title: Effects of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (yerba mate) on herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 replication.
abstract: The antiherpes effects of the crude extract obtained from Ilex paraguariensis leaves (yerba mate) and their purified fractions were investigated. The most active fraction was selected and assayed to determine the viral multiplication steps upon which it acted. In order to detect the major components of this fraction, thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was performed. The antiviral activity was evaluated against HSV-1 and HSV-2 by a viral plaque number reduction assay (IC(50) ) and the cytotoxicity by a MTT assay (CC(50) ). According to the obtained results, all tested samples showed antiherpes activity at noncytotoxic concentrations, and the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active (SI = CC(50) /IC(50)  = 188.7 and 264.7 for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively). The results also demonstrated that this fraction exerts antiviral activity by the reduction of viral infectivity, the inhibition of virus entry into cells and cell-to-cell virus spread, as well as by the impaired levels of ICP27, ICP4, gD and gE proteins of HSV-1. The TLC analysis showed that this fraction contains monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponins, matesaponin-1 (a bidesmosidic one), caffeic and chlorogenic acids and rutin, which suggests that they could act synergistically and be responsible for the detected antiherpes activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Lückemeyer
authors.forename: Vanessa D M
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Maria Izabel G
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: Patricia H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Stoco
authors.forename: Eloir P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Schenkel
authors.forename: Célia R M
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Barardi
authors.forename: Flávio H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Reginatto
authors.forename: Cláudia M O
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Simões
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D030019:Ilex paraguariensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012431:Rutin / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012503:Saponins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014709:Vero Cells; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000998:Antiviral Agents; C057120:ICP27 protein, human herpesvirus 1; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; C072628:herpes simplex virus IE3 protein, Human herpesvirus 1; D012431:Rutin; C007650:ethyl acetate