title: Management of esophageal atresia with a tracheoesophageal fistula complicated by gastric perforation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastric perforations generally develop in neonates with esophageal atresia (EA) and a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), requiring preoperative mechanical ventilation. To the best of our knowledge, spontaneous gastric perforation in patients who have not been treated with mechanical ventilation has not been described in the literature. There is also no current consensus or treatment protocol available for the management of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a period of 6 years, six patients with EA and TEF presented with gastric perforation at our center. We studied the clinical presentation, initial resuscitation, surgical management, and outcome of these six patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the six patients, five were treated with initial flank drain insertion for peritoneal decompression. In all of the patients, a thoracotomy was performed first, followed by a laparotomy for closure of the stomach perforation. Four of the six patients survived and were discharged uneventfully. Two patients died of sepsis. Early feeding was established in all of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spontaneous gastric perforation can occur in patients with EA and TEF even without mechanical ventilation. Initial stabilization with peritoneal drain insertion and subsequent thoracotomy for esophageal anastomosis followed by laparotomy for stomach repair, both done in a single sitting, should be the ideal management of such patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Block 3-A, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
authors.forename: Kirti Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Rathod
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bawa
authors.forename: Jai K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Samujh
authors.forename: Katragadda L N
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D004322:Drainage; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005763:Gastroenterostomy; D005774:Gastrostomy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019370:Observation; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D013275:Stomach Rupture / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D058106:Wound Closure Techniques