title: In vivo quantification of T₂ anisotropy in white matter fibers in marmoset monkeys.
abstract: T₂-weighted MRI at high field is a promising approach for studying noninvasively the tissue structure and composition of the brain. However, the biophysical origin of T₂ contrast, especially in white matter, remains poorly understood. Recent work has shown that R₂ (=1/T₂) may depend on the tissue's orientation relative to the static magnetic field (B(0)) and suggested that this dependence could be attributed to local anisotropy in the magnetic properties of brain tissue. In the present work, we analyzed high-resolution, multi-gradient-echo images of in vivo marmoset brains at 7T, and compared them with ex vivo diffusion tensor images, to show that R₂ relaxation in white matter is highly sensitive to the fiber orientation relative to the main field. We directly demonstrate this orientation dependence by performing in vivo multi-gradient-echo experiments in two orthogonal brain positions, uncovering a nearly 50% change in the R₂ relaxation rate constant of the optic radiations. We attribute this substantial R₂ anisotropy to local subvoxel susceptibility effects arising from the highly ordered and anisotropic structure of the myelin sheath.
authors: Translational Neuroradiology Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. satip@ninds.nih.gov
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Sati
authors: Afonso C
authors: AC
authors: Silva
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: van Gelderen
authors: Maria I
authors: MI
authors: Gaitan
authors: Jillian E
authors: JE
authors: Wohler
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Jacobson
authors: Jeff H
authors: JH
authors: Duyn
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Reich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D002144:Callithrix; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity