title: The relevance of echocardiography heart measures for breeding against the risk of subaortic and pulmonic stenosis in Boxer dogs.
abstract: The aims of this study were to investigate the role and relative importance of auscultation and echocardiography traits as risk factors for the diagnosis of subaortic (SubAS) and pulmonic (PS) stenosis and to estimate the heritability (h(2)) of cardiac measurements taken through echocardiography for a random sample of Italian Boxer dogs. The data were cardiovascular examination results of 1,283 Italian Boxer dogs (686 females and 597 males) enrolled in the national screening program for heart defects arranged by the Italian Boxer Club. Examinations were performed during a 6-yr period by a group of 7 veterinary cardiologists following a standard protocol. Occurrence and severity of SubAS and PS were diagnosed, taking into account clinical and echocardiography findings such as the grade of cardiac murmur, direct ultrasound imaging of the anatomic obstructive lesions, and values of aortic or pulmonary blood flow velocities. A Bayesian logistic regression analysis was performed to identify clinical and echocardiography variables related to SubAS and PS diagnosis. Estimation of variance components for clinical and echocardiography traits was performed using a mixed linear animal model, Bayesian procedures, and the Gibbs sampler. Prevalence of SubAS (PS) was 8.4% (2.2) and 10.7% (6.4) for female and male dogs, respectively. Cardiac murmur, peak velocities, and annulus areas behaved as risk factors for SubAS and PS. The risk of a positive diagnosis for SubAS was 3 times greater for dogs with aortic annulus area <2.1 cm(2) relative to dogs with areas >2.37 cm(2), 84 times greater for dogs showing aortic peak velocities >2.19 m/s relative to dogs with peak velocities <1.97 m/s, and 41 times greater for dogs with moderate to severe murmur grades relative to dogs with absent murmur. Similar results were obtained for PS. The estimated h(2) for the occurrence of cardiac defects was 23.3% for SubAS and 8.6% for PS. Echocardiography and cardiac murmur grades exhibited moderate h(2) estimates and exploitable additive genetic variation. The estimated h(2) was 36, 24, and 20% for aortic annulus area, aortic peak velocity, and cardiac murmur score, respectively. For the area of the pulmonary annulus and peak pulmonary velocity, the estimated h(2) were smaller, ranging from 9.5 to 12.8%. These measures are candidate indicator traits that might be effectively used in dog breeding to reduce the prevalence and severity of cardiac defects.
authors: Department of Animal Science, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Menegazzo
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Bussadori
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Chiavegato
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Quintavalla
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Bonfatti
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Guglielmini
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Sturaro
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Gallo
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Carnier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001020:Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*; D001314:Auscultation / Q000662:veterinary; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000235:genetics; D001947:Breeding; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004285:Dogs; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*