title: False-positive identification of  Escherichia coli  in treated municipal wastewater and wastewater-irrigated soils.
abstract: The increasing use of treated wastewater for irrigation heightens the importance of accurate monitoring of water quality. Chromogenic media, because they are easy to use and provide rapid results, are often used for detection of Escherichia coli in environmental samples, but unique levels of organic and inorganic compounds alter the chemistry of treated wastewater, potentially hindering the accurate performance of chromogenic media. We used MI agar and molecular confirmatory methods to assess false-positive identification of E. coli in treated wastewater samples collected from municipal utilities, an irrigation holding pond, irrigated soils, and in samples collected from storm flows destined for groundwater recharge. False-positive rates in storm flows (4.0%) agreed closely with USEPA technical literature but were higher in samples from the pond, soils, and treatment facilities (33.3%, 38.0%, and 48.8%, respectively). Sequencing of false-positive isolates confirmed that most were, like E. coli, of the family Enterobacteriaceae, and many of the false-positive isolates were reported to produce the β-D-glucuronidase enzyme targeted by MI agar. False-positive identification rates were inversely related to air temperature, suggesting that seasonal variations in water quality influence E. coli identification. Knowledge of factors contributing to failure of chromogenic media will lead to manufacturer enhancements in media quality and performance and will ultimately increase the accuracy of future water quality monitoring programs.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA. jean.mclain@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Jean E T
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McLain
authors.forename: Channah M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lohse
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walworth
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002863:Chromogenic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000382:microbiology*; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods; D012621:Seasons; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D002863:Chromogenic Compounds; D003470:Culture Media; D012722:Sewage