title: Conventional and novel cardiovascular risk factors and markers of vascular damage in rural and urban Indian men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  India is undergoing rapid epidemiological and nutritional transition largely as a consequence of rapid urbanisation. We investigated conventional and novel cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban Indian men and studied their association with markers of vascular damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly selected and studied 149 rural, 142 urban slum residents and 150 urban middle class middle aged Indian men. We measured conventional (obesity, blood pressure, lipids, smoking habits) and novel (proinflammatory and prothrombotic factors) cardiovascular risk factors and markers of vascular damage (carotid intima media thickness (IMT), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), e-selectin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a progressive increase in most of the conventional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors from rural to slum to urban middle class men. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), platelet count, total homocysteine and C-reactive protein showed similar patterns. Carotid IMT was similar in the three groups; vWF was highest in rural and e-selectin in slum men. Adjusting for location, age explained 17%, obesity 3% and conventional risk factors 1% of the variance in carotid IMT, whilst novel cardiovascular risk factors were without any significant impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urbanisation increases obesity related as well as prothrombotic and proinflammatory CV risk factors in Indian men, but appears not to impact on IMT.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India. diabetes@vsnl.com
authors.forename: Chittaranjan S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yajnik
authors.forename: Charudatta V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Joglekar
authors.forename: Manoj C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chinchwadkar
authors.forename: Mehmood G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sayyad
authors.forename: Swapna S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Sadanand S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: Dattatray S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganpule
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yudkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000639:trends; D014505:Urban Population / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers