title: Acute toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for turbot (Psetta maxima) early life stages (ELS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The environmental presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), among which BDE-47 and BDE-99 are particularly abundant, makes toxicity data necessary to assess the hazard risk posed by PBDE to aquatic organisms. This study examines the effects of BDE-47 and BDE-99 on embryo-larval stages of the marine flatfish turbot.
  
  
  METHODS
  The turbot embryos were exposed at nominal concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-99 for 6 days. Selected dose levels were relevant for investigating sublethal and lethal effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both tested compounds caused lethal toxicity as well as non-lethal malformations during embryo development. We found a high toxic potency of BDE-47 compared to BDE-99 (LC₅₀ values for embryos and larvae, respectively, BDE-47: 27.35 and 14.13 μg L⁻¹; BDE-99: 38.28 and 29.64 μg L⁻¹).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows high sensitivity of fish early life stages (ELS) to PBDE compounds. Based on environmental concentrations of dissolved PBDEs from various aquatic ecosystems, waterborne BDE-47 and BDE-99 pose little risk of acute toxicity to marine fish at relevant environmental concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Turbot fish ELS proved to be an excellent model for the study of ecotoxicity of contaminants in seawater. The results demonstrate harmful effects of PBDE on turbot ELS at concentrations in the range of parts per billion units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the perspective of risk assessment, ELS endpoints provide rapid, cost-effective and ecologically relevant information, and links should be sought between these short-term tests and effects of long-term exposures in more realistic scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Toralla Marine Science Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain. lazhar@uvigo.es
authors.forename: Lazhar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mhadhbi
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fumega
authors.forename: Moncef
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boumaiza
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beiras
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000196:embryology*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D011897:Random Allocation; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D013723:Teratogens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C477694:2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D013723:Teratogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether