title: Mitochondrial biogenesis and the development of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: Retinal mitochondria become dysfunctional and their DNA (mtDNA) is damaged in diabetes. The biogenesis of mitochondrial DNA is tightly controlled by nuclear-mitochondrial transcriptional factors, and translocation of transcription factor A (TFAM) to the mitochondria is essential for transcription and replication. Our aim is to investigate the effects of diabetes on nuclear-mitochondrial communication in the retina and its role in the development of retinopathy. Damage of mtDNA, copy number, and biogenesis (PGC1, NRF1, TFAM) were analyzed in the retinas from streptozotocin-diabetic wild-type (WT) and MnSOD transgenic (Tg) mice. Binding between TFAM and chaperone Hsp70 was quantified by coimmunoprecipitation. The key parameters were confirmed in isolated retinal endothelial cells and in the retinas from human donors with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes in WT mice increased retinal mtDNA damage and decreased copy number. The gene transcripts of PGC1, NRF1, and TFAM were increased, but mitochondrial accumulation of TFAM was significantly decreased, and the binding of Hsp70 and TFAM was subnormal compared to WT nondiabetic mice. However, Tg diabetic mice were protected from retinal mtDNA damage and alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis. In retinal endothelial cells, high glucose decreased the number of mitochondria, as demonstrated by MitoTracker green staining and by electron microscopy, and impaired the transcriptional factors. Similar alterations in biogenesis were observed in the donors with diabetic retinopathy. Thus, retinal mitochondrial biogenesis is under the control of superoxide radicals and is impaired in diabetes, possibly by decreased transport of TFAM to the mitochondria. Modulation of biogenesis by pharmaceutical or molecular means may provide a potential strategy to retard the development/progression of diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Shikha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tewari
authors.forename: Andrew F X
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Renu A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kowluru
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy; D018450:Disease Progression; D004579:Electron Transport; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008875:Middle Aged; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006609:High Mobility Group Proteins; C495634:Nrf1 protein, mouse; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; C081930:Tfam protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase