title: Biomaterial strategies for alleviation of myocardial infarction.
abstract: World Health Organization estimated that heart failure initiated by coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (MI) leads to 29 per cent of deaths worldwide. Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death in industrialized countries and is expected to become a global epidemic within the twenty-first century. MI, the main cause of heart failure, leads to a loss of cardiac tissue impairment of left ventricular function. The damaged left ventricle undergoes progressive 'remodelling' and chamber dilation, with myocyte slippage and fibroblast proliferation. Repair of diseased myocardium with in vitro-engineered cardiac muscle patch/injectable biopolymers with cells may become a viable option for heart failure patients. These events reflect an apparent lack of effective intrinsic mechanism for myocardial repair and regeneration. Motivated by the desire to develop minimally invasive procedures, the last 10 years observed growing efforts to develop injectable biomaterials with and without cells to treat cardiac failure. Biomaterials evaluated include alginate, fibrin, collagen, chitosan, self-assembling peptides, biopolymers and a range of synthetic hydrogels. The ultimate goal in therapeutic cardiac tissue engineering is to generate biocompatible, non-immunogenic heart muscle with morphological and functional properties similar to natural myocardium to repair MI. This review summarizes the properties of biomaterial substrates having sufficient mechanical stability, which stimulates the native collagen fibril structure for differentiating pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes for cardiac tissue engineering.
authors: Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore. nnijrv@nus.edu.sg
authors: Jayarama Reddy
authors: JR
authors: Venugopal
authors: Molamma P
authors: MP
authors: Prabhakaran
authors: Shayanti
authors: S
authors: Mukherjee
authors: Rajeswari
authors: R
authors: Ravichandran
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Dan
authors: Seeram
authors: S
authors: Ramakrishna
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D036101:Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D051381:Rats; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000639:trends; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials