title: Progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 on maternal and child mortality: an updated systematic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With 4 years until 2015, it is essential to monitor progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5. Although estimates of maternal and child mortality were published in 2010, an update of estimates is timely in view of additional data sources that have become available and new methods developed. Our aim was to update previous estimates of maternal and child mortality using better data and more robust methods to provide the best available evidence for tracking progress on MDGs 4 and 5.
  
  
  METHODS
  We update the analyses of the progress towards MDGs 4 and 5 from 2010 with additional surveys, censuses, vital registration, and verbal autopsy data. For children, we estimate early neonatal (0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (ages 1-4 years), and under-5 mortality. We use an improved model for estimating mortality by age under 5 years. For maternal mortality, our updated analysis includes greater than 1000 additional site-years of data. We tested a large set of alternative models for maternal mortality; we used an ensemble model based on the models with the best out-of-sample predictive validity to generate new estimates from 1990 to 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under-5 deaths have continued to decline, reaching 7·2 million in 2011 of which 2·2 million were early neonatal, 0·7 million late neonatal, 2·1 million postneonatal, and 2·2 million during childhood (ages 1-4 years). Comparing rates of decline from 1990 to 2000 with 2000 to 2011 shows that 106 countries have accelerated declines in the child mortality rate in the past decade. Maternal mortality has also continued to decline from 409,100 (uncertainty interval 382,900-437,900) in 1990 to 273,500 (256,300-291,700) deaths in 2011. We estimate that 56,100 maternal deaths in 2011 were HIV-related deaths during pregnancy. Based on recent trends in developing countries, 31 countries will achieve MDG 4, 13 countries MDG 5, and nine countries will achieve both.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though progress on reducing maternal and child mortality in most countries is accelerating, most developing countries will take many years past 2015 to achieve the targets of the MDGs 4 and 5. Similarly, although there continues to be progress on maternal mortality the pace is slow, without any overall evidence of acceleration. Immediate concerted action is needed for a large number of countries to achieve MDG 4 and MDG 5.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA. rlozano@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kyle J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Foreman
authors.forename: Julie Knoll
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rajaratnam
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naghavi
authors.forename: Jake R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dwyer-Lindgren
authors.forename: Katherine T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lofgren
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Christopher J L
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D040361:Healthy People Programs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality / Q000639:trends; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008428:Maternal Mortality / Q000639:trends*