title: Estrogens and prostate cancer: etiology, mediators, prevention, and management.
abstract: The mainstay targets for hormonal prostate cancer (PCa) therapies are based on negating androgen action. Recent epidemiologic and experimental data have pinpointed the key roles of estrogens in PCa development and progression. Racial and geographic differences, as well as age-associated changes, in estrogen synthesis and metabolism contribute significantly to the etiology. This article summarizes how different estrogens/antiestrogens/estrogen mimics contribute to prostate carcinogenesis, the roles of the different mediators of estrogen in the process, and the potentials of new estrogenic/antiestrogenic compounds for prevention and treatment of PCa.
authors: Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA. shuk-mei.ho@uc.edu
authors: Shuk-Mei
authors: SM
authors: Ho
authors: Ming-Tsung
authors: MT
authors: Lee
authors: Hung-Ming
authors: HM
authors: Lam
authors: Yuet-Kin
authors: YK
authors: Leung
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D000818:Animals; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens