title: Opening the black box of clinical skills assessment via observation: a conceptual model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was intended to develop a conceptual framework of the factors impacting on faculty members' judgements and ratings of resident doctors (residents) after direct observation with patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2009, 44 general internal medicine faculty members responsible for out-patient resident teaching in 16 internal medicine residency programmes in a large urban area in the eastern USA watched four videotaped scenarios and two live scenarios of standardised residents engaged in clinical encounters with standardised patients. After each, faculty members rated the resident using a mini-clinical evaluation exercise and were individually interviewed using a semi-structured interview. Interviews were videotaped, transcribed and analysed using grounded theory methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four primary themes that provide insights into the variability of faculty assessments of residents' performance were identified: (i) the frames of reference used by faculty members when translating observations into judgements and ratings are variable; (ii) high levels of inference are used during the direct observation process; (iii) the methods by which judgements are synthesised into numerical ratings are variable, and (iv) factors external to resident performance influence ratings. From these themes, a conceptual model was developed to describe the process of observation, interpretation, synthesis and rating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is likely that multiple factors account for the variability in faculty ratings of residents. Understanding these factors informs potential new approaches to faculty development to improve the accuracy, reliability and utility of clinical skills assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. jennifer.kogan@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kogan
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conforti
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernabeo
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Iobst
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmboe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019370:Observation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014743:Videotape Recording