title: The effect of the X-Stop implantation on intervertebral foramen, segmental spinal canal length and disc space in elderly patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the biomechanical effect of the X-Stop device on the intervertebral foramen (IVF) and segmental spinal canal length (SSCL), as well as the intervertebral disc space at the implanted and the adjacent segments in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight elderly patients with LSS, scheduled for X-stop implantation, were CT or MRI scanned to construct 3D vertebral models (L2-S1). Before and after the surgery, each patient was also imaged using a dual-fluoroscopic image system during weight-bearing standing and maximum extension-flexion. The positions of the vertebrae were then determined using an established 2D-3D model matching method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data revealed that the postoperative IVF area was significantly increased by 32.9% (or 32 mm2) (p<0.05) and the IVF width was increased by 24.4% (or 1.1 mm, p=0.06) during extension, but with minimal change in standing and flexion. The IVF heights were significantly (p<0.05) increased at standing by 1.2 mm and extension by 1.8 mm, but not at flexion. The SSCL were significantly (p<0.05) increased at extension by 1.2 mm, but not at standing and flexion. Anterior disc space of the implanted level was significantly decreased from 8.0 to 6.6 mm during standing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The X-Stop implantation efficiently enlarged the IVF area in the elderly patients with LSS at the operated level with little biomechanical effect immediately on the superior and inferior adjacent levels. However, it reduced the anterior disc space at the implanted level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Spinal Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital and Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
authors.forename: Zongmiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Shaobai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozanek
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lü
authors.forename: Kirkham B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Guoan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011859:Radiography; D013115:Spinal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome