title: Older adults expend more listening effort than young adults recognizing audiovisual speech in noise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using a dual task paradigm, two experiments were conducted to: (1) quantify the listening effort that young and older adults expend to recognize speech in noise when presented under audio-only (Experiment 1) and audiovisual conditions (Experiment 2) and, (2) determine the influence visual cues have on listening effort. Listening effort refers to the attentional and cognitive resources required to understand speech.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants performed a closed-set word recognition task and tactile pattern recognition task separately and concurrently. Accuracy and reaction time data were collected. The criterion for single task word recognition performance was set to 80% correct across experiments and across age groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each experiment, 25 young and 25 older adults with normal hearing and normal (or corrected normal) vision participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under equated performance conditions, older adults expended more listening effort than young adults with both audio-only and audiovisually presented speech. Furthermore, the processing demands of audiovisual speech recognition were greater than audio-only speech recognition for all participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that while visual cues can improve audiovisual speech recognition, they can also place an extra demand on processing resources with performance consequences for the word and tactile tasks under dual task conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Québec, Canada. penny.anderson@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Penny Anderson
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gosselin
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gagné
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D001302:Audiometry, Speech; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D003071:Cognition; D032882:Comprehension; D003463:Cues; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D046709:Pattern Recognition, Physiological; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D013067:Speech Perception; D013997:Time Factors; D014110:Touch; D014732:Vibration; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult