title: Oligogalacturonide-auxin antagonism does not require posttranscriptional gene silencing or stabilization of auxin response repressors in Arabidopsis.
abstract: α-1-4-Linked oligogalacturonides (OGs) derived from plant cell walls are a class of damage-associated molecular patterns and well-known elicitors of the plant immune response. Early transcript changes induced by OGs largely overlap those induced by flg22, a peptide derived from bacterial flagellin, a well-characterized microbe-associated molecular pattern, although responses diverge over time. OGs also regulate growth and development of plant cells and organs, due to an auxin-antagonistic activity. The molecular basis of this antagonism is still unknown. Here we show that, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), OGs inhibit adventitious root formation induced by auxin in leaf explants as well as the expression of several auxin-responsive genes. Genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological experiments indicate that inhibition of auxin responses by OGs does not require ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid signaling and is independent of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUE D-mediated reactive oxygen species production. Free indole-3-acetic acid levels are not noticeably altered by OGs. Notably, OG- as well as flg22-auxin antagonism does not involve any of the following mechanisms: (1) stabilization of auxin-response repressors; (2) decreased levels of auxin receptor transcripts through the action of microRNAs. Our results suggest that OGs and flg22 antagonize auxin responses independently of Aux/Indole-3-Acetic Acid repressor stabilization and of posttranscriptional gene silencing.
authors: Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. Darwin, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors: Daniel V
authors: DV
authors: Savatin
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Ferrari
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Sicilia
authors: Giulia
authors: G
authors: De Lorenzo
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005408:Flagellin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000494:pharmacology; D055550:Protein Stability / Q000187:drug effects; D034622:RNA Interference / Q000187:drug effects*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005030:Ethylenes; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D035683:MicroRNAs; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D054883:Oxylipins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C412763:oligogalacturonic acid; D005408:Flagellin; C011006:jasmonic acid; C036216:ethylene; D003513:Cycloheximide