title: COX-2 and PGE2-dependent immunomodulation in breast cancer.
abstract: COX-derived prostanoids play multiple roles in inflammation and cancer. This review highlights research examining COX-2 and PGE(2)-dependent regulation of immune cell polarization and function within the tumor microenvironment, particularly as it pertains to breast cancer. Appreciating PGE(2)-mediated immunomodulation is important in understanding how tumors evade immune surveillance by re-educating infiltrating inflammatory and immune cells to support tumorigenesis. Elucidation of the multiple and complex influences exerted by tumor stromal components may lead to targeted therapies in breast and other cancers that restrain microenvironmental permissiveness and maintain natural defenses against malignancies.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA. edwardch@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors: Edward P
authors: EP
authors: Chen
authors: Emer M
authors: EM
authors: Smyth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D015232:Dinoprostone