title: An adaptive filter-based method for robust, automatic detection and frequency estimation of whistles.
abstract: This paper proposes an adaptive filter-based method for detection and frequency estimation of whistle calls, such as the calls of birds and marine mammals, which are typically analyzed in the time-frequency domain using a spectrogram. The approach taken here is based on adaptive notch filtering, which is an established technique for frequency tracking. For application to automatic whistle processing, methods for detection and improved frequency tracking through frequency crossings as well as interfering transients are developed and coupled to the frequency tracker. Background noise estimation and compensation is accomplished using order statistics and pre-whitening. Using simulated signals as well as recorded calls of marine mammals and a human whistled speech utterance, it is shown that the proposed method can detect more simultaneous whistles than two competing spectrogram-based methods while not reporting any false alarms on the example datasets. In one example, it extracts complete 1.4 and 1.8 s bottlenose dolphin whistles successfully through frequency crossings. The method performs detection and estimates frequency tracks even at high sweep rates. The algorithm is also shown to be effective on human whistled utterances.
authors: Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. torbjorn.johansson@foi.se
authors: A Torbjorn
authors: AT
authors: Johansson
authors: Paul R
authors: PR
authors: White
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002591:Cetacea / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013997:Time Factors; D014828:Vocalization, Animal; D014831:Voice