title: Measurements of canine aqueous humor inflammatory mediators and the effect of carprofen following anterior chamber paracentesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phase I: To evaluate levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ), nitrites and nitrates (NO(x) ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and expression of inducible cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3 and -9) in canine aqueous humor following repeated anterior chamber paracenteses (ACP). Phase II: to evaluate the effect of carprofen on PGE(2) , NO(x) , and TNF-α in canine aqueous humor following ACP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four beagles in phase I and 8 beagles in phase II.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase I: ACP was performed at time (T) 0, 4 and 8 h. Phase II: A randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over design with four dogs per group where carprofen was given 4.4 mg/kg/day on day (D) 1, 2 and 3. ACP was performed at T0 and T1.5 on D3. Statistical analysis was performed with repeated measures anova and post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple-comparison procedure. In phase II, TNF-α level was analyzed with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phase I: PGE(2) significantly increased (P < 0.0001) to plateau at T4. NO(X) was decreased at T4 (P < 0.06), but increased at T8 (P < 0.0001). COX-2 showed detectable expression only at T8. TNF-α, NOS-2, MMP-3 and -9 were undetectable at all time points. Phase II: At T1.5, PGE(2) was significantly elevated in both groups but was lower in the carprofen group (P = 0.037). NO(x) and TNF-α did not statistically increase in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following ACP, significant increases in PGE(2) levels confirmed inflammation characterized by a rise of COX-2. The NO(x) pathway took longer to induce as compared with PGE(2) . Carprofen decreased PGE(2) levels and could help control intraocular inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. cpinard@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Chantale L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pinard
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gauvin
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: Johanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martel-Pelletier
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Troncy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000737:chemistry*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002227:Carbazoles; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C007005:carprofen; D015232:Dinoprostone