title: Impaired frontal executive function and predialytic chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the nature of frontal dysfunction associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people without stroke or depressive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community based.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred twenty-nine community-dwelling participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with CKD were classified into one of three diagnostic groups based on their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): normal (≥ 60.0 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)), mild CKD (45.0-59.9 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)), or moderate to severe CKD (<45.0 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)). Cognitive function was assessed using the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Neuropsychological Assessment Battery, lexical fluency, digit span test, and the 64-card Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perseverative responses and perseverative errors were significantly more prevalent in the group with moderate to severe CKD than in those without CKD and those with mild CKD. The mean number of perseverative responses was 28.6 ± 16.9 in participants with moderate to severe CKD, 19.0 ± 11.4 in those with mild CKD, and 17.1 ± 10.6 in those without CKD (P < .001, ANCOVA). The mean number of perseverative errors was 23.1 ± 12.3 in participants with moderate to severe CKD, 16.2 ± 8.3 in those with mild CKD, and 14.8 ± 7.8 in those without CKD (P < .001, analysis of covariance). The odds ratios in the fully adjusted model for the presence of moderate to severe CKD for perseverative responses and perseverative errors were 4.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.14-10.85, P < .001) and 5.01 (95% CI = 2.22-11.28, P<.001), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frontal dysfunction, particularly perseverative errors and responses, was associated with moderate to severe CKD in the population studied.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
authors: Jung Jae
authors: JJ
authors: Lee
authors: Ho Jun
authors: HJ
authors: Chin
authors: Min-Soo
authors: MS
authors: Byun
authors: Jin Yeong
authors: JY
authors: Choe
authors: Joon Hyuk
authors: JH
authors: Park
authors: Seok Bum
authors: SB
authors: Lee
authors: Eun Ae
authors: EA
authors: Choi
authors: Dong Wan
authors: DW
authors: Chae
authors: Ki Woong
authors: KW
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis