title: Impact of fuel quality regulation and speed reductions on shipping emissions: implications for climate and air quality.
abstract: Atmospheric emissions of gas and particulate matter from a large ocean-going container vessel were sampled as it slowed and switched from high-sulfur to low-sulfur fuel as it transited into regulated coastal waters of California. Reduction in emission factors (EFs) of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), particulate matter, particulate sulfate and cloud condensation nuclei were substantial (≥ 90%). EFs for particulate organic matter decreased by 70%. Black carbon (BC) EFs were reduced by 41%. When the measured emission reductions, brought about by compliance with the California fuel quality regulation and participation in the vessel speed reduction (VSR) program, are placed in a broader context, warming from reductions in the indirect effect of SO₄ would dominate any radiative changes due to the emissions changes. Within regulated waters absolute emission reductions exceed 88% for almost all measured gas and particle phase species. The analysis presented provides direct estimations of the emissions reductions that can be realized by California fuel quality regulation and VSR program, in addition to providing new information relevant to potential health and climate impact of reduced fuel sulfur content, fuel quality and vessel speed reductions.
authors.affiliation: NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA. daniel.lack@noaa.gov
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lack
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cappa
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langridge
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bahreini
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buffaloe
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cerully
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coffman
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Massoli
authors.forename: Shao-Meng
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Middlebrook
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nenes
authors.forename: Ibraheem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nuaaman
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Onasch
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peischl
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perring
authors.forename: Patricia K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ryerson
authors.forename: Joshua P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spackman
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wofsy
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Worsnop
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002140:California; D002980:Climate; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012767:Ships; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide