title: Effects of acute exercise on CO(2) -induced fear.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute exercise has shown to reduce the effects of experimental panic provocation in healthy volunteers and in patients with panic disorder. Recent evidence suggests that when larger amounts of CO(2) are inhaled, a large proportion of healthy subjects can also develop an affective response consistent with definitions of a panic attack. Our aim was to test whether exercise can show antipanic effects in healthy subjects when exposed to higher concentrations of CO(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one healthy subjects, on four separate occasions in a randomized Latin square design, performed either moderate/hard or very-light exercise immediately followed by either a single or a double 35% CO(2)/65% O(2) inhalation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to very-light exercise, when subjects performed moderate/hard exercise they reported a reduction in panic symptoms on the Panic Symptom List and the Visual Analogue Scale of Fear but no difference on the Visual Analogue Scale of Discomfort after a double CO(2) inhalation. After a single CO(2) inhalation, reductions were only seen on the Panic Symptom List.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After intense exercise, subjects had less panic symptoms when exposed 35% CO(2), particularly after a double inhalation.
authors: Academic Anxiety Center and School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Health and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. gabriel.esquivel@pn.unimaas.nl
authors: Gabriel
authors: G
authors: Esquivel
authors: Abdulkader
authors: A
authors: Dandachi
authors: Inge
authors: I
authors: Knuts
authors: Lies
authors: L
authors: Goossens
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Griez
authors: Koen
authors: K
authors: Schruers
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide