title: Screening of a population at risk of chronic kidney disease: analysis of factors associated with low eGFR and microalbuminuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous screenings of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been performed all over the world. This screening study was undertaken with the aim of estimating the prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and microalbuminuria (MAU) and/or proteinuria in a population at risk for CKD and to detect factors associated with these CKD markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 1617 patients without previously known kidney disease who came for regular check-ups to their general practitioners in 13 Belgrade health centers over a 3-month period. Patients selected were as follows: 1316 with hypertension, 208 with type 2 diabetes, and 93 older than 60 years without hypertension or diabetes. Screening included a questionnaire, blood pressure measurement, single MAU dipstick measurement (Micral-test® strip) and proteinuria and GFR estimation by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAU was found in 419 (25.9%) patients, proteinuria in 163 (10.1%), and eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in 370 (22.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender, age, duration of hypertension, and smoking were associated with eGFR. Male gender, hypertension, treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, proteinuria, and systolic blood pressure were associated with MAU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High prevalence of MAU/proteinuria and reduced eGFR were found in high-risk persons for CKD. Besides nonmodifiable, significant modifiable factors for MAU were use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and strict regulation of hypertension and the factor for reduced eGFR was smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. visnjalezaic@gmail.com
authors.forename: Višnja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ležaić
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dimković
authors.forename: Gordana Peruničić
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Peković
authors.forename: Danica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bukvić
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bajčetić
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bontić
authors.forename: Nadežda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zec
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pavlović
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marinković
authors.forename: Ljubica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dukanović
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors