title: A feedback inclusive neuromuscular training program alters frontal plane kinematics.
abstract: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) neuromuscular training programs have demonstrated beneficial effects in reducing ACL injuries, yet further evaluation of their effects on biomechanical measures across a sports team season is required to elucidate the specific factors that are modifiable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 10-week off-season neuromuscular training program on lower extremity kinematics. Twelve Division I female soccer players (age: 19.2 ± 0.8 years, height: 1.67 ± 0.1 m, weight: 60.2 ± 6.5 kg) performed unanticipated dynamic trials of a running stop-jump task pretraining and posttraining. Data collection was performed using an 8-camera Vicon system (Los Angeles, CA, USA) and 2 Bertec (Columbus, OH, USA) force plates. The 10-week training program consisted of resistance training 2 times per week and field training, consisting of plyometric, agility, and speed drills, 2 times per week. Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to assess the differences between pretraining and posttraining kinetics and kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle at initial contact (IC), peak knee flexion (PKF), and peak stance. Repeated measures ANOVAs were also used to assess isometric strength differences pretraining and posttraining. The alpha level was set at 0.05 a priori. The training program demonstrated significant increases in left hip extension, left and right hip flexion, and right hip adduction isometric strength. At IC, knee abduction angle moved from an abducted to an adducted position (-1.48 ± 3.65° to 1.46 ± 3.86°, p = 0.007), and hip abduction angle increased (-6.05 ± 4.63° to -10.34 ± 6.83°, p = 0.007). Hip abduction angle at PKF increased (-2.23 ± 3.40° to 6.01 ± 3.82°, p = 0.002). The maximum knee extension moment achieved at peak stance increased from pretraining to posttraining (2.02 ± 0.32 to 2.38 ± 0.75 N·m·kg⁻¹, p = 0.027). The neuromuscular training program demonstrated a potential positive effect in altering mechanics that influence the risk of incurring an ACL injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA. egreska@odu.edu
authors.forename: Eric K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Greska
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.forename: Bonnie L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Van Lunen
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oñate
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D035002:Lower Extremity; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D055070:Resistance Training; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult