title: Hypoxia signature of splice forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase marks pancreatic cancer cells with distinct metastatic abilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic cancer is one of most deadly because of its aggressive growth and high metastatic ability that correlates with intratumoral hypoxia. Earlier diagnosis and prognosis marker of pancreatic cancer is not yet available. In colorectal cancer, protein biosynthesis enzyme, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS), is up-regulated in good-prognosis tumors and down-regulated in metastatic poor-prognosis tumors. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase status in pancreatic cancer is unknown. To correlate metastatic ability with hypoxia and TrpRS as a possible prognostic marker, we examined mRNA and protein expression in 2 human pancreatic cancer cell lines with different metastatic abilities and TrpRS levels using our site-specific monoclonal antibodies directed to conformation-dependent epitopes on pancreatic TrpRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pancreatic MIAPaCa-2, Panc-1, cervical HeLa, and prostate cancer PC-3 cells were cultivated under normoxia or in hypoxic chamber. Expression of full-length TrpRS, antiangiogenic TrpRS, cyclin B1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, and Glut-1 was determined with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that hypoxia regulates differentially TrpRS splice forms. Pronounced down-regulation of full-length TrpRS by hypoxia is concomitant with higher metastatic ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase down-regulation by hypoxia may be a factor responsible for low TrpRS in tumors with high metastatic ability. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase recognizability is important for pancreatic cancer prognosis and as a new target for metastasis treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Elena L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Paley
authors.forename: Deana E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Paley
authors.forename: Tatyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Merkulova-Rainon
authors.forename: Pochi R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Subbarayan
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D056744:Cyclin B1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular; D013997:Time Factors; D014369:Tryptophan-tRNA Ligase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C534699:CCNB1 protein, human; D056744:Cyclin B1; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495677:SLC2A1 protein, human; D014369:Tryptophan-tRNA Ligase; C073175:WARS1 protein, human; D010100:Oxygen