title: Improved practices for safe administration of intravenous bolus morphine in a pediatric setting.
abstract: Postoperative pain control is a clinical imperative, for which morphine is a preferred opioid. However, interpatient variability and drug accumulation with repeated doses, as well as medication errors, may result in respiratory arrest with this medication. Early detection of respiratory depression is essential for safe use of morphine, following both initial and repeated doses. A multidisciplinary team contributed to development of an intravenous (IV) bolus morphine monitoring guideline that reflects current knowledge of morphine pharmacokinetics. Monitoring over a 22-week period in a postsurgical unit was then assessed via record review. A total of 270 postsurgical patients received a first dose of IV bolus morphine, with 784 subsequent doses also administered. Complete monitoring (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, sedation score, oxygen saturation, and pain score) after the morphine bolus was documented at baseline and 10 and 20 minutes for 34%, 30%, and 23%, respectively, of the patients; partial monitoring (respiratory rate and oxygen saturation) was documented for an additional 22%, 15%, and 9% of patients; 43% of subsequent morphine doses were followed with complete monitoring, and an additional 30% with at least partial monitoring. Adherence to the monitoring procedure fluctuated over the study period with no consistent upward or downward trend. A small number of children exhibited a reduced respiratory rate potentially indicating respiratory depression, but no child required antidote or respiratory support. Despite suboptimal guideline adherence, potential signs of respiratory depression were detected that might otherwise have gone unnoticed. This validates the improved guideline and suggests that some incidents may have remained undetected. Front-line staff must be involved to optimize change, champion the initiative, and promote patient safety.
authors: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada. jellis@uottawa.ca
authors: Jacqueline
authors: J
authors: Ellis
authors: Brenda
authors: B
authors: Martelli
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Lamontagne
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Pascuet
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Taillefer
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Gaboury
authors: Régis
authors: R
authors: Vaillancourt
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000451:nursing / Q000592:standards; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009731:Nursing Audit; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000451:nursing*; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine