title: Investigation of the role of biopolymer clusters in MBR membrane fouling using flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy.
abstract: The technique that employs flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilised for detailed investigation of the fouling materials in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The method involves the flash freezing of a wet sample in liquid nitrogen for 10s to preserve its structure for direct ESEM observation with a high image resolution. ESEM images show that the sludge cake formed by simple filtration of the MBR bulk sludge has a highly porous, sponge-like structure with a fairly low resistance. However, the fouling layer attached to the membrane surface contains a thin gel layer under the main body of the sponge-like sludge cake, which is similar to that formed by filtration of a dispersion of biopolymer clusters (BPCs). It is apparent that BPCs tend to accumulate on the membrane surface, and the gel layer is largely responsible for the high filtration resistance of the cake layer on the fouled membranes.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-mao
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fei-yun
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiao-yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001704:Biopolymers / Q000032:analysis*; D019149:Bioreactors; D005374:Filtration; D005615:Freezing; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012722:Sewage