title: Early microbial succession in redeveloping dental biofilms in periodontal health and disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of dental biofilms after professional plaque removal is very rapid. However, it is not clear whether most bacterial species return at similar rates in periodontally healthy and periodontitis subjects or if there are differences in bacterial recolonization between supragingival and subgingival biofilms in periodontal health and disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supragingival and subgingival plaque samples were taken separately from 28 teeth in 38 healthy and 17 periodontitis subjects immediately after professional cleaning. Samples were taken again from seven teeth in randomly selected quadrants after 1, 2, 4 and 7 d of no oral hygiene and analyzed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The percentage of DNA probe counts were averaged within subjects at each time-point. Ecological succession was determined using a modified moving-window analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Succession in supragingival biofilms from subjects with periodontitis and from healthy individuals was similar. At 1 d, Streptococcus mitis and Neisseria mucosa showed increased proportions, followed by Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Eikenella corrodens, Veillonella parvula and Streptococcus oralis at 1-4 d. At 4-7 d, Campylobacter rectus, Campylobacter showae, Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella nigrescens became elevated. Subgingival plaque redevelopment was slower and very different from supragingival plaque redevelopment. Increased proportions were first observed for S. mitis, followed by V. parvula and C. gingivalis and, at 7 d, by Capnocytophaga sputigena and P. nigrescens. No significant increase in the proportions of periodontal pathogens was observed in any of the clinical groups or locations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a defined order in bacterial species succession in early supragingival and subgingival biofilm redevelopment after professional cleaning.
authors: Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
authors: F R
authors: FR
authors: Teles
authors: R P
authors: RP
authors: Teles
authors: N G
authors: NG
authors: Uzel
authors: X Q
authors: XQ
authors: Song
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Torresyap
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Socransky
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Haffajee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms / Q000145:classification*; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification; D044883:Campylobacter rectus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002206:Capnocytophaga / Q000145:classification; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis; D012534:Dental Scaling; D016124:Eikenella corrodens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D042807:Neisseria mucosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D010519:Periodontium / Q000382:microbiology*; D001443:Prevotella melaninogenica / Q000302:isolation & purification; D045242:Prevotella nigrescens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016745:Root Planing; D034361:Streptococcus mitis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014678:Veillonella / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial