title: Short-term and medium-term health effects of 9/11.
abstract: The New York City terrorist attacks on Sept 11, 2001 (9/11), killed nearly 2800 people and thousands more had subsequent health problems. In this Review of health effects in the short and medium terms, strong evidence is provided for associations between experiencing or witnessing events related to 9/11 and post-traumatic stress disorder and respiratory illness, with a correlation between prolonged, intense exposure and increased overall illness and disability. Rescue and recovery workers, especially those who arrived early at the World Trade Center site or worked for longer periods, were more likely to develop respiratory illness than were other exposed groups. Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder included proximity to the site on 9/11, living or working in lower Manhattan, rescue or recovery work at the World Trade Center site, event-related loss of spouse, and low social support. Investigators note associations between 9/11 exposures and additional disorders, such as depression and substance use; however, for some health problems association with exposures related to 9/11 is unclear.
authors: Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY 11101, USA. sperlma1@health.nyc.gov
authors: Sharon E
authors: SE
authors: Perlman
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Friedman
authors: Sandro
authors: S
authors: Galea
authors: Hemanth P
authors: HP
authors: Nair
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Eros-Sarnyai
authors: Steven D
authors: SD
authors: Stellman
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Hon
authors: Carolyn M
authors: CM
authors: Greene
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018635:Rescue Work; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology