title: The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol potentiates intestinal inflammation by Salmonella typhimurium in porcine ileal loops.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both deoxynivalenol (DON) and nontyphoidal salmonellosis are emerging threats with possible hazardous effects on both human and animal health. The objective of this study was to examine whether DON at low but relevant concentrations interacts with the intestinal inflammation induced by Salmonella Typhimurium.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using a porcine intestinal ileal loop model, we investigated whether intake of low concentrations of DON interacts with the early intestinal inflammatory response induced by Salmonella Typhimurium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant higher expression of IL-12 and TNFα and a clear potentiation of the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-6 was seen in loops co-exposed to 1 µg/mL of DON and Salmonella Typhimurium compared to loops exposed to Salmonella Typhimurium alone. This potentiation coincided with a significantly enhanced Salmonella invasion in and translocation over the intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells, exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of DON for 24 h. Exposure of Salmonella Typhimurium to 0.250 µg/mL of DON affected the bacterial gene expression level of a limited number of genes, however none of these expression changes seemed to give an explanation for the increased invasion and translocation of Salmonella Typhimurium and the potentiated inflammatory response in combination with DON.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data imply that the intake of low and relevant concentrations of DON renders the intestinal epithelium more susceptible to Salmonella Typhimurium with a subsequent potentiation of the inflammatory response in the gut.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. Virginie.vandenbroucke@ugent.be
authors: Virginie
authors: V
authors: Vandenbroucke
authors: Siska
authors: S
authors: Croubels
authors: An
authors: A
authors: Martel
authors: Elin
authors: E
authors: Verbrugghe
authors: Joline
authors: J
authors: Goossens
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Van Deun
authors: Filip
authors: F
authors: Boyen
authors: Arthur
authors: A
authors: Thompson
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Shearer
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: De Backer
authors: Freddy
authors: F
authors: Haesebrouck
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Pasmans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C007262:deoxynivalenol