title: Efficient characterization of high-dimensional parameter spaces for systems biology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A biological system's robustness to mutations and its evolution are influenced by the structure of its viable space, the region of its space of biochemical parameters where it can exert its function. In systems with a large number of biochemical parameters, viable regions with potentially complex geometries fill a tiny fraction of the whole parameter space. This hampers explorations of the viable space based on "brute force" or Gaussian sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We here propose a novel algorithm to characterize viable spaces efficiently. The algorithm combines global and local explorations of a parameter space. The global exploration involves an out-of-equilibrium adaptive Metropolis Monte Carlo method aimed at identifying poorly connected viable regions. The local exploration then samples these regions in detail by a method we call multiple ellipsoid-based sampling. Our algorithm explores efficiently nonconvex and poorly connected viable regions of different test-problems. Most importantly, its computational effort scales linearly with the number of dimensions, in contrast to "brute force" sampling that shows an exponential dependence on the number of dimensions. We also apply this algorithm to a simplified model of a biochemical oscillator with positive and negative feedback loops. A detailed characterization of the model's viable space captures well known structural properties of circadian oscillators. Concretely, we find that model topologies with an essential negative feedback loop and a nonessential positive feedback loop provide the most robust fixed period oscillations. Moreover, the connectedness of the model's viable space suggests that biochemical oscillators with varying topologies can evolve from one another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our algorithm permits an efficient analysis of high-dimensional, nonconvex, and poorly connected viable spaces characteristic of complex biological circuitry. It allows a systematic use of robustness as a tool for model discrimination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. e.zamora@bioc.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Elías
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zamora-Sillero
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hafner
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibig
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stelling
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001669:Biochemical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D001683:Biological Clocks / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000379:methods*