title: Effects of topical application of inorganic polyphosphate on tissue remodeling in rat inflamed gingiva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inorganic polyphosphate [poly(P)] is a biopolymer found in almost all cells and tissues, and which promotes tissue remodeling. However, there is limited information on how poly(P) affects the connective tissue in inflamed gingiva. This study examined the effects of topical application of poly(P) on gingival connective tissue and its remodeling in a rat periodontitis model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (n = 36, 8 wk of age) were used in this 6-wk study. The rats were divided into six groups of six rats each. The control group received no treatment. In the other groups, periodontitis was ligature-induced for 4 wk. After 4 wk, the rats with periodontitis were further divided into five groups, and were left untreated (periodontitis group) or subjected to topical application of oral rinses containing 0, 0.1, 1 or 5% poly(P) for 2 wk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The periodontitis and 0% poly(P) groups showed a higher density of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a lower density of collagen in gingival tissue than the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast, groups treated with more than 1% poly(P) exhibited a lower density of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (p < 0.05) and a higher density of collagen than the periodontitis and 0% poly(P) groups (p < 0.05). A higher expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 was observed in the gingiva of rats treated with 1% poly(P) than in those treated with 0% poly(P) (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical application of poly(P) may induce connective tissue remodeling, contributing to improvement of inflamed gingiva in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasuyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomofuji
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ekuni
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irie
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D003094:Collagen / Q000187:drug effects; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004846:Epithelial Attachment / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000187:drug effects; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000187:drug effects; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000187:drug effects; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000187:drug effects; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009067:Mouthwashes; D011122:Polyphosphates; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D003094:Collagen; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C522363:Mmp2 protein, rat; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C572337:Mmp9 protein, rat