title: Coagulopathy and shock on admission is associated with mortality for children with traumatic injuries at combat support hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In adults, early traumatic coagulopathy and shock are both common and independently associated with mortality. There are little data regarding both the incidence and association of early coagulopathy and shock on outcomes in pediatric patients with traumatic injuries. Our objective was to determine whether coagulopathy and shock on admission are independently associated with mortality in children with traumatic injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the Joint Theater Trauma Registry from U.S. combat support hospitals in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2002 to 2009 was performed. Coagulopathy was defined as an international normalized ratio of ≥1.5 and shock as a base deficit of ≥6. Laboratory values were measured on admission. Primary outcome was inhospital mortality. Univariate analyses were performed on all admission variables followed by reverse stepwise multivariate logistic regression to determine independent associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combat support hospitals in Iraq and Afghanistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients <18 yrs of age with Injury Severity Score, international normalized ratio, base deficit, and inhospital mortality were included. Of 1998 in the cohort, 744 (37%) had a complete set of data for analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of early coagulopathy and shock were 27% and 38.3% and associated with mortality of 22% and 16.8%, respectively. After multivariate logistic regression, early coagulopathy had an odds ratio of 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1-4.5) and early shock had an odds ratio of 3.0 (95% confidence interval 1.2-7.5) for mortality. Patients with coagulopathy and shock had an odds ratio of 3.8 (95% confidence interval 2.0-7.4) for mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with traumatic injuries treated at combat support hospitals, coagulopathy and shock on admission are common and independently associated with a high incidence of inhospital mortality. Future studies are needed to determine whether more rapid and accurate methods of measuring coagulopathy and shock as well as if early goal-directed treatment of these states can improve outcomes in children.
authors.affiliation: Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA. Jpatregnani@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Patregnani
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Borgman
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maegele
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Lorne H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Blackbourne
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Spinella
mesh_terms: D000346:Afghanistan; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006772:Hospitals, Military; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D007493:Iraq; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012774:Shock, Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*