title: Comparison of three-dimensional orthodontic load systems of different commercial archwires for space closure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To experimentally quantify the effects of the loop design on three-dimensional orthodontic load systems of two types of commercial closing loop archwires: Teardrop and Keyhole.
  
  
  METHODS
  An orthodontic force tester and custom-made dentoform were used to measure the load systems produced on two teeth during simulated space closure. The system included three force components along and three moment components about three clinically defined axes on two target teeth: the left maxillary canine and the lateral incisor. The archwires were attached to the dentoform and were activated following a standard clinical procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resulting six load components produced by the two archwires were reported and compared. The results were also compared with those of the T-loop archwire published previously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three designs deliver similar loading patterns; however, the component magnitudes are dependent on the design. All of the designs result in lingual tipping of the teeth, canine lingual-mesial displacement, canine crown-mesial-in rotation, and incisor crown-distal-in rotation.
authors: Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Gajda
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003481:Cuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008422:Materials Testing; D008954:Models, Biological; D003765:Models, Dental; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019516:Orthodontic Space Closure / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties