title: Calcium, dairy products, and energy balance in overweight adolescents: a controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dairy product and calcium consumption have been associated with modifying body fat and body weight in children and adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In overweight adolescent boys and girls, we aimed to determine the effect of the doubling of habitual calcium intake to the recommended intake from dairy or calcium carbonate on energy balance and purported mechanisms including fecal fat excretion, macronutrient use, and parathyroid hormone suppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five girls with a mean (±SD) BMI (in kg/m(2)) of 33 ± 5 and 17 boys with a BMI of 28 ± 5, aged 12-15 y, participated in two 3-wk controlled feeding sessions that used a crossover design in random order as a summer research camp. In one session, 756 mg Ca/d was consumed; in the other session, an additional 650 mg Ca/d was provided as dairy or calcium carbonate supplements that were matched to the control in macronutrient content. Total energy and macronutrient intakes were controlled and were the same for the 2 sessions for each subject. Primary outcome measures were energy balance, fecal fat excretion, lipid oxidation, and postprandial energy expenditure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no effects of quantity or source of calcium on energy or fat balance, despite calcium-induced increases (P <0.01) in postprandial serum parathyroid hormone suppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data lend little evidence to support the proposed mechanisms for the relation between an increase in calcium intake from calcium carbonate or dairy and weight loss or weight maintenance in children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00592137.
authors.affiliation: Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. weavercm@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Connie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Teegarden
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Berdine R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Rajni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Apolzan
authors.forename: Tamara S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Hannon
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schoeller
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: DiMeglio
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Munro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peacock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005223:Fats / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D005223:Fats; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone