title: Comparison of odor-active compounds in grapes and wines from vitis vinifera and non-foxy American grape species.
abstract: Native American grape (Vitis) species have many desirable properties for winegrape breeding, but hybrids of these non-vinifera wild grapes with  Vitis vinifera  often have undesirable aromas. Other than the foxy-smelling compounds in  Vitis labrusca  and  Vitis rotundifolia , the aromas inherent to American Vitis species are not well characterized. In this paper, the key odorants in wine produced from the American grape species  Vitis riparia  and  Vitis cinerea  were characterized in comparison to wine produced from European winegrapes (V. vinifera). Volatile compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry/mass spectrometry (GC-O/MS). On the basis of flavor dilution values, most grape-derived compounds with fruity and floral aromas were at similar potency, but non-vinifera wines had higher concentrations of odorants with vegetative and earthy aromas: eugenol, cis-3-hexenol, 1,8-cineole, 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), and 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IPMP). Elevated concentrations of these compounds in non-vinifera wines were confirmed by quantitative GC-MS. Concentrations of IBMP and IPMP were well above sensory threshold in both non-vinifera wines. In a follow-up study, IBMP and IPMP were surveyed in 31 accessions of V. riparia, V. rupestris, and V. cinerea. Some accessions had concentrations of >350 pg/g IBMP or >30 pg/g IPMP, well above concentrations reported in previous studies of harvest-ripe vinifera grapes. Methyl anthranilate and 2-aminoacetophenone, key odorants responsible for the foxiness of V. labrusca grapes, were undetectable in both the V. riparia and V. cinerea wines (<10 μg/L).
authors: Department of Food Science, NYSAES, Cornell University , 630 West North Street, Geneva, New York 14456, United States.
authors: Qun
authors: Q
authors: Sun
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Gates
authors: Edward H
authors: EH
authors: Lavin
authors: Terry E
authors: TE
authors: Acree
authors: Gavin L
authors: GL
authors: Sacks
mesh_terms: D001947:Breeding; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005060:Europe; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000032:analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D014481:United States; D027843:Vitis; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011719:Pyrazines; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds