title: Correlation between stress and kidney stone disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prevalence of kidney stone disease is increasing worldwide, and several factors may be involved. We aimed to establish a correlation between stress and kidney stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated 200 patients with a diagnosis of kidney stone disease having them self-respond to a validated questionnaire to measure stress (Perceived Stress Scale-10 [PSS-10]). Stone-related characteristics and potential stressing factors were assessed. Variables that were significant on the univariate analysis were used to construct a model that was able to explain the variability in PSS-10 score in our patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean PSS-10 score was 15.3 ± 1.1. Female sex (P=0.014), occurrence of death or serious illness of a family member or close friend within the last 6 months of the interview (P=0.044), occurrence of other psychological trauma (P<0.0001) all proved to be significant factors. Stone-related aspects associated with stress were presence of symptoms at the time of the interview (P=0.012) and passage of two or more stones per year (P=0.022). We were able to construct a model that explains 34% of the variability of the PSS-10 between subjects. Employment status was the only significant variable, but sex, age, and presence of symptoms at the time of questionnaire administration had to be kept in to achieve a model that explains the largest variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passage of two or more stones per year and presence of symptoms proved to be factors related to elevated stress in patients with a diagnosis of kidney stone disease. Female sex, age, and unemployment may also contribute to a stressed state in this population.
authors: Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Miyaoka
authors: Omar
authors: O
authors: Ortiz-Alvarado
authors: Carly
authors: C
authors: Kriedberg
authors: Shaheen
authors: S
authors: Alanee
authors: Ekkarin
authors: E
authors: Chotikawanich
authors: Manoj
authors: M
authors: Monga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult