title: Free will and the obesity epidemic.
abstract: The increase in body weight in the USA over the past several decades is now commonly referred to as the 'obesity epidemic'. An empirical analysis of the literature suggests that the increased weight can be accounted for by an increase in food intake. The solution to the obesity epidemic, therefore, must centre on a reduction in food consumption, a position well accepted by the American population who think that they, as individuals, are responsible for their adiposity by holding the belief that the decision as to what and how much to eat is determined by their own free will. The evidence demonstrates, however, that this is not true. Variables such as portion size, variety of foods offered, fat content of the diet, the number of people eating, the location where eating occurs and even watching food advertisements act as 'food primes' causing individuals to increase their energy intake. Despite the plethora of diets, weight-loss clubs, drugs and mechanical devices available to facilitate weight loss, once treatment is terminated and people return to the 'free' environment, their weight returns to pre-treatment levels. Only when individuals are protected from environmental variables by gastric surgery or limited to consume only portion-controlled meals can they successfully maintain a reduced weight. Combining the technique of daily weight monitoring with accepting that our eating behaviour is not determined totally by our free choice, we may be able to curb the obesity epidemic.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. dal4@cornell.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Levitsky
authors.forename: Carly R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pacanowski
mesh_terms: D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000523:psychology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D012931:Social Environment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss