title: Sub-micrometer particulate air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Beijing, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While the link between particulate matter and cardiovascular mortality is well established, it is not fully investigated and understood which properties of the aerosol might be responsible for the health effects, especially in polluted mega-city areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to explore the association between daily cardiovascular mortality and different particle metrics in the sub-micrometer range in Beijing, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained daily counts of cause-specific cardiovascular deaths in the Beijing urban area for the period March 2004 to August 2005. Concurrently, continuous measurements of particle number size distributions were performed. Particle number concentrations (NC) between 0.003 μm and 0.8 μm were converted to particle mass and surface area concentrations assuming spherical particles. Semi-parametric Poisson regression models adjusting for trend, seasonality, day of the week, and meteorology were used to estimate immediate, delayed and cumulative particle effects. Additionally, effect modification by air mass origin was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed associations between daily cardiovascular mortality and particle NC for a 2-days delay. Moreover, nearly all particle metrics showed 2-days delayed associations with ischemic heart disease mortality. The strongest association was found for particle NC in the size range 0.03-0.1 μm (7.1% increase in daily mortality with a 95%-confidence interval of 2.9%-11.5%, per an increase of 6250 particles/cm3). Results for surface and mass concentrations with a lag of two days indicated effect modification by air mass origin, whereas effects of particle NC were not modified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show an elevated risk of cardiovascular mortality in Beijing from short-term exposure to particulate air pollution in the sub-micrometer range. Results also indicate that locally produced smaller particles and regionally transported particles may exhibit different effects in Beijing.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany. susanne.breitner@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breitner
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cyrys
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brüske
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schlink
authors.forename: Arne Marian
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leitte
authors.forename: Olf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Herbarth
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiedensohler
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wehner
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xiao-Chuan
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: H-Erich
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter