title: [Obstetric analgesia in German clinics. Remifentanil as alternative to regional analgesia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidural regional analgesia is still recommended as the gold standard for obstetric analgesia due to its high efficacy and less depressing effects to the central nervous system. However, if absolute or relative contraindications for a regional anesthetic technique are present, there is a need for an effective and safe alternative. This survey investigates the current use of intravenous opioids, with a focus on remifentanil as patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA), in obstetrics in German hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was sent to 930 anesthesia units. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS statistical package (PASW Statistics 18.0). The questionnaire requested statistics on births, the existing alternative labor analgesic techniques, intramuscular or intravenous opioids, PCIA or other options. Furthermore, the questions focused on details regarding the use of intravenous opioids in conjunction with PCIA techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Replies were received from 343 anesthetic departments (response rate 37%) and 281 clinics had an obstetric department and were included for further analysis. All clinics provided a 24 h epidural service and the most commonly used opioids were pethidine (19%), meptazinol (17%) and piritramide (16%) for intermittent intravenous/intramuscular administration. Only 0.9% of the clinics offered nitrous oxide as an alternative analgesic technique and 22 (8%) of the responding anesthetic departments offered PCIA. Remifentanil was the most popular choice in conjunction with PCIA (68%) for labor analgesia. Most hospitals offering PCIA continuously monitor oxygen saturation (91%) and the blood pressure (95%), whereas continuous electrocardiograms (18%) and clinical observation of the respiratory frequency (19%) were less commonly reported. However, most clinics offered one-to-one nursing for the parturient using an opioid PCIA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey revealed that pethidine, meptazinol and piritramide are the most common opioids for opioid-based systemic labor pain relief in Germany. If PCIA is offered, remifentanil is the most popular opioid. However, only a few clinics are routinely using PCIA for obstetric analgesia. Furthermore the study showed that the current monitoring standards seem to have room for improvement with respect to safe administration of an opioid PCIA. The safety standards require continuous observation of the oxygen saturation, the possibility for oxygen supply, one-to-one nursing for a close clinical observation of the mother and the presence of an anesthetist during the initial titration phase to safely apply this technique. Applying these safety standards PCIA may prove a useful alternative for central neuraxial labor analgesia in those women who either do not want, cannot have or do not need epidural analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muellenbach
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frambach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoenig
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roewer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kranke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004363:Drug Utilization; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008614:Meperidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008621:Meptazinol; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010892:Pirinitramide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011247:Pregnancy; D000077208:Remifentanil; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010880:Piperidines; D008621:Meptazinol; D010892:Pirinitramide; D008614:Meperidine; D000077208:Remifentanil; D010100:Oxygen