title: The effect of atherosclerosis-induced chronic bladder ischemia on bladder function in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a rat model of atherosclerosis-induced chronic bladder ischemia and investigate the effect of chronic bladder ischemia on voiding behavior and bladder function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male rats were divided into three groups. The arterial injury (AI) group underwent endothelial injury of the iliac arteries and received a 2% cholesterol diet. The sham group underwent sham operation and received a 2% cholesterol diet. The control group received a regular diet. After 8 weeks, a metabolic cage study and cystometry were performed without anesthesia. Bladder blood flow was measured using a laser Doppler blood flowmeter. Histological examination of the iliac arteries and the bladder was performed. The bladder was also processed for immunohistochemical staining of oxidative stress markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metabolic cage study showed that in the AI group, voiding frequency significantly increased while voided volume significantly decreased. Cystometry showed that the frequency of reflex bladder contractions was significantly higher in the AI group. Filling-induced decrease in bladder blood flow was the greatest in the AI group. Histological study showed that in the AI group alone, atherosclerotic occlusion occurred in the iliac arteries as well as in the downstream bladder microvessels. Oxidative stress marker positive cells were more prevalent in the AI bladder than in the other bladders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined with a high-cholesterol diet, endothelial injury of iliac arteries induced arterial occlusive disease in the downstream vessels and consequent bladder ischemia in rats. This model of chronic bladder ischemia showed detrusor overactivity manifested as an increase in voiding frequency.
authors: Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka Fukushima City, Japan. mnomiya@fmu.ac.jp
authors: Masanori
authors: M
authors: Nomiya
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Yamaguchi
authors: Karl-Erik
authors: KE
authors: Andersson
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Sagawa
authors: Ken
authors: K
authors: Aikawa
authors: Keiichi
authors: K
authors: Shishido
authors: Tomohiko
authors: T
authors: Yanagida
authors: Nobuhiro
authors: N
authors: Kushida
authors: Junji
authors: J
authors: Yazaki
authors: Norio
authors: N
authors: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology