title: Readability and content of patient education material related to implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are increasingly offered to patients for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Candidates for ICD receive ICD-related patient education material when they make decisions to consent or decline a primary prevention ICD. Printed patient education material directed at ICD candidates has not been the focus of direct appraisal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the readability and content of ICD-related print education materials made available to patients who were enrolled in a study involving patient decision making for ICD from 3 ICD sites in southern Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  All ICD print materials referred to during interviews and/or that were available in ICD site waiting rooms were collected for analysis. Readability testing was conducted using the "simple measurement of gobbledygook" and Fry methods. The material was evaluated according to selected plain-language criteria, thematic content analysis, and rhetoric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one print materials were identified and analyzed. Documents were authored by device manufacturers, tertiary care hospitals, and cardiac support organizations. Although many documents adhered to plain-language recommendations, text-reading levels were higher than recommended. Twelve major content themes were identified. Content focused heavily on the positive aspects of living with the device to the exclusion of other possible information that could be relevant to the decisions that patients made.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Print-based patient education materials for ICD candidates are geared to a highly literate population. The focus on positive information to the exclusion of potentially negative aspects of the ICD, or alternatives to accepting 1, could influence and/or confuse patients about the purpose and implications of this medical device. Development of print materials is indicated that includes information about possible problems and that would be relevant for the multicultural and debilitated population who may require ICDs. The findings are highly relevant for nurses who care for primary prevention ICD candidates.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. strachan@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Patricia H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Laat
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vaandering
authors.forename: Gurjit K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Toor
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Arthur
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D032882:Comprehension; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*