title: Temporal frequency requirements for tissue velocity imaging of the fetal heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The high velocity and short duration of myocardial motion requires a high sampling rate to obtain adequate temporal resolution; this issue becomes even more important when taking into consideration the high fetal heart rate. In this study we have established optimal sampling requirements for assessing the duration of various cardiac cycle events and myocardial velocities of the fetal heart using color-coded tissue velocity imaging (TVI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Recordings from 30 fetuses were acquired at an initial frame rate of 180-273 frames/s. All TVI recordings were performed from an apical four-chamber view and stored as cineloops of five to 10 consecutive cardiac cycles for subsequent offline analysis using software enabling a reduction in frame rate. Different components of the myocardial velocity curve, obtained from the basal part of the ventricular septum, were measured at the initial frame rate and compared with their equivalents at gradually decreased frame rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As acquisition frame rate was reduced, there was a marked increase in deviation from the initial values, resulting in an underestimation of all systolic and diastolic velocities. For the measured durations, there was a clear tendency to underestimate isovolumetric contraction and relaxation, and a clear tendency to overestimate ventricular ejection and diastolic E-wave and A-wave. An acceptable ⩽ 5% deviation from the value obtained at the highest frame rate corresponded to measurements obtained at above 150-200 frames/s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high sampling rate of at least 200 frames/s is necessary for adequate reconstruction of TVI data for the fetal heart. Frame rates that are too low result in considerable loss of temporal and velocity information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. nina.elmstedt@sth.kth.se
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elmstedt
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ferm-Widlund
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westgren
authors.forename: L Å
authors.initials: LÅ
authors.lastname: Brodin
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D011247:Pregnancy; D013318:Stroke Volume