title: Molecular characterization reveals distinct genospecies of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from diverse North American hosts.
abstract: Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen that infects humans, domestic animals and wildlife throughout the Holarctic. In the far-western United States, multiple rodent species have been implicated as natural reservoirs for A. phagocytophilum. However, the presence of multiple A. phagocytophilum strains has made it difficult to determine which reservoir hosts pose the greatest risk to humans and domestic animals. Here we characterized three genetic markers (23S-5S rRNA intergenic spacer, ank and groESL) from 73 real-time TaqMan PCR-positive A. phagocytophilum strains infecting multiple rodent and reptile species, as well as a dog and a horse, from California. Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses of all three genetic markers consistently identified two major clades, one of which consisted of A. phagocytophilum strains infecting woodrats and the other consisting of strains infecting sciurids (chipmunks and squirrels) as well as the dog and horse strains. In addition, analysis of the 23S-5S rRNA spacer region identified two unique and highly dissimilar clades of A. phagocytophilum strains infecting several lizard species. Our findings indicate that multiple unique strains of A. phagocytophilum with distinct host tropisms exist in California. Future epidemiological studies evaluating human and domestic animal risk should incorporate these distinctions.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rejmanek
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis, Center for Population Biology, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bradburd
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Foley
mesh_terms: D041081:Anaplasma phagocytophilum / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018833:Chaperonins / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs; D005838:Genotype; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058889:Molecular Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D012104:Reptiles / Q000382:microbiology*; D012377:Rodentia / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; C097970:GroESL protein, Bacteria; C413306:ank protein, Ehrlichia; D018833:Chaperonins