title: Mapping system for coregistration of cardiac MRI and ex vivo tissue sampling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design a method suitable for obtaining tissue samples from regions of different function as ascertained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo MRI was used to create azimuthal projections of the heart from dilated cardiomyopathy transplant patients with the cardiac valves in the center and four concentric rings representing the septum and free wall. Tagged MRI could identify regions of different contractile strength that were then transferred onto the map projection. The resulting tissue sampling map was used to guide dissection of tissue samples from the explanted heart for analysis by electron microscopy (EM) as well as provide samples for subsequent mRNA analysis. Accuracy of the sampling was determined in a sheep heart using 17 fiduciary markers glued to the epicardial surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tagged MRI identified areas of "normal" (%S(c) -11), "poor" (%S(c) -4) and "failed" contraction (%S(c) +3). The mapping method we developed enabled straightforward sampling of these regions after surgical excision. EM showed good tissue preservation while the test of accuracy using the fiduciary markers showed a sampling accuracy of 0.3 ± 3.7 mm. This was similar to the resolution of tagged MRI images themselves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methods we have developed can accurately guide tissue sampling for ex vivo tissue analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alistair A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Crossman
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Ruygrok
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cannell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000473:pathology; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger