title: Risk factors, inpatient care, and outcomes of pneumonia after ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pneumonia is the most common medical complication after stroke. Although several risk factors have been reported, the role of common comorbidities in the development of pneumonia is not well established. Moreover, there is discrepancy in the literature regarding the impact of pneumonia on stroke outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study including consecutive patients with ischemic stroke admitted to Regional Stroke Centers participating in the Registry of Canadian Stroke Network in July 2003-March 2007. Pneumonia was defined as a complication that occurred within the first 30 days of the stroke and was confirmed radiographically. The main outcome measure was adjusted 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were adjusted 7- and 365-day mortality, institutionalization, length of stay, and modified Rankin score on discharge. We also assessed the impact of organized stroke care on pneumonia development and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 8,251 patients were included in the study. Stroke-associated pneumonia was observed in 587 patients (7.1%). Pneumonia increased 30-day (odds ratio [OR] 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-2.7]) and 1-year mortality (OR 3.0 [95% CI 2.5-3.7]), but not 7-day mortality. Pneumonia was associated with poor functional outcome. Higher access to organized inpatient care resulted in a reduction of 30-day mortality (OR 0.50 [95% CI 0.41-0.61]). Older age, male sex, stroke severity, dysphagia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, nonlacunar ischemic stroke, and preadmission dependency were independent predictors of pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of pneumonia after stroke was associated with mortality at 30 days and 1 year, longer length of stay, and dependency at discharge. Patients who received more inpatient stroke services had reduced mortality after pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapral
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Asllani
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selchen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saposnik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult