title: Association of dietary sodium and potassium intakes with albuminuria in normal-weight, overweight, and obese participants in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among obese adults, sodium intake has been associated with cardiovascular disease. Few data are available on sodium intake and albuminuria, a marker of kidney damage and risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relation between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and the ratio of sodium to potassium (Na/K) with albuminuria by BMI in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study (n = 30,239 adults aged ≥45 y).
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified Block 98 food-frequency questionnaire was used for dietary assessment in 21,636 participants, and nutritional variables were categorized by sex-specific quintiles. Normal weight, overweight, and obese were defined as BMI (in kg/m(2)) categories of 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, and ≥30, respectively. Albuminuria was defined as a ratio (mg/g) of urinary albumin to creatinine of ≥30.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalences of albuminuria were 11.5%, 11.6%, and 16.0% in normal-weight, overweight, and obese participants, respectively. The multivariable-adjusted ORs for albuminuria in a comparison of the highest with the lowest quintile of Na/K intake (≥1.12 to <0.70 for men and ≥1.07 to <0.62 for women) were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.22), 1.08 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.36), and 1.28 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.61) in normal-weight, overweight, and obese participants, respectively. The highest quintile of dietary sodium was associated with an increased OR for albuminuria in obese participants (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.07) but not in normal-weight or overweight participants. Dietary potassium was not associated with albuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In obese adults, higher dietary Na/K and sodium intakes were associated with albuminuria.
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. kjaaron@uab.edu
authors: Kristal J
authors: KJ
authors: Aaron
authors: Ruth C
authors: RC
authors: Campbell
authors: Suzanne E
authors: SE
authors: Judd
authors: Paul W
authors: PW
authors: Sanders
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Muntner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications*; D011191:Potassium Deficiency / Q000503:physiopathology; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary