title: Preparation and solid-state characterization of ball milled saquinavir mesylate for solubility enhancement.
abstract: Saquinavir is an anti-retroviral drug with very low oral bioavailability (e.g. 0.7-4.0%) due to its affinity toward efflux transporters (P-gp) and metabolic enzymes (CYP3A4). The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of high-energy ball milling on saquinavir solid-state characteristics and aqueous solubility for the design of effective buccal drug delivery systems. The solubility of saquinavir mesylate was evaluated in simulated saliva before and after milling for 1, 3, 15, 30, 50, and 60 h. To elucidate changes in crystallinity and long-range structure in the drug, analyses of the milled powders were performed using XRD, ATR-IR, DSC/TGA, BET surface area, EDX and SEM. In addition, the effects of milling time on saquinavir solubility were statistically correlated using repeated measures ANOVA. Results of this study indicate that the milling of saquinavir mesylate produces nanoporous particles with unique surface structures, thermal properties, and increased aqueous solubility. Optimal milling time occurred at 3h and corresponded to a 9-fold solubility enhancement in simulated saliva. Thermal analysis revealed only a slight decrease in melting point (T(m)) from 242 °C to 236 °C after 60 h milling. XRD diffractograms indicate a gradual crystalline-to-amorphous transition with some residual crystallinity remaining after 60 h milling time. Unstable polymorphic structures appeared between 15 and 30 h which were converted to more stable isomorphs at 60 h. Aggregate formation also seems to occur after 15 h but no metal contamination of the drug was observed during the milling process as determined by EDX analysis. In conclusion, high-energy ball milling may be a method of choice for improving the solubility of saquinavir and facilitating novel drug formulations design.
authors: School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Branham@ukzn.ac.za
authors: Michael Lee
authors: ML
authors: Branham
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Moyo
authors: Thirumala
authors: T
authors: Govender
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning / Q000379:methods; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004055:Differential Thermal Analysis / Q000379:methods; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D058608:Nanopores / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D019258:Saquinavir