title: Ethnic differences in macrovascular and microvascular function in systolic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelial dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiological features of heart failure (HF), and ethnic differences in the presentation of cardiovascular disease are evident, with an excess seen among South Asians (SAs). However, data on ethnic differences in endothelial function in HF are limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a cross-sectional study, we recruited 128 subjects with systolic HF: 50 SAs, 50 whites, and 28 African Caribbeans (ACs). In addition, SAs with systolic HF were compared with 40 SAs with coronary artery disease without HF ("disease controls") and 40 SA healthy controls. Macrovascular endothelial function was assessed by measurement of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in response to hyperemia, arterial stiffness was assessed by the pulse-wave velocity, and microvascular endothelial function was assessed by forearm laser Doppler flowmetry. CD144-expressing endothelial microparticles were measured by flow cytometry. When compared with disease controls and healthy controls, SAs with HF had an impaired microvascular response to acetylcholine (P=0.001) and reduced FMD (P<0.001). In comparing ethnic groups, SAs with HF had an impaired response to acetylcholine (123±95.5%) compared with whites (258±156%) and ACs (286±173%, P<0.001 for both). Whites had a higher FMD (8.49±4.63%) than SAs (4.76±4.78%, P<0.001) and ACs (4.55±3.56%, P=0.01). No difference in endothelial-independent response was observed between study groups or in pulse-wave velocity. Ethnicity remained associated with microvascular endothelial function even after adjustment for age, presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, blood pressure, and glucose levels (P=0.003). There were no differences in numbers of endothelial microparticles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SAs with HF have impaired microvascular and macrovascular endothelial function but preserved arterial elastic properties. Significant ethnic differences in endothelial function are evident in subjects with HF, with ethnicity being associated with microvascular endothelial dysfunction in this disorder.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK. e.shantsila@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shantsila
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wrigley
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shantsila
authors.forename: Luke D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Tapp
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Blann
authors.forename: Paramjit S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014900:West Indies; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*; D000099152:Cadherin 5
chemical_list: D000109:Acetylcholine; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015820:Cadherins; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000099152:Cadherin 5