title: Volumetric lean percentage measurement using dual energy mammography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, there is no accepted standard for measuring breast density. Dual energy mammography, which has demonstrated accurate measurement in phantoms, has been proposed as one possible method. To examine the use of chemical analysis as a possible means to validate breast density measurements from dual energy mammography, a bovine tissue model was investigated. Known quantities of lean and adipose tissue were compared with composition values measured from dual energy images and chemical analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Theoretical simulations were performed to assess the impact variations in breast composition would have on measurement of breast density from a single calibration. Fourteen ex-vivo tissue samples composed of varying amounts of pure lean tissue and pure adipose tissue (lean percentage) from 0 to 100%, in increments of 10%, were imaged using dual energy mammography. This was followed by chemical analysis based on desiccation, trituration, and fat extraction with petroleum ether to determine water, lipid, and protein content. The volumetric lean percentage (VLP) as measured from images (VLP(I)) and as derived from chemical analysis data (VLP(CA)) were compared with the VLP calculated from measurements of sample mass with a scale (VLP(M)). Finally, data from the bovine tissue model in this study were compared to compositional data from a previous report of human tissue composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results from simulation suggest a substantial impact on measuring breast density is likely due to changes in anatomical breast composition. VLP(I) was related to the VLP(M) by VLP(I) = 1.53 VLP(M) + 10.0 (r2 > 0.99). VLP(CA) was related to VLP(M) by VLP(CA) = 0.76 VLP(M) + 22.8 (r2 > 0.99). VLP(I) was related to VLP(CA) by VLP(I) = 2.00 VLP(CA) - 35.6 (r2 > 0.99). Bovine adipose tissue was shown to be very similar to human adipose tissue in terms of water, lipid, and protein content with RMS differences of 1.2%. Bovine lean tissue was shown to be very similar to human skeletal muscle tissue and somewhat similar to human mammary gland tissue with RMS differences of 0.4 and 22.2%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show strong linear relationships between volumetric lean percentage measurements using dual energy mammography, chemical analysis and the actual mass. Determining the existence of a relationship between VLP(I) and VLP(CA) was necessary before comparing density results from the dual energy technique to composition data from chemical analysis for samples of unknown composition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Justin L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ducote
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Klopfer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molloi
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D023421:Models, Animal; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging