title: Trends in probable PTSD in firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center disaster, 2001-2010.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present the longest follow-up, to date, of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City firefighters who participated in the rescue/recovery effort.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined data from 11,006 WTC-exposed firefighters who completed 40,672 questionnaires and reported estimates of probable PTSD by year from serial cross-sectional analyses. In longitudinal analyses, we used separate Cox models with data beginning from October 2, 2001, to identify variables associated with recovery from or delayed onset of probable PTSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of probable PTSD was 7.4% by September 11, 2010, and continued to be associated with early arrival at the WTC towers during every year of analysis. An increasing number of aerodigestive symptoms (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89 per symptom, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86-.93) and reporting a decrease in exercise, whether the result of health (HR 0.56 vs no change in exercise, 95% CI 0.41-.78) or other reasons (HR 0.76 vs no change in exercise, 95% CI 0.63-.92), were associated with a lower likelihood of recovery from probable PTSD. Arriving early at the WTC (HR 1.38 vs later WTC arrival, 95% CI 1.12-1.70), an increasing number of aerodigestive symptoms (HR 1.45 per symptom, 95% CI 1.40-1.51), and reporting an increase in alcohol intake since September 11, 2001 (HR 3.43 vs no increase in alcohol intake, 95% CI 2.67-4.43) were associated with delayed onset of probable PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probable PTSD continues to be associated with early WTC arrival even 9 years after the terrorist attacks. Concurrent conditions and behaviors, such as respiratory symptoms, exercise, and alcohol use also play important roles in contributing to PTSD symptoms.
authors: Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, USA.
authors: Jackie
authors: J
authors: Soo
authors: Mayris P
authors: MP
authors: Webber
authors: Jackson
authors: J
authors: Gustave
authors: Roy
authors: R
authors: Lee
authors: Charles B
authors: CB
authors: Hall
authors: Hillel W
authors: HW
authors: Cohen
authors: Kerry J
authors: KJ
authors: Kelly
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Prezant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D060731:Emergency Responders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061388:Firefighters / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology