title: Larvicidal and pupicidal activity of spinosad against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of spinosad against Anopheles stephensi Listen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinosad from the actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora spinosa was tested against Anopheles stephensi at different concentrations (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 ppm.), and against first to fourth instar larvae and pupae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The larval mortality ranged from 36.1±1.7 in (0.01 ppm) to 79.3±1.8 (0.08 ppm) the first instar larva. The LC(50) and LC(90) values of first, second, third and fourth instar larva were 0.001, 0.031, 0.034, 0.036 and 0.0113, 0.102, 0.111, 0.113, respectively. The pupal mortality ranged from 33.0±2.0 (0.01 ppm) to 80.0±0.9 (0.08 ppm). The LC(50) and LC(90) values were 0.028 and 0.1020, respectively. The reduction percentage of Anopheles larvae was 82.7%, 91.4% and 96.0% after 24, 48, 72 hours, respectively, while more than 80% reduction was observed after 3 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study spinosad effectively caused mortality of mosquito larvae in both the laboratory and field trial. It is predicted that spinosad is likely to be an effective larvicide for treatment of mosquito breeding sites.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai. kulandhaiprabhu@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kolanthasamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: Kadarkarai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murugan
authors.forename: Arjunan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nareshkumar
authors.forename: Subramanian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bragadeeswaran
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000502:physiology; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016930:Saccharopolyspora / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D009498:Neurotoxins; C415329:spinosad