title: Computerized macular pathology diagnosis in spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans based on multiscale texture and shape features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an automated method to identify the normal macula and three macular pathologies (macular hole [MH], macular edema [ME], and age-related macular degeneration [AMD]) from the fovea-centered cross sections in three-dimensional (3D) spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of SD-OCT macular scans (macular cube 200 × 200 or 512 × 128 scan protocol; Cirrus HD-OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) was obtained from healthy subjects and subjects with MH, ME, and/or AMD (dataset for development: 326 scans from 136 subjects [193 eyes], and dataset for testing: 131 scans from 37 subjects [58 eyes]). A fovea-centered cross-sectional slice for each of the SD-OCT images was encoded using spatially distributed multiscale texture and shape features. Three ophthalmologists labeled each fovea-centered slice independently, and the majority opinion for each pathology was used as the ground truth. Machine learning algorithms were used to identify the discriminative features automatically. Two-class support vector machine classifiers were trained to identify the presence of normal macula and each of the three pathologies separately. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cross-validation AUC result on the development dataset was 0.976, 0.931, 0939, and 0.938, and the AUC result on the holdout testing set was 0.978, 0.969, 0.941, and 0.975, for identifying normal macula, MH, ME, and AMD, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed automated data-driven method successfully identified various macular pathologies (all AUC > 0.94). This method may effectively identify the discriminative features without relying on a potentially error-prone segmentation module.
authors.affiliation: School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gadi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wollstein
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Duker
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schuman
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rehg
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000473:pathology; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000473:pathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000473:pathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data