title: Toxicology rewrites its history and rethinks its future: giving equal focus to both harmful and beneficial effects.
abstract: This paper assesses how medicine adopted the threshold dose-response to evaluate health effects of drugs and chemicals throughout the 20th century to the present. Homeopathy first adopted the biphasic dose-response, making it an explanatory principle. Medicine used its influence to discredit the biphasic dose-response model to harm homeopathy and to promote its alternative, the threshold dose-response. However, it failed to validate the capacity of its model to make accurate predictions in the low-dose zone. Recent attempts to validate the threshold dose-response indicate that it poorly predicts responses below the threshold. The long marginalized biphasic/hormetic dose-response model made accurate predictions in these validation studies. The failure to accept the possibility of the hormetic-biphasic dose-response during toxicology's dose-response concept formative period, while adopting the threshold model, and later the linear no-threshold model for carcinogens, led toxicology to adopt a hazard assessment process that involved testing only a few very high doses. This created the framework that toxicology was a discipline that only studied harmful responses, ignoring the possibility of benefit at low doses by the induction of adaptive mechanisms. Toxicology needs to assess the entire dose-response continuum, incorporating both harmful and beneficial effects into the risk assessment process.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. edwardc@schoolph.umass.edu
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity*; D005544:Forecasting; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006705:Homeopathy / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods; D059165:Hormesis; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004785:Environmental Pollutants