title: Enteral fish oil for treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in six infants with short-bowel syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of enteral fish oil for the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric academic hospital and outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six parenteral nutrition-dependent infants with short-bowel syndrome and PNALD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The six infants received supplementation with enteral fish oil, and treatment was evaluated over a 12-week period. The PNALD, as reflected by elevated total bilirubin levels, completely reversed in four of the six infants within a mean ± SD of 5 ± 2.6 weeks (range 2-8 wks) after initiation of the enteral fish oil supplementation. In addition, improvement in enteral feedings occurred after starting enteral fish oil therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enteral fish oil may be an effective adjunctive treatment option for infants with PNALD, particularly for those infants with PNALD who are tolerating some amount of enteral nutrition as the result of an adequate amount of small bowel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, USA. etillman@uthsc.edu
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tillman
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Crill
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hak
authors.forename: Linda F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Eunice Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Helms
mesh_terms: D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008297:Male; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012074:Remission Induction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D001663:Bilirubin