title: Iron deficiency in women:  assessment, causes and consequences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder affecting about 20-25% of the world's population, predominantly children and women. There is emerging evidence that depletion of iron stores may have adverse consequences for adults even in the absence of anaemia. This raises issues about the most appropriate method of assessing iron status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the effects of iron-deficiency anaemia are well characterized, emerging evidence suggests that iron deficiency without anaemia can have negative consequences in adults, particularly for neurocognitive outcomes. Iron deficiency is more likely in women of reproductive age because of menstrual blood loss. However, extremes of blood loss such as regular blood donation, diets of low bioavailability and the challenges of pregnancy all markedly increase the risk of iron deficiency. In addition, the physiological changes in pregnancy affect the normal reference ranges used in laboratory assessment. The use of haemoglobin as a marker of iron deficiency is limited by its low specificity and sensitivity and although the use of alternative biomarkers is becoming more common, interpreting results in conditions of chronic inflammation, including that associated with increased adiposity, needs more investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By understanding the physiology of iron metabolism alongside the limitations and interpretation of biomarkers of iron deficiency, clinicians and nutritionists are better equipped to identify changes in iron balance and to further investigate the functional outcomes of iron deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. j.coad@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coad
authors.forename: Cathryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conlon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008598:Menstruation / Q000502:physiology; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D005293:Ferritins