title: Spatial analysis of biomineralization associated gene expression from the mantle organ of the pearl oyster Pinctada maxima.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomineralization is a process encompassing all mineral containing tissues produced within an organism. One of the most dynamic examples of this process is the formation of the mollusk shell, comprising a variety of crystal phases and microstructures. The organic component incorporated within the shell is said to dictate this architecture. However general understanding of how this process is achieved remains ambiguous. The mantle is a conserved organ involved in shell formation throughout molluscs. Specifically the mantle is thought to be responsible for secreting the protein component of the shell. This study employs molecular approaches to determine the spatial expression of genes within the mantle tissue to further the elucidation of the shell biomineralization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A microarray platform was custom generated (PmaxArray 1.0) from the pearl oyster Pinctada maxima. PmaxArray 1.0 consists of 4992 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) originating from mantle tissue. This microarray was used to analyze the spatial expression of ESTs throughout the mantle organ. The mantle was dissected into five discrete regions and analyzed for differential gene expression with PmaxArray 1.0. Over 2000 ESTs were determined to be differentially expressed among the tissue sections, identifying five major expression regions. In situ hybridization validated and further localized the expression for a subset of these ESTs. Comparative sequence similarity analysis of these ESTs revealed a number of the transcripts were novel while others showed significant sequence similarities to previously characterized shell related genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation has mapped the spatial distribution for over 2000 ESTs present on PmaxArray 1.0 with reference to specific locations of the mantle. Expression profile clusters have indicated at least five unique functioning zones in the mantle. Three of these zones are likely involved in shell related activities including formation of nacre, periostracum and calcitic prismatic microstructure. A number of novel and known transcripts have been identified from these clusters. The development of PmaxArray 1.0, and the spatial map of its ESTs expression in the mantle has begun characterizing the molecular mechanisms linking the organics and inorganics of the molluscan shell.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia. lgardner@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Luke D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leavesley
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elizur
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D060105:Animal Shells / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015723:Gene Library; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D060734:Nacre / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D049911:Pinctada / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D060734:Nacre