title: Association between HbA1c and cardiovascular disease mortality in older Hong Kong Chinese with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between baseline HbA(1c) level and mortality attributable to all-cause, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2137 Chinese aged 65 years or above attending the Elderly Health Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong, with diagnosed diabetes had HbA(1c) measured during 1998 to 2000 and were followed up to 2009. Information on socio-economic position, lifestyle factors and disease history was collected. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals with adjustment for potential confounders were calculated using Cox's proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After an average of 7.9 years of follow-up, 540 participants had died. After adjusting for potential confounders, higher HbA(1c) (≥ 69 mmol/mol, 8.5%) increased the risk of cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio 2.11;95% CI 1.37-3.25) and stroke mortality (hazard ratio 2.43; 95% CI 1.06-5.55) compared with HbA(1c) of 58-68 mmol/mol (7.5-8.4%), and increased the risk of all-cause (hazard ratio 1.41; 95% CI 1.06-1.86) and coronary heart disease mortality (hazard ratio 2.44; 95% CI 1.11-5.37) compared with HbA(1c) of 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or less. Analysis of HbA(1c) as a continuous variable showed that every XX mmol/mol (1%) increase in HbA(1c) decreased stroke mortality risk by 51% in those with HbA(1c) level less than 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) and increased stroke mortality risk by 30% in those with an HbA(1c) level of 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or higher, suggesting a U-shaped association between HbA(1c) and stroke mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High HbA(1c) predicted excess risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and stroke mortality. The question of whether low HbA(1c) increases mortality in older patients with diabetes needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human