title: Methods and tools for objective assessment of psychomotor skills in laparoscopic surgery.
abstract: Training and assessment paradigms for laparoscopic surgical skills are evolving from traditional mentor-trainee tutorship towards structured, more objective and safer programs. Accreditation of surgeons requires reaching a consensus on metrics and tasks used to assess surgeons' psychomotor skills. Ongoing development of tracking systems and software solutions has allowed for the expansion of novel training and assessment means in laparoscopy. The current challenge is to adapt and include these systems within training programs, and to exploit their possibilities for evaluation purposes. This paper describes the state of the art in research on measuring and assessing psychomotor laparoscopic skills. It gives an overview on tracking systems as well as on metrics and advanced statistical and machine learning techniques employed for evaluation purposes. The later ones have a potential to be used as an aid in deciding on the surgical competence level, which is an important aspect when accreditation of the surgeons in particular, and patient safety in general, are considered. The prospective of these methods and tools make them complementary means for surgical assessment of motor skills, especially in the early stages of training. Successful examples such as the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery should help drive a paradigm change to structured curricula based on objective parameters. These may improve the accreditation of new surgeons, as well as optimize their already overloaded training schedules.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering and Telemedicine Centre (GBT), ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. ioropesa@gbt.tfo.upm.es
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oropesa
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sánchez-González
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lamata
authors.forename: Magdalena K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chmarra
authors.forename: José B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Pagador
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Margallo
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Margallo
authors.forename: Enrique J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gómez
mesh_terms: D000068:Accreditation / Q000379:methods; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D009048:Motor Skills; D011597:Psychomotor Performance