title: Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and kidney function in non-diabetic individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome has been recently identified as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Since the five individual components of the metabolic syndrome have also been identified as risk factors for CKD, the metabolic syndrome diagnosis may represent an aggregate of CKD risk factors. On the other hand, the components of the metabolic syndrome are also associated with insulin resistance, which may directly mediate the increased CKD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a cross-sectional evaluation of the relationship between metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in 574 non-diabetic individuals. Insulin resistance was directly quantified using the insulin suppression test, and the metabolic syndrome components were measured. eGFR was calculated using the three validated estimation equations: the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation, the Mayo quadratic equation and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While CKD prevalence was higher and mean eGFR was lower in individuals who met the metabolic syndrome criteria compared with those who did not, we did not observe a significant relationship between insulin resistance and eGFR. Of all of the components of the metabolic syndrome, only hypertension was significantly associated with CKD prevalence [odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 3.5 (1.2-10.1), P=0.02].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although CKD is more common among individuals with the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance is not a common factor.
authors: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. barryrjohns@gmail.com
authors: Barry R
authors: BR
authors: Johns
authors: Alan C
authors: AC
authors: Pao
authors: Sun H
authors: SH
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors