title: A Japanese form of social anxiety (taijin kyofusho): frequency and correlates in two generations of the same family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One specific type of social anxiety, occurring primarily in Japanese culture, is called taijin kyofusho. Taijin kyofusho is characterized by an intense fear that one's body parts or functions displease, embarrass or are offensive to others.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of the present study was to compare the frequency and correlates of taijin kyofusho symptoms (TKS) in Japanese adolescents and their parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 351 adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years, and one of their parents/guardians. These adolescents were recruited from secondary schools in Miyazaki, Japan. All participants completed a set of questionnaires that were used to measure TKS, DSM-IV anxiety disorder symptoms, general difficulties and positive attributes, self-construals and social support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents reported significantly more TKS than their parent/guardians. In each generational sample high TKS was significantly associated with high levels of anxiety symptoms, the strongest correlation being with social phobia. The pattern of the relationship between self-construal and TKS differed across the two generations. Among adolescents, independent self-construal was associated with lower TKS, whereas among parents, interdependent self-construal was associated with lower evaluative concerns from others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study illustrates the importance of the diverse roles that self-construals play in TKS across different generations of the same family constellation in contemporary Japanese culture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Roehampton University, London, UK. c.essau@roehampton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Cecilia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Essau
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasagawa
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Isa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult