title: Acceleration of emergence of bacterial antibiotic resistance in connected microenvironments.
abstract: The emergence of bacterial antibiotic resistance is a growing problem, yet the variables that influence the rate of emergence of resistance are not well understood. In a microfluidic device designed to mimic naturally occurring bacterial niches, resistance of Escherichia coli to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin developed within 10 hours. Resistance emerged with as few as 100 bacteria in the initial inoculation. Whole-genome sequencing of the resistant organisms revealed that four functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms attained fixation. Knowledge about the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in the heterogeneous conditions within the mammalian body may be helpful in understanding the emergence of drug resistance during cancer chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
authors.forename: Qiucen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Hyunsung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kristelle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robin
authors.forename: Chih-kuan
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pourmand
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D048168:Escherichia coli K12 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C080004:MarR protein, E coli; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C102053:RbsA protein, E coli; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D027081:DNA Gyrase