title: Effect of ultrasound on herpes simplex virus infection in cell culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound has been shown to increase the efficiency of gene expression from retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses. The effect of ultrasound to stimulate cell membrane permeabilization on infection with an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vero monkey kidney cells were infected with HSV-1 and exposed to 1 MHz ultrasound after an adsorption period. The number of plaques was significantly greater than that of the untreated control. A combination of ultrasound and microbubbles further increased the plaque number. Similar results were obtained using a different type of HSV-1 and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. The appropriate intensity, duty cycle and time of ultrasound to increase the plaque number were 0.5 W/cm², 20% duty cycle and 10 sec, respectively. Ultrasound with microbubbles at an intensity of 2.0 W/cm², at 50% duty cycle, or for 40 sec reduced cell viability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that ultrasound promotes the entry of oncolytic HSV-1 into cells. It may be useful to enhance the efficiency of HSV-1 infection in oncolytic virotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Shyusuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okunaga
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000821:virology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D045423:Microbubbles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D050130:Oncolytic Virotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D013016:Sound; D014709:Vero Cells; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*