title: The influence of parental history of diabetes and offspring birthweight on offspring glucose metabolism in adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Links are well established between both family history of diabetes and reduced birthweight and increased risk of diabetes in adulthood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1) To investigate the influence of parental history of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on offspring birthweight and adult offspring glucose tolerance status in non-diabetic offspring of patients with T2DM and 2) to study the associations of birthweight with measures of pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Offspring of patients with verified T2DM diagnosed after age 40 years with a spouse without known diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral glucose tolerance tests and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (FSIGT) in non-diabetic offspring. Birthweight and length obtained from birth records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 122 offspring with maternal history of T2DM, 14.8% had diabetes compared to 8.0% in 137 offspring with paternal history of diabetes, p=0.09. Offspring with maternal history of T2DM had a mean birthweight 196 g higher than offspring with paternal T2DM (3,651 ± 640 g (mean ± SD) vs. 3,456 ± 472g (p=0.01)). Non-diabetic offspring with birthweights in the lowest tertile had significantly higher plasma glucose levels after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) [Area under the curve(glucOGTT) , mean (95%CI), 1 795 (1 725-1 866) vs. 1 683 (1 613-1 753) mmol/L/min, p=0.02], and lower insulin sensitivity index calculated from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test - Si 9.60 [10(-5) (min*pmol/L)(-1) ] (8.23-10.97) vs. 11.79 (10.41-13.18), p=0.02 - in adulthood compared to offspring with birthweights in the upper tertile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offspring with a family history of maternal T2DM have higher birthweights than those with paternal T2DM. Low birthweight associates with elevated plasma glucose levels after an oral glucose load and decreased insulin sensitivity in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark. jeannet@lauenb.org
authors.forename: Jeannet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lauenborg
authors.forename: Mie K W
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damm
authors.forename: Atheline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Major-Pedersen
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eiberg
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urhammer
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D032721:Adult Children; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose