title: Patient activation and functional recovery in persons undergoing spine surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite advances in surgical techniques, outcomes after spine surgery are highly variable. Recent research has highlighted the importance of individuals participating in, and taking responsibility for, their health and recovery. Patient activation, defined as an individual's propensity to engage in adaptive health behaviors leading to improved health outcomes, has been identified as a potentially important factor in this process. Our goal was to determine the association between preoperative patient activation and functional recovery after lumbar spine surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed sixty-five consecutive patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery from August 2005 through May 2006. Patient activation was assessed preoperatively as one of four stages. We assessed pain intensity, disability, and functional status preoperatively and postoperatively with use of a numeric rating scale for pain, the Oswestry Disability Index, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-12 (version 2). Comparisons were made for disability and functional status as a function of patient activation. Repeated-measures linear regression models were used to test the association between patient activation and functional recovery over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperatively, we rated participant activation as low (Stage I, fifteen patients), high (Stage IV, sixteen patients), and intermediate (Stage II, twelve patients; Stage III, twenty-two patients; total, thirty-four patients). Overall, pain and disability decreased after surgery (p < 0.05). Stage-IV participants experienced a greater degree of decrease in pain (p = 0.049) and disability (p = 0.035) than did Stage-I participants. Overall, physical and mental health improved after surgery (p < 0.05), but only physical health differed according to patient activation, with a significantly smaller improvement in Stage-I participants than in Stage-IV participants (p = 0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High patient activation was associated with better recovery after surgery. Increased patient activation may lead to improved functional recovery through increased physical therapy adherence after spine surgery in adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 4940 Eastern Avenue, #A665, Baltimore, MD 21224-2780, USA.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Skolasky
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Wegener
authors.forename: Lee H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010358:Patient Participation; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery