title: Nicotinamide inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B translocation after transient focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored the putative anti-inflammatory effects of nicotinamide against experimental stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory in a university teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g).
  
  
  METHODS
  The antioxidant, radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory actions of nicotinamide were evaluated using a panel of acellular assays and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 and BV2 cells. Animals were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 mins. Nicotinamide (500 mg/kg) or vehicle was given intravenously at reperfusion onset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotinamide effectively inhibited nuclear factor-κB translocation and binding activity as well as the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, nitrite/nitrate, and interleukin-6 in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 and BV2 cells (p < .05, respectively) but exhibited weak antioxidant and radical-scavenging actions. Relative to controls, nicotinamide-treated animals had significant reductions in neutrophil and macrophage/activated microglial infiltration in the ischemic brain by 53% and 77% (p < .05, respectively). Additionally, nicotinamide significantly attenuated phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB's inhibitory protein, nuclear factor-κB translocation and binding activity, and the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide in the ischemic brain (p < .05, respectively). Consequently, nicotinamide effectively reduced brain infarction and improved neurobehavioral outcome by 43% and 50% (p < .05, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotinamide effectively attenuated postischemic nuclear factor-kappa]B activation and exhibited robust anti-inflammatory actions against ischemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsung-Ying
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Miao-Hui Sylvia
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wei-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sheng-Yang
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ying-Hsin
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ai-Chiang
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hsiao-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: E-Jian
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009536:Niacinamide; D009195:Peroxidase