title: Effects of surface hydration state and application method on the bond strength of self-etching adhesives to cut enamel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of surface hydration state and application method on the microtensile bond strength of one-step self-etching adhesives systems to cut enamel.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety-five bovine teeth were used. The enamel on the buccal side was flattened with 600-grit SiC paper. For the control group, 15 teeth received Adper Single Bond 2, applied according to manufacturer's recommendations. The other specimens were divided into three groups according to the adhesive system used: Futura Bond M (FM; Voco), Clearfil S3 Bond (CS; Kuraray), and Optibond All in One (OA; Kerr). For each group, two hydration states were tested: D: blown dry with air; W: the excess of water was removed with absorbent paper. Two application methods were tested: P (passive): the adhesive was simply left on the surface; A (active): the adhesive was rubbed with an applicator point. A coat of Grandio composite resin (Voco) was applied on the surface. The teeth were sectioned to obtain enamel-resin sticks (1 x 1 mm), which underwent microtensile bond testing. The data in MPa were submitted to a three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 5%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ANOVA showed significant differences for application method and the type of adhesive, but not for hydration state. For the application method, the results of Tukey's test were: P: 31.46 (± 7.09)a; A: 34.04 (± 7.19)b. For the type of adhesive, the results were: OA: 31.29 (± 7.05)a; CS: 32.28 (± 7.14)a; FM: 34.68 (± 7.17)b; different lower-case letters indicate statistically significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active application improved the bond strength to cut enamel. The adhesive Futurabond M showed the highest bond strength to cut enamel.
authors.affiliation: São José dos Campos Dental School, São Paulo State University, Brazil. tacileo@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Taciana Marco Ferraz
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Caneppele
authors.forename: Carlos Rocha Carlos
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sassaki
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valdetaro
authors.forename: Ricardo Silva
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prieto de Freitas
authors.forename: Graziela Ribeiro
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Batista
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011312:Pressure; D011897:Random Allocation; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C554641:Adper single bond 2; C505694:Clearfil S3 Bond; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C509998:Grandio; D008689:Methacrylates; C092987:Optibond; D019279:Resin Cements; C512545:futurabond NR; D014867:Water