title: Genetic polymorphisms in oestrogen receptor-binding sites affect clinical outcomes in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen-deprivation therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating evidence indicates that oestrogens have significant direct effects on normal prostate development and carcinogenesis. The majority of the biological activities of oestrogens are mediated through the oestrogen receptor (ER), which functions as a hormone-inducible transcription factor to regulate target gene expression by binding to oestrogen response elements (EREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes. Sequence variants in EREs might affect the ER-ERE interaction and subsequent physiological activities. Therefore, we tested whether common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside EREs are related to the clinical outcomes of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically evaluated 49 ERE SNPs predicted using a genome-wide database in a cohort of 601 men with advanced prostate cancer treated with ADT. The prognostic significance of these SNPs on disease progression, prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) after ADT was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and a Cox regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on multiple hypothesis testing, BNC2 rs16934641 was found to be associated with disease progression; in addition, TACC2 rs3763763 was associated with PCSM, and ALPK1 rs2051778 and TACC2 rs3763763 were associated with ACM. These SNPs remained significant in multivariate analyses that included known clinicopathological predictors. Moreover, a combined genotype effect on ACM was observed when ALPK1 rs2051778 and TACC2 rs3763763 were analysed in combination. Patients with a greater number of unfavourable genotypes had a shorter time to ACM during ADT (P for trend <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incorporation of ERE SNPs into models with known predictors might improve outcome prediction in patients with prostate cancer receiving ADT.
authors: Department of Urology Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.
authors: C-N
authors: CN
authors: Huang
authors: S-P
authors: SP
authors: Huang
authors: J-B
authors: JB
authors: Pao
authors: T-C
authors: TC
authors: Hour
authors: T-Y
authors: TY
authors: Chang
authors: Y-H
authors: YH
authors: Lan
authors: T-L
authors: TL
authors: Lu
authors: H-Z
authors: HZ
authors: Lee
authors: S-H
authors: SH
authors: Juang
authors: P-P
authors: PP
authors: Wu
authors: C-Y
authors: CY
authors: Huang
authors: C-J
authors: CJ
authors: Hsieh
authors: B-Y
authors: BY
authors: Bao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000728:Androgens / Q000235:genetics*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D018450:Disease Progression; D004967:Estrogens / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins