title: Evaluation of the in vitro activity of gallium nitrate against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of various field isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) to gallium nitrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 isolates of MAP, including 4 isolated from cattle, 2 isolated from bison, 1 isolated from an alpaca, and 3 isolated from humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro susceptibility to gallium nitrate was tested by use of broth culture with detection of MAP growth by means of a nonradiometric automated detection method. For each MAP isolate, a series of 7 dilutions of gallium nitrate (concentrations ranging from 200 to 1,000 μM) were tested. Gallium nitrate was considered to have caused 90% and 99% inhibition of the MAP growth when the time to detection for culture of the MAP stock solution and a specific concentration of gallium nitrate was delayed and was similar to that obtained for culture of the MAP stock solution (without the addition of gallium nitrate) diluted 1:10 and 1:100, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gallium nitrate inhibited MAP growth in all 10 isolates. The susceptibility to gallium nitrate was variable among isolates, and all isolates of MAP were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the concentration that resulted in 90% inhibition ranged from < 200 μM for the most susceptible isolates to 743 μM for the least susceptible isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gallium nitrate had activity against all 10 isolates of MAP tested in vitro and could potentially be used as a prophylactic agent to aid in the control of MAP infections during the neonatal period.
authors: Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA. mfecteau@vet.upenn.edu
authors: Marie-Eve
authors: ME
authors: Fecteau
authors: Terry L
authors: TL
authors: Fyock
authors: Susan C
authors: SC
authors: McAdams
authors: Raymond C
authors: RC
authors: Boston
authors: Robert H
authors: RH
authors: Whitlock
authors: Raymond W
authors: RW
authors: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D003470:Culture Media; D005708:Gallium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005708:Gallium; C027235:gallium nitrate