title: Spinal subdural effusion - an additional sonographic sign of child abuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the suitability of spinal ultrasound for the detection of spinal subdural hematoma in infants with sustained non-accidental trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six infants (mean age ± SD 3.3 ± 1.5 months) admitted to our hospital because of suspected non-accidental trauma were examined radiologically with ultrasound, CT and/or MRI and skeletal radiography. Twelve healthy infants (mean age ± SD 2.5 ± 1.4 months) in whom an ultrasound of the spine was performed to exclude spinal dysraphism served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All six patients with non-accidental trauma (NAT) presented with cranial subdural hematoma visualized by ultrasound and CT scan or MRI. Spinal ultrasound detected echogenic effusions with floating particles that displaced the undulating arachnoidea from the dura mater spinalis in all six patients with NAT. The size of the spinal subdural hematoma varied and extended from the cervical spine to the cauda equina. The anatomic landmarks (dura mater spinalis, arachnoidea spinalis) were identified and confirmed the subdural location. All spinal subdural hematomas were asymptomatic and detected by diagnostic ultrasound. None of the infants had a pre-existing neurological or hemorrhagic disorder. The plain X-rays of the spine in these infants showed no osseous lesion. Spinal subdural hematoma was not observed in any of the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of spinal subdural hematoma is a valuable sign of sustained non-accidental trauma in infants that can be quickly and easily detected using spinal ultrasound without the need for sedation or general anesthesia. Thus, spinal ultrasound should be part of the imaging examinations performed in infants with suspected abuse.
authors: Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University Innsbruck.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Edelbauer
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Maurer
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Gassner
mesh_terms: D001497:Battered Child Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004453:Echoencephalography; D005260:Female; D046648:Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D046649:Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed