title: l-Dopa-induced dyskinesia-clinical presentation, genetics, and treatment.
abstract: Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) has been recognized since the introduction of levodopa for the management of Parkinson's disease (PD) and continues to be one of the most clinically challenging factors in long-term management of patients with PD. Most patients develop LID within 10 years of PD onset and the cause has been attributed to various factors including disease demographics, pharmacological, and possibly genetic causes. The clinical pattern of LID varies and shows intra and inter-patient variability and has been classified based upon phenomenology and relation to timing of levodopa. The potential armamentarium to address and manage LID has significantly increased in the last decade. This chapter addresses the current understanding of various clinical aspects and available therapeutics for LID.
authors: Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center, and Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399, Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5V 2S8.
authors: L K
authors: LK
authors: Prashanth
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Fox
authors: Wassilios G
authors: WG
authors: Meissner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000266:history / Q000628:therapy*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa