title: Inhibitory machinery for the TGF-β family signaling pathway.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signaling regulates cell growth and differentiation of many different cell types and is widely involved in the regulation of homeostasis during both embryogenesis and adult life. Therefore, aberrant TGF-β family signal transduction is linked to congenital disorders, tumorigenicity, and fibrosis, which can be life-threatening. A specific receptor-ligand complex initiates transduction of TGF-β family signaling to the nucleus via intracellular signal molecules, mainly Smads, whereby a number of bioactivities such as wound healing, immunomodulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis are controlled. To avoid an excess of TGF-β family signaling in cells, the duration and intensity of the TGF-β family signal appear to be subject to elaborate regulation. In this paper, we describe recent advances in the understanding of how TGF-β family signals are perturbed and terminated to maintain homeostasis in cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan. sitoh@ac.shoyaku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049108:Cell Enlargement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D047108:Embryonic Development; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; C412868:PMEPA1 protein, human; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051785:Smad Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex