title: Elevated depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, and diabetes in a large multiethnic national sample of postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine elevated depressive symptoms and antidepressant use in relation to diabetes incidence in the Women's Health Initiative.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 161,808 postmenopausal women were followed for over an average of 7.6 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) estimating the effects of elevated depressive symptoms and antidepressant use on newly diagnosed incident diabetes were obtained using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for known diabetes risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable-adjusted HRs indicated an increased risk of incident diabetes with elevated baseline depressive symptoms (HR 1.13 [95% CI 1.07-1.20]) and antidepressant use (1.18 [1.10-1.28]). These associations persisted through year 3 data, in which respective adjusted HRs were 1.23 (1.09-1.39) and 1.31 (1.14-1.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postmenopausal women with elevated depressive symptoms who also use antidepressants have a greater risk of developing incident diabetes. In addition, longstanding elevated depressive symptoms and recent antidepressant medication use increase the risk of incident diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. yunsheng.ma@umassmed.edu
authors.forename: Yunsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Raji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pagoto
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Annie L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Culver
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olendzki
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tinker
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safford
authors.forename: Deidre M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sepavich
authors.forename: Milagros C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rosal
authors.forename: Judith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ockene
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zorn
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose