title: Bone marrow edema patterns in the ankle and hindfoot: distinguishing MRI features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many disorders produce similar or overlapping patterns of bone marrow edema in the ankle. Bone marrow edema may present in a few hindfoot bones simultaneously or in a single bone. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to provide guidelines based on clinical history and specific MRI patterns and locations to accurately identify the cause of ankle bone marrow edema. We will first focus on bone marrow edema in general disease categories involving multiple bones, such as reactive processes, trauma, neuroarthropathy, and arthritides. A discussion of bone marrow edema in individual bones of the ankle and hindfoot including the tibia, fibula, talus, and calcaneus will follow. Helpful hints for arriving at the correct diagnosis will be provided in each section.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After review of this article, radiologists should be able to use their knowledge of clinical history and specific MRI patterns and locations to accurately distinguish between the various causes of bone marrow edema in the ankle and hindfoot.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Lifecenter Hospital, Ave do Contorno 4747, Serra, Belo Horizonte 30110-090, Brazil. rios.adrianamartins@gmail.com
authors.forename: Adriana Martins
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Zehava Sadka
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Jenny Teresa
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bencardino
authors.forename: Silvia Pérez
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.forename: Sara García
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Theran
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004487:Edema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*