title: Intercalated erlotinib-docetaxel dosing schedules designed to achieve pharmacodynamic separation: results of a phase I/II trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors given concurrently with chemotherapy do not improve patient outcomes compared with chemotherapy alone in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). On the basis of preclinical models, we hypothesized pharmacodynamic separation, achieved by intermittent delivery of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors intercalated with chemotherapy, as a reasonable strategy to deliver combination therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phase I dose-escalating trial using two scheduling strategies (arms A and B) was conducted in patients with advanced solid tumors to determine the feasibility of intermittent erlotinib and docetaxel. Phase II efficacy evaluation was conducted in an expanded cohort of patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC using arm B scheduling. Docetaxel was given every 21 days (70-75 mg/m intravenously) in both arms. In arm A, erlotinib was administered on days 2, 9, and 16 (600-1000 mg); in arm B, erlotinib was delivered on days 2 through 16 (150-300 mg). Patients without progression or unacceptable toxicity after six cycles continued erlotinib alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one patients were enrolled in this study (17 arm A; 25 arm B; and 39 at phase II dose). Phase I patients had advanced solid tumors and 22 with NSCLC (10 and 12 patients for arms A and B, respectively). Treatment was well tolerated for both arms, with dose-limiting toxicities including grade 3 infection and febrile neutropenia in arm A (maximum tolerated dose [MTD] of erlotinib 600 mg/docetaxel 70 mg/m) and grade 4 rash, febrile neutropenia, grade 3 mucositis, and grade 3 diarrhea in arm B (MTD of erlotinib 200 mg/docetaxel 70 mg/m). The MTD for arm B was chosen for phase II evaluation given the feasibility of administration, number of responses (one complete response and three partial responses), and achievement of pharmacodynamic separation. The response rate for patients treated at the phase II dose was 28.2%, and the disease control rate was 64.1%. Median progression-free and overall survival were 4.1 and 18.2 months, respectively. Common grade ≥3 toxicities were neutropenia (36%) and diarrhea (18%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacodynamic separation using intercalated schedules of erlotinib delivered on an intermittent basis together with docetaxel chemotherapy is feasible and tolerable. Further studies using this approach together with interrogation of relevant molecular pathways are ongoing.
authors: Division of Medical Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Randeep
authors: R
authors: Sangha
authors: Angela M
authors: AM
authors: Davies
authors: Primo N
authors: PN
authors: Lara
authors: Philip C
authors: PC
authors: Mack
authors: Laurel A
authors: LA
authors: Beckett
authors: Paul J
authors: PJ
authors: Hesketh
authors: Derick
authors: D
authors: Lau
authors: Tianhong
authors: T
authors: Li
authors: Natasha
authors: N
authors: Perkins
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Gandara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D000077143:Docetaxel; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052016:Mucositis / Q000139:chemically induced; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D043823:Taxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D011799:Quinazolines; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride