title: Triple ultrasound markers including fetal cardiac activity are related to miscarriage risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify early ultrasound markers in pregnant patients that predict a favorable pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infertility patients in fertility clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  1051 women with early pregnancies conceived after fertility treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ongoing pregnancy >20 weeks' gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ongoing pregnancy rate was 90.5% for those pregnancies having early fetal cardiac activity (odds ratio [OR] = 66.5). Gestational sac diameter ≥12 mm was associated with ongoing pregnancy rate of 91.9%. Small gestational sac diameter, <8 mm, was associated with high miscarriage rate, 85.3%. Ongoing pregnancy rates for yolk sac diameter <2 mm, 2-6 mm, and >6 mm were 20%, 89.2%, and 20%, respectively (OR = 33.1, 2-6 vs <2 mm; OR = 33.1, 2-6 vs >6 mm). Ongoing pregnancy rate was 94% when all three markers were present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On postconception days 33-36, gestational sac diameter ≥12 mm, yolk sac diameter 2-6 mm, and the presence of fetal cardiac activity were favorable markers.
authors: University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, USA. swimbae@hotmail.com
authors: Soyoung
authors: S
authors: Bae
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Karnitis
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D058746:Gestational Sac / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000628:therapy*; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009820:Ohio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging