title: Acute toxicity and responses of antioxidant systems to 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide at different developmental stages of goldfish.
abstract: Acute toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C(8)mim]Br) to goldfish at different developmental stages and responses of the antioxidant system in adult goldfish were evaluated in the present study. The results indicate that post-embryonic developmental toxicity of [C(8)mim]Br on goldfish is developmental-stage dependent. The juvenile and larva goldfish are more sensitive to [C(8)mim]Br-toxicity than the adult fish. Histological observations in adult goldfish reveal that acute [C(8)mim]Br exposure damages the hepatopancreas, intestines, and kidneys, indicating that these are possible target organs of [C(8)mim]Br toxicity in goldfish. Subsequent biochemical assays in adult goldfish show that [C(8)mim]Br also induces changes in the activities of the superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione content of fish hepatopancreas. These results suggest that [C(8)mim]Br exposure may induce oxidant stress and lipid peroxidation in hepatopancreas of adult goldfish. In addition, we also find that [C(8)mim]Br causes a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hepatopancreas of adult goldfish, and thus we think that the MDA level change can be a biomarker of [C(8)mim]Br toxicity in goldfish. The present study indicates that ionic liquids can be a threat to the survival, growth, and development of the fish population once they are accidentally leaked into aquatic ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China. lixiaoyu65@263.net
authors.forename: Xiao-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shi-Hu
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Xiang-Yi
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Jun-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jian-Ji
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: C534649:1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide; D000975:Antioxidants; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione