title: Pacemaker activity in the insect (T. molitor) heart: role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
abstract: The electrophysiological properties of the myogenic cardiac cells of insects have been analyzed, but the mechanisms that regulate the pacemaker activity have not been elucidated yet. In mammalian pacemaker cells, different types of membrane ion channels seem to be sequentially activated, perhaps in a cooperative fashion with the current generated by Ca(2+) extrusion mediated by the electrogenic Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, which is sustained by the diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release. The objective of the present work was to investigate the role of the SR function on the basal beating rate (BR), and BR modulation by extracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](o)) and neurotransmitters in the in situ dorsal vessel (heart) of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor. The main observations were as follows: 1) basal BR was reduced by 50% by inhibition of SR function, but not affected by perfusion with CsCl or ZD7288; 2) spontaneous activity was abolished by Cd(2+); 3) a robust positive chronotropic response could be elicited to serotonin (5-HT), but not to norepinephrine or carbamylcholine; 4) SR inhibition abolished the sustained chronotropic stimulation by [Ca(2+)](o) elevation and by 5-HT, while the latter was unaffected by CsCl. It is concluded that, in T. molitor heart, BR is markedly, but not exclusively, dependent on the SR function, and that BR control and modulation by both [Ca(2+)](o) and 5-HT requires a functional SR.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danielle F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Feliciano
authors.forename: Rosana A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bassani
authors.forename: Pedro X
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: José W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bassani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013712:Tenebrio / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D002118:Calcium