title: Augmented image guidance improves skull base navigation and reduces task workload in trainees: a preclinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our group has developed an augmented image guidance system that incorporates intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), virtual or augmented displays, and image registration. We assessed the potential benefits of augmented endoscopy derived from this system for use during skull base navigation. Specifically, we wished to evaluate target localization accuracy and the effect on task workload and confidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, sequential, paired preclinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single cadaver head underwent computed tomography, and critical structures were contoured. The specimen was reimaged after endoscopic dissection and deformable registration allowed contours to be displayed on postablation CBCT imaging. A real-time virtual view including anatomical contours was provided parallel to the real endoscopic image. Twelve subjects were asked to endoscopically localize seven skull base landmarks in a conventional manner. The same exercise was then performed with augmented endoscopy. Precise three-dimensional (3D) localization was recorded with a tracked probe. The NASA task load index was completed after each exercise. A short questionnaire was also administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The real-time augmented image guidance system aided localization in 85% of responses and increased confidence in 97%. There was a significant reduction in mental demand, effort, and frustration when the technology was employed, with an increase in perceived performance (P < .05). Three dimensional navigational precision was improved for all landmarks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Real-time augmented image-guided surgery increases accuracy and confidence in trainee surgeons and decreases task workload during skull base navigation. This technology shows great promise in assisting in skull base surgery even for experienced surgeons.
authors: Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Benjamin J
authors: BJ
authors: Dixon
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Daly
authors: Harley
authors: H
authors: Chan
authors: Allan
authors: A
authors: Vescan
authors: Ian J
authors: IJ
authors: Witterick
authors: Jonathan C
authors: JC
authors: Irish
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002983:Clinical Competence; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019291:Skull Base / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D016526:Workload