title: Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus in lymphocytes induces oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation: possible ameliorative role of nanoconjugated vancomycin.
abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated pathogen causing bloodstream infections, skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia. Lymphocyte is an important immune cell. The aim of the present paper was to test the ameliorative role of nanoconjugated vancomycin against Vancomycin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection-induced oxidative stress in lymphocytes. VSSA and VRSA infections were developed in Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection of 5 × 10(6) CFU/mL bacterial solutions. Nanoconjugated vancomycin was adminstrated to VSSA- and VRSA-infected mice at its effective dose for 10 days. Vancomycin was adminstrated to VSSA- and VRSA-infected mice at a similar dose, respectively, for 10 days. Vancomycin and nanoconjugated vancomycin were adminstrated to normal mice at their effective doses for 10 days. The result of this study reveals that in vivo VSSA and VRSA infection significantly increases the level of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, oxidized glutathione level, nitrite generation, nitrite release, and DNA damage and decreases the level of reduced glutathione, antioxidant enzyme status, and glutathione-dependent enzymes as compared to control group, which were increased or decreased significantly near to normal in nanoconjugated vancomycin-treated group. These findings suggest the potential use and beneficial role of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VSSA and VRSA infection-induced oxidative stress in lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, India.
authors.forename: Subhankari Prasad
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kar Mahapatra
authors.forename: Sumanta Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sahu
authors.forename: Sabyasachi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Satyajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathy
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.forename: Panchanan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.forename: Somenath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004798:Enzymes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014640:Vancomycin; D005978:Glutathione