title: Therapeutic drug monitoring for drugs used in the treatment of substance-related disorders: literature review using a therapeutic drug monitoring appropriateness rating scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of drugs for the treatment of substance-related disorders is moderate at best. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could be an instrument to improve outcomes. Because TDM for most of those drugs is not established, the authors reviewed the literature and built a rating scale to detect the potential added value of TDM for these pharmacologic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed for acamprosate, bupropion, buprenorphine, clomethiazole, disulfiram, methadone, naltrexone, and varenicline. The rating scale included 22 items and was divided in five categories: efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, patient characteristics, and cost-effectiveness. Three reference substances with established TDM were similarly assessed for comparison: clozapine, lithium, and nortriptyline. The three reference substances achieved scores of 15, 12, and 14 points, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drugs for treatment of substance-related disorders achieved 3 to 17 points, 17 for methadone, 11 for buprenorphine, 10 for disulfiram, also 10 for naltrexone for the indication opioid-dependence and 9 for the indication alcohol dependence as well as bupropion, 7 points for acamprosate, 6 points for clomethiazole, and 3 for varenicline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that systematic evaluation of drug- and patient-related variables with the new rating scale can estimate the appropriateness of TDM. Because their rating revealed similar scores as the three reference drugs, it is proposed that TDM should be established for bupropion, buprenorphine, disulfiram or a metabolite, methadone, and naltrexone. An objective rating of drug- and patient-related characteristics could help laboratories focus their method development on the most likely drugs to require TDM along with a thorough drug use evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brünen
authors.forename: Philippe D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hiemke
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Havemann-Reinecke
mesh_terms: D000427:Alcohol Deterrents / Q000097:blood*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000097:blood*; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
chemical_list: D000427:Alcohol Deterrents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists