title: Increased prevalence of albuminuria among non-European peoples with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high incidence of albuminuria, varying by ethnicity, has been found in a number of populations worldwide. There have been few opportunities to explore the prevalence of albuminuria as a marker of chronic kidney disease while adjusting for other risk factors in the different ethnic groups in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between albuminuria and ethnicity using cross-sectional data from a large cohort study of type 2 diabetes conducted in New Zealand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population was 65 171 adults in primary care with type 2 diabetes, not on renal replacement therapy; median age was 64.7 years, median diabetes duration 5.1 years and 48.5% were non-European. Microalbuminuria or greater was present in 50% of Maori, 49% of Pacific people, 31% of Indo- and East-Asians and 28% of Europeans. Regression analyses were used to examine the association between ethnicity and albuminuria-measured as albumin:creatinine ratio-after controlling for study site and other known risk variables: age, sex, duration of diabetes, smoking status, socioeconomic status, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride levels, HbA(1C) and being on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker. After controlling for these risk factors and compared with Europeans, odds ratios for 'advanced' albuminuria (≥100 mg/mmol) were 3.9 (95% confidence interval: 3.2-4.6) in Maori, 4.7 (3.6-6.3) in Pacific people, 2.0 (1.5-2.7) in Indo-Asians and 4.1 (3.2-5.1) in East-Asians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-European ethnicities appear to carry significantly higher risks of albuminuria in type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. t.kenealy@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kenealy
authors.forename: Carolyn Raina
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Elley
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Moyes
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Metcalf
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Drury
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005202:Asia, Eastern / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010139:Pacific Islands / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012709:Serum Albumin; D003404:Creatinine