title: Changes in partial pressures of respiratory gases during submerged voluntary breath hold across odontocetes: is body mass important?
abstract: Odontocetes have an exceptional range in body mass spanning 10(3) kg across species. Because, size influences oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production rates in mammals, this lineage likely displays an extraordinary variation in oxygen store management compared to other marine mammal groups. To examine this, we measured changes in the partial pressures of respiratory gases ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), pH, and lactate in the blood during voluntary, quiescent, submerged breath holds in Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and a killer whale (Orcinus orca) representing a mass range of 96-3,850 kg. These measurements provided an empirical determination of the effect of body size on the variability in blood biochemistry during breath hold and experimentally determined aerobic dive limits (ADL) within one taxonomic group (odontocetes). For the species in this study, maximum voluntary breath-hold duration was positively correlated with body mass, ranging from 3.5 min in white-sided dolphins to 13.3 min for the killer whale. Variation in breath-hold duration was associated with differences in the rate of change for [Formula: see text] throughout breath hold; [Formula: see text] decreased twice as fast for the two smaller species (-0.6 mmHg O(2) min(-1)) compared to the largest species (-0.3 mmHg O(2) min(-1)). In contrast, the rate of increase in [Formula: see text] during breath hold was similar across species. These results demonstrate that large body size in odontocetes facilitates increased aerobic breath-hold capacity as mediated by decreased mass-specific metabolic rates (rates of change in [Formula: see text] served as a proxy for oxygen utilization). Indeed the experimentally determined 5 min ADL for bottlenose dolphins was surpassed by the 13.3 min maximum breath hold of the killer whale, which did not end in a rise in lactate. Rather, breath hold ended voluntarily as respiratory gases and pH fell within a narrow range for both large and small species, likely providing cues for ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, Center for Ocean Health, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. snoren@biology.ucsc.edu
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Noren
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glenn
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cornell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D004289:Dolphins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D012119:Respiration; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D010100:Oxygen