title: Peptidoglycan: a critical activator of the mammalian immune system during infection and homeostasis.
abstract: Peptidoglycan is a conserved structural component of the bacterial cell wall with molecular motifs unique to bacteria. The mammalian immune system takes advantage of these properties and has evolved to recognize this microbial associated molecular pattern. Mammals have four secreted peptidoglycan recognition proteins, PGLYRP-1-4, as well as two intracellular sensors of peptidoglycan, Nod1 and Nod2. Recognition of peptidoglycan is important in initiating and shaping the immune response under both homeostatic and infection conditions. During infection, peptidoglycan recognition drives both cell-autonomous and whole-organism defense responses. Here, we examine recent advances in the understanding of how peptidoglycan recognition shapes mammalian immune responses in these diverse contexts.
authors: Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Matthew T
authors: MT
authors: Sorbara
authors: Dana J
authors: DJ
authors: Philpott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D007107:Immune System / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D008322:Mammals; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053472:Nod Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D010457:Peptidoglycan; C118897:peptidoglycan recognition protein