title: The effect of distraction strategies on pain perception and the nociceptive flexor reflex (RIII reflex).
abstract: Distraction from pain reduces pain perception, and imaging studies have suggested that this may at least partially be mediated by activation of descending pain inhibitory systems. Here, we used the nociceptive flexor reflex (RIII reflex) to directly quantify the effects of different distraction strategies on basal spinal nociception and its temporal summation. Twenty-seven healthy subjects participated in 3 distraction tasks (mental imagery, listening to preferred music, spatial discrimination of brush stimuli) and, in a fourth task, concentrated on the painful stimulus. Results show that all 3 distraction tasks reduced pain perception, but only the brush task also reduced the RIII reflex. The concentration-on-pain task increased both pain perception and the RIII reflex. The extent of temporal summation of pain perception and the extent of temporal summation of the RIII reflex were not affected by any of the tasks. These results suggest that some, but not all, forms of pain reduction by distraction rely on descending pain inhibition. In addition, pain reduction by distraction seems to preferentially affect mechanisms of basal nociceptive transmission, not of temporal summation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruscheweyh
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kreusch
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marziniak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D055698:Touch Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult