in the diving chamber. After adhesive sealing of the pulp chamber floor with a composite, the pressure inside the pulp chamber was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the pressure in the diving chamber.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In root canal treatment, canal orifices should be sealed with an adhesively bonded composite filling before a dive. The use of a calcium hydroxide dressing after root canal preparation does not disqualify patients from diving.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hanover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hanover, Germany. constuehmer@web.de
authors: C
authors: C
authors: von See
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Rücker
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Koch
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Kokemueller
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Schumann
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Ziebolz
authors: N-C
authors: NC
authors: Gellrich
mesh_terms: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000502:physiology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008365:Manometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D011312:Pressure; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D019553:Tooth, Nonvital / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014160:Transducers, Pressure
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D019279:Resin Cements; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; C534916:epoxy resin-based root canal sealer; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide