title: Effect of dual-frequency clutter suppression in harmonic Doppler detection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-frequency Doppler imaging is highly potential for detection of blood flow in microcirculation. In a swept-scan system, however, the spectral broadening of tissue clutter limits the detectability of low-velocity flow signal. Conventionally, the scanning speed of transducer has to be reduced to alleviate the clutter interference but at the cost of imaging frame rate. For example, the blood velocity of 0.5mm/s becomes detectable only with a scanning speed lower than 1mm/s. In this study, an alternative method is examined by suppressing the clutter magnitude to reduce the interference to flow signal without sacrificing scanning speed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method of third harmonic (3f(0)) transmit phasing can suppress the tissue harmonic clutter by transmitting at the fundamental and the additional 3f(0) frequencies to achieve mutual cancellation between the frequency-sum and the frequency-difference components of the second harmonic signal. With 3f(0) transmit phasing, the cut-off frequency of wall filtering can be reduced to preserve low-velocity flow without compromising the frame rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that the 3f(0) transmit phasing effectively reduces the harmonic clutter magnitude and thus improves the flow signal-to-clutter ratio. Compared to the conventional counterpart, the clutter-suppressed color flow and power Doppler images show fewer clutter artifacts and is capable of detecting more low-velocity flow of microbubbles. The resultant color-pixel-density also improves with clutter suppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the swept-scan high-frequency (>20MHz) system, 3f(0) transmit phasing is capable of providing effective clutter suppression. With the same achievable scanning speed, the resultant Doppler image has higher sensitivity for low-velocity flow and is less susceptible to clutter artifacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. Choushen@mail.ntust.edu.tw
authors.forename: Che-Chou
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Hsin-Hsien
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*