title: Chloride supporting electrolytes for all-vanadium redox flow batteries.
abstract: This paper examines vanadium chloride solutions as electrolytes for an all-vanadium redox flow battery. The chloride solutions were capable of dissolving more than 2.3 M vanadium at varied valence states and remained stable at 0-50 °C. The improved stability appeared due to the formation of a vanadium dinuclear [V(2)O(3)·4H(2)O](4+) or a dinuclear-chloro complex [V(2)O(3)Cl·3H(2)O](3+) in the solutions over a wide temperature range. The all-vanadium redox flow batteries with the chloride electrolytes demonstrated excellent reversibility and fairly high efficiencies. Only negligible, if any, gas evolution was observed. The improved energy capacity and good performance, along with the ease in heat management, would lead to substantial reduction in capital cost and life-cycle cost, making the vanadium chloride redox flow battery a promising candidate for stationary applications.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Soowhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jianlu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Baowei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jianzhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Liyu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhenguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang