title: The molecular origin and consequences of escape from miRNA regulation by HLA-C alleles.
abstract: Differential expression of human leukocyte antigen C (HLA-C) allotypes is mediated by the binding of a microRNA, miR-148a, to the 3' untranslated region of some, but not all, HLA-C alleles. The binding results in lower levels of HLA-C expression, which is associated with higher levels of HIV-1 viral load among infected individuals. The alternative set of HLA-C alleles has several substitutions in the miR-148a binding site that prevent binding and HLA-C downregulation; these high-expression alleles associate with control of HIV-1 viral load. We show that the common ancestor of all extant HLA-C alleles was suppressed by miR-148a. Substitutions that prevent miR-148a binding arose by a sequence exchange event between an HLA-C allele and an HLA-B (MIM 142830) allele of a B(∗)07-like lineage. The event occurred 3-5 million years ago, resulting in an HLA-C variant that escape from miR-148a downregulation. We present evidence suggesting that selection played a role in the successful spread of the HLA-C escape alleles, giving rise to 7 of the 14 extant HLA-C lineages. Notably, critical peptide and KIR binding residues of the escape variants have selectively converged to resemble the sequence of their inhibited counterparts, such that the inhibited and escape groupings differ primarily by their levels of expression.
authors: Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, MD 21702, USA. ohuiginc@mail.nih.gov
authors: Colm
authors: C
authors: O'huigin
authors: Smita
authors: S
authors: Kulkarni
authors: Yunping
authors: Y
authors: Xu
authors: Zhihui
authors: Z
authors: Deng
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Kidd
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Kidd
authors: Xiaojiang
authors: X
authors: Gao
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Carrington
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015235:HLA-B Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D015236:HLA-C Antigens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D019562:Viral Load / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015235:HLA-B Antigens; D015236:HLA-C Antigens; C550570:MIRN148 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs