title: Reciprocal modulation of cognitive and emotional aspects in pianistic performances.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High level piano performance requires complex integration of perceptual, motor, cognitive and emotive skills. Observations in psychology and neuroscience studies have suggested reciprocal inhibitory modulation of the cognition by emotion and emotion by cognition. However, it is still unclear how cognitive states may influence the pianistic performance. The aim of the present study is to verify the influence of cognitive and affective attention in the piano performances.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine pianists were instructed to play the same piece of music, firstly focusing only on cognitive aspects of musical structure (cognitive performances), and secondly, paying attention solely on affective aspects (affective performances). Audio files from pianistic performances were examined using a computational model that retrieves nine specific musical features (descriptors)--loudness, articulation, brightness, harmonic complexity, event detection, key clarity, mode detection, pulse clarity and repetition. In addition, the number of volunteers' errors in the recording sessions was counted. Comments from pianists about their thoughts during performances were also evaluated. The analyses of audio files throughout musical descriptors indicated that the affective performances have more: agogics, legatos, pianos phrasing, and less perception of event density when compared to the cognitive ones. Error analysis demonstrated that volunteers misplayed more left hand notes in the cognitive performances than in the affective ones. Volunteers also played more wrong notes in affective than in cognitive performances. These results correspond to the volunteers' comments that in the affective performances, the cognitive aspects of piano execution are inhibited, whereas in the cognitive performances, the expressiveness is inhibited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, the present results indicate that attention to the emotional aspects of performance enhances expressiveness, but constrains cognitive and motor skills in the piano execution. In contrast, attention to the cognitive aspects may constrain the expressivity and automatism of piano performances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia K Kodama
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fornari
authors.forename: Cristina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Del Ben
authors.forename: Frederico G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Graeff
authors.forename: João Pereira
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Leite
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills; D009146:Music; D010465:Perception; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results