title: Multisensory non-photoperiodic cue advances the onset of seasonal breeding in Island canaries (Serinus canaria).
abstract: In most temperate zone vertebrates, photoperiodic change plays the major role in the timing of seasonal breeding. However, direct environmental stimuli such as temperature, rainfall, or availability of food are thought to be important for fine-tuning breeding activities. Building on evidence from wild Island canaries (Serinus canaria), the authors had shown advancing effects of green vegetation on breeding under captive, short-day conditions. So far, the precise, sensory modalities of this stimulatory cue are unknown. Here the authors present new data that confirm advanced breeding activities in the presence of green vegetation and narrow its stimulatory components. They found that direct exposure of the birds to fresh green vegetation represented the strongest stimulus and advanced breeding by up to 2 months compared to controls. In contrast, access to artificial green vegetation, extracts from green vegetation, or olfactory components alone had no such effects. This is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first experiment that examines sensory components of an effective, supplementary, non-photoperiodic cue in a temperate zone species. The data suggest that in order to use non-photoperiodic information to time breeding, birds must be able to integrate and process multisensory stimuli. Single non-photoperiodic sensory cues are insufficient to affect the timing of seasonal breeding.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meiners
authors.forename: Andries
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ter Maat
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leitner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002171:Canaries / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D009812:Odorants; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D017440:Photoperiod; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010944:Plants; D012621:Seasons; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts