title: Prevalence and factors associated with off-label antidepressant prescriptions for insomnia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary objective of our study was to investigate the prevalence of off-label antidepressant drug use in insomnia. The secondary objective was to compare prescribing patterns between off-label antidepressants vs hypnotics approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for insomnia, with particular emphasis on socioeconomic characteristics of patients and physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a secondary data analysis using the national longitudinal database from the 2006 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Subjects were identified from outpatient visits in which at least one insomnia drug was prescribed. A series of weighted Chi-squared statistics was used to compare drug use for insomnia across various patient and physician characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with off-label antidepressant drug use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 901.95 million outpatient visits that took place in the US in 2006, an estimated 30.43 million visits included at least one drug prescription for insomnia. Off-label antidepressants were prescribed significantly more frequently (45.1%) than nonbenzodiazepine z-hypnotics (43.2%) and benzodiazepines (11.7%). Insomnia prescribing patterns were significantly influenced by physician specialty and physician office settings. Pediatricians (odds ratio [OR]: 65.892; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.536-810.564) and neurologists (OR: 4.784; 95% CI: 2.044-11.201) were more likely to prescribe off-label antidepressants than psychiatrists. Self-paying patients were more likely to receive off-label antidepressants as treatment for insomnia than patients with private insurance (OR 2.594; 95% CI: 1.128-5.967).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate significant socioeconomic disparities in the use of off-label antidepressants. Future studies might explore interventional and educational strategies to ensure well informed clinical decisions that can withstand pharmaceutical marketing strategies and diagnostic uncertainties regarding the treatment of insomnia.
authors: Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA;
authors: L Leanne
authors: LL
authors: Lai
authors: Mooi Heong
authors: MH
authors: Tan
authors: Yen Chi
authors: YC
authors: Lai