title: Novel selective Cox-2 inhibitors induce apoptosis in Caco-2 colorectal carcinoma cell line.
abstract: The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors including celecoxib inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. As COX-2 is over expressed in solid tumors such as colorectal cancer, it can be a suitable target for cancer treatment studies. In this study we designed and synthesized 4,5-bisaryl imidazolyl imidazoles as novel COX-2 inhibitors and evaluated their apoptosis inducing activities. The ability of our synthetic compounds to inhibit ovine COX-1 and COX-2 was determined using a colorimetric method. The effects of these COX-2 inhibitors and celecoxib on the proliferation of Caco-2 cells were evaluated by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation assay. cDNA microarray technique was used to evaluate the effects of these synthetic compounds on 112 genes involved in apoptosis pathways. The expression of five apoptosis-related genes Bak-1, Bcl-x, BIRC (Survivin), TNFSF10 and CASP3 were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Among our synthetic compounds (3a-c), 4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl derivative (compound 3c) exhibited the highest COX-1/COX-2 selectivity index (SI=262.9) and lowest growth inhibitory concentration (IC(50)=21.20μM). In addition, compounds 3a-c could up-regulate pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulate anti-apoptotic genes. So, these synthetic compounds seem to be inducers of apoptosis in Caco-2 cell line. This study indicates that 4,5-bisaryl imidazolyl imidazole is a suitable scaffold to design COX-2 inhibitors and 4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl derivative exhibited highly COX-2 inhibitory potency and selectivity even more than celecoxib. It seems that it could induce apoptosis in Caco-2 colorectal carcinoma cell line.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Entezari Heravi
authors.forename: Farzin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hadizadeh
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sankian
authors.forename: Jalil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tavakol Afshari
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Taghdisi
authors.forename: Hanieh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jafarian
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Behravan
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D000068579:Celecoxib; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000737:chemistry; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000737:chemistry; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D000068579:Celecoxib