title: The role of intima-media-thickness, ankle-brachial-index and inflammatory biochemical parameters for stroke risk prediction: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite important advances in therapeutic approaches in stroke, the options of acute treatment are still limited. Primary prevention represents another potentially highly efficient strategy. For effective prevention the early detection of subjects at risk is of utmost importance. Coinciding with a change in current understanding of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory, cross-organ disease, new parameters to assess the individual risk are emerging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of the potential of selected parameters for prediction of cerebrovascular events beyond detection of traditional risk factors that might expand the repertoire of primary prevention programs in stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An absolute carotid intima-media thickness difference of 0.1 mm increases the future risk of stroke by 13-18%. An ankle-brachial index <0.9 was associated with a relative risk of 2.33 (95% CI 2.02-2.68) for stroke. In patients with acute stroke and ABI values < 0.9 the risk for a new vascular event is significantly increased (HR 2.1; 95% CI 1.6-2.8). Measurements of several molecular biomarkers may be used to predict future vascular events independently of traditional risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the data presented, there is clear evidence that measurement of the ankle-brachial index identifies subjects of increased stroke risk in primary and secondary care settings as well as of stroke recurrence in acute stroke.
authors: Department of Neurology, Benedictus Krankenhaus, Feldafing, Germany. d.sander@mac.com
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Sander
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Poppert
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Sander
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Etgen
mesh_terms: D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase / Q000378:metabolism; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005340:Fibrinogen; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase