title: Long-term consequences of an intensive care unit stay in older critically ill patients: design of a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modern methods in intensive care medicine often enable the survival of older critically ill patients. The short-term outcomes for patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs), such as survival to hospital discharge, are well documented. However, relatively little is known about subsequent long-term outcomes. Pain, anxiety and agitation are important stress factors for many critically ill patients. There are very few studies concerned with pain, anxiety and agitation and the consequences in older critically ill patients. The overall aim of this study is to identify how an ICU stay influences an older person's experiences later in life. More specific, this study has the following objectives: (1) to explore the relationship between pain, anxiety and agitation during ICU stays and experiences of the same symptoms in later life; and (2) to explore the associations between pain, anxiety and agitation experienced during ICU stays and their effect on subsequent health-related quality of life, use of the health care system (readmissions, doctor visits, rehabilitation, medication use), living situation, and survival after discharge and at 6 and 12 months of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, longitudinal study will be used for this study. A total of 150 older critically ill patients in the ICU will participate (ICU group). Pain, anxiety, agitation, morbidity, mortality, use of the health care system, and health-related quality of life will be measured at 3 intervals after a baseline assessment. Baseline measurements will be taken 48 hours after ICU admission and one week thereafter. Follow-up measurements will take place 6 months and 12 months after discharge from the ICU. To be able to interpret trends in scores on outcome variables in the ICU group, a comparison group of 150 participants, matched by age and gender, recruited from the Swiss population, will be interviewed at the same intervals as the ICU group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Little research has focused on long term consequences after ICU admission in older critically ill patients. The present study is specifically focussing on long term consequences of stress factors experienced during ICU admission.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN52754370.
authors: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital/Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Marie-Madlen.Jeitziner@insel.ch
authors: Marie-Madlen
authors: MM
authors: Jeitziner
authors: Virpi
authors: V
authors: Hantikainen
authors: Antoinette
authors: A
authors: Conca
authors: Jan P H
authors: JP
authors: Hamers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors