title: Tissue remodeling in the acute otitis media mouse model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Otitis media is an infectious, inflammatory process involving the middle ear space. Chronic inflammation is associated with fibrosis, scarring and osteogenesis within the middle ear, which may contribute to subsequent hearing loss and increase the difficulty of treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae was injected into the middle ears of 8-12 week old Balb/c mice. Control mice were treated with PBS middle ear injections. Middle ears were harvested at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days following injection (n=8 for each time point). The middle ears were processed using standard RT-PCR techniques. Up- and down-regulation of mRNA expression of various members of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) families was quantified and compared to PBS treated controls (n=8 for each time point).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant upregulation of MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 was observed at varying time points (p<0.05). Significant downregulation of BMP3, BMP4, BMP5 BMP6 and BMP8a was seen at varying time points (p<0.05). Significant downregulation of FGF3, FGF6, FGF10 and FGFr1 was observed at varying time points (p<0.05). No significant expression of BMP8b, BMP9, BMP10, FGF5, FGF8, MMP1a, MMP7 and MMP14 was detected within the middle ear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammation within the middle ear following injection of bacterial products results in changes in the regulation of several tissue remodeling cytokines and proteinases in the mouse model. Further understanding of these molecular processes may allow for the development of treatment modalities aimed at preventing middle ear tissue remodeling.
authors: Oregon Health Sciences University, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, PV-01, Portland, OR, United States. sauttern@ohsu.edu
authors: Nathan B
authors: NB
authors: Sautter
authors: Katherine L
authors: KL
authors: Delaney
authors: Frances A
authors: FA
authors: Hausman
authors: Dennis R
authors: DR
authors: Trune
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases