title: S-nitrosoglutathione decreases inflammation and bone resorption in experimental periodontitis in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a nitric oxide donor that may exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microbicidal actions and is thus a potential drug for the topical treatment of periodontitis. In this study, the effect of intragingival injections of GSNO-containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) formulations is evaluated in a rat model of periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Periodontal disease was induced by placing a sterilized nylon (000) thread ligature around the cervix of the second left upper molar of the animals, which received intragingival injections of PVP; saline; or PVP/GSNO solutions which corresponded to GSNO doses of 25, 100, and 500 nmol; 1 hour before periodontitis induction, and thereafter, daily for 11 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PVP/GSNO formulations at doses of 25 and/or 100, but not 500 nmol caused significant inhibition of alveolar bone loss, increase of bone alkaline phosphatase, decrease of myeloperoxidase activity, as well as significant reduction of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers when compared to saline and PVP groups. These effects were also associated with a decrease of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 8, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB immunostaining in the periodontium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local intragingival injections of GSNO reduces inflammation and bone loss in experimental periodontal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Magalhães Andrade
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Menezes
authors.forename: Gabriela Freitas Pereira
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Antoniella Souza
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Renata Ferreira
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: de Carvalho Leitão
authors.forename: Ronaldo de Albuquerque
authors.initials: Rde A
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Marcelo Ganzarolli
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Gerly Anne
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: de Castro Brito
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000187:drug effects; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005881:Gingiva; D007267:Injections; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D011205:Povidone; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione; D009195:Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D011205:Povidone