title: Fruit and vegetable consumption is inversely associated with having pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies on fruit, vegetable, fiber, and grain consumption and pancreatic cancer risk are inconclusive. We used a clinic-based case-control study specifically designed to address limitations of both cohort and case-control studies to examine the relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were excluded who reported changing their diet within 5 years prior to study entry. And 384 rapidly ascertained cases and 983 controls (frequency matched on age (±5 years), race, sex, and residence) completed epidemiologic surveys and 144-item food frequency questionnaires. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, energy intake, and alcohol consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing highest to lowest quintiles, we observed significant inverse associations (OR < 0.8) with significant trends (p                            (trend) < 0.05) for citrus, melon, and berries, other fruits, dark green vegetables, deep yellow vegetables, tomato, other vegetables, dry bean and pea, insoluble fiber, soluble fiber, whole grains, and orange/grapefruit juice, and an increased association with non-whole grains. Results were similar after adjusting for diabetes or total sugar intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide evidence that lower consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fiber is associated with having pancreatic cancer. This may have a role in developing prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Jansen.Rick@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Rick J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Rachael Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Stolzenberg-Solomon
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bamlet
authors.forename: Mariza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Oberg
authors.forename: Traci J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Kari G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Gloria M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables