title: Comparison of rate control versus rhythm control for management of atrial fibrillation in patients with coexisting heart failure: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare lifetime costs and health outcomes of rate control versus rhythm control for management of atrial fibrillation in patients with coexisting heart failure from the third-party payer perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov decision analysis model constructed from costs, utility, and transition probability inputs obtained from randomized clinical trials and publically available databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simulated cohort aged 65 years or older with persistent or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Markov states for rhythm control were cardioversion plus amiodarone and maintenance amiodarone, and those for rate control were β-blocker, digoxin, and calcium channel blocker. Transition states included treatment success, hospitalizations for atrial fibrillation and/or heart failure, and severe adverse effects. Economic inputs included cost for drugs, cost of hospitalizations for atrial fibrillation and/or heart failure, and cost of management of severe adverse effects. Costs were measured in 2009 U.S. dollars, and clinical outcomes in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). One-way and multivariable sensitivity analyses were conducted. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were obtained from probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Rate control was found to be less costly and more effective than rhythm control. Base case and probabilistic sensitivity analyses cost and effectiveness values for rate control were $7231 (95% UI $5517-9016) and 2.395 QALYs (95% UI 2.366-2.424 QALYs); whereas those for rhythm control were $16,291 (95% UI $11,033-21,434) and 2.197 QALYs (95% UI 2.155-2.237 QALYs). No critical values were found for any model parameters in the one-way sensitivity analyses. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curves showed that rate control was considered cost-effective in 100% of cases at willingness-to-pay ratios between $0 and $200,000/QALY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rate control is less costly and more effective than rhythm control and should be the initial treatment for atrial fibrillation among patients with coexisting heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Touchette
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: DiDomenico
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Stamos
authors.forename: Surrey M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Walton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents