title: Out-of-pocket expenditures for hospital care in Iran: who is at risk of incurring catastrophic payments?
abstract: Since the beginning of 1980s, the Iranian health care system has undergone several reforms designed to increase accessibility of health services. Notwithstanding these reforms, out-of-pocket payments which create a barrier to access health services contribute almost half of total health are financing in Iran. This study aimed to provide a greater understanding about the inequality and determinants of the out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and the related catastrophic expenditure (CE) for hospital services in Iran using a nationwide survey data, the 2003 Utilisation of Health Services Survey (UHSS). The concentration index and the Heckman selection model were used to assess inequality and factors associated with these expenditures. Inequality analysis suggests that the CE is concentrated among households in lower socioeconomic levels. The results of the Heckman selection model indicate that factors such as length of stay, admission to a hospital owned by private sector or Ministry of Health and Medical Education, and living in remote areas are positively associated with higher OOPE. Results of the ordered-probit selection model demonstrate that length of stay, lower household wealth index, and admission to a private hospital are major factors contributing to the increase in the probability of CE. Also, we find that households living in East Azarbaijan, Kordestan and Sistan and Balochestan face a higher level of CE. Based on our findings, the current employer-sponsored health insurance system does not offer equal protection against hospital expenditure in Iran. It seems that a single universal health insurance scheme that covers health services for all Iranian-regardless of their employment status-can better protect households from catastrophic health spending.
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Economic Research on Health (ACERH), School of Economics, The University of Queensland, Ground Floor, Edith Cavell Building, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia. mohammad.hajizadeh@uqconnect.edu.au
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hajizadeh
authors.forename: Hong Son
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nghiem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002388:Catastrophic Illness / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D055815:Young Adult