title: Characteristics and assessment of phthalate esters in urban dusts in Guangzhou city, China.
abstract: Phthalate esters (PAEs) were examined in indoor and outdoor dust samples from the subtropical city of Guangzhou, China. The ∑(16)PAEs concentrations ranged from 121 to 3,223 μg g(-1) dust, with the median concentration of 840 μg g(-1) dust. Significantly higher concentrations of PAEs in dust samples were found in offices where electrical and electronic devices, carpet pads, and office furniture were widely used. Of the 16 PAEs, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated the PAEs in indoor and outdoor dust samples, and accounted for >96.8% and >93.1% of the ∑(16)PAEs concentrations, respectively. The median daily inhalation exposure of ∑(16)PAEs were 3.53 and 0.247 μg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), and at the 95(th) percentile were 7.62 and 0.530 μg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), up on the measured concentrations and estimated dust ingestion rates, respectively, for toddles and adults. The ubiquitous distribution of PAEs as noted in this study suggests the need for detailed assessment of PAEs concentrations using more sites and to further investigate the factors influencing PAEs exposure in China.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Kunyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hongli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yongqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jiaxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Tiangang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.forename: Guoquan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zunxiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D004952:Esters; D010795:Phthalic Acids