title: Leaf extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes protects dopaminergic neuronal cells in a rotenone model of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) leaf extract on rotenone-induced apoptosis in human dopaminergic cells, SH-SY5Y.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were pretreated with RVS extract for 1 h then treated with vehicle or rotenone for 24 h. Cell viability, cell cytotoxicity, cell morphology and nuclear morphology were examined by MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase release assay, phase contrast microscopy and staining with Hoechast 33342, respectively. Reactive oxygen species were measured by 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and fragmented DNA was observed by TUNEL assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by Rhodamine 123. Pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins and tyrosine hydroxylase were analysed by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that RVS suppressed rotenone-induced reactive oxygen species generation, cellular injury and apoptotic cell death. RVS also prevented rotenone-mediated changes in Bax/Bcl-2 levels, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and Caspase 3 activation. Moreover, RVS pretreatment increased the tyrosine hydroxylase levels in SH-SY5Y cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that RVS protects SH-SY5Y cells against rotenone-induced injury and suggest that RVS may have potential therapeutic value for neurodegenerative disease associated with oxidative stress.
authors: Department of Alternative Medicine, Gwangju University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seung
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: Se-Eun
authors: SE
authors: Park
authors: Kumar
authors: K
authors: Sapkota
authors: Myung-Kon
authors: MK
authors: Kim
authors: Sung-Jun
authors: SJ
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D029045:Rhus; D012402:Rotenone; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D012402:Rotenone; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D053148:Caspase 3; D004298:Dopamine