title: Toward dysfunctional connectivity: a review of neuroimaging findings in pediatric major depressive disorder.
abstract: Child and adolescent psychiatric neuroimaging research typically lags behind similar advances in adult disorders. While the pediatric depression imaging literature is less developed, a recent surge in interest has created the need for a synthetic review of this work. Major findings from pediatric volumetric and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state functional connectivity studies converge to implicate a corticolimbic network of key areas that work together to mediate the task of emotion regulation. Imaging the brain of children and adolescents with unipolar depression began with volumetric studies of isolated brain regions that served to identify key prefrontal, cingulate and limbic nodes of depression-related circuitry elucidated from more recent advances in DTI and functional connectivity imaging. Systematic review of these studies preliminarily suggests developmental differences between findings in youth and adults, including prodromal neurobiological features, along with some continuity across development.
authors: Mood and Emotional Disorders Across the Lifespan Center, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. lhulvers@iupui.edu
authors: Leslie A
authors: LA
authors: Hulvershorn
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Cullen
authors: Amit
authors: A
authors: Anand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000473:pathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012201:Reward