title: Visualizing uncertainty about the future.
abstract: We are all faced with uncertainty about the future, but we can get the measure of some uncertainties in terms of probabilities. Probabilities are notoriously difficult to communicate effectively to lay audiences, and in this review we examine current practice for communicating uncertainties visually, using examples drawn from sport, weather, climate, health, economics, and politics. Despite the burgeoning interest in infographics, there is limited experimental evidence on how different types of visualizations are processed and understood, although the effectiveness of some graphics clearly depends on the relative numeracy of an audience. Fortunately, it is increasingly easy to present data in the form of interactive visualizations and in multiple types of representation that can be adjusted to user needs and capabilities. Nonetheless, communicating deeper uncertainties resulting from incomplete or disputed knowledge--or from essential indeterminacy about the future--remains a challenge.
authors: Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WB, UK. d.spiegelhalter@statslab.cam.ac.uk
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Spiegelhalter
authors: Mike
authors: M
authors: Pearson
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Short
mesh_terms: D003196:Computer Graphics; D003626:Data Display; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination; D011336:Probability; D012306:Risk; D035501:Uncertainty