title: Pulmonary hypertension:  screening and evaluation in scleroderma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The review provides an update of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, screening and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several recent studies have investigated the utility of several noninvasive screening methods and the propagation of new treatments promise the clinician better outcomes than the current median survival time of 1 year for patients with scleroderma-related pulmonary arterial hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary hypertension is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis. This review discusses the recent changes in the classification of pulmonary hypertension, especially the significance for the rheumatologist. A high clinical suspicion should be maintained, even in early scleroderma. Despite progress in echocardiography and biomarkers, right heart catheterization remains the only test that can diagnose pulmonary hypertension and differentiate pulmonary veno-occlusive disease from pulmonary arterial hypertension. The differentiation of these causes of pulmonary hypertension in the scleroderma patient is essential because the initiation of pulmonary vasodilators in veno-occlusive disease often leads to increased mortality. The role of screening with serum biomarkers and noninvasive testing remains controversial, and in this review we discuss the controversies and new recommendations in detail.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: York
authors.forename: Harrison W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Farber
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D004452:Echocardiography; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011379:Prognosis; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain