title: Hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene expression through the life stages of the mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differences in responses to environmental chemicals and drugs between life stages are likely due in part to differences in the expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and transporters (XMETs). No comprehensive analysis of the mRNA expression of XMETs has been carried out through life stages in any species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using full-genome arrays, the mRNA expression of all XMETs and their regulatory proteins was examined during fetal (gestation day (GD) 19), neonatal (postnatal day (PND) 7), prepubescent (PND32), middle age (12 months), and old age (18 and 24 months) in the C57BL/6J (C57) mouse liver and compared to adults. Fetal and neonatal life stages exhibited dramatic differences in XMET mRNA expression compared to the relatively minor effects of old age. The total number of XMET probe sets that differed from adults was 636, 500, 84, 5, 43, and 102 for GD19, PND7, PND32, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months, respectively. At all life stages except PND32, under-expressed genes outnumbered over-expressed genes. The altered XMETs included those in all of the major metabolic and transport phases including introduction of reactive or polar groups (Phase I), conjugation (Phase II) and excretion (Phase III). In the fetus and neonate, parallel increases in expression were noted in the dioxin receptor, Nrf2 components and their regulated genes while nuclear receptors and regulated genes were generally down-regulated. Suppression of male-specific XMETs was observed at early (GD19, PND7) and to a lesser extent, later life stages (18 and 24 months). A number of female-specific XMETs exhibited a spike in expression centered at PND7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis revealed dramatic differences in the expression of the XMETs, especially in the fetus and neonate that are partially dependent on gender-dependent factors. XMET expression can be used to predict life stage-specific responses to environmental chemicals and drugs.
authors.affiliation: National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America. lee.janices@epa.gov
authors.forename: Janice S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: William O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hongzu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Beena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vallanat
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Delker
authors.forename: J Christopher
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Corton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000235:genetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D015262:Xenobiotics