title: Intravenous device associated blood stream staphylococcal infection in paediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intravenous device (IVD) associated nosocomial blood stream infections due to staphylococci are major cause of morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out to assess the frequency of staphylococcal IVD associated infections in a paediatric ward of a tertiary case hospital. Prevalence of resistance to commonly used antimicrobials in hospital acquired staphylococcal isolates was also tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children admitted in paediatric wards with IVD for more than 48 h were enrolled. Blood, IVD tip at the time of removal, skin swab at the site of insertion of IVD and nasal swab were collected and cultured by standard protocol. All staphylococcal isolates from any source were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion method. Genotyping matching of those staphylococcal isolates was done which were isolated from different sites of the same patient, but were phonotypically similar. Genotype of blood isolate was compared with genotype of isolate from nose/IVD/skin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent blood isolate (8.7%) followed by Candida (2.9%), coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS 2.6%), Pseudomonas spp. (0.4%), Klebsiella spp. (0.3%) and Escherichia coli (0.1%). Isolation of microorganisms from blood was significantly higher in patients whose skin, IVD and nose were colonized by same microorganism (P<0.001). None of the staphylococcal isolate was found to be resistant to glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin). High penicillin and oxacillin resistance was present in both S. aureus (penicillin resistance; 76.8%, oxacillin resistance; 66.7%) and CoNS (penicillin resistance; 73.3%, oxacillin resistance; 60.0%). Among CoNS biotypes, S. haemolyticus was commonest blood isolate while S. epidermidis was commonest isolate from Skin/nose. Only 33.3 per cent of S. aureus blood stream infections and most of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus blood infections were IVD associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staphylococci were the major causative agent of nosocomial blood stream infections. All episodes of septicaemia due to S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus were IVD associated while only 1/3 of S. aureus septicaemia was IVD associated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Astha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Shally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Awasthi
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D041162:Staphylococcus haemolyticus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity