title: The human transcriptome during nontyphoid Salmonella and HIV coinfection reveals attenuated NFkappaB-mediated inflammation and persistent cell cycle disruption.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive nontyphoid Salmonella (iNTS) disease is common and severe in adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Africa. We previously observed that ex vivo macrophages from HIV-infected subjects challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium exhibit dysregulated proinflammatory cytokine responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the transcriptional response in whole blood from HIV-positive patients during acute and convalescent iNTS disease compared to other invasive bacterial diseases, and to HIV-positive and -negative controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During iNTS disease, there was a remarkable lack of a coordinated inflammatory or innate immune signaling response. Few interferon γ (IFNγ)-induced genes or Toll-like receptor/transcription factor nuclear factor κB (TLR/NFκB) gene pathways were upregulated in expression. Ex vivo lipopolysacharide (LPS) or flagellin stimulation of whole blood, however, showed that convalescent iNTS subjects and controls were competent to mount prominent TLR/NFκB-associated patterns of mRNA expression. In contrast, HIV-positive patients with other invasive bacterial infections (Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae) displayed a pronounced proinflammatory innate immune transcriptional response. There was also upregulated mRNA expression in cell cycle, DNA replication, translation and repair, and viral replication pathways during iNTS. These patterns persisted for up to 2 months into convalescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attenuation of NFκB-mediated inflammation and dysregulation of cell cycle and DNA-function gene pathway expression are key features of the interplay between iNTS and HIV.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Gershom
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mwafulirwa
authors.forename: Brett B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.forename: Fiona S L
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: Robert E W
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Heyderman
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dougan
authors.forename: Melita A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012475:Salmonella / Q000276:immunology*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger