title: Surgical treatment of male infertility in the era of intracytoplasmic sperm injection - new insights.
abstract: Assisted reproductive technology is an evolving area, and several adjuvant procedures have been created to increase a couple's chance of conceiving. For male infertility, the current challenges are to properly accommodate old and new techniques that are both cost-effective and evidence-based. In this context, urologists are expected to diagnose, counsel, provide medical or surgical treatment whenever possible and/or correctly refer male patients for assisted conception. Urologists are sometimes part of a multiprofessional team in an assisted reproduction unit and are responsible for the above-cited tasks as well as the surgical retrieval of sperm from either the epididymides or testicles. We present a comprehensive review of the surgical treatment options for infertile males, including the perioperative planning and prognostic aspects, with an emphasis on the role of microsurgery in the optimization of treatment results. This review also discusses current techniques for sperm retrieval that are used in association with assisted reproductive technology and includes sperm retrieval success rates according to the technique and the type of azoospermia. New insights are provided with regard to each surgical treatment option in view of the availability of assisted conception to overcome male infertility.
authors.affiliation: Andrology & Human Reproduction Clinic, São Paulo, Brazil. s.esteves@androfert.com.br
authors.forename: Sandro C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miyaoka
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D004543:Ejaculatory Ducts / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D011379:Prognosis; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D014669:Vasovasostomy