title: Electrocardiographic changes in centenarians: a study on 42 subjects and comparison with the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging is associated with extensive and pervasive changes in cardiovascular structure and function, which may result in electrocardiographic alterations. The typical modifications seen in an electrocardiogram (ECG) in elders are: prolonged PR and QT intervals, QRS left-axis deviation and microvolt T wave. Several studies have included elderly people, but not long-living elderly and centenarians in particular who represent an increasing part of the population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the electrocardiographic findings in a population of centenarians and to compare the results with the few studies present in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 42 healthy centenarians (12 males, 30 females; average age 101.43 ± 1.80 years) living in Messina, a municipality of Eastern Sicily, in Italy. They were clinically and functionally evaluated. All ECGs were analyzed by a single observer blind to clinical data. We assessed survival by phone recall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PR interval mean duration was 190 ± 3.3 ms, QRS 90 ± 1.4 ms, QTc interval mean duration was 370 ± 3.5 ms. Entirely normal ECG recordings were found in 7 centenarians (16.6%). The most frequently observed abnormalities included left-axis deviation and left anterior hemiblock in 16 centenarians (38.09%), left ventricular hypertrophy and aspecific ST-T wave abnormalities in 13 subjects (30.95%). We found no statistically significant differences between men and women. The mean age at death was 102.44 ± 2.45, and we did not find significant differences in age at death in long-living elderly in relation to different electrocardiographic findings. Comparing our results with two previous studies in the literature, the first conducted in Switzerland [Cornu: Rev Med Suisse Rom 1979;99:107-113] and the second in Nebraska [Lakkireddy et al.: Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1249-1251], we found a higher frequency of left ventricular hypertrophy that was compatible with the prevalence of hypertension in our centenarians (33.3%). Moreover, we did not find left bundle branch block, and the frequency of premature beats was remarkably less than that observed in the Swiss and US studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the increasing rate of centenarians, we believe that the results of the present study on electrocardiographic changes in centenarians may also be useful in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: School and Division of Geriatrics, University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. giorgio.basile@unime.it
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: Maria Despina
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cucinotta
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Figliomeni
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lo Balbo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maltese
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lasco
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006334:Heart Function Tests; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors