title: Commissioning and benchmarking a 3D dosimetry system for clinical use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A 3D dosimetry system is described which consists of two parts: a radiochromic plastic dosimeter PRESAGE (which responds to absorbed dose with a linear change in optical-density) and the Duke large-field-of-view optical-CT scanner (DLOS). The DLOS/PRESAGE system has recently been commissioned and benchmarked for clinical use and, in particular, for verification and commissioning of complex radiation treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  DLOS commissioning involved determining the dynamic range, spatial resolution, noise, temporal, and other characteristics of the light source and imaging components. Benchmarking tests were performed on the combined DLOS/PRESAGE system to establish baseline dosimetric performance. The tests consisted of delivering simple radiation treatments to PRESAGE dosimeters, and comparing the measured 3D relative dose distributions with the known gold standard. The gold standard distribution was obtained from machine beam-data or the treatment planning system (TPS). All studies used standardized procedures to ensure consistency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For commissioning, isotropic spatial resolution was submillimeter (MTF > 0.5 for frequencies of 1.5 lp/mm) and the dynamic range was -60 dB. Flood field uniformity was within 10% and stable after 45 min of warm-up. Stray-light is small, due to telecentricity, but even the residual can be removed through deconvolution by a point-spread-function. For benchmarking, the mean 3D passing NDD (normalized dose distribution) rate (3%, 3mm, 5% dose threshold) over the benchmark data sets was 97.3% +/- 0.6% (range 96%-98%), which is on par with other planar dosimeters used in external beam radiation therapy indicating excellent agreement. Noise was low at < 2% of maximum dose (4-12 Gy) for 2 mm reconstructions. The telecentric design was critical to enabling fast imaging with minimal stray-light artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work presents the first comprehensive benchmarking of a 3D dosimetry system for clinical use. The DLOS/PRESAGE benchmark tests show consistently good agreement to simple known distributions. The system produces accurate isotropic 2 mm dose data over clinical volumes (e.g., 16 cm diameter phantoms, 12 cm height), in under 15 min. It represents a uniquely useful and versatile new tool for commissioning and verification of complex therapy treatments.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adamovics
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oldham
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data