title: Neuroprotective effect of Alpinia galanga (L.) fractions on Aβ(25-35) induced amnesia in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rhizomes of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd (Zingiberaceae), a ginger substitute for flavouring food was traditionally used as nervine tonic and stimulant.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This investigation is designed to screen cognitive improvement of Alpinia galanga (AG) fractions in Alzheimer's type of amnesia in mice induced by Aβ((25-35)).
  
  
  METHODS
  Alzheimer's disease induced mice treated with fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate) of AG in 200 and 400mg/kg. Neurotoxicity was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ((25-35)) on the 14th day of 21 days drug treatment. Open field and water maze were carried to determine habituation memory and hippocampal memory. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, catalase and vitamin C) were determined in brain tissue homogenate to estimate the brain biochemical changes and its anti-amnesic potential with intensity of oxidative stress signaling. Further bioactive (chloroform) fraction was eluted through column chromatography to identify the lead molecules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased habituation memory and decreased escape latency in behavioral parameter are the indicative of the cognitive enhancement after treatment with Alpinia galanga fractions. Increment in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and antioxidant activity depicts brain membrane integrity improvement and free radical scavenging property. AChE level was decreased to improve the cognition by enhancing cholinergic transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-amnesic effect was exerted by various fractions of Alpinia galanga. Among all fractions, preeminent neuroprotection was exerted by chloroform fraction, which has compound, 1'δ-1'-acetoxyeugenol acetate and it may be a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's type of amnesia. These results further motivate us to explore the activity of lead compound's anti-amnesic effect on transgenic mice model of AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Lalitha College of Pharmacy, Ghatkesar, Gr. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 501301, India.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hanish Singh
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alagarsamy
authors.forename: Prakash V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Diwan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sathesh Kumar
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Nisha
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Narsimha Reddy
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D032429:Alpinia; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000647:Amnesia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D027343:Rhizome; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000975:Antioxidants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase