title: Tailored ß-cyclodextrin blocks the translocation pores of binary exotoxins from C. botulinum and C. perfringens and protects cells from intoxication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin are binary exotoxins, which ADP-ribosylate actin in the cytosol of mammalian cells and thereby destroy the cytoskeleton. C2 and iota toxin consists of two individual proteins, an enzymatic active (A-) component and a separate receptor binding and translocation (B-) component. The latter forms a complex with the A-component on the surface of target cells and after receptor-mediated endocytosis, it mediates the translocation of the A-component from acidified endosomal vesicles into the cytosol. To this end, the B-components form heptameric pores in endosomal membranes, which serve as translocation channels for the A-components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we demonstrate that a 7-fold symmetrical positively charged ß-cyclodextrin derivative, per-6-S-(3-aminomethyl)benzylthio-ß-cyclodextrin, protects cultured cells from intoxication with C2 and iota toxins in a concentration-dependent manner starting at low micromolar concentrations. We discovered that the compound inhibited the pH-dependent membrane translocation of the A-components of both toxins in intact cells. Consistently, the compound strongly blocked transmembrane channels formed by the B-components of C2 and iota toxin in planar lipid bilayers in vitro. With C2 toxin, we consecutively ruled out all other possible inhibitory mechanisms showing that the compound did not interfere with the binding of the toxin to the cells or with the enzyme activity of the A-component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described ß-cyclodextrin derivative was previously identified as one of the most potent inhibitors of the binary lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis both in vitro and in vivo, implying that it might represent a broad-spectrum inhibitor of binary pore-forming exotoxins from pathogenic bacteria.
authors: Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors: Ekaterina M
authors: EM
authors: Nestorovich
authors: Vladimir A
authors: VA
authors: Karginov
authors: Michel R
authors: MR
authors: Popoff
authors: Sergey M
authors: SM
authors: Bezrukov
authors: Holger
authors: H
authors: Barth
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000378:metabolism; D020011:Protective Agents; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005098:Exotoxins; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D020011:Protective Agents; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins