title: Exome sequencing identifies a missense mutation in Isl1 associated with low penetrance otitis media in dearisch mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media) is very common and can lead to serious complications if not resolved. Genetic studies suggest an inherited component, but few of the genes that contribute to this condition are known. Mouse mutants have contributed significantly to the identification of genes predisposing to otitis media
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dearisch mouse mutant is an ENU-induced mutant detected by its impaired Preyer reflex (ear flick in response to sound). Auditory brainstem responses revealed raised thresholds from as early as three weeks old. Pedigree analysis suggested a dominant but partially penetrant mode of inheritance. The middle ear of dearisch mutants shows a thickened mucosa and cellular effusion suggesting chronic otitis media with effusion with superimposed acute infection. The inner ear, including the sensory hair cells, appears normal. Due to the low penetrance of the phenotype, normal backcross mapping of the mutation was not possible. Exome sequencing was therefore employed to identify a non-conservative tyrosine to cysteine (Y71C) missense mutation in the Islet1 gene, Isl1(Drsh). Isl1 is expressed in the normal middle ear mucosa. The findings suggest the Isl1(Drsh) mutation is likely to predispose carriers to otitis media.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dearisch, Isl1(Drsh), represents the first point mutation in the mouse Isl1 gene and suggests a previously unrecognized role for this gene. It is also the first recorded exome sequencing of the C3HeB/FeJ background relevant to many ENU-induced mutants. Most importantly, the power of exome resequencing to identify ENU-induced mutations without a mapped gene locus is illustrated.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Morag A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: M'hamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grati
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Selina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Roman A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Laskowski
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Karen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Steel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000473:pathology; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea / Q000009:adverse effects; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D059472:Exome; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007178:Inbreeding; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D019683:Penetrance; D017354:Point Mutation; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C063843:insulin gene enhancer binding protein Isl-1; D005038:Ethylnitrosourea