title: Risk of cervical cancer among female autoworkers exposed to metalworking fluids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cervical cancer is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). However, only a small proportion of         women infected with HPV, progress to cervical cancer. Other co-factors must therefore be necessary to cause cervical         cancer. We examined cervical cancer in relation to occupational exposure to metalworking fluids (MWF), which are         complex mixtures containing several known carcinogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 4374 female autoworkers was followed from         1985-2004 for cancer diagnosis. Based on standardized incidence rates (SIR), we focused on cervical cancer in an         internal analysis. Pooled logistic regression was used to model the relationship between exposure to three different         types of MWF, selected constituents, and incidence of cervical cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on 40 cases, SIR were         statistically significantly elevated for both race specific subgroups: 3.30 and 2.43, respectively for Caucasian and         black women. The standard mortality ratio (SMR) was also statistically significantly elevated for Caucasian women         (3.44) based on seven observed deaths. There was no association with oil-based straight fluid. Relative risks for         soluble and synthetic MWF and nitrosamines were modestly elevated but not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Water-based MWF may play a role in the etiology of cervical cancer. Further studies in larger cohorts of women are         needed to clearly establish this relationship.
authors: Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Betenia
authors: Sadie
authors: S
authors: Costello
authors: Ellen A
authors: EA
authors: Eisen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002273:Carcinogens; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008669:Metallurgy; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009602:Nitrosamines