title: Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3 (FHL3) caused by deep intronic mutation and inversion in UNC13D.
abstract: Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is an autosomal recessive, often-fatal hyperinflammatory disorder. Mutations in PRF1, UNC13D, STX11, and STXBP2 are causative of FHL2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. In a majority of suspected FHL patients from Northern Europe, sequencing of exons and splice sites of such genes required for lymphocyte cytotoxicity revealed no or only monoallelic UNC13D mutations. Here, in 21 patients, we describe 2 pathogenic, noncoding aberrations of UNC13D. The first is a point mutation localized in an evolutionarily conserved region of intron 1. This mutation selectively impairs UNC13D transcription in lymphocytes, abolishing Munc13-4 expression. The second is a 253-kb inversion straddling UNC13D, affecting the 3'-end of the transcript and likewise abolishing Munc13-4 expression. Carriership of the intron 1 mutation was found in patients across Europe, whereas carriership of the inversion was limited to Northern Europe. Notably, the latter aberration represents the first description of an autosomal recessive human disease caused by an inversion. These findings implicate an intronic sequence in cell-type specific expression of Munc13-4 and signify variations outside exons and splice sites as a common cause of FHL3. Based on these data, we propose a strategy for targeted sequencing of evolutionary conserved noncoding regions for the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies.
authors.affiliation: Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. marie.meeths@ki.se
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meeths
authors.forename: Samuel C C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Entesarian
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schlums
authors.forename: Benedicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: Edvard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nordenskjöld
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jakovljevic
authors.forename: Janez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jazbec
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasle
authors.forename: Britt-Marie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Holmqvist
authors.forename: Ljubica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rajic
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosthøj
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabel
authors.forename: Toivo T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Salmi
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stokland
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winiarski
authors.forename: Hans-Gustaf
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ljunggren
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fadeel
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nordenskjöld
authors.forename: Jan-Inge
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Henter
authors.forename: Yenan T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Bryceson
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017523:Croatia; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D051359:Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation / Q000502:physiology; D057345:Sequence Inversion / Q000502:physiology; D013548:Sweden; D014455:Ukraine
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; C507969:UNC13D protein, human