title: Human embryonic and fetal mesenchymal stem cells differentiate toward three different cardiac lineages in contrast to their adult counterparts.
abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show unexplained differences in differentiation potential. In this study, differentiation of human (h) MSCs derived from embryonic, fetal and adult sources toward cardiomyocytes, endothelial and smooth muscle cells was investigated. Labeled hMSCs derived from embryonic stem cells (hESC-MSCs), fetal umbilical cord, bone marrow, amniotic membrane and adult bone marrow and adipose tissue were co-cultured with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (nrCMCs) or cardiac fibroblasts (nrCFBs) for 10 days, and also cultured under angiogenic conditions. Cardiomyogenesis was assessed by human-specific immunocytological analysis, whole-cell current-clamp recordings, human-specific qRT-PCR and optical mapping. After co-culture with nrCMCs, significantly more hESC-MSCs than fetal hMSCs stained positive for α-actinin, whereas adult hMSCs stained negative. Furthermore, functional cardiomyogenic differentiation, based on action potential recordings, was shown to occur, but not in adult hMSCs. Of all sources, hESC-MSCs expressed most cardiac-specific genes. hESC-MSCs and fetal hMSCs contained significantly higher basal levels of connexin43 than adult hMSCs and co-culture with nrCMCs increased expression. After co-culture with nrCFBs, hESC-MSCs and fetal hMSCs did not express α-actinin and connexin43 expression was decreased. Conduction velocity (CV) in co-cultures of nrCMCs and hESC-MSCs was significantly higher than in co-cultures with fetal or adult hMSCs. In angiogenesis bioassays, only hESC-MSCs and fetal hMSCs were able to form capillary-like structures, which stained for smooth muscle and endothelial cell markers.Human embryonic and fetal MSCs differentiate toward three different cardiac lineages, in contrast to adult MSCs. Cardiomyogenesis is determined by stimuli from the cellular microenvironment, where connexin43 may play an important role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arti A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ramkisoensing
authors.forename: Daniël A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pijnappels
authors.forename: Saïd F A
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Askar
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Passier
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swildens
authors.forename: Marie José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goumans
authors.forename: Cindy I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Schutte
authors.forename: Antoine A F
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Sicco
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scherjon
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mummery
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
authors.forename: Douwe E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Atsma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D053686:Fetal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43