title: Chronic arsenic exposure and its adverse health effects in Taiwan: a paradigm for management of a global environmental problem.
abstract: It was estimated that, nearly 100 million people are at risk for drinking arsenic (As)-contaminated drinking water. Although the WHO guideline recommends that levels of As in drinking water should not exceed 10 μm/L, it was estimated that more than 30 million people drink As-containing water at levels more than 50 μm/L in Bangladesh and India alone. Therefore, the adverse health effects resulting from chronic As exposure pose a global threat. In Taiwan, studies focusing on the health effects resulting from chronic As exposure through contaminated drinking water have been ongoing for more than 50 years. During the past half century, it was recognized that the impact of high As exposure on human health is much more complicated than originally anticipated. Chronic As exposure resulted in infamous blackfoot disease, which is unique to As endemic areas in Taiwan, and various diseases including cancers and non-cancers. Although the potential-biological outcomes have been well-documented, the pathomechanisms leading from As exposure to occurrence and development of the diseases remain largely unclear. One of the major obstacles that hindered further understanding regarding the adverse health effect resulting from chronic As exposure is documentation of cumulative As exposure from the distant past, which remains difficult as the present technologies mostly document relatively recent As exposure. Furthermore, the susceptibility to As exposure appears to differ between different ethnic groups and individuals and is modified by lifestyle factors including smoking habits and nutrition status. No consensus data has yet been reached even after comparing the study results obtained from different parts of the world focusing on associations between human As toxicity and genetic polymorphisms in terms of cellular detoxification enzymes, tumor suppressor proteins, and DNA repair pathway. With the availability of the new powerful "OMIC" technologies, it may now be possible to gain new path-breaking insights regarding this important environmental health issue. The lessons learned from the past half-century placed Taiwan in an experienced position to actively participate in the international collaborative projects using these novel technologies and standardized methods.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Che
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Hsin-Su
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ying-Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ko
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic