title: High sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels in Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance (CURES-105).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in South Indian subjects with and without MS and among MS subjects with and without insulin resistance (IR).
  
  
  METHODS
  From the population-based Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, 334 subjects with MS and 342 subjects without MS were selected. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, TNF-α, IL-6, and VCAM-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) using the following formula: fasting insulin (µIU/ml) × fasting glucose (mmol/liter)/22.5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with MS had significantly higher levels of all four inflammatory markers compared to those without MS: hs-CRP (2.57 vs 2.19 mg/liter) (p < .05), TNF-α (4.47 vs 3.89 pg/ml) (p < .05), IL-6 (16.22 vs 10.96 pg/ml) (p < .05), and VCAM-1 (13.8 vs 7.94 pg/ml) (p < .05). In the total study subjects, hs-CRP (r = 0.089, p = .047), TNF-α (r = 0.113, p = .040), IL-6 (r = 0.176, p = .042), and VCAM-1 (r = 0.230, p = .06) were significantly correlated with MS. With increasing quartiles of IR, mean levels of hs-CRP (p for trend <.001) and TNF-α (p for trend <.05) increased linearly. MS subjects with IR had higher levels of hs-CRP (p < .001) and TNF-α (p < .05) compared to MS subjects without IR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Asian Indians, inflammatory cytokines hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and VCAM-1 are elevated in subjects with MS while hs-CRP and TNF-α are further elevated in those with MS and IR.
authors: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
authors: Karunakaran
authors: K
authors: Indulekha
authors: Jayagopi
authors: J
authors: Surendar
authors: Viswanathan
authors: V
authors: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein