title: Assessment of daily intake of toxic elements due to consumption of vegetables, fruits, meat, and seafood by inhabitants of Xiamen, China.
abstract: This study was designed to estimate the dietary intake of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) (total and methyl), and arsenic (As) by inhabitants of Xiamen, China. The concentrations of these toxic elements (TEs) were determined in vegetables, fruits, meat, and seafood samples randomly acquired in 5 districts of Xiamen between 2005 and 2009. Health risks were evaluated for inhabitants of Xiamen due to dietary consumption. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values for individual elements were far below 1, indicating minimal noncarcinogenic risks from TEs for inhabitants of Xiamen under the current food consumption rate. However, consumption of the entire foodstuffs could lead to potential health risks since the 95th percentile HI was higher than 1. The relative contributions of Cd, Pb, Hg T, and As to the HI were 16.0%, 15.9%, 5.9%, and 62.2% for the mean exposure level, and 13.3%, 13.4%, 5.6%, and 67.9% for the 95th percentile estimate. The THQ value of methyl mercury through consumption of cephalopod was less than 1. Tomato, cephalopod, eggplant, cabbage, orange, and pork were the main sources of total dietary intakes of TEs. The estimation of carcinogenic risk shows that the carcinogenic rate of arsenic exceeded the accepted risk level of 10(-4) . Therefore, the carcinogenic risk of arsenic for inhabitants of Xiamen is of concern. Practical Application:  Tomato, cephalopod, eggplant, cabbage, orange, and pork were the main sources of dietary intakes of TEs in Xiamen, China. The carcinogenic risk of arsenic for inhabitants in this area who consume large amounts of fruits and vegetables daily may be of concern. Consumers are encouraged to eat fruits and vegetables with different origins and eat less cephalopod to reduce the possibilities of continuously eating commodities from the contaminated areas.
authors.affiliation: Inst. of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Avenue 12, Beijing 100081, PR China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yongzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chuanyong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D004032:Diet; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017747:Seafood; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013552:Swine; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D008628:Mercury; D001151:Arsenic