title: Nuclear factor κB1/RelA mediates the inflammation and/or survival of human airway exposed to sulfur mustard.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sulfur mustard (SM) is known as an effective chemical agent and was used in the 1980s during the Iran-Iraq war against Iranians. At the present time, there are more than 40,000 people suffering from pulmonary lesions due to mustard gas in Iran. Though much is known about the gross pathology of SM damage, the molecular and cellular basis for this pathology is not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  One of the most important protein groups involved in inflammatory responses is nuclear factor κB protein (NF-κB1) family. They belong to the category of DNA-binding protein factors necessary for transcription of many proinflammatory molecules. In our research, we examined the role of NF-κB1/RelA in the pathophysiology of the lung.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 10 normal individuals and 20 SM induced patients. Expression of NF-κB1/RelA in controls and the SM exposed samples was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and localization of NF-κB1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results revealed that expression levels of NF-κB1 and RelA were upregulated 0.64-6.50 fold and 0.83-8.34 fold, respectively, in the SM exposed patients in comparison with control samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As far as we know, this is the first finding of induction of NF-κB in patients exposed to SM. NF-κB1/RelA may play a major role in inflammation induced by mustard gas or even in cell survival in the bronchial wall of affected patients.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Injury Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yazdani
authors.forename: Mohammad Hasan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Karimfar
authors.forename: Abbas Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Imani Fooladi
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mirbagheri
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghanei
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nourani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D009151:Mustard Gas