title: Monitoring pesticide use and associated health hazards in Central America.
abstract: We established methods for monitoring pesticide use and associated health hazards in Central America. With import data from Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama for 2000-2004, we constructed quantitative indicators (kg active ingredient) for general pesticide use, associated health hazards, and compliance with international regulations. Central America imported 33 million kg active ingredient per year. Imports increased 33% during 2000-2004. Of 403 pesticides, 13 comprised 77% of the total pesticides imported. High volumes of hazardous pesticides are used; 22% highly/extremely acutely toxic, 33% moderately/severely irritant or sensitizing, and 30% had multiple chronic toxicities. Of the 41 pesticides included in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC), the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Dirty Dozen, and the Central American Dirty Dozen, 16 (17% total volume) were imported, four being among the 13 most imported pesticides. Costa Rica is by far the biggest consumer. Pesticide import data are good indicators of use trends and an informative source to monitor hazards and, potentially, the effectiveness of interventions.
authors: Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
authors: Viria
authors: V
authors: Bravo
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Rodríguez
authors: Berna
authors: B
authors: van Wendel de Joode
authors: Nonato
authors: N
authors: Canto
authors: Gloria Ruth
authors: GR
authors: Calderón
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Turcios
authors: Luis Armando
authors: LA
authors: Menéndez
authors: Winston
authors: W
authors: Mejía
authors: Anabel
authors: A
authors: Tatis
authors: Federico Z
authors: FZ
authors: Abrego
authors: Elba
authors: E
authors: de la Cruz
authors: Catharina
authors: C
authors: Wesseling
mesh_terms: D002489:Central America / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010575:Pesticides / Q000600:supply & distribution*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides