title: Isoflurane preconditioning protects astrocytes from oxygen and glucose deprivation independent of innate cell sex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isoflurane exposure can protect the mammalian brain from subsequent insults such as ischemic stroke. However, this protective preconditioning effect is sexually dimorphic, with isoflurane preconditioning decreasing male while exacerbating female brain damage in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Emerging evidence suggests that innate cell sex is an important factor in cell death, with brain cells having sex-specific sensitivities to different insults. We used an in vitro model of isoflurane preconditioning and ischemia to test the hypothesis that isoflurane preconditioning protects male astrocytes while having no effect or even a deleterious effect in female astrocytes after subsequent oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sex-segregated astrocyte cultures derived from postnatal day 0 to 1 mice were allowed to reach confluency before being exposed to either 0% (sham preconditioning) or 3% isoflurane preconditioning for 2 hours. Cultures were then returned to normal growth conditions for 22 hours before undergoing 10 hours of OGD. Twenty-four hours after OGD, cell viability was quantified using a lactate dehydrogenase assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane preconditioning increased cell survival after OGD compared with sham preconditioning independent of innate cell sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More studies are needed to determine how cell type and cell sex may impact on anesthetic preconditioning and subsequent ischemic outcomes in the brain.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors: Dustin
authors: D
authors: Johnsen
authors: Stephanie J
authors: SJ
authors: Murphy
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D016923:Cell Death; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000187:drug effects; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005947:Glucose