title: Identification of four novel subgenotypes (C13-C16) and two inter-genotypic recombinants (C12/G and C13/B3) of hepatitis B virus in Papua province, Indonesia.
abstract: Four novel subgenotypes (C6, C11, C12, and D6) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were identified in Papua, a multiethnic province of Indonesia. To characterize the HBV strains in Papua, serum samples collected from 515 indigenous inhabitants (mean age: 26.6±9.6 years) in a previously unexamined area, Nabire, located in northern Papua, were used in the present study. Among 46 samples whose 1.6-kilobase (kb) HBV DNA sequence was amplified, 38 (83%) were typeable into known subgenotypes [B3 (n=4), C1 (n=2), C5, (n=1), C6 (n=5), C12 (n=13), and D6 (n=13)]. An analysis of the full-length sequence of the eight remaining HBV/C isolates whose sequence was either unclassifiable or uncertain within the 1.6-kb sequence showed no significant evidence of recombination in six isolates, and inter-genotypic recombination in two isolates (NAB20 and NAB46). By pairwise comparisons and a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis, six non-recombinant isolates were considered significantly remote from known HBV/C isolates of subgenotypes C1-C12, and were classifiable into four novel subgenotypes (tentatively designated C13-C16). NAB20 and NAB46 were hybrids of C13/B3 and C12/G, respectively, displaying recombination breakpoints in the 5'-terminus of the P gene. Notably, the distribution of presumably indigenous subgenotypes C11-C16 was associated with particular language speakers in Papua.
authors.affiliation: Immunobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia.
authors.lastname: Mulyanto
authors.forename: Pingki
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pancawardani
authors.forename: Sulaiman Ngongu
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Depamede
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wahyono
authors.forename: Suljid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jirintai
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okamoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000821:virology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D044967:Serum / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral