title: cAMP during HIV infection: friend or foe?
abstract: Intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) are important regulators of immune cells, partially determining the balance between activation and suppression. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which HIV infection increases cAMP levels in T cells, as well as the effect of cAMP on HIV-specific responses and its effect on HIV replication and infection. Results suggest that increased cAMP levels during HIV infection may have a dual and opposite roles. On the one hand, they could have a protective effect by limiting viral replication in infected cells and decreasing viral entry. On the other hand, they could have a detrimental role by reducing HIV-specific antiviral immune responses, thus reducing the clearance of the virus and contributing to T cell dysfunction. Future studies are thus needed to further define the beneficial versus detrimental roles of cAMP, as they could help establish new therapeutic targets to combat HIV replication and/or identify novel ways to boost antiviral immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, Immunobiology Graduate Program University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Ohio 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Moreno-Fernandez
authors.forename: Cesar Mauricio
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Velilla
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rugeles
authors.forename: Claire A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chougnet
mesh_terms: D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000242:Cyclic AMP