title: Assessing the psychological predictors of benefit finding in patients with head and neck cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some individuals are able to gain psychological benefits from illness and adversity, such as a greater sense of purpose and closer relationships, termed 'benefit finding' (BF). The main aim of this study was to explore the extent to which BF is reported in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Secondary aims were to establish the relationships between BF, other patient-reported outcomes and predictive factors such as coping strategy and level of optimism.
  
  
  METHODS
  This repeat measures study was conducted with 103 newly diagnosed patients with HNC. Self-completion questionnaires were used to assess BF pre-treatment and 6 months after treatment and pre-treatment coping, optimism, quality of life, anxiety and depression. Sixty-eight patients (66%) completed follow-ups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to high levels of BF were reported. Anxiety, depression and quality of life were not related to BF. Regression models of BF total score and three new factor analysed BF scales indicated that use of emotional support and active coping strategies were predictive of finding more positive consequences. Optimism, living with a partner and higher educational attainment were also found to have a protective effect. The amount of variance in BF explained by these five pre-treatment factors ranged from 32 to 46%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that both dispositional and potentially modifiable factors, in particular optimism and coping strategies, were associated with patients identifying positive consequences of a diagnosis of HNC. To maximise patient's longer-term resilience and adaptation, components of BF, either directly or via coping strategies, could be targeted for intervention.
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Primary Care and Public Health, Mayfield House, Brighton, UK. C.D.Llewellyn@bsms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carrie D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Llewellyn
authors.forename: Debbie J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Horney
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGurk
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weinman
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herold
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires