title: Effects of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 on cytokine production by endometrial cells of women with recurrent spontaneous abortion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate immunomodulatory effect of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on cytokine production by endometrial cells of women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with URSA and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Production of interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-17, IL-6, and IL-8 by whole endometrial cells (WECs) and endometrial stromal cells in the presence and absence of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1α-hydroxylase activity of these cell populations were measured in patients with URSA and healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1,25(OH)2D3 interfered with production of cytokines by WECs of the control and URSA groups, except IL-8 which was increased in URSA group. In endometrial stromal cells, 1,25(OH)2D3 down-regulated cytokine production as well with stimulatory effect on the production of TGF-β in patients with URSA. Cytokine profile of WECs from patients with URSA skewed toward TH2 phenotype after treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. Endometrial cells of both groups had comparable capacity to produce 1,25(OH)2D3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the complex network of immunoregulation at the fetomaternal interface, potential beneficial effects of vitamin D3 in patients with URSA need to be investigated in clinical practice. Comparable levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 production and similar trend of cytokine expression by WECs of URSA and control groups after vitamin D3 treatment reflect the same local metabolic machinery of this hormone.
authors: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Tavakoli
authors: Mahmood
authors: M
authors: Jeddi-Tehrani
authors: Alireza
authors: A
authors: Salek-Moghaddam
authors: Samira
authors: S
authors: Rajaei
authors: Afsaneh
authors: A
authors: Mohammadzadeh
authors: Shahrzad
authors: S
authors: Sheikhhasani
authors: Golnaz-Ensieh
authors: GE
authors: Kazemi-Sefat
authors: Amir Hassan
authors: AH
authors: Zarnani
mesh_terms: D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011247:Pregnancy; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014815:Vitamins; D015090:25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase; D002117:Calcitriol