title: Stutter exacerbated by lithium in a pediatric patient with bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the first known case of a lithium-exacerbated stutter in a pediatric patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-year-old male with a history of developmental stuttering, bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder was admitted to the psychiatric hospital because of recurrent suicidal ideations and increased physical aggression toward staff at his residential facility. The patient was being treated with lithium at initial dose of 150 mg/day at bedtime for bipolar disorder NOS. When the lithium dose was increased to 900 mg twice daily to better control the bipolar symptoms, his developmental stutter worsened intensely. When the lithium dose was reduced to 600 mg in the morning and 900 mg at night, the stutter returned to baseline. No other medication changes were made during this interval. His serum lithium concentration was 0.62 mEq/L at baseline, 1.24 mEq/L during the height of his exacerbated stutter, and returned to 0.64 mEq/L after dose reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, only 1 case of lithium-exacerbated stutter has been reported in the literature, and this was in an adult. The developmental stutter of our pediatric patient worsened when he was treated with higher doses of lithium. He was on stable doses of his other medications during the adjustments to the lithium dose, making it less likely that the stutter was due to one of these medications. However, it is possible that the exacerbation involved an interaction between lithium and one or several of the other medications. Based on the Naranjo probability scale, this case represents a probable adverse drug reaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware that an additional adverse effect of lithium may be an exacerbation of stutter.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Gulack
authors.forename: Neil V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: Wun J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000150:complications; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013342:Stuttering / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D008094:Lithium