title: MR imaging of soft-tissue vascular malformations: diagnosis, classification, and therapy follow-up.
abstract: Vascular malformations and tumors comprise a wide, heterogeneous spectrum of lesions that often represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Frequent use of an inaccurate nomenclature has led to considerable confusion. Since the treatment strategy depends on the type of vascular anomaly, correct diagnosis and classification are crucial. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the most valuable modality for classification of vascular anomalies because it accurately demonstrates their extension and their anatomic relationship to adjacent structures. A comprehensive assessment of vascular anomalies requires functional analysis of the involved vessels. Dynamic time-resolved contrast material-enhanced MR angiography provides information about the hemodynamics of vascular anomalies and allows differentiation of high-flow and low-flow vascular malformations. Furthermore, MR imaging is useful in assessment of treatment success and establishment of a long-term management strategy. Radiologists should be familiar with the clinical and MR imaging features that aid in diagnosis of vascular anomalies and their proper classification. Furthermore, they should be familiar with MR imaging protocols optimized for evaluation of vascular anomalies and with their posttreatment appearances. Supplemental material available at http://radiographics.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/rg.315105213/-/DC1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flors
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leiva-Salinas
authors.forename: Ismaeel M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Maged
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Angle
authors.forename: Md
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hugo Bonatti
authors.forename: Auh Whan
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ehab Ali
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Ugur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bozlar
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Housseini
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Huerta
authors.forename: Klaus D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hagspiel
mesh_terms: D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003287:Contrast Media; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005682:Gadolinium; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018324:Hemangioma, Capillary / Q000473:pathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D044148:Lymphatic Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009386:Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium