title: Ischemic stroke survivors' opinion regarding research utilizing exception from informed consent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  'Exception from informed consent for research' (EFIC) is a rigorous procedure regulated by the FDA that requires community assent but allows enrollment without patient or family consent. Recently, several acute stroke trials have explored the use of EFIC to improve enrollment. We obtained ischemic stroke survivors' opinions regarding hypothetical enrollment into a clinical trial at the time of their stroke without personal or proxy consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2005, 460 ischemic stroke patients (or their proxy) who met case criteria were prospectively interviewed and followed. After 2 years, patients were asked to think back to the time of their stroke and indicate whether they would have wished to be enrolled in an acute stroke research study before individual or proxy consent could be obtained, understanding that consent would be sought as soon as possible thereafter, and they rated how agreeable they would have been to acute stroke research with different levels of invasiveness. Predictors of a positive opinion regarding the hypothetical research were analyzed using logistic regression. Variables included in the model were age, race, sex, education, initial NIHSS, modified Rankin Scale prior to stroke and 30 days after stroke, and proxy versus patient responder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 2 years after stroke, after excluding patient deaths, missing data or refusals, there were 194 patient/proxy responses included in this analysis. Overall, 72-79% of responses were favorable for chart review or blood draw without consent. The proportions answering agreeably to questions about medications or invasive strategies were smaller (62.9 and 59.8%). Older subjects were less likely to offer an agreeable response regarding use of medications [OR 0.97 per year (95% CI 0.94-0.99)] and invasive procedures [OR 0.97 per year (95% CI 0.94-0.99)]. Nonblacks tended to be more agreeable than blacks to invasive procedures. Men had twice the odds of being agreeable to blood draws than women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the majority of interviewed ischemic stroke patients were agreeable to being enrolled in acute stroke research with exception from informed consent, although the rates of agreement were lower than we expected among a cohort of patients who had already agreed to research. Older subjects, black race, and women were less likely to agree to blood draws or treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0525, USA. dawn.kleindorfer@uc.edu
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kleindorfer
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lindsell
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alwell
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Flaherty
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eilerman
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.forename: Opeolu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Adeoye
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferioli
authors.forename: Brett M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kissela
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D035843:Biomedical Research; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000523:psychology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*