title: [A new animal model of osteonecrosis induced by focal alternative cooling and heating insults].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a new animal model of osteonecrosis of the femoral head(ONFH) with improved consistency and incidence of femoral head collapse for studies on the mechanism of osteonecrosis. and on the assessment of treatment effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty adult male emus were used. Guide instrumentation was constructed to position the customized probe just articularly and at the proximal part of the femoral head. An alternating focal liquid nitrogen freezing and radiofrequency heating was applied. At 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after surgery, hip magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. Before the emus were sacrificed, barium sulfate was infused to lower extremities for microangiography. The femoral samples were scanned by micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and evaluated histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No bird demonstrated signs of infection or died unexpectedly. Hip MRI showed changes massive edema at the 4th week, increasingly localized abnormal signals at the 8th'" week, and femoral head collapse at the 12'h week. Micro-CT scans and histological images at the 16th week showed human-like osteonecrotic changes with impaired local blood supply. Bone mineral density of the collapsed head was (380. 31 + 28. 12) mg/cm3 and trabecular spaces were (0. 86 ±0.32) mm; both were significantly lower than those in the control side, which were (415.75 41.28) mg/cm3 and (1. 17 ± 0. 17) mm, respectively (P < 0. 05). Bone volume fraction of the collapsed head was(47.28 ± 17. 14)% and trabecular thickness was (506. 17 ± 220. 58) p.m; both were significantly higher than those at control side, which were (30. 92 ± 4. 01)% and (325. 50 ±44. 53) pm, respectively (P <0. 05). The microangiography at the 16th week showed that vessel volume fraction was (0. 315 ± 0. 055)% , which was significantly higher than the collapsed side [ (0. 142 ± 0. 059)% ] (P <0. 05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The emu model of fem-oral head osteonecrosis was successfully established using focal alternating cooling and heating insults. The models, with improved consistency and incidence of femoral head collapse, can be used in studies on the mechanism of osteonecrosis and on the assessment of treatment effectiveness.
authors: Department of Orthopeadics, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors: Meng
authors: M
authors: Fan
authors: Ai-yuan
authors: AY
authors: Wang
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Jiang
authors: J
authors: Peng
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Zhao
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Liu
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Jian-qi
authors: JQ
authors: Sun
authors: Wen-jing
authors: WJ
authors: Xu
authors: Shi-bi
authors: SB
authors: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020312:Dromaiidae; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005615:Freezing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006361:Heating / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male