title: Salvianic borneol ester reduces β-amyloid oligomers and prevents cytotoxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The destabilization of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide aggregates and the protection of functional cells are the attractive therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba C.Y.Wu & H.W.Li (Lamiaceae) (SM) have attracted increasing attention for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Salvianic borneol ester (SBE) is a new compound based on SM formulas. The present study was designed to examine the anti-amyloid effects and neuroprotection of SBE in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The destabilizing effects of SBE and its related compounds (salvianic acid A and borneol) on preformed Aβ oligomers were measured by using fluorescence spectroscopy with thioflavin T (ThT) and the destabilizing effects of SBE were further confirmed visually by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The neuroprotective effects of SBE against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and motor neuron hybridoma cells (VSC 4.1) were shown by MTT assay and morphological observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SBE showed the most significant destabilizing effect, though the mixture of salvianic acid A and borneol also destabilized Aβ1-40 oligomers. The destabilizing activity of salvianic acid A or borneol alone was not significant. SBE destabilized Aβ1-40 oligomers in dose- and time-dependent manners and the destabilizing effect could also be seen in the photographs of TEM. Furthermore, SBE could protect SH-SY5Y cells and VSC 4.1 cells against H(2)O(2)-induced toxicity in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SBE had the bifunctional activities of anti-amyloid and neuroprotection. It may have therapeutic potential for AD and be an alternative lead compound for developing new drugs against AD.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. hanmei@bnu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jinping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yongyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Changqi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D001892:Camphanes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D027544:Salvia
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000975:Antioxidants; D001892:Camphanes; D007773:Lactates; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C078592:amyloid beta-protein (1-40); C571342:salvianic borneol ester