title: An estrogen-responsive plasma protein expression signature in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) revealed by SELDI-TOF MS.
abstract: Compound-specific protein expression signatures (PESs) can be revealed by proteomic techniques. The SELDI-TOF MS approach is advantageous due to its simplicity and high-throughput capacity, however, there are concerns regarding the reproducibility of this method. The aim of this study was to define an estrogen-responsive PES in plasma of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) using the SELDI-TOF MS technique. Protein expression analysis of male cod exposed to 17β-estradiol (E₂) showed that 27 plasma peaks were differentially expressed following exposure. The reproducibility of this result was evaluated by reanalyzing the samples six months later, and a significant change in expression was confirmed for 13 of the 27 peaks detected in the first analysis. The performance of the reproducible E₂-responsive PES, constituting these 13 peaks, was then tested on samples from juvenile cod exposed to 4-nonylphenol, North Sea oil, or North Sea oil spiked with alkylphenols. Principal component analysis revealed that nonylphenol-exposed cod could be separated from unexposed cod based on the E₂-responsive PES, indicating that the PES can be used to assess estrogenic exposure of both juvenile and adult specimens of cod. A targeted antibody-assisted SELDI-TOF MS approach was carried out in an attempt to identify the E₂-responsive peaks. Results indicated that 2 peaks were fragments of the well-known biomarkers VTG and/or ZRP. In this study, the SELDI-TOF MS technology has shown its potential for defining compound-specific PESs in fish. Nevertheless, thorough validation of reproducibility, specificity and sensitivity of a PES is required before it can be applied in environmental monitoring.
authors: International Research Institute of Stavanger-IRIS, Biomiljø, P.O. Box 8046, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway. mam@iris.no
authors: Mari
authors: M
authors: Mæland Nilsen
authors: Sonnich
authors: S
authors: Meier
authors: Bodil K
authors: BK
authors: Larsen
authors: Odd
authors: O
authors: Ketil Andersen
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Hjelle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009659:North Sea; D010578:Petroleum / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity; D040901:Proteomics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D004967:Estrogens; D029941:Fish Proteins; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D010578:Petroleum; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004958:Estradiol; C025256:nonylphenol; C041594:4-nonylphenol