title: Vagus nerve stimulation for intractable seizures in children: the University of Puerto Rico experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is considered an alternative treatment for patients with medically refractory epilepsy who are not candidates for resective surgery. It consists of intermittent electrical stimulation of the left vagus nerve in the neck. Such stimulation has been demonstrated to be efficacious, safe, and well tolerated, offering these patients another option for seizure control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the experience of VNS at the University of Puerto Rico, and to examine demographic data, types of seizures, and seizure-control outcomes among treated subjects. This study is the first account of VNS in a pediatric population living in the Caribbean area.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 13 patients treated at the University Pediatric Hospital in San Juan, Puerto Rico, was undertaken. Different types of seizures were identified and managed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at implantation was 12 years; 77% of patients were female. The most common type of seizure treated was generalized tonic-clonic (24%), followed by complex partial (23%). Sixty-nine percent of patients demonstrated a reduction in monthly seizure frequency. Ninety-three percent of caregivers reported improvements in alertness and communication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vagus nerve stimulation is a safe and effective way to treat medically refractory epilepsy and should be considered as a non-pharmacological treatment for select patients with medically refractory epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Section, Department of Surgery, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico. emilapastrana@gmail.com
authors.forename: Emil A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Pastrana
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Estronza
authors.forename: Ivan J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Sosa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014495:Universities; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation