title: Bacteria stimulate hatching of yellow fever mosquito eggs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aedes aegypti Linnaeus is a peridomestic mosquito that lays desiccation-resistant eggs in water-filled human-made containers. Previous investigations connected egg hatching with declining dissolved oxygen (DO) that is associated with bacterial growth. However, past studies failed to uncouple DO from other potential stimulatory factors and they contained little quantitative information about the microbial community; consequently, a direct role for bacteria or compounds associated with bacteria in stimulating egg hatching cannot be dismissed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Environmental factors stimulating hatch of Ae. aegypti eggs were investigated using non-sterile and sterile white oak leaf (WOL) infusions and a bacterial culture composed of a mix of 14 species originally isolated from bamboo leaf infusion. In WOL infusion with active microbes, 92.4% of eggs hatched in 2-h at an average DO concentration of 2.4 ppm. A 24-h old bacterial culture with a DO concentration of 0.73 ppm also stimulated 95.2% of eggs hatch within 1-h. In contrast, only 4.0% of eggs hatched in sterile infusion, whose DO averaged 7.4 ppm. Effects of bacteria were uncoupled from DO by exposing eggs to bacterial cells suspended in NaCl solution. Over a 4-h exposure period, 93.8% of eggs hatched while DO concentration changed minimally from 7.62 to 7.50 ppm. Removal of bacteria by ultra-filtration and cell-free filtrate resulted in only 52.0% of eggs hatching after 4-h at an average DO concentration of 5.5 ppm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, the results provide compelling evidence that bacteria or water-soluble compounds secreted by bacteria, not just low DO concentration, stimulate hatching of Ae. aegypti eggs. However, the specific cues involved remain to be identified. These research findings contribute new insight into an important aspect of the oviposition biology of Ae. aegypti, a virus vector of global importance, providing the basis for a new paradigm of environmental factors involved in egg hatching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America. loganathan_ponnusamy@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Loganathan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ponnusamy
authors.forename: Katalin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Böröczky
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wesson
authors.forename: Coby
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schal
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Apperson
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010063:Ovum / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D029963:Quercus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D015004:Yellow Fever / Q000635:transmission*