title: Progression is accelerated from prehypertension to hypertension in blacks.
abstract: Prehypertension is a major risk factor for hypertension. Blacks have more prevalent and severe hypertension than whites, but it is unknown whether progression from prehypertension is accelerated in blacks. We examined this question in a prospective cohort study of 18 865 nonhypertensive persons (5733 black [30.4%] and 13 132 white [69.6%]) aged 18 to 85 years. Electronic health record data were obtained from 197 community-based outpatient clinics in the Southeast United States. Days elapsing from study entry to hypertension diagnosis, mainly blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg systolic and/or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic on 2 consecutive visits established conversion time within a maximum observation period of 2550 days. Cox regression modeling was used to examine conversion to hypertension as a function of race, while controlling for age, sex, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. The covariable adjusted median conversion time when 50% became hypertensive was 365 days earlier for blacks than whites (626 versus 991 days; P<0.001). Among covariables, baseline systolic blood pressure 130 to 139 mm Hg (hazard ratio: 1.77 [95% CI: 1.69 to 1.86]) and 120 to 129 mm Hg (hazard ratio: 1.52 [95% CI: 1.44 to 1.60]), as well as age ≥75 years (hazard ratio: 1.40 [95% CI: 1.29 to 1.51]) and 55 to 74 years (hazard ratio: 1.29 [95% CI: 1.23 to 1.35]) were the strongest predictors of hypertension. Additional predictors included age 35 to 54 years, diastolic blood pressure 80 to 89 mm Hg, overweight and obesity, and diabetes mellitus (all P<0.001). Conversion from prehypertension to hypertension is accelerated in blacks, which suggests that effective interventions in prehypertension could reduce racial disparities in prevalent hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. selassie@musc.edu
authors.forename: Anbesaw
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Selassie
authors.forename: C Shaun
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Marilyn L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Laken
authors.forename: M LaFrance
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ferdinand
authors.forename: Brent M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Egan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D058246:Prehypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015144:Southeastern United States; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American