title: The microbial flora associated with oral carcinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes in the microbial flora on the oral mucosa after cancerous alteration may lead to both local and systemic infections. In this study, we assessed the microbial flora associated with the surfaces of oral squamous cell carcinoma. A comparative evaluation of these microbial contents was made with that of the contralateral healthy mucosa and control (healthy) mucosa. We also assessed the microbial flora from the saliva culture in subjects with oral squamous cell carcinoma and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The case control study was made up of 30 subjects with oral squamous cell carcinoma as the study group; 30 healthy age-, sex-, habit-, and dentition-matched subjects served as the control group. In the study group, microbial samples were collected from the carcinoma site, contralateral healthy mucosa, and saliva, whereas in the control group, samples were collected from the healthy mucosa and saliva. These samples were stored on ice and subsequently transported to the laboratory in 2 mL of thioglycollate transport media, where the microbial cultures were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral squamous cell carcinoma sites harbor significantly more microbial flora (bacteria and yeasts) compared to those of healthy mucosa (control group). The microbial flora predominantly isolated from the carcinoma site were Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus species, Moraxella species, Enterococcus feacalis, Aerobic spore bearers, Klebsiella species, Citrobacter species, Proteus species, Pseudomonas species, and Candida albicans. The median number of colony forming units (CFU)/mL at carcinoma sites (3.85 x 105 CFU/mL) was significantly higher than that of the healthy mucosa (0.571 x 105 CFU/mL; P = .0000, Wilcoxon nonparametric test). Similarly, in saliva of carcinoma subjects, the median number of CFU/mL (2.408 x 105 CFU/mL) was significantly higher than that of saliva in control subjects (0.78 x 105 CFU/mL; P = .0000, Wilcoxon nonparametric test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study clearly indicates that the subjects with oral squamous cell carcinoma harbor significantly more microbial flora. Emphasis has to be given to preventing microbial flora in the oral cavity and treating these patients with appropriate antimicrobial agents, thus reducing their morbidity.
authors: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Dental College and Hospital Sangli, Maharastra, India. raghubyakodi@hotmail.com
authors: Raghavendra
authors: R
authors: Byakodi
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Krishnappa
authors: Vaishali
authors: V
authors: Keluskar
authors: Anjana
authors: A
authors: Bagewadi
authors: Arvind
authors: A
authors: Shetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000382:microbiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002954:Citrobacter / Q000145:classification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000145:classification; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009016:Moraxella / Q000145:classification; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology*; D011511:Proteus / Q000145:classification; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000145:classification; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000145:classification; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification