title: Metabolic and kinetic analyses of influenza production in perfusion HEK293 cell culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell culture-based production of influenza vaccine remains an attractive alternative to egg-based production. Short response time and high production yields are the key success factors for the broader adoption of cell culture technology for industrial manufacturing of pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccines. Recently, HEK293SF cells have been successfully used to produce influenza viruses, achieving hemagglutinin (HA) and infectious viral particle (IVP) titers in the highest ranges reported to date. In the same study, it was suggested that beyond 4 × 10(6) cells/mL, viral production was limited by a lack of nutrients or an accumulation of toxic products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To further improve viral titers at high cell densities, perfusion culture mode was evaluated. Productivities of both perfusion and batch culture modes were compared at an infection cell density of 6 × 10(6) cells/mL. The metabolism, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis and amino acids utilization as well as physiological indicators such as viability and apoptosis were extensively documented for the two modes of culture before and after viral infection to identify potential metabolic limitations. A 3 L bioreactor with a perfusion rate of 0.5 vol/day allowed us to reach maximal titers of 3.3 × 10(11) IVP/mL and 4.0 logHA units/mL, corresponding to a total production of 1.0 × 10(15) IVP and 7.8 logHA units after 3 days post-infection. Overall, perfusion mode titers were higher by almost one order of magnitude over the batch culture mode of production. This improvement was associated with an activation of the cell metabolism as seen by a 1.5-fold and 4-fold higher consumption rates of glucose and glutamine respectively. A shift in the viral production kinetics was also observed leading to an accumulation of more viable cells with a higher specific production and causing an increase in the total volumetric production of infectious influenza particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that the HEK293SF cell is an excellent substrate for high yield production of influenza virus. Furthermore, there is great potential in further improving the production yields through better control of the cell culture environment and viral production kinetics. Once accomplished, this cell line can be promoted as an industrial platform for cost-effective manufacturing of the influenza seasonal vaccine as well as for periods of peak demand during pandemics.
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, H4P 2R2 Québec, Canada.
authors: Emma
authors: E
authors: Petiot
authors: Danielle
authors: D
authors: Jacob
authors: Stephane
authors: S
authors: Lanthier
authors: Verena
authors: V
authors: Lohr
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Ansorge
authors: Amine A
authors: AA
authors: Kamen
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000821:virology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D004285:Dogs; D006019:Glycolysis; D057809:HEK293 Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D014771:Virion / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014776:Virus Cultivation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids