title: In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity of sulfated polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera.
abstract: Water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Enteromorpha prolifera and fractionated using ion-exchange chromatography (crude, F(1), F(2) and F(3) fractions) were investigated to determine their in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activities. The sulfated polysaccharides, especially the F(1) and F(2) fractions, stimulated a macrophage cell line, Raw 264.7, inducing considerable nitric oxide (NO) and various cytokine production via up-regulated mRNA expression. The in vivo experiment results show that the sulfated polysaccharides (the crude and F(2) fractions) significantly increased Con A-induced splenocyte proliferation, revealing their potential comitogenic activity. In addition, IFN-γ and IL-2 secretions were considerably increased by the F(2) fraction without altering the release of IL-4 and IL-5. This implies that the F(2) fraction can activate T cells by up-regulating Th-1 response and that Th-1 cells might be the main target cells of the F(2) fraction. These in vitro and in vivo results suggest that the sulfated polysaccharides are strong immunostimulators.
authors: Department of Biomedical Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-702, Korea.
authors: Jin-Kyung
authors: JK
authors: Kim
authors: Myoung Lae
authors: ML
authors: Cho
authors: Supatra
authors: S
authors: Karnjanapratum
authors: Il-Shik
authors: IS
authors: Shin
authors: Sang Guan
authors: SG
authors: You
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D044445:Ulva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007378:Interleukins; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013431:Sulfates; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma