title: Genetic modulation of plasma NPY stress response is suppressed in substance abuse: association with clinical outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in stress regulation. Genetic variations predict plasma NPY and neural correlates of emotion and stress. We examined whether the functional NPY haplotype modulates stress-induced NPY and anxiety responses, and if plasma NPY stress responses are associated with substance dependence outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven treatment-engaged, abstinent substance dependent (SD) patients and 28 healthy controls (HCs) characterized on NPY diplotypes (HH: high expression; HLLL: intermediate/low expression) were exposed to stress, alcohol/drug cues and neutral relaxing cues, using individualized guided imagery, in a 3-session laboratory experiment. Plasma NPY, heart rate and anxiety were assessed. Patients were prospectively followed for 90-days post-treatment to assess relapse outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HH individuals showed significantly lower stress-induced NPY with greater heart rate and anxiety ratings, while the HLLL group showed the reverse pattern of NPY, anxiety and heart rate responses. This differential genetic modulation of NPY stress response was suppressed in the SD group, who showed no stress-related increases in NPY and higher heart rate and greater anxiety, regardless of diplotype. Lower NPY predicted subsequent higher number of days and greater amounts of post-treatment drug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary findings are the first to document chronic drug abuse influences on NPY diplotype expression where NPY diplotype modulation of stress-related plasma NPY, heart rate and anxiety responses was absent in the substance abuse sample. The finding that lower stress-related NPY is predictive of greater relapse severity provides support for therapeutic development of neuropeptide Y targets in the treatment of substance use disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kwangik Adam
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hauger
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Rajita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012008:Recurrence; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D009478:Neuropeptide Y