title: Environmental burden of acute respiratory infection and pneumonia due to indoor smoke in Dhading.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ARI and pneumonia is one of the major public health problems in Nepal which always ranks highest position among the top ten diseases. One of the risk factor of ARI and pneumonia is indoor smoke from kitchen where primary source of cooking is solid biomass fuel. This study was carried out in order to estimate the burden of ARI and pneumonia due to indoor smoke. ARI and pneumonia was chosen as it is one of the significant public health problem among under five children in Nepal and responsible for high number of premature deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in Dhading district. Multistage cluster sampling technique was used for data collection considering ward as a cluster. The environmental burden of ARI and pneumonia due to indoor smoke was calculated using the WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 87 percent of households were using solid biomass fuel as a primary source of fuel. The under five children exposed to solid fuel use was 41313. The total 1284 Disability Adjusted Life Years were lost due to ARI and pneumonia and about 50 percent of it was attributed by Indoor smoke in household.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The solid biomass fuel was primary source of energy for cooking in Dhading district which is attributing about 50 percent of burden of ARI and pneumonia among under five children.
authors: Environmental Health Research Unit, Nepal Health Research Council, Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal. meghdhimal@gmail.com
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Dhimal
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Dhakal
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Shrestha
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Baral
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Maskey
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018533:Biomass; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011634:Public Health; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke