title: Vowel- and text-based cepstral analysis of chronic hoarseness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Automatic voice evaluation is usually performed on stable sections of sustained vowels, which often cannot capture hoarseness properly. The measures cepstral peak prominence (CPP) and smoothed CPP (CPPS) do not require exact determination of the cycles of fundamental frequency like established perturbation-based measures. They can also be applied to text recordings. In this study, they were compared with perceptual evaluation of voice quality and the German roughness-breathiness-hoarseness (RBH) scheme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-three hoarse patients (48.3±16.8 years) uttered the vowel /e/ and read the German version of the text "The North Wind and the Sun". The text recordings were evaluated perceptually by five speech therapists and physicians according to the RBH scale. The criterion "overall quality" was measured on a 4-point scale and a visual analog scale. For the human-machine correlation, the automatic measures of the Praat program (vowels only) and the "cpps" software were compared with the experts' ratings. The experiments were repeated for speakers with jitter ≤5% or shimmer ≤5% (n=47).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire group (n=73), the best human-machine results for most of the rating criteria were obtained for text-based CPP and CPPS (up to |ρ|=0.73). For the 47 selected speakers, the correlation was remarkably worse for all measures but still best for text-based CPP and CPPS (|ρ|≤0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cepstrum analysis should be performed on a text recording. Then, it outperforms all perturbation-based measures, and it can be a meaningful objective support for perceptual analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Communication, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moers
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Möbius
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosanowski
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nöth
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eysholdt
authors.forename: Tino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haderlein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006685:Hoarseness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013067:Speech Perception; D055815:Young Adult