title: Genomic and proteomic analyses of the fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora provide insights into nematode-trap formation.
abstract: Nematode-trapping fungi are "carnivorous" and attack their hosts using specialized trapping devices. The morphological development of these traps is the key indicator of their switch from saprophytic to predacious lifestyles. Here, the genome of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres. (ATCC24927) was reported. The genome contains 40.07 Mb assembled sequence with 11,479 predicted genes. Comparative analysis showed that A. oligospora shared many more genes with pathogenic fungi than with non-pathogenic fungi. Specifically, compared to several sequenced ascomycete fungi, the A. oligospora genome has a larger number of pathogenicity-related genes in the subtilisin, cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, and pectinesterase gene families. Searching against the pathogen-host interaction gene database identified 398 homologous genes involved in pathogenicity in other fungi. The analysis of repetitive sequences provided evidence for repeat-induced point mutations in A. oligospora. Proteomic and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses revealed that 90 genes were significantly up-regulated at the early stage of trap-formation by nematode extracts and most of these genes were involved in translation, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall and membrane biogenesis. Based on the combined genomic, proteomic and qPCR data, a model for the formation of nematode trapping device in this fungus was proposed. In this model, multiple fungal signal transduction pathways are activated by its nematode prey to further regulate downstream genes associated with diverse cellular processes such as energy metabolism, biosynthesis of the cell wall and adhesive proteins, cell division, glycerol accumulation and peroxisome biogenesis. This study will facilitate the identification of pathogenicity-related genes and provide a broad foundation for understanding the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying fungi-nematodes interactions.
authors: Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China.
authors: Jinkui
authors: J
authors: Yang
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Xinglai
authors: X
authors: Ji
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Feng
authors: Xiaomin
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Chenggang
authors: C
authors: Zou
authors: Jianping
authors: J
authors: Xu
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Ren
authors: Qili
authors: Q
authors: Mi
authors: Junli
authors: J
authors: Wu
authors: Shuqun
authors: S
authors: Liu
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Xiaowei
authors: X
authors: Huang
authors: Haiyan
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Xuemei
authors: X
authors: Niu
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Lianming
authors: L
authors: Liang
authors: Yanlu
authors: Y
authors: Luo
authors: Kaifang
authors: K
authors: Ji
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Zhou
authors: Zefen
authors: Z
authors: Yu
authors: Guohong
authors: G
authors: Li
authors: Yajun
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Li
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Qiao
authors: Lu
authors: L
authors: Feng
authors: Ke-Qin
authors: KQ
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D016681:Genome, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D009348:Nematoda / Q000382:microbiology*; D040901:Proteomics