title: Mechanical effects, antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity of usnic acid as a biofilm prophylaxis in PMMA.
abstract: Experiments were performed to test the null hypothesis that the addition of a natural occurring antibiotic would not alter mechanical properties of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Compression and four-point bending tests were used to assess mechanical properties of zirconium dioxide bearing bone cement (Type Zr) and barium sulfate bearing bone cement (Type Ba), mixed with the antibiotic usnic acid ("usnic"), used to create a surface resistant to biofilm formation. Addition of usnic had a statistically significant effect on the material properties. Compressive and bending strengths decreased as usnic was added and Type Zr was stronger than Type Ba although material properties remained above recommended minima. With implications of liver toxicity with large doses of usnic taken as a dietary supplement, cytotoxicity tests using bone cement coupons were performed and showed very little or no toxicity in primary cultures of rabbit skin derived fibroblasts. A simple test of usnic's efficacy as a biofilm prophylaxis in PMMA was also conducted. Bone cement coupons with usnic were tested for their effectiveness against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diminished biofilm formation on usnic-containing coupons indicated that usnic can be an effective anti-microbial agent.
authors.affiliation: Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Sunghwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greenleaf
authors.forename: Mark Carl
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Latha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Satish
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kathju
authors.forename: Garth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: J Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Sotereanos
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stoodley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D011817:Rabbits; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001572:Benzofurans; D001843:Bone Cements; C073339:usnic acid; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide