title: The use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy photon beams for improving the dose uniformity of electron beams shaped with MLC.
abstract: Electrons are ideal for treating shallow tumors and sparing adjacent normal tissue. Conventionally, electron beams are collimated by cut-outs that are time-consuming to make and difficult to adapt to tumor shape throughout the course of treatment. We propose that electron cut-outs can be replaced using photon multileaf collimator (MLC). Two major problems of this approach are that the scattering of electrons causes penumbra widening because of a large air gap, and available commercial treatment planning systems (TPSs) do not support MLC-collimated electron beams. In this study, these difficulties were overcome by (1) modeling electron beams collimated by photon MLC for a commercial TPS, and (2) developing a technique to reduce electron beam penumbra by adding low-energy intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) photons (4 MV). We used blocks to simulate MLC shielding in the TPS. Inverse planning was used to optimize boost photon beams. This technique was applied to a parotid and a central nervous system (CNS) clinical case. Combined photon and electron plans were compared with conventional plans and verified using ion chamber, film, and a 2D diode array. Our studies showed that the beam penumbra for mixed beams with 90 cm source to surface distance (SSD) is comparable with electron applicators and cut-outs at 100 cm SSD. Our mixed-beam technique yielded more uniform dose to the planning target volume and lower doses to various organs at risk for both parotid and CNS clinical cases. The plans were verified with measurements, with more than 95% points passing the gamma criteria of 5% in dose difference and 5 mm for distance to agreement. In conclusion, the study has demonstrated the feasibility and potential advantage of using photon MLC to collimate electron beams with boost photon IMRT fields.
authors.affiliation: London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Science Centre, Ontario, Canada. homeira.mosalaei@lhsc.on.ca
authors.forename: Homeira
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mosalaei
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karnas
authors.forename: Sheel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Doodewaard
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004583:Electrons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010307:Parotid Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity