title: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from various samples by using a spiral gradient endpoint technique.
abstract: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) remains a major public health concern. Microbial resistance may be due to use of antimicrobial agents (AAs) as a growth promoter in food animals or overuse of AAs in humans. The objective of the current study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of STEC strains isolated from food, veterinary, and clinical sources against 14 AAs by using the spiral gradient endpoint method. One hundred ten isolates from three sources were characterized. Results of the current study showed that all strains were resistant to the folate pathway inhibiting AAs including tylosin tartrate (gradient minimum inhibitory concentration [GMIC] ranges from ≥180.00 to 256.00 μg/mL; end concentration [EC] ranges from ≥130.00 to 151.22 μg/mL; and tail-end concentration [TEC] ≥145.00 μg/mL). All the strains isolated from three sources were susceptible to the fluoroquinolone class of AAs (GMIC ranges from ≤1.00 to 64.30 μg/mL; EC ranges from ≤3.33 to 72.00 μg/mL; and TEC ranges from ≤12.13 to 45.00 μg/mL). Among the food isolates, less resistance was found within the aminoglycoside and amphenicol group (GMIC ≥256.00 μg/mL; EC=161.00 μg/mL). Eight strains were resistant to one to three, 44 strains were resistant to four to six, and two strains were resistant to seven or more AAs. All the clinical isolates (100%) were susceptible to the fluoroquinolones and gentamycin. Results also showed that antimicrobial resistance was observed between four and six AAs among the isolates. Some veterinary isolates were resistant to five AAs. Least AAs resistance was shown by 3.7% of isolates to gentamycin and 7.45% to chloramphenicol. This study showed an increasing trend of antimicrobial resistant strains of STEC, and we suggest that periodic surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility may be a useful measure to detect the antimicrobial resistant pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA.
authors.forename: Janak
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khatiwada
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.forename: Shurrita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Leonard L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D023381:Endpoint Determination / Q000379:methods*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011634:Public Health; D011817:Rabbits; D022603:Shiga Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D054323:Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D022603:Shiga Toxins; D037521:Virulence Factors