title: A prospective clinical pilot-trial comparing the effect of an optimized mixed diet versus a flexible low-glycemic index diet on nutrient intake and HbA(1c) levels in children with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-glycemic index (GI) diet vs. high-GI diet improves glycemic control, but it is not clear whether a low-GI diet is superior to an optimized mixed diet (OMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 12-week parallel-group pilot-trial including 17 children with type 1 diabetes. A separate dietary education into the allocated diet (OMD vs. low-GI) was performed. Nutrition was recorded by means of a three-day dietary record.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective was to determine the macro- and micronutrient composition of the different diets, the secondary objective was to determine the short-term effect on HbA(1c) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the low-GI group carbohydrate intake decreased, fat intake increased by trend. In the OMD group fat and energy intake decreased. No changes of HbA(1c) levels between the groups were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OMD could have positive effects in overweight and obese diabetic children, since a reduction in fat and energy intake can be achieved. The findings of this pilot-trial suggest that OMD could be superior to a low-GI diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany. Jan.Marquard@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marquard
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lerch
authors.forename: Mareen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grotzke-Leweling
authors.forename: Ertan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayatepek
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meissner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D015930:Diet Records; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human