title: The effectiveness of a minimal psychological intervention on self-management beliefs and behaviors in depressed chronically ill elderly persons: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronically ill patients often develop symptoms of depression. They run the risk of sliding into a downward spiral because of the interaction between depression and chronic illness. A minimal psychological intervention (MPI) has been developed to break through the spiral by applying principles of self-management and cognitive behavioral therapy. This study examines the effects of the MPI on self-efficacy, anxiety, daily functioning and social participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial compared the MPI with usual care in 361 primary care patients. Nurses visited patients at home over a period of three months. Patients were aged 60 years and older, had minor depression or mild to moderate major depression and either type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Outcomes were measured at baseline and at one week, three months, and nine months after the intervention period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At nine months after treatment, the MPI was associated with less anxiety (mean difference 2.5; 95% CI 0.7-4.2) and better self efficacy skills (mean difference 1.8; 95% CI 3.4-0.2), daily functioning (mean difference 1.7; 95% CI 0.6-2.7), and social participation (mean difference 1.3; 95% CI 0.4-2.2). Effect sizes for these outcomes were small to medium (0.29-0.40). Differences were primarily due to a stabilization of outcomes in the intervention group and deterioration in the control group. No major differences were observed between DM and COPD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention appears to be reasonably effective in improving care for chronically ill elderly people. We recommend further evaluation of the MPI, including emphasis on detection and watchful waiting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (Caphri), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. jonkers@zonmw.nl
authors.forename: Catharina C M
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Jonkers
authors.forename: Femke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bosma
authors.forename: Job F M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Metsemakers
authors.forename: Jacques Th M
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Eijk
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000523:psychology; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D058992:Social Participation / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome