title: A comparison of mixture toxicity assessment: examining the chronic toxicity of atrazine, permethrin and chlorothalonil in mixtures to Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia.
abstract: Pesticides predominantly occur in aquatic ecosystems as mixtures of varying complexity, yet relatively few studies have examined the toxicity of pesticide mixtures. Atrazine, chlorothalonil and permethrin are widely used pesticides that have different modes of action. This study examined the chronic toxicities (7-d reproductive impairment) of these pesticides in binary and ternary mixtures to the freshwater cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia. The toxicity of the mixtures was compared to that predicted by the independent action (IA) model for mixtures, as this is the most appropriate model for chemicals with different modes of action. Following this they were compared to the toxicity predicted by the concentration addition (CA) model for mixtures. According to the IA model, the toxicity of the chlorothalonil plus atrazine mixture conformed to antagonism, while that of chlorothalonil and permethrin conformed to synergism. The toxicity of the atrazine and permethrin mixture as well as the ternary mixture conformed to IA implying there was either no interaction between the components of these mixtures and/or in the case of the ternary mixture the interactions cancelled each other out to result in IA. The synergistic and antagonistic mixtures deviated from IA by factors greater than 3 and less than 2.5, respectively. When the toxicity of the mixtures was compared to the predictions of the CA model, the binary mixture of chlorothalonil plus atrazine, permethrin plus atrazine and the ternary mixture all conformed to antagonism, while the binary mixture of chlorothalonil plus permethrin conformed to CA. Using the CA model provided estimates of mixture toxicity that did not markedly underestimate the measured toxicity, unlike the IA model, and therefore the CA model is the most suitable to use in ecological risk assessments of these pesticides.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability, The School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. yin.phyu@uts.edu.au
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Phyu
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: M St J
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Warne
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Hose
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity; D033361:Cladocera / Q000187:drug effects*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity; D026023:Permethrin / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009570:Nitriles; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D026023:Permethrin; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile; D001280:Atrazine