title: Amanita thiersii is a saprotrophic fungus expanding its range in the United States.
abstract: Although most species in the genus Amanita form ectomycorrhizal associations, a few are reported to be saprotrophs living in grassland habitats. Little is known about the ecology and distribution of these free-living Amanita species. We describe the ecology of Amanita thiersii, a species commonly collected in lawns throughout the Mississippi River Basin. Stable isotopes of carbon, transcriptomic sequences and patterns of growth on complex carbon sources provide evidence for A. thiersii as a saprotrophic species. Sporocarps of A. thiersii are less depleted in (13)C compared to published data for ectomycorrhizal fungi, supporting a saprotrophic mode of carbon acquisition in the field. Orthologs of cellulase genes known to play key roles in the decomposition of cellulose in other basidiomycetes were identified in a transcriptome of A. thiersii, establishing that this species has the genetic potential to degrade cellulose. Amanita thiersii also can use artificial cellulose or sterile grass litter as a sole carbon source. DNA sequences of three nuclear gene regions and banding patterns from four inter-simple sequence repeat markers were identical across 31 populations from throughout the known range of the species, which suggests the genetic diversity of A. thiersii populations is low. Maps of A. thiersii collections made from the 1950s until present suggest this species is experiencing a range expansion. It was reported first in 1952 in Texas and now occurs in nine states north to Illinois. These data provide an ecological context for interpreting the genome of A. thiersii, currently being sequenced at the United States Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute.
authors.affiliation: Harvard University, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. bewolfe@gmail.com
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pringle
mesh_terms: D000545:Amanita / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002480:Cellulase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D015146:Midwestern United States; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D002480:Cellulase