title: Functional factor VIII made with von Willebrand factor at high levels in transgenic milk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current manufacturing methods for recombinant human factor VIII (rFVIII) within mammalian cell cultures are inefficient, hampering the production of sufficient amounts for affordable, worldwide treatment of hemophilia A. However, rFVIII has been expressed at very high levels by the transgenic mammary glands of mice, rabbits, sheep, and pigs. Unfortunately, it is secreted into milk with low specific activity, owing in part to the labile, heterodimeric structure that results from furin processing of its B domain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To express biologically active rFVIII in the milk of transgenic mice through targeted bioengineering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transgenic mice were made with a mammary-specific FVIII gene (226/N6) bioengineered for efficient expression and stability, encoding a protein containing a B domain with no furin cleavage sites. 226/N6 was expressed with and without von Willebrand factor (VWF). 226/N6 was evaluated by ELISA, SDS-PAGE, western blot, and one-stage and two-stage clotting assays. The hemostatic activity of immunoaffinity-enriched 226/N6 was studied in vivo by infusion into hemophilia A knockout mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With or without coexpression of VWF, 226/N6 was secreted into milk as a biologically active single-chain molecule that retained high specific activity, similar to therapeutic-grade FVIII. 226/N6 had > 450-fold higher IU mL(-1) than previously reported in cell culture for rFVIII. 226/N6 exhibited similar binding to plasma-derived VWF as therapeutic-grade rFVIII, and intravenous infusion of transgenic 226/N6 corrected the bleeding phenotype of hemophilia A mice. This provides proof-of-principle for the study of expression of 226/N6 and perhaps other single-chain bioengineered rFVIIIs in the milk of transgenic livestock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Pipe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calcaterra
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Velander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057005:Bioengineering; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005169:Factor VIII / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D005169:Factor VIII