title: [Individual, community, regulatory, and systemic approaches to tobacco control interventions].
abstract: During the 60s and the 70s strategies for decreasing initiation or quitting have been developed, in order to find those with high success rates. Unfortunately, interventions with an individual approach involved few smokers, so their impact in decreasing smoking prevalence was limited. The socio-ecological model offers a theoretical framework to community interventions for smoking cessation developed during the 80s, in which smoking was considered not only an individual, but also a social problem. In the 80s and the 90s smoking cessation community trials were developed, such as the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT). Afterwards, policy interventions (price policy; smoking bans in public places; advertising bans; bans of sales to minors) were developed, such as the American Stop Smoking Intervention Study for Cancer Prevention (ASSIST). California has been the first State all over the world to develop a comprehensive Tobacco Control Program in 1988, becoming the place for an ever-conducted natural experiment. All policy interventions in tobacco control have been finally grouped together in the World Health Organization - Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC), the first Public Health Treaty. Study designs have changed, according to the individual, community, or regulatory approaches: the classical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in which the sampling unit is the individual, have been carried out for the evaluation of smoking cessation treatments, whereas cluster RCTs, in which the sampling unit is the community, have been conducted for evaluating community interventions, such as COMMIT. Finally, quasi-experimental studies (before/after study; prospective cohorts, both with a control group), in which the observational unit is a State, have been used for evaluating tobacco control policies, such as ASSIST and the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project. Although the successes of the last 20 years, tobacco control is at a critical point: in a reductionist approach, we tried to study its parts, but few efforts have been done to consider tobacco control as a complex network that needs an alternative approach to be understood, the systems thinking approach. New attempts of understanding and solving contradictions within tobacco control using a systems thinking approach are presented.
authors.affiliation: SC Epidemiologia ambientale occupazionale - ISPO, Firenze. g.gorini@ispo.toscana.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gorini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003154:Community Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration; D003226:Congresses as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005544:Forecasting; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011633:Public Facilities / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013598:Systems Theory; D019460:Tobacco Industry; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution