title: Prevalence and pattern of hand soft-tissue changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hand soft-tissue changes are well described in patients with T1DM, but not in T2DM patients. For this reason, this study aimed at examining the prevalence and pattern of hand soft-tissue changes in patients with T2DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 206 consecutive patients with T2DM and 203 age-, gender- and occupation-matched healthy controls were examined by two individual observers, and then underwent the appropriate investigations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 132 (64%) patients with T2DM included 187 hands compared with 96 (23.6%) healthy controls including 133 hands (P=0.01 for both). Dupuytren's contracture (DC) (42 vs. 29.3%, respectively; P=0.01), limited joint mobility (LJM) (39 vs. 28.5%, respectively; P=0.01) and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) (5.3 vs. 1%, respectively; P=0.01) were significantly higher in T2DM patients than in the controls, but not stenosing flexor tenosynovitis (FTS, 'trigger finger'). Indeed, none of the patients or controls had FTS. In patients with T2DM, DC showed a radial shift, and was more horizontal and severe than in the controls. These hand soft-tissue changes correlated significantly with age (P=0.0001), duration of diabetes (P=0.001) and the presence of microangiopathy (P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand changes are more prevalent and severe in patients with T2DM, and are correlated with age, duration of diabetes and microvascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravindran Rajendran
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhansali
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walia
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shanmugasundar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004387:Dupuytren Contracture / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050823:Hand Joints / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D052582:Trigger Finger Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology