title: Re-evaluating a vision-related quality of life questionnaire with item response theory (IRT) and differential item functioning (DIF) analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For the Low Vision Quality Of Life questionnaire (LVQOL) it is unknown whether the psychometric properties are satisfactory when an item response theory (IRT) perspective is considered. This study evaluates some essential psychometric properties of the LVQOL questionnaire in an IRT model, and investigates differential item functioning (DIF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data were used from an observational study among visually-impaired patients (n = 296). Calibration was performed for every dimension of the LVQOL in the graded response model. Item goodness-of-fit was assessed with the S-X(2)-test. DIF was assessed on relevant background variables (i.e. age, gender, visual acuity, eye condition, rehabilitation type and administration type) with likelihood-ratio tests for DIF. The magnitude of DIF was interpreted by assessing the largest difference in expected scores between subgroups. Measurement precision was assessed by presenting test information curves; reliability with the index of subject separation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All items of the LVQOL dimensions fitted the model. There was significant DIF on several items. For two items the maximum difference between expected scores exceeded one point, and DIF was found on multiple relevant background variables. Item 1 'Vision in general' from the "Adjustment" dimension and item 24 'Using tools' from the "Reading and fine work" dimension were removed. Test information was highest for the "Reading and fine work" dimension. Indices for subject separation ranged from 0.83 to 0.94.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The items of the LVQOL showed satisfactory item fit to the graded response model; however, two items were removed because of DIF. The adapted LVQOL with 21 items is DIF-free and therefore seems highly appropriate for use in heterogeneous populations of visually impaired patients.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. r.vannispen@vumc.nl
authors: Ruth M A
authors: RM
authors: van Nispen
authors: Dirk L
authors: DL
authors: Knol
authors: Maaike
authors: M
authors: Langelaan
authors: Ger H M B
authors: GH
authors: van Rens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000523:psychology*