title: Is the use of antibiotic-impregnated external ventricular drainage beneficial in the management of iatrogenic ventriculitis?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Profound evidence substantiates significantly reduced risk of catheter-related infections with prophylactic use of rifampin- and clindamycin-impregnated silicone catheters (Bactiseal(®), Codman Johnson & Johnson, Raynham, MA, USA) for external ventricular drainage (EVD). However, whether Bactiseal(®)-EVD (B-EVD) influences the treatment of EVD-related ventriculitis remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who developed ventriculitis after EVD or ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement and consequently underwent either placement of B-EVD (group 1) or a standard non-antibiotic-impregnated EVD (group 2). Analyzed parameters included demographic and clinical data, hospitalization time, time until remission of the infection parameters, detection of new bacterial resistance on antibiograms, and clinical outcome in terms of the modified Rankin scale (mRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time until remission of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis was significantly longer in patients undergoing B-EVD (8 ± 3.8 days; n = 15; group 1) than in patients who underwent standard EVD (5.1 ± 1.8 days; n = 10; group 2). There was no significant difference between both groups for the time until polymorphonuclear cells dropped below 50% of peak value (5.8 ± 1.6 vs. 4.1 ± 2.9 days), CRP dropped below 10 mg/l (4.2 ± 3.5 vs. 5.6 ± 3.3 days), the time of plasma neutrophil remission (5.7 ± 2.6 vs. 5.3 ± 3.2 days) and hospitalization time (28 ± 12.5 vs. 35 ± 19.4 days). The mRS for both groups was 2. Development of new antibiotic resistance did not occur in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective pilot study indicates that B-EVD might have no major advantage in the management of EVD or VP-shunt-related ventriculitis. Based on published reports and the results of this study, data support only the prophylactic use of B-EVD for prevention of EVD-related infections. Prospective randomized clinical trials are warranted to further evaluate the role of B-EVD in the treatment of ventriculitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jehuda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soleman
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marbacher
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fandino
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fathi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D058565:Cerebral Ventriculitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D020547:Lateral Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents