title: Renal tissue alterations were size-dependent with smaller ones induced more effects and related with time exposure of gold nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have important application for cell labeling and imaging, drug delivery, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes mainly in cancer. Nanoparticles (NPs) are being increasingly exploited for medical applications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the particle-size and period effects of administration of GNPs on the renal tissue in an attempt to address their potential toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 70 healthy male Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to GNPs received 50 or 100 μl of GNPs infusion of size (10, 20 and 50 nm for 3 or 7 days) to investigate particle-size effect of GNPs on the renal tissue. Animals were randomly divided into groups, 6 GNPs-treated rats groups and one control group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received infusion of 50 μl GNPs of size 10 nm (3 or 7 days), size 20 nm (3 or 7 days) and 50 nm (3 or 7 days), respectively; while groups 4, 5 and 6 received infusion of 100 μl GNPs of size 10 nm, size 20 nm and 50 nm, respectively. Stained sections of control and treated rats kidneys were examined for renal tissue alterations induced by GNPs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with respective control rats, exposure to GNPs doses has produced the following renal tubular alterations: cloudy swelling, vacuolar degeneration, hyaline droplets and casts, anisokaryosis, karopyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis. The glomeruli showed moderate congestion with no hypercelluraity, mesangial proliferation or basement membrane thickening. The histological alterations were mainly seen in the cortex and the proximal renal convoluted tubules were more affected than the distal ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The induced histological alterations might be an indication of injured renal tubules due to GNPs toxicity that became unable to deal with the accumulated residues resulting from metabolic and structural disturbances caused by these NPs. The findings may suggest that GNPs interact with proteins and enzymes of the renal tissue interfering with the antioxidant defense mechanism and leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation which in turn may induce stress in the renal cells to undergo atrophy and necrosis. The produced alterations were size-dependent with smaller ones induced more affects and related with time exposure of GNPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. abdelhalimmak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mohamed Anwar K
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdelhalim
authors.forename: Bashir M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jarrar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006046:Gold / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006046:Gold