title: A Monte Carlo evaluation of carbon and lithium ions dose distributions in water.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare dose distributions on the central- and off-axis for (12)C and (7)Li ion beams simulated by the codes SHIELD-HIT (Heavy Ion Transport) and FLUKA (FLUKtuierende KAskade), and compare with experimental data for 300 MeV/u (12)C and 185 MeV/u (7)Li ion beams.
  
  
  METHODS
  The general purpose Monte Carlo codes, SHIELD-HIT10 and FLUKA 2008.3d.1 were used for the ion dose distribution calculations. SHIELD-HIT transports hadrons and atomic nuclei of arbitrary charge and mass number in an energy range from 1 keV/u up to 1 GeV/u. Similarly, FLUKA transports charged hadrons in an energy range from 100 keV up to 20 TeV. Neutrons are transported down to thermal energies in both codes. Inelastic nuclear interactions are modelled in SHIELD-HIT by the Many Stage Dynamical Model (MSDM), whereas in FLUKA the Pre-Equilibrium Approach to Nuclear Thermalisation (PEANUT) package which includes a Generalized Intra-Nuclear Cascade model was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dose distributions in water irradiated with 300 MeV/u (12)C and 185 MeV/u (7)Li ion beams were simulated with the two codes. Studies were performed of the energy deposition both on the central axis and at lateral distances up to 10 cm off-axis. The dose distributions calculated by SHIELD-HIT and FLUKA were compared with published experimental data. The dose mean lineal energy [Formula: see text], frequency mean lineal energy [Formula: see text], dose mean specific energy [Formula: see text], and frequency mean specific energy [Formula: see text] were calculated with the ion track-structure code PITS99 (Positive Ion Track Structure 99), coupled with the electron code KURBUC for the primary and secondary ions average energies at 1 mm before the Bragg peak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Monte Carlo codes show good agreement with experimental results for off-axis dose distributions. The disagreements in the Bragg peak region for the central-axis dose distributions imply that further improvements especially in the nuclear interaction models are required to increase the accuracy of the codes.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biophysics Group, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Reza.Taleei@ki.se
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taleei
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hultqvist
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gudowska
authors.forename: Hooshang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nikjoo
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D008094:Lithium; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon; D008094:Lithium