title: Markers of inflammation in alveolar cells exposed to fine particulate matter from prescribed fires and urban air.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) from different particle sources on tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, we measured TNF production from rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and human dendritic cells (DC) exposed to PM(2.5) from different sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fire-related PM(2.5) samples, rural ambient, and urban indoor and outdoor samples were collected in the Southeast United States. Tumor necrosis factor release was measured from rat AM and human DC following incubation with PM(2.5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor necrosis factor release in AMs was greatest for fire-related PM(2.5) compared with other samples (TNF: P value = 0.005; mortality: P value = 0.005). Tumor necrosis factor releases from the DCs and AMs exposed to fire-associated PM(2.5) were strongly correlated (r = 0.87, P value < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Particulate matter exposure produces TNF release consistent with pulmonary inflammation in rat AMs and human DCs, with the response in rat AMs differing by particle source.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health & Engineering, Inc, Needham, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Theodore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Myatt
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Lester
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kobzik
authors.forename: Luke P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Naeher
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: MacIntosh
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002947:Cities; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005390:Fires; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012621:Seasons; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha