title: A perspective on the prevalence of DNA enteric virus genomes in anaerobic-digested biological wastes.
abstract: The major goal of this study is to gain a perspective on the prevalence of DNA enteric virus genomes in mesophilic anaerobic-digested (MAD) sewage sludge and manure by comparing their quantitative PCR (qPCR) concentrations and removals with traditional fecal indicators (Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Bacteroidetes). In addition, relationships between qPCR and culture measurements of fecal indicators (FIs) were determined. There was no significant difference between the qPCR concentrations of human adenovirus and E. coli/enterococci in MAD sewage sludge; however, the qPCR concentrations of bovine adenovirus were significantly lower than FIs and bovine polyomavirus (BPyV) in MAD manure. The qPCR concentrations of human polyomavirus were slightly lower than E. coli and enterococci (p  ≤  0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the qPCR concentrations of BPyV and FIs. The digestion treatment achieved higher genome removal of bovine DNA enteric viruses than FIs (p  ≤  0.05). Significant correlations were observed between qPCR and culture measurements of FIs, but the concentrations and removals of FIs determined by qPCR assays were still significantly different than those determined by culture assays. Overall, we determined that the prevalence of DNA enteric virus genomes in MAD biological wastes was high due to their comparable in qPCR concentrations to FIs, indicating that mesophilic anaerobic digestion treatment alone may not be effective enough to remove DNA viral pathogens in biological wastes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. wong.kelvin@epa.gov
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Xagoraraki
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004267:DNA Viruses; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016679:Genome, Viral; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage