title: Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Mexican bolitoglossine salamanders using an optimal sampling protocol.
abstract: The role of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which is the causal agent of chytridiomycosis, in the declines of Central American bolitoglossine salamanders is unknown. Here we establish a swabbing protocol to maximize the detection probability of Bd in salamanders. We then used this protocol to examine captive and wild Mexican bolitoglossine salamanders of 14 different species for the presence of Bd. Of the seven body parts sampled, the pelvic region, hindlimbs, forelimbs, and the ventral side of the tail had the most Bd per surface area and thus might provide the best sampling regions of salamanders to detect Bd infections. Sixteen out of 33 (48%) of the dead captive salamanders had Bd infections and epidermal hyperkeratosis, whereas none of the 28 clinically healthy captive animals were infected. Nine out of 17 (53%) of the wild salamanders carried low zoospore loads of Bd but had no clinical signs of disease. The high prevalence of Bd in dead captive salamanders, its absence in clinically healthy living ones and its presence in wild salamanders is consistent with Bd being involved in recent bolitoglossine population declines, but further studies would be required to draw a causal link.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. pascale.vanrooij@ugent.be
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Rooij
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nerz
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voitel
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Immerseel
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haesebrouck
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasmans
mesh_terms: D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D008411:Chytridiomycota / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008800:Mexico; D012494:Sampling Studies