title: Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) survive burial: Evidence of ascending vertical dispersal.
abstract: This study was undertaken to determine if immature blow flies could complete development following burial and emerge from the soil as adults. Two species of blow flies, Cochliomyia macellaria and Protophormia terraenovae, were placed at three depths and at three different life stages, in a simulated burial to evaluate the impact of soil on ascending vertical dispersal and fly survival. In soil columns, immature stages of each species were covered with 5, 25 and 50cm of soil. Emerging adult flies of both species reached the surface from all depths at all three immature stages (2nd instar, 3rd instar and pupae). At the 50-cm depth, flies were least successful in reaching the surface when buried as pupae and most successful as late 3rd instar larvae (prepupae). Collectively, more adult flies emerged from the soil if buried as 3rd instars (79.6%) than either 2nd instars or pupae (59.6% and 59.3%, respectively (F(2,159)=14.76, P<0.0001)). Similarly, at shallow burial depths of 5 and 25cm, 75.6% and 70.4% of the adults successfully reached the surface, compared with 52.6% at the 50-cm depth (F(2,159)=15.95, P<0.0001). Second instars demonstrated ascending vertical dispersal behaviours in the soil column by pupating closer to the surface. Nearly half (46.6%) of the C. macellaria 2nd instars buried in 25cm of soil pupated nearer to the surface. Similarly, 45.4% of the P. terraenovae 2nd instars pupated nearer to the surface. When buried at 50cm, approximately 25% of 2nd instars of both species pupated nearer to the surface. When 3rd instars of C. macellaria and P. terraenovae were buried at 120cm, 40% and 4.3% of the adults, respectively, successfully reached the soil surface.
authors: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors: G R
authors: GR
authors: Balme
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Denning
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Cammack
authors: D W
authors: DW
authors: Watson
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002048:Burial; D004175:Diptera / Q000254:growth & development*; D004772:Entomology; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development