title: Cytogenetic effects of valproic acid and ziprasidone in human lymphocyte cultures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Valproic acid or valproate (VA) is an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. Ziprasidone (ZPN) is an atypical antipsychotic drug used mainly for the treatment of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a part of our investigation on the cytogenetic effects of psychotropic drugs. Lymphocytes of peripheral blood cultures from 3 healthy donors treated with VA, ZPN and combinations of these (at concentrations equivalent to the oral doses) were used for the estimation of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and the proliferation rate index (PRI). As a biomarker of genotoxicity, we used SCEs, one of the most sensitive methods reflecting DNA damage and/or subsequent DNA repair, and as a marker of cytostaticity we estimated the PRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All treated lymphocyte cultures showed a statistically significant increase in SCE frequency and a significant decrease in PRI values (p<0.001). The combined effect of the drugs induced similar or more intense results, without reaching levels indicating synergistic action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This in vitro study investigated the cytogenetic activity of monotherapy vs. combined chronic drug exposure, and could form a catalyst for further investigations aiming to develop more efficacious therapy with decreased cytogenetic damage.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General Biology and Genetics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Irine
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karapidaki
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ekonomopoulou
authors.forename: Kyriaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akritopoulou
authors.forename: Doxakis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anestakis
authors.forename: Zafiroula
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iakovidou-Kritsi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange / Q000187:drug effects; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D014635:Valproic Acid; C092292:ziprasidone