title: Effect of vitamin E administration on the elevated oxygen stress and the telomeric and subtelomeric status in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress (OS) may be involved in the neurodegenerative process in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Telomeres, the repeated sequences that cap chromosome ends, undergo shortening with each cell division, are sensitive to OS, and serve as markers of a cell's replicative history. Telomere length shortening has been reported to relate to OS with aging process and aging-associated diseases, but the telomeric changes were not always identical, especially in change of telomere length distribution and subtelomeric methylation. The involvement of an OS-associated telomere change in the pathogenesis of AD has been discussed for decades, and the telomere length and telomerase activity were analyzed. However, other telomeric factors, such as the telomere distribution and subtelomeric methylation status, have not yet been analyzed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The subtelomeric methylation status as well as the telomere length were studied in AD with an antioxidant vitamin in terms of OS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured urinary 8-iso-PGF2α, a lipid-peroxidation product as an OS marker, and methylated and non-methylated telomere lengths in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells by Southern blotting in AD patients before and after vitamin E treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α was found to have increased in AD. Middle-ranged telomeres (4.4-9.4 kb) increased and the shortest telomeres (<4.4 kb) decreased in AD patients. Telomeres were more methylated in both long telomeres and in short telomeres in AD compared with the control. The oral administration of the antioxidant vitamin E in 400 mg/day for 6 months in AD patients partly reversed AD-associated alterations in OS marker levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AD patients showed an elevated OS marker level, and vitamin E lowered the OS level. In comparison with controls, AD patients showed shorter telomere lengths. Cells with short and long telomeres bore relatively hypermethylated subtelomeres in AD patients. Aging-associated accumulation of cells bearing short telomeres was not observed in AD. These results imply that long telomeres with hypomethylation tend to shorten faster, and cells bearing short telomeres with hypomethylation tend to more easily enter into a senescent state under elevated OS stress in AD. However, no significant effect on the altered telomeric profiles in AD patients could be detected after a 6-month administration of vitamin E.
authors.affiliation: 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Zhi
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Wei-Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Toyoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D016615:Telomere / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D059505:Telomere Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D059506:Telomere Shortening; D013997:Time Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014810:Vitamin E; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D015237:Dinoprost