title: Formaldehyde substitute fixatives. Analysis of macroscopy, morphologic analysis, and immunohistochemical analysis.
abstract: Because formaldehyde is toxic and creates cross-links that may hinder immunohistochemical studies, we tested 3 new cross-linking (F-Solv [Adamas, Rhenen, the Netherlands]) and non-cross-linking (FineFIX [Milestone, Bergamo, Italy] and RCL2 [Alphelys, Plaisir, France]) alcohol-based fixatives for routine staining in comparison with neutral buffered formalin (NBF) as the "gold standard." Fresh tissue samples were divided into 4 equal pieces and fixed in all fixatives for varying times. After paraffin embedding, H&E staining, 7 common histochemical stains, and 9 common immunohistochemical stains were performed. RCL2 fixation resulted in soft and slippery tissue, causing sectioning difficulties. F-Solv and FineFIX led to partial tissue disintegration during fixation. F-Solv performed morphologically similar to NBF but needed considerable protocol adjustments before being applicable in daily histologic and immunohistochemical practice. FineFIX did not necessitate major protocol changes but caused shrinkage artifacts, degranulation, and lysis of RBCs. RCL2 generated morphologically overall good results without major protocol changes but caused pigment deposition, degranulation, and RBC lysis. The alcohol-based fixatives had positive and negative attributes and environmental drawbacks, and none was overall comparable to NBF with regard to macroscopy, morphologic evaluation, and immunohistochemical studies.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Pathology (H04.131), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cathy B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Moelans
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: ter Hoeve
authors.forename: Jan-Willem
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van Ginkel
authors.forename: Fiebo J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: ten Kate
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: van Diest
mesh_terms: D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde