title: The Hispanic Diabetes Management Program: Impact of community pharmacists on clinical outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of community pharmacists on clinical outcomes in Hispanic patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  126 patients were enrolled in this longitudinal pre/post cohort study that took place in nine community and four workplace pharmacies in San Antonio, TX. Pharmacists provided education, point-of-care testing for glycemic and metabolic parameters, clinical assessment, goal setting, and drug therapy management with physicians. Study outcomes were changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and accompanying metabolic parameters (blood pressure, lipid parameters, and body mass index) during a 1-year time frame.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the overall cohort, A1C was not reduced significantly from baseline to 12 months (7.8% vs. 7.6%, P = 0.516). However, statistically significant reductions occurred for fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and diastolic blood pressure. None of the other parameters was affected significantly. In the subgroup of patients not at target values at baseline, significant reductions occurred for A1C (9.2% vs. 8.6%, P = 0.001), systolic blood pressure (147 vs. 143 mm Hg, P = 0.031), diastolic blood pressure (91 vs. 87 mm Hg, P < 0.001), triglycerides (259 vs. 219 mg/dL, P < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (139 vs. 123 mg/dL, P < 0.001), and total cholesterol (237 vs. 222 mg/dL, P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions performed by community pharmacists are effective in improving clinical outcomes in a Hispanic cohort with diabetes. Pharmacists' efforts were most successful in patients not at target glycemic and metabolic levels.
authors: College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, USA. oyetayo@pharmacy.tamhsc.edu
authors: Ola O
authors: OO
authors: Oyetayo
authors: Clyde
authors: C
authors: James
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Martinez
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Roberson
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Talbert
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D024382:Professional Role; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013781:Texas; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids