title: Salivary cortisol in pregnant women suffering from blood and injection phobia.
abstract: Stress and/or anxiety during pregnancy affect maternal and fetal well-being and can cause premature delivery and postnatal pathology in the child. Women suffering from phobias related to blood and injections are prone to high levels of stress, including anxiety and sometimes panic attacks, during pregnancy. Cortisol is amongst the mediators through which the neurohormonal expressions of maternal psychological factors may be transduced to the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pregnant women suffering from blood and injection phobia have raised cortisol levels or are characterized by unusual diurnal salivary cortisol profiles compared with healthy controls. The sample consisted of 110 pregnant women with blood and injection phobia and 110 pregnant healthy controls. Both groups provided morning and evening saliva samples in weeks 25 and 36 for the assay of cortisol. In gestational week 25, when blood was drawn for the mandatory blood testing, extra blood was taken to analyze corticotrophin-releasing factor, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol in serum. The diurnal decline in salivary cortisol as well as increased cortisol levels were observed during pregnancy. Pregnant women suffering from blood and injection phobia had a higher output of cortisol compared with women without the phobia (F = 6.25, df = 1, p = 0.014), but no marked difference in the diurnal cortisol rhythm was found between groups. Our findings indicate that untreated blood and injection phobia during pregnancy increases cortisol concentrations. Blood and injection phobia is treatable, and cognitive behavioral therapy can be used. Women with blood and injection phobia during pregnancy therefore need to be recognized and offered treatment without delay in early pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Linköping, Sweden. caroline.lilliecreutz@lio.se
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lilliecreutz
authors.forename: Elvar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theodorsson
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sydsjö
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Josefsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001769:Blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009339:Needles; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone