title: Spasticity of the gastrosoleus muscle is related to the development of reduced passive dorsiflexion of the ankle in children with cerebral palsy: a registry analysis of 2,796 examinations in 355 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spasticity and muscle contracture are two common manifestations of cerebral palsy (CP). A spastic muscle may inhibit growth in length of the muscle, but the importance of this relationship is not known. In 1994, a register and a healthcare program for children with CP in southern Sweden were initiated. The child's muscle tone according to the Ashworth scale and the ankle range of motion (ROM) is measured annually during the entire growth period. We have used these data to analyze the relationship between spasticity and ROM of the gastrosoleus muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  All measurements in the total population of children with CP aged 0-18 years during the period January 1995 through June 2008 were analyzed. The study was based on 2,796 examinations in 355 children. In the statistical analysis, the effect of muscle tone on ROM was estimated using a random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The range of dorsiflexion of the ankle joint decreased in the total material by mean 19 (95% CI: 14-24) degrees during the first 18 years of life. There was a statistically significant association between the ROM and the child's level of spasticity during the year preceding the ROM measurement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spasticity is related to the development of muscle contracture. In the treatment of children with CP, the spasticity, contracture, and strength of the gastrosoleus muscle must be considered together.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Lund University, Lund University Hospital, Sweden. gunnar.hagglund@med.lu.se
authors: Gunnar
authors: G
authors: Hägglund
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006128:Growth / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012042:Registries