title: Dog walking is associated with a favorable risk profile independent of moderate to high volume of physical activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An innovative strategy for helping people achieve recommended levels of daily physical activity is dog walking. We assessed differences in physical activity and risk indicators between dog owners who 1) walk their dog (n = 399) and 2) do not walk their dog (n = 137) and compared them with adults who do not own dogs (n = 380).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (39 ± 13 years) were recruited online and completed an electronic questionnaire. Healthy People 2010 risk indicators included physical activity, overweight status, tobacco use, nutrition behaviors, chronic conditions, depressive symptoms, and social support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with dog walkers, those who did not own or walk their dog reported less physical activity (MET-min·week-1) and a higher body mass index (P < .01). Moreover, after adjusting for age and moderate to high physical activity, those who did not own dogs had significantly greater odds of self-reported diabetes [OR = 2.53; 95%CI (1.17-5.48)], hypertension [OR = 1.71; 95%CI (1.03-2.83)], hypercholesterolemia [OR = 1.72; 95%CI (1.06-2.81)], and depression [OR = 1.49; 95%CI (1.09-2.05)] compared with participants who regularly walked their dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the health benefits associated with dog walking, this activity should be encouraged within communities as a method of promoting and sustaining a healthy lifestyle.
authors.affiliation: The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lentino
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Visek
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DiPietro
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004285:Dogs; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight; D057805:Pets / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult