title: Spinosad and neem seed kernel extract as bio-controlling agents for malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi and non-biting midge, Chironomus circumdatus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Midge egg masses are reported to support non-pathogenic strains of the cholera pathogen, Vibrio cholera (V. cholera). Mosquito born diseases have been reported to cause millions of death worldwide. The present research reveals the toxicity effect of spinosad and neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) against different larval stages of Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) and Chironomus circumdatus (Ch. circumdatus).
  
  
  METHODS
  The neem seeds were collected from Marudamalai hills, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. Neem seed kernels were powdered, extracted and diluted for different concentrations (2 ppm to 10 ppm). Spinosad was purchased from Kalpatharu pesticide Limited, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India and thoroughly mixed with distilled water to prepare various concentrations (0.01 to 0.08 ppm) and used for bioassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results depict that spinosad is more toxic in lower concentrations when compared to NSKE and mosquitoes are more susceptible than chironomids. Lethal concentrations were evaluated using the observed mortality. The lowest LC(50) value obtained from spinosad against An. stephensi and Ch. circumdatus were 0.002 05 ppm and 0.008 91 ppm. This study investigated on effect of Spinosad and NSKE on the biology of mosquito. The immature stages of both species were susceptible to Spinosad and NSKE. Spinosad and NSKE in individual as well as combined treatment provided additional days in development for mosquitoes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results conclude that Spinosad and NSKE are potential larvicides against An. stephensi and Ch. circumdatus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. naresharjun06@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murugan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madhiyazhagan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prabhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D031601:Azadirachta / Q000737:chemistry*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007194:India; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016930:Saccharopolyspora / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D009498:Neurotoxins; D010936:Plant Extracts; C415329:spinosad