title: Inhibition of Id1 augments insulin secretion and protects against high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The molecular mechanisms responsible for pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes remain unresolved. Increased expression of the helix-loop-helix protein Id1 has been found in islets of diabetic mice and in vitro models of β-cell dysfunction. Here, we investigated the role of Id1 in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Id1 knockout (Id1(-/-)) and wild-type mice were fed a chow or high-fat diet. Glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, β-cell mass, insulin secretion, and islet gene expression were assessed. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence Id1 in MIN6 cells, and responses to chronic palmitate treatment were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Id1(-/-) mice exhibited an improved response to glucose challenge and were almost completely protected against glucose intolerance induced by high-fat diet. This was associated with increased insulin levels and enhanced insulin release from isolated islets, whereas energy intake, body weight, fat pad weight, β-cell mass, and insulin action were unchanged. Islets from Id1(-/-) mice displayed reduced stress gene expression and were protected against high-fat diet-induced downregulation of β-cell gene expression (pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1, Beta2, Glut2, pyruvate carboxylase, and Gpr40). In MIN6 cells, siRNA-mediated inhibition of Id1 enhanced insulin secretion after chronic palmitate treatment and protected against palmitate-mediated loss of β-cell gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings implicate Id1 as a negative regulator of insulin secretion. Id1 expression plays an essential role in the etiology of glucose intolerance, insulin secretory dysfunction, and β-cell dedifferentiation under conditions of increased lipid supply.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Mia C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Akerfeldt
authors.forename: D Ross
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Laybutt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002460:Cell Line; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; C497455:Idb1 protein, mouse; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D007328:Insulin; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019308:Palmitic Acid