title: Does cervical muscle strength in youth ice hockey players affect head impact biomechanics?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of cervical muscle strength on head impact biomechanics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven volunteer ice hockey players (age = 15.0 ± 1.0 years, height = 173.5 ± 6.2 cm, mass = 66.6 ± 9.0 kg, playing experience = 2.9 ± 3.7 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were equipped with accelerometer-instrumented helmets to collect head impact biomechanics (linear and rotational acceleration) throughout an entire playing season. Before the season, isometric cervical muscle strength was measured for the anterior neck flexors, anterolateral neck flexors, cervical rotators, posterolateral neck extensors, and upper trapezius. Data were analyzed using random intercept general mixed linear models, with each individual player as a repeating factor/cluster.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dependent variables included linear and rotational head accelerations. Cervical strength data were categorized into tertiles, creating groups with high, moderate, and low strength. Strength measures were averaged and normalized to body mass.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in cervical muscle strength existed across our strength groups (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in linear or rotational acceleration across strength groups for the anterior neck flexors (PLin = 0.399; PRot = 0.060), anterolateral neck flexors (PLin = 0.987; PRot = 0.579), cervical rotators (PLin = 0.136; PRot = 0.238), posterolateral neck extensors (PLin = 0.883; PRot = 0.101), or upper trapezius (PLin = 0.892; PRot = 0.689).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our hypothesis that players with greater static neck strength would experience lower resultant head accelerations was not supported. This contradicts the notion that cervical muscle strength mitigates head impact acceleration. Because we evaluated cervical strength isometrically, future studies should consider dynamic (ie, isokinetic) methods in the context of head impact biomechanics.
authors: Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-8605, USA. jmihalik@email.unc.edu
authors: Jason P
authors: JP
authors: Mihalik
authors: Kevin M
authors: KM
authors: Guskiewicz
authors: Stephen W
authors: SW
authors: Marshall
authors: Richard M
authors: RM
authors: Greenwald
authors: J Troy
authors: JT
authors: Blackburn
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Cantu
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000293:Adolescent; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies