title: In vitro evaluation of co-exposure of arsenium and an organic nanomaterial (fullerene, C₆₀) in zebrafish hepatocytes.
abstract: Taking into account the concept of the "Trojan Horse", where contaminants may have its entry into specific organs potentiated by its association with nanomaterials, the aim of this study was to analyze the joint toxic effects induced by an organic nanomaterial, fullerene (C(60)) with the metalloid arsenic (As(III)). Hepatocytes of zebrafish Danio rerio were exposed to As(III) (2.5 or 100 μM), C(60) or As+C(60) for 4h, not altering cells viability. Intracellular reactive oxygen species concentration was reduced in cells exposed only to the C(60) (1mg/L) and in the treatment of 100 μM As(III)+C(60). Co-exposure with C(60) abolished the peak of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) registered in cells exposed to the lowest As(III) concentration (2.5 μM). A similar result was observed in terms of lipid damage (TBARS). Total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher at both As(III) concentrations co-exposed to C(60) when compared with the control group. Activity of glutathione-S-transferase omega, a limiting enzyme in the methylation pathway of As(III), was reduced in the 100 μM As(III)+C(60) treatment. Cells co-exposed to C(60) had a significantly higher accumulation of As(III), showing a "Trojan Horse" effect which did not result in higher cell toxicity. Instead, co-exposure of As(III) with C(60) showed to reduce cellular injury.
authors: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors: Carmen L
authors: CL
authors: Azevedo Costa
authors: Isabel S
authors: IS
authors: Chaves
authors: Juliane
authors: J
authors: Ventura-Lima
authors: Josencler L Ribas
authors: JL
authors: Ferreira
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Ferraz
authors: Leandro Machado
authors: LM
authors: de Carvalho
authors: José M
authors: JM
authors: Monserrat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D054118:Nanospheres / Q000648:ultrastructure; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001152:Arsenicals; D037741:Fullerenes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione