title: The relationship of ethnicity to the prevalence and management of hypertension and associated chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of ethnicity on the prevalence and management of hypertension and associated chronic kidney (CKD) disease in the UK is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross sectional study of 49,203 adults with hypertension to establish the prevalence and management of hypertension and associated CKD by ethnicity. Routinely collected data from general practice hypertension registers in 148 practices in London between 1/1/07 and 31/3/08 were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crude prevalence of hypertension was 9.5%, and by ethnicity was 8.2% for White, 11.3% for South Asian and 11.1% for Black groups. The prevalence of CKD stages 3-5 among those with hypertension was 22%. Stage 3 CKD was less prevalent in South Asian groups (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67 - 0.88) compared to Whites (reference population) with Black groups having similar rates to Whites. The prevalence of severe CKD (stages 4-5) was higher in the South Asian group (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.17 - 2.0) compared to Whites, but did not differ between Black and White groups. In the whole hypertension cohort, achievement of target blood pressure (< 140/90 mmHg) was better in South Asian (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.28 - 1.60) and worse in Black groups (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.74 - 0.84) compared to White patients. Hypertensive medication was prescribed unequally among ethnic groups for any degree of blood pressure control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant variations exist in the prevalence of hypertension and associated CKD and its management between the major ethnic groups. Among those with CKD less than 50% were treated to a target BP of ≤ 130/80 mmHg. Rates of ACE-I/ARB prescribing for those with CKD were less than optimal, with the lowest rates (58.5%) among Black groups.
authors: Renal Department, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors: Sally
authors: S
authors: Hull
authors: Gavin
authors: G
authors: Dreyer
authors: Ellena
authors: E
authors: Badrick
authors: Alistair
authors: A
authors: Chesser
authors: Muhammad Magdi
authors: MM
authors: Yaqoob
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019468:Disease Management; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult