title: Body fluid osmolytes and urea and ammonia flux in the colon of two chondrichthyan fishes, the ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei, and spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias.
abstract: The present study has examined the role of the colon in regulating ammonia and urea nitrogen balance in two species of chondrichthyans, the ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei (a holocephalan) and the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias (an elasmobranch). Stripped colonic tissue from both the dogfish and ratfish was mounted in an Ussing chamber and in both species bi-directional urea flux was found to be negligible. Urea uptake by the mucosa and serosa of the isolated colonic epithelium through accumulation of (14)C-urea was determined to be 2.8 and 6.2 fold greater in the mucosa of the dogfish compared to the serosa of the dogfish and the mucosa of the ratfish respectively. Furthermore, there was no difference between serosal and mucosal accumulation of (14)C-urea in the ratfish. Through the addition of 2mM NH(4)Cl to the mucosal side of each preparation the potential for ammonia flux was also examined. This was again found to be negligible in both species suggesting that the colon is an extremely tight epithelium to the movement of both urea and ammonia. Plasma, chyme and bile fluid samples were also taken from the agastric ratfish and were compared with solute concentrations of equivalent body fluids in the dogfish. Finally molecular analysis revealed expression of 3 isoforms of the urea transport protein (UT) and an ammonia transport protein (Rhbg) in the gill, intestine, kidney and colon of the ratfish. Partial nucleotide sequences of the UT-1, 2 and 3 isoforms in the ratfish had 95, 95 and 92% identity to the equivalent UT isoforms recently identified in another holocephalan, the elephantfish, Callorhinchus milii. Finally, the nucleotide sequence of the Rhbg identified in the ratfish had 73% identity to the Rhbg protein recently identified in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. andersow@cc.umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: W Gary
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: C Michele
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nawata
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Michele D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Piercey-Normore
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weihrauch
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002364:Caseins / Q000378:metabolism; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008055:Lipids; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048251:Squalus acanthias / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*; D000096982:Urea Transporters
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002364:Caseins; D008055:Lipids; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009584:Nitrogen; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014508:Urea; D000096982:Urea Transporters; C080652:Osmolite