title: The value of a bulk-tank milk ELISA and individual serological and faecal examination for diagnosing (sub)clinical Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in dairy cows.
abstract: To test the value of a recently developed bulk-tank milk (BTM) ELISA for diagnosing (sub)clinical Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in lactating dairy herds under field conditions, bulk milk samples were collected from farms with or without clinical symptoms suspected to be caused by lungworm infection. Results of the BTM ELISA were compared against individual examinations for lungworm larvae in faeces and lungworm antibodies in serum from up to 20 heifers (parity 1) and up to 20 cows (parity ≥ 2) on the same farms. This also allowed, for the first time, to examine the value of individual faecal and serological examinations in the diagnosis of (sub)clinical lungworm infections. In total, 33 farms participated. Of these, 16 reported clinical symptoms possibly related to lungworm infection (defined as a suspected positive clinical status or CS(+)) and 17 reported having no such symptoms (CS(-)). In total, 503 heifers and 649 cows were sampled. Of all faeces samples positive for lungworm larvae, 94 were from heifers (18.9% of all heifers) and 75 from cows (11.7% of all cows) (P<0.001). Of all sera positive for lungworm antibodies, 130 were from heifers (26.1% of all heifers) and 113 from cows (17.5% of all cows) (P<0.001). Of the CS(-) farms 41% had at least one heifer or cow shedding larvae and 71% had at least one seropositive heifer or cow. Of the CS(+) farms this was 81% and 94%, respectively. There were only 4 farms, all CS(-), where none of the animals were found shedding larvae and all animals tested seronegative. This implies that on 76% of the CS(-) farms lungworm infection circulated unnoticed. On all CS(+) farms the suspicion that lungworm caused the respiratory symptoms was confirmed by the individual faecal and serological examinations, whereas the BTM ELISA confirmed presence of lungworm on half of the CS(+) farms. The latter in particular occurred on farms with the more severe outbreaks. Overall, of 32 available BTM samples 10 tested positive (8 of 15 CS(+) and 2 of 17 CS(-) farms). For diagnosing suspected lungworm disease it was concluded that testing a BTM sample might suffice in case of moderate to severe outbreaks. However, in case of a mild outbreak with just a few animals coughing, examining individual animals has to be preferred over testing a BTM sample. The likelihood to detect lungworm infection is higher if heifers are sampled compared to cows. Sensitivity of the BTM ELISA was 35.7% if the presence of at least one seropositive and/or one larvae shedding animal in the herd was used to define lungworm positive farms. On average, at least 30% of the herd had to be seropositive before the BTM ELISA was found positive for lungworm antibodies. Results indicate that the BTM ELISA in its current form does not appear to be suitable for surveys on the prevalence of lungworm presence on farms. However, this BTM ELISA might be used in large-scale surveys to detect, for instance, annual changes in percentage positive farms, as long as it is recognized that positivity is more closely related to incidence of lungworm disease than to prevalence of lungworm infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty Utrecht, P.O. Box 80165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. h.w.ploeger@uu.nl
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Ploeger
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: C W H
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Dekkers
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strube
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Engelen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uiterwijk
authors.forename: T J G M
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holzhauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004021:Dictyocaulus; D004022:Dictyocaulus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D008892:Milk / Q000276:immunology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth