title: Treadmill exercise and methylphenidate ameliorate symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder through enhancing dopamine synthesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in spontaneous hypertensive rats.
abstract: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder of cognition. Behavioral symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise and methylphenidate (MPH) on activity and spatial learning memory in relation to dopamine synthesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression using spontaneously hypertensive adult male rats. The rats in the MPH-treated group received 1mg/kg MPH orally once a day for 28days. The rats in the treadmill exercise group were made to run on a treadmill for 30min once a day, five times a week, for 28days. Activity was determined by an open-field test and spatial learning memory was evaluated by an 8-arm maze test. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were conducted to examine the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine, and BDNF. The rats in the ADHD group showed hyperactivity and spatial learning memory deficit. Reduction of TH in the striatum and substantia nigra and BDNF in the hippocampus was observed of the rats in the ADHD group. Treadmill exercise and MPH alleviated the ADHD-induced hyperactivity and spatial learning memory impairment. Expressions of TH and BDNF in the ADHD rats were also increased by both treadmill exercise and MPH. These findings provide a possibility that exercise may be used as an effective therapeutic intervention for ADHD patients as MPH treatment.
authors: Department of Oriental Sports Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Kim
authors: Hong-Im
authors: HI
authors: Heo
authors: Dong-Hyun
authors: DH
authors: Kim
authors: Il-Gyu
authors: IG
authors: Ko
authors: Su-Shin
authors: SS
authors: Lee
authors: Sung-Eun
authors: SE
authors: Kim
authors: Bo-Kyun
authors: BK
authors: Kim
authors: Tae-Woon
authors: TW
authors: Kim
authors: Eun-Sang
authors: ES
authors: Ji
authors: Jae-Deung
authors: JD
authors: Kim
authors: Mal-Soon
authors: MS
authors: Shin
authors: Young-Woong
authors: YW
authors: Choi
authors: Chang-Ju
authors: CJ
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D004298:Dopamine