title: Cationic Gd-DTPA liposomes for highly efficient labeling of mesenchymal stem cells and cell tracking with MRI.
abstract: In the current study cell labeling was performed with water-soluble gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA containing liposomes, to allow for cell tracking by MRI. Liposomes were used to assure a highly concentrated intracellular build up of Gd, aiming to overcome the relatively low MRI sensitivity of  Gd (compared to T2 contrast agents). Liposomes were positively charged (cationic) to facilitate uptake by binding to anionic charges in the cell membrane of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We determined the cellular Gd load by variations in labeling time (1, 4, and 24 h)  and liposome concentration (125, 250, 500, 1000 μM lipid), closely monitoring effects on cell viability, proliferation rate, and differentiation ability. Labeling was both time and dose dependent. Labeling for 4 h was most efficient regarding the combination of processing time and final  cellular Gd uptake. Labeling for 4 h with low-dose concentration (125 μM lipid, corresponding to 52 ± 3 μM Gd) yielded an intracellular load of 30 ± 2.5 pg Gd cell(-1), without any effects on cell viability, proliferation, and cell differentiation. Gd liposomes,  colabeled with fluorescent dyes, exhibited a prolonged cellular retention, with an endosomal distribution pattern. In vitro assay over 20 days demonstrated a drop in the average Gd load per cell, as a result of mitosis. However, there was no significant change in the sum of the Gd load in  all daughter cells at endpoint (20 days), indicating an excellent cellular retention of Gd. MSCs labeled with Gd liposomes were imaged with MRI at both 1.5T and 3.0T, resulting in excellent visualization both in vitro and in vivo. Prolonged in vivo imaging of 500,000 Gd-labeled cells was possible  for at least 2 weeks (3.0T). In conclusion, Gd-loaded cationic liposomes (125 μM lipid) are an excellent candidate to label cells, without detrimental effects on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation, and can be visualized by MRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guenoun
authors.forename: Gerben A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Koning
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doeswijk
authors.forename: Lizanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bosman
authors.forename: Piotr A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wielopolski
authors.forename: Gabriel P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Krestin
authors.forename: Monique R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bernsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D008081:Liposomes; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA