title: Artificial intelligence techniques applied to the development of a decision-support system for diagnosing celiac disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Celiac disease (CD) is a difficult-to-diagnose condition because of its multiple clinical presentations and symptoms shared with other diseases. Gold-standard diagnostic confirmation of suspected CD is achieved by biopsying the small intestine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a clinical decision-support system (CDSS) integrated with an automated classifier to recognize CD cases, by selecting from experimental models developed using intelligence artificial techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A web-based system was designed for constructing a retrospective database that included 178 clinical cases for training. Tests were run on 270 automated classifiers available in Weka 3.6.1 using five artificial intelligence techniques, namely decision trees, Bayesian inference, k-nearest neighbor algorithm, support vector machines and artificial neural networks. The parameters evaluated were accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve (AUC). AUC was used as a criterion for selecting the CDSS algorithm. A testing database was constructed including 38 clinical CD cases for CDSS evaluation. The diagnoses suggested by CDSS were compared with those made by physicians during patient consultations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most accurate method during the training phase was the averaged one-dependence estimator (AODE) algorithm (a Bayesian classifier), which showed accuracy 80.0%, sensitivity 0.78, specificity 0.80 and AUC 0.84. This classifier was integrated into the web-based decision-support system. The gold-standard validation of CDSS achieved accuracy of 84.2% and k=0.68 (p<0.0001) with good agreement. The same accuracy was achieved in the comparison between the physician's diagnostic impression and the gold standard k=0. 64 (p<0.0001). There was moderate agreement between the physician's diagnostic impression and CDSS k=0.46 (p=0.0008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study results suggest that CDSS could be used to help in diagnosing CD, since the algorithm tested achieved excellent accuracy in differentiating possible positive from negative CD diagnoses. This study may contribute towards developing of a computer-assisted environment to support CD diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program on Health Informatics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. josceli.tenorio@unifesp.br
authors.forename: Josceli Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tenório
authors.forename: Anderson Diniz
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: Frederico Molina
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cohrs
authors.forename: Vera Lucia
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Sdepanian
authors.forename: Ivan Torres
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Pisa
authors.forename: Heimar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Fátima Marin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001331:Automation; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D006801:Humans; D012372:ROC Curve