title: An Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia.
abstract: We present an Aboriginal Australian genomic sequence obtained from a 100-year-old lock of hair donated by an Aboriginal man from southern Western Australia in the early 20th century. We detect no evidence of European admixture and estimate contamination levels to be below 0.5%. We show that Aboriginal Australians are descendants of an early human dispersal into eastern Asia, possibly 62,000 to 75,000 years ago. This dispersal is separate from the one that gave rise to modern Asians 25,000 to 38,000 years ago. We also find evidence of gene flow between populations of the two dispersal waves prior to the divergence of Native Americans from modern Asian ancestors. Our findings support the hypothesis that present-day Aboriginal Australians descend from the earliest humans to occupy Australia, likely representing one of the oldest continuous populations outside Africa.
authors.affiliation: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Xiaosen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kirk E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lohmueller
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albrechtsen
authors.forename: Line
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skotte
authors.forename: Stinus
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindgreen
authors.forename: Mait
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metspalu
authors.forename: Thibaut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jombart
authors.forename: Toomas
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authors.lastname: Kivisild
authors.forename: Weiwei
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authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Anders
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authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Andrea
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authors.lastname: Manica
authors.forename: Ludovic
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authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: De La Vega
authors.forename: Silvana
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authors.lastname: Tridico
authors.forename: Ene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Metspalu
authors.forename: Kasper
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: María C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ávila-Arcos
authors.forename: J Víctor
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Moreno-Mayar
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dortch
authors.forename: M Thomas P
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Agata
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authors.lastname: Wesolowska
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karmin
authors.forename: Lucy A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Weinert
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shuaishuai
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authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Tsunehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanihara
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Driem
authors.forename: Aashish R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.forename: François-Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Ricaut
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Knijff
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Migliano
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gallego Romero
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brunak
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brinkmann
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nehlich
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bunce
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Ramneek
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Carlos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Marta M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lahr
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Balloux
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sicheritz-Pontén
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villems
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Eske
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willerslev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D044383:Black People; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D051456:Gene Flow; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods; D015894:Genome, Human; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D006239:Haplotypes; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014904:Western Australia; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial