title: Ambulatory activity associations with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the association between ambulatory activity and biological markers of health in smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from 985 subjects enrolled in a pharmacologic smoking cessation trial were examined. Body size, blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total and small LDL particles, LDL size, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin A1c were assessed in relation to pedometer-assessed ambulatory activity, as was the odds of metabolic syndrome and CRP > 3 mg/L. Effect modification by gender was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only waist circumference was lower with greater steps/day in the men and women combined (P(trend) < 0.001). No other significant relationships were noted in men, while women with ≥ 7500 steps/day had lower weight, BMI, CRP, TG, total, and small LDL particles compared with those with < 7500 steps/day. These women also had 62% and 43% lower odds of metabolic syndrome and elevated CRP, respectively, compared with the less active women. Adjustment for BMI attenuated all the associations seen in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater ambulatory activity is associated with lower levels of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in female smokers which may, in part, be mediated by a reduction in BMI.
authors: Dept of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Brad R
authors: BR
authors: Julius
authors: B Ann
authors: BA
authors: Ward
authors: James H
authors: JH
authors: Stein
authors: Patrick E
authors: PE
authors: McBride
authors: Michael C
authors: MC
authors: Fiore
authors: Lisa H
authors: LH
authors: Colbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine