title: Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification.
abstract: We report the identification of 67 previously undescribed histone modifications, increasing the current number of known histone marks by about 70%. We further investigated one of the marks, lysine crotonylation (Kcr), confirming that it represents an evolutionarily-conserved histone posttranslational modification. The unique structure and genomic localization of histone Kcr suggest that it is mechanistically and functionally different from histone lysine acetylation (Kac). Specifically, in both human somatic and mouse male germ cell genomes, histone Kcr marks either active promoters or potential enhancers. In male germinal cells immediately following meiosis, Kcr is enriched on sex chromosomes and specifically marks testis-specific genes, including a significant proportion of X-linked genes that escape sex chromosome inactivation in haploid cells. These results therefore dramatically extend the repertoire of histone PTM sites and designate Kcr as a specific mark of active sex chromosome-linked genes in postmeiotic male germ cells.
authors.affiliation: Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Minjia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Sangkyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Fulai
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jeong Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Montellier
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buchou
authors.forename: Zhongyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rousseaux
authors.forename: Nisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajagopal
authors.forename: Zhike
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wysocka
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Saadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khochbin
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Yingming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006367:HeLa Cells; D042421:Histone Code; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis; D051379:Mice; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D008239:Lysine