title: XMRV: usage of receptors and potential co-receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  XMRV is a gammaretrovirus first identified in prostate tissues of Prostate Cancer (PC) patients and later in the blood cells of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Although XMRV is thought to use XPR1 for cell entry, it infects A549 cells that do not express XPR1, suggesting usage of other receptors or co-receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study the usage of different receptors and co- receptors that could play a role in XMRV infection of lymphoid cells and GHOST (GFP- Human osteosarcoma) cells expressing CD4 along with different chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR2, etc., were infected with XMRV. Culture supernatants and cells were tested for XMRV replication using real time quantitative PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection and replication of XMRV was seen in a variety of GHOST cells, LNCaP, DU145, A549 and Caski cell lines. The levels of XMRV replication varied in different cell lines showing differential replication in different cell lines. However, replication in A549 which lacks XPR1 expression was relatively higher than DU145 but lower than, LNCaP. XMRV replication varied in GHOST cell lines expressing CD4 and each of the co- receptors CCR1-CCR8 and bob. There was significant replication of XMRV in CCR3 and Bonzo although it is much lower when compared to DU145, A549 and LNCaP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  XMRV replication was observed in GHOST cells that express CD4 and each of the chemokine receptors ranging from CCR1- CCR8 and BOB suggesting that infectivity in hematopoietic cells could be mediated by use of these receptors.
authors: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. indira.hewlett@fda.hhs.gov
authors: Mohan Kumar Haleyur Giri
authors: MK
authors: Setty
authors: Krishnakumar
authors: K
authors: Devadas
authors: Viswanath
authors: V
authors: Ragupathy
authors: Veerasamy
authors: V
authors: Ravichandran
authors: Shixing
authors: S
authors: Tang
authors: Owen
authors: O
authors: Wood
authors: Durga Sivacharan
authors: DS
authors: Gaddam
authors: Sherwin
authors: S
authors: Lee
authors: Indira K
authors: IK
authors: Hewlett
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002460:Cell Line; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009928:Organ Specificity; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication; D000089842:Xenotropic and Polytropic Retrovirus Receptor; D058008:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015704:CD4 Antigens; C103539:GPR15 protein, human; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018000:Receptors, Peptide; D011991:Receptors, Virus; C000715267:XPR1 protein, human; D000089842:Xenotropic and Polytropic Retrovirus Receptor