title: The structure and catalytic mechanism of a poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase.
abstract: Post-translational modification of proteins by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation regulates many cellular pathways that are critical for genome stability, including DNA repair, chromatin structure, mitosis and apoptosis. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is composed of repeating ADP-ribose units linked via a unique glycosidic ribose-ribose bond, and is synthesized from NAD by PAR polymerases. PAR glycohydrolase (PARG) is the only protein capable of specific hydrolysis of the ribose-ribose bonds present in PAR chains; its deficiency leads to cell death. Here we show that filamentous fungi and a number of bacteria possess a divergent form of PARG that has all the main characteristics of the human PARG enzyme. We present the first PARG crystal structure (derived from the bacterium Thermomonospora curvata), which reveals that the PARG catalytic domain is a distant member of the ubiquitous ADP-ribose-binding macrodomain family. High-resolution structures of T. curvata PARG in complexes with ADP-ribose and the PARG inhibitor ADP-HPD, complemented by biochemical studies, allow us to propose a model for PAR binding and catalysis by PARG. The insights into the PARG structure and catalytic mechanism should greatly improve our understanding of how PARG activity controls reversible protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and potentially of how the defects in this regulation are linked to human disease.
authors: Cancer Research UK, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
authors: Dea
authors: D
authors: Slade
authors: Mark S
authors: MS
authors: Dunstan
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Barkauskaite
authors: Ria
authors: R
authors: Weston
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Lafite
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Dixon
authors: Marijan
authors: M
authors: Ahel
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Leys
authors: Ivan
authors: I
authors: Ahel
mesh_terms: D000192:Actinomycetales / Q000201:enzymology*; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D055162:Biocatalysis; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D011759:Pyrrolidines; C096272:adenosine diphosphate (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol; C024857:poly(ADP)-ribosylated proteins; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; C499320:PARP1 protein, human; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C022407:poly ADP-ribose glycohydrolase