title: Hemostatic effect of a chitosan linear polymer (Celox®) in a severe femoral artery bleeding rat model under hypothermia or warfarin therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, the hemostatic efficacy of Celox® in rats under hypothermia or warfarin treatment was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of forty-eight Sprague-Dawley female rats weighing 200-350 g were used in the study. Six experimental study groups were designed, as follows: Group 1: Normothermia + compression; Group 2: normothermia + Celox®; Group 3: hypothermia + compression; Group 4: hypothermia + Celox®; Group 5: normothermia + warfarin + compression; and Group 6: normothermia + warfarin + Celox®.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Celox® provided effective hemorrhage control in all three tested groups. There was a statistically significant difference between compression and Celox® implementation in all groups in terms of hemostasis (p-values for the normothermia, hypothermia and warfarin groups were p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the compression numbers were significantly lower in all of the groups that received Celox ® than in those in which compression alone was applied (p-values for the normothermia, hypothermia and warfarin groups were p<0.01, p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Celox® provides effective hemorrhage control under conditions of normothermia, hypothermia and use of the oral anticoagulant agent warfarin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey. koksalozlem@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Köksal
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Betül
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cam Etöz
authors.forename: Naciye
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Işbil Büyükcoşkun
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sığırlı
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000293:injuries*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006490:Hemostatics; D014859:Warfarin; D048271:Chitosan