title: Gubernacular development in the mouse is similar to the rat and suggests that the processus vaginalis is derived from the urogenital ridge and is different from the parietal peritoneum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gubernacular development and testicular descent have been studied most extensively in rat models, but new transgenic mouse models require a deep understanding of normal mouse development so that results can be extrapolated to the human. We aimed to compare gubernacular anatomy during development in the mouse with that of the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time-mated mice (C57BL/6) and Sprague-Dawley rats were used to collect male fetuses at embryonic (E) days E13, E14, E15, E17, E18, and E19 and neonates at postnatal (P) days P0 and P2. Fetuses and newborn were processed for serial sections (sagittal, transverse, and coronal) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, muscle markers (embryonic myosin, desmin), a neuronal marker (Tuj1), a mitotic marker (Ki67), and keratin marker to label epithelium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early development of cremaster in the mouse was related to transversus abdominis muscle, but not internal oblique muscle (as in rats), and forms a monolaminar cremaster layer. There is close association between the regressing inguinal mammary bud and the gubernaculum in the mouse at E13. The peritoneal surface of the processus vaginalis (PV) covering the gubernaculum and epididymis was morphologically distinct from the remaining parietal peritoneum throughout development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gubernacular development in mouse is similar to that in the rat except for certain structures, such as cremaster muscle. The PV seems to be derived from the surface of the urogenital ridge, separate from the remaining parietal peritoneum. This study suggests that the PV has evolved to aid testicular descent in this species, rather than a nondescript diverticulum of parietal peritoneum.
authors.affiliation: Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Silverton
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buraundi
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balic
authors.forename: Pamela J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Bridget R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Southwell
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hutson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000196:embryology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice / Q000196:embryology*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000196:embryology; D051381:Rats / Q000196:embryology*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013737:Testis / Q000196:embryology