title: Parenting style is related to executive dysfunction after brain injury in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to examine how parenting style (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive) and family functioning are related to behavioral aspects of executive function following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 75 children with TBI and 97 children with orthopedic injuries (OI), ages 3-7 years at injury. Pre-injury parenting behavior and family functioning were assessed shortly after injury, and postinjury executive functions were assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF; Gioia & Isquith, 2004) at 6, 12, and 18 months postinjury. Mixed model analyses, using pre-injury executive functioning (assessed by the BRIEF at baseline) as a covariate, examined the relationship of parenting style and family characteristics to executive functioning in children with moderate and severe TBI compared to OI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among children with moderate TBI, higher levels of authoritarian parenting were associated with greater executive difficulties at 12 and 18 months following injury. Permissive and authoritative parenting styles were not significantly associated with postinjury executive skills. Finally, fewer family resources predicted more executive deficits across all of the groups, regardless of injury type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide additional evidence regarding the role of the social and familial environment in emerging behavior problems following childhood TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. jennifer.potter@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Nicolay C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Walz
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassedy
authors.forename: M Hank
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Keith O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001318:Authoritarianism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D056344:Executive Function; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010541:Permissiveness; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires