title: Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analysis of sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection caused by Lesihmania donovani complex and transmitted by the bite of the phlebotomine sand fly. It is an endemic disease in many developing countries with more than 90% of the cases occurring in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sudan, Ethiopia and Brazil. The disease is fatal if untreated. The disease is conventionally diagnosed by demonstrating the intracellular parasite in bone marrow or splenic aspirates. This study was carried out to discover differentially expressed proteins which could be potential biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from six visceral leishmaniasis patients and six healthy controls were depleted of high abundant proteins by immunodepletion. The depleted sera were compared by 2-D Difference in gel electrophoresis (DIGE). Differentially expressed proteins were identified the by tandem mass spectrometry. Three of the identified proteins were further validated by western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This is the first report of serum proteomics study using quantitative Difference in gel electrophoresis (DIGE) in visceral leishmaniasis. We identified alpha-1-acidglycoprotein and C1 inhibitor as up regulated and transthyretin, retinol binding protein and apolipoprotein A-I as down regulated proteins in visceral leishmaniasis sera in comparison with healthy controls. Western blot validation of C1 inhibitor, transthyretin and apolipoprotein A-I in a larger cohort (n = 29) confirmed significant difference in the expression levels (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, DIGE based proteomic analysis showed that several proteins are differentially expressed in the sera of visceral leishmaniasis. The five proteins identified here have potential, either independently or in combination, as prognostic biomarkers.
authors: Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India. srini@aiims.ac.in.
authors: Lokesh A
authors: LA
authors: Rukmangadachar
authors: Jitender
authors: J
authors: Kataria
authors: Gururao
authors: G
authors: Hariprasad
authors: Jyotish C
authors: JC
authors: Samantaray
authors: Alagiri
authors: A
authors: Srinivasan