title: School achievement in 14-year-old youths prenatally exposed to marijuana.
abstract: The relation between prenatal marijuana exposure (PME) and school achievement was evaluated in a sample of 524 14-year-olds. Women were recruited during pregnancy and assessed, along with their offspring, at multiple phases from infancy to early adulthood. The sample represents a low-income population. Half of the adolescents are male and 55% are African American. School achievement was assessed with the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) Screener (Psychological Corporation, 1992). A significant negative relation was found between PME and 14-year WIAT composite and reading scores. The deficit in school achievement was mediated by the effects of PME on intelligence test performance at age 6, attention problems and depression symptoms at age 10, and early initiation of marijuana use. These findings suggest that the effects of PME on adolescent achievement are mediated by the earlier negative effects of PME on child characteristics. The negative impact of these characteristics on adolescent achievement may presage later problems in early adulthood.
authors: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. lidush@pitt.edu
authors: Lidush
authors: L
authors: Goldschmidt
authors: Gale A
authors: GA
authors: Richardson
authors: Jennifer A
authors: JA
authors: Willford
authors: Stevan G
authors: SG
authors: Severtson
authors: Nancy L
authors: NL
authors: Day
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000009:adverse effects; D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000592:standards; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids