title: Effects of thioglycolic acid on in vivo oocytes maturation in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thioglycolic acid (TGA) is widely used in the hairdressing industry, which mostly caters to women. Recently, TGA has been reported to impair several organs, especially reproductive ones such as testes and ovaries. The reproductive toxicity of TGA on females has become an issue that cannot be neglected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present work, superovulated female mice were percutaneously treated with different doses of TGA (37.81, 75.62, and 151.25 mg/kg). The mice were sacrificed to collect ovulated oocytes, whose numbers were counted and compared. Immunofluorescence-stained oocytes were observed under a confocal microscope to investigate the effects of TGA on spindle morphology, distribution of cortical granules (CGs), and parthenogenetic activation. The number of ovulated oocytes was decreased by TGA. The ovulated oocytes in the 151.25 mg/kg TGA group were significantly less than in the control and in the 37.81 mg/kg TGA groups. The ovulated oocytes in the 75.62 mg/kg TGA group were less than in the 37.81 mg/kg dose group. Abnormal spindle configuration in vivo was also induced by TGA. The spindle areas in the 75.62 and 151.25 mg/kg TGA groups were significantly larger than in the control and 37.81 mg/kg TGA groups. The parthenogenetic activation of ovulated oocytes in vitro was inhibited as well. The percentage of activated oocytes in the 75.62 and 151.25 mg/kg TGA groups was significantly lower than in the control and 37.81 mg/kg TGA groups. The percentage in the 151.25 mg/kg TGA group was also less than in the 75.62 mg/kg group. CG distribution was not affected by TGA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mice were percutaneously treated with TGA. Consequently, the number of ovulated oocytes decreased, abnormal spindle configurations were induced, and the parthenogenetic activation of ovulated oocytes was inhibited. CG distribution was not affected.
authors: Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Xia
authors: Shaoying
authors: S
authors: Hou
authors: Xiaomei
authors: X
authors: Ren
authors: Zhuoran
authors: Z
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D009866:Oogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010060:Ovulation / Q000187:drug effects; D010312:Parthenogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013864:Thioglycolates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013864:Thioglycolates; C017487:2-mercaptoacetate