title: Retrograde transvenous ethanol embolization of high-flow peripheral arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the clinical efficiency and complications in patients treated with retrograde transvenous ethanol embolization of high-flow peripheral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Retrograde transvenous ethanol embolization of high-flow AVMs is a technique that can be used to treat AVMs with a dominant outflow vein whenever conventional interventional procedures have proved insufficient.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of the clinical effectiveness and complications of retrograde embolization in five patients who had previously undergone multiple arterial embolization procedures without clinical success.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical outcomes were good in all patients but were achieved at the cost of serious, although transient, complications in three patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde transvenous ethanol embolization is a highly effective therapy for high-flow AVMs. However, because of the high complication rate, it should be reserved as a last resort, to be used after conventional treatment options have failed.
authors: Department of Radiology, Medical Center Haaglanden, Den Haag, The Netherlands. e.van.der.linden@mchaaglanden.nl
authors: Edwin
authors: E
authors: van der Linden
authors: Jary M
authors: JM
authors: van Baalen
authors: Peter M T
authors: PM
authors: Pattynama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D004659:Enbucrilate