title: Characterization of direct and indirect cerebral revascularization for the treatment of European patients with moyamoya disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The best revascularization strategy for moyamoya disease (MMD) remains unknown. Our aim was to characterize angiographic revascularization effects of a bilateral standardized revascularization approach, consisting of superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass and encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) on one hemisphere and single EMS on the contralateral hemisphere of each patient, and to compare the effects of both revascularization strategies on cerebral hemodynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 30 patients (18 females/12 males, age 8-63 years), standardized revascularization was performed. Digital subtraction angiography was performed preoperatively and at 7 days, 6 months and 12 months postoperatively. STA-MCA and EMS functions were graded I (poor), II (medium) or III (extensive) according to angiographic aspects. In 20 patients, cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVRC) was assessed pre- and postoperatively (at 12 months) using xenon CT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 12 months, STA-MCA/EMS function was grade 1 in 40/40%, grade 2 in 27/26%, and grade 3 in 27/10% of hemispheres, respectively. Twelve months after surgery, single EMS showed grade I in 37%, grade II in 27%, and grade III in 20% of hemispheres. Combined revascularization improved CVRC significantly compared to preoperative measurement (preoperative: 16.5 ± 34.6% vs. postoperative: 60.8 ± 64.22%; p < 0.05). Single EMS did not improve CVRC significantly (preoperative: 21.8 ± 35.9% vs. postoperative: 34.8 ± 63.0%; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined and indirect revascularization may be successfully applied in a bilateral standardized approach. STA-MCA/EMS is superior to single EMS in restoring CVRC in adult MMD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czabanka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peña-Tapia
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scharf
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Münch
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmiedek
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vajkoczy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013699:Temporal Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult