title: Future perspectives in robotic surgery.
abstract: • Robotics of the current day have advanced significantly from early computer-aided design/manufacturing systems to modern master-slave robotic systems that replicate the surgeon's exact movements onto robotic instruments in the patient. • Globally >300,000 robotic procedures were completed in 2010, including ≈98,000 robot-assisted radical prostatectomies. • Broadening applications of robotics for urological procedures are being investigated in both adult and paediatric urology. • The use of the current robotic system continues to be further refined. Increasing experience has optimized port placement reducing arm collisions to allow for more expedient surgery. Improved three-dimensional camera magnification provides improved intraoperative identification of structures. • Robotics has probably improved the learning curve of laparoscopic surgery while still maintaining its patient recovery advantages and outcomes. • The future of robotic surgery will take this current platform forward by improving haptic (touch) feedback, improving vision beyond even the magnified eye, improving robot accessibility with a reduction of entry ports and miniaturizing the slave robot. • Here, we focus on the possible advancements that may change the future landscape of robotic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wedmid
authors.forename: Elton
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Llukani
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends