title: Characteristics of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in an eastern Indian cohort: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microsporidia are intracellular parasites responsible for human infections. Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis (MKC) affecting normal individuals worldwide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the characteristics of MKC in an Indian cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective, noncomparative, observational case series, involving patients with MKC between June and September 2009. Of the 24 patients identified, microbiological confirmation in direct smear was obtained in 22 cases and selected. Standard microbiological workup was performed in all the cases. We studied the demographics, predisposing conditions, antecedent treatment received before presentation, clinical characteristics, treatment offered, and resolution time with sequel. The management consisted of simple debridement and application of chloramphenicol ointment (1%) two times a day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of onset was 18.7 years (95% CI, 15.7-21.7; range, 11-36 s years). All patients gave history of prior outdoor activity and exposure to rain water/mud. Antecedent treatment comprised of Acyclovir eye ointment (45.4%) and antibiotic eye drop (27.3%) most commonly. Microsporidia were identified in Gram stain (81.8%), 10% potassium hydroxide mount (72.7%), modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining (36.4%), and Giemsa (18.2%). Majority presented as unilateral superficial keratoconjunctivitis with punctate epithelial keratitis. Mean resolution time was 9 days (95%CI, 7.9-10.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MKC can occur in normal patients with exposure to rain and mud, related to outdoor activity often misdiagnosed as viral ocular infections. Strong clinical suspicion with proper microbiological evaluation helps to diagnose this commonly misdiagnosed condition.
authors.affiliation: Corneal and Ocular surface disease clinic, Priyamvada Birla Aravind Eye Hospital, Kolkata, India. jayansu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jayangshu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khetan
authors.forename: Dipanjan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Nibaran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gangopadhyay
authors.forename: Debdulal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007637:Keratoconjunctivitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000379:methods; D016814:Microsporidia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016881:Microsporidiosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult