title: Antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, and cytotoxic screening of ethnopharmacologically selected Peruvian plants.
abstract: Extracts (34) from eight plant species of the Peruvian Amazonia currently used in traditional Peruvian medicine, mostly as antileishmanial remedies and also as painkiller, antiseptic, antipyretic, anti-inflamatory, antiflu, astringent, diuretic, antipoison, anticancerous, antiparasitic, insecticidal, or healing agents, have been tested for their antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, and cytotoxic activity. Plant species were selected based on interviews conducted with residents of rural areas. The different plant parts were dried, powdered, and extracted by maceration with different solvents (hexane, chloroform, and 70% ethanol-water). These extracts were tested on promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum strain PB75, epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y, and the mammalian CHO cell line. Parasite viability and nonspecific cytotoxicity were analyzed by a modified MTT colorimetric assay method. The isolation and identification of pure compounds from selected extracts were performed by column chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS; mixtures), spectroscopic techniques [MS, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV)], and mono and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; COSY, HSQC, NOESY) experiments. Chondodendron tomentosum bark and Cedrela odorata were the most active extracts against Leishmania, while C. odorata and Aristoloquia pilosa were the most active against Trypanosoma, followed by Tabebuia serratifolia, Tradescantia zebrina, and Zamia ulei. Six compounds and two mixtures were isolated from Z. ulei [cycasin (1)], T. serratifolia {mixtures 1-2, and naphthoquinones 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (2) and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (3)}, and C. tomentosum [chondrocurine (4); (S,S')-12-O-methyl(+)-curine (5); and cycleanine (6)]. Four compounds and the two mixtures exhibited significant activity.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Serrano 115-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Azucena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Coloma
authors.forename: Matías
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reina
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sáenz
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lacret
authors.forename: Lastenia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Mesia
authors.forename: Vicente J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Arán
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: Rafael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Martínez-Díaz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006586:Hexanes; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000187:drug effects; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010568:Peru; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D003603:Cytotoxins; D006586:Hexanes; D010936:Plant Extracts; C026385:n-hexane