title: The impact of U.S. military operations in Kuwait, Bosnia, and Kosovo (1991-2000) on environmental health surveillance.
abstract: Deployments of U.S. Forces to the Persian Gulf (1991), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995), and Kosovo (1999) were associated with diverse, potential environmental exposures. Health effects possibly associated with these exposures were cause for concern among service members, veterans, and military and civilian leaders. A need for the military to effectively respond to these exposures, and more importantly, to assess and mitigate exposures before deployments and to conduct environmental surveillance during deployments was identified. The Department of Defense encountered many obstacles in dealing with the exposures of 1991. Even though these obstacles were being identified, and in some cases, addressed, responses to historical exposure concerns continued to be reactive. In 1996, efforts were intensified to improve policy and doctrine, field sampling equipment, risk assessment processes, geographic information systems, and other tools needed to effectively identify and reduce the impact of exposures before troops deploy and to conduct environmental surveillance while deployed. Success in these efforts resulted in a comprehensive, planned approach being implemented to address environmental health concerns during the 1999 Kosovo deployment.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Army Institute for Public Health, 5158 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5403, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
mesh_terms: D017522:Bosnia and Herzegovina; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005390:Fires; D005648:Fuel Oils / Q000009:adverse effects; D047830:Gulf War; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D007730:Kuwait; D008889:Military Personnel; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D015980:Public Health Practice; D014481:United States; D015022:Yugoslavia
chemical_list: D005648:Fuel Oils