title: Preliminary validation of assays to measure parameters of calcium metabolism in captive Asian and African elephants in western Europe.
abstract: Hypocalcemia is a well known cause of dystocia in animals, including elephants in captivity. In order to study calcium metabolism in elephants, it is of utmost importance to use properly validated assays, as these might be prone to specific matrix effects in elephant blood. The aim of the current study was to conduct preliminary work for validation of various parameters involved in calcium metabolism in both blood and urine of captive elephants. Basal values of these parameters were compared between Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Preliminary testing of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and creatinine appeared valid for use in plasma and creatinine in urine in both species. Furthermore, measurements of bone alkaline phosphatase and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen appeared valid for use in Asian elephants. Mean heparinized plasma ionized calcium concentration and pH were not significantly affected by 3 cycles of freezing and thawing. Storage at 4 °C, room temperature, and 37 °C for 6, 12, and 24 hr did not alter the heparinized plasma ionized calcium concentration in Asian elephants. The following linear regression equation using pH (range: 6.858-7.887) and ionized calcium concentration in heparinized plasma was utilized: iCa(7.4) (mmol/l) = -2.1075 + 0.3130·pH(actual) + 0.8296·iCa(actual) (mmol/l). Mean basal values for pH and plasma in Asian elephant whole blood were 7.40 ± 0.048 and 7.49 ± 0.077, respectively. The urinary specific gravity and creatinine concentrations in both Asian and African elephants were significantly correlated and both were significantly lower in Asian elephants.
authors: University of Utrecht, Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Gerda R
authors: GR
authors: van Sonsbeek
authors: Johannes H
authors: JH
authors: van der Kolk
authors: Johannes P T M
authors: JP
authors: van Leeuwen
authors: Willem
authors: W
authors: Schaftenaar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004606:Elephants / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D003404:Creatinine; D002118:Calcium