title: A sodium-bicarbonated mineral water reduces gallbladder emptying and postprandial lipaemia: a randomised four-way crossover study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sodium-bicarbonated mineral waters are reported to have beneficial digestive and hypocholesterolaemic properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of consumption of a sodium-bicarbonated mineral water (BW) with or without a meal, compared to a low mineral content water as the control water (CW), on postprandial serum triacylglycerols (TAG), cholecystokinin (CCK) and gallbladder volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a four-way randomised controlled crossover trial. Healthy adult men and women (>18 and <40 years, TAG <2.82 mmol/L) consumed 0.5 L of CW + standard meal; 0.5 L of BW + standard meal; and 0.5 L of CW without meal or 0.5 L of BW without meal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BW consumed without meal had no significant effect on the study parameters compared to CW. However, BW with meal induced a lower concentration of serum TAG at 30 min (p = 0.01) and 60 min (p = 0.03) postprandial times, lower CCK concentrations at 30 min (p = 0.002), and higher gallbladder volume at 30 min (p = 0.03), 60 min (p = 0.01) and 120 min (p = 0.04). Gallbladder ejection fraction was lower with the BW (p = 0.03), whilst area under the curve and peak contraction amplitude (lowest gallbladder volume) were higher (p = 0.01, p = 0.02, respectively) compared to the CW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of BW with a meal induces lower levels of CCK and reduces gallbladder emptying and postprandial TAG levels. It is proposed that this sodium-bicarbonated mineral water could be used as part of the habitual diet by the general population in order to reduce cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toxqui
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pérez-Granados
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blanco-Rojo
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vaquero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D016473:Gallbladder Emptying; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008900:Mineral Waters; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012307:Risk Factors; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D008900:Mineral Waters; D014280:Triglycerides; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D002766:Cholecystokinin