title: Influenza-A viruses in ducks in northwestern Minnesota: fine scale spatial and temporal variation in prevalence and subtype diversity.
abstract: Waterfowl from northwestern Minnesota were sampled by cloacal swabbing for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) from July-October in 2007 and 2008. AIV was detected in 222 (9.1%) of 2,441 ducks in 2007 and in 438 (17.9%) of 2,452 ducks in 2008. Prevalence of AIV peaked in late summer. We detected 27 AIV subtypes during 2007 and 31 during 2008. Ten hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes were detected each year (i.e., H1, 3-8, and 10-12 during 2007; H1-8, 10 and 11 during 2008). All neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were detected during each year of the study. Subtype diversity varied between years and increased with prevalence into September. Predominant subtypes during 2007 (comprising ≥5% of subtype diversity) included H1N1, H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H7N3, H10N7, and H11N9. Predominant subtypes during 2008 included H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, H6N1, and H10N7. Additionally, within each HA subtype, the same predominant HA/NA subtype combinations were detected each year and included H1N1, H3N8, H4N6, H5N2, H6N1, H7N3, H8N4, H10N7, and H11N9. The H2N3 and H12N5 viruses also predominated within the H2 and H12 subtypes, respectively, but only were detected during a single year (H2 and H12 viruses were not detected during 2007 and 2008, respectively). Mallards were the predominant species sampled (63.7% of the total), and 531 AIV were isolated from this species (80.5% of the total isolates). Mallard data collected during both years adequately described the observed temporal and spatial prevalence from the total sample and also adequately represented subtype diversity. Juvenile mallards also were adequate in describing the temporal and spatial prevalence of AIV as well as subtype diversity.
authors.affiliation: Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Benjamin R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Knutsen
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berdeen
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goekjian
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poulson
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.forename: Srinand
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sreevatsan
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.forename: Roy D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Berghaus
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Swayne
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yabsley
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Stallknecht
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D004372:Ducks / Q000821:virology*; D005843:Geography; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053125:Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008910:Minnesota; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors