title: Expanding reproductive lifespan: a cost-effectiveness study on oocyte freezing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The average age of women bearing their first child has increased strongly. This is an important reproductive health problem as fertility declines with increasing female age. Unfortunately, IVF using fresh oocytes cannot compensate for this age-related fertility decline. Oocyte freezing could be a solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Markov model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of three strategies for 35-year-old women who want to postpone pregnancy till the age of 40: Strategy 1: women undergo three cycles of ovarian hyperstimulation at age 35 for oocyte freezing, then at age 40, use these frozen oocytes for IVF; Strategy 2: women at age 40 attempt to conceive without treatment; and the reference strategy: women at age 40 attempt to conceive and, if not pregnant after 1 year, undergo IVF. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to investigate assumptions of the model and to identify which model inputs had most impact on the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oocyte freezing (Strategy 1) resulted in a live birth rate of 84.5% at an average cost of €10,419. Natural conception (Strategy 2) resulted in a live birth rate of 52.3% at an average cost of €310 per birth. IVF (the reference strategy) resulted in a cumulative live birth rate of 64.6% at an average cost of €7798. The cost per additional live birth for the oocyte freezing strategy was €13,156 compared to the IVF strategy. If at least 61% of the women return to collect their oocytes, and if there is a willingness to pay €19,560 extra per additional live birth, the oocyte freezing strategy is the most cost-effective strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oocyte freezing is more cost effective compared to IVF, if at least 61% of the women return to collect their oocytes and if one is willing to pay €19,560 extra per additional live birth. Our Markov model shows that, considering all the used assumptions, oocyte freezing provides more value for money than IVF.
authors: Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.l.vanloendersloot@amc.uva.nl
authors: L L
authors: LL
authors: van Loendersloot
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Moolenaar
authors: B W J
authors: BW
authors: Mol
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Repping
authors: F
authors: F
authors: van der Veen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Goddijn
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D010062:Ovulation Induction / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011336:Probability; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000191:economics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity