title: Analysis of the occurrence and risk assessment of polar pesticides in the Llobregat River Basin (NE Spain).
abstract: Contamination of surface waters by pesticides continues to be the focus of concern for water authorities due to the growing evidence of their deleterious effects on aquatic life. In this context, the present work investigates the occurrence of 16 selected pesticides belonging to the classes of triazines, phenylureas, organophosphates, chloroacetanilides and thiocarbamates in surface waters from the Llobregat River (NE Spain) and some of its tributaries (Anoia and Rubí) and assesses their potential impact on the aquatic organisms by applying a recently developed index, the Short-term Pesticide Risk Index for the Surface Water System (PRISW-1), which takes into account the pesticides concentrations and their overall toxicity against three aquatic organisms (algae, Daphnia, and fish). Chemical analysis, performed by means of a fully automated method based on isotope dilution on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (on-line SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS), revealed diuron and diazinon as the most ubiquitous and abundant compounds with levels up to 818 and 132 ng L(-1), respectively. Total pesticide concentrations, which in only 1 out of 66 samples surpassed 500 ng L(-1), were higher in the tributaries than in the river but their contribution in terms of mass-loads to the overall pesticide pollution of the Llobregat River was relatively small. Contamination increased downstream of the river and was clearly influenced by rainfall and hence river flow. Application of the PRISW-1 index indicated that, although pesticides levels fulfilled the European Union Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for surface waters, the existing pesticide contamination poses a low to high ecotoxicological risk for aquatic organisms, that algae and macro-invertebrates are at higher risk than fish, and that the organophosphates diazinon and malathion and the phenylurea diuron are the major contributors to the overall toxicity and therefore the most problematic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. mkoqam@cid.csic.es
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Köck-Schulmeyer
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ginebreda
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cortina
authors.forename: Miren López
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Alda
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013030:Spain; D013045:Species Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical