title: Natural radioactivity contents in tobacco and radiation dose induced from smoking.
abstract: One of the causative factors for cancer-inducing mechanisms in humans is radioactive elements present in tobacco leaves used in the manufacture of cigarettes. Smoking of tobacco and its products increases the internal intake and radiation dose due to naturally occurring radionuclides that are considered to be one of the most significant causes of lung cancer. In this work, different commercial types of cigarettes, cigar and moassel were collected from market. Naturally occurring radionuclides (226)Ra and (214)Bi ((238)U series), (228)Ac and (228)Ra ((232)Th series), (40)K  and man-made (137)Cs were measured in tobacco using gamma-ray spectrometer. Results show that the average concentrations of (238)U, (232)Th and (40)K were 4.564, 3.940 and 1289.53 Bq kg(-1), respectively. This reflects their origin from the soil by root uptake and fertilisers used in the cultivation of tobacco plants. Concentration of (137)Cs was 0.348 Bq kg(-1) due to root uptake or deposition onto the leaf foliage. For smokers, the annual effective dose due to inhalation of (238)U varied from 49.35 to 139.40 μSv(-1) (average 104.27 μSv y(-1)), while of (232)Th from 23.86 to 111.06 μSv y(-1) (average 65.52 μSv y(-1)). The annual effective dose resulting from (137)Cs was varied from 10.96 to 24.01 nSv y(-1) (average 19.41 nSv y(-1)).
authors.affiliation: Ionizing Radiation Metrology Laboratory, National Institute for Standards, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hany A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Shousha
authors.forename: Fawzia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D001417:Background Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D011874:Radiometry; D012907:Smoking; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D011868:Radioisotopes; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution