title: EXT2-positive multiple hereditary osteochondromas with some features suggestive of metachondromatosis.
abstract: Metachondromatosis (MC) and hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO) are thought to be distinct disorders, each with characteristic x-ray and clinical features. Radiographic differences are the current mainstay of differential diagnosis. Both disorders are autosomal dominant, but the majority of patients with HMO have mutations in EXT-1 or EXT 2 genes. The genetic defect in MC is unknown, although recent studies indicate a possible identifiable mutation. The cancer risk in HMO is thought to be greater than in MC, although the small number of cases make such conjecture imprecise. The purpose of this report is to review existing literature and examine whether radiographic findings in HMO and MC can be reliable as a stand-alone means of differential diagnosis. Three members of a multi-generational family with an autosomal dominant exostosis syndrome were studied by clinical examination and complete skeletal survey. The roentgenographic characteristics of all osteochondromas were analyzed. The father underwent gene sequencing for EXT-1 and EXT-2, which revealed a novel EXT-2 mutation. Typical radiographic and clinical findings of both HMO and MC were seen throughout the family as well as in individuals. These family study findings contradict many of the long-standing clinical and x-ray diagnostic criteria for differentiating MC from HMO. The phenotypic crossover between the two conditions in this family, and results of genetic analysis, suggest that in the absence of a definitive genetic diagnosis, radiographic and clinical diagnosis of past and future cases HMO and MC may not be as reliable as previously assumed.
authors: Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sandpoint Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. ncvining@alumni.unc.edu
authors: Neil C
authors: NC
authors: Vining
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Done
authors: Ian A
authors: IA
authors: Glass
authors: Shawn E
authors: SE
authors: Parnell
authors: Darci L
authors: DL
authors: Sternen
authors: Kathleen A
authors: KA
authors: Leppig
authors: Vincent S
authors: VS
authors: Mosca
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005096:Exostoses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005097:Exostoses, Multiple Hereditary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases / Q000235:genetics; D009262:Nails; D009264:Nails, Malformed / Q000175:diagnosis; D011859:Radiography; D000099065:Exostosin 2; D000099058:Exostosin 1
chemical_list: D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases; D000099058:Exostosin 1; D000099065:Exostosin 2