title: Bone marrow transplantation combined with mesenchymal stem cells induces immune tolerance without cytotoxic conditioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transplantation of allogeneic donor bone marrow (BM) into sufficiently conditioned recipients is an effective approach to induce immune tolerance as assessed by mixed chimerism. However, this approach is hampered by the lack of feasible protocols devoid of cytoreductive conditioning. We investigated whether mixed chimerism could be established by intra-bone marrow-bone marrow transplantation (IBM-BMT) combined with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) treatment without additional cytoreductive conditioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  The recipient mice (C57BL/6) accepted BMSCs from donor mice (Balb/c) through daily tail vein injection for 4 d followed by IBM-BMT immediately. Full-thickness skin grafts from donor mice as well as from the third party mice (ICR) were transplanted to the dorsum of the recipient mice after the combined IBM-BMT with BMSCs treatment. The immune tolerance was assessed by the survival time of skin allografts. The establishment of mixed chimerism and cytokine expression profile in recipient peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IBM-BMT combined with BMSCs treatment led to stable mixed chimerism and donor-specific skin graft tolerance. The flow cytometry analysis revealed that recipient mice developed 20%-25% chimerism levels among the myeloid lineage. The skin allografts survived more than 1 y and the hair re-grew normally on the grafts. Cytokine profile showed that IBM-BMT combined with BMSCs treatment prolonged humoral tolerance in recipient chimeras.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that donor specific immune tolerance can be effectively induced by IBM-BMT combined with BMSCs treatment without any additional cytoreductive recipient treatment. This approach provides a promising allograft transplantation strategy when the donor bone marrow is available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Yunchuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jiaqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chengfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wanfu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yaojun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yingjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Dahai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000379:methods; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018183:Transplantation Chimera; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning; D014181:Transplantation Immunology / Q000276:immunology*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: C556062:IL10 protein, mouse; D007376:Interleukin-2; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma