title: Interpreter perspectives of in-person, telephonic, and videoconferencing medical interpretation in clinical encounters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine professional medical interpreters' perspectives of in-person and remote interpreting modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey of interpreters at three medical centers assessing satisfaction with aspects of communication using each modality, and adequacy of videoconferencing medical interpretation (VMI) and telephonic interpretation for 21 common clinical scenarios in the hospital and ambulatory care settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  52 interpreters completed the survey (73% response). All modalities were equally satisfactory for conveying information. Respondents favored in-person to telephonic interpretation for establishing rapport (95% versus 71%, p=.002) and for facilitating clinician understanding of patients' social and cultural backgrounds (92% versus 69%, p=.002). Scenarios with substantial educational or psychosocial dimensions had no more than 70% of respondents rating telephonic interpretation as adequate (25-70%); for all of these scenarios, VMI represented an improvement (52-87%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the interpreter perspective, telephonic interpretation is satisfactory for information exchange, but less so for interpersonal aspects of communication. In scenarios where telephonic interpretation does not suffice, particularly those with substantial educational or psychosocial components, VMI offers improved communication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in interpreters' perspectives of modalities based on communication needs and clinical scenario suggest mixed use of multiple modalities may be the best language access strategy.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical Effectiveness Research Center for Diverse Populations, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA. erika.price@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Erika Leemann
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Eliseo J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Stable
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nickleach
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Leah S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Karliner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000488:Allied Health Personnel; D002140:California; D003142:Communication; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019303:Multilingualism; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013689:Telephone; D014175:Translating; D049269:Videoconferencing