title: Multi-system neurorehabilitative strategies to restore motor functions following severe spinal cord injury.
abstract: Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) permanently abolishes motor functions caudal to the lesion. However, the neuronal machinery sufficient to produce standing and stepping is located below most SCI, and can be reactivated with training. Therefore, why do rats and humans fail to regain significant levels of motor control after a severe SCI? In this review, we argue that the lack of sustainable excitability in locomotor circuitries after SCI prevents the emergence of functional motor states during training, thus limiting the occurrence of activity-dependent plasticity in paralyzed subjects. In turn, we show that spinal rats trained with combinations of epidural electrical stimulation and monoamine agonists, which promote locomotor permissive states during rehabilitation, can regain coordinated stepping with full weight bearing capacities in the total absence of supraspinal influences. This impressive recovery of function relies on the ability of spinal circuitries to utilize multisensory information as a source of control and learning after the loss of brain input. We finally discuss the implication of these findings for the design of multi-system neurorehabilitative interventions capable of restoring some degree of function in humans with severe SCI.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Musienko
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heutschi
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Friedli
authors.forename: Rubia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van den Brand
authors.forename: Grégoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Courtine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*