title: Illness appraisal, religious coping, and psychological responses in men with advanced cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients experience diverse psychological responses to cancer. Appraisals and coping have been shown to predict psychological responses to stressors. For men with advanced cancer, appraisal of cancer's impact on their lives (illness appraisal) and religious coping may be particularly important predictors of psychological responses. We examined the relationships among illness appraisal, religious coping, and positive and negative psychological responses while controlling for disease and patient characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-six men with advanced cancer completed measures, including constructed Meaning of Illness Scale, Brief Religious Coping Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Treating oncologists completed questions about disease status and estimated the chances of the patient surviving 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychological distress was predicted by prognosis (β = -0.20), illness appraisal (β = -0.48), and negative religious coping (β = 0.24). Negative mental adjustment was predicted by prognosis (β = -0.23) and illness appraisal (β = -0.57). Positive mental adjustment was predicted by illness appraisal (β = 0.46) and positive religious coping (β = 0.29). Posttraumatic growth was predicted by positive religious coping (β = 0.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Illness appraisal was more consistently associated with psychological responses to advanced cancer than patient or disease characteristics. Consequently, helping patients with their illness appraisals may be effective for improving patient psychological well-being.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, 402 North Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. klrand@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rand
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Cripe
authors.forename: Patrick O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Monahan
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rawl
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003710:Demography; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana; D008297:Male; D008571:Men / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012067:Religion