title: Cold activity and tolerance of the entomopathogenic fungus Tolypocladium spp. to UV-B irradiation and heat.
abstract: Studies on the stress resistance of insect-pathogenic fungi are very important to better understand the survival of these organisms in the environment. In this study, we examined the cold activity (8 ± 1°C for 7 days), UV-B tolerance (Quaite-weighted UV-B irradiance at 847.90 mW m(-2) for 1, 2, 3, and 4 h), and wet-heat tolerance (45°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 h) of two isolates of Tolypocladiumcylindrosporum (ARSEF 3392 and 5558), one isolate of Tolypocladium geodes (ARSEF 3275), and two isolates of Tolypocladium inflatum (ARSEF 4772 and 4877) based on their germination, compared with Metarhizium robertsii (ARSEF 2575). After 3 h of UV-B exposure, T. cylindrosporum germinated at a greater rate than the other Tolypocladium species and had similar viability to that of the M. robertsii. Most Tolypocladium isolates, however, were less UV-B tolerant than M. robertsii. The T.cylindrosporum isolates were also the most thermotolerant, with similar tolerance to the M. robertsii. The isolates of T. inflatum and T. geodes, which had similar heat tolerance, were the least heat tolerant compared with the isolates of T. cylindrosporum and M. robertsii. After 4h of heat exposure, the germination of T. inflatum and T. geodes isolates was not significantly different. For cold activity, both T.cylindrosporum isolates germinated to ca. 100% in only 3 days. Approximately 50% of the two T. inflatum isolates germinated, and less than 5% of T. geodes germinated after 3 days. All fungal isolates, however, completely germinated by the seventh day, except M.robertsii. The isolates of T. cylindrosporum, therefore, were the most heat and UV-B tolerant, and had the highest cold activity compared to the other species. The tolerance of M. robertsii to UV-B radiation and heat was similar to that of T.cylindrosporum.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP 12244-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maiara P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Luciana P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Paulo C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Liliana A A P
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pasin
authors.forename: Drauzio E N
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rangel
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000528:radiation effects; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*