title: Metabolic effects of dialyzate glucose in chronic hemodialysis: results from a prospective, randomized crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is no agreement concerning dialyzate glucose concentration in hemodialysis (HD) and 100 and 200 mg/dL (G100 and G200) are frequently used. G200 may result in diffusive glucose flux into the patient, with consequent hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinism, and electrolyte alterations, in particular potassium (K) and phosphorus (P). This trial compared metabolic effects of G100 versus G200.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic HD patients participated in this randomized, single masked, controlled crossover trial (www.clinicaltrials.gov: #NCT00618033) consisting of two consecutive 3-week segments with G100 and G200, respectively. Intradialytic serum glucose (SG) and insulin concentrations (SI) were measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 min and immediately post-HD; P and K were measured at 0, 120, 180 min and post-HD. Hypoglycemia was defined as an SG<70 mg/dL. Mean SG and SI were computed as area under the curve divided by treatment time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen diabetic and 15 non-diabetic subjects were studied. SG was significantly higher with G200 as compared to G100, both in diabetic {G200: 192.8±48.1 mg/dL; G100: 154.0±27.3 mg/dL; difference 38.8 [95% confidence interval (CI): 21.2-56.4] mg/dL; P<0.001} and non-diabetic subjects [G200: 127.0±11.2 mg/dL; G100 106.5±10.8 mg/dL; difference 20.6 (95% CI: 15.3-25.9) mg/dL; P<0.001]. SI was significantly higher with G200 in non-diabetic subjects. Frequency of hypoglycemia, P and K serum levels, interdialytic weight gain and adverse intradialytic events did not differ significantly between G100 and G200.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  G200 may exert unfavorable metabolic effects in chronic HD patients, in particular hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinism, the latter in non-diabetic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Renal Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA. j.raimann@gmx.net
authors.forename: Jochen G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Raimann
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thijssen
authors.forename: Viktoriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kuntsevich
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dabel
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bachar
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Diaz-Buxo
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kotanko
mesh_terms: D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology*; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose