title: Extracellular TG2: emerging functions and regulation.
abstract: Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family of Ca(2+)-dependent crosslinking enzymes. Unlike other family members, TG2 is a multifunctional protein, which has several other well documented enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. A significant body of evidence accumulated over the last decade reveals multiple and complex activities of this protein on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM), including its role in the regulation of cell-ECM interactions and outside-in signaling by several types of transmembrane receptors. Moreover, recent findings indicate a dynamic regulation of the levels and functions of extracellular TG2 by several complementary mechanisms. This review summarizes and assesses recent research into the emerging functions and regulation of extracellular TG2.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. abelkin@som.umaryland.edu
authors: Alexey M
authors: AM
authors: Belkin
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism; D060492:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5 / Q000502:physiology; D060488:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6 / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated / Q000378:metabolism; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D011487:Protein Conformation / Q000187:drug effects; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000502:physiology; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D053671:Syndecan-4 / Q000502:physiology; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005353:Fibronectins; D016023:Integrins; C555482:LRP5 protein, human; C555475:LRP6 protein, human; D060492:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5; D060488:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D053671:Syndecan-4; D051176:beta Catenin; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D053504:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Membrane-Associated; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D003545:Cysteine