title: Ozone treatment ameliorates oil sands process water toxicity to the mammalian immune system.
abstract: We evaluated whether ozonation ameliorated the effects of the organic fraction of oil sands process water (OSPW) on immune functions of mice. Ozonation of OSPW eliminated the capacity of its organic fraction to affect various mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) functions in vitro. These included the production of nitric oxide and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, the production of reactive oxygen intermediates and the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, phagocytosis, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Ozone treatment also eliminated the ability of OSPW organic fraction to down-regulate the expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in the liver of mice, one week after oral exposure. We conclude that ozone treatment may be a valuable process for the remediation of large volumes of OSPW.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Erick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garcia-Garcia
authors.forename: Jun Qing
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Ayoola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oladiran
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Mohamed Gamal
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: El-Din
authors.forename: Leonidas C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Perez-Estrada
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Miodrag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belosevic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D010126:Ozone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D009821:Oils; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010126:Ozone; D012822:Silicon Dioxide